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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14478 ***
+
+The Story of The American Legion
+
+By
+
+George Seay Wheat
+
+
+The Birth of the Legion
+
+The first of a series to be issued after each
+Annual National Convention
+
+
+_Illustrated_
+
+[Illustration: The St. Louis Caucus]
+
+
+G.P. Putnam's Sons
+New York and London
+The Knickerbocker Press
+1919
+
+
+The Knickerbocker Press, New York
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+The American Legion was conceived by practically the entire personnel
+of the army, navy, and marine corps! Every man in the military and
+naval establishment did not think of it in just such terms, but most
+of them knew that there would be a veterans' organization of some
+tremendous import, and here it is!
+
+"A veterans' organization of some kind will be formed." I heard that
+identical remark not once, but a dozen times on board a transport en
+route to France as early as September, 1918. In fact, one night in the
+war zone a group of officers were huddled around a small piano trying
+to make the best of a lightless evening, and, having sung every song
+from _Keep the Home Fires Burning_ to _You're in the Army Now_,
+paused, longingly toyed cigarettes which were taboo by ship's order,
+and then began to spin yarns.
+
+"Reminds me of a G.A.R. reunion," one second lieutenant from Maine
+remarked, after a particularly daring training camp adventure had been
+recounted.
+
+"Just think of the lying we'll all do at our reunions when this war is
+over," chirped a youngster from South Carolina. And then spoke a tall
+major from Illinois:
+
+"The organization which you young fellows will join won't be any
+_liefest_--at least not for forty years. Don't forget there's some
+saving to do for the United States when this European mess is over. Us
+fellows won't ever get out of Uncle Sam's service."
+
+How well the Illinois major hit the nail on the head! The incident on
+the transport seems worth recording not only because of the major but
+because it shows the general anticipation of what is now the American
+Legion. Perhaps it was this general anticipation which is responsible
+for the cordial reception that the Legion has had ever since its very
+inception in Paris.
+
+No one can lay claim to originating the idea of a veterans'
+association, because it was a consensus among the men of the armed
+forces of our nation. A certain group of men can take unto themselves
+the credit for starting it, for getting the ball rolling, aiding its
+momentum, and, what is more important, for guiding it in the right
+direction, but no one man or group of men "thought up" the American
+Legion. It was the result of what might be called the "spontaneous
+opinion" of the army, navy, and marine corps caused by a fusing
+together in a common bond of the various elements of the service, just
+as spontaneous combustion is brought about by the joint action of
+certain chemical elements.
+
+Spontaneous opinion, like spontaneous combustion, is dangerous when
+improperly handled and beneficient when rightly directed. That's what
+the organizers of the Legion have been and will be mostly concerned
+with. They have their elements--these men of the army, navy, and
+marine corps, and the organizers mean to direct this united and
+organized patriotism into such channels as will make for the welfare
+of the United States of America primarily, and, secondarily, for the
+welfare of the service men themselves.
+
+Just how much attention this Legion with four million potential
+members intends to pay to the United States of America, and just how
+much to themselves _per se_, is basicly important and pertinent as a
+question, nowadays when the Legion is being tried and is on the
+witness stand before public opinion. The answer is most clearly
+indicated by the preamble to the proposed constitution printed
+elsewhere.
+
+This preamble stresses _Americanism, individual obligation_ to the
+_community, state_, and _nation; battling with autocracy_ both of the
+_classes_ and _masses; right_ the _master_ of _might; peace_ and
+_good will_ on _earth; justice, freedom_, and _democracy_! Only in the
+last two words of the preamble is mention made of the welfare of the
+men themselves. These two words are _mutual helpfulness_. But be sure
+and understand the connection in which they are used.
+
+"... _we associate ourselves together ... to consecrate and sanctify
+our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness_."
+
+This is the way the last purpose of the preamble reads.
+
+The men who framed this constitution certainly did not believe that
+comradeship would be consecrated and sanctified by anything of a
+selfish character under the guise of mutual helpfulness. Certainly not
+the _comradeship_ that made bearable the zero hour in the trenches or
+the watch in a submarine infested sea.
+
+To go a little in advance of the story and speak practically, mutual
+helpfulness has meant so far voting down a pay grab from Congress; a
+get-together spirit to foster the growth of the Legion; a purpose to
+aid in the work of getting jobs for returning soldiers, and the
+establishment of legal departments throughout the country to help
+service men get back pay and allotments. Mutual helpfulness in this
+case would seem to make Uncle Sam as much a partner in it as are the
+Legion members. Because, for every job the Legion gets an unemployed
+man, and for every dollar Legion lawyers help collect for back pay and
+allotments, a better citizen is made. And better citizenship is what
+the Legion most wants.
+
+So here seems to be the place to make the patent observation that
+_mutual helpfulness_ will in future years mean just what it means
+to-day--doing something for the United States of America.
+
+At the present time the Legion might be compared to a two-headed
+American eagle--one looking towards France and the A.E.F., and the
+other homewards to the service men here. The two are a single body
+borne on the same wings and nourished of the same strength. They are
+the same in ideal and purpose but directed for the moment by two
+different committees working together. One committee is the result of
+the caucus at Paris in March, when the A.E.F. started the
+organization, while the other was born this month in St. Louis, Mo.,
+for the men here.
+
+  GEORGE S. WHEAT.
+  NEW YORK May, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   I.--LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+  II.--THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+ III.--PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA
+
+  IV.--THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+   V.--THE ST. Louis CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, and 10
+
+  VI.--THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+ VII.--THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+VIII.--THE SILVER LINING
+
+  IX.--OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+   X.--THE REËMPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+  XI.--THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+ XII.--THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+XIII.--WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+       THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       RESOLUTIONS
+
+       LEGION FACTS
+
+       WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+       COMMITTEES
+
+       ROSTER
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+HENRY D. LINDSLEY
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS
+
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR.
+
+GROUP AT ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+BENNETT C. CLARK
+
+ERIC FISHER WOOD
+
+CASPAR BACON
+
+STATE CHAIRMEN HERBERT, MATHEWSON, AND WICKERSHAM
+
+"JACK" SULLIVAN
+
+CHAPLAIN J.W. INZER
+
+FRED HUMPHREY
+
+P.C. CALHOUN
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+
+    I believe that the army of to-day, when it goes back to citizen
+    thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of so contributing
+    to the commonwealth of the United States as to change the
+    character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane.
+
+    BISHOP BRENT, _Senior Chaplain, A.E.F_.
+      Paris, March, 1919.
+
+On a midsummer morning in 1918, ambulance after ambulance unloaded its
+cargo of wounded humanity at a base hospital in Paris. The wounded
+were being conveyed rapidly from the front and the entire hospital was
+astir with nurses, surgeons, and orderlies. A major, surgeon, almost
+staggered out of an operating room where he had been on duty for
+twenty-two hours and started for his quarters when a colonel arrived
+on an inspection trip.
+
+"Pretty busy," remarked the colonel as he acknowledged the major's
+salute.
+
+"Busy? Busy!" replied the major. "Good Lord, the only people about
+here that aren't busy are the dead ones. Even the wounded are busy
+planning to hobble around at conventions when the Big Show is over.
+Already they are talking about how they intend to take a hand in
+things after the war when they get home."
+
+Over across the street a sergeant, limping slightly, stopped under a
+shade tree and leaned against it to rest. He was almost well of his
+wound and eagerly awaited the word that would send him to join his
+regiment, the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry. As he paused under
+the tree another soldier with a mending wound in the knee and just
+able to be about stopped to speak to him. The sergeant's hand rose in
+quick salute for the newcomer was an officer.
+
+"Expect to get back soon, sergeant?" said the officer.
+
+"Yes sir," he replied. "Anxious to go back and get the whole job over,
+sir."
+
+"So am I," responded the officer. "But what will we all do when the
+Germans really are licked?"
+
+"Go home and start a veterans' association for the good of the
+country, sir," the sergeant answered.
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then major, was the officer,
+and Sergeant William Patterson, later killed in action, was the
+enlisted man, and the institution was Base Hospital No. 2.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt, who was in the hospital convalescing from a wound
+in his knee caused by a machine gun bullet, told me the story and said
+it was the first time that he had heard the subject of a veterans'
+association mentioned, although he had thought of it frequently
+himself as an organization with boundless possibilities for good. He
+found later that it was being very generally discussed by men in Base
+Hospital No. 2, particularly those who were so badly wounded that they
+could not be sent to the front again and who knew they must further
+serve their country along peaceful lines at home.
+
+This was during war time, remember!
+
+Then came the armistice!
+
+When our victorious armies were wending their way towards the Rhine,
+when men of the navy and the marine corps realized that peace had come
+and that home was again within reach, this thought of a veterans'
+band, which had slumbered far back in the subconscious thoughts of all
+of them, burst into objectivity. An association of some sort was
+widely discussed not only by the men but by the officers as well. But
+how could even the start of it be begun? Those who considered the
+project most seriously were confronted with a difficulty which seemed
+at first to be almost insurmountable: that was the difficulty of
+assembling at one time and in one place a gathering which might at
+least approximately represent the whole army, navy, marine corps, or
+even the A.E.F.
+
+This difficulty tended to narrow what is believed to have been the
+wish of everyone when he first thought of the matter, that is the hope
+that it would be another Grand Army of the Republic, another United
+Confederate Veterans, but greater than either because representative
+of a United Country. Talk started then about all sorts of imagined and
+fancied veteran organizations. Some advocated an officers'
+association. This was believed to be possible because officers had
+more freedom and more financial ability to attend a convention. Others
+thought the enlisted men should perfect organizations by regiments
+first, then divisions, and finally form one great united body.
+
+The present leaders in the movement have since said that they realized
+that all of these schemes must come to naught because no organization
+except one on the broadest possible lines could be effective. They
+believed that all officers and men of the three branches of the
+service and all enlisted women, whether they served at home or abroad,
+should be eligible and urged to join one thoroughly democratic and
+comprehensive organization. They knew that any organization leaving
+out one or more elements composing the military service of the United
+States would be forced to compete constantly with the organization or
+association so discarded. In short, they knew that in union there is
+strength. And they believed, and still believe, that the problems of
+peace after a catastrophe such as was never before witnessed in
+history are so grave that they can be met with safety only by a
+national bulwark composed of the men who won the war, so closely knit,
+so tightly welded together in a common organization for the common
+good of all that no power of external or internal evil or aggression,
+no matter how allied or augmented, could hope even so much as to
+threaten our national existence, ambitions, aspirations, and pursuit
+of happiness, much less aim to destroy them.
+
+Don't forget that the leaders of the movement realized all this, and
+also remember that they include among their number the enlisted man of
+the A.E.F. and home army and the sailor in a shore station and on
+board a destroyer. The realization may not have been in so many words,
+but each knew he wanted to "make the world safe for democracy"--he had
+fought to do that and had thought out carefully what it meant, that
+is, that it didn't mean anything selfish--and each knew enough of the
+principle of union and strength to embrace the idea when "organize"
+first began to be mentioned.
+
+But how to do it, that was the problem.
+
+Then kind Fate in the shape of G.H.Q. came to the rescue with what
+proved to be the solution.
+
+G.H.Q. didn't mean to find the solution. There had been a deal of
+dissatisfaction with the way certain things were going in the A.E.F.
+and on February 15, 1919, twenty National Guard and Reserve officers
+serving in the A.E.F., representing the S.O.S., ten infantry
+divisions, and several other organizations, were ordered to report in
+Paris. The purpose of this gathering was to have these officers confer
+with certain others of the Regular Army, including the heads of train
+supply and Intelligence Sections of the General Staff of G.H.Q., in
+regard to the betterment of conditions and development of contentment
+in the army in France.
+
+Included in this number were Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., of the First Division, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin D'Olier of the
+S.O.S., and Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher Wood of the 88th Division.
+All of these officers have since told me that when they left their
+divisions they were distinctively permeated with the desire to form a
+veterans' organization of some comprehensive kind. When they got to
+Paris they immediately went into conference with the other officers
+on the questions involved in their official trip, details of which do
+not concern this story.
+
+What is important is the fact that Colonel Roosevelt, Colonel D'Olier,
+and Colonel Wood each discovered that all of the officers in this
+representative gathering shared with the thousands of other soldiers
+of the American forces the hope and desire that the officers and men
+who were about to return to civilian life, after serving in the great
+war, whether at home or with the combat units or in the S.O.S., might
+sooner or later be united into one permanent national organization,
+similar in certain respects to the Grand Army of the Republic or the
+United Confederate Veterans and composed of all parties, all creeds,
+and all ranks, who wished to perpetuate American ideals and the
+relationship formed while in the military and national service.
+
+When these officers realized what each was thinking they promptly set
+about with the "let's go" spirit of the A.E.F. to avail themselves of
+a God-given opportunity. A dinner was spread in the Allied Officers'
+Club, Rue Faubourg St. Honoré, on the night of February 16th and
+covers were laid for the following:
+
+  Lt. Col. Francis R. Appleton, Jr.,       2d Army.
+  Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton,               82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark, ex 35th Div., now with 88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,                  37th Div.
+  Lt. Col. D.J. Davis, ex 28th Div.,       now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier,               Q.M., S.O.S.
+  Col. W.J. Donovan,                       Rainbow Div.
+  Lt. Col. David M. Goodrich,              G.H.Q.
+  Maj. T.E. Gowenlock, ex 1st Div.,        now with 1st A.C.
+  Col. Thorndike Howe,                     A.P.O. Dept.
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,             Peace Commission
+  Maj. DeLancey Kountze,                   G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,                 28th Div.
+  Capt. Ogden Mills, ex 6th Div.,          now att. G.-2, S.O.S.
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin Moore,                 82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.,        1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. R.C. Stebbins,                  3d A.C.
+  Maj. R.C. Stewart,                       1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. George A. White, ex 41st Div.,  now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, ex 83d Div.,  now with 88th Div.
+
+
+At that dinner the American Legion was born.
+
+Why not let this gathering--the most representative in the history of
+the A.E.F.--consider itself as a temporary committee to launch the
+movement? Why not? everyone asked himself and his neighbor over the
+coffee. All felt that their presence in Paris presented an unusual
+opportunity to initiate the first steps of such a movement, an
+opportunity unlikely to be repeated and one they ought not to let
+slip. Another meeting was suggested to consider the matter. It was
+held. The result was that there were several more conferences and
+every such gathering was more enthusiastic than its predecessor. At
+each of these informal conferences, some one was careful to emphasize
+that these self-appointed committeemen were by no means
+representative enough of the army or navy, nor sufficiently numerous
+to warrant their actually effecting an organization of any character
+whatsoever. Yet it was believed that, nevertheless, the gathering was
+representative enough to act as a temporary committee so functioning
+as to get together from the whole army and navy two caucuses--one to
+represent the troops in France, and the other those who had remained
+in America and who, through no fault of their own, had been denied the
+privilege of making history on a European battlefield. The temporary
+committee realized that due care must be exercised in getting these
+caucuses started. Every unit in the A.E.F. should be represented, if
+possible, at the Paris caucus, while to the one in the States,
+preferably to be held at St. Louis because of its central location,
+delegates must come from every Congressional District in the Union.
+
+Thereby would be avoided, it was urged, the mistake of giving the
+impression that it was a small gathering of men, unrepresentative or
+serving some special and selfish end.
+
+This was unanimously agreed upon and the temporary committee elected
+Lt. Col. Roosevelt, temporary chairman, Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark,
+temporary vice-chairman, Lt. Col. Wood, temporary secretary.
+
+A sub-committee was appointed to receive from all the members of the
+temporary committee the names of such individuals of combat divisions
+and each section of the S.O.S. of the A.E.F., who were eligible and
+suitable to be delegates to a caucus scheduled for March
+15th-16th-17th in Paris. A similar sub-committee was appointed to
+ascertain the names of men of the home forces in order that they might
+be urged to attend a caucus in America on or about May 8th-9th-10th.
+
+The work of the sub-committee of the A.E.F. was much more difficult
+than would appear at first glance. It was easy enough to get the names
+of leaders in the various outfits, both of officers and men, but to
+get them to Paris! That was the job. Of course it was the ardent
+desire of everyone that the new organization should eventually become
+a society principally devoted to the interests of those who served as
+enlisted men, for they bore the brunt of the fighting and the work and
+were fundamentally responsible for the splendid victory.
+
+But once the names of such men were in the committee's hands the real
+work had not begun. There were mechanical difficulties in securing for
+enlisted men in active duty leave to attend a caucus in Paris. In the
+first place the enlisted men themselves, as indicated by several who
+were consulted, were very diffident about accepting an invitation to
+attend a caucus where they would be required to sit beside and debate
+with and against generals and field officers to whom they owed
+military obedience. Then again, there was the expense of travel in
+France, as well as the high cost of living in Paris. At the outset
+this raised the expense of a trip to the French capital to a sum
+amounting to many months of an enlisted man's pay. Furthermore, the
+sub-committee was face to face with the A.E.F. regulations providing
+that except in the most unusual circumstances an enlisted man would
+not be granted leave except in company with a trainload of his
+fellows, and to a certain specified leave area.
+
+But as has been said before the conclusion had been reached that if
+the organization was really to become preëminently an enlisted man's
+outfit, it would be absolutely necessary to overcome these
+difficulties and by hook or crook to obtain the attendance of as many
+privates and noncommissioned officers as possible who were leaders.
+So, scarcely had seventeen of the twenty officers returned to their
+commands before they received an urgent appeal to help out the
+sub-committee of three. They were told to get enlisted delegates to
+Paris, never mind how, the method being of small importance provided
+the men were there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+
+The first delegates began to arrive for the caucus on March 14th.
+After-the-war good fellowship between those who had been commissioned
+officers on the one hand, and enlisted men on the other, was
+foreshadowed in a most interesting and striking manner when they began
+to come into the hotels. A dozen or more officer delegates brought
+with them as orderlies an equal number of delegates from the ranks.
+Thus enlisted personnel, by devious means, were ordered to Paris under
+one guise or another. One sergeant came under orders which stated that
+he was the bearer of important documents. He carried a despatch case
+wadded with waste paper. Another non-com., from a distant S.O.S.
+sector, had orders to report to Paris and obtain a supply of rat
+poison. Several wagoners, farriers, and buck privates acquired
+diseases of so peculiar a character that only Parisian physicians
+could treat them. As one of them said, he hadn't had so much fun since
+his office-boy days when a grandmother made a convenient demise every
+time Mathewson pitched. The expense of the trip was gathered in
+diverse ways. In some divisions the officer delegates took up
+collections to defray the expense of enlisted delegates.
+
+In numerous instances, enlisted men refused such assistance and took
+up their own collections. One amusing story was told by an enlisted
+man. He said that the "buddies" in his regiment had deliberately lost
+money to him in gambling games when he refused to be a delegate
+because he couldn't pay his own expenses. So by various means nearly
+two hundred enlisted delegates were in Paris by late afternoon on
+March 14th. It must not be imagined from the foregoing that all the
+officers arrived on special trains and were themselves in the lap of
+luxury. One second lieutenant who attended has since confided that he
+sold his safety razor and two five-pound boxes of fudge sent from home
+in order to get carfare to Paris.
+
+Practically all of the self-appointed, temporary committee, with the
+exception of Colonel Roosevelt, was present. He was Chairman of the
+American Committee and had left France for the purpose of organizing
+that part of the army and navy which did not get abroad or which had
+returned home.
+
+The Paris caucus convened at the American Club near the Place de la
+Concorde on the afternoon of March 15th, Colonel Wood presiding.
+Lieutenant Colonel Bennett C. Clark of the 88th Division was selected
+Chairman of the caucus and Lt. Col. T.W. Miller of Pennsylvania, and
+serving in the 79th Division, was elected Vice-Chairman. When Colonel
+Wood called the meeting to order nearly one thousand delegates
+answered the roll-call and these were of all ranks from private to
+brigadier general; and every combat division and all sections of the
+S.O.S., were represented. Colonel Wood briefly reviewed the
+self-appointment of the temporary committee during the previous month
+and outlined the purposes of the caucus.
+
+A few minutes after Colonel Clark had taken the chair an officer of
+high rank, a colonel to be exact, moved that while in the convention
+hall, the after-war status as fellow civilians be forecast and that
+the stations of rank would there cease to exist. It was agreed that
+they would be resumed with full force and full discipline as soon as
+the delegates crossed the threshold of the convention hall and
+regained the street.
+
+It was the ability of the American officer to do this--to be friendly
+to a certain extent with his men and yet at the same time to keep them
+perfectly disciplined--which amazed the officers of the armies of our
+Allies. No more striking example of this was ever given than within
+the confines of the American Club on that 15th day of March. The
+Colonel's motion was unanimously carried and the work of the
+organization began. Then generals forgot their rank, corporals engaged
+in hot debates with colonels, sergeants argued with majors and
+everybody talked with everybody else in a most boylike spirit of
+fraternity and equality.
+
+Captain Ogden Mills of G.H.Q. moved that four caucus committees be
+appointed to draft suggestions and submit them to the caucus, one
+committee to design machinery for convening the winter convention; one
+committee to submit suggestions as to a permanent organization; one
+committee on tentative constitution; and one committee on name. Each
+committee consisted of fifteen members, and was appointed by the
+Chairman.
+
+Here are the committees, appointed by the chair:
+
+COMMITTEE ON CONVENTION
+
+  Brig. Gen. Sherburne, 26th Div., Chairman
+  Wagoner Shaw,         88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Ogden Mills,    G.H.Q.
+  Colonel Graham,       S.O.S.
+  Prvt. C.W. Ney,       1st Army Troops
+  Captain Mahon,        77th Div.
+  Sgt. Obrecht,         1st Army
+  Capt. Kipling,        Troops serving with French
+  Sgt. J.C. Hendler,    Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Appleton,    2d Army Hq.
+  Major Gordon,         36th Div.
+  Field Clerk Sowers,   Press Section G.H.Q.
+  Major Hungerford,     3rd Army Hq.
+  Cpl. J.H. Anderson,   Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Wren,        36th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE OF PERMANENT ORGANIZATION
+
+  Colonel Donovan,           42d Div., Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Graham,           88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Boyd,                29th Division
+  Sgt. Tip Bliss,            _Stars and Stripes_
+  Lt. Col. Fitzpatrick,      35th Division
+  Sgt. Rollo S. Thorpe,      88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Crosby,           S.O.S.
+  Pvt. W.L. Thompson,        11th R.R. Engineers
+  Major Graff,               28th Division
+  Major Barry Wright,        79th Division
+  Sgt. Rommel,               Paris Command
+  Sgt. V.V. Trout,           Paris Command
+  Capt. Carlstrom,           S.O.S.
+  Major R.C. Patterson,      Peace Commission
+  Lt. Col. Smith,            89th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+  Lt. Col. Robbins,          2d Army Hq. Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Goodrich,         G.H.Q., Vice-Chairman
+  Sgt. Dolan,                89th Division
+  Lt. Col. Stebbins,         3rd Army Corps
+  Sgt. H.E. Fleming,         35th Division
+  Major E.S. Haile,          77th Div.
+  Colonel Gibbs,             S.O.S.
+  Sgt. McElow,               Paris Command
+  Major Horace Rumsey,       35th Division
+  Sgt. C.E. Sommers,         Paris Command
+  Major D.D. Drain,          3d Army
+  Sgt. G.F. Fleming,         Paris Command
+  Lt. Markoe,                2d Army
+  Major Dwight,              S.O.S.
+  Sgt. Barnard,              Paris Command
+
+The names of these committees are given because they are more than
+just names. They show the first bubbles of the melting pot into which
+all rank and titles in the American Army have been cast and out of
+which comes the one word "Comrade."
+
+There were three outstanding features of the Paris caucus which were
+evident by midnight of March 15th. The first was the desire to get
+together and form an organization quickly and a willingness to forego
+personal prejudice and opinion to arrive at that end. The second was
+the determination to make the man who didn't get across as much a
+component part of the legion as his more fortunate brother-in-arms;
+while the third was the avowed intention to take no action at the
+caucus which could be deferred until the winter convention in America,
+when the home brother and the navy could be jointly represented and a
+permanent organization could be effected. I say that these things were
+evident by midnight of March 15th for those who have attended many
+conventions know that from the casual word heard here and there, the
+whispered conference of a few leaders, and from the general tenor of
+discussions carried on by delegates gathered together in little
+groups, the spirit of the body politic is most perceptible.
+
+After the adjournment of the afternoon session on that day, members
+of the committees closeted themselves and started work on their
+special functions, while those who were to pass on the committee's
+actions, the "hoi polloi" were here and there in groups, in the "Y"
+huts or in boulevard cafes discussing the real meaning of the
+gathering. A colonel in the Officers' Club said there must be no
+disagreement on this or that question; a private in the Bal Tabarin
+told his buddies the same thing.
+
+And so it came to pass that on the following day in the Cirque de
+Paris, where the final meetings were held, the delegates formally
+gathered, sensed the gossip of the clubs and boulevards, and acted
+accordingly. One of the things done was to endorse the action of the
+temporary committee in appointing itself and in calling the caucus.
+Another was to adopt a tentative constitution. It is in reality little
+more than a preamble, but it gave a working basis, expressing enough
+and yet not too much.
+
+Newspaper men have told me that the Sermon on the Mount is the finest
+bit of reporting in the history of writing because it tells a long
+story succinctly. Lieutenant Colonel Buxton and his committee on
+constitutions are certainly entitled to credit of the same type--for
+they tell a great deal in a few lines.
+
+[Illustration: Henry D. Lindsley
+  Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis]
+
+[Illustration: The Paris Caucus
+  This gathering had no time for official photographers. A half hour
+  before a session began one slipped in and took this picture with more
+  than half the caucus delegates absent]
+
+Here's the tentative constitution under which the Legion worked--it
+was read by Lieutenant Colonel Bolles:
+
+"We, the members of the Military and Naval Service of the United
+States of America in the great war, desiring to perpetuate the
+principles of Justice, Freedom, and Democracy for which we have
+fought, to inculcate the duty and obligation of the citizen to the
+State; to preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+the war; and to cement the ties of comradeship formed in service, do
+propose to found and establish an association for the furtherance of
+the foregoing purposes:
+
+"Those eligible to membership shall be: All officers and enlisted
+personnel in the Military and Naval Services of the United States of
+America at any time during the period from April 6, 1917, to November
+11, 1918, inclusive; excepting however, persons leaving the service
+without an honorable discharge or persons who having been called into
+the service refused, failed, or attempted to evade the full
+performance of such service.
+
+"The society shall consist of a national organization with subsidiary
+branches; one for each State, territory, and foreign possession of the
+United States as well as one in each foreign country where members of
+the national society may be resident and who desire to associate
+themselves together.
+
+"The officers of the society shall be a President, one or more
+Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a Board of Directors,
+which shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, together
+with the chief executive of each subsidiary branch.
+
+"The subsidiary branches shall organize and govern themselves in such
+manner as the membership of such subsidiary organizations shall
+determine upon except that the requirements and purposes of the
+permanent national constitution as adopted shall be complied with.
+
+"The representation shall be on the basis of the actual enrollment in
+the subsidiary branches at all conventions after the adoption of a
+permanent constitution.
+
+"Members present at the meeting of this committee as follows:
+
+  "Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton, Jr., Chairman
+  "Lt. Col. T.W. Miller, Secretary
+  "Major Redmond C. Stewart
+  "Col. E.A. Gibbs
+  "Lt. Col. W.H. Curtiss
+  "Major J. Hall
+  "Col. C.L. Ristine."
+
+There were many, many men in the A.E.F. respected and beloved, but
+none perhaps more than he who seconded a motion made by a private from
+S.O.S. base section, No. 4, that the constitution be adopted. The
+seconder asked to speak on the question. When he began he got the rapt
+attention which Bishop Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F., always
+won whether he talked to buck privates knee deep in trench water or
+the King in Buckingham Palace.
+
+"It was a great soldier who said that the army has not merely a body
+but a soul and a conscience as well," he began. "I believe the
+conscience of the army is speaking in this committee's report. I
+believe the army's soul is speaking in it. I was present on Saturday,
+at the beginning of this caucus and I will tell you frankly that I was
+fearful at that moment lest you should create a great mechanism
+without adequate purposes. My fears have been wholly allayed and I see
+in the report of your committee the ideals not only of the army but of
+the nation adequately expressed and I wish to tell you gentlemen that
+so far as I have any ability to promote this great movement I give you
+my most hearty support. I believe that the army of to-day, when it
+goes back to citizen thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of
+contributing to the commonwealth of the United States so as to change
+the character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane
+of political, industrial, and religious life. I happen to be at this
+moment leading in a movement in the army to promote the various ends
+that are so well expressed in the committee's report, in what is known
+as the 'Comrades in Service.' There are two ways of creating an
+organization; one is by forming the principles and leaving the body to
+take its own shape; the other by creating a machinery without stating
+your end and reach that end through the machinery. According to our
+democratic conception we have adopted the former or idealistic method.
+We are prepared to contribute to this army wide organization which is
+now brought into existence, all that we have to contribute. We are
+entirely loyal to your principles and methods of approach and we are
+quite willing to forego any attempt to make an organization which
+might become a rival to you. Between now and the time of
+demobilization there is a great opportunity for us to promote the
+principles which actuate you. We have already a temporary and
+provisional organization for the promotion of such principles; the
+creation of better citizenship along the lines so well expressed. We
+would like everyone who can to give support to that which we are
+endeavoring to do, while we ask all who come in with us to be prepared
+to throw in their lot with this organization when it is perfected in
+the United States."
+
+"The creation of better citizenship," Bishop Brent says. He wants
+every one who can, to give support to that; to "what we are trying to
+do."
+
+If everyone could see just that in the Legion, if everyone will work
+for just that--better citizenship--the Legion's aim will be realized
+in its deepest and truest sense. Bishop Brent has a knack of hitting
+the nail on the head with such force that the sparks fly and by their
+light comes insight--ask anyone from out Manila-way if it isn't so.
+The short address was greeted with thunderous applause. The newly born
+Legion knew it had a champion and a worker in the Bishop.
+
+Col. Wm. J. Donovan of the 165th Infantry, Forty-second Division
+headed the committee of fifteen which gave the final report on
+resolutions and organization. This report is reproduced here in full
+because it presaged the action of the American caucus and brought
+about the form of the Legion Government until November.
+
+
+    "RESOLVED: That an Executive Committee shall be selected, two
+    (2) from each unit (as recognized in this caucus) and eight (8)
+    to be selected by the Executive Committee; the two members, one
+    officer and one enlisted man, to be selected from each unit to
+    be named by the respective delegations attending this caucus.
+    Each unit shall present the names of committeemen who shall as
+    far as possible represent, in point of residence, each State,
+    Territory and possession of the United States and the District
+    of Columbia.
+
+    "This Executive Committee shall have general power to represent
+    the units now in foreign service, to determine its own quorum,
+    to confer with committees from a similar caucus in the United
+    States, to secure one general convention of persons entitled to
+    membership under the tentative constitution, to elect its
+    officers and appoint such sub-committees and give them such
+    powers as may be proper and necessary.
+
+    "This Executive Committee acting in conjunction with the
+    committee of the United States is specifically charged with the
+    duty of fixing a date and place for holding a national
+    convention, issuing a call for the holding of county and State
+    conventions and providing a unit of representation and method of
+    selection of delegates to the national convention, by the State
+    conventions.
+
+    "The powers of this committee shall expire upon the organization
+    of the permanent national convention.
+
+    "The committee is further charged with the duty of making known
+    the existence and purpose of this organization, of stimulating
+    interest in it, and of inviting the support of all those
+    entitled to membership.
+
+    "No policy except in furtherance of the creation of a permanent
+    organization having in mind the desirability of unity of action
+    in organizing all the American forces shall be adopted or
+    carried out by the committees.
+
+    A meeting for the temporary and preliminary organization of the
+    Executive Committee shall be held at this place immediately upon
+    the adjournment of this caucus.
+
+    The Executive Committee may receive and add to its number two
+    representatives from any division or equivalent unit not
+    represented at this caucus."
+
+As the result of the passage of this report it is interesting to note
+the personnel of the Executive Committee which the delegates selected
+and which is controlling the American Legion of the A.E.F., observing
+especially the large number of enlisted men; large in view of the
+difficulties experienced in getting such men to Paris.
+
+
+  1st Div.,                 Capt. Arthur S. Hyde
+  2d Div.,                  Lt. Col Harold C. Snyder
+  26th Div.,                Sgt. Wheaton Freeman
+  26th Div.,                Lt. Col. Wm. J. Keville
+  27th Div.,                Lt. Col. Edward E. Gauche, N.Y.
+  27th Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Samuel A. Ritchie, N.Y.
+  28th Div.,                Brig Gen. Wm. G. Brice, Jr., Penn.
+  28th Div.,                Sgt. Ted Myers, Penn.
+  29th Div.,                Lt. Col. Orison M. Hurd, N.J.
+  29th Div.,                Color Sgt. Andreas Z. Holley, Maryland
+  31st Div.,                Captain Leon Schwarz, Ala.
+  33d Div.,                 Col. Milton A. Foreman, Ill.
+  35th Div.,                Lt. Col. B.C. Clark, Mo.
+  35th Div.,                Sgt. Fred Heney, Kans.
+  36th Div.,                Col. Chas. W. Nimon, Texas
+  36th Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. L.H. Evridge, Texas
+  41st Div.,                Col. Frank White, N. Dak.
+  42d Div.,                 Col. Henry J. Reilly, Ill.
+  42d Div.,                 Sgt. Rowe, Iowa
+  77th Div.,                Major Duncan Harris
+  77th Div.,                Sgt. Lawrence Miller, N.Y.
+  79th Div.,                Lt. Col. Stuart S. Janney, Md.
+  79th Div.,                Sgt. Benjamin R. Kauffman, Pa.
+  80th Div.,                Capt. Arthur F. Shaw, Mich.
+  81st Div.,                Major Theodore G. Tilghman, N.C.
+  81st Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Wm. S. Beam, N.C.
+  82d Div.,                 Capt. Frank S. Williams, Fla.
+  82d Div.,                 Sgt. Alvin T. York, Tenn.
+  83d Div.,                 Lt. Col. Wayman C. Lawrence, Jr., W. Va.
+  83d Div.,                 Cpl. Thoyer
+  86th Div.,                Major John H. Smale, Ill.
+  88th Div.,                Lt. Col. George C. Parsons, Minn.
+  88th Div.,                Wagoner Dale J. Shaw, Iowa.
+  89th Div.,                Lt. Col. Frank Wilbur Smith, Pa.
+  91st Div.,                Lt. Col. John Guy Strohm, Oregon
+  91st Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. Hercovitz, Calif.
+  S.O.S. Hq.,               Col. James H. Graham, Conn.
+  Adv. Sec., S.O.S. Capt.   David A. Uaurier, Wash.
+  Base Sec. No. 1, S.O.S.,  Pvt. W.L. Thompson, N.Y.
+  Base Sec. No. 3, S.O.S.,  Lt. Col. Carle Abrams, Oregon
+  Base Sec. No. 5, S.O.S.,  Major Orlin Hudson, Kans.
+  Base Sec. No. 6, S.O.S.,  Major Arthur S. Dwight, N.Y.
+  Troops with French,       Sgt. L.K. Flynt, Mass.
+  Troops with French,       Capt. A.W. Kipling, Paris, France
+  Paris Command,            Pvt. Harold W. Ross, Calif.
+  Paris Command,            Lt. Col. John Price Jackson
+  G.H.Q.,                   Bishop Charles H. Brent, N.Y.
+  1st Army Corps,           Lt. Col. Lemuel L. Bolles, Wash.
+  1st Army Corps,           Sgt. Mjr. Race
+  2d Army Hq.,              Lt. Col. Burke H. Sinclair, Colo.
+
+
+The tentative name of this organization was not adopted without a
+great deal of discussion. All sorts of titles were suggested to the
+committee which considered the matter. Some of them were:
+
+  Comrades of the Great War
+  Veterans of the Great War
+  Liberty League
+  Army of the Great War
+  Legion of the Great War
+  Great War Legion
+  The Legion
+  The American Comrades of the Great War
+  The Great Legion
+  The American Legion
+
+The last was tentatively decided upon as the best name although there
+was considerable discussion on it. This discussion waxed particularly
+warm between a colonel and a corporal and it came to an end only when
+some hungry enlisted delegate braved the officer's rising ire to move
+an adjournment for lunch. The motion carried immediately and, true to
+the understanding made at the outset in regard to rank, the corporal
+clicked his heels together, stood at attention and saluted the
+colonel, when the latter passed him on the sidewalk exactly five
+minutes after he had been telling the colonel precisely what he
+thought of him and his opinions--at least as far as the name of the
+Veteran's Organization was concerned. I might add that this colonel
+was well under thirty-five years of age and that the corporal was only
+twenty-one.
+
+And this brings to mind another striking feature of this most unusual
+gathering, which was the comparative youth of its membership. For
+instance the two individuals who have taken from the beginning the
+leading parts in the movement, Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark and a
+Lieutenant Colonel of infantry, and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., son of
+the ex-president and also a Colonel of infantry. They are respectively
+twenty-nine and thirty-one years of age, and one of the most brilliant
+speeches in the caucus was made by a captain of twenty-six.
+
+It must not be understood from this rather dry recital of what took
+place at the Paris Caucus, this record of minutes and resolutions,
+that it was an entirely sedate and dignified gathering. On the
+contrary, Young America was there and quite often the impression which
+one gathered was that a dozen or so Big Brothers had been turned loose
+at once. A great many wild speeches were made and all sorts of
+ticklish questions were brought up. Chairman Clark broke two gavels
+and three times overturned his table. Everyone there was young. Peace
+was young. Few knew exactly, like Bishop Brent, just what was wanted.
+The whole project was new. Dozens of delegates wanted to speak; it was
+their first chance since April 6, 1917. In fact one man made two very
+violent speeches on the same subject, one in direct opposition to the
+other. He realized he was making a heated argument for both sides and
+finally sat down laughing about it. Who was he? Who was the colonel
+who got wrought up over the proposed name? Who were the lieutenants,
+and who were any of these privates, captains, and sergeants?
+
+"I don't know." Nobody knows.
+
+Doubtless they have themselves forgotten what they said. No verbatim
+records are available now. In fact I am told that no record could have
+been kept, for many times two or three were speaking at once and the
+chairman was breaking the third commandment with his gavel. But this
+much everyone wanted, "A Veteran's Organization." This much everyone
+swore he would have, one that was neither political nor partisan, one
+that would perpetuate righteousness, insure "honor, faith, and a sure
+intent," and despite whatever bickering there might have been, despite
+whatever differences of opinion arose, when, with a tremendous "Aye,"
+the motion to adjourn was carried, this Paris Caucus had accomplished
+a body politic and a soul of the type which Bishop Brent so clearly
+described.
+
+To resume the story of actual accomplishment. The Executive Committee
+was given general power to represent the units in France, to confer
+with committees or representatives of the American Caucus as soon as
+these should be appointed, and, in conjunction with the latter, to
+issue a call for the holding of county and State conventions and
+providing a unit of representation and method of selection of
+delegates to one general convention for the autumn of 1919, preferably
+November 11th, or Armistice Day.
+
+The Executive Committee met immediately after the adjournment of the
+caucus and elected Colonel Foreman of the Thirty-third Division,
+Chairman; Lt. Colonel George A. White, Forty-first Division, Secretary
+and Major R.C. Patterson, Paris Command, Assistant Secretary. Lt. Col.
+White, Col. Wood, Major R.C. Patterson, and Lt. L.R. Farrell were
+elected permanent members at large of the Executive Committee.
+
+Then from this executive committee a committee of fifteen was chosen
+for the purpose of expediting the work which had been assigned to the
+larger committee, it being easier to assemble fifteen men than the
+larger number. The committee of fifteen elected Col. Bennett Clark as
+its chairman.
+
+At the first meeting of the committee of fifteen a hope was expressed
+that the caucus in America would take similar action in the
+appointment of an executive committee, which would in turn delegate
+its authority to a smaller committee for working purposes. Just
+exactly how this worked out, is later described.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+Once home again it didn't take a Solomon to tell Colonel Roosevelt
+that he had a man's size job on his hands in starting the American
+Legion on its way in the United States. Dispatches more or less
+accurate had told the service men on this side something about the
+Legion activities of the A.E.F. in France. As late as mid-April,
+however, a great many men in this country knew nothing whatever about
+the American Legion, while the majority of those who did were not at
+all sure it was to be _The Veteran's Organization_. What I have said
+previously about the "spontaneous opinion" of the men in France on the
+question of a veteran's organization proved to be equally true among
+service men on this side of the water. Consequently, it wasn't long
+after the armistice before several veteran's organizations and
+associations were in the process of formation. As it was a pertinent
+news topic, the newspapers gave a great deal of prominence in their
+columns to several of these organizations. They were of various types
+and characters. One was for enlisted men only. Another was for
+officers only. There was an organization for officers who had fought
+in France, Italy, or Russia and there was one or more organizations
+which had the breadth of vision to see that men of all ranks and all
+branches of the military and naval establishments must be eligible.
+
+Such was the situation confronting Colonel Roosevelt when he arrived
+home to help start the American Legion in its own country. The fact of
+his arrival and his announced intention to aid in the organization of
+the Legion was duly heralded in the press of the United States.
+
+At first the army and navy men were inclined to say, "Here is another
+of those mushroom Veteran's Associations bobbing up." In fact I heard
+one officer make just that remark, but another was quick to correct
+him by saying, "Its bound to be a straight and honest organization or
+a Roosevelt wouldn't stand for it." That was the crux of the initial
+success of the Legion, because just that was true. Every man who wore
+the uniform had known Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., and although he may not
+have agreed with him in all of his political opinions still he knew
+that neither he nor any member of his family would back any
+organization or proposition that was not morally sterling.
+
+There were those who did not like the American Legion. There were
+those who were willing to let a past political prejudice deter them
+from aiding in the most important movement in American life to-day.
+There were those who stated that Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was
+prominent in organizing the American Legion for his own political
+advancement. The answer to that misapprehension will develop later and
+will prove one of the most striking incidents in this story.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt has a peculiarly happy faculty of keeping those who
+work with him cheerful and optimistic. He gathered around him, to
+launch the movement in America, a set of cheerful, competent
+optimists, prominent among whom were Colonel Richard Derby, Colonel
+Franklin D'Olier, who figured in the Paris Caucus, Major Cornelius W.
+Wickersham, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Twenty-seventh Division,
+Captain Henry Fairfield Osborne, Lieutenant Colonel Granville Clark,
+Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Kincaide, Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher
+Wood and Captain H.B. Beers. One of Colonel Roosevelt's first duties
+as temporary chairman of the Legion over here was to create the nation
+wide organization. He needed committeemen in every State to work the
+State organization up, and to start the machinery for the election of
+delegates to the St. Louis Caucus, for it had been decided that the
+representation in St. Louis must be by duly elected representatives
+from congressional districts in so far as that was possible. Each such
+district was awarded double its congressional representation, in
+addition to the delegates at large. It was no easy task to pick these
+committeemen. The decision of the Paris gathering that the
+organization must be non-partisan and non-political had to be adhered
+to in its fullest sense. There were soldiers and sailors enough in all
+the States who would have been willing to have started the
+organization in their respective localities, but how _not_ to get
+politicians of the lower order, men who would gladly prostitute the
+Legion, its aims and ambitions to their own selfish advantage--that
+was the problem which faced the temporary committee in America.
+
+About three weeks before the St. Louis Caucus the following names were
+chosen from the various States as committeemen:
+
+
+OFFICERS
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., New York, Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Bennett Clark, Missouri, Vice-Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania, Secretary.
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Lt. H.M. Badham, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Pvt. W.M. Cosby, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Sgt. Edwin Robertson,      Birmingham
+
+
+ARIZONA
+  Pvt. Ned Bernard,            Tucson
+  Lt. Col. J.C. Greenway,      Bisbee
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Pvt. P.R. Graybill, Democ. Pub. Co.     Little Rock
+  Major J.J. Harrison,                    Little Rock
+  Pvt. Walter J. Wilkins,                 Pine Bluff
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Sgt. L.P. Adams,                    San Francisco
+  Corp. Chas. A. Beck,                San Francisco
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Dibblee,       San Francisco
+  Chaplain Joseph D. McQuade,         San Francisco
+  Major Stewart Edward White,         Santa Barbara
+
+
+COLORADO
+  Lt. G.W. Cutting,            Florence
+  Sgt. C.C. Neil,              Greeley
+  Major H.A. Saidy,            Colorado Springs
+  Sgt. Phil. G. Thompson,      Denver
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  Maj. Morgan G. Bulkeley,      Hartford
+  Lt. Col. Jas. L. Howard,      Hartford
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Pvt. L. Clarkson Hines,      Washington
+  Col. E. Lester Jones,        Washington
+
+
+DELAWARE
+  Major Thomas W. Miller,      Wilmington
+  Capt. John P. Nields,        Wilmington
+
+
+FLORIDA
+  Brig Gen A.H. Blanding,      Bartow
+
+
+GEORGIA
+  Col. Alexander R. Lawton, Jr.,      Savannah
+  Capt. Landon Thomas,                Augusta
+
+
+IDAHO
+  Major C.M. Booth,       Pocatello
+  Pvt. John Green,        Twin Falls
+  Major Hawley, Jr.,      Boisé
+  Pvt. D.H. Holt,         Caldwell
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Chf. Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,    Chicago
+  Maj. Owsley Brown,                   Springfield
+  Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett,   Great Lakes
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Edw. J. Czuj,           Chicago
+  Maj. Thomas Gowenlock,               Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Hy. Hickman Harris,     Champaign
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Geo. Kendall Hooton,    Danville
+  Ensign Allen M. Loeb,                Chicago
+  Capt. Clark Nixon,                   East St. Louis
+  Maj. John Callan O'Laughlin,         Chicago
+  Capt. Joseph Medill Patterson,       Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. C.J. Schatz,            Wheaton
+  Brig. Gen. Robt. E. Wood,            Chicago
+  Sgt. David S. Wright,                Oak Park
+
+
+INDIANA
+  Col. Solon J. Carter,         Indianapolis
+  Ensign Win. L. Hutcheson,     Indianapolis
+  Sgt. R.J. Leeds,              Richmond
+
+
+IOWA
+  Sgt. Chas. A. Doxsee,      Monticello
+  Major H.H. Polk,           Des Moines
+
+
+KANSAS
+  Gen. Chas. I. Martin,        Topeka
+  Gen. Wilder S. Metcalf,      Lawrence
+  Sgt. Fred C. Stanford,       Independence
+  Sgt. Mahlon S. Weed,         Lawrence
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Pvt. Samuel J. Culbertson,      Louisville
+  Lt. W.C. Dabney,                Louisville
+  Capt. Shelby Harbison,          Lexington
+  Major James Wheeler,            Paducah
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Capt. Allen Cook,             New Orleans
+  Lt. John M. Parker, Jr.,      New Orleans
+
+
+MAINE
+  Lt. Col. Arthur Ashworth,      Bangor
+  Col. Frank W. Hume,            103d Inf.
+  Capt. A.L. Robinson,           Portland
+  Pvt. Daniel J. Smart,
+  Sgt. Wm. H. Whalen,            103d Inf.
+  Sgt. Freeman Wheaton,          107th Inf.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+  Lt. James A. Gary, Jr.         Baltimore
+  Sgt. Alexander Randall,        Baltimore
+  Major Redmond Stewart,         Baltimore
+  Brig. Gen. W.S. Thayer,        Baltimore
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Brig. Gen. Charles H. Cole,      Boston
+  Sgt. Edw. J. Creed,              101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Ernest H. Eastman,          104th Inf.
+  Major J.W. Farley,               Boston
+  Lt. Col. Louis Frothingham,      Boston
+  Sgt. Geo. Gilbody,               101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Daniel J. Nolan,
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Lt. Col. Fredk. M. Alger,          Detroit
+  Sgt. Rand F. English,              Detroit
+  1st Sgt. Wm. King,                 Detroit
+  Lt. Commander Truman H. Newberry,  Detroit
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Pvt. Gordon Clark,           Duluth
+  Major Paul B. Cook,          St. Paul
+  Pvt. Wm. D. Mitchell,        St. Paul
+  Pvt. W. Bissell Thomas,      Minneapolis
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Lt. John N. Alexander,       Jackson
+  Sgt. Maj. C.J. Craggs,       Greenville
+  Major Alex. Fitzhugh,        Vicksburg
+  Corp. Isador A. Frank,       Clarksdale
+  Sgt. Elmer Price,            McComb
+
+
+MISSOURI
+  Brig. Gen. H.C. Clarke,          Jefferson City
+  Pvt. David R. Francis, Jr.,      St. Louis
+  Corp. Sestus J. Wade, Jr.,       St. Louis
+
+
+MONTANA
+  Col. J.J. McGuiness,      Helena
+  Corp. Chas. S. Pew,       Helena
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Major P.F. Cosgrove,      Lincoln
+  Pvt. T.T. McGuire,        Omaha
+  Sgt. R. Scott,            Imperial
+  Lt. Allan A. Tukey,       Omaha
+
+
+NEVADA
+  Sgt. E.L. Malsbary,             Reno
+  Lt. Col. Jas. G. Scrugham,      Reno
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Sgt. Herve L'Heureaux,      Manchester
+  Major Frank Knox,           Manchester
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Col. Hobart Brown,               Newark
+  Sgt. Allan Eggers,               Summit
+  1st Lt. Geo. W.C. McCarter,      Newark
+  Corp. Roger Young,               Newark
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Capt. Bronson M. Cutting,      Santa Fé
+  Col. Debjemond,                Roswell
+  Pvt. Canuto Trujillo,          Chimayo
+
+
+NEW YORK
+  Lt. Col. Robert Bacon,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Grenville Clark,         New York
+  Brig. Gen. Chas. I. Debevoise,    Brooklyn
+  Pvt. Meade C. Dobson,             New York
+  Col. Wm. J. Donovan,              New York
+  Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr.,          New York
+  Seaman Jos. F. Healey,            New York
+  Chaplain Francis A. Kelley,       Albany
+  Lt. Col. J. Leslie Kincaid,       Syracuse
+  Ensign Jerome H. Larger,          Brooklyn
+  Ensign W.G. McAdoo, Jr.,          New York
+  Sgt. Major Howard H. McLellan,    Yonkers
+  Ensign R.H. Mitchell,             New York
+  Major General John F. O'Ryan,     New York
+  Lt. D. Lincoln Reed,              New York
+  Col. Henry L. Stimson,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Chas. W. Whittlesey,     New York
+  Major Cornelius W. Wickersham,    New York
+  Sgt. Clarence E. Williams,        New York
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+  Lt. R.W. Glenn,          Greensboro
+  Lt. Cyrus D. Hogue,      Wilmington
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Matthew Murphy,      Fargo
+
+
+OHIO
+  Sgt. Jas. K. Campbell,         Shreve
+  Lt. Col. Jas. R. Cochran,      Columbus
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,        Columbus or Findlay
+  Lt. Col. Isadore H. Duke,      Cincinnati
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Sgt. Eugene Atkins,          Muskogee
+  Brig. Gen. Roy Hoffman,      Oklahoma City
+
+
+OREGON
+  Pvt. Harry Critchlow,        Portland
+  Sgt. Carl B. Fenton,         Dallas
+  Lt. Col. Geo. Kelley,        Portland
+  Col. F.W. Leadbetter,        Portland
+  Lt. Col. Geo. A. White,      Portland
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Major Chas. J. Biddle,              Philadelphia
+  Lt. Joseph F. Frayne,               Scranton
+  Lt. Col. Robt. E. Glendinning,      Philadelphia
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,        Harrisburg
+  Pvt. George Jones,                  Scranton
+  Maj. Alexander Laughlin, Jr.,       Pittsburg
+  Col. Asher Miner,                   Wilkes-Barre
+  Lt. John R. Sproul,                 Chester
+  Lt. Bernard J. Voll,                Philadelphia
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Major Geo. E. Buxton, Jr.,         Providence
+  Col. Everitte St. J. Chaffee,      Providence
+  Sgt. W.C. Kendrick,                Pawtucket
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Sgt. W.C. Coward,           Cheraw
+  Lt. Chas. C. Pinckney,      Charleston
+  C.T. Trenholm,              Charleston
+  Major W.D. Workman,         Greenville
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Lawrence R. Bates,      Sioux Falls
+  Capt. Royal C. Johnson,       Aberdeen
+  Sgt. Ruble Lavery,            Vermilion
+  Sgt. Jos. F. Pfeiffer,        Rapid City
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Col. James A. Gleason,         Knoxville
+  Sgt. Major Keith J. Harris,    Chattanooga
+  Sgt. John Hays,                Memphis
+  Col. Luke Lea,                 Nashville
+  Major T.C. Thompson, Jr.       Chattanooga
+  Pvt. C.W. Tomlinson,           Chattanooga
+
+TEXAS
+  Capt. Stanley E. Kempner,      Galveston
+  Col. H.D. Lindsley,            Dallas
+  Col. H.B. Moore,               Texas City
+
+UTAH
+  Sgt. Maj. H.H. McCartney,      Salt Lake City
+  Gen. R.W. Young,               Salt Lake City
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Pvt. Frank G. Christian,       Richmond
+  Lt. C. Francis Cocke,          Roanoke
+  Col. Stuart McGuire,           Richmond
+
+VERMONT
+  Pvt. Donald J. Emery,          Newport
+  Sgt. Eugene V. Finn,           St. Albans
+  Major H. Nelson Jackson,       Burlington
+  Capt. Redfield Proctor,        Burlington
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,       Seattle
+  Major P.P. Marion,             Seattle
+  Brig. Gen. Harvey J. Moss,     Seattle
+  Sgt. John J. Sullivan,         N. Seattle
+  Sgt. Major R.H. Winsor,        Tacoma
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Capt. Fleming W. Alderson,     Charleston
+  Sgt. Walter S. Moore,          Huntington
+  Sgt. Thomas Schofield,         Wheeling
+  Lt. Col. Jackson A. Weston,    Charleston
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Edward F. Ackley,              Milwaukee
+  Pvt. David Bloodgood,          Milwaukee
+  Sgt. Elmer S. Owens,           Milwaukee
+  Col. Gilbert E. Seaman,        Milwaukee
+  Pvt. John P. Szulcek,          Milwaukee
+
+WYOMING
+  Major A.S. Beach,              Lusk
+  Sgt. Morris A. Dinneen,        Cheyenne
+  Pvt. I.H. Larom,               Valley Ranch
+
+
+United American War Veterans,  Warren S. Fischer, Commander-in-Chief
+Comrades in Service,           Bishop Brent, President,
+National Legion of America,    Major Elihu Church,
+American Army Association,     Lt. Haywood Hillyer, General Secretary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just about this time it became most necessary to properly present the
+Legion to those men who had remained at home and who had gotten out of
+the Service, and to those who were incoming from France and rapidily
+being demobilized, as it was upon them that the success of the Legion
+depended. Furthermore, their opinions were the soil upon which the
+various State organizations had to work, and at that particular time
+it was vital that the Legion should be widely known and thoroughly
+understood; that its aims and ambitions should not be misconstrued
+either willfully or unintentionally, nor its precepts perverted. To
+this end the temporary Chairman proceeded to publicize it in the most
+thorough fashion. One-page bulletins briefly outlining the Legion's
+aims and ambitions were distributed in every center where soldiers and
+seamen gathered. Such places as Y.M.C.A. and K. of C. huts and War
+Camp Community recreation centers were thoroughly informed, and
+bulletins also were sent to every ship in the navy with the request
+that they be placed on the ship's bulletin board.
+
+Literature about the Legion was placed on transports when they left
+empty for France so that the men might read it in their leisure hours
+returning home. In order to make sure that every soldier and sailor
+would have the opportunity to know about the Legion this literature
+was again placed on the transports as they arrived in New York harbor.
+Various demobilization camps throughout the country were widely
+placarded and in each instance the names of the Temporary State
+Secretaries were given, and service men were invited to write to the
+Secretaries in their particular States. Camp publications, newspapers,
+and periodicals published for service men throughout the country were
+bountifully supplied with Legion information and scores of them
+carried special stories in regard to it. Bulletins and pamphlets were
+distributed in hospitals, placed on bulletin boards, and given to the
+patients. Every mayor of a town or city with a population above nine
+hundred got a letter containing literature about the Legion with a
+request that it be given publicity in the local press and then turned
+over to the Chairman of the Welcome Home Committee. Certain national
+magazines devoted a great deal of space to special articles explaining
+the Legion.
+
+Three or four times a week the Foreign Press Bureau of the United
+States Government sent stories about the Legion and its activities by
+wireless to the ships on sea and to the men of the A.E.F. in
+connection with its "Home News Service." In addition to the foregoing,
+articles appeared almost daily in the press throughout the entire
+country, and by the time the convention was ready to meet those who
+ran and cared to read were fully informed that the American Legion was
+an organization for veterans of the army, navy, and marine corp; that
+it was non-partisan and non-political; that it stood for law and
+order, decent living, decent thinking, and true Americanism.
+
+The wide publicity given to the Legion and its aims brought into the
+Temporary Committee many amusing letters. Scores of them complained of
+the published statement that it was non-partisan and non-political.
+"Damn it all, we want it to be political and partisan," one angry
+Westerner wrote. Another correspondent insisted that in view of the
+fact that sons of Theodore Roosevelt, and Speaker Champ Clark were
+interested, the Legion must be bi-partisan and bi-political. But most
+of the letters were of a highly commendatory character, expressing the
+deepest and widest possible interest. I recall that one of them came
+from Junction City, Kansas, another from Old Town, Maine; one from
+Delray, Texas, and others from Wolf Creek, Montana, Orlando, Florida,
+and Ray's Crossing, Indiana, while a postal card making frantic
+inquiries was dated Nome, Alaska, and arrived a week after the caucus
+at St. Louis. I have mentioned these towns and localities because they
+indicate how widespread and deep is the interest in the Legion. No
+matter where a man came from to go into the army, the Legion will go
+to him in his home now. Its members will range from fishermen on the
+Florida Keys to the mail carriers on the Tanana in Alaska, from the
+mill hands of New England to the cotton planters of the Mississippi
+delta. All who wore the uniform may enroll just so long as the word
+_Americanism_ was inscribed in their hearts between April 6, 1917, and
+November 11, 1918.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+
+When the St. Louisian puffed its way into the big smoke-begrimed
+station in Missouri's largest city I looked about me for Bill, who was
+going to meet me at the station. We had not met since our prep. school
+and college days when Bill had been a thin, wizened little fellow, so
+hollow-chested that he had to be sent to Colorado for almost two years
+for his health. He came back to school looking better but before his
+diploma was handed to him announcing to the world that he was a
+full-fledged Bachelor of Arts, he had fallen apparently permanently
+into the rut of ill-health. In fact I wondered, when we all sang _Auld
+Lang Syne_ in the fraternity house at the close of college, if I'd
+ever see Bill again.
+
+From time to time I had heard from him in the years that followed, and
+one day in the summer of 1917 he wrote me that he was on the way to
+France.
+
+While I gazed up and down the smoke-laden platform, I got a slap on
+the shoulder that sent me spinning, and there was the once emaciated
+Bill, who seemed to have grown three inches and to have put on
+seventy-five pounds.
+
+As we walked toward the taxicab stand I began to realize that instead
+of an old friend, a stranger was beside me. True enough, he had the
+same name and the same colored eyes, and his hair hadn't changed. But
+the rather dreamy eye had cleared, the pale face of old was tanned,
+and Bill's chest--the one he had gone to Colorado for--was bulging out
+as he carried my two heavy suit cases like a pouter pigeon's at a
+poultry show.
+
+What had happened to Bill? The little, quiet, timid youth of the past
+was now a big, burly, strong-bodied, clear-minded man. As we entered
+the taxi he was telling me that he "intended to raise hell if they
+didn't take some action against this blank Bolshevism, and furthermore
+that this new Legion was going to be the most tremendous organization
+that the U.S.A. had ever seen." If he had told me that Swinburne's
+_Faustine_ was written in iambic hexameter it would have sounded more
+like old times. But here was a new man, strong and virile, intensely
+interested in the future of his nation.
+
+What had happened to Bill? Eighteen months in the army was the answer.
+
+The advanced delegation began to arrive in St. Louis, the afternoon of
+May 5th. The Statler and Jefferson Hotels were packed because there
+were two other conventions in progress. But our delegates needed no
+badge to be distinguished from the others; there was a difference
+between them and the other conventionites. There was the same
+difference between the two as between the old Bill and the new Bill.
+They too had had eighteen months in the army, and a coat of tan on
+each one's face, his ruddy frame, and general atmosphere of a healthy
+mind and a healthy body were unmistakable emblems.
+
+This advanced delegation, two from each State, had been requested to
+come beforehand to meet on the morning of Tuesday, May 6th, so as to
+formulate a working order of business on which the caucus might
+proceed as soon as it assembled. There was another reason for this
+meeting also. The temporary committee wanted to avoid any appearance
+of having "framed up the caucus." By this it is meant that the
+committee wanted to be able to say to the caucus that its working
+procedure had been determined by a thoroughly representative body, a
+democratic, advanced delegation composed of men from every State in
+the Union. There were those critics of the Legion, who, had the
+temporary committee formulated the caucus procedure, would have been
+only too glad to have attempted to make trouble by saying it was a
+controlled and made-to-order caucus--controlled and made-to-order by
+the men who had taken the lead in it. In fact, during the early
+morning of the first day the advanced committee met one delegation
+arrived with blood in its eyes determined to wage a fight against
+universal military training. One of the stories circulated at the time
+was to the effect that the entire Legion was nothing but a blind
+whereby a mysterious "Military Clique" was to gain supreme power over
+the Legion's policies. It took but a very short while to convince the
+would-be obstreperous delegation that the caucus was not the
+convention and was empowered solely to organize a veterans'
+association and not to adopt policies.
+
+The temporary committee in America determined at the very beginning
+that no policies would be adopted at the caucus, that the Legion at
+this time should follow in the footsteps of its comrades abroad in
+stating that neither the men here nor the men there could, as
+different units, adopt broad policies until a convention could be held
+truly representing all men who had fought in the Great War.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt called the advanced committee to order a little
+after two o'clock in the afternoon, in a small and very noisy parlor
+in the Hotel Statler. The gavel which he used was made from wood from
+the rudder of Admiral Peary's North Pole steamship _The Roosevelt_,
+which had been presented to him by Colonel E. Lester Jones of
+Washington, D.C.
+
+"The idea underlying the formation of the American Legion is the
+feeling among the great mass of the men who served in the forces of
+this country during the war, that the impulse of patriotism which
+prompted their efforts and sacrifices should be so preserved that it
+might become a strong force in the future for true Americanism and
+better citizenship," Colonel Roosevelt said. He spoke very slowly and
+measured his words carefully but emphasized them in a tone of deepest
+conviction. "We will be facing troublous times in the coming years,"
+he continued "and to my mind no greater safeguard could be devised
+than those soldiers, sailors, and marines formed in their own
+association, in such manner that they could make themselves felt for
+law and order, decent living and thinking, and truer 'nationalism.'"
+
+In this opening sentence, Colonel Roosevelt foreshadowed the spirit of
+the entire caucus. These service men wanted an organization not for
+their own special benefit, not that they might obtain pensions or
+offices, but that they might become a power for truer Americanism and
+better citizenship!
+
+Colonel Wood, the secretary, explained in greater detail the purpose
+of the proposed Legion. He broached the subject of the reemployment
+for soldiers, a legal department for the handling of insurance claims,
+allotments, etc., and sketched the fundamental principles of the
+organization as follows:
+
+First, its non-partisanship.
+
+Second, that this society should be equally for those whose duty
+called them overseas and for those who were held by circumstances on
+this side.
+
+Third, that it is fundamentally a civilian organization, one in which
+all ranks, be they private or general, admiral or seaman, should have
+an equal share and participation.
+
+Then the advance committeemen began themselves to talk. Each one, no
+matter on what subject and regardless of the side he took upon it, was
+permitted to air his feelings to the full satisfaction of himself at
+least. Like the Paris Caucus, the discussion grew heated at times and
+every now and then the chair was forced to remind overly fervid
+orators that this was an advanced meeting of the caucus and not the
+convention. There were those present who wanted to obligate the caucus
+to go on record for or against universal military training, woman
+suffrage, prohibition, permanent headquarters, and to elect permanent
+officers, and each of these had to be shown that it would be unfair to
+the men still in the A.E.F. to take such preëminently vital steps
+without consulting them. Then there were those present who wanted to
+exclude members of the regular army and navy from the Legion; that is,
+to limit eligibility in the organization to those who could show
+discharge papers from either the army, navy, or marine corps. This
+measure was voted down and it was given as the sense of the advanced
+committee meeting that those who served in the Great War would have
+perfect liberty to join regardless of whether their service continued
+in the military establishment after the armistice or after peace was
+formally declared.
+
+The advanced committee outlined the order of business upon which the
+caucus could proceed, named the various committees to be organized,
+and discussed the resolutions which were deemed wise and expedient
+topics for discussion.
+
+On Wednesday afternoon, delegates from every district in the country
+began to arrive, almost one thousand new Bills, husky of frame, some
+still in uniform with the red discharge chevron on their left sleeves;
+others who had manifestly tried to get the new Bill into the old
+Bill's 1916 suit of clothes, and still others in new bib and tucker,
+looking exceedingly comfortable after almost two years in putties,
+heavy shoes, and tight blouses.
+
+Every man came with one deep-rooted determination and that was to see
+that no one "put anything over" which might make an organization so
+embryonically useful take a fatal or selfish step. Each came, perhaps
+imbued to a certain extent with his own particular ideas on how
+everything should be conducted; but the radicalism, sectionalism, and
+partisanship which would have marked a gathering of these same men
+three years before was not present. The men who had thought that
+nothing good could come except from south of the Mason and Dixon line
+had fought side by side with woodsmen from Maine. The man who had
+thought the East effete had done duty on a destroyer with a boy from
+Harlem. Everybody realized full well that sectionalism must be
+abandoned whenever it clashed with nationalism; and abandoned it was,
+with right good will.
+
+The meeting of the advance committeemen justified itself as a very
+wise and judicious action on the part of the temporary committee. Any
+suspicion of a particular delegation that anything was "framed" was
+quickly allayed after a conference with its advance committeemen. If a
+man from Pennsylvania suspected that anything was on foot not to the
+liking of the Keystone State he had only to ask his advance
+committeeman, Colonel D'Olier, about it. Incidentally the personnel of
+the advance committee was not so numerous that everybody couldn't know
+what everybody else was doing. As a matter of fact, everybody did know
+what everybody else was doing. One of the most peculiar facts of this
+most interesting caucus was that when it came to "_pussy footing_"
+pussy seemed to foot it on piano keys so far as secrecy was concerned
+and in such a fashion that usually the _Star Spangled Banner_ was
+played. I know that the night and the morning before the caucus met
+that there were many and various powwows and conferences, a great many
+of which I attended, but there wasn't a one that I knew of or ever
+heard about, the full details of which could not have been printed in
+bold-faced type on the front page of every St. Louis newspaper and
+have reflected credit on the powwowers as well as on the American
+Legion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, AND 10
+
+
+All during the morning of May 8th that delegation was constantly
+getting together with this delegation; this leader conferring with
+that one; was this question going to come up, and what would be done
+if that question was tabled? Everybody interested, everybody excited,
+everybody waiting to see the other fellow's hand at the show-down,
+which was scheduled for the Shubert-Jefferson Theater at half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon. Of course, everybody had found out the
+previous evening that every card in the pack was red, white, and blue,
+and that, from the very beginning of the game, an attempt had been
+made to keep the knaves out. As a matter of fact, they'd never been
+in, but the new Bills who made up the delegations to this caucus were
+going to look everybody over mighty carefully before any serious
+playing was done.
+
+Suppressed excitement doesn't describe at all the half-hour preceding
+the opening of the caucus, because the excitement was not suppressed
+in the least. Eager, shining, tanned faces, eyes alert, heads erect,
+straight-bodied and straight-talking men one by one took seats which
+were assigned to them by delegations.
+
+A flashlight photograph of the gathering was made, but this caucus was
+not one that could be pictured by the camera at all accurately. The
+outstanding feature of this great get together was the spirit of the
+men, and that no camera could catch.
+
+Three large wooden tiers of seats, the kind the circus has under
+canvas, were built in a sort of semicircular fashion around the large
+stage. The New York delegation occupied one of these tiers; the
+Ohioans another, while the third was built for distinguished guests.
+If any distinguished guests came they were entirely put out of the
+limelight by the audience, for this was one show which was enacted
+before the footlights rather than behind them, and, with one or two
+exceptions the star performing took place where the spectators usually
+sit. In fact, the only spectators that I saw were the newspaper men,
+seated at tables within the corral formed by the tiers. All of them
+had been in the army or navy or had seen the big show abroad as war
+correspondents.
+
+When Theodore Roosevelt, as temporary chairman jammed that gaveled
+bit of the rudder of the North Pole ship down hard on the table and
+called the meeting to order he got what he had never received while in
+the army: that is, direct disobedience. He commanded order, and there
+was utter disorder. It was rank insubordination, distinctly requiring
+court-martial of everyone present, from a military point of view--but
+the American Legion isn't military! And so the delegates howled
+joyously. Roosevelt, demanding order at this time, had just about as
+much chance of getting it as the Kaiser has of making Prince Joachim
+King of the Bronx. Somebody started a cheer, and the crowd didn't stop
+yelling for two minutes and a half.
+
+"Young Teddy," as they called him, was manifestly surprised at the
+ovation and tried repeatedly to get the crowd quiet. He wanted to be
+pleasant and yet he wanted order and so between knocks with his gavel
+he smiled. And a very engaging smile it was, too.
+
+"Gentlemen," he pleaded. "Gentlemen, a little order." Finally there
+was comparative quiet. "Now let's proceed to the business of the
+meeting. The floor is open for nominations for permanent chairman of
+this caucus."
+
+Sergeant Jack Sullivan of the State of Washington got the floor.
+Sergeant Jack is a husky northwesterner who did his bit in the
+intelligence section in Seattle and has seen a lot of the Bolsheviki
+out there.
+
+"In behalf of the State of Washington and representing the men of the
+rank and file of the Pacific Northwest, it gives me pleasure at this
+time to place for your consideration the name of a sterling patriot,"
+he shouted. "The man I am going to place in nomination proved himself
+to be a one hundred per cent. true blooded American when his country's
+honor was assailed. He was among the first who placed himself in the
+front-line trenches, he was wounded twice, he was ready and willing to
+make the supreme sacrifice in order that this world might be made safe
+for democracy. I deem it an honor and a privilege, and the Pacific
+Northwest deems it an honor and a privilege to place in nomination the
+worthy son of a worthy sire--Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The crowd seemed to know all along who Jack meant and it held its
+enthusiasm in tether as best it could. But when Sullivan got to the
+word Theodore, the Roosevelt was drowned out in the mightiest cheer
+that is possible for eight or nine hundred throats to utter. The
+second to the motion, made by Colonel Luke Lea of Tennessee, wasn't
+heard at all. This time it took Colonel Roosevelt more than two
+minutes to get order.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to speak on that now," he shouted and during a
+lull in the cheering managed to make himself heard. "I wish to say
+that I want to withdraw my name from nomination--"
+
+But the "gang wouldn't hear to it." Somebody raised the old cry:
+
+"We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" they chanted in
+unison. Bedlam broke loose at that. Men stood on their seats and waved
+their hats and handkerchiefs; some took their collars and neckties
+off; some wept, some cursed for sheer joy and others--I believe that
+when Gabriel blows his horn and all the dead arise that some of the
+men who attended that caucus will try to make a speech! These speeches
+were going on four and five at a time during the entire hullabaloo. It
+didn't seem to matter in the least to the speakers that they weren't
+being heard. They couldn't hear themselves. They added a little to the
+noise and that satisfied the crowd and seemed to satisfy them.
+
+"Please, please let me talk," pleaded Colonel Roosevelt. He finally
+got his plea over by means of the sign language.
+
+"I want to withdraw my name for a number of reasons," he continued.
+"The first is that I want the country at large to get the correct
+impression of this meeting here. We are gathered together for a very
+high purpose. I want every American through the length and breadth of
+this land to realize that there isn't a man in this convention who is
+seeking anything for himself personally; that all of us are working
+simply for the good of the entire country. I believe, furthermore,
+that what we want here is someone who has been connected with the
+movement only since it started on this side of the water, someone who
+originates from the convention."
+
+The din started again.
+
+"No, no, gentlemen," shouted the Colonel. "I want to withdraw. It is
+my earnest wish. It is my absolute determination."
+
+But the caucus seemed equally determined. "We want Teddy!" "We're
+going to have Teddy!" "You got this thing going, you ought to run it."
+Colonel Roosevelt paced up and down the stage, trying his best to
+silence them. Then, during the din, one by one some of his oldest
+friends went to him and begged him to accede to the crowd's wish.
+"Take it Ted," they urged. "Take it." That underslung jaw of the young
+Colonel's became rigid.
+
+"I won't do it. I can't do it," he answered.
+
+Then someone managed to make a motion that the nomination of Colonel
+Roosevelt be made unanimous. It was seconded and made extremely
+_unanimous_.
+
+[Illustration: Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.]
+
+[Illustration: Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus]
+
+"Then, gentlemen, I accept and I resign," Colonel Roosevelt said. "I
+want quiet for a moment here on this situation. This is something that
+I have thought about and have given my most earnest consideration. I
+am positive I am right on it. We must not have creep into this
+situation, in which we all believe from the bottom of our hearts, the
+slightest suspicion in the country at large. I don't think there is
+any suspicion among us that anyone is trying to use it for his
+personal advancement. But it is absolutely essential that this spirit
+be proven. I am going to stick by this from the beginning down to the
+very end because, in my opinion, we have got to create to-day the
+impression all over the country on which this organization will carry
+on and serve a great purpose for years to come."
+
+Again there were outbursts of applause for the Colonel. "We want
+Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" the crowd cried again and again. Men ran to
+the stage from the orchestra seats and even from the second balcony.
+
+"Take it, Colonel. You ought to take it," they urged.
+
+What the Colonel answered couldn't be heard but the jaw was working
+and the head was shaking vigorously.
+
+A couple of newspaper men dashed up to him.
+
+"You oughtn't to take it, Colonel," one of them whispered. "If you
+don't, it will give the lie to those who are saying the Legion is
+being conducted for your special political benefit."
+
+"I haven't the slightest intention of taking it," he answered back.
+
+He didn't take it and he nailed the lie that the Legion was started to
+further his own selfish ends.
+
+On motion of Colonel E. Lester Jones of the District of Columbia the
+nominations were reopened again.
+
+Sergeant Haines of Maine put up the name of Colonel Henry D. Lindsley,
+a banker of Dallas, Texas, and a prominent Southern Democrat, for
+permanent chairman. Think of it! A man from Maine nominating a
+Southern Democrat! One of the Ohio delegation seconded the nomination.
+Think of that too! Colonel Claud Birkhead of San Antonio, Texas,
+leader of the Texas delegation "thirded" the nomination. He told
+Colonel Lindsley's record. The Colonel had been Mayor of his home
+city, and during the war had served his country so well in France that
+he had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. He and Major
+Willard Straight, now dead, had started the War Risk Insurance Bureau
+abroad and, at the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was the head
+of the Bureau under the Treasury Department in Washington.
+
+Minutes of a meeting usually are dry but here I am going to quote
+directly from them because they tell the story in the most vivid way.
+Fancy between the lines, please, dozens of cheers, a couple of rebel
+yells, a great deal of talking and shouting for "T.R.!" "T.R.!" and a
+Babelous babble that ebbed or flowed according to the strength Colonel
+Roosevelt used in wielding his gavel.
+
+COLONEL JONES (of Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, I personally feel,
+and I think I voice the unanimous sentiment of this organization, that
+your withdrawal is a mistake. We are not only sincere, but we are
+telling you what is in the bottom of our hearts. We are weighing also
+the sincerity which you have expressed, and in deference to your
+wishes, which I know have not arisen spontaneously but which you have
+talked about for some time, regarding the chairmanship of this
+committee, I think we should not embarrass you further. I have one in
+mind who I feel is going to be a man who will do credit to this
+organization--"
+
+MR. ABBOTT (of Ohio): "Gentlemen of the caucus, I think we are wasting
+time around here. I can't see why we can't have for the permanent
+chairman of this convention the man who will be elected in November."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, can't you see how it is? I can't possibly
+change my convictions. I can't go back on what I have told you without
+everybody, who doesn't understand the situation here, feeling that I
+have just come out here to make a grandstand play. I am right. I am
+absolutely sincere and right."
+
+A motion was made that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt temporarily yield
+the chair to Colonel Bennett Clark.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "It is very evident what the desire of this
+convention is. I know that Colonel Lindsley of Texas was only put in
+nomination in response to the express wishes and repeated
+determination of Colonel Roosevelt. I think that that explanation
+should be made in justice to Colonel Lindsley. I think that Colonel
+Roosevelt should take this chairmanship or if he doesn't want to take
+it he should be made to take it. (Applause.) The chair will recognize
+a motion to that effect."
+
+CAPTAIN BOYCE (of New York shouting to a yelling audience): "What is
+the use of our acting like a lot of kids? Just one minute; only one
+man can talk at a time and get anywhere. Colonel Roosevelt will not
+take it."
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "The chair will recognize nobody until the
+convention is in order. It has been moved and seconded that Colonel
+Roosevelt be elected chairman of this convention by acclamation."
+
+Cries of approval from the audience and a request for the question.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "On that the chair will take the responsibility
+of ordering a roll call. (Applause.) The Secretary will call the
+roll."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The motion is that Colonel Roosevelt be nominated by
+acclamation. The chairman has directed me to call the roll by States.
+Alabama--"
+
+A call for a point of order.
+
+DELEGATE: "After nominations have been made and closed a roll call
+cannot be taken."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair was fully aware that he was proceeding
+outside of parliamentary law because it was the unanimous wish of the
+convention."
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move that a roll call be made on the original
+nominations."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "Colonel Roosevelt has expressed to me his absolute
+desire that that not be done. He refuses to enter into a contest with
+Colonel Lindsley in any way."
+
+COLONEL JONES (Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, the nominations were
+reopened."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair is informed that while he was on the way up
+here a motion was carried to reopen nominations after the resignation
+of Colonel Roosevelt. Now nominations are again in order."
+
+MAJOR SAMUEL D. ROYCE (Indiana): "On behalf of the State of Indiana, I
+nominate Colonel Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet."
+
+Here I must inject my story into the minutes again. Colonel Roosevelt
+saw the convention was "getting away to a Roosevelt finish" again, to
+use a racing term, and he sent a hurry call to the Arizona delegation
+for Colonel Jack Greenway.
+
+Jack Greenway followed the elder Roosevelt up San Juan hill. He wears
+underneath his civilian coat to-day, but right over his heart, a
+Distinguished Service Cross won at Cantigny.
+
+"Jack, for Heaven's sake, tell them I won't take it," Colonel
+Roosevelt plead.
+
+It was just at this moment that Colonel Clark, the acting chairman,
+was saying: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet...."
+
+Colonel Jack waving one arm at the chairman and another at the
+audience strode to the center of the stage.
+
+The minutes read:
+
+COLONEL JACK GREENWAY: "Will you give me the floor? I won't keep you
+five minutes.
+
+"My name is Greenway but that doesn't mean anything to you. Gentlemen,
+Colonel Roosevelt has said that he is not going to take the nomination
+of the caucus and you can take it from me that he is not going to do
+it. Now wait a minute. Whoa! Quit yelling! I know this Roosevelt
+outfit and when they say something they mean it. I followed his daddy
+through Cuba and I know. I saw this boy in the first division at
+Cantigny and on the Toul Front and I know that he means he is not
+going to take the chairmanship of this temporary caucus. There is a
+big misunderstanding about what you are trying to do. I have just
+talked to Colonel Roosevelt and he says that he will not be a
+candidate for the temporary caucus, but if, after all the boys come
+home at the convention in November, it is still the desire of that
+body as a whole, he will give the matter reconsideration." (Applause.)
+
+Colonel Roosevelt resumes the chairmanship.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Mr. Lindsley, the gentleman of Texas is in nomination
+for chairman. I mean absolutely what I say. I can't do it. I won't
+serve if elected. What you have done will always be a great memory to
+my family. (Applause.) I mean that, gentlemen! I mean that! Now is
+there anybody else you want to put in nomination? I absolutely mean
+that for the good of the cause; you have got to do what I say on that.
+
+"Gentlemen, I believe the nominations were reopened."
+
+Now I must again put the minutes by for a moment, for Bill has come to
+the stage and what he says doesn't get into the minutes, although I
+wish his remarks were there:
+
+"That was pretty fine in him," Bill said, pointing to Colonel
+Roosevelt. I nodded only, for somehow this whole thing had got to me
+pretty strong and I felt like crying for some unaccountable reason.
+
+"And then he gives his family the credit for all this yelling," Bill
+was saying. "We like his family all right, but say, this wasn't to
+compliment his family, not by a darn sight. Why, you know that young
+Colonel's got a h---- of a fine record himself--"
+
+But somebody within an inch of my ear was letting out a warwhoop for
+Jack Sullivan who had just been nominated for permanent chairman and
+I didn't hear the last of Bill's remark.
+
+Sergeant Sullivan got up and tried to withdraw in favor of Colonel
+Lindsley, and Colonel Lindsley did the same thing and each was refused
+the opportunity. Colonel Lindsley then took the floor. "Comrades," he
+said, "I want you to know that I came here for one man for the
+chairman of this caucus, and that man was Theodore Roosevelt. He has
+refused it absolutely. I appreciate the support that has been given to
+my name. If honored with the chairmanship I shall be glad to serve,
+but it is important that we get to business immediately. I am certain
+that Mr. Sullivan will make an excellent presiding officer. If I had
+the right, I should be glad to withdraw my name in his favor. But the
+point is, gentlemen, let's get to business. This is the greatest
+meeting that has ever gathered in the United States, and it is not so
+material who is chairman of the meeting as it is to proceed to
+business."
+
+While the roll is being called let's glance around the theater again.
+Most of the men in uniform are enlisted men. It is difficult to tell
+at a glance just what rank or rating the majority of those present
+held in the army or navy because in civilian clothing the officer and
+the man are indistinguishable. I mean to say that our army was
+different from most other military establishments. Being primarily a
+citizen affair it was really representative. It was the desire of the
+temporary committee that sixty per cent. of the delegates should be
+enlisted men and when the call for the caucus was issued that was set
+forth most plainly. No one seems to have taken the trouble to check
+the thing up at the caucus. Anyone desiring to do so can find the
+information in this volume. I was interested at the opening of the
+caucus to know just what the percentage was, but after it got into
+swing it didn't make any difference. No one cared. There was talk
+(among officers) of making an enlisted man permanent chairman. The
+only persons that I heard objecting to such a procedure were the
+enlisted men themselves.
+
+"We've forgotten all that stuff about rank. If the officers insist on
+an enlisted man they'll make a mistake. We want the best man and
+because we're in the majority in the organization we don't want to
+discriminate against the officer. Taken as a whole, he was a mighty
+fine sort."
+
+This from Sergeant Laverne Collier of the Idaho delegation when I
+asked him what he thought of the enlisted man idea. While we were
+talking about it the vote was being cast on Lindsley and Sullivan. As
+if to reecho Collier's sentiments, Sullivan got up and demanded that
+Lindsley's election should be made unanimous, and so it was.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt promptly put Sullivan's name in nomination for
+vice-chairman. Mr. Abbott of Ohio seconded it and further moved that
+the sergeant's election be made unanimous. Sergeant Jack Sullivan was
+elected by acclamation. Then Colonel Wood was chosen secretary, the
+rules of the House of Representatives were decided upon to govern the
+procedure, and debate was limited to five minutes.
+
+Insistence on that point was unnecessary. Our new American back from
+the wars has been too accustomed to action to like words that aren't
+concise and aimed right at the heart of the point. There was a good
+deal of noise and talk at this particular juncture and someone moved
+the appointment of a sergeant at arms. Captain A.L. Boyce of Boyce's
+Tigers (those young men who drilled so persistently in Central Park in
+New York preparing for the war) was picked. While this guardian of the
+peace was being appointed at least five gentlemen from as many
+delegations started to speak at once, perhaps against the five-minute
+debate rule, and in the confusion a delegate, whom Checkers might have
+described as carrying a load he should have made three trips with,
+took the platform and began something that sounded about as
+intelligible as Cicero's oration against Catiline in the original.
+
+"Do I understand, Mr. Chairman, that a sergeant at arms has been
+appointed?" shouted Mr. J.L. Walsh of the Pennsylvania delegation.
+
+"That's right," answered the chairman.
+
+"Then let's have him get busy," rejoined Mr. Walsh. "We didn't come
+down here for a vaudeville show or to be entertained by some boob,
+because we've got boobs back home."
+
+After this remark, the minutes read "Laughter and applause" but that
+doesn't half describe it.
+
+Captain Boyce "got busy" and if the minutes could record the result of
+his actions they would probably read "Order restored--almost. Quieter,
+for a time."
+
+Colonel Lindsley made a splendid presiding officer. None could have
+done better, but as the stenographer who took the minutes remarked
+(and she was convention-worn because she had attended so many): "This
+is the funnest meeting I ever wrote up." Right. It was the funniest
+meeting--funny being used in the sense of unusual as the stenographer
+meant it--that anyone ever saw. In fact it was unique; absolutely the
+only one of its kind. Because the delegates were unique. There never
+was anything like them in all the history of the country. They had
+gone into training camps like Bill, very tired, anæmic, with a shop
+and office pallor; and they came out of the war like Bill,--new,
+virile, interested, placing a value on themselves which would have
+been unthinkable prior to April 6, 1917.
+
+But they placed a greater value on this organization which was so near
+the heart of all of them. No better proof of it can be shown than the
+incident which has just been described, viz., the refusal of Theodore
+Roosevelt to be the permanent chairman. Although I do not pretend to
+be able to explain the processes of thought and reasoning which led
+Colonel Roosevelt to take the action he did, still I do know this
+much! There are very few young men who would have been so deaf to the
+plaudits of the multitude, to the advice of old friends and to the
+still small voice of personal ambition as he was in refusing. I
+maintain that this refusal was by no means altogether prompted by
+anything of an hereditary nature but, rather, by the experiences and
+environment which had been Colonel Roosevelt's during the war. It took
+more than an under-slung jaw and a rugged Rooseveltian determination
+to refuse this great honor. It took _discipline_, and Colonel
+Roosevelt knew how to inflict that upon himself just as he did upon
+his troops whenever it was wise and necessary.
+
+In much smaller, but no less important matters, did I see other men
+practice discipline upon themselves. I saw men forego the discussion
+of subjects in which they believed with all their hearts and with all
+their minds solely for the purpose of doing nothing that would tend to
+disrupt the Caucus or give the impression throughout the United States
+that the men who had stuck together so closely in times of daring and
+danger could not still stick and face, as a band of brothers in the
+American Legion, any perils or pitfalls which peace might hold for
+this country. Therefore, it seems to me that Colonel Roosevelt's
+action was more than a manifestation of his own sterling determination
+to do nothing which might hurt the Legion. It was archtypical.
+
+
+Major Hamilton Fish of New York called attention to the fact that the
+navy was unrepresented in the offices of the caucus and moved that a
+second vice-chairman should be appointed from that branch of the
+service. A delegate from Missouri seconded the motion and amended it
+to read that a third vice-chairman should be appointed from the marine
+corps.
+
+During the election of these officers enthusiasm reached a high pitch
+and in no more striking manner did the new American reveal his new
+character.
+
+"Gentlemen," said one dignified delegate (I don't know who let him in,
+because just from the way he said "gentlemen" we all knew that once in
+his life he had practiced oratory before the bureau mirror), "I want
+to place in nomination the name of a man who is true blue--"
+
+"Name him," shouted the crowd.
+
+"He is not only true blue but he is thoroughly everything he ought to
+be in addition--" continued the orator, coldly trying to squelch the
+crowd.
+
+"Name him." "Shut up." "Aw, sit down." "Who wants to listen to such
+'bull' as that?"
+
+Each of those sentences was roared by a different man.
+
+"This gentleman is one of whom I am sure you will be proud--"
+persisted the orator, but at this direct violation of its edict the
+crowd began to scream its maledictions and Captain Boyce could not
+have stopped them with all his Tigers if the gentleman orator hadn't
+taken his seat in a most dignified manner, never to rise
+again--doubtless as a rebuke for the gang, but one which was
+thoroughly appreciated.
+
+Thus the way of orators in the caucus!
+
+The navy men who were nominated consisted of Goerke of New York;
+Goldberg, Illinois; Chenoweth, Alabama; Almon, Montana; Humphrey, New
+Mexico; McGrath, New Jersey; and Evans of Kentucky. The secretary took
+the vote by delegations. When Goerke got a vote the New York crowd
+yelled itself hoarse; New Mexico did the same for Humphrey; Alabama
+cheered like mad for Chenoweth and it wasn't long before everybody
+picked out his candidate and yelled furiously every time he got a
+vote. The New Mexico delegation occupied a proscenium box but Humphrey
+wasn't prominent enough there to suit his delegation. Before anyone
+thoroughly realized what was happening, Seaman Humphrey appeared on
+the stage, borne on the shoulders of two colonels! Two men who had
+eagles on their shoulders, U.S. on their collars, and gold chevrons on
+their left sleeves carried on their shoulders a "gob," a sailorman, a
+deck-swabbing bluejacket, as he called himself.
+
+It was the beginning of a cavalcade of noise that fairly made ear
+drums ache, and, incidentally, proved a signal for the backers of
+other candidates. Goerke soon was lifted aloft by a half dozen New
+Yorkers; Chenoweth was exhibited to the general view from the section
+of the orchestra occupied by his delegation, while Illinois paraded
+up and down the aisles with Goldberg. Colonel Lindsley hammered the
+speaker's table almost to pieces in an attempt to get order and then
+gave it up for a few minutes as a bad job. Captain Boyce succeeded in
+getting a semblance of it, when everybody got tired of carrying the
+candidates and of shouting. Then the secretary again started taking
+the vote by delegations. No one of the candidates received a majority
+of the votes which was necessary under the procedure adopted at the
+beginning of the caucus. Then began the withdrawals. This State
+withdrew its vote from Goerke and cast it for Humphrey; Chenoweth
+withdrew from the race and his vote went to Goerke, et cetera. A
+similar situation resulted on the second count and finally Goerke
+withdrew in favor of Humphrey. When Evans took the same action,
+Humphrey (first name Fred), described as the "rough-riding sailor from
+New Mexico," was elected.
+
+Humphrey's speech of acceptance delighted the hearts of those who had
+forced the would-be orator to sit down at the beginning of the
+nominations.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, gobs, soldiers, and marines," Humphrey said: "I am most
+glad and gracious to accept this honorary position and I will do
+everything that a deck-swabbing sailorman can do to fill it."
+
+The first day's session closed with the appointment by the various
+States of representatives on the following committees: Executive
+Committee; Credentials; Temporary Name of Organization; Organization;
+Resolutions; Constitution and By-Laws and Declaration of Principles;
+Next Meeting Place and Time; Publication; Emblem; Permanent
+Headquarters, and Finance.
+
+The personnel of these committees will be found elsewhere.
+
+
+Thursday evening and Friday morning were devoted largely to committee
+meetings and different sections of the country came together to
+discuss matters of particular interest to special localities. For
+instance, the Western delegations discussed the question of
+Bolshevism, because the symptoms of this mad disease had been more
+apparent in that section of the country than in any other. The
+question of color was practically decided in a meeting of the
+Executive Committee and was ratified later by various delegations
+representing the Southern States. Everybody was pleased. An attempt
+was made by the leaders of each delegation to keep such questions as
+might be "_loaded with dynamite_" off the actual floor of the caucus
+so that those lacking in discretion might not have the opportunity to
+throw the caucus into an uproar.
+
+In fact it was this spirit--the desire on everybody's part to give in
+to a certain extent on any mooted question for the sake of general
+harmony that was a marked feature of the gathering. In the committee
+meetings were found delegates with radically different opinions on
+almost every question. It was not an uncommon thing, however, to see a
+delegate very heatedly advocate a certain side of an issue; listen to
+the opposing side, rise, and with equal heat and fervency advocate the
+opposite point of view.
+
+This spirit is highly significant. It will be one of the Legion's
+greatest powers. It was and is due to the fact that these new
+Americans are not cursed with fixed ideas. They have seen too much,
+lived through too much in their comparatively short lives to be
+narrow-minded. Over in the A.E.F. the former hod-carrier often turned
+out to be too good as a construction manager for any officer to
+despise his opinions. One noticeable characteristic of the American
+Legion delegate was the respect which he had for the other man's views
+and his willingness to admit outright that he was wrong in a thing or
+to go at least halfway with the opponent of his particular ideas. This
+was the saving grace of the caucus and this will be the saving grace
+of the Legion for the spirit which was manifested there is the spirit
+which will prevail at Minneapolis, and for always, because the
+American sailor and soldier will not change.
+
+It was interesting to see these modern American soldiers side by side
+with the veterans of the Civil War. The Grand Army of the Republic
+Post, the local Bivouac of the United Confederate Veterans, and the
+Spanish War Veterans gave a joint reception for the delegates at the
+Missouri Athletic Club which included a smoker and a vaudeville
+entertainment furnished by the War Camp Community Service.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+
+The second session of the caucus began at half past two o'clock Friday
+afternoon. Like its predecessor it started with a bang. Nominations
+were made for the third vice-chairman who was to be selected from the
+marine corps. The first nomination was a wounded man, at the time in
+the Walter Reed Hospital at Washington and who had won the
+Distinguished Service Cross at Château-Thierry. Then came the name of
+Sergeant Woolley of Utah, quickly followed by the name of P.C. Calhoun
+of Connecticut, put up by Mr. Black of Louisiana; the name of Major
+Leonard of the District of Columbia also was put in nomination and
+then the slate was closed.
+
+True to the spirit of the previous meeting the caucus was soon in an
+uproar of applause for each of the four candidates, three of whom were
+marched to the stage. Calhoun was elected, with the result that his
+ardent brother delegates from Connecticut treated him like a football
+hero by placing him on their shoulders and performing a snake dance.
+Marines are no more garrulous than sailor men, for Calhoun's speech of
+acceptance was just about as long as Humphrey's. While Calhoun was
+being bombed by flashlight cameras Mr. Smoot of Utah moved that a vote
+of thanks should be tendered to Colonel Roosevelt and other Legion
+members who had been active in the preliminary work which insured the
+success of the caucus and this was seconded by Major Wickersham of New
+York. One of the most rousing ayes of the entire caucus carried the
+motion.
+
+Cries of "speech" brought Colonel Roosevelt before the footlights. His
+remarks were just about as long as Humphrey's and Calhoun's. To be
+specific he said: "Gentlemen, it is going to be a short speech because
+I think we have got a lot of business to do. Thank you."
+
+Just about this time the committee reports began to come in, the first
+of which, that of the Credential Committee, brought the question of
+Bolshevism to the floor of the caucus. The report read as follows:
+
+"We recommend that all delegates to the American Legion selected and
+now functioning from the various States, districts, and territories,
+be seated and accredited with full vote, and that all organizations
+organized and having delegates here be allowed one vote with the
+exception of the Soldiers and Sailors Council, which delegation the
+Credential Committee recommends shall be excluded from the caucus."
+
+S.H. Curtin, the representative of the Soldiers and Sailors Council of
+Seattle, pending the action of the Credential Committee, had been
+accorded a vote at the previous session on all questions that came up
+before it. The fact that Colonel Wood, the Secretary, took this action
+was in line with the general spirit of fair play, which was the
+keynote of the caucus. The Credential Committee's report elicited
+shouts of approval. Chairman Lindsley after bringing the house to
+order again said:
+
+"I understand that the delegate from the Soldiers and Sailors Council
+is here and asks to be heard. Gentlemen, the members of the Committee,
+I assume, had full knowledge of facts which warranted that report, but
+there are men here who have not that knowledge. Shall we hear him?"
+
+This statement aroused mixed emotions but Mr. Curtin came to the
+platform. Word having spread through the theater that he represented
+the "real Bolshevik outfit" in Seattle, a great many of the delegates
+began to hoot, jeer, and make cat calls.
+
+"Give me a square deal, give me a hearing," Curtin shouted.
+
+"Give the man a hearing," echoed Colonel Roosevelt, who sat with the
+New York delegation. "Yes, give him a hearing." shouted the majority
+of the delegates and when the chair had procured order, Curtin made
+his plea.
+
+"I wish to say, by way of introduction, that though I come from the
+State of Washington, I am not a member of the Washington Delegation,"
+he said, "I say that out of deference to the members from that State
+for the reason that I wish to prejudice nobody here against the
+Washington Delegation. I am not an I.W.W. I never have been and I
+never intend to be I never have shown any Bolshevik tendency and I
+defy any man present to prove to the contrary. If you've got proof
+that Sherman H. Curtin ever was an I.W.W. or made a Bolshevik
+statement, say so?" He paused here but none answered him to the
+contrary
+
+"It is true that the organization which I represent has had in the
+past some I.W.W.'s, and it is true that there are some I.W.W.'s in it
+now," he continued; "but I am in that organization for the purpose of
+throwing those I.W.W.'s out. I got in there for the purpose of kicking
+them out and I want your help."
+
+Here he was interrupted by applause.
+
+"At the present time, we (when I say we, I mean the particular
+conservative element which I represent in that organization) have
+control of the Board and practically all except one office of the
+organization. We are doing everything in our power to make that a one
+hundred per cent. American organization, and one of the things that I
+came down here for was to see that the Legion had in its constitution
+as a preamble that we pledge ourselves to the principles of democracy
+as set forth in the constitution of the United States of America.
+
+"I, personally, was the man who rewrote the constitution of the
+Soldiers and Sailors Council. It was written wrong when I got in there
+so I changed it. I want you men to stand behind me and help me make
+this fight. My organization did not give me permission to come here
+and join this, just as I presume some of your organizations did not
+give you permission, for the reason that they did not know what this
+was going to be; but I can see from the spirit that this organization
+has, that so far, it is on the right path and I am with it and I want
+you with me.
+
+"I am already only and wholly for the purpose of doing what good we
+can for the elimination of I.W.W.'s and Bolsheviki. If you are
+against that, I am with you and if you are with me, I am with you.
+
+George Pratt of Louisiana rose.
+
+"With your permission," he said to the chairman, "I would like to ask
+the gentleman one question." "Sir," turning to Curtin, "is it or is it
+not true that you re-wrote the constitution now in effect for your
+organization, and is it not true that it is so worded that American
+Army and Naval officers or former army and navy and marine officers of
+the United States are not eligible? Is that true?"
+
+"I will answer that question and I will answer it in a fair way," Mr.
+Curtin replied.
+
+"Say yes or no. Is it true?" Mr. Pratt demanded.
+
+"Yes," shouted the crowd. "Say yes or no. Is it true?"
+
+Then pandemonium broke loose in the meeting. The cat calls and boos
+were renewed. "Put him out!" "Put him out!" "Shut him up!" the crowd
+demanded. And here I want to pause a moment to say that the enlisted
+men present gave a mighty concrete sign of the approval of their
+officers by this denunciation of the constitution of Curtin's outfit.
+
+"I am not here for the purpose of being persecuted," Mr. Curtin
+shouted. "I am not asking no or yes to anything. But I will say to the
+gentleman who questioned me that while it is true in letter it is not
+true in spirit."
+
+At this juncture Mr. Simon, of the Washington delegation, said that in
+all fairness to Sergeant Curtin he wanted to say that during the
+recent demonstration of Bolshevism in Seattle, Curtin commanded a
+machine gun company on the side of right and law and order.
+
+"I do not speak for his organization," Simon said, "but I speak for a
+clique in it, headed by Sergeant Curtin, who went into that
+organization to clean it up, to make it a fair and square one hundred
+per cent. American organization." The applause of Simon's remarks had
+scarcely died down when General Moss succeeded in gaining the floor.
+
+"I want to say to the members of this delegation," he said, "that I
+led the fight against the soldiers' and sailors' organization before
+the Credential Committee, and I want to say to you gentlemen that we
+didn't lead a fight personally against this man, but against his
+organization.' We know the outfit in our country and we do not want
+that organization in unless the Americans in it come in as
+individuals. I want to say that we are to be organized here on a basis
+of one hundred per cent, true Americanism.
+
+"I asked Curtin in the presence of the committee if he represented a
+minority or a majority in his outfit and he admitted that he
+represented the minority."
+
+"But we can lick a majority," Curtin shouted back. "I want Captain
+McDonald who had charge of the Intelligence Department at Camp Lewis
+to say a word on this subject. He knows the history of my organization
+and I would like to have him give it to you." But if Curtin counted on
+McDonald to help him he reckoned without his host.
+
+Captain McDonald rose and speaking with great deliberation said:
+
+"I have been an American soldier for thirty years. I was a regular
+telegraph officer at the time of the Bolshevik trouble. I established
+stations at Seattle and Camp Lewis and this man represents the real
+element that we are all working against. Personally he is all right
+but he is backing that organization because he wants to represent it.
+If he desires to be admitted into the Legion let him get loose from
+that outfit and come in by himself."
+
+Captain McDonald's statement was greeted with enthusiasm.
+
+"Are you ready for the question?" demanded the chairman.
+
+The caucus certainly was.
+
+"Those favoring the adoption of the credentials report vote aye," he
+cried.
+
+That aye could almost have been heard in Seattle itself.
+
+That aye answered the question of what the American soldier thinks of
+Bolshevism or anything tainted with it. That aye answered the lying
+statement that our troops abroad had been inoculated with the germ of
+the world's greatest mental madness.
+
+That aye marked the distinction between a grouch caused by a
+cootie-lined bunk and a desire to place a bomb under the Capitol at
+Washington.
+
+I have intimated that the chief aim of each delegate was to see that
+no one "put anything over" at this caucus. I think that the only other
+determination which might rival that in intensity was most apparent at
+the mention of anything that pertained to or bordered on Bolshevism.
+This incident of ousting Curtin's organization was not the only
+manifestation of it by any means, although it was perhaps the most
+striking on the floor of the caucus. But, outside the caucus, in the
+hotel lobbies, and in the various committee rooms, whenever the
+subject came up these soldier and sailor men, in almost every
+instance, got mad--damn mad.
+
+"The trouble with these people who talk Bolshevism is that they don't
+know anything about our country," I heard one of them say.
+
+Another quickly interrupted him with, "The big thing the Legion's got
+to teach is Americanism and let those crack-brained fools know just
+what this country stands for." While still another injected, "The
+average 'long-beard' has been so crazed by persecution in Russia that
+he would mistake Peacock Alley in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York for
+a Siberian coal mine."
+
+This last remark brought forth a laugh, and though it was whimsically
+made it illuminated the matter under discussion very well, I thought.
+In fact, the whole conversation made clear to me one of the
+fundamental missions the Legion must perform.
+
+The seeds of Americanism which Legion members sow to-day will be
+reaped, not only to-day but in the generations of to-morrow. The
+Soldiers and Sailors Council, Seattle, was thrown out and its
+representative knew why. But, if Jack Sullivan and his red, white, and
+blue colleagues in the State of Washington preach in the future what
+they did at this caucus, the children of those northwestern Bolsheviki
+will not only salute the Stars and Stripes, but will know _why_ they
+do so. They will know what their fathers don't--that the constitution
+means Americanism and that Americanism means "life, liberty, and
+pursuit of happiness."
+
+In most conventions the reports of committees are invariably adopted.
+There are many reasons for this, the particular one being the theory
+that when a set of men are placed on a task they will study the
+situation in all its angles, in all its ramifications, in all its
+different phases and that its report should therefore be adopted
+because of this expert thought and study on the matters under
+consideration. I say that most conventions do this. Once as a
+newspaper man, I attended an undertakers' convention. It always did
+so. And at another time I attended a manufacturers' gathering where
+this procedure was invariably followed out. But how about at St.
+Louis? Not on your life! The delegates of the American Legion were
+neither like undertakers nor manufacturers nor like any-other business
+men that I ever saw during ten years on a Metropolitan newspaper. The
+new American doesn't do business that way.
+
+Witness the report of the Committee on Name. This report read:
+"We, your Committee on Name, unanimously make the following
+recommendation--that the name of this organization be the American
+Legion of World War Veterans." The chairman had scarcely finished
+asking: "What is your pleasure gentlemen" when Major Wickersham got
+the floor and moved an amendment that the name be "The American
+Legion." This was seconded by Mr. Cochrane of Ohio and then came the
+argument about it.
+
+Mr. Shank of Ohio, thought that the American Legion did not convey a
+sufficient meaning to the average civilians. "The American Legion
+might be an organization of street cleaners, it doesn't signify
+soldiers. It isn't comprehensive enough," he said. Mr. Larry of
+Florida countered with, "Go ahead and call it American Legion, we will
+soon show them what it means."
+
+Mr. Walsh of Pennsylvania, suggested that the A.E.F. knew what it was
+doing when they called it the American Legion. "Let us honor them and
+respect them by calling it the American Legion," he urged. Colonel E.
+Lester Jones, of Washington, stated the name had been considered by
+the committee most carefully and--
+
+But why go into all the arguments. The motion to call it the American
+Legion was carried amid cheering and as such the name will go down
+into the history of things well done for America.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+
+We have arrived at what is the most significant event of this session
+of the caucus, if not of the entire gathering. The caucus has already
+shown its spirit in ousting the Soldiers and Sailors Council because,
+in its opinion, it could not measure up to one hundred per cent.
+Americanism, and now we shall see what the same simon-pure brand of
+red, white, and blueism is demanded of the second largest city in the
+United States.
+
+It came about in the most dry, matter-of-fact way. Let the minutes of
+the meeting form the introduction for it.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Next is the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting
+Place and Time."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (reading): "From the Committee on Next Meeting Place
+and Time, to the Chairman of the American Legion; action of the
+Committee.
+
+"Meeting called to order at 10:30 A.M. this day at the Shubert
+Jefferson Theater.
+
+"Charles S. Caldwell, of New Mexico, unanimously elected chairman.
+
+"Frank M. Ladd, Jr., of Alabama, Secretary.
+
+"The majority of the States being represented as per attached list
+voted unanimously for Chicago as next meeting place. Date being set as
+November 10, 11, and 12, 1919.
+
+  "Respectfully submitted,
+  "CHARLES S. CALDWELL, _Chairman_,
+  "FRANK M. LADD, JR., _Secretary_."
+
+MR. SEXTON (of Illinois): "When you consider your place for your next
+convention tell Chicago what you want, and in response to that Chicago
+will answer you. 'We will give you whatever you want.'"
+
+Then the excitement started. Mr. Dietrick of Pennsylvania moved to
+amend the report of the committee. "By striking out the word Chicago
+and substituting therefore the city from the State which furnished
+more soldiers than another state--the city of Pittsburgh."
+
+This elicited great applause--especially from the Pennsylvania
+delegation. Mr. Stems of Louisiana got the floor--
+
+"I want to tell you what took place in that committee," he said. "The
+committee selected a place to the best interest of this organization
+and not to the best interest of any one specific locality, and the
+question was argued in a very quiet, organized, gentlemanly manner. A
+number of the delegates put up towns that did not get enough support
+to get the meeting, so they withdrew their names. It was all to the
+interest of the organization so it was unanimously adopted by that
+committee, without any dissenting vote, that Chicago be unanimously
+adopted as the place for the next convention for the best of all
+interests concerned. I am from New Orleans, Louisiana, which is a
+convention city and I will not offer my city to you as a convention
+city at this time because I do not think it is to the best interest of
+your country."
+
+[Illustration: Bennett C. Clark
+  Who presided at the Paris Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Eric Fisher Wood Secretary]
+
+When Mr. Stem took his seat at least a dozen delegates clamored for
+recognition from the chair. Colonel J.F.J. Herbert succeeded in
+getting it. It was he who then fired the gun which, if not heard
+around the world at least made Chicago's ear drums rattle.
+
+"Mr. Chairman," he began--
+
+Colonel Lindsley rapped for order.
+
+A man near me whispered, "There's Herbert of Massachusetts. I think
+Boston is too far east for this convention, at least for the first
+one."
+
+Colonel Lindsley got order, and you could have heard a pin drop,
+while the following statement was made by the Massachusetts leader:
+
+"As the spokesman for my delegation on this question of next meeting
+place I want to say that if no other body and if no other party of
+this caucus wants or believes it is its duty to rebuke any city or the
+representative of any city for Un-Americanism during the time when the
+soldiers of that city were offering their lives in defense of the
+world, then Massachusetts stands ready to offer that rebuke.
+Massachusetts will not agree willingly to having a convention of
+soldiers and sailors in the Great War, go to a city that has as its
+first citizen, by vote, one who can not measure up in any small part
+when the test is one hundred per cent. Americanism."
+
+When Colonel Herbert reached this point one delegate with a big voice
+from a big State (Texas) let out a loud yell of approval. This was the
+signal for blast after blast of vocal vociferousness which fairly
+raised the roof. Men stood on their seats, and cheered. "You're dead
+right" and "Get a new mayor, Chicago," while others began to point at
+placards advertising Chicago which had been placed on the walls of the
+theater by members of the Illinois delegation. Colonel Herbert stood
+for fully five minutes before order was sufficiently restored for him
+to proceed.
+
+"The hall has been placarded with invitations, reading, 'The American
+Legion, Chicago wants you in November,'" he said. "I believe that this
+convention, this convention of soldiers and sailors should say,
+'Chicago, you cannot have American soldiers in Chicago when there is a
+possibility that the chief representative of that city may not believe
+it is his duty to come before the Convention and welcome it.' If these
+placards read, 'American Legion, Chicago _soldiers_ want you in
+November,' our answer might be different. The answer of Massachusetts
+would be different but when your placard reads, 'Chicago wants you in
+November' the answer of Massachusetts is, 'Chicago cannot have us in
+November'--or any other time until Chicago has an American for Mayor
+in an American city.
+
+"The literature circulated through the caucus reads, 'Chicago pledges
+itself to go any other city one better on anything this convention
+requires.' This convention first requires that Chicago shall reach a
+standard different from the standard of being the most despised city
+in America, and when it has reached that standard, it is then in a
+position to say whether it can go one better. It has not yet reached
+par. Until Chicago reaches par, Massachusetts votes no!"
+
+A large poster reading "Chicago bids you Welcome," had been placed
+over the seats directly in the center of the stage; Captain Osborne
+pulled it down. This was the signal for similar action all over the
+house. Chicago banners, dropped from the boxes, were hurled to the
+floor. Other banners which had been on the theater walls just out of
+reach were torn down by men who climbed on the shoulders of their
+fellow delegates in order to reach them. Only during the ovation given
+Colonel Roosevelt, did the cheering reach such intensity.
+
+These men were cheering for Americanism. They wanted one hundred per
+cent. Americanism, untainted and unvarnished by a hyphen or an "ism,"
+especially when the word pacific precedes the latter. Everyone felt
+sorry for the Illinois delegation, for it was realized that Colonel
+Herbert's remarks were intended solely to reflect upon the person he
+specially mentioned and not upon the thousands of soldiers and sailors
+who went from Illinois and Chicago and did more than their part in
+writing glorious history.
+
+Just how this was impressed upon the men from Illinois let the minutes
+show. The chairman recognized "the gentleman from Chicago."
+
+MR. CUMMINGS (of Chicago): "Gentlemen, I don't believe there is a
+single delegate to this caucus who would be so unfair as to impugn the
+patriotism of 650,000 men who rallied to the colors of this country
+by saying: 'Because Chicago had a mayor of which they are all ashamed
+that they are not patriotic.' Had the men who were serving the colors
+in France been in Chicago, they would have had no apology to offer for
+their mayor. (Applause.) He was elected in a three-cornered fight
+where he did not receive a majority vote in Chicago, but had the
+opposition to him been solidified he would have been snowed under, for
+Chicago is patriotic. I consider that an insult has been handed to
+every man in Illinois who rallied to the colors.
+
+"The Tank Corps of which I am a member, and an enlisted man
+originally, gave from Chicago 11,250 enlisted men, volunteers in the
+most hazardous branch of the service. They gave 11,250 men as against
+11,000 which the rest of the country contributed. If that doesn't
+bespeak patriotism for Chicago, I don't know how you are going to
+gauge it. I am saying that in the invitation which was extended to you
+we are speaking for the boys of khaki and blue who rallied to the
+colors from Illinois, and who are here to-day, extending the
+invitation to you notwithstanding the fact that we are cursed by a
+mayor who is not our choice. We would throw him out if we had the
+chance, but we are extending the invitation to you on behalf of
+750,000 men from Illinois and we do not feel that you are going to
+impugn their patriotism, that you are going to insult them by saying
+they are members of an unpatriotic community."
+
+MR. HAWKINS (of Oklahoma): "The great State of Illinois stands
+unchallenged in the patriotism of its soldiers throughout the world. I
+am only sorry that you didn't leave enough patriots at home to elect a
+patriotic mayor of that great city. You are in the embarrassing
+position of having a man who has repudiated the things we went out to
+die for. Either you have got to repudiate us or repudiate him."
+
+"We'll repudiate him next time when the boys get home," shouted
+several of the Illinois crowd.
+
+Then other speakers tried to make it plain that the Legion's attack
+was solely against the municipal head of Chicago, but some of the men
+of Illinois let the incident rankle. How it came out (and it was ended
+happily) will develop. Meantime the attention of the caucus was
+diverted from the Chicago incident by the manifestation of that desire
+which is in every true American's heart, namely to be a booster for
+his own home town. In less time than it takes to tell it, Los Angeles,
+Minneapolis, Atlantic City, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis,
+Kansas City, and Chicago were being voted upon. While the delegates
+were voting, a small body of soldiers and sailors were gathered
+together in a wing of the theater, seriously discussing the incident
+which was developed by Colonel Herbert's speech. They desired that it
+should be made more plain to everyone just what Colonel Herbert meant
+and that the millions of patriotic simon-pure Americans who live in
+Illinois should not take undue umbrage of the incident. Therefore
+while the vote on the convention city was being counted, Colonel Luke
+Lea was recognized by the chairman and asked unanimous consent to
+present for consideration the following resolution:
+
+"RESOLVED, That the action of the caucus of the American Legion in
+refusing to accept the invitation to hold its next convention in
+Chicago is no reflection upon the splendid patriotism of the men and
+women of that great city, who have loyally proved their Americanism by
+supporting our Army and Navy and all war activities.
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That this caucus records its admiration of
+the valor and heroism of the thousands and thousands of Chicago's sons
+whose pure patriotism has been proven on the battlefields of France."
+
+"I would like to say something in support of the motion," Colonel Lea
+said. "It is very proper for me to offer it for I had the privilege of
+serving for three months with the great Thirty-third Division of
+Illinois and I know what wonderful soldiers they are."
+
+The resolution was adopted by unanimous vote.
+
+No booster ever had a better time than had those who attended the St.
+Louis Caucus. Local pride assumed its highest pitch during the vote,
+and at length Minneapolis won it. The date was set for November
+10-11-12th.
+
+Just before adjournment Colonel Herbert arose to a question of
+personal privilege.
+
+"I would like, if possible," he said, "to have the attention for a few
+minutes of every man that is in this theater. Intentionally or
+otherwise, and I think it was otherwise, the soldiers of Illinois have
+felt that I was not just to them in the remarks that I made bearing on
+the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting Place. I meant to say,
+and I believe now that I did say, that if those banners that were hung
+in this theater had read, 'American Legion, Chicago's _soldiers_
+invite you next November.' Massachusetts' answer would have been
+'Yes.' I believe I said that. The men of Illinois believe I did not
+say it. The men of Illinois believe that when I sat down after making
+the few remarks I did, that I had a sardonic smile on my lips and they
+say that I have insulted them to the heart and I say to them: 'If
+there is anything that I can say, anything that I can do, as soldier
+to soldier to remove from your mind, or from the minds of any man who
+may have been in this theater, any belief that there was any feeling
+except of highest admiration, the highest respect, and the deepest
+affection on the part of the soldiers of Massachusetts for the
+soldiers of Illinois, then I want to correct that impression, because
+I want you, the soldiers of Illinois, to know that we recognize in
+Massachusetts that no better soldiers wore the khaki, no better
+sailors wore the blue, than the men of Illinois. My remarks were, as I
+stated, for the purpose of saying Massachusetts would, if no other
+State would, take such action to rebuke the city of Chicago; would say
+to Chicago that if it would have the right to invite Americans to meet
+in that city, first Americanize the City Hall. That was my chief
+purpose of rising to my feet. If Chicago's soldiers, if Illinois'
+soldiers still think that I have not made reparation for what they
+believe was the intention of my remarks, then I say to them that no
+higher respect, no deeper affection exists for them than in the hearts
+of the men of Massachusetts."
+
+
+Colonel Herbert's assault upon Chicago's mayor in itself is only half
+significant. It is only wholly so when its reception is considered.
+Colonel Herbert will have none of Chicago until it has purged itself
+of its municipal leader. He remembered, perhaps, the assertion that it
+is "the sixth largest German city in the world." He might have said as
+much in a newspaper interview as he said on the floor of the caucus
+had he been asked about the Illinois city as a meeting place for
+soldiers, and, perhaps, the editor would have given to it a half
+column of space; in the larger dailies, less. But when men of the
+army, navy, and marine corps, from every battlefield in France, from
+every State in the union, voice their approval so thunderously; when
+they stand on their seats and cheer; when they so positively overrule
+the recommendation of committeemen who have studiously considered the
+matter, presumably from all angles, it means much. No wonder
+Metropolitan dailies devoted columns to it.
+
+Those of you who have become low-spirited over your own particular
+view of the future; those of you who have talked about "the good old
+days"; or, the Spirit of '76, take heart. Take counsel of the Spirit
+of '19, based on the deeds of '17 and '18, on the mistakes of '14,
+'15, and '16. '19 is all right!
+
+Read the constitution of the American Legion to-night just before
+you go to bed. Think of this second day's session when the
+Bolsheviki-tainted organization was thrown out, when the second
+largest city in America was told to "clean house" and redecorate in
+red, white, and blue. Then go to bed and know that all's right with
+the United States.
+
+
+A large number of the delegates attended, on the second evening, a
+dance and supper at Sunset Inn given in honor of the Legion by the
+ladies of St. Louis. For most though, there was work in plenty to do.
+Some of the committees hadn't yet reported and there was an all
+important meeting of the executive committee in the Statler Hotel.
+
+I said _all important_ by design. The caucus had taken up a great deal
+of time with the proceedings already recounted and it was the purpose
+of the executive committee on adjournment-eve to get down to brass
+tacks. It certainly did that. It was agreed to recommend to the caucus
+that the Legion should attempt to help get returning soldiers and
+sailors positions and that a legal department should be established
+which would aid men to get back pay and allotments, while still
+another department would look after their insurance and instruct them
+how to change it to policies of a permanent character. Needless to say
+these conclusions were not arrived at without a great deal of helpful
+discussion.
+
+Then too this executive meeting was all important because it let
+several persons who claimed to be dissatisfied, air their grievances,
+thereby clearing the atmosphere of considerable cloudiness. For the
+most part these malcontents didn't seem at first to distinguish
+between the caucus and the November convention. They didn't seem to
+catch at first hand the spirit of the A.E.F. caucus which positively
+refused to take action on large questions of policy until the Home
+Army could be consulted. The principal leaders of the caucus in St.
+Louis determined upon the same course, as has been previously
+explained, and rightly so. One thing one element wanted to do was to
+elect permanent officers. "How could you do that when more than a
+million men entitled to a vote are still in France?" they were asked.
+They couldn't answer. Another element wanted to go on record against
+universal military training while still others were for endorsing it.
+Someone else wanted this city to be chosen as permanent headquarters
+while another wanted some other town selected. There was some
+grumbling to the effect that the caucus had been too "rowdy." Then,
+too, everybody was more or less tired out and a darker view of things
+was natural.
+
+The silver lining was there, however, as it always is. This time it
+took the rotund form of a preacher from Alabama. Inzer was his name
+and his folks and Colonel Roosevelt's away back five or six
+generations ago in Georgia had been the same people, so let's
+introduce him as Colonel Roosevelt's cousin. Chaplain Inzer had been
+ready to embark at Newport News with his regiment when the Bolsheviki
+menace grew quite serious in the Pacific northwest and he was ordered
+to proceed to Seattle and was there during all the stirring times
+which culminated in making Ole Hanson famous.
+
+It might truthfully be said that the "silver lining" quite properly
+had a silver tongue. When he had spoken just about a hundred words
+even the grouches were holding onto their chairs if they weren't using
+their hands for purposes of applause. And many a man, who thought he'd
+talked his voice silent dug deep down in his vocal chords and brought
+forth something that could easily be labeled a cheer! This preacher
+told everybody who might have the slightest idea of making trouble
+just where to get off. But I am not going to try to remember his
+speech and perhaps improperly quote the chaplain. The speech was so
+good that they made him do it again at the very opening of the caucus
+the next morning, so I'm going to lead off with it in my story of the
+proceedings of the last day, just as the stenographers recorded it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE SILVER LINING
+
+
+Soon after the caucus opened on Saturday morning, May 10, the minutes
+read as follows:
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, before we have the report of the Resolutions
+Committee, I want to say to those who were not of the Executive
+Committee and in its meeting last night, that there seemed to me to be
+there a more splendid crystallization of the real purpose of this
+caucus and a foresight into what it is going to mean, not only to
+these four millions of men but to the people of the United States for
+the next half century, than I have ever heard, and at the request of a
+number of those who were there at that meeting, I am going to ask one
+of them to interpret to you in just a few minutes, as well as he can,
+and he did it wonderfully well last night, the spirit that we believed
+in that meeting is your spirit here to-day and the spirit that is
+going out from this caucus as a slogan to all American citizens and
+through them to the world, indicating the purposes for which we
+fought, and more than that, the purposes for which American manhood
+stands and for which it will fight again, if necessary, the heritage
+we will hand down to our children, and I will ask this gentleman to
+present that thought to you."
+
+CHAPLAIN W. INZER (of Alabama): "Gentlemen, I appreciate this
+opportunity more than I have words to say, and if you will only be as
+sympathetic with me for these minutes as that Executive Committee was
+last night, I will do my best to interpret the spirit and the mind of
+this convention as I see it and as I saw it last night. I never had a
+more sympathetic audience, it seemed to me, or a more psychological
+moment in which to speak than that was last night and I appreciate the
+spirit of the brethren who asked me to come out and make this talk
+this morning and I am going to try my best to interpret it as I saw it
+last night.
+
+"There has been an undercurrent all through this Convention. Somebody
+has been afraid that we are going to do something or pop some lid off
+that will bust the thing and I have been, as I said last night,
+sometimes scared almost to death. I think I could personally say that
+I wanted to make about seventy-four speeches in the two days that I
+have been here. I didn't do it but I was waiting and praying for the
+psychological hour to arrive and I believe that that hour came last
+night when this Executive Committee really got together and got
+something concrete before them, and I think that the whole Convention
+comes together this morning ready to take up matters of importance and
+leave off matters that should not be taken up, and to solidify this
+body in a great spirit of Americanism that shall last for fifty years
+as the greatest organization that the world has ever known."
+(Applause.) "Now the keyword that I want to say in the beginning is,
+at all costs we want to save this organization. We do not want
+anything to arise to-day that will in any way mar the spirit of this
+great assembly and the work that it is going to do in the future.
+While you were deliberating here these past two days some of you
+thought only of this hour and this moment, but, gentlemen, I had an
+eye cast into the future and I was dreaming dreams and seeing visions
+of the years that are to come and the wonderful work, the wonderful
+influence, and the mighty power that this organization is going to
+have and exert upon this nation and upon the whole world, and I want
+you to think of it in these terms. This convention is a baby and we
+must not choke this baby. You can't give a young baby a gallon of
+castor oil the first week. It only requires castoria, that is all the
+first week. It can stand with a little mother's milk, and I want you
+to feel that way about it to-day." (Laughter and Applause.)
+
+"Our first duty is beyond the shadow of a doubt to get this infant on
+its legs, and once we get it on its legs, it will be like the mighty
+Niagara Falls, there isn't anything in the world can dam it up. It
+will be a power that shall be known, and with influence all over
+America and for good all over the world. Let's be quiet and let's be
+sensible to-day until we get this infant on his legs. He's just a
+recruit, a raw recruit, and he has to be trained and we are going to
+do that now.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to say just here, if you can only think about this
+Legion--the chairman spoke of it last night to me--as the jewel of the
+ages. I believe that is the best interpretation I know. I cannot say
+anything greater than this: I believe God raised up America for this
+great hour; I can say that the strong young man of the time is to be
+the American Legion in this country and in the world.
+
+"What the great seers of the past ages have dreamed and what they have
+planned and longed for, the opportunity that they sought, have
+suddenly been placed and in our hands. Are we going to be great men
+and big men? Will we arise to the dignity and be worthy of the
+occasion?
+
+"I believe that we will. Oh, men, if I might make it plain to you
+that it seems to me I stand on the very rim of creation and I am
+speaking there to an angel who has never yet been able to see light. I
+said: 'Angel, what are you doing here?' and he said: 'I was placed
+here when God created this world'; and he said: 'God sent me to look
+down upon this world and report to him at one special time, and that
+one time only,' and I said: 'What was to be the nature of that
+report?' He said: 'God made man in His own image and God Himself is a
+being of knowledge, love, truth, democracy, and peace,' and He said to
+that angel, 'Don't you ever leave that world until you see dawn, until
+you see that man has come up to the place where he will begin to
+measure up to what I expected of him,' and that angel said to me, 'I
+have sat here through all the ages and I have seen times when I
+thought that the sunlight of God's great knowledge and love and truth
+was going to come over the hills and then some being like the Kaiser
+or Alexander or Napoleon or some one that was of a Bolsheviki type
+would rise up and retard it and the sun could never rise,' but he
+said: 'Thank God on April 6, 1917, I reported back to God when America
+entered this war that I had seen the dawn.' (Applause.)
+
+"As little as you dream, maybe when you came here and as little as you
+thought about it in the commitment of time, I believe to-day that we
+stand on the dawn of the realization of the republic of man which is
+nothing short of the Kingdom of God on earth when men shall be men."
+(Applause.)
+
+"So the first thing we are to do to-day is to get a great spirit, men,
+a great spirit that we can carry back. All the other questions will be
+ironed out in due time. Everything will be straightened out when we
+realize that five million men are going to be organized with the same
+spirit of love and loyalty and devotion and sacrifice and democracy
+that characterized their lives on the battlefield. They will never
+rest until they make this whole world bloom in love, democracy, peace
+and prosperity and equality and brotherhood for all mankind. That is
+what we are going to do and that is what this assembly means to-day.
+It is the world's great opportunity and your privilege to share with
+it.
+
+"Now, then, I want to say that the soldier spirit is going to be my
+spirit and I believe it is going to be your spirit. When Wilson and
+the other men called us to the war, I was glad and ready immediately
+to offer my life because of the great principle. I said to those men
+last night in that Executive Committee and I mean it to-day, I'd
+gladly lay down my life to-day if laying down my life meant that this
+Legion should live and fulfill my dreams of its service to the
+country for these next fifty years. (Applause.) So do you think I want
+anything to come up here that would disrupt this body? Never! Do you
+think I want to make a fiery speech about something because it is my
+personal conviction? No, I have a hundred personal convictions that I
+would like to see operating in the United States and this convention,
+but it isn't the time and I am not going to bring them up here. I
+don't want to say anything that will keep all of us from pulling
+together like a military army for the great things that this
+convention in the future is going to stand for. So my final word is
+this: That this day, we get right down to business and that we omit
+everything that we can omit pertaining to the permanent policy of this
+organization that we cannot all immediately agree upon.
+
+"If there is going to be anything discussed here to-day that everybody
+in this convention won't immediately agree upon and would hinder us
+from sending out to the nation word that we stand together and that we
+are going to pull together, that we caught a mighty vision and that we
+have gained the great spirit, then, brethren, let's carry that thing
+over until November when all the boys come home and then we will
+discuss it there. There are many things to-day that we can discuss
+that are important and fundamental and that are urgently needed in
+our nation this hour. Let's take those things up and get down to
+business on it to-day. Every Executive Member from each State pledged
+the chairman last night that he was going to act as a sergeant-at-arms
+in his delegation and hold the convention in order to-day. We are
+going to do the right thing and we won't be 'busted' by anything or by
+anybody, and when anything comes up that isn't the right thing for us
+to do to make a great impression on America, and the world, we will
+say hold that thing over until the baby is strong enough to do it
+right.
+
+"I beg you to do those things. Somebody said: 'What are the things we
+can do to-day?' We mentioned them last night.
+
+"Jack Sullivan has problems out there that we must meet this very day.
+One of those is this Bolsheviki business. We are going to pass
+resolutions this very day, I believe, asking the United States in
+Congress to pass a bill for immediate action of deporting every one of
+those Bolsheviki or I.W.W.'s out yonder." (Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"Gentlemen, I know what I am talking about. You don't know how badly I
+do hate some of those guys. If it hadn't been for them I would have
+gotten on the boat in Newport News in 1918 for France, but because of
+those rotten scamps I was sent to Seattle, Washington, and had to
+stay there for seven months guarding the interest of the shipbuilding
+in the Western States.
+
+"I was naturalization officer for our regiment and that division out
+there and I have had those scamps stand up and say: 'Yes, I have been
+here fourteen years and have lived on the fat of the land, but we
+don't want to fight,' and they would deny citizenship papers or cancel
+their first papers.
+
+"Now that the war is over, they are in lucrative positions and our
+boys haven't got jobs; we've got to say, send those scamps to hell."
+(Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"We can all see this very moment that there is no division on that
+question. We stand together. Somebody said: 'Why, we have been here
+two days and haven't done anything but elect officers and decide on a
+place to meet. But let me tell you, Buddy, while we have been doing
+those things, we have let the world know where we stand for
+Americanism. (Applause.) And we couldn't have done a bigger thing than
+create the impression we did relative to Mayor Thompson of Chicago and
+the I.W.W.'s of Seattle. (Applause.) We can do that. We are agreed on
+that. The baby can do that without any trouble at all and we are not
+going to choke him when we start that kind of thing.
+
+"The other question that we might decide here to-day is what we are
+going to do about jobs for our returned soldiers. In my city we have
+already said: 'Look here, man, you'd better post every job that is
+open and post it in the place where we get employment for returned
+soldiers. And they have gotten down to that. We want to talk about
+that to-day and get down to business--the business of getting jobs for
+our men, and then we want to care for those who come back without
+money. We want to help them get their allotment and get their $60
+bonus, and we want to care for the wounded.
+
+"But these other things--excuse me, I can't help but say brethren,
+because I am a preacher, but you are my brethren, I thank God you are
+and I love you like I love the brethren of my church. There is some
+fellow here who might want to spring something because he knows it
+would be a lot of fun. Oh, brethren, let's not have any fun with the
+baby to-day. (Laughter and Applause.) We have all we can do to-day. We
+have all we can do if we do those things that we are all united upon
+and agreed upon. Those things which may have what they call a nigger
+in the woodpile, when they come up, let's say that is something we are
+going to talk about later when the boys get home in November, when
+everybody is settled down and we have thought it through and talked
+about it in our State organizations and we will come up with
+solidified ideas and the great spirit will have gripped us and we will
+know where we stand and will know our power and strength.
+
+"Brethren, I say let's cut out every last bit of hoodlumism to-day. It
+is the zero hour. Let's stand together. If we don't carry anything
+else home, let's go home and say we are for America, that we caught
+the spirit and the vision and you can't stop us with anything in the
+world. I thank you." (Audience rises and applauds.)
+
+
+That speech has been given in full not only for the reasons which have
+been stated before but because it is archtypical of the deep-seated,
+serious, and high-minded soul of the New American, born of the war.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, it seems that Illinois caught the spirit of the speaker
+who has just seated himself, in advance."
+
+Before the applause over Inzer's speech had ended and before we
+realized it, Mr. Cummings of Illinois had the floor. He said that the
+Illinois delegation had been ungracious in accepting Colonel Herbert's
+explanation of his remarks the previous day.
+
+"We wish to withdraw that implication," Mr. Cummings said. "We wish to
+state to you as a solid Illinois delegation that we give full faith
+and credit to the high, patriotic motive which prompted this gentleman
+in making the speech to you which he did and in bringing before this
+organization the question which he did. We feel on cooler deliberation
+and upon giving the matter the thought which its importance demanded,
+that he is helping us and that he has placed the American Legion in a
+position to help us to move in a body politic, to overcome certain
+things in the State of Illinois and blot out pro-Germanism.
+
+[Illustration: Gaspar Bacon Treasurer]
+
+
+Three State Chairmen
+
+[Illustration: John F.J. Herbert Massachusetts
+  _Photo by Gray, Worcester, Mass_.]
+
+[Illustration: Henry G. Mathewson California]
+
+[Illustration: Cornelius W. Wickersham New York]
+
+"I say that the American Legion is bigger than any man; it is bigger
+than any State; it is bigger than any combination of States; it is the
+unified action of the millions of men who were willing to sacrifice
+their lives, their fortunes, their all on the altar of this country
+for the cause of democracy, to make the world safe for democracy, and
+they are going to help us make Illinois come to the front and clean
+its skirts of the stigma which is attached. We know that you are going
+to help us in it, and with the support of the American Legion, nothing
+will stop us from cleaning our skirts, from washing our dirty linen at
+home. When the next convention of the American Legion is held, as soon
+as we have had an opportunity or the boys in khaki and blue have had
+an opportunity to give an honest expression of views on the question
+of Burgomaster Thompson, we will come through with clean skirts, we
+will stand before you without a question as to the patriotism of the
+great City of Chicago and the State of Illinois. We are for the
+American Legion first, last, and all the time, and I will pledge
+Illinois' seven hundred thousand soldiers who have gone to the front
+for the colors in this organization to a man."
+
+"... and clean its skirts of the stigma which is attached and we know
+you are going to help us in it, for we will have the support of the
+American Legion and with that support when the boys from over there
+get back, nothing will stop us from cleaning our skirts...."
+
+Attention is drawn specifically to that sentence, because it affords
+an excellent opportunity to explain the difference between politics
+and policies. The Legion has policies but it is not political. One
+prime policy is the demand for one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+Whoever or whatever cannot read that mark, be it Chicago's mayor or
+the Seattle Soldier's Council, the Legion's caution is "measure up."
+The Legion, _as the Legion_ will not go into municipal politics in
+Chicago but the members of the various posts in that city like all
+other Legion members stand for one hundred per cent, simon-pure
+patriotism and regardless of party, he who does not "measure up" had
+best beware. The Legion, as the Legion, never will endorse a political
+party or a party's candidate for office. But it will have platforms,
+it will have tenets, it will have principles. These platforms, tenets,
+and principles will be seen, felt, heard, and heeded by the voters of
+the United States. Furthermore, these platforms, tenets, and
+principles will be supported regardless of political party, political
+affiliations, or partisan sponsorship.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+
+The first of the committee reports of the morning was that of the
+Publication Committee. This report is perhaps not so interesting a
+document now as it may be in later years, when, with a circulation of
+millions weekly, the official organ will be a tremendous power for
+Americanism throughout the country, spreading in every home, in every
+vale and hamlet the same dragnet of Americanism as the draft law did,
+having in its tentacles the same power for culture, breadth of
+experience, and abolition of sectionalism.
+
+In view of this, the report possesses tremendous potentialities. Here
+it is:
+
+"The Committee on Publication recommends that this caucus of the
+American Legion inaugurate a national publication which shall be the
+Legion's exponent of Americanism; that this, the sole and only
+publication of the American Legion, be owned and directed by the
+Legion for and in the interest of all Americans; that the Publication
+Committee be continued that it may proceed as organized with the
+details of founding this publication, with the advice and under the
+control of the Executive Committee of the American Legion which shall
+add such specially qualified members to the Publication Committee as
+it may see fit; that this publication shall be a National,
+nonpartisan, non-sectional organ for the service of the American
+people, a champion of Americanism which means independence, security,
+health, education, greater contentment, and progress for every
+patriot, to be the torch, the beacon light thrown into our hands by
+the Americans who fell, and held as a unique and living monument to
+that other legion which did not come back.
+
+  "(Signed) G.P. PUTNAM, _Chairman._
+  "CHARLES D. KELLEY, _Secretary_."
+
+As an aside it may be interesting to say that there were at least half
+a dozen publishers, some with veteran journals already started, in St.
+Louis with the most alluring offers. Each wanted to have his
+publication designated as the official organ. Several other
+propositions were made, one syndicate offering to publish the
+magazine, bear the entire expense, give the Legion fifty per cent. of
+the stock, and allow it to control the editorial policy. All the
+syndicate wanted was the official endorsement. From other quarters
+came the word that a million dollars would be forthcoming, if such a
+large amount was necessary, in order to start the publication, but
+those who would furnish it wanted some return, naturally. However the
+Publication Committee felt, as set forth in the resolutions, that the
+magazine must be entirely owned and solely controlled by the Legion.
+If it was worth a million dollars to anybody else, it certainly was
+worth conserving in every possible way for the Legion.
+
+Again I am going to let the minutes take up the story. Some of the
+details which they give in the next few pages are illustrative of the
+interest and care which the caucus took when it came to important
+matters.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The Committee on Resolutions begs to submit the
+following report:
+
+"'GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND CREED--Recognizing the supreme obligation of
+the citizens to maintain our national honor and integrity, and being
+resolved that the fruits of the Great War shall not die, we who
+participated in the war in order that the principles of justice,
+freedom, and democracy may more completely direct and influence the
+daily lives of America's manhood, do announce our adherence to the
+following principles and purposes:
+
+"'(a) To inculcate the duties and obligations of citizenship.
+
+"'(b) To preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+this war.
+
+"'(c) To cement the ties of comradeship formed in service.
+
+"'(d) To promote, assist, and protect the general welfare of all
+soldiers, sailors, and marines and those dependent upon them.
+
+"'(e) To encourage the maintenance of individual and national
+efficiency to the end that the nation shall never fail in its
+obligations.
+
+"'(f) To maintain the principle that undivided and uncompromising
+support of the constitution of the United States is the true test of
+loyalty.'" (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Do you desire to pass on that as read, gentlemen, or by
+paragraphs?"
+
+MR. JOHNSON (Rhode Island): "I move it be adopted as a whole."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York.
+
+COL. HERBERT (Mass.): "I would like to ask for information: if there
+aren't more eligible to membership in the American Legion than are
+cited--soldiers, sailors, and marines?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The committee understands that covers everything. The
+direct eligibility comes up later."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "But before we adopt this we must know who are eligible
+so it may be inserted there. As I read the qualifications for
+membership the members of the enlisted nurse corps are eligible to
+membership in the American Legion. If they are eligible they must be
+included there. If there are any others they must be included."
+
+MR. FISH (of New York): "I make a motion to the effect that this
+report be laid on the table until the constitution has been adopted.
+There are points in this resolution that conflict with the preamble
+and by-laws of the constitution. I move you, Mr. Chairman, that the
+first paragraph of the resolution as read be laid on the table until
+after the constitution is adopted. I will amend my motion to that
+effect."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "I want to hear that reread."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "What I have read, and what I am about to read again,
+is the first paragraph of the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+There are many other paragraphs. The second one, for instance, is an
+endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan. If you lay the whole report
+on the table we have to wait until later to consider resolutions as a
+whole. The first paragraph is as follows:"
+
+Secretary read first paragraph.
+
+MR. MILLIGAN: "I wish to make a further amendment that the entire
+report be laid on the table until after the constitution has been
+adopted. I don't believe it is the sense of this meeting to hear the
+report of this committee in fragments."
+
+COLONEL LEA (of Tenn.): "If this report, or any part of it, is laid on
+the table it means final disposition of it under the rules of the
+House of Representatives. I don't think we want to do that until the
+report is read. As a substitute for the pending motion and amendment,
+I move that further reading and action of the report be suspended
+until after the report of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The Secretary will now proceed to read the
+resolutions."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.
+
+"'WHEREAS, The Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war, and to
+reestablish the country upon a peace basis, therefore be it
+
+"'RESOLVED that this caucus emphatically endorse the Victory Liberty
+Loan, and urges all Americans to promote the success of the loan in
+every manner possible.'"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "What is your pleasure with regard to that resolution?"
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move the adoption of the resolution."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Wickersham of New York and carried.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Conscientious Objectors.
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States in accordance with the act of Congress of
+May 18, 1917, and who were tried by general court-martial, sentenced
+to prison and later fully pardoned, restored to duty and honorably
+discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them, and as
+condemning further the I.W.W.'s, international socialists, and
+anarchists in their effort to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and be it
+further
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus requests a full and complete
+investigation by Congress of the trial and conviction of these parties
+and of their subsequent pardon." (Applause.)
+
+COLONEL HERBERT (of Mass.): "I move you, sir, that this convention
+substitute the word 'demand' instead of 'request' where it says 'We
+request Congress.' We are a body large enough and representative
+enough and powerful enough to tell Congress what we want (applause),
+not to ask it, and I move the substitution of the word 'demand'
+instead of 'request.'"
+
+Seconded by Luke Lea of Tennessee.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The motion is now for the adoption of the resolution as
+read, substituting the word 'demand' for 'request.'"
+
+ALBERT H. WILSON (of Idaho): "Gentlemen of this convention, before
+this is put to the body of this house, I want to offer a resolution
+that the man who convicted these men at Camp Funston be permitted to
+give the facts of those convictions and the facts of those discharges
+to the body of this house. I refer, gentlemen, to Major Foster, of
+Camp Funston, of the General Staff at Camp Funston, and I offer a
+resolution to that effect. Will you hear him?"
+
+Assent from the audience.
+
+MR. GASTON: "I second that."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It isn't necessary to have a resolution to that effect.
+The discussion would be germane to the question before the house."
+
+MAJOR FOSTER (of Missouri): "Gentlemen, on May 18, 1917, the Congress
+of these United States passed an act defining what should be done in
+regard to conscientious objectors. That act, as you are all probably
+familiar with, says nothing about the I.W.W.--the so-called
+humanitarian, the slacker, and the anarchist, and yet for some unknown
+reason about 135 such cattle were shipped out to Camp Funston,
+segregated, were not required to do military service, were tried for
+disobedience to a lawful order in time of war, duly convicted,
+sentenced to prison, and a large Majority of them pardoned out of the
+penitentiary within two months.
+
+"These men, and I want you to get the importance of this, are not
+ordinary, poor, misguided, fanatical men, but the large number of them
+were college graduates. Take the case of Lundy in Chicago and Berger
+and Greenberg and all of them. Seven of them were cases so serious
+that the court, of which I was a member, sentenced them to death.
+Within three weeks the order came from Washington restoring them to
+honorable duty. These men who were dismissed from Leavenworth and who
+were tried by this court made the statement before the court to prove
+their conscientious scruples that they did not accept pay from the
+Government, nor did they, but when they were dismissed at Fort
+Leavenworth and honorably restored to duty and given discharges with
+honor, they took every dollar and cent that the Government sent or the
+officials in Washington said should be paid to them and they carefully
+counted it and it amounted to between four and six hundred dollars
+each, and they went home with it.
+
+"You all know who is responsible for this condition. You all know that
+this convention should condemn it. And here is one more point I want
+to put before you and I want you to get this carefully. One of the men
+we tried, Worsman, has been pardoned. Here is a letter he sent out. I
+will not read it all.
+
+(The caucus requests him to read it all.)
+
+It is sent out to the press and to everyone. Here is a book that has
+the expressions before the court that all these men made and they
+stand on that as being proper.
+
+"This letter says: 'The committee who sends you this letter are, for
+the most part, near relatives or close friends of young men now
+serving long terms in the disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth
+because of loyalty of principle. Nearly all of them are your fellow
+workers and except for those in what we call the religious
+group,--trade unionists--the public knows little of their unhappy
+fate, even less than the other political or labor prisoners because
+they have been sent to prison by military court-martials and some have
+not even had the hostile publicity of a public trial in court.
+
+"'The war is over; whether these men were right or wrong, they were
+utterly sincere. Even military prejudice has to concede that, and the
+sufferings they have unflinchingly borne prove it many times over, but
+the point for the country to get just now is that right or wrong, they
+cannot now have any adverse effect upon the military policy of the
+Government to keep them in prison.' Here is the dangerous thing--'We
+are trying to educate public opinion, and particularly labor opinion,
+to the point where it will demand the release of these brave and
+sincere young men. We say "labor," because we know when labor really
+demands a thing, it gets done.' There is the dangerous thing,
+gentlemen, the direct connecting up of the I.W.W., the so-called
+international socialists and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and
+later pardoned by our War Department,--the direct connecting up
+between that element and those like the fellow who was sentenced to
+prison and who is sending out this letter, and this great and
+dangerous Bolshevism that is creeping into this country and is, I am
+afraid, more dangerous than many of us realize. I want to see this
+caucus go on record--don't be afraid--as strong as you can against
+this fellow. The officers who served on those courts know what we had
+to endure. We had to treat them respectfully; we were obliged to do
+that. Let me tell you a few things, if you don't know them, about what
+happened in the guardhouse among those men. They would not do a thing;
+they wouldn't make their own beds. They wouldn't flush the toilets in
+the guardhouse, and some red-blooded American soldiers had to go and
+pull the chain for them. I say you can't send out a message to these
+people too strong in condemnation of this type and of the action of
+the War Department or whoever is responsible for the solace and the
+protection that has been thrown around the man who hid under the cloak
+of an act of Congress that was designed to take care of the
+conscientious objectors, and there is no conscientious objector under
+that act except a man whose religious creed forbade him to take part
+in the war in any way. I thank you." (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, the question has been called. All those in
+favor of the motion as amended will vote 'aye.'"
+
+The motion was unanimously carried.
+
+The general comment at the time was that Major Foster's address summed
+up the opinion of the caucus on the War Department's action in regard
+to the objector, conscientious or otherwise.
+
+
+The accusation that the Legion was being formed for political purposes
+has been frequently referred to in this account of the organization
+and there follows an instance which shows very clearly the attitude of
+the delegates toward anything that might tend to give to the caucus a
+political savor. Just after Major Foster's address the chairman held
+up his hand for silence.
+
+"One moment before the next resolution is read," he said: "I am
+informed that one of the newspapers of St. Louis has circulated blanks
+among the delegates asking them to indicate thereon how they intend to
+vote in the next national election in this country. I would point out
+to those who are gathered here that this is a very improper suggestion
+and that the action should be repudiated by the men here filling out
+none of these blanks."
+
+This statement was greeted both with anger and applause, the former at
+the paper's action, the latter because of the chair's suggestion, and
+Mr. Wickersham of New York made a motion that none of the blanks
+should be filled out and that no delegate should take part in such a
+poll. It carried unanimously and with acclamation. The blanks were not
+filled out and the men distributing them were ordered to leave the
+theater, which they did.
+
+This is the nearest approach to a poll that took place at the St.
+Louis Caucus so far as I am able to ascertain. In fact it would have
+been quite impossible to take a poll except in the theater and I have
+been assured by men sitting in widely different parts of the house
+that no such poll was taken. The delegates' living quarters were in
+widely scattered parts of St. Louis and it would have been impossible
+to have got any large number of them together to take a poll except
+during the meeting in the theater.
+
+Despite this fact, despite the motion of Major Wickersham, and its
+passage by acclamation, reports were circulated after the caucus, to
+the effect that a poll had been taken and that it showed so many votes
+for this man and so many votes for that one. The effect of that
+statement, while not doing widespread damage, caused the Legion
+leaders a great deal of embarrassment and a great deal of effort to
+correct the false impression among those not present at St. Louis to
+the effect that the caucus had a political complexion.
+
+Following the refusal to allow a poll to be taken, the secretary read
+the following resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS certain aliens during the emergency of the war sought to
+evade military duty by reason of their status as aliens, and
+
+"WHEREAS, such an act indicates a lack on the part of such aliens of
+the proper spirit of Americanism, therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED that this caucus assembled urge upon the Congress of the
+United States the adoption of such measures that may be necessary to
+bring about the immediate deportation from the United States for all
+time of these aliens."
+
+This resolution covered a subject very near the heart of Sergeant Jack
+Sullivan, the vice-chairman. He was on his feet immediately saying:
+
+"I agree with the gentleman from Massachusetts, Comrade Herbert, that
+this is not the time to urge upon Congress but to demand of Congress
+and I offer you, sir, this as a substitute resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United
+States, July, 1918, known as an amendment to the Selective Service Act
+giving persons within the draft age who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby becoming exempt from service,
+
+"WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards,
+and factories, and
+
+"WHEREAS, in this great World War for Democracy the rank and file of
+the best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed
+themselves in order to uphold the principles upon which this country
+was founded and for which they were willing to give up their life's
+blood, if necessary, to preserve, and
+
+"WHEREAS we, the American Legion assembled are of the opinion that
+these would-be Americans who turned in their first papers to avoid
+service are in our opinion neither fish, flesh, nor fowl and if
+allowed to remain in this country would contaminate the 100% true
+American soldiers and sailors who will return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life. Therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion in convention assembled in St.
+Louis, this 8th, 9th, and 10th day of May, 1919, numbering millions of
+red-blooded Americans, do demand the Congress of these United States
+to immediately enact a law to send these aliens who withdrew their
+first papers and thereby avoided service, back to the country from
+whence they came, for we want them not, neither do we need them. The
+country which we live in and were ready and are now ready and willing
+to fight for is good enough for us and this country, which they live
+in and prospered in, yet were unwilling to fight for, is too damned
+good for them to remain in. Therefore, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED, that a copy of these resolutions be sent to each and every
+member of the House and Senate of our United States and a copy be
+given to the public press."
+
+  "Respectfully presented
+  "(Signed) Sgt. JACK SULLIVAN.
+  "Delegate from Seattle, State of Washington."
+
+"I move you, sir, the adoption of this resolution."
+
+"Now, gentlemen, I have a telegram from Seattle which I will read. It
+is addressed to Jack Sullivan, St. Louis.
+
+"'Executive Board American Legion of Liberty authorizes you to
+advocate before the St. Louis Convention as part of the
+Americanization program, that the organization bring its influence to
+bear throughout the United States to secure enactment by Congress of
+laws making it possible to deport alien slackers who avoided military
+service by renouncing their citizenship and signing affidavits that
+they would return to the country from which they came. A bill
+providing for their deportation introduced by Senator Jones of
+Washington failed to pass the last session of Congress because the
+demand for its passage from the State of Washington was not backed up
+by other States. Demand upon senators and representatives from their
+own constituents that a law should be passed to deport these slackers
+would probably result in action by the special sessions of Congress of
+nearly three hundred aliens who escaped military service in Seattle by
+renouncing their right to become citizens. Twenty-seven per cent, were
+shown to be I.W.W.'s of the thousands who thus escaped military
+service. Throughout the country a large percentage are probably of the
+element which is seeking to undermine American institutions. They
+still remain despite their affidavits that they would leave the
+country and there is no existing law under which they can be deported.
+The first move towards making this country one hundred per cent.
+American should be the elimination of aliens who are opposed to our
+Government and institutions and who poison the minds of others by
+their teachings. Every senator and representative should be urged to
+back legislation for the elimination of this element and we hope that
+this work will be adopted by the convention as part of the national
+program.
+
+  "'(Signed) American Legion of Liberty,
+  "'NORMAN E. COLES, _Secretary_.'"
+
+When Sullivan finished reading, he began one of the most stirring
+addresses made before the convention:
+
+"Now let's not be afraid to put the cards on the table and say to the
+Congress of the United States that we are not afraid to trample on the
+toes of the diplomats of these alleged neutral countries who do not
+want legislation of this kind to pass," Sullivan plead. "We have the
+interest of the man who donned the khaki and the blue and when the
+ships bring the boys from over there, they must take back these alien
+slackers. We would be derelict in our duty to the boys who gave their
+all when they went over the top; we would be untrue to ourselves and
+the institutions and principles for which we fought if we did not see
+to it that these people were sent back.
+
+"I was born in the State of Massachusetts and I was taught that
+citizenship meant something. As a boy I went out West where I learned
+that American citizenship meant something to the people of the West.
+
+"To-day we are here from all parts of the country. We are not from any
+section alone, because we are all Americans, This is an organization
+of Americans. This should be a country of Americans and if our
+citizenship means something, the swine who come from other countries
+should be taught that it means something like what McCrae said:
+
+    '"When from failing hands we throw the torch to you,
+        Be yours to hold it high;
+        If ye break faith with us who die,
+      We shall not sleep though poppies grow in Flanders' field.'
+
+"Let's make this unanimous and do it now and say to the boys in
+Siberia and France that we are going to see to it when they get back
+here that those damned alien slackers are not going to be here, or if
+they are, they are going to be on the dock at Hoboken to go back to
+their own countries because they don't belong here and we are not
+going to allow them to remain."
+
+[Illustration: "Jack" Sullivan of Seattle
+  First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama]
+
+Sullivan was seated amid prolonged cheering; it was his big slap at
+Bolshevism. When Colonel Lindsley restored order Colonel Ralph Cole of
+Ohio was recognized.
+
+"The delegation from Ohio has authorized me to second this motion," he
+said. "This seems to be a unanimous caucus. There is harmony here. The
+most impressive fact in relation to this assembly is the militant
+spirit of Americanism that has been manifested. I chanced to be
+Assistant Adjutant of the 37th Division when the time came for the
+naturalization of aliens who were in the American Army. Thousands and
+thousands of young aliens came up and raised up their right hand and
+pledged fidelity to the American Constitution, and to fight for the
+supremacy of the American flag, but, there was a certain small
+element, a certain small percentage that refused to take the oath of
+allegiance and they appealed to the Constitution and their rights
+under the law and they were exempted from military service. And I say
+to you, gentlemen of this convention, any alien that will appeal to
+the law in order to avoid military duty has no right to the
+opportunity of peace in America." Here there was prolonged applause.
+
+"There was an outbreak in the State of Ohio of Bolshevism a few days
+ago, but I want you gentlemen to know that it was put down. It was hit
+by the soldiers who returned from France, the rank and file of our
+boys.
+
+"Now, as Mr. Sullivan has suggested, let it not be said that when
+these boys that raised their right hand and took the oath of
+allegiance to the American flag return, that these contemptible skunks
+that demanded exemption under the law shall occupy the positions,
+which these truly loyal men should have. Let's give those positions to
+the returning American soldiers and the returning alien soldiers that
+fought for the American flag and helped us win the great victory." The
+applause given Sullivan was repeated.
+
+Then the "Silver Lining," Chaplain Inzer, strode upon the stage. This
+time he was a very stern Silver Lining, and what he had to say he said
+with a vigor which characterized his speeches all during the
+convention.
+
+"I want to offer an amendment," he said. "Mr. Sullivan's resolution
+does not cover the whole ground. As Naturalization Officer of the 14th
+Infantry, I happen to be observing enough to know that there are other
+men that ought to be included in this list. Often we called certain
+foreigners together who had been drafted and said, 'Now, men, we are
+going to go overseas in a short while. How long have you been in this
+country?'
+
+"One said, 'fourteen years.'
+
+"'How long have you been here?' to another.
+
+"'I have been here so and so,' he answered.
+
+"'All right, now,' we said, 'this has been your country. If we hadn't
+gone to war, you would have expected to be here.'
+
+"'But we want to go home now.'
+
+"'If you go home will you fight for your country?'
+
+"'We don't know.'
+
+"And they absolutely refused to take out citizenship papers. How do we
+know them? As Naturalization Officer I marked on every one of those
+papers. 'This man, though he has been here for four years or ten years
+refused naturalization in the hope that he might avoid overseas
+service.' Now, then, I move that we include in that motion that the
+files be gone through and every man who refused citizenship, who was a
+native of any other country, but adopted this country and refused to
+take out the citizenship papers we offered him, after he had been
+brought into the army by the draft, also be deported."
+
+Before the applause began Colonel Luke Lea had the floor. He is tall
+and imposing and a powerful speaker.
+
+"I want to see this made a complete and thorough job, and to that end
+I desire to offer a further amendment," he said. "We further demand
+the immediate deportation of every alien enemy who, during the war,
+was interned, whether such alien enemy be now interned or has been
+paroled. I merely want to say this: That any alien enemy who is too
+dangerous to be at large and bear the burdens of war, is too dangerous
+to be at large and participate in the blessings of peace."
+
+This brought down the house. It was what everybody thought and wanted.
+It was what everybody had hoped for since the very first day during
+the war that the Department of Justice had made its first internments.
+There have been all sorts of stories telling about these interned
+aliens getting rooms with baths, tennis courts, swimming pools, and
+playgrounds, and everyone had consistently hoped that they would all
+be sent back to Germany or Austria at the earliest possible moment
+after the war. The same hope was expressed in regard to certain
+Scandinavians and Hollanders here who were active in behalf of
+Germany. One thing is certain and that is that none of the delegates
+present were opposed to this enemy alien deportation, or if they were
+they didn't or couldn't make themselves heard above the thunderous
+approbation.
+
+Chaplain Inzer at this juncture jumped to his feet and heightened the
+applause by shouting, "There are four million men back of this
+organization. If I were a Bolshevik, I'd pack my grip and beat it."
+
+The culmination of this particular phase of the caucus was most
+dramatic. A wounded soldier on crutches, and bearing two wound stripes
+on his arm, was helped to the stage beside the chairman. "I am Private
+Sossin of Kentucky," he shouted. "I was born and reared in Poland, and
+came to this country and began to enjoy all the freedom of the
+American Constitution when I was thirty-seven years old. I left my
+business and my family to fight for this country. And if any of my
+native countrymen are so despicable as not to want to fight for the
+grandest flag the world has ever seen, the flag which gives freedom to
+all who are oppressed, I say, damn him and kick him out of here so
+that we can show that we despise such slackers."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "All those in favor of the motion as finally amended
+will vote 'Aye."' That "Aye" shook the theater.
+
+The caucus then passed a resolution that every naturalized citizen
+convicted under the Espionage Act should have his citizenship revoked
+and should be deported.
+
+Another telling blow for Americanism!
+
+The caucus next went on record with a resolution calling for the
+protection of the uniform. Those firms and individuals who had used
+the uniform as a method of peddling their wares were scored in the
+resolution and it was the sense of the motion that everything possible
+should be done to prevent panhandlers and peddlers on the streets
+wearing the uniform of the United States.
+
+The caucus also indorsed Secretary Lane's plan for the "Reclamation of
+arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands." The resolution to that effect
+follows in full:
+
+"WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the army and navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and
+
+"WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over
+timber lands:
+
+"NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE REËMPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+
+We are now coming to the consideration of a subject that was nearer to
+the heart of every delegate than any other. That is the reëmployment
+of one-time service men. This matter is of the most intimate and
+direct concern to the Legion and its leaders and because of its
+importance I believe the details of the discussion are sufficiently
+interesting to permit me to quote them verbatim from the minutes.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The secretary will read the next resolution."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Reëmployment of ex-service men."
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of readjustment and
+reconstruction is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers, and
+
+"WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier, vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment or to a better job, therefore,
+be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its first national caucus
+assembled, declares to the people of the United States that no act can
+be more unpatriotic in these most serious days of readjustment and
+reconstruction than the violation of this principle announced which
+pledges immediate reemployment to the returned soldiers, and be it
+further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its national caucus assembled
+does hereby declare itself as supporting in every proper way the
+efforts of the ex-service men to secure reemployment, and recommends
+that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers or ex-sailors and
+ex-marines be given preference whenever additional men are to be
+employed in any private or public enterprise, and be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to Congress the prompt
+enactment of a program for internal improvement, having in view the
+necessity therefor and as an incident the absorption of the surplus
+labor of the country, giving preference to discharged ex-service men."
+
+MR. WALSH (Pittsburgh): "I move, Mr. Chairman, that we adopt the
+resolution."
+
+The motion was seconded by Colonel Jones, of Washington, D.C.
+
+MR. LEVEREE: "Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention, I desire
+to present to you a substitute for this resolution. As one who has
+been endeavoring to give a post-war service to these men who are
+coming back here and need to be replaced in the industries of this
+country, as a volunteer dollar-a-year man in the United States
+Employment Service and one who has accomplished results in the work to
+the extent that the bulletin of the National Chamber of Commerce has
+commented on the work, I desire to call your attention to the fact
+that the resolution as presented is not concrete. It says nothing. It
+talks in generalities, and I want to present to you a concrete
+proposition based on the experience of the Bureau in New Orleans."
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable both for the welfare of the soldiers,
+sailors, and marines, now rapidly being discharged from the service of
+the United States of America, and for the industrial readjustment of
+the country that the process of returning these men to productive
+occupations in civil life be speeded up as much as possible;
+
+"AND WHEREAS, by reason of the failure of the Congress of the United
+States to appropriate funds for the purpose the said process has been
+retarded and left to private initiative; now, therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in caucus assembled calls upon the
+Congress of the United States to promptly appropriate funds to be
+administered for the benefit of existing coordinated Bureaus for the
+Employment of Returning Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, to the end
+that there may be no interruption in the service now being rendered
+and that it may be broadened and speeded up, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That each local post or organization of the American Legion
+is urged during the period of demobilization to constitute itself a
+committee of the whole, which shall cooperate with the local
+Employment Bureau and shall establish and maintain a liaison between
+such Bureau and every employer in the community through members of the
+local post or organization who are already employed in such
+establishment to the end that it may be made easy for the employer to
+avail himself of the service of the Bureau by communicating with
+someone in his own establishment, and that every soldier, sailor, and
+marine already replaced in industry may have an opportunity to assist
+his comrades to become likewise."
+
+"Gentlemen, this is the crux of that whole business--getting somebody
+close to the employer where you can bring about that liaison which is
+suggested in this substitute motion."
+
+The motion to adopt the substitute resolution was made by Mr. Leveree
+and seconded by Mr. Luss.
+
+MR. DESMOND (of Pennsylvania): "What has been said, in my estimation,
+is not comprehensive enough. In the city of Philadelphia which is
+known as the Cradle of Liberty, when the men who had given up
+positions in the educational system--I mean teachers--returned from
+the service of their country they were not, as promised, given the
+exact positions which they left. Neither were they given positions of
+parallel importance. They were actually demoted in grade so that these
+motions do not cover such circumstances. In many cases, in
+municipalities, men have returned from the service and have been
+forced to take positions not of a parallel grade but positions of a
+lower grade.
+
+"Men, Americanism depends on America's school systems, and if the ones
+who are directing our school systems are so unpatriotic as to demote
+those who go forth to serve their country, what is going to become of
+America and Americanism? And I wish to make an amendment to the effect
+that municipalities and boards of education in those municipalities be
+forced to give men their parallel positions if not positions of better
+grade and that in no instance will they be allowed to demote a man
+because he has gone forth to serve his country. I put that forward as
+an amendment, that the municipal governments and boards of education
+in our municipalities be forced to give men positions of equal grade
+if they cannot give better grade."
+
+MR. SIMINGTON (of Washington): "I speak in opposition to that amended
+resolution. In my State I represent ten thousand organized men. In my
+State the present system has proven a failure. The organization that I
+represent handles an employment bureau that places 350 service men a
+week in permanent positions and 150 in temporary employment, and I say
+to you that that record is far and above the record of the U.S.
+Replacement Bureau. It is a proven failure. Gentlemen, I believe that
+it is 'For George to do'--and we are George.
+
+"The service man wishes to take care of himself and his own. It is for
+the service man to handle his own problems and I suggest as an
+amendment--I am not sure of my being in order in offering an amendment
+to an amended amendment, but I suggest that it be the sense of this
+meeting that Congress assist the American Legion in taking care of its
+own in the matter of employment and that it do not use civilians to do
+the work." (Applause.)
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. HILL (of Pennsylvania): "The original resolution that is before
+the convention, I am frank to say, has been forwarded to me by a
+soldier from Allegheny County, who walked the streets of Pittsburgh
+for eight or nine weeks pleading this principle. A resolution adopted
+by the Mothers of Democracy was sufficient for him to get back his
+job, because he held a position as a county employee of Allegheny
+County and he invoked this principle and vitalized every military
+organization in Allegheny County, and by means of that he got back his
+job and his back salary and his mother's allowance which was cut off
+since January 1, 1918. This resolution was originally presented by me
+as a member of the National Resolutions Committee from the State of
+Pennsylvania. The National Resolutions Committee appointed a
+subcommittee of which I was a member, a committee of three, to
+consider this and refer it back to the National Resolutions Committee.
+That committee passed favorably upon it and the National Resolutions
+Committee passed it.
+
+"Now, if that resolution, as it stands before the house, was
+sufficient to get a job back for him, playing almost a lone hand,
+surely it is sufficient for any man here or for, this American Legion,
+for all it provides for, and all that is necessary to be done is the
+simple patriotism with the American Legion in back of it which can
+place its hands on the shoulder of any substantial employer and say,
+'Do you wish to rectify yourself on this thing called "patriotism?"'
+Do you wish to give the soldier back his job who presents to you a
+meritorious case? We give you a chance. If you do not take it we will
+publish this thing and you will go down to contumely and
+stultification."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Gentlemen, I am speaking on behalf of the Resolutions
+Committee. We spent all day yesterday listening to such requests as
+this. Our final calculated judgment is represented in the resolutions
+as presented. We found in the discussion that there was opposition to
+an endorsement of the United States Federal replacement division.
+(Applause.) And so we determined that the language as adopted covered
+the cast. We proposed to create in this organization a reemployment
+bureau of our own, and the resolution as presented is all the support
+that bureau needs.
+
+"I move you, sir, that all the substitutes for the original resolution
+be laid on the table."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. BENNETT CLARK: "I simply want to call attention to the fact that
+under the rules of the House of Representatives that if you lay all
+amendments on the table it carries the entire proposition to the table
+and I don't believe this convention wants to do that."
+
+MR. KNOX: "I ask a ruling on that, Mr. Chairman. If we lay all these
+substitutes for this resolution on the table will that kill the
+resolution?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Unless you dispense with the rules."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move you, sir, the suspension of the rules
+to a sufficient extent so that we may table the substitutes which have
+been offered to the original resolution offered by the committee."
+
+Motion seconded by Mr. Bond of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The question now comes back to the original
+resolution."
+
+The question was called for and it was adopted.
+
+MR. ACKLEY: "Mr. Chairman, I have another amendment to offer."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It's too late. The secretary will read the next
+resolution."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+
+I feel almost as if the next matter under discussion should have not
+only a special chapter devoted to it but be printed in large type and
+in distinctive ink, for I do not believe that anything so thoroughly
+gave evidence of the utter disregard of self in the Legion as did the
+flat refusal of the delegates to tolerate what has been called in some
+quarters, the "Pay Grab."
+
+The minutes read:
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (Reading): "ADDITIONAL PAY FOR ENLISTED MEN."
+
+"WHEREAS, the financial sacrifice of the enlisted persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States in the world war was
+altogether in excess of that of any other class of our citizenship,
+and
+
+"WHEREAS, the great majority of these persons left lucrative
+employment upon joining the colors, and
+
+"WHEREAS, this direct financial sacrifice was made at a time when
+men, many of them aliens who thrived in safety at home, were enjoying
+the advantages of an exceptionally high war wage, and
+
+"WHEREAS, the service which involved this sacrifice was a Federal
+service in defense of our national honor and national security,
+therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the delegates to this caucus of those who served with
+the colors in the world war urge upon the members of the 66th Congress
+the justice and propriety of appropriating a sufficient sum from the
+National Treasury to pay every person who served in the enlisted
+personnel in the military or naval service for a period of at least
+six months between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, six months
+additional pay at the rate of $30.00 a month, and to those persons who
+served less than six months' in the military or naval service between
+April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, the sum of $15.00 per month for
+each month so served. This bonus to be in addition to any pay or bonus
+previously granted or authorized and to be paid upon and subject to
+the honorable discharge of any such person."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the resolution as
+read."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. MCGRATH (New Jersey): "I served in the navy, and I simply want to
+call attention to the fact that this resolution says that the money
+shall be paid upon the honorable discharge of the soldiers and
+sailors, but in the navy we are only released from active duty and I
+will not be discharged for three years, neither will any of the other
+three hundred thousand naval reserves. I therefore move that the
+resolution be amended to say that so far as the navy is concerned that
+the money shall be paid upon their release from active duty or their
+honorable discharge."
+
+The committee accepted the amendment.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Before I put this motion I want to make this suggestion
+to you, that this is a pretty serious matter that you are considering.
+It is for this caucus, of course, in its wisdom to determine that
+which it wants to do, but up to this time, it has assumed continuously
+a most splendidly high and patriotic and unselfish attitude toward
+this whole question. It has dealt immediately and fairly and
+positively with regard to employment problems, but I suggest to you
+that we ought to consider very carefully whether we want to go on
+record as a caucus, as provided in this resolution, and I would prefer
+not to put the question until you have considered it further."
+
+The action of the caucus was foreshadowed by the applause which it
+gave to Colonel Lindsley's caution. Fully a half dozen men jumped to
+their feet and waved their hands wildly demanding recognition.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt arose from his seat with the New York delegation,
+and Chairman Lindsley recognized him.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to draw your attention to one feature of this
+question," he said. The Colonel spoke very deliberately and very
+distinctly, reminding a great many of his auditors of his father
+because of the way he snapped his words out. "I heartily agree with
+what the chair has said so far. I want you to get this particular
+reaction on the matter and I want to relate to you a little incident
+that happened coming out on the train from New York. One of the
+delegates on the same train with me said that the conductor stopped
+and talked to him and among other things said, 'Young Teddy Roosevelt
+is up ahead. He's going out to St. Louis to try to get some of the
+soldiers together to sandbag something out of the Government!'
+_Sandbag something out of the Government!_" The young Colonel's frame
+shook with emotion as he repeated that sentence. "Do you men get the
+idea of what he thought we were trying to do? We want everything that
+is right for us to have, but we are not going to try to sandbag the
+Government _out_ of anything; primarily we are going to try to put
+something _into_ the Government. In thinking over this resolution
+think of that."
+
+[Illustration: Fred Humphrey of New Mexico
+  A Vice-Chairman.]
+
+[Illustration: Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+  Corps.
+  He is a Vice-Chairman.]
+
+The cheer which greeted this suggestion was so resounding and the
+opinion of the caucus so positive on this question that Mr. Gordon of
+Connecticut, a member of the committee that framed the resolution,
+moved that it should be laid on the table.
+
+The thunderous "Aye" which tabled this resolution might well be
+recorded in letters of gold.
+
+It showed the utter unselfishness of the American doughboy, gob, and
+leatherneck. He had followed Colonel Roosevelt's advice: he refused to
+sandbag the Government out of anything, and this action gives the best
+possible basis for the procedure to put something into the Government.
+
+In view of the action of certain newspapers, organizations, and
+individuals in advocating that six months' pay should be given to the
+returned service man, I wonder if there are not still a great many of
+them who are still puzzled over why the Legion refused to endorse this
+movement. There must be scores of them, dozens of them who were not
+present at the St. Louis Caucus, to catch its spirit and who have not
+carefully considered just what impression such a demand on the part of
+former soldiers, sailors, and marines would create on the rest of the
+country.
+
+Why shouldn't six months' pay be given to every man who did his bit in
+the war with Germany? In the first place, these men who have returned
+from the war have begotten for themselves the utmost respect and
+affection from those who could not go. The civilian forms the majority
+of our people. Because of the esteem before-mentioned, he is willing
+to grant almost anything _within reason_ to the service man who risked
+so much in defense of the country. It is to the interest of the
+service man to make the civilian population feel that he does not want
+to get something for nothing but that, rather, he would still prefer
+to give his best to the country in peaceful times in the same spirit
+that he manifested in war times--an utter disregard of self.
+
+Had the Legion endorsed this resolution, the general consensus would
+have been, "There are the soldiers getting together to make demands.
+Their organization is nothing more or less than an association formed
+to get something out of the Treasury." Therefore, when the service
+men, as a unit, came to demand something vitally necessary for the
+good of the country, it is possible that they might be answered: "We
+have paid you in money and have your receipt and that will be all for
+you."
+
+This Legion can, must, and will be an inspiration and a guiding spirit
+because it is composed of men who have been willing to sacrifice self
+for the good of the country. For that they have obtained the
+affection of their world and just so long as they are willing to
+continue to manifest that spirit will they retain that affection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+
+The next resolution to be passed was that concerning "Disability Pay."
+That resolution, as passed read.
+
+"WHEREAS, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious
+injustice is done to the civilian who entered the military service,
+and as an incident, too, that service is disabled, therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the war with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted personnel who served in
+the military and naval forces of the United States during said war,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army."
+
+Then followed the passage of the War Risk Insurance Resolution. This
+read:
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: 'To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States and those dependent
+upon them,' and,
+
+"WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the
+service, who had not had their rights, privileges, and benefits under
+the War Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men,
+therefore, are losing daily, such rights, privileges, and benefits,
+which may never again be restored, and,
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits, and privileges,
+therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus pledges its most energetic support
+to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to the end
+that the rights, privileges, and benefits under the War Risk Insurance
+Act be conserved and that the men discharged from the service be made
+to realize what are their rights under this act; and that the
+Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes herein
+expressed and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may select
+his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship."
+
+At the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was director of the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau in Washington. In speaking to the motion to pass
+the foregoing resolution, he said that more than a year ago he and
+other officers in France felt that if there were no other reasons for
+an organization such as the Legion, it would be more than worth while
+to create one even though its sole function was to let those who
+served in the war know their rights about government insurance and if
+it saw to it that the general scheme was perpetuated.
+
+"I am speaking particularly of the insurance phase of the situation,"
+he said in part. "The United States Government to-day is the greatest
+insurance institution on earth. Thirty-nine billions of dollars of
+applications have poured in from over four millions of men; an average
+of practically $9000 per man is held throughout the United States and
+abroad, and over 90% of these men are insured. That insurance is the
+best in the world, because the greatest and the best and the richest
+Government on earth says, 'I promise to pay.' It is the cheapest
+insurance in the world and always will be because the Government says,
+'As part of our contribution, we, the people of the United States, in
+this war, as a legitimate expense, will pay all cost of administering
+this Bureau.' So that the men who have this insurance now and those
+who have it hereafter will pay only the net cost. If there is any
+savings, they get it. So that for all time to come they have got the
+insurance cheaper than any other country except the United States can
+give them. I say that without any improper comparison with the
+splendid, properly organized institutions in the United States. It is
+simply this: That the people of the United States pay this cost of
+administration. By June 1st the policies of conversion will be ready
+to be delivered to those who want them. You will be able to cease term
+insurance, if you wish, and have ordinary life, limited payment life,
+or endowment insurance. You can have any kind you please, but the big
+thing, my comrades, is this: To retain every single dollar of this
+insurance that you can afford to carry. Don't be in any particular
+hurry about conversion. If your income isn't good--carry this message
+back to the boys throughout the United States--if their income at this
+time doesn't justify carrying higher priced insurance, retain that
+which they have got and throughout this country tell the men that
+those who have lapsed their insurance because they didn't understand
+its value, because it wasn't properly presented to them at the period
+of demobilization by the Government, for it was not, tell them they
+are going to have every right of reinstatement without physical
+examination.
+
+"There is going to be no snap judgment on any man who served in this
+war who, because he was not able when he went out or didn't have the
+information or because he was careless or for any other reason didn't
+carry on his insurance. I ask you, my friends, and I think it is one
+of the important functions of this great American Legion that is born
+here in St. Louis at this time, to see that the fullest possible
+amount of this government insurance is maintained. Every man that
+holds a government policy is a part of the Government more than ever
+before. I ask you to bear this in mind and it is going to be within
+your power to say yes and no to many of the great problems of the
+United States.
+
+"I ask you to see that this great bureau is kept out of politics and
+that it is administered, in the years to come in the interests of
+those for whom this law was enacted, those who served as soldiers,
+sailors, and marines in this war and their dependents. I thank you for
+this opportunity of presenting this matter to you."
+
+
+"... It is going to be within your power to say yes or no to many of
+the great problems of the United States."
+
+The service men know this but coming from a man like Colonel Lindsley
+it is especially important. How are they going to use this power? What
+sort of a legislative program will the Legion have? The answer isn't
+hard to find by a perusal of the resolutions which were passed and by
+remembering that most important one which did not pass, viz.: the pay
+grab.
+
+The next resolution occupying the attention of the caucus was that one
+relating to disability of soldiers, sailors, and marines. It reads:
+
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several States shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor, and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors, and marines to take advantage of governmental
+assistance, and that every effort be made by the American Legion in
+the several States to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men."
+
+
+The whole work of the Legion as outlined at the caucus is constructive
+and therefore inspiring. The reader will note from the last
+resolution that members of the Legion are to be instructed to
+distribute the literature of the Rehabilitation Department among
+wounded soldiers, sailors, and marines and to show them how to take
+advantage of governmental assistance; and also that every effort will
+be made by the American Legion to stop any attempt to pauperize
+disabled men.
+
+A higher-minded, more gentle resolve than that, can hardly be
+imagined. All of us remember the host of begging cripples who were
+going the rounds of the country even so long as thirty-five or forty
+years after the Civil War. This last resolution means that such will
+not be the case after this war. I think that it would be safe to say
+that in nine cases out of ten, after the Legion gets thoroughly
+started, crippled beggars who pretend to have been wounded in the
+service of their country will be fakers. Mr. Mott of Illinois, in the
+discussion on this question, brought out the fact that there were
+approximately sixty thousand soldiers, sailors, and marines
+permanently disabled as a result of wounds, accidents, and disease
+incurred in the war, while approximately one hundred and forty
+thousand discharged men were only more or less disabled.
+
+The final resolution was that copies of all resolutions passed by the
+caucus were to be forwarded to every member of the United States
+Senate and each representative in Congress.
+
+Louis A. Frothingham, chairman of the Resolutions Committee, made an
+address in which he thanked the people of St. Louis for their
+hospitality and the War Camp Community Service for its aid. The War
+Camp Community Service sent special men to St. Louis under the
+direction of Mr. Frank L. Jones to cooperate with its St. Louis
+leaders in helping to make the delegates comfortable. Arrangements
+were made whereby delegates of small means could get lodging for
+twenty-five cents a night and meals at the same price.
+
+Mr. Foss of Ohio introduced the following resolution of thanks which
+was passed standing:
+
+
+"RESOLVED: That a standing vote of thanks be tendered to the War Camp
+Community Service for its active hospitality to the delegates to this
+St. Louis Caucus of the American Legion, which is in keeping with its
+splendid work through the war in extending community service to our
+American soldiers, sailors, and marines, and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That an engrossed copy of this resolution be
+forwarded to the national secretary of the War Camp Community
+Service."
+
+
+In this connection it might be well to digress a bit and to say that
+War Camp Community Service functioned splendidly for the young men of
+our Army, Navy, and Marine Corps during the war, and as "Community
+Service, Inc." intends to continue caring for not only the doughboys
+and gobs it served so well but for an enlarged patronage. During the
+conflict, War Camp Community Service organized the social and
+recreational resources of six hundred communities which were adjacent
+to training camps, army bases, and naval stations, and also developed
+the same resources in thirty large communities dominated by great war
+industries, of which the industrial centers at Bethlehem, Chester, and
+Erie, Pennsylvania, are types.
+
+I believe it is well worth while for every member of the American
+Legion to know something about War Camp accomplishment, and Community
+Service possibilities for each has a similar aim and goal which may be
+realized by harmonious effort on the part of community service
+branches and legion posts throughout the entire country.
+
+The idea of War Camp Community Service, like all successful
+experiments, was based on sound truth and simple theory and proved to
+be far reaching in results. Communities were not told what to do;
+there was no cut and dried program, but rather each community received
+special treatment suited to its particular needs, temperament, and
+physical characteristics. The basic idea underlying this activity is
+to allow each one to express himself. No person or community has the
+same thoughts, manner of living or thinking, and entire communities,
+like individuals, are affected by their environment and the life which
+circumstances compel them to lead. An iron monger's stalwart frame may
+conceal a poetic-soul, while the frail body of an obscure clerk may
+enclose the spirit of a Cromwell. War Camp has helped a great many
+such men to find themselves. Community Service promises to do the same
+thing, for the war has given ample proof of the need of just this kind
+of service.
+
+With the war gone, with thousands of young men thrown upon their own
+initiative and resources for both work and play, there is going to be
+a great need of proper guidance, companionship, and comradeship,
+unless a great many are to be overtaken by some madness like
+Bolshevism or in a lesser degree--constant and brooding
+dissatisfaction. The American Legion post, with its leaders, is going
+to fill a great need here. It will be some place to go where a man can
+meet his fellows of the better type, and, not only indulge in the
+pleasure of discussing former days but, better still, take an interest
+in present-day movements affecting his country.
+
+Also, I feel that Community Service will have a great place in this
+same scheme: that it can take the former service man, lonely and
+seeking expression, just where the Legion leaves off and, with Legion
+ideals on Americanism and the duties of citizenship as a basis, can
+round him off in the softer, more intimate molds of life, so that
+between the two he may not be only an honor to his country, but to his
+family and to his God as well. Therefore, I believe Community Service
+will fall heir to the goodwill created by War Camp throughout the
+nation, that it will retain the best of the latter's tenets and will
+take its place as one of the great powers for good in the community
+life of this country.
+
+At the final session, Major Caspar G. Bacon was elected treasurer of
+the Legion to serve until November 11th. Delegations appointed State
+chairmen and secretaries to carry on the work of further organization
+for the November convention.
+
+During luncheon time of the last day there had been some fear
+expressed among certain of the delegates that the loyal foreign-born
+element in the United States might not thoroughly understand the Alien
+Slackers Resolution. In order to make that perfectly clear Chaplain
+Inzer, during the last hours of the caucus, called for a cheer for
+every foreign-born citizen who gave loyal service to the United
+States. A rousing one was given.
+
+Then came the unanimous report of the Committee on Constitution and
+By-Laws and declaration of principles. It was passed upon, section by
+section. You will find it printed elsewhere in this volume, and you
+must read it if you would get a true view of the principles underlying
+the Legion. It is as plain as a lesson in a school reader. Any comment
+on it from me would be editorial tautology, so I don't want to say
+anything more than that its framing was one of the cleverest and most
+comprehensive bits of work done since the very beginning of the
+Legion.
+
+On the question of eligibility of Americans who had served in other
+armies, Mr. Palmen of California, announced as a bit of information
+that an Act approved by Congress on October 15, 1918, provided that
+such men must repatriate themselves. "We must go before a judge
+qualified to give citizenship back, taking with us our honorable
+discharge and credentials to show that we were American citizens at
+the time we enlisted," Mr. Palmen declared. Mr. Palmen was with the
+Canadian Army for three and a half years. "This question has been
+debated and the public at large is much confused about it," he
+continued. "I am told all that I must do is to go before a judge and
+that I will immediately be made a citizen again with all the rights
+and privileges which that implies."
+
+There was no "hero stuff" at all at this caucus, no names of heroes,
+as such, were mentioned. The name of the President of the United
+States was not called nor any member of his Cabinet nor was any
+reference made to them either direct or indirect. This was done to
+avoid the appearance of politics. General Pershing's name was
+mentioned once and that was during the discussion of the sixth section
+of the constitution which provides that "no Post may be named for any
+living person."
+
+Major Leonard of the District of Columbia delegation obtained the
+floor and said that his delegation was in an embarrassing position
+because they had already organized a post and named it "Pershing Post
+No. 1." Major Wickersham of New York, stated that a number of posts
+were already in the process of organization in his State and that the
+names of living men had been adopted by them.
+
+After all why not call these posts after living men?
+
+Delegate Harder, of Oklahoma, offered the answer:
+
+"With all due respect to the gentlemen who have already named their
+posts they are subjected, as are we to the action of this caucus," he
+said. "We know positively that in due course of time those names will
+be used, at least to a certain extent, politically. Let us find some
+other way to honor these men and make it impossible for the people of
+this country to get the idea that this is a political organization."
+
+There you have it, the real reason. Delegate Harder was only one of
+the hundreds who not only wanted to keep the Legion out of politics
+now but for all time to come.
+
+Mr. McGrath of New Jersey also took an amusing fling at article six.
+As originally drawn it stipulated that the local unit should be termed
+a billet. "I object to the word billet," he said. "It has too many
+unpleasant associations as those men who slept in them in France will
+testify. A billet meant some place where you lay down and slept as
+long as certain little animals would let you, and the American Legion
+isn't going to do that."
+
+Just about this time the afternoon was drawing to a close. Everybody
+realized that a monumental task had been performed. Sleepless nights
+and nerve-wracking days had been endured. Many pocketbooks were
+running low. Everybody felt it was time to go home.
+
+General Hoffman of Oklahoma obtained recognition from the chair as
+some of the delegates already were rising to leave the theater. "I
+move, Mr. Chairman," shouted the General, "that we extend a vote of
+thanks to Colonel Roosevelt and Colonel Clark and other gentlemen who
+have been associated with them and to the chairman of this association
+and his able assistants who have brought this convention to such a
+happy and successful close."
+
+At the mention of Colonel Roosevelt's name departing delegates tarried
+and when Mr. Weinman of Louisiana moved adjournment, the house stood
+and with one accord began to cry, "We want Teddy," "We want Teddy."
+
+Colonel Roosevelt walked to the center of the stage and raised both
+hands seeking silence.
+
+"I want to say just one thing," he said. "I have never been so much
+impressed in my life as I have been by the actions of this caucus,
+actions of the various committees and in the way this caucus thought
+for itself and acted for itself. For instance it would receive
+resolutions from the Resolutions Committee, would think them over,
+would re-decide on them and would re-decide them right. I want to say
+in closing that the only thing I regret is that my father could not
+have been alive at this moment to see the actions of this body of
+Americans."
+
+Mr. Healey of the New York delegation obtained the attention of the
+chair. "I make a motion," stated Mr. Healey, "that before this great
+caucus adjourns we should remain standing in one minute's silence as a
+tribute to the greatest statesman that this nation has ever
+produced--THEODORE ROOSEVELT."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+
+As I glance back over these pages I am impressed with the fact that
+only the preface of "The Story of the American Legion" has been
+written here. When the reaches of the years shall gather to themselves
+the last of the men of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United
+States during its war against Germany that story may then be
+faithfully told. So the truth of the matter now is that history is in
+the writing so far as the American Legion in its relation to the
+United States of America is concerned. That statement isn't in reality
+as platitudinous as it seems at first thought.
+
+We have arrived at world importance in history. We have come to that
+as the result of our part in the world war. Our isolation is over. We
+are the cynosure of all eyes. Uncle Sam is the dominant world figure;
+his hands control the reins that are driving the world. He has the
+enemies which all the successful have. There are those who had, and
+haven't, and there are those who never had, and want; all desiring,
+all envying the power of the United States of America. This great
+power and position was gained primarily by one motive--unselfishness.
+Just so long as it is our dominant trait will we retain what we have
+gained. Just so long as we remain true to our innate principles, to
+the tenets of our constitution, will we retain world importance and
+world influence.
+
+There is a wolf at the gates of civilized Europe. If he gets inside
+nothing can stop him from ravishing us. This war has bound us so
+closely to Europe that we are, in a sense, one and the same. He who
+strikes our brother strikes us, even though he be so far away that the
+distance is measured by an ocean. We must get over the idea that
+distance makes a difference. The Atlantic ocean has just been crossed
+in sixteen hours. Remember, thought travels even faster.
+
+The wolf that I mentioned is a Mad Thought. He is Bolshevism. He has
+the madness because of hunger, a hunger not only of body but of mind;
+the century-long hunger of the Russian peoples for Freedom. Russia has
+run in a circle. From the autocracy of the classes it has arrived at
+the autocracy of the masses.
+
+Then, too, all our European brothers are war worn; tired, tired nearly
+to death with struggle and sacrifice, and this is not a frame of mind
+calculated to help reseat reason in the world.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+One of our great bankers recently returned from an intimate study of
+affairs abroad. His name is Frank A. Vanderlip. In an address before
+the Economic Club in New York City he said that Europe is paralyzed
+and that our task is to save.
+
+I give the introduction to his address as it appeared in the New York
+_Times_:
+
+"Frank A. Vanderlip, who spoke last night at the Hotel Astor, at a
+dinner of the Economic Club, which was held for the purpose of hearing
+his story of conditions in Europe, whence he has recently returned,
+said that England was on the verge of a revolution, which was narrowly
+averted in February, when he was there, and the conditions on the
+Continent of Europe are appalling beyond anything dreamed of in this
+country.
+
+"He said that the food conditions in Europe would be worse instead of
+better for a year ahead, because of the dislocation of labor and the
+destruction of farm animals, and that the industrial and economic
+outlook, generally, points to a period after the war, which will
+equal, if not exceed the war period in suffering and misery.
+
+"He said that Italy was afraid to disband her army, because she could
+not employ the men and was afraid of idleness. He said that the
+differential, which had kept England preëminent in international
+trade, was the underpayment of labor, and that this differential was
+now being wiped out, forcing England to face tremendously serious
+problems for the future. He quoted a British minister as saying that
+means would have to be found to send six or seven millions of
+Englishmen out of the British Isles and closer to the sources of food
+production, if continental conditions continued long as at present.
+
+"He said that the best printing presses in the world to-day, except
+those in Washington, were at Petrograd, and that they were turning out
+masses of counterfeited pounds, francs, marks, lira, and pesetas, so
+skillfully made that detection was almost impossible. He said that
+these counterfeits were being spent largely by Germans to foment
+Bolshevist propaganda.
+
+"Spain would, he said, be the most promising country in Europe except
+for the labor situation there, which had brought it to the verge of
+Bolshevism. He said that the most perfect laboratory of Bolshevism in
+Europe outside of Russia was in Barcelona, Spain, which he said was
+ruled absolutely by a mysterious secret council, which had censored
+and fined the newspapers until they quit publication and had enforced
+its will in all matters by assassinations, which no one dared to
+punish.
+
+"He said that America alone could save Europe and that its aid must be
+extended to all countries equally. He said that this was necessary,
+not only to save Europe, but to prevent an invasion of America by the
+forces threatening the social overthrow of Europe."
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+There, at least, is one great reason.
+
+Our men of the army, navy, and marine corps got a schooling in the
+practical Americanism which our military establishment naturally
+teaches. Those who were aliens by birth and those native sons with
+inadequate educational advantages learned a great deal by association
+with men of better types and by travel. These men can and will stem
+the insidious guile of the wolf, and, to aid them in so doing, the
+Legion has an active speakers' bureau under Captain Osborn teaching
+Americanism in every section of the country. These speakers, in
+helping to organize the Legion along the right lines, teach the
+Constitution of the United States and preach that remedial changes in
+this government can be brought about in only one way, and that is,
+constitutionally.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+America is safe from any real danger if she can keep everybody busy.
+Less than two weeks after the caucus, the national executive committee
+had in process of formation a practicable scheme to aid in solving the
+reëmployment problem. As time goes on this department of Legion
+activity will become more and more efficient.
+
+Here is another answer to the question.
+
+All through these pages the reader has found references to this
+question of reëmployment; to anti-Bolshevism; the protection of the
+uniform; the non-partisan and non-political nature of the Legion;
+unselfishness; disability pay for the reserve forces; war risk
+insurance; allotments and back pay; the care of disabled service men;
+one hundred per cent. Americanism, and the deportation of those aliens
+who "bit the hand that fed them." The story has dealt almost entirely
+with these questions because primarily and fundamentally they are The
+American Legion. This program is the most important in the United
+States to-day. It means the betterment of the most stable forces in
+our community life, not only of to-day but for the next forty or fifty
+years. It means the proper extension of the influence of the most
+powerful factor for patriotism in our country--the onetime service
+man. It does not mean patriotism bounded on one side by a brass band
+and on the other by a dressy uniform and a reunion banner. It means
+real patriotism in its broadest sense--a clean body politic; a clean
+national soul and a clean international conscience.
+
+This is the final answer to the question which serves as the title for
+this concluding chapter.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+LIST OF STATE OFFICERS
+
+
+ALABAMA:
+  Chairman: Bibb Graves, Montgomery.
+  Secretary: Leroy Jacobs, Care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+
+ARIZONA:
+  Chairman: E. Power Conway, Noll Bldg., Phoenix.
+  Secretary: Fred B. Townsend, Natl. Bk., Arizona Bldg., Phoenix.
+
+
+ARKANSAS:
+  Chairman: J.J. Harrison, Little Rock.
+  Secretary: Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA:
+  Chairman: Henry G. Mathewson, Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+  Secretary: E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+
+COLORADO:
+  Chairman: H.A. Saidy, Colorado Springs.
+  Secretary: Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT:
+  Chairman: Jas. B. Moody, Jr., 202 Phoenix Bk. Bldg., Hartford.
+  Secretary: Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd., Stamford.
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
+  Chairman: E. Lester Jones, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+  Secretary: Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+
+
+DELAWARE:
+  Chairman: Geo. N. Davis, 909 Market St., Wilmington.
+  Secretary: L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+
+FLORIDA:
+  Chairman: S.L. Lowry, Jr., Citizens Bk. Bldg., Tampa.
+  Secretary: J.T. Wiggington, 818--15th St., Miami.
+
+
+GEORGIA:
+  Chairman: Trammell Scott, 97 E. Merrits Ave., Atlanta.
+  Secretary: Louis H. Bell, c/o Service Record, 208 Flatiron Bldg.,
+               Atlanta.
+
+
+HAWAII:
+  Chairman: Lawrence Judd, c/o T.H. Davies & Co., Ltd., Honolulu.
+  Secretary: J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+
+IDAHO:
+  Chairman: C.M. Booth, Pocatello.
+  Secretary: Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+
+ILLINOIS:
+  Chairman: George G. Seaman, Taylorville.
+  Secretary: Myron E. Adams, 205 Marquette Bldg., 140 S. Dearborn St.,
+               Chicago.
+
+
+INDIANA:
+  Chairman: Raymond S. Springer, Connersville.
+  Secretary: L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg., Indianapolis.
+
+
+IOWA:
+  Chairman: Matthew A. Tinley, Council Bluffs.
+  Secretary: John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+
+KANSAS:
+  Chairman: A. Phares, 519 Sweiter Bldg., Wichita.
+  Secretary: Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+
+KENTUCKY:
+  Chairman: Henry DeHaven Moorman, Hardinsburgh.
+  Secretary: D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+
+LOUISIANA:
+  Chairman: Allison Owen, 1237 State St., New Orleans.
+  Secretary: T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+
+MAINE:
+  Chairman: A.L. Robinson, 85 Exchange St., Portland.
+  Secretary: James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+
+MARYLAND:
+  Chairman: Jas. A. Gary, Jr., Equitable Bldg., Baltimore.
+  Secretary: Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS:
+  Chairman: John F.J. Herbert, 749 Pleasant St., Worcester.
+  Secretary: George P. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+
+MICHIGAN:
+  Chairman: Geo. C. Waldo, Detroit.
+  Secretary: Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+
+MINNESOTA:
+  Chairman: Harrison Fuller, c/o St. Paul Dispatch, St. Paul.
+  Secretary: George G. Chapin, 603 Guardian Life Bldg., St. Paul.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+  Chairman: Alex Fitzhugh, Vicksburgh.
+  Secretary: John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+
+MISSOURI:
+  Chairman:
+  Secretary:
+
+
+MONTANA:
+  Chairman: Chas. L. Sheridan, Bozeman.
+  Secretary: Ben. W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+
+NEBRASKA:
+  Chairman: John G. Maher, Lincoln.
+  Secretary: Allan A. Tukey, 1st Natl. Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+
+NEVADA:
+  Chairman: E.L. Malsbary, Reno.
+  Secretary: J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE:
+  Chairman: Frank Knox, Manchester.
+  Secretary: Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY:
+  Chairman: Hobart Brown, c/o Fireman's Insurance Co., Broad
+              and Market Sts., Newark.
+  Secretary: George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO:
+  Chairman: Charles M. DeBremon, Roswell.
+  Secretary: Harry Howard Dorman, Santa Fé.
+
+
+NEW YORK:
+  Chairman: C.W. Wickersham, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+  Secretary: Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: C.K. Burgess, 107 Commercial Bank Bldg., Raleigh.
+  Secretary: Charles N. Hulvey, A.&E. College, Raleigh.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: R.H. Treacy, Bismarck.
+  Secretary: Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+
+OHIO:
+  Chairman: P.C. Galbraith, Cincinnati.
+  Secretary: Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+               Columbus.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA:
+  Chairman: Ross N. Lillard, Oklahoma City.
+  Secretary: F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+
+OREGON:
+  Chairman: E.J. Eivers, 444-1/2 Larrabee St., Portland.
+  Secretary: Dow V. Walker, Care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA:
+  Chairman and Secretary: George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St.,
+                            Philadelphia.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND:
+  Chairman: Alexander H. Johnson, City Hall, Providence.
+  Secretary: James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: John D. Smyser, M.D., 423 South Gargan St., Florence.
+  Secretary: Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: T.R. Johnson, Sioux Falls.
+  Secretary: J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+
+TENNESSEE:
+  Chairman: Roan Waring, Bank of Commerce and Trust Co. Bldg., Memphis.
+  Secretary: W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville, Tenn.
+
+
+TEXAS:
+  Chairman: Claude B. Birkhead, San Antonio.
+  Secretary: J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+
+UTAH:
+  Chairman: Harold R. Smoot, Salt Lake City.
+  Secretary: Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+
+VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Andrew D. Christian, c/o Ruy & Power Bldg., Richmond.
+  Secretary: R.G.M. Ross, 508 1st Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Newport News.
+
+
+VERMONT:
+  Chairman: H. Nelson Jackson, Burlington.
+  Secretary: Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+
+WASHINGTON.
+  Chairman: Harvey A. Moss, Seattle.
+  Secretary: George R. Drever, c/o Adj. Gen. Office, Armory, Seattle.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Jackson Arnold, 111 Court Ave., Weston.
+  Secretary: Chas. McCamic, 904 Nat'l. Bank of West Virginia Bldg.,
+               Wheeling.
+
+
+WISCONSIN:
+  Chairman: E.F. Ackley, 226 First Nat'l. Bk. Bldg., Milwaukee.
+  Secretary: R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+
+WYOMING:
+  Chairman: A.H. Beach, Lusk.
+  Secretary: R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+AS ADOPTED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+May 10, 1919
+
+
+PREAMBLE
+
+
+For God and Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+purposes:
+
+To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America;
+to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per
+cent. Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our
+association in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of individual
+obligation to the community, state, and nation; to combat the
+autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master
+of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and
+transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and
+democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion
+to mutual helpfulness.
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name_
+
+The name of this organization shall be THE AMERICAN LEGION.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Membership_
+
+All persons shall be eligible to membership in this organization who
+were in the military or naval service of the United States during the
+period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates
+inclusive, and all persons who served in the military or naval
+services of any of the governments associated with the United States
+during the World War, provided that they were citizens of the United
+States at the time of their enlistment, and are again citizens at the
+time of application, except those persons who separated from the
+service under terms amounting to dishonorable discharge and except
+also those persons who refused to perform their military duties on the
+ground of conscientious or political obligation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Nature_
+
+While requiring that every member of the organization perform his full
+duty as a citizen according to his own conscience and understanding,
+the organization shall be absolutely non-partisan, and shall not be
+used for the dissemination of partisan principles, or for the
+promotion of the candidacy of any person seeking public office or
+preferment.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Administration_
+
+I. The Legislative Body of the organization shall be a national
+convention, to be held annually at a place and time to be fixed by
+vote of the preceding convention, or in the event that the preceding
+convention does not fix a time and place, then such time and place
+shall be fixed by the Executive Committee, hereinafter provided for.
+
+2. The annual convention shall be composed of delegates and alternates
+from each state, the District of Columbia, and each territory and
+territorial possession of the United States, each of which shall be
+entitled to four delegates and four alternates, and to one additional
+delegate and alternate for each one thousand memberships paid up
+thirty days prior to the date of the national convention. The vote of
+each state, of the District of Columbia, and of each territory or
+territorial possession of the United States shall be equal to the
+total number of delegates to which that state, district, territory, or
+territorial possession is entitled.
+
+3. The delegates to the national convention shall be chosen by each
+state in the manner hereinafter prescribed.
+
+4. The executive power shall be vested in a National Executive
+Committee to be composed of two representatives from each state, the
+District of Columbia, territory and territorial possessions of the
+United States and such other ex-officio members as may be elected by
+the Caucus. The National Executive Committee shall have authority to
+fill any vacancies in its membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_State Organization_
+
+The state organization shall consist of that organization in each
+state, territory, or the District of Columbia whose delegates have
+been seated in the St. Louis Caucus. In those states which are at
+present unorganized the state organization shall consist of an
+Executive Committee to be chosen by a state convention and such other
+officers and committees as said convention may prescribe. The state
+convention in the latter case shall be called by the two members of
+the National Executive Committee in that state, territory, and the
+District of Columbia, and shall choose the delegates to the national
+convention, providing a fair representation for all sections of the
+state or territory. Each state organization shall receive a charter
+from the National Executive Committee.
+
+The officers of the state organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One State Commander.
+  One State Vice Commander.
+  One State Adjutant.
+  One State Finance Officer.
+  One State Historian.
+  One State Master-at-Arms.
+  One State Chaplain.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_The Local Unit_
+
+The local unit shall be termed the Post, which shall have a minimum
+membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into this
+organization until it shall have received a charter. A Post desiring a
+charter shall apply to the State Organization and the charter shall be
+issued by the National Executive Committee whenever recommended by the
+State Organization. The National Executive Committee shall not issue a
+charter in the name of any living person.
+
+The officers of the local organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One Post Commander.
+  One Post Vice Commander.
+  One Post Adjutant.
+  One Post Finance Officer.
+  One Post Historian.
+  One Post Chaplain.
+
+and such appointive officers as may be provided by the State
+Organization.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Dues_
+
+Each state organization shall pay to the National Executive Committee
+or such officer as said committee may designate therefor, the sum of
+twenty-five cents annually, for each individual member in that
+particular state, District of Columbia, territory, or territorial
+possession.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Quorum_
+
+A quorum shall exist at a national convention when there are present
+twenty-five or more states and territories partially or wholly
+represented as herein-before provided.
+
+
+ARTICLE IX
+
+_Rules_
+
+The rules of procedure at the national convention shall be those set
+forth in Roberts' Rules of Order.
+
+
+ARTICLE X
+
+_Amendment_
+
+This Constitution is to be in force until the November Convention,
+when it will be ratified or amended by that Convention.
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS
+PASSED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, AMERICAN LEGION
+
+May 10, 1919.
+
+_1. Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan._
+
+WHEREAS, the Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war and to
+reestablish the country upon a Peace basis; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus emphatically endorses the Victory Liberty
+Loan and urges all Americans to promote the success of the Loan in
+every manner possible.
+
+_2. Conscientious Objectors._
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States, in accordance with the Act of Congress
+of May 18, 1917, and who were tried by General Court Martial,
+sentenced to prison, and later fully pardoned, restored to duty, and
+honorably discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them;
+and as condemning further the I.W.W.'s, International Socialists, and
+Anarchists in their efforts to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That this caucus demand full and complete
+investigation by Congress, of the trial and conviction of these
+parties, and their subsequent pardon.
+
+_3. Protection of the Uniform._
+
+WHEREAS, it is recognized that the uniform of the United States is as
+much a symbol as the flag itself, and thereby entitled to fitting
+respect, and, Whereas, certain unscrupulous firms and individuals have
+taken nefarious advantage of popular sentiment by utilizing men in
+uniforms as peddlers and sales-agents, and,
+
+WHEREAS, certain discharged men have so far forgotten the respect due
+the uniform they wear, as to use it as an aid in peddling goods;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this national caucus go on record as being
+unalterably opposed to such practices, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That each state and local organization here
+represented be urged to do all in its power to put an end to this
+misuse of the uniform, which has always been worn with honor and for
+noble purposes.
+
+_4. Reclamation of Arid, Swamp, and Cut-Over Timber Lands._
+
+WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the Army and Navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and,
+
+WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp and cut-over
+timber lands;
+
+Now, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in Convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.
+
+_5. Reëmployment of Ex-Service Men._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction, is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers and sailors, and,
+
+WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment, or a better job;
+
+BE IT RESOLVED, That the American Legion in national caucus assembled,
+declares to the people of the United States that no act can be more
+unpatriotic in these most serious days of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction than the violation of the principle announced, which
+pledges immediate reëmployment to the returned soldier; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its National
+Caucus assembled does hereby declare itself as supporting in every
+proper way, the efforts of the ex-service men to secure reëmployment,
+and recommends that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers,
+sailors, or marines be given preference whenever additional men are to
+be employed in any private or public enterprise; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to
+Congress the prompt enactment of a program for internal improvement,
+having in view the necessity therefor, and as an incident the
+absorption of the surplus labor of the country, giving preference to
+discharged ex-service men.
+
+_6. Disability Pay._
+
+Whereas, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious injustice
+is done to the civilian who entered the military service, and as an
+incident to that service is disabled; therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this Caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the War with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted men who served in the
+Military and Naval forces of the United States during the War,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.
+
+_7. War Risk Insurance._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: "To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the Military
+and Naval service of the United States, and those dependent upon
+them," and,
+
+WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the service,
+who have not had their rights, privileges and benefits under the War
+Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men, therefore,
+are losing daily, such rights, privileges and benefits, which may
+never again be restored; and,
+
+WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said Act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits and privileges;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the American Legion pledges its most energetic
+support to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to
+the end that the rights, privileges and benefits under the War Risk
+Insurance Act be conserved, and that the men discharged from the
+service, be made to realize what are their rights under this act; and
+that the Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with
+the War Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes
+herein expressed; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this Caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the Act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may
+select his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.
+
+_8. Alien Slackers._
+
+WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United States
+in July, 1918, known as an Amendment to Selective Service Act, giving
+persons within the draft age, who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship, the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby become exempt from service,
+and,
+
+WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards
+and factories; and,
+
+WHEREAS, in the great world war for democracy the rank and file of the
+best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed itself in
+order to uphold the principles upon which this country was founded,
+and for which they were willing to give up their life's blood; and,
+
+WHEREAS, these counterfeit Americans who revoked their citizenship in
+our opinion would contaminate the 100 per cent. true American soldier,
+sailor, or marine who will shortly return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion, do demand the Congress of
+these United States to immediately enact a law to send these aliens,
+who withdrew their first papers, back to the country from which they
+came. The country in which we live, and for which we are willing to
+fight is good enough for us; but this country in which they have lived
+and prospered, yet for which they were unwilling to fight, is too
+good for them, and
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That we demand the immediate deportation of
+every alien enemy who was interned during the war, whether the said
+alien enemy be now interned or has been paroled.
+
+_9. Disabled Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several states shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors and marines, to take advantage of governmental
+assistance and that every effort be made by the American Legion in the
+several states to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.
+
+_10. Espionage Act._
+
+RESOLVED: That every naturalized citizen convicted under the Espionage
+Act shall have his citizenship papers vacated, and when they shall
+have served their sentence they shall be deported to the country from
+which they came.
+
+_11. Resolutions._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to every
+member of the United States Senate and to each Representative in
+Congress.
+
+
+
+LEGION FACTS
+
+
+What has gone before is the story of the American Legion in the
+making. Now it is a going, growing institution.
+
+Because it will be of vital interest and importance to every one of
+the four million Americans who wore the uniform, the following
+information concerning the American Legion, in the form of questions
+and answers, is here given, as follows:
+
+    (1) _What is the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) It is the organization of American veterans of the World
+    War.
+
+
+    (2) _Who is eligible_?
+
+    (a) Any soldier, sailor or marine who served honorably between
+    April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.
+
+
+    (3) _Are women eligible_?
+
+    (a) Yes, those who were regularly enlisted or commissioned in
+    the army, navy or marine corps.
+
+
+    (4) _When was the Legion started_?
+
+    (a) It was first organized in Paris, March 15 to 17, 1919, by a
+    thousand officers and men, delegates from all the units of the
+    American Expeditionary Force to an organization caucus meeting,
+    which adopted a tentative constitution and selected the name
+    "American Legion."
+
+
+    (5) _What has been done in America regarding it_?
+
+    (a) The action of the Paris meeting was confirmed and endorsed
+    by a similar meeting held in St. Louis, May 8 to 10, 1919, when
+    the Legion was formally recognized by the troops who served in
+    the United States.
+
+    (6) _Are the organizations in France and America separate_?
+
+    (a) No. The Paris caucus appointed an Executive Committee of
+    seventeen officers and men to represent the troops in France in
+    the conduct of the Legion. The St. Louis caucus appointed a
+    similar Committee of Seventeen. These two Executive Committees
+    have amalgamated and are now the governing body of the Legion.
+
+    (7) _Who are the officers of this national governing body_?
+
+    (a) Henry D. Lindsley, Texas, Chairman; Bennett C. Clark,
+    Missouri, Vice-Chairman; Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania,
+    Secretary; Gaspar G. Bacon, Massachusetts, Treasurer.
+
+    (8) _Where are the temporary National Headquarters of the
+    Legion_?
+
+    (a) At 19 West 44th Street, New York City.
+
+    (9) _When will the final step in the organization of the Legion
+    take place_?
+
+    (a) November 10, 11 and 12, at Minneapolis, Minn., when a great
+    National Convention will be held.
+
+    (10) _Why were those dates selected_?
+
+    (a) Because by that time practically all of the men of the
+    A.E.F. will be at home and will have been able to participate in
+    the election of their delegates to the Convention.
+
+    (11) _Who were some of the men who initiated the formation of
+    the Legion_?
+
+    (a) Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, of the First Division; Col.
+    Henry D. Lindsley, formerly Mayor of Dallas, Texas; Sgt. "Jack"
+    Sullivan, of Seattle; Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier, of
+    Philadelphia; Ex-Senator Luke Lea, of Tennessee; Lt. Col.
+    Frederick Huedekoper, of Washington, D.C.; Major Redmond C.
+    Stewart, of Baltimore; Wagoner Dale Shaw, of Iowa; Lt. Col.
+    George A. White, of Oregon; "Bill" Donovan, of the "Fighting
+    69th"; Major Thomas R. Gowenlock, of Illinois; Sgt. Alvin C.
+    York, of Tennessee; Colonel John Price Jackson, of the S.O.S.;
+    Lt. Col. "Jack" Greenway, of Arizona; Sgt. Roy C. Haines, of
+    Maine; George Edward Buxton, of Rhode Island; Eric Fisher Wood,
+    of Pennsylvania; Chaplain John W. Inzer, of Alabama; Lt. Col.
+    David M. Goodrich, of Akron; Chief Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,
+    of Chicago; "Tom" Miller, of Delaware; Major Alex. Laughlin,
+    Jr., of Pittsburgh; Major Henry Leonard, of the Marine Corps;
+    Dwight J. Davis, of the 35th Division; Corporal Charles S. Pew,
+    of Montana; General William G. Price, of the 28th Division;
+    Bishop Charles S. Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F.; General
+    O'Ryan, of the 27th Division; Stewart Edward White, of
+    California; Private Jesus M. Baca, of New Mexico; General
+    Charles H. Cole, of the 26th Division; Sgt. E.L. Malsbary, of
+    Nevada; Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr., of New York; Col. Henry L.
+    Stimpson, Ex-Secretary of War; Lt. Col. Charles W. Whittlesey,
+    Commander of the "Lost Battalion"; Leroy Hoffman, of Oklahoma;
+    Lt. Col. A. Piatt Andrew, of the American Ambulance in France;
+    General Harvey J. Moss, of the State of Washington; John
+    MacVicar, Mayor of Des Moines before the War; Sgt. George H.H.
+    Pratt, of New Orleans; Col. F.C. Galbraith, of Cincinnati;
+    Corporal Joseph H. Fountain, of Vermont; Devereux Milburn, of
+    the 78th Division; Lt. Col. Wilbur Smith, of the 89th Division;
+    Sgt. Theodore Myers, of Pennsylvania; Col. Bennett C. Clark, son
+    of Champ Clark; Robert Bacon, Ex-Secretary of State.
+
+
+    (12) _What did the Legion, do at its St. Louis caucus_?
+
+    (a) It demanded investigation of the pardon and subsequent
+    honorable discharge by the War Department of convicted
+    conscientious objectors.
+
+    (b) It condemned the action of the I.W.Ws., the Anarchists, and
+    the International Socialists.
+
+    (c) It protested against certain nefarious business concerns who
+    are employing men in uniform to peddle their wares.
+
+    (d) It recommended that Congress should take steps to reclaim
+    arid, swamp and cut over timber lands and give the work of doing
+    this to ex-service men, and give the land to them when it had
+    been made available for farming purposes.
+
+    (e) It demanded of Congress the same disability pay for men of
+    the National Guard and National Army as now pertains to those in
+    the Regular establishment.
+
+    (f) It initiated a campaign to secure to service men their
+    rights and privileges under the War Risk Insurance Act.
+
+    (g) It demanded that Congress should deport to their own
+    countries those aliens who refused to join the colors at the
+    outbreak of the war, and pleaded their citizenship in other
+    countries to escape the draft.
+
+    (h) It undertook to see that disabled soldiers, sailors and
+    marines should be brought into contact with the Rehabilitation
+    Department of the Government, which department helps them to
+    learn and gain lucrative occupations.
+
+    (i) It authorized the appointment of a competent legislative
+    committee to see that the above recommendations were effectively
+    acted upon by Congress, and that committee has been appointed
+    and is now at work.
+
+    (j) It authorized the establishment of a bureau to aid service
+    men to get re-employment; and of a legal bureau to help them get
+    from the Government their overdue pay and allotments. These two
+    bureaus are being organized at the National Headquarters of the
+    Legion and will be in active operation by July 1st.
+
+    (13) _What else did the St. Louis caucus do_?
+
+    (a) It endorsed all steps taken by the Paris caucus, and adopted
+    a temporary constitution which conformed to the tentative
+    constitution adopted in Paris.
+
+    (14) _What does this Constitution stand for_?
+
+    (a) The preamble answers that question; it reads: "For God and
+    Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+    purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United
+    States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and
+    perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism; to preserve the
+    memories and incidents of our association in the Great War; to
+    inculcate a sense of individual obligations to the community,
+    state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes
+    and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote
+    peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
+    posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to
+    consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to
+    mutual helpfulness."
+
+    (15) _How does the Legion govern itself_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution provides that the legislative body of the
+    organization shall be a national convention, to be held annually
+    ... composed of delegates and alternates from each state, from
+    the District of Columbia and from each territory and territorial
+    possession of the United States.
+
+    (16) _How is the Legion organized_?
+
+    (a) It is composed of State Branches, and these in turn are made
+    up of Local Posts.
+
+    (17) _What is a Local Post_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution states that a Local Post shall have a
+    minimum membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into
+    the Legion until it has received a charter. A Post desiring a
+    charter shall apply for it to the State Branch, and the charter
+    will be issued, upon recommendation of this State Branch, by the
+    National Executive Committee. No Post may be named after any
+    living person.
+
+    (18) _How can I join the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) By filling out the Enrollment Blank on the last page of this
+    booklet and mailing it to the State Secretary of your home
+    state, whose name is listed below. If there is a Local Post in
+    your home town, your name and address will be sent to the Post
+    Commander. If there is no Post in your home town, START ONE,
+    write your State Secretary for the necessary particulars. The
+    State Secretaries are:
+
+    ALABAMA.--Leroy Jacobs, care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+    ARIZONA.--Fred B. Townsend, National Bank, Arizona Bldg.,
+      Phoenix.
+
+    ARKANSAS.--Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+    CALIFORNIA.--E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+    COLORADO.--Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+    CONNECTICUT.--Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd.,
+      Stamford.
+
+    DELAWARE.--L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+    DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg.,
+      Washington.
+
+    FLORIDA.--J.T. Wiggington, 818 15th St., Miami.
+
+    GEORGIA.--Louis H. Bell, care of Service Record, 208 Flatiron
+      Bldg., Atlanta.
+
+    HAWAII.--J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+    IDAHO.--Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+    ILLINOIS.--Name not received yet.
+
+    INDIANA.--L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg.,
+      Indianapolis.
+
+    IOWA.--John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+    KANSAS.--Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+    KENTUCKY.--D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+    LOUISIANA.--T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+    MAINE.--James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+    MARYLAND.--Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+    MASSACHUSETTS.--George F. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+    MICHIGAN.--Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+    MINNESOTA.--Merle E. Eaton, care of Lee & Lewis Grain Co., 200
+      Corn Exchange Bldg., Minneapolis.
+
+    MISSISSIPPI.--John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+    MISSOURI.--Ed. J. Cahill, Service Commission, Jefferson City.
+
+    MONTANA.--Ben W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+    NEBRASKA.--Allan A. Tukey, 1st National Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+    NEVADA.--J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+    NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+    NEW JERSEY.--George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+    NEW MEXICO.--Harry Howard Dorman, Santa Fé.
+
+    NEW YORK.--Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St.
+
+    NORTH CAROLINA.--Charles N. Hulvey, A. & E. College, Raleigh.
+
+    NORTH DAKOTA.--Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+    OHIO.--Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+      Columbus.
+
+    OKLAHOMA.--F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+    OREGON.--Dow V. Walker, care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+    PENNSYLVANIA.--George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.
+
+    RHODE ISLAND.--James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+    SOUTH CAROLINA.--Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+    SOUTH DAKOTA.--J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+    TENNESSEE.--W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville.
+
+    TEXAS.--J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+    UTAH.--Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+    VERMONT.--Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+    VIRGINIA.--R.G.M. Ross, 508 First National Bank Bldg., Newport
+      News.
+
+    WASHINGTON.--George R. Drever, care Adj. Gen. Office, Armory,
+      Seattle.
+
+    WEST VIRGINIA.--Chas. McCamic, 904 National Bank of West
+      Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.
+
+    WISCONSIN.--R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+    WYOMING.--R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+
+It is interesting to know what the press of the United States thinks
+of the American Legion. Practically every newspaper in the country
+honored the Legion with comment. In almost every instance it was
+favorable. Selection has been made of some of this comment--as much as
+is feasible to give here. It is of two kinds: first, what the press
+thought of the _idea_ of the Legion, and second, what opinion it had
+of the Legion after it was launched at St. Louis. The first type of
+comment was made prior to the caucus in this country and the second,
+afterwards. Comment on both types was generally favorable.
+
+Lest insincerity be charged let it be said here that there _was_ some
+unfavorable comment. One New England paper was surprised that
+soldiers, sailors and marines were not clever enough to know that the
+American people would perceive their attempt, through this
+organization, to "drive a six mule team through the Treasury" and get
+pension and pay grabs. One Southern paper pictured Colonel Roosevelt
+returning from the St. Louis caucus, a defeated candidate for the
+chairmanship, with all hope of the future blasted, while one in Ohio
+said with equal accuracy and solemnity that "there is no need of such
+an organization at this time, now that the country is entering the era
+of peace."
+
+But here is the comment. It comes from north, east, south, and west,
+and it is typical:
+
+
+    _New York Times_, April 10, 1919.--... It is a pleasure to know
+    that Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, the worthy inheritor
+    of a beloved American name, has called a meeting of soldiers and
+    sailors at St. Louis. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett Clark, son of
+    Mr. Champ Clark, is an associate of Lieutenant Colonel
+    Roosevelt, in the plan for an organization of all our soldiers
+    and sailors as the American Legion. These two gentlemen,
+    associated in a patriotic movement, indicate by their names its
+    common national purpose, apart from politics and partisanship.
+    "A nonpartisan and non-political association is to be formed,"
+    says Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, "an association which will
+    keep alive the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy for
+    which these veterans fought." Justice, freedom, and democracy,
+    without partisanship! The idea is noble. It should prevail.
+
+
+    _Leavenworth_ (Kansas) _Post_, April 30, 1919.--... The
+    character of the men of the American Army who are promoting it
+    [the Legion] and the high ideals which it professes and proposes
+    to maintain are a guaranty that it will be a power for helpful
+    service in the common family of the nation.
+
+    The plan of organization sprang from the desire of serious and
+    able men in the American Army to maintain the high ideals for
+    which all of them have fought, to preserve the soldier
+    comradeship and carry it over into civilian life as an element
+    of broad helpfulness while keeping the record of the army free
+    from the taint of selfish aims. It was also wisely intended to
+    forestall by the creation of one big genuinely representative,
+    nonpartisan and democratic body, the formation of numerous
+    smaller organizations in various places by men intent on
+    exploiting the soldier sentiment and the soldier vote for other
+    than patriotic purposes.
+
+
+    _New York Sun_, April 11, 1919.--... The American Legion will
+    do an indispensable service. We, who have lived up to the past
+    few years in an agitation of protest against the pension grab
+    must now make our minds over sufficiently to realize that in the
+    new situation we run immediately into danger not of
+    over-pensioning the veterans of to-day but of neglecting them.
+
+    The new organization must of course be nonpartisan and
+    non-political. Precedent enough exists in the career of the
+    Grand Army to make that clear. It should include and enjoy the
+    guidance of the most influential military men. Politicians it
+    will have at its service so long as it is well run and organized
+    from within. Despite its proper political limitations, it should
+    serve as the most salutary means to influence returned soldiers
+    to cling to plain old Americanism, shed their martial
+    acquirements and return to plain, praiseworthy citizenship.
+
+
+    _Washington Star_, April 10, 1919.--... The American Legion is
+    to be welcomed as an agency for the promotion of the best in our
+    national life. It will represent, with other things, the majesty
+    of numbers. A great many men will be eligible to membership; and
+    they will be young, and full of hope and purpose. And when they
+    act together in matters within the scope of their organization
+    they will represent a force to be reckoned with in the
+    formulating of public policies.
+
+
+    _Brooklyn Eagle_, April 11, 1919.--Organization of "The American
+    Legion" is going on rapidily in every State in the Union. Vast
+    as was the mass of eligibles on which the Grand Army of the
+    Republic could draw after the Civil War, it did not compare with
+    the Legion's bulk of raw material. There will be a formal caucus
+    on May 8th, at St. Louis, of a real representative character, in
+    which it is said the enlisted men of the army and navy will have
+    a majority. Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson, once Secretary
+    of War, outlines the plan. He believes that this country's
+    future hereafter is in the hands of the men below thirty years
+    of age who fought this war. He trusts that the lesson in
+    practical democracy afforded by military experience and the
+    ideals of democracy emphasized by military enthusiasm may be
+    kept permanently alive.
+
+    That this is the main hope of the more active organizers we have
+    no doubt. Men like Major General O'Ryan, General Charles I.
+    Debevoise, and Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Robert
+    Bacon would never think of making such a body a lever for
+    pension legislation or an agency of politics. Yet the
+    temptation to a divergence from the higher ideals is strong, and
+    the rank and file may not be inclined to resist it.
+
+
+    _St. Louis Globe-Democrat,_ April II, 1919.--... Such
+    societies, it has been proved, are never partisan. They are
+    invariably exponents of broad-gauge patriotism. That they have
+    great political influence in a high national sense is true, but
+    they have never misused it nor ever viewed their mission in a
+    narrow spirit. They preserve the touch of the elbow throughout
+    life, but only as thorough Americans, devoted first, last, and
+    always to our common country.
+
+    St. Louis is proud to be selected as the place for the
+    inauguration of this admirable and undoubtedly perpetual
+    society. All wars are represented by societies formed by their
+    veterans, and all alike have been truly and broadly patriotic.
+    It will be the same with the new order, whose membership will,
+    on the strength of numbers called to the colors, far exceed any
+    former parallel. This event will be a datemark in our patriotic
+    annals and in the progress of the nation.
+
+
+    _Syracuse_ (N.Y.) _Herald_, April 13, 1919.--It has been
+    earnestly stated, as might have been expected, that the American
+    Legion will be strictly nonpartisan. That much might be inferred
+    from the circumstance that one of the leading associates of
+    Roosevelt in organizing the Legion is Lieutenant Colonel Bennett
+    Clark, son of the late Democratic Speaker of the House of
+    Representatives. Colonel Roosevelt is sufficient authority for
+    the assurance that the movement is neither partisan nor
+    political. He calls it "an association which will keep alive the
+    principles of justice, freedom and democracy for which these
+    veterans fought." Viewed in that sentimental, ethical and
+    patriotic light, it is a commendable undertaking. The American
+    people will wish it well, and be glad to see it flourish....
+
+
+    _Norfolk_ (Va.) _Dispatch_, April 9, 1919.--If the American
+    Legion now in process of organization by young Colonel Roosevelt
+    and his associates, clings to the principles of foundation and
+    holds by the purposes proclaimed by its founders, it may become
+    a mighty force for good in the land. It will be composed of
+    several millions of comparatively youthful Americans, a large
+    percentage of whom will be voters, while virtually all will have
+    demonstrated their readiness to fight their country's battles
+    with weapons far deadlier than bullets.... This assumes the
+    legion will fulfill the part it has undertaken to play in the
+    country's life. If it should degenerate into a selfish
+    protective body, it will be worse than useless. But there is
+    little reason to fear it will fall so far below its ideals while
+    there is every reason to hope it will be a powerful factor in
+    helping the country to find itself again.
+
+
+    _New Orleans Item_, April 14, 1919.--The American Legion through
+    the tremendous influence and mighty power of 3,000,000 organized
+    fighting men, is certain to shape and control the destinies of
+    the nation in years to come to an extent of which the wise will
+    refrain from even suggesting a limit. With the announcement by
+    Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt that the "Legion will be
+    interested in policies, but not in politics," the opinion may
+    safely be hazarded that the great political parties of the
+    country are due to have new mentors, from whom they may be
+    forced to look anxiously for their cues.
+
+    Primarily among the announced purposes of the Legion is the
+    perpetuating of those principles of justice, freedom and
+    democracy for which its members either fought or stood ready to
+    fight. On the field in France or in the training camps at home,
+    the millions of America's best manhood have learned intimately
+    and well a new lesson of individual and national responsibility.
+    Such lessons, at the cost they were obtained, are not to be
+    forgotten or lost. The ideals of the fighting men of the states,
+    producing the valor and the power which made the American Army
+    irresistible, and the revelations by fire of new realizations
+    and brotherhood and of world and national citizenship are surely
+    to be felt in the calm, happier times of peace.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Record_, April 10, 1919.--... If, as Colonel
+    Roosevelt predicts, the membership shall eventually comprise
+    4,000,000 men who were in the military and naval service of the
+    United States in the late war, it will have possibilities of
+    power that must be reckoned with. But if, in the long life
+    before it, the American Legion shall have no more to its
+    discredit than is summed up in the history of the G.A.R. whose
+    ranks are now so pathetically thin, it will have been a worthy
+    follower of its fathers.
+
+
+    _Paterson_ (N.J.) _Evening News_, May 7, 1919.--... The new
+    organization starts its career deserving and receiving the good
+    wishes of the entire country. The character of the men of the
+    American army who are promoting it and the high ideals which it
+    professes and proposes to maintain are a guaranty that it will
+    be a power for helpful service in the common family of the
+    nation.
+
+
+    _Duluth_ (Minn.) _Herald_, May 24, 1919.--There is a great field
+    for the American Legion, the organization of American veterans
+    of the World War, and judging by the spirit of the recent
+    convention and by the expressions of the returning delegates as
+    reported in the press of the country, it is going to fill that
+    field.
+
+    And the field that awaits it, and that it seems to intend to
+    fill, is a field of a vigorous and aggressive effort to demand
+    and enforce a strong and coherent and consistent Americanism.
+
+    Not the swashbuckling kind of Americanism--the
+    chip-on-the-shoulder kind--the we-can-lick-the-world kind. These
+    lads of ours are the last in the world to preach that fool kind
+    of Americanism. For they--or at least those of them who crossed
+    the seas and fought for liberty and peace on the other
+    side--have seen in the case of Germany what that kind of
+    nationalism comes to, and they are against it.
+
+    But there is a type of Americanism which is utterly free from
+    the taint of militarism and jingoism, but that yet is even more
+    dangerous to anybody at home or abroad who flaunts the spirit of
+    America and defies its power. And unless the signs fail, the
+    American Legion is going to express and embody and inculcate
+    that type of Americanism.
+
+
+    _Anaconda_ (Mont.) _Standard_, May 24, 1919.--... At St. Louis
+    the members voted down all proposals for obtaining from Congress
+    increases of pay for the soldiers and rejected all efforts to
+    obtain canvasses of the members to ascertain their preference as
+    to parties and as to presidential candidates. Everything was
+    excluded which would tend to committ the organization to any
+    particular party or any particular candidate. Young Colonel
+    Roosevelt, son of the former republican president, and Colonel
+    Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark, former democratic speaker of
+    the house, joined hands in the endeavor to keep partisanship and
+    politics out of the organization.
+
+
+    _Collier's Weekly_, May 31, 1919.--A national convention of
+    American soldiers and sailors in which no grievances were aired,
+    no political axes ground, no special privileges or preferments
+    demanded; where oratorical "bunk" was hooted down; where social
+    discrimination was taboo and military rank counted not at all;
+    where the past glories of war were subordinated to the future
+    glories of peace and where the national interest was placed
+    above all partisanship--that is something new under the sun. It
+    was in such a convention held in St. Louis during the second
+    week in May, that the new spirit of the American army and navy
+    expressed itself articulately for the first time since the
+    armistice was signed. The birth of the American Legion was
+    attended by circumstances having a significance comparable with
+    those surrounding the signing of a certain document in
+    Philadelphia one hundred and forty-three years ago, come July
+    4th.
+
+    A brigadier general arises to "place in nomination the name of a
+    man who--" and is cried down by doughboys with calls of "Name
+    him! Who is he?" A proposal to give extra pay to enlisted men is
+    unanimously defeated because, as Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt
+    put it, "we are not here to sandbag something out of the
+    Government, but to put something into it." The invitation to
+    make Chicago the next meeting place of the Legion is refused
+    because "American soldiers and sailors don't want to go to a
+    city whose mayor would be ashamed to welcome such a convention."
+    A progressive Republican, son of a famous father, refuses the
+    chairmanship to quiet suspicion of personal ambition, and the
+    office goes to a Southern Democrat of whose party the gathering
+    is in complete ignorance.
+
+    One of the convention stenographers said: "This is the funniest
+    convention I have ever attended." We have an idea that there was
+    an element of prophecy in her homely remark--a body representing
+    more than four million American soldiers and sailors that makes
+    so little political noise is likely to be about as funny to the
+    conventionally minded politician as a bombardment of gas shells.
+    This language of restraint in the mouths of organized civilian
+    youth may prove to be a natural companion to the famous battle
+    slogan of the A.E.F.: "Let's go!"
+
+
+    _New York Evening Post_, May 3, 1919.--... The true usefulness
+    of a veterans' organization is not far to seek. Like the G.A.R.,
+    the Legion should maintain and develop the comradeship bred by
+    the war. It can assist the unfortunate in its ranks; it can take
+    care of the widows and orphans of soldiers, in so far as any
+    inadequacy of public provision seems to make care necessary. The
+    Legion can preserve the fame of soldiers and commanders, by
+    erecting monuments, by seeing that histories are written, and by
+    proceedings of its regular reunions. It can foster such a public
+    recollection of the great deeds of the war as well as broaden
+    and deepen American patriotism. Sherman remarked in 1888 that
+    there was some danger that a peace-loving generation in time of
+    crises "would conclude that the wise man stays at home, and
+    leaves the fools to take the buffets and kick of war." This
+    danger can best be met by just such an organization as the
+    G.A.R., with its campfires of song and story. Comradeship,
+    charity and patriotism--these should be the Legion's watchwords.
+
+
+    _New Haven_ (Conn.) _Union_, April 16, 1919.--... Its more
+    immediate task, as its promoters see it, is to help the members
+    and the families of members who maybe in need of assistance. No
+    comrade of the great struggle is to feel that he is forgotten
+    and forsaken by the comrades who served the same great cause.
+    Its large and more permanent duty is to spread the sentiment of
+    patriotism, to set an example of love of country, and unselfish
+    service, to keep blooming always in the soldiers' bosom the
+    flower of sacrifice that springs from every soldier's grave in
+    France.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Press_, April 10, 1919.--The organization of the
+    soldiers of the late war into a permanent body is inevitable and
+    entirely proper.
+
+
+    _Capper's Weekly_, May 24, 1919.--The American Legion organized
+    at St. Louis is the new G.A.R. and through its platforms the
+    views of the soldiers who fought in France will be heard. It is
+    already apparent what the trend of that sentiment is. Whatever
+    military system this nation sets up, if it meets the approval of
+    the two million men who served the nation in the Great War, it
+    will be democratic in spirit and as far as possible in form. It
+    will be an army in which the self-respect of the common soldier
+    will be recognized. The returning soldier has no use for anyone
+    living here who is not wholly American, and is for expelling the
+    unnaturalized alien wherever found. Loyalty to the Nation is
+    fundamental in the soldiers' view.
+
+    The Nation must safeguard itself and make a distinction between
+    citizens who offer themselves and their all, and citizens who,
+    for whatever reason, withhold some part of their allegiance.
+    Brutal treatment of conscientious objectors is neither civilized
+    nor necessary, but a differentiation is created by such
+    residents themselves, and there should be corresponding
+    differentiation in rights and protection. This is one of the
+    subjects that the returned soldiers have at heart.
+
+
+    _Post Intelligencer_, Seattle, Washington, May 21, 1919.--...
+    The American Legion will be a political force in the nation as
+    it has a perfect right to be. No organization of its character
+    is to be held together by the cohesive power of reminiscence.
+    Something more binding is required, and that something will be
+    forthcoming whether anyone outside the Legion likes it or
+    not....
+
+    The American Legion will be made up of intelligent young men who
+    will have a community interest and whose interest can only be
+    furthered by united action. They will know that nothing is more
+    transient than public gratitude, and they will assuredly not
+    rely on it.
+
+
+    _Rochester_ (N.Y.) _Times_, May 23, 1919.--At its first
+    convention held recently in St. Louis, the American Legion
+    unanimously voted down a proposal to seek increased bonus money
+    for the soldiers.
+
+    At that same meeting, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., refused to accept
+    official leadership of the organization because he desired to
+    allow no ground for any charge that he wished to utilize it to
+    further his political career.
+
+    Such action by the Legion and by one of its most prominent
+    members warrant its organizers in working to enroll all the men
+    who served during the great war.
+
+    If this path is followed the American Legion will be a force for
+    good in the country's affairs as well as a bond of fellowship
+    among those who were members of the largest army ever raised by
+    this republic.
+
+
+    _Manchester_ (N. H). _Union_, May 27, 1919.--... In spite of
+    all that has been written and said it appears there still
+    remains some mistaken idea and prejudices concerning this
+    organization. The purposes of the American Legion are:
+
+    1. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of
+    America.
+
+    2. To maintain law and order.
+
+    3. To foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+
+    4. To preserve the memories and incidents of our association in
+    the Great War.
+
+    5. To inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the
+    community, state and nation.
+
+    6. To combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses.
+
+    7. To make right the master of might.
+
+    8. To promote peace and good will on earth.
+
+    9. To safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of
+    justice, freedom and democracy.
+
+    10. To consecrate and sanctify comradeship by devotion to mutual
+    helpfulness.
+
+    This is the program and platform of the wonderful organization
+    whose potential membership is the four million and more men who
+    wore their country's uniform in the war.
+
+    It is big enough and broad enough to admit every man and woman
+    who joined the colors. If, as has been intimated, there are some
+    few ex-service men who think they see in this tremendous
+    movement something personal and partisan, they should take the
+    blinders off, forget their unworthy fears, and come out into the
+    open with their comrades, determined, as every man is who has
+    already joined, that the American Legion will never be made the
+    vehicle of personal ambition nor the creature of partisan
+    purpose; but will be conserved to foster and promote only those
+    high purposes which are so nobly defined in the language which
+    is quoted above, taken bodily from the constitution of the
+    Legion.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Gazette-Times,_ May 29, 1919.--... In contrast
+    with the Grand Army, the American Legion will embrace all
+    sections of our land. Similarly it will be the private soldier's
+    organization. Military honors will not count. Absolute
+    Americanism is to be its dominating principle. With the
+    dwindling ranks of the Grand Army there is need of such an
+    organization. The Grand Army has long been a staunch bulwark of
+    patriotism but time is doing its work. Others must soon take up
+    where the veterans of the Civil War left off. Those of the new
+    organization who saw service overseas possess a new vision of
+    what America means. Because of their good fortune in going
+    abroad they reaped an advantage over those who were denied the
+    privilege, though entitled to no more credit. All who donned the
+    uniform served. With an organization of such possibilities in
+    numbers and all imbued with a patriotic fervor the safety of the
+    Republic against the machinations of those who would tear down
+    is assured.
+
+
+    _Burlington_ (Vt.) _News_, May 29, 1919.--So far as actual
+    results are concerned America gains little from the peace
+    treaty. If, however, the American Legion measures up to the
+    standard we believe it capable of, America will be the greatest
+    gainer of all in the war.
+
+
+    _Bridgeport_ (Conn.) _Standard_, May 28, 1919.--The statement
+    that the American Legion is to let politics alone is good news
+    to the people of this country who are looking toward this fine
+    organization of American fighters to bring to our national life
+    some of the spirit which chased the Fritzies back to the Rhine.
+    The civilian public has a right to ask what are the aims of this
+    new, and sure to be powerful, organization. Four million men are
+    of its potential membership. These four million are to be found
+    scattered in every city, village and hamlet in the country. They
+    are to meet on terms of equality, officers and men. They know
+    how to work together, how to undergo discipline for a worthy
+    objective, and how to go over the top in action. It is good,
+    then, to know that this new four million is not to be a
+    political machine. We want no more of the mawkish of either
+    fearing or catering to the "soldier-vote."
+
+    Only as a nonpartisan organization can the American Legion do
+    its best work. Its able leaders know this. In a day when men are
+    fast deserting unworthy party emblems to stand for what they
+    think right, the soldier organization will have a wide
+    influence.
+
+    We hail the Legion.
+
+    It had to come and it is coming strong and sure.
+
+    Good men are at the head of the column, and better men than
+    those in the ranks exist nowhere in the country.
+
+    They are the pick of the best, physically best, in nerve and in
+    courage, best in point of training, in discipline and best among
+    all the nations who won the great victory.
+
+    There is still a fight in America. Democracy is never safe, only
+    being made safe. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
+    Eternal vigilance without regard to fear or favor is to be the
+    spirit of the American Legion.
+
+
+COMMITTEES
+
+
+EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  D.W.M. Jordan
+  John W. Inzer
+
+ALASKA
+  Edgar T. Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  John C. Greenway
+  E.P. Conway
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Joe S. Harris
+  James J. Harrison
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  H.G. Mathewson
+  C.E. Palmen
+
+COLORADO
+  H.A. Saidy
+  E.R. Myers
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  H.C. Meserve
+  A.M. Phillips, Jr.
+
+DELAWARE
+  George N. Doris
+  George L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  N.C. Turnage
+  E. Lester Jones
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  Louis H. Bell
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  E.C. Booth
+  Frank Esterbrook
+
+ILLINOIS
+  William R. McCauley
+  Marshall Field
+
+INDIANA
+  Robert Morehead
+  C.F. Strodel
+
+IOWA
+  H.H. Polk
+  John MacVicar
+
+KANSAS
+  W.S. Metcalf
+  Sidney Moss
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Henry D. Moorman
+  D.A. Sachs, Jr.
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Allison Owen
+  Ralph Michel
+
+MAINE
+  Albert Greenlaw
+  Arthur L. Robinson
+
+MARYLAND
+  H.F. French
+  Wm.A. Huster
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.G. Bacon
+  J.F.J. Herbert
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Frederick M. Alger
+  A.C. Doyle
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Harrison Fuller
+  A.M. Nelson
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Alex. Fitz-Hugh
+  Fred Sullens
+
+MISSOURI
+  Court P. Allen
+  H. Stattman
+
+MONTANA
+  H.L. Blomquist
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  John G. Maher
+  Ed. P. McDermott
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank Knox
+  Mathew Mahoney
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  D.B. Muliken
+  P.J. Ehrhardt
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  B.M. Cutting
+  O.A. Larrizola, Jr.
+
+NEW YORK
+  Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
+  Louis Burrill
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.M. Hanley
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  J.L. Cochrun
+  H.W. Snodgrass
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Roy Hoffman
+  Ralph H. Berry
+
+OREGON
+  E.J. Eivers
+  W.B. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Franklin D'Olier
+  A. Laughlin, Jr.
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  A. Johnson
+  R.B. Weeden
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+  H.B. Springs
+  M.B. Berkley
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+  Joseph S. Pfeiffer
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Luke Lea
+  Harry S. Berry
+
+TEXAS
+  W.E. Jackson
+  Rolland Bradley
+
+UTAH
+  Baldwin Robertson
+  Royal Douglas
+
+VERMONT
+  H. Nelson Jackson
+  Joseph Fountain
+
+VIRGINIA
+  C. Francis Cooke
+  Andrew S. Christian
+
+WASHINGTON
+  L.L. Thompson
+  Russ Simonton
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  John G. Bond
+  Charles McCamic
+
+WISCONSIN
+  James Ackley
+  G.W. Strampe
+
+WYOMING
+  C.M. June
+  L.A. Miller
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Hayward H. Hillyer
+  William P. Norton
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  G.H.W. Rauschkolb
+  John S. Siebert
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE
+
+ALABAMA
+  Matthew H. Murphy
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Ed. M. Le Baron
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Fred N. Tillman
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.H. Dibble
+
+COLORADO
+  H.A. Saidy
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  F.W. Carroll
+
+DELAWARE
+  George N. Doris
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Charles E. Johnston
+
+FLORIDA
+  Carroll Ford
+
+GEORGIA
+  Eugene Sibert
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  C.M. Booth
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Marshall Kearney
+
+INDIANA
+  A.C. Duddelston
+
+IOWA
+  H.H. Polk
+
+KANSAS
+  W.W. Hollaway
+
+KENTUCKY
+  M.K. Gordon
+
+LOUISIANA
+  John D. Ewing
+
+MAINE
+  Roger A. Greene
+
+MARYLAND
+  H.L. French
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  L.A. Frothingham
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Avery Gilleo
+
+MINNESOTA
+  S.S. Smith
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Alex. Fitz-Hugh
+
+MISSOURI
+  H.C. Clark
+
+MONTANA
+  Sam Abelstein
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Hird. Stryker
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank Knox
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  E.A. Tobin
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Roy H. Flamm
+
+NEW YORK
+  Robert Marsh
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.R. Baker
+
+OHIO
+  E.J. Rummell
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  E.E. Atkins
+
+OREGON
+  B.E. Leonard
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Fred Hill
+
+PHILIPPINES
+  Robert R. Landon
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  W.P. Shunney
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  William G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  G.P. Anderson
+
+TEXAS
+  Charles R. Tips
+
+UTAH
+  R.J. Douglas
+
+VERMONT
+  Guy Varnum
+
+VIRGINIA
+  John J. Wicker, Jr.
+
+WASHINGTON
+  John J. Sullivan
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  John C. Vaughan
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Robert Cunningham
+
+WYOMING
+  L.A. Miller
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Joseph P. McGlinn
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Thomas H. Dempsey
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Bibb Graves
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  John C. Greenway
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Burton S. Kinsworthy
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  H.G. Mathewson
+
+COLORADO
+  R. Dickson
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  W.J. Malone
+
+DELAWARE
+  George W. Davis
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  John Lewis Smith
+
+FLORIDA
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  L.H. Bell
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  C.M. Booth
+
+ILLINOIS
+  C.G. Seeman
+
+INDIANA
+  Scott R. Brewer
+
+IOWA
+  Fred M. Hudson
+
+KANSAS
+  P.R. Johnson
+
+KENTUCKY
+  H.D. Haven Moorman
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Gus Blanchard
+
+MAINE
+  Roy C. Haines
+
+MARYLAND
+  Wm. A. Huster
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  W.H. Howard
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Howard Brink
+
+MINNESOTA
+  E.D. McCarthy
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Fred Sullens
+
+MISSOURI
+  Bennet Clark
+
+MONTANA
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  L.J. McGuire
+
+NEVADA
+  J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank J. Abbott
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Harlan Besson
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  D.H. Wyatt
+
+NEW YORK
+  Hamilton Fish
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  H.Y. Semling
+
+OHIO
+  J.F. Koons
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Horace H. Hagan
+
+OREGON
+  Roderick D. Grant
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  D.G. Foster
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Percy Cantwell
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Ed. Palmer
+
+TEXAS
+  Claud Birkhead
+
+UTAH
+  R.S. McCarthy
+
+VERMONT
+  J. Watson Webb
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Wm. A Stuart
+
+WASHINGTON
+  L.L. Thompson
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Charles W. McCamic
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Elmer Owens
+
+WYOMING
+  R.L. Powers
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Haywood W. Hillyer
+
+
+
+ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE
+
+ALABAMA
+  Cecil Gaston
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Alexander B. Baker
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Ross Mathis
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.E. Bohlen
+
+COLORADO
+  E.R. Meyer
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  P.C. Calhoun
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Henry Leonard
+
+FLORIDA
+  A.H. Blanding
+
+GEORGIA
+  R.L. Wilson, Jr.
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Taylor Cummings
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Frank Harrison
+
+INDIANA
+  J.A. Umpleby
+
+IOWA
+  Maris B. De Wolfe
+
+KANSAS
+  P.C. Stamford
+
+KENTUCKY
+  J.G. Wheeler
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Louis Ginella
+
+MAINE
+  James U. Boyle
+
+MARYLAND
+  Wm. B. Wilmer
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.C. Cutler
+
+MICHIGAN
+  J.F. Young
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Paul McMichael
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  George Hoskin
+
+MISSOURI
+  F.L. Smith
+
+MONTANA
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Geo. H. Holveman
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  George V. Fiske
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  R.P. Schenck
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Don. L. Blevins
+
+NEW YORK
+  Parton Swift
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.P. Williams
+
+OHIO
+  L.J. Campbell
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Hugh Haughery
+
+OREGON
+  J.L. May
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  G.A. Rick
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Alex. Johnson
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnston
+
+TENNESSEE
+  W.A. Shadow
+
+TEXAS
+  Arch C. Allen
+
+UTAH
+  D.E. Rhivers
+
+VERMONT
+  Leonard Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  C. Brook Bollard
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred Redinger
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  M.V. Godfrey
+
+WISCONSIN
+  J.C. Davis
+
+WYOMING
+  Wm. Shortell
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Scott W. Lucas
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Charles S. Watkins
+
+
+
+CREDENTIAL COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Joseph Yates
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  F.P. Bernard
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Ivie Herschel
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.W. Herhart
+
+COLORADO
+  J.W. Gwin
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  F.S. Butterworth
+
+DELAWARE
+  George L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  S.P. Knut
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Peterson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Roger Young
+
+INDIANA
+  J.W. Todd
+
+IOWA
+  P.M. Soper
+
+KANSAS
+  I.E. Lambert
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Richard H. Slack
+
+LOUISIANA
+  G.H.H. Pratt
+
+MAINE
+  Albert Greenlaw
+
+MARYLAND
+  J.S. Davis
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.F. Gilbody
+
+MICHIGAN
+  H.A. O'Dell
+
+MINNESOTA
+  George Chapin
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  John M. Alexander
+
+MISSOURI
+  D.W. Cronkite
+
+MONTANA
+  Doug. McCallum
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Orlando H. Kearney
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  John Santor
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  C.S. Brady
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Jesus M. Baca
+
+NEW YORK
+  J.P. Goerke
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.P. Williams
+
+OHIO
+  H.L. Bimm
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  F.W. Fisher
+
+OREGON
+  C.L. Mullen
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  E.J. Pennell
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  F.B. Thurber
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  J.D. Robertson
+
+TEXAS
+  John S. Hoover
+
+UTAH
+  J.G. Wooley
+
+VERMONT
+  Alexander Smith
+
+VIRGINIA
+  G.R. Poole
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred Fein
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  W.J. Simmons
+
+WISCONSIN
+  M.A. Chybowski
+
+WYOMING
+  D.C. McCarthy
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  John S. Seibert
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON PERMANENT HEADQUARTERS
+
+ALABAMA
+  Beach Chenoweth
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Alex. B. Baker
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wm. Dougherty
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.L. Shuman
+
+COLORADO
+  D.J. Sparr
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  B.R. Mathies
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  L. Clarkson Hines
+
+FLORIDA
+  A.H. Blanding
+
+GEORGIA
+  Eugene Sibert
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  R.R. Wilson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Charles Wham
+
+INDIANA
+  M.H. Thomas
+
+IOWA
+  Thompson L. Brookhart
+
+KANSAS
+  W.A. Phares
+
+KENTUCKY
+  E.H. Marriner
+
+LOUISIANA
+  L.P. Beard
+
+MAINE
+  Roger A. Greene
+
+MARYLAND
+  F.A. Young
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  W.H. Dolan
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Wm. King
+
+MINNESOTA
+  D.R. St. Julian
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Robt. Burnett
+
+MISSOURI
+  A. Field
+
+MONTANA
+  Ben W. Barnett
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Geo. Gilligan
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Arthur Trufant
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  R.F. Ritter
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  O.A. Lorizolla, Jr.
+
+NEW YORK
+  Thos. John Conway
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  J.L. Hall
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Earl McNally
+
+OREGON
+  W.P. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  C.A. Buettner
+
+PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+  Robert Landon
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Walter Sharkey
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  W.G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Ed. Buford
+
+TEXAS
+  Roy A. Jamison
+
+UTAH
+  J.C. Kundson
+
+VERMONT
+  L.H. Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Robt. P. Wallace
+
+WASHINGTON
+  C.B. McDonald
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Geo. S. Houston
+
+WISCONSIN
+  James Pfeil
+
+WYOMING
+  C.M. June
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  R.A. Thompson
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  LeRoy Jacobs
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  M.E. Cassidy
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Roy Penix
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Clair Woolwine
+
+COLORADO
+  W.E. Swink
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  R.C. Vance
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Donald McGregor
+
+FLORIDA
+  Conrad Ford
+
+GEORGIA
+  L.H. Bell
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Peterson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Richard M. O'Connell
+
+INDIANA
+  Robt. Clee
+
+IOWA
+  H.D. Lemley
+
+KANSAS
+  M.B. Musselman
+
+KENTUCKY
+  James G. Juett
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Rudolph Wienan
+
+MAINE
+  Roy C. Haines
+
+MARYLAND
+  A.R. Hagner, Jr.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Donald Green
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Chas. D. Kelley
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Jno. J. Ahern
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Chas. R. Dolbey
+
+MISSOURI
+  Robert Fullerton, Jr.
+
+MONTANA
+  Ben W. Barnett
+
+NEBRASKA
+  A.L. Stuart
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  C. Fred Maher
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Allen L. Eggers
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Jesus M. Baca
+
+NEW YORK
+  Geo. P. Putnam
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Arthur Gorman
+
+OHIO
+  H.M. Bush
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  W.T. Burling
+
+OREGON
+  B.E. Leonard
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Ammon Monroe Aurand, Jr.
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Harry F. McKenna
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  H.H. Corson, Jr.
+
+TEXAS
+  John W. Young
+
+UTAH
+  Leo Meehan
+
+VERMONT
+  L.H. Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  D.D. Nei
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Russ Simonton
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+ Geo. S. Houston
+
+WISCONSIN
+  C.M. Huntley
+
+WYOMING
+  Ralph L. Powers
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  C.P. Dimmitt
+
+
+
+FINANCE COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  B.F. Stoddard
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  M.E. Cassidy
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Garland Hurt
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.H. Dibbley
+
+COLORADO
+  Ed. Krueger
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  James B. Moody
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Howard F. Fiske
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+
+GEORGIA
+
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  John S. Green
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Albert A. Sprague
+
+INDIANA
+  Chester P. Wolfe
+
+IOWA
+  W.R. Hart
+
+KANSAS
+  J.B. Brickell
+
+KENTUCKY
+  R. Ewall
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Levering Moore
+
+MAINE
+  Waldemar P. Adams
+
+MARYLAND
+  Alexander Randall
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  J. Stewart
+
+MICHIGAN
+  George M. Kesl
+
+MINNESOTA
+  O.H. Baldwin
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Paul Chambers
+
+MISSOURI
+  D.G. Hubbard
+
+MONTANA
+  Arthur Barry
+
+NEBRASKA
+  William Richie
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  William E. Sullivan
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Paul De Voise
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  F.B. Humphrey
+
+NEW YORK
+  M.B. Murphy
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  B.J. Hard
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  William Viuer
+
+OREGON
+  C.L. Muffin
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  James W. Gary
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Jas. Elinniskey
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Charles R. Bowman
+
+TEXAS
+  C.C. Beavens
+
+UTAH
+  Harold R. Smoot
+
+VERMONT
+  Pearl T. Clapp
+
+VIRGINIA
+  J.T. Wyatt
+
+WASHINGTON
+  C.S. Sapp
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Clarence Jones
+
+WISCONSIN
+  P.R. Minnahan
+
+WYOMING
+  N.V. Swensen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Louis R. Florin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  G.H.W. Rauschkolb
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Norman J. Reiss
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Roy W. Wood
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Clair Woolwine
+
+COLORADO
+  Robt. G. Allen
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  P.L. Sampsell
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  J. Bentley Mulford
+
+FLORIDA
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  T.A. Feeney
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Thos. Harwood
+
+INDIANA
+  Augustus B. Wilson
+
+IOWA
+  Jackson R. Day
+
+KANSAS
+  P.K. Cubbison
+
+KENTUCKY
+  W.O. Sayers
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Davis McCutcheon
+
+MAINE
+  Waldemar P. Adams
+
+MARYLAND
+  G.H. Tieman
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  J.P. McGrath
+
+MICHIGAN
+  B.B. Bellows
+
+MINNESOTA
+  W.R. Sturtz
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Arthur B. Clark
+
+MISSOURI
+  H.W. Holcomb
+
+MONTANA
+  H.L. Blomquist
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Frank F. Fischer
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  W.J. Murphy
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  G.H. Stratton
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  C.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  E.D. Bunn
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  L.B. Merry
+
+OHIO
+  R.E. Shank
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Robert B. Keenan
+
+OREGON
+  W.B. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  B.L. Houck
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Jos. San Soneitr
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Barton P. Brown
+
+TEXAS
+  Russ D. Langdon
+
+UTAH
+  L.J. Seeley
+
+VERMONT
+  Alexander Smith
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Robt. R. Wallace
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Rob. S. Gordon
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Jas. M. Crockett
+
+WISCONSIN
+  John P. Szultek
+
+WYOMING
+  Maurice Dineen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+SOLDIERS AND SAILORS COUNCIL
+  S.H. Curtin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  John S. Seibert
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  J.F. Gillem
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wendell Robertson
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  V.W. Gerhard
+
+COLORADO
+  M.C. Dameron
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  J.S. Hurley
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+  W.G. Glenn
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Davis
+
+ILLINOIS
+  W.C. Mundt
+
+INDIANA
+  N.J. Buskirk
+
+IOWA
+  A.M. Pond
+
+KANSAS
+  Foss Farar
+
+KENTUCKY
+  H. Reingold
+
+LOUISIANA
+  W.A. Coon
+
+MAINE
+  Frank M. Hume
+
+MARYLAND
+  T.H. Scaffe
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  H.H. Wheelock
+
+MICHIGAN
+  P.W. Nickel
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Conrad Veit
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  W.T. Adams
+
+MISSOURI
+  U.P. Haw
+
+MONTANA
+  Worth C. Almon
+
+NEBRASKA
+  R.J. Webb
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Walter J. Hogan
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  J.M. Pancoast
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  F.B. Humphrey
+
+NEW YORK
+  F.W. Baldwin
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  E.L. King
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  P.A. Fox
+
+OREGON
+  R.D. Grant
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  L.L. Felts
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  F.V. Thurber
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+
+TENNESSEE
+  W.R. Craig, Jr.
+
+TEXAS
+  S.P. Boom
+
+UTAH
+  Charles Parsons
+
+VERMONT
+  Joseph Fontain
+
+VIRGINIA
+  W.R. Trotter
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred. J. Shaw
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Sam. Solins
+
+WISCONSIN
+  L.J. Woodworth
+
+WYOMING
+
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Geo. E. Davis
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  T.R. Smith
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NEXT MEETING PLACE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  F.M. Ladd
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Ed. M. LeBaron
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wm. G. Edgar
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.O. Shuman
+
+COLORADO
+  T.H. Wiles
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  W.D. Copp
+
+DELAWARE
+  Geo. L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Louis P. Clephane
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  R.L. Wilson, Jr.
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Frank Estabrook
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Grover Sexton
+
+INDIANA
+  J.B. Reynolds
+
+IOWA
+  B.R. Finch
+
+KANSAS
+  Charles I. Martin
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Frank Bernhaim
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Clifford Stem
+
+MAINE
+  James L. Boyle
+
+MARYLAND
+  A.C. Solomon
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Marcus Maddern
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Frank J. Tobin
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Loren B. Roberts
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  J.S. Fleming
+
+MISSOURI
+  L.C. Lozier
+
+MONTANA
+  Arthur Barry
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Allan Tukey
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  H.L. Hereaux
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  A.S. Westcott
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  S.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  Fred Gallager
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  Ralph Pearce
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  W.T. Butts
+
+OREGON
+  E.J. Eivers
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  A.I. McRae
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Walter Sharkey
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  G.C. Milligan
+
+TEXAS
+  L. Nicholson
+
+UTAH
+  Fred. Jurgensen
+
+VERMONT
+  J. Watson Webb
+
+VIRGINIA
+  G.R. Poole
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Albert Johnston
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Joseph Jackson
+
+WISCONSIN
+  C.H. Foster
+
+WYOMING
+  Benj. Gregg
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  F.H. Rein
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  J.A. Bernard
+
+
+
+ROSTER
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+  CHENOWETH, BEACH MEAD, Birmingham. U.S.N.
+  GASTON, CECIL D., Birmingham. Med. Corps U.S.A. and A.E.F.
+  GILLEM, JENNINGS F., Birmingham. 320 M.G. Bn.
+  GRAVES, BIBB, Montgomery. 117th F.A.
+  INZER, J.W., Mobile. 14th Inf.
+  JACOBS, LEROY R., Birmingham. 38th Inf.
+  JORDAN, WM. M., Birmingham. Evac. Hosp. No. 11.
+  LADD, FRANK M., JR., Mobile. U.S.N.
+  LONG, F.M., Jasper. 7th Inf. 9th M.G. Bn.
+  LUSSIER, RICHARD F., Birmingham. M.I.D. Gen. Staff.
+  MURPHY, MATTHEW H., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+  REISS, NORMAN J., Mobile. Q.M.C.
+  STODDARD, B.S., Mobile. 49th Inf.
+  YATES, JOSEPH A., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+
+
+ALASKA
+
+  HAWLEY, EDGAR T., Boise, Idaho. U.S.A.
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+
+  BURROW, G.M., Little Rock. 18th Inf.
+  DOHERTY, WILLIAM, Jonesboro. 153d Inf.
+  EDGAR, WM. G., El Dorado. 153d Inf.
+  HAMILTON, SCOTT D., Fayetteville. 346th Inf.
+  HARRIS, JOE S., Monticello. 153d Inf.
+  HARRISON, J.J., Little Rock. Care Pugh Printing Company. Instructor
+    Tr. Camp.
+  HERSCHEL, IVIE, Marion. 154th Inf.
+  HURT, GARLAND, Newport. 162d Inf.
+  JACKSON, THOMAS A., Little Rock. 154th Inf.
+  KINSWORTHY, B.S., Little Rock. Off. Tr. Camps.
+  LLOYD, T.H., Paragould. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MATHIS, Ross, Cotton Plant. 2d Inf.
+  PENIX, WM. ROY, Jonesboro. Kelly Fld., Tex.
+  ROBERTSON, W.A., Ft. Smith. 13th Aero Squad.
+  SMITH, E. ROSS, Little Rock. 141 M.G. Bn.
+  STAFFORD, JOHN L., Springdale. 106th Am. Train 3 1st Div.
+  TAYLOR, R.P., Paragould. Aerial Ob. C.A.C.
+  TILLMAN, FRED A., Fayetteville, 12th F.A.
+  WOOD, ROY W., Little Rock. Naval Aviation.
+
+
+ARIZONA
+
+  BAKER, ALEXANDER B., Phoenix. 28th F.A.
+  BERNARD, E.P., Tucson. 47th M.G. Bn.
+  CASSIDY, M.E., Bisbee. Ad. Gen. Dep.
+  GREENWAY, JOHN C., Warren. 101st Inf.
+  LEBARON, EDWIN M., Mesa. 801st P. Inf.
+  TOWNSEND, FRANK B., Phoenix. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+
+  BOHLEN, E.E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  DIBBLEE, BENJ. H., San Francisco. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  GEARHART, B.W., Fresno. 609th Aero Sq.
+  HAMMOND, LEONARD C., San Francisco, 91st Aero.
+  HOUGHTON, A.D., Los Angeles. Am. Serv. League.
+  KELLY, E.J., Los Angeles. 64th U.S. Inf.
+  MATHEWSON, H.G., Alameda. C.A.C.
+  PALMER, C.E.G., Coalinga. Canadians.
+  SHUMAN, BLAIR S., San Francisco. 363d Inf.
+  SLOW, ASHFIELD E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  WOOLWINE, CLARE W., Los Angeles. 8th Inf. Gen. St.
+
+
+COLORADO
+
+  ALLEN, ROBT. G., Denver. 305th Inf.
+  DAMERON, M.C., Pueblo. Camp Med. Supp. Depot.
+  DAVID, MORTON M., Denver. 20th Inf.
+  DICKSON, RAY, Ft. Collins. 30th Serv. Co.
+  GWIN, JNO. W., Pueblo. 158th Inf.
+  KRUEGER, EDW., JR., Buena Vista. Air Serv.
+  LAWRENCE, C.W., Pueblo. U.S.N.
+  MALONEY, B.F., Pueblo. 815th Pioneer.
+  MYER, E.R., Boulder. 356th Inf.
+  SAIDY, H.A., Colorado Springs. 341st F.A.
+  SPARR, D.J., Denver. 157th Inf.
+  STUBBS, ALBERT L., La Junta. Medical Corps.
+  SWINK, WALTER E., Rocky Ford. U.S.N.
+  WILES, THOS H., Denver. Chaplain.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+
+  BUTTERWORTH, DR. S., New Haven. Chem. War Serv.
+  CALHOUN, PHILO C., Bridgeport. U.S.M.C.
+  CARROLL, FRANCIS W., Waterbury. Presidential Gd. U.S.A.
+  COPP, WEBSTER D., Norwich, 301st M.G. Bn.
+  HURLEY, JAS. S., Waterbury. 73rd Inf.
+  MALONE, WM. J., Bristol. A.S. (A).
+  MATTHIES, BERNARD H., Seymour. 105th Spruce Squad.
+  MESERVO, HARRY C., Stamford. 68th C.A.C.
+  MOODY, JAS. B., JR., Hartford. 301st Supply Train.
+  PHILLIPS, ALFRED N., JR., Stamford. 55th F.A.
+  SAMPSELL, P.L., New London. U.S.N.
+  TILEY, MORTON C., Essex. U.S.A.A.S.
+
+
+DELAWARE
+
+  DORIS, GEO. N., Wilmington. 364th Inf.
+  EVANS, GEO. L., Wilmington. U.S.N.
+  WARNER, IRVING, Wilmington. Cement Mill Co. No. 8.
+
+
+DISTRICT COLUMBIA
+
+  CLEPHANE, LEWIS P., Washington. U.S.N.
+  CONNOLLY, FRANK A., Washington. 312th F.A.
+  FISK, HOWARD S., Washington. U.S.N.
+  GLENN, WM. G., Washington. 103d M.O.R.S.
+  HINES, L.C., Washington. F.H. 165-117.
+  JOHNSTON, CHAS. E., Washington. U.S. Coast Gd.
+  JONES, E. LESTER, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  KRUIT, PRENTISS, Washington. U.S.N.
+  LEONARD, H., Washington. U.S.M.C.
+  MACGREGOR, DONALD, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  MULFORD, J.B. Washington. 165th Field Hosp. Co.
+  SMITH, JNO. L., Washington. Mil. Intell. Div.
+  TURNAGE, M.C., Washington. P.M.G.O.
+
+
+FLORIDA
+
+  FORSTER, DAVIS, New Smyrna. M.C.
+  GIVENS, MORRIS M., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  LOWRY, S.L., JR., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  MCGUCKEN, HAROLD, Tampa. 124th Inf.
+  WIGGINTON, J.T., Miami. 124th Inf.
+
+
+GEORGIA
+
+  BELL, LOUIS H., Atlanta. 20th M.G. Bn.
+  HILLYER, HAYWOOD H., Macon. 49 M.G. Bn.
+  JUETT, J.G., Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  SIEBERT, EUGENE, Atlanta. 437th Det. Eng. Corp.
+  STOCKBRIDGE, BASIL, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  WILSON, ROBT. L., JR., Atlanta. 122d Inf.
+
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+
+  MORGAN, JAS. P., Hawaii. Inf. Replac. Troops Camp Grant, Ill.
+
+
+IDAHO
+
+  BOOM, EUGENE C., Moscow. 18th Eng.
+  BOOTH, C.M., Pocatello. 44th Inf.
+  COLLIER, L.R., Pocatello. 163d Inf.
+  CUMMINS, TAYLOR, Twin Falls. Coast Art.
+  DAVIS, PAUL, Boisé. I.C.O.T.S.
+  ESTABROOK, FRANK, Nampa. 146th M.G. Bn.
+  FEENEY, THOS. A., Lewiston.
+  GREEN, JNO. S., Twin Falls, 1st St. Inf.
+  PETERSON, PAUL T., Idaho Falls. 75th Inf.
+  WILSON, ALBERT H., Clarks Fork. Q.M.C.
+  WILSON, R.R., Pocatello. Inf. (unassigned).
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+  ADAMS, M.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  ADLER, MORRIS, Quincy. 1st O.T. Sch.
+  ALLEN, ROYAL B., Marseilles. Q.M.C.
+  ARNOLD, B.J., Chicago. Air Serv.
+  AYRES, LESTER G., Oak Park. C.A. School.
+  BOLIN, JAS. R., Paris. 2d Div.
+  BOOSE, JOS. I., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BURNETT, GEO., Shelbyville. 130th Inf.
+  BURNS, J.H., Carrollton. 337th F.A.
+  BUSCH, A.H., Cicero. 117th M.G. Bn.
+  CAVE, ROBT. R., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  COLLINS, W.H., Decatur. 119th Inf.
+  CUMMINGS, JNO. P., Chicago. Tank Corps.
+  CURRIER, C.L., La Grange. 25th Eng.
+  DICKERSON, EARL B., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  DUTCHER, EVERETT C., Dixon. 342d Inf.
+  EISENBERG, SAM J., Chicago. 332d F.A.
+  ENGLE, ROBT. H., Freeport. 41st Inf.
+  EVERSON, CHAS. W., Chicago. A.S. Sig. R.C.
+  FAYART, L.E., Springfield, 9th F.A.
+  FIELD, MARSHALL, Chicago. F.A.
+  FLANNERY, FRANK B., Chicago, Beach Hotel, 221st F. Sig. Bn.
+  FLORY, ROGER, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FLOYD, JNO. A., Chicago. 6th Cav.
+  FORMAN, HAROLD, Chicago. 72d F.A.
+  FREID, SAM'L L., Chicago. 50th Inf.
+  GOLDBERG, B.L., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GOREY, THOS. V., Joliet. Q.M.C.
+  GOWENLOCK, THOS. R., Chicago. 1st Div.
+  GREENE, JNO. J., Chicago. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  HANA, LEO G., Peoria. 341st Inf.
+  HARDWOOD, THOS. F., Bloomington. 343d Inf.
+  HARRISON, F.J., Streator. 1st C.O.T.S.
+  HARTFORD, C.E., Marseilles. Ordnance.
+  HARTRICK, GUY R., Urbana. Ordnance.
+  HELFRICH, GEO. R., Chicago. 17th Inf.
+  HINDERT, GEO. C., Minonk. U.S.N.
+  HIPPLER, S.H., Canton. 5th Reg.
+  HIRSTEIN, A.K., Fairbury. 129th Inf.
+  HUGHES, JNO. E., Chicago. A.S.
+  ICKES, FAY, Springfield, 310th F. Sig. Bn.
+  JEFFERSON, E.A., Chicago. 604th Eng.
+  JENKINS, NEWTON, Chicago. 5th Reg.
+  KEARNEY, MARSHALL V., Chicago. 303d Bn. Tank Corps.
+  KELLEY, W.L., Shelbyville. Chem. War Serv.
+  KENDRICK, J.E., Lincoln. 161st Dep. Br.
+  KINGSTON, RAY, Shelbyville. 119th Inf.
+  KRAATZ, C.F., Carbondale. 161st D.B.
+  LAUER, ROBT. J., Chicago. 344th Inf.
+  LEE, HARRY V., Chicago. Signal Corps.
+  LING, WALTER, Evansville. 115th Inf.
+  LYNDE, CORNELIUS, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MACAULAY, IRWIN, Quincy. Ordnance.
+  MARKLEY, H.G., Watseka. 116th Eng.
+  MARSH, A.F., Chicago. Const. Div.
+  MARSHALL, THOS. H., Chicago. Inf.
+  MCCAULEY, W.R., Olney. 308th Bn. Tank Corps.
+  MEIERHOFER, EDW. H., Minonk. 68th Art.
+  MERRICK, MARLOWE M., Chicago. Sig. Corps.
+  MIDDLETON, A.B., Pontiac. M.C., 90th Div.
+  MILES, GRANT M., Pontiac. 339th Inf.
+  MILLER, JNO. S., JR., Winnetka. 33d F.A.
+  MILLER, THOS., Chicago. 49th Inf.
+  MOCK, HARRY E., Chicago. Med. Corps.
+  MUNDT, WM. C., Fairbury. Radio School.
+  O'CONNELL, R.M., Bloomington. U.S.N.R.F.
+  OPPENHEIMER, J., Chicago. 333d F.A.
+  ORR, PONCE B., Joliet. 1st Inf.
+  PACKWOOD, LAWRENCE, Chicago. 521st M.T.C.
+  PADDOCK, GEO. A., Evanston. 342d Inf.
+  PARKER, HOWARD K., Taylorville. 106th F.A.
+  PESAVENTO, A.J., Joliet. R.S. and C.O.T.S.
+  PIETRZAK, MICHAEL, Oglesby. A.S.A.P. 9th Dt.
+  POWELL, WM. J., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  REED, F.N., Evanston. 10th F.A.
+  REEDER, RUSSEL, Canton, 1st Co. C.A.C.
+  RHODES, BEN. S., Bloomington. 345th Inf.
+  ROMINGER, W.E., Shelbyville. 14th M.G.
+  SAYRE, C.B., Canton. 326th F.A.
+  SEAMAN, GEO. G., Taylorville. 17th F.A.
+  SEARCY, EARL B., Springfield. 311th Inf.
+  SEDWEAK, C.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  SEXTON, GROVER F., Chicago. 108th Mil. Pol. Train.
+  SIMONS, J.E., Glen Ellyn. U.S.M.C.
+  SIMPSON, SIDNEY E., Carrollton. 164th Inf.
+  SKUBIC, EDW. P., Chicago. C.O.T.S.
+  SPENCER, R.V., Chicago. 160th D.B.
+  SPRAGUE, A.A., Lake Forest. 341st Inf.
+  STELLO, JNO. H., McLeansboro. 115th M.G. Bn.
+  TAPP, H.F., Quincy. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALSH, MARTIN, Chicago. 1st Repl. Reg.
+  WEBBER, R.W., Urbana. 210th Aero Sq.
+  WERCKMAN, JNO. C., Minonk. 6th Repl. Reg.
+  WERNER, R.L., Peoria. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WHAM, CHAS., Centralia. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  YOUNG, R., Joliet. 41st Inf.
+  ZERWEKH, PAUL W., Alton. Aviation.
+
+
+INDIANA
+
+  ASCH, A.L., Indianapolis. Q.M.C.
+  BREWER, SCOTT R., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  BUSKIRK, N.J., Bloomington. 111th Inf.
+  CASTER, SOLON J., Indianapolis, 150th F.A.
+  CLEE, ROBT. E., Kokimo. 69th F.A.
+  DAVIS, PAUL Y., Bloomfield. 335th Inf.
+  DUDDLESTON, A.C., Terre Haute, 151st Inf.
+  HOGAN, H.G., Ft. Wayne. M.T.C.
+  JOHNSON, F.B., Indianapolis. Adv. Gen.
+  LEVI, MORRIS R., Evansville. 42d and 32d Div.
+  LONN, A.E., Laporte. 167th Brg.
+  MCDONALD, T.M., Princeton. F.A. Repl. Tr.
+  MOORHEAD, R.L., Indianapolis. 139th F.A.
+  NEWGENT, L.R., Indianapolis. U.S.N.
+  PUTT, GEO., Indianapolis. Motor Trans. Corp.
+  REYNOLDS, JNO. B., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  ROYER, S.D., Terre Haute. 349th Inf.
+  ROYZE, JNO. A., Indianapolis. M.T.C.
+  STRODEL, C.F., Huntington. Inf.
+  THOMAS, MARK H., Huntington. Q.M.C.
+  TIMKO, JOS. J., Brazil.
+  TODD, JOE W., Hammond. Air Serv.
+  UMPLEBY, JAY A., Gary. 139th F.A.
+  WALTZ, RALPH H., Noblesville. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  WATTS, ALBERT H., E. Chicago, 139th F.A.
+  WILSON, A.B., Indianapolis. 87th Div.
+  WOLFE, C.P., Indianapolis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  ZIISEL, FRANK F., Elkhart. 159th D. Br.
+
+
+IOWA
+
+  BERGER, P.F., Carroll. 163d Disch. Off.
+  BROOKHART, S.W., Washington. Inf.
+  BROOKHART, T.L., Washington. M.T.C.
+  COLE, J.F., Oelwein. 161st Depot Brig.
+  COOK, DON C., Cedar Rapids. U.S.M.C.
+  CIRCE, WM. L., Bloomfield. 1st Eng.
+  CRONIN, EDW. P., Victor. U.S.N.
+  DAY, J.R., Council Bluffs, 19th Div.
+  DEWOLF, M.E., Spencer, 5th Inf.
+  DORAN, LUCIEN S., Beaver. 339th F.A.
+  FINCH, BUDD R., West Union. 126th F.A.
+  HAHN, F.K., Cedar Rapids. 126th F.A.
+  HAM, Jos. P., Dubuque. 168th Inf.
+  HARKER, FRANK C., Ottumwa. 168th Inf.
+  HART, W.R., Iowa City, 305th B. Tank Corp.
+  HUDSON, FRED M., Pocahontas. 79th A.A. Bn.
+  HUNGERFORD, JNO., JR., Carroll. Air Serv.
+  KELLY, J.H., Sioux City, 99th Inf.
+  KINS, WILL L., Hubbard. 159th Dept. Br.
+  LEMLEY, H.D., Melrose. 109th Eng.
+  MACVICAR, JNO., Des Moines. Q.M.C.
+  MALCOMB, EARL, Laurens. 12th Inf.
+  METZGER, T.M., Council Bluffs. 168th Inf.
+  NEUSTRAND, OSCAR, Red Oak. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NEWELL, FLOYD, Ottumwa. M.C.
+  PATTEE, L.C., Pocahontas. Sig. Corp.
+  PEASE, LIBERTY, Farragut. 168th Inf.
+  PLAISTER, R.M., Dubuque. 163d Inf.
+  POLK, HARRY H., Des Moines. 176th Inf.
+  POND, ALANSON M., Dubuque. Med. Corps.
+  PUSEY, MCGEE, Council Bluffs. 11th Bal. Co.
+  SCHULTZ, E.R., Sioux City. Nav. Res. Fly. Corps.
+  SHAW, ROBT. J., Hayesville. 40th Inf.
+  SMITH, R.A., Council Bluffs. 163d D.B.
+  SOPER, B.M., Nevada. Q.M.C.
+  STROTZ, ROY R., Des Moines. 16th Inf.
+  THOMAS, LEE A., Mondamin. 3d Con. Bn.
+  WELCH, C.J., Denison. 4th Repl. Reg. 16th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+KANSAS
+
+  BARCLAY, JAS. F., Kansas City, 110th Eng.
+  BLY, WM. D., Leavenworth. 365th Inf.
+  BRANAMAN, H.A., Ottawa. 137th Inf.
+  BRICKELL, J.B., Emporia. Med. Corps.
+  BURNETT, R.H., Dodge City. Zone Sup. Of. N.Y.C.
+  CLAUSEN, E.W., Atchison. U.S.N.A.S.
+  CUBBISON, P.K., Kansas City. 354th Inf.
+  EATON, L.R., Neodesha. 8th Eng.
+  ELIAS, C.R., La Crosse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FARRAR, FOSS, Arkansas City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  FOULSTON, S.L., Wichita, 91st Div.
+  GRIEVES, LOREN C., Ft. Leavenworth. G.S. Reg. A.
+  HANTLA, JNO. P., Spearville. 137th Inf.
+  HASTY, LEWIS A., Wichita. 342d Inf.
+  HOLDEN, HARLEY E., Neodesha. P.O. Dept.
+  HOLLOWAY, W.W., Kansas City. P.M.G.O.
+  JOHNSON, PAUL R., Independence. U.S.N.
+  KURTZ, W.P., Columbus. 158th D.B.
+  LAMBERT, I.E., Emporia. Air Serv.
+  LEE, THOS. A., Topeka. 26th Inf.
+  LEEKLEY, R.M., Arkansas City. 338th F.A.
+  MADDEN, JNO., SR., Wichita. Air Serv.
+  MARTIN, CHAS. I., Topeka. 70th Inf. Br.
+  METCALF, W.S., Lawrence. 77th Brig.
+  MOSS, SIDNEY A., Wichita. 125th F.A.
+  MUSSELMAN, N.B., Arkansas City. R.M.A.
+  O'REILLY, H.C., Strong City. 164th Depot Br.
+  ORTMEYER, H.A., Wichita. 326th M.G. Bn.
+  PHAREN, W.A., Wichita. 360th Inf.
+  SNYDER, HARRY E., Council Grove. Med. Det.
+  SPARKS, KEITH L., Greensburg. Med. Dep.
+  STANFORD, F.C., Independence. A.S.S.C.
+  WALKER, H. Jos., La Crosse. 418th Eng.
+  WEED, M.S., Lawrence. 137th Inf.
+  WILLIAMS, JNO. W., Ottawa. Air Serv.
+  WOODS, JAS. A., Arkansas City. 101st Fld. Sig. B.
+  WOODSIDE, L.N., Council Grove. 13th Cav.
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+  BEARD, B.F., Hardensburg. 138th F.A.
+  BELL, ULRIC J., Louisville. Inf.
+  BERNHEIM, FR. D., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  BRONAUGH, ROBT. L., Nicholasville. 164th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., Lebanon. U.S.N.R.F.
+  EWALL, GEO. R., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  FISCHER, A.T., Louisville. A.S.R.C.
+  FRASER, V.C., Wickliffe. 6th Inf.
+  GORDON, M.K., Madisonville. I.G.D.
+  HALL, HERMAN H., Viper. 327th F.A.
+  HILL, J. MURRAY, Bowling Green. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JUETT, J.G., Wickliffe. 18th Inf.
+  MARRINER, E.H., Dayton. 131st Inf.
+  MOORMAN, H.D., Hardinsburg. 10th F.A.
+  MUIR, EDMUND A., Nicholsville. 22d Ret. Co. G.S.
+  RINGGOLD, J.H., JR., Russellville. Air Sq. 260.
+  SACHS, D.A., JR., Louisville. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SLACK, R.H., Owensboro. 1st O.T.S.
+  SOSNIN, M.L., Louisville. Base Hosp. Camp Crane, Luxemberg, Fr.
+  SOYARS, WM. O., Hopkinsville. U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, PHIL. H., Paducah. M.R.C.
+  WHEELER, JAS. G., Paducah. 159th D.B.
+  YOUNG, JNO. S., Glasgow. Med. Corps.
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+
+  BEARD, L.P., New Orleans. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BLANCAND, GUS, New Orleans. Co. 10.
+  COON, WM. A., New Orleans. 73d F.A.
+  DAVIS, EDW., New Orleans, 1st Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  GINELLA, Louis, New Orleans. M.C.
+  MICHEL, F. RALPH, New Orleans. 46th F.A.
+  MOORE, LEVERING, New Orleans. Q.M.C.
+  OWEN, ALLISON, New Orleans. 141st F.A.
+  PRATT, GEO. H.H., New Orleans. Air Serv.
+  STEM, C.H., New Orleans. 2d Eng.
+  WEINMANN, R.J., New Orleans, 151st F.A.
+
+
+MAINE
+
+  ADAMS, W.P., Portland.  54th Ar. C.A.C.
+  BOYLE, JAS. L., Augusta,  101st San. Tr.
+  GREENE, ROGER A., Lewiston.  101st Trench Mort. Bn.
+  GREENLAW, ALBERT, Eastport.  Hdq. 26th Div.
+  HAINES, ROY C., Ellsworth.  334th Tank Corps.
+  HUMER, FRANK M., Houlton.  103d U.S. Inf.
+  MILLIKEN, CARL E., Augusta.
+  NORTON, W.P., Portland.  72d Art. C.A.C.
+  PRESSON, GEO. MCG., Augusta.  Adj. Gen.
+  ROBINSON, A.L., Portland.  7th A.A. Bn.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+
+  FRENCH, FINDLAY H., Baltimore.  S.O. Camp, Greenleaf, Ga.
+  GOOD, STUART S., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  HUSTER, WM. A., Cumberland.  113th Inf.
+  JOHNSON, WILLARD J., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  KNAPP, RALEIGH T., Baltimore,  110th F.A.
+  RANDALL, A., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  SCAFFE, HAROLD, Baltimore.  14th F.A.
+  SOLOMON, ADOLPH C., Baltimore.  U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, DAVIS G., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  TIEMAN, GEORGE H., Baltimore.  Air Service.
+  WILMER, WILLIAM B., Baltimore.  Tank Corps.
+  YOUNG, FRANK A., Cumberland,  115th Inf.
+  YOUNG, HARVEY W., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  BACON, G.G., Jamaica Plains.  316th F.A.
+  BALDWIN, H.L., Malden.
+  BURT, C.E., New Bedford.  121st F.A.
+  CLEARY, JAS. P., Boston.  Personnel Off. Camp Upton.
+  CUTLER, GEO. C., Jr., Boston.  U.S.N.
+  DALTON, EDWARD P., Boston.  A.G.D.
+  DOLAN, W.H., Fitchburg.  26th Div.
+  FOY, F.H., Quincy.  82d Div. Inf.
+  FROTHINGHAM, L.A., N. Easton.  Adj. Gen.
+  GERMAIN, CHAS. F., Wollaston.  234th Eng.
+  GILBODY, GEO. F., Boston.
+  GREEN, DONALD R., Holyoke. 28th F.A.
+  HERBERT, J.P.J., Worcester. 102d F.A.
+  HOWARD, W.J., Whitman. 113th Eng.
+  JACKSON, L.P., Athol. 74th Inf.
+  MADDEN, MARCUS E., 64 N. Beacon St., 71 Art. C.A.C.
+  MANIFF, HARRY, Revere. U.S.N.
+  MARLEY, THOS. J., E. Boston. 104th Inf.
+  MCGRATH, JAS. P., Roslindale. Hdq. 26th Div.
+  MCINNIS, VICTOR A., Roxbury. 301st Inf.
+  MOYNIHAN, NEIL P., Haverhill. C.O.T.S., Camp Lee, Va.
+  NOLAN, DAVID J., Worcester. 52d Inf.
+  O'ROURKE, JNO. J., Lowell, 101st Sup. Tr.
+  PAGE, KENNETH B., Longmeadow. 104th Inf.
+  PEABODY, J.C.R., Boston. Asst. to Dept. Insp., N.E. Dept. I.G. 5th Div.
+    A.E.F.
+  PRYOR, J.H., West Newton  372d Inf.
+  ROSENFELD, JAY C., Pittsfield. 359th Inf.
+  SAFFORD, RALPH K., Springfield. 104th Inf.
+  SCOTT, H.J., Roxbury. 26th Div.
+  SHINNICK, WM. T., Brockton. 55th Reg. C.A.C.
+  SPILLANE, LEO A., Chelsea. Hdq. N.E. Dept.
+  STEWART, H.J., Camp Devens. 36th Mis. Inf.
+  STRANDQUIST, H.W., Newton. 102d M.G. Bn.
+  THOMAS, H.C., Allston. 101st Eng.
+  WHEELOCK, H.H., Fitchburg. 101st Sup. Tr.
+  WILLIAMS, HARRY R., Boston. 101st Am. Tr.
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+
+  ALGER, FREDERICK M., Detroit. 310th Amun. Tr.
+  ALLEN, CARLOS R., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  BALDWIN, PAUL R., Manistique. Air Service.
+  BELLOWS, BENJ. B., Highland Park. Ordnance.
+  BERSEY, JOHN S., Lansing. Adjt. Gen., Michigan.
+  BOWDEN, ISAAC, Port Huron. Base Hosp. No. 73.
+  BRINK, HOWARD C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  BURGESS, FRANK, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  CHRISTIE, J.T.C., U.S.A. Gen. Hop., No. 36, Detroit. Q.M.C.
+  CONWAY, BERTRAM, 33 Cardoma St., Detroit. 367th Inf.
+  DOYLE, A.G., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  ENGLISH, RAND P., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., University Club, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FEHRENBOCHER, CHRISS, 271 Harrison St., Gary, Ind. 10th Inf.
+  GILDERSLEEVE, HOWARD, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GILLEO, AVERY C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  GUELFF, JOHN J., Marquette. 328th F.A.
+  HALL, WILLIAM D., Kalamazoo. 126th Inf.
+  HANSEN, MYRON J., Laurium. S.A.T.C.
+  HARRIS, H.H., Detroit. A.S.S.C. Aviation Training.
+  HENRY, D.D., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  HULLFISH, HENRY G., Washington, D.C. Medical Dept.
+  KELLEY, CHARLES D., West Detroit. 32d Div.
+  KESL, G.M., Port Huron. M.D.
+  KILMER, EDWARD H., Grand Rapids. 10th Inf.
+  KING, WILLIAM, Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  LARSON, WERNER R., Ironwood. Sanitary Squad No. 58.
+  LAWSON, OTTO EMIL C.Y., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  LOCKHART, ARTHUR, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MAINES, GEORGE H., Battle Creek. 338th Inf.
+  MCKEE, MARK T., Mt. Clemens. Chemical Warfare.
+  MCMAHAN, F.V., 322 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MOERISCH, E.L., Escanaba. U.S.N.
+  NICKEL, P.W., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NORTON, ALBERT H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  O'BRIEN, THOMAS, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.
+  O'DELL, H.A., Detroit. Hdg. Chief Engr.
+  QUASIGROCH, LEE J., Highland Park, Ill., Camp Custer.
+  SMITH, GEORGE L., Detroit. 4th Tex. Inf.
+  TABOR, LYLE D., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TARPESTRA, GEORGE, Grand Rapids. 154th Aero Squad.
+  TAYLOR, W.J., Port Huron. Hdq. Det. 14th Div.
+  TOBIN, FRANK J., Jackson. 126th Inf.
+  VELDMAR, EDWIN, Grand Rapids. 26th Inf.
+  WEIR, ORVILLE H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  WILKIN, H.H., Detroit. U.S.N.
+  YOUNG, JAY P., 706 Easterly Ave., 125th Inf.
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+
+  AHERN, JNO. J., St. Paul.  88th Inf.
+  ANDERSON, S.E., Ruthton.  351st Inf.
+  BALDWIN, C.H., Redwood Falls.  87th Inf.
+  CALDWELL, JNO. C., Albert Lea.  127th F.A.
+  CHAPIN, GEO. S., St. Paul.  167th Inf.
+  CLARK, GORDON M., Duluth.  125th F.A.
+  CLIPPER, GEO. A., St. Paul.  Q.M.C.
+  COOK, PAUL B., Lowrny Blg., St. Paul.  Med. Corp.
+  EATON, M.E., Minneapolis.  309th Fld. Sig. Bn.
+  FOWLER, F.J., St. Paul.  Camp McArthur.
+  FULLER, HARRISON, St. Paul.  163d F.A.
+  HALL, LEVI M., Minneapolis. 124th F.A.
+  HENDERSON, R.L., Minneapolis. C.A.
+  KING, S.W., Austin. Motor Mechanic.
+  LEWIS, H.B., Minneapolis. Dunwoody Tr. Det.
+  LOWTHER, GEO., Minneapolis. Sig. Corp.
+  MACMICHAEL, P.R., 119 N. 4th St., Minneapolis. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MAGNUSSON, C.W., Hibbing. 85th F.A.
+  MCCARTHY, E.D., St. Paul. 313th Eng.
+  NELSON, A.M., Fairmont. 68th Inf. Br.
+  NELSON, Roy, Minneapolis. M.G.S.
+  NOLAN, M.C., Grand Meadow. Q.M.C.
+  PAGE, RALPH W., Minneapolis. 303d Cav.
+  PARKS, JNO. J., St. Paul. 101 Aero Squad.
+  PARTRIDGE, C.A., Owatonna. 332d M.G. Bn.
+  ROBERTS, LOREN B., Little Falls. 187 Aero Sq., A.E.F.
+  ROGERS, M.J., St. Paul. 74th Eng.
+  SCHAUB, H.W., St. Paul. 65th Pioneer Inf.
+  SMITH, S.S., Worthington. 164th D. Brig.
+  STROMGREN, E., Center City. Motor Amb. Sup. Dep. Louisville.
+  STURTZ, WM. P., Albert Lea. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TOMELTY, JAS. C., Little Falls. 337th F.A.
+  USTRUCK, W.J., Montevideo. 346th Inf.
+  VANCMA, GEO., Lakefield. 151st Aero Sq.
+  VARNER, C.L., St. Cloud. Naval Aviation.
+  VEIT, CON., 3733 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. 70th Inf.
+  WARNER, LEE F., St. Paul. Chem. Warfare.
+  WILLIAMS, W.A., 621 Byron St., Mankato. 2d Eng.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+
+  ADAMS, WM. T., JR., Corinth, 115th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, JNO. M., Jackson. San. Corp.
+  BURNETT, ROBT., Vicksburg. 334th M.G. Bn.
+  CHAMBERS, PAUL, Jackson. U.S.N.R.F.
+  CLARK, ARTHUR B., Indianola. 79th Div.
+  DALBEY, CHAS. R., Jackson, 115th Inf.
+  DUNN, ARTHUR JNO., Vicksburg. 162d Inf.
+  FITZHUGH, ALEX., 1403 Baum St., Vicksburg. Comp Q.M., Camp Hancock, Ga.
+  FLEMING, JAS. S., JR., Natchez. 52d Ammun. Tr.
+  HOSKINS, GEO. C., Brookhaven. 162d Inf.
+  SULLENS, FREDERICK, Jackson. Mil. Intell. Div. Gen. Staff.
+  WHITING, JNO. S., JR., Farrell. 24th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+MISSOURI
+
+  ALBERT, WILFRED G., St. Louis. 57th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, F., St. Louis. 49th Inf.
+  ALLEN, C.P., Trenton. Field Ord.
+  BARCO, A.U., St. Louis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BENNETT, J.M., Neosho. S.M.A.
+  BERNARD, J.A., St. Louis. 45th U.S. Inf. Medical Corps.
+  BRADBURY, H.C., Jefferson City. U.S.M.C.
+  BRUGGERE, W.H., St. Louis. 342d F.A.
+  CAMBELL, C.W., Sedalia. 314th Eng.
+  CARTER, A., Meadville. 18th Inf.
+  CLARK, BENNETT, Bowling Green. 88th Div.
+  CLARKE, HARVEY C., Jefferson City. 35th Div.
+  CRONKITE, D.W., St. Joseph. Naval Aviation.
+  DALLMEYER, PHIL. A., Jefferson City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  DALY, RICHARD L., St. Louis. 12th F.A.
+  DICKSON, J.T., Warrensburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DIMMITT, C.P., St. Louis. Hosp. Guard.
+  EGGER, E.R., St. Louis. 6th Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  FIELD, ANDREW, Macon. 160th D.B.
+  FOSTER, DICK B., Kansas City. 10th Div.
+  FULLERTON, ROB., Louis, 111. 5th Mo. Inf.
+  GARRETT, RUBY D., Kansas City. Signal Corps.
+  GOOD, H.G., Carthage. 116th Engrs.
+  GRAY, L.H., Carthage. 6th M.G.B. Marines.
+  GREEN, FREDK. WM., St. Louis. 12th Engrs.
+  GRIMSLEY, CLYDE I., Salina. 16th Inf.
+  HAGNER, A.R., Hagerstown. Casual Air Serv.
+  HAW, U.P., Benton. 90th Inf.
+  HOLCOMB, H.W., Moberly. Q.M.C.S.C.
+  HUBBARD, DOUGLAS, G., Versailles. 346th Inf.
+  HUSTON, G.C., Troy. U.S.N.
+  HYDE, L.M., Princeton. 338th Inf.
+  JOHNSTON, GALE, Mexico. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JOHNSTON, W.O., St. Louis. Bat. No. 60 Arty. C.A.C.
+  KEALY, PHILIP J., Kansas City. 138th Inf.
+  KLEMM, K.D., Kansas City. 106th F.A.
+  KRECHEL, HENRY, Floissant. 128th F.A.
+  LAFAYETTE, D. LYTLE, St. Louis. 332d Inf.
+  LAYTON, CHAS. O., St. Louis. Naval Veteran Assn.
+  LEACH, MERTON H., Jefferson Barracks. Q.M.C.
+  LONERGAN, WM. J., St. Louis. 138th Inf.
+  LOZIER, LUE C., Carrollton. 164th D.B.
+  MCKINLEY, C.A., Clinton. 60th Pioneer Inf.
+  MONOVILL, HAROLD P., St. Louis. Naval Overseas Trans. Serv.
+  MONTGOMERY, P.S., St. Louis. 312th Inf.
+  NEE, DAN M., Springfield. O.T.S.
+  NEVILLE, J.H., Springfield. 41st Arty.
+  RAUPP, WILLIAM, Pierce City. 2d Pioneer Inf.
+  RAZOOSKY, JULIUS, St. Louis. Aero. Phot.
+  ROBINETTE, P.J., Hartville. U.S.M.C.
+  ROGERS, GEORGE, Missouri Ath. Assn. A.S. 133d Det.
+  ROSEMANN, HENRY, St. Louis. Tank Corps.
+  ROYAL, THOMAS V., St. Louis.
+  SCHIELDS, GEO., St. Louis. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  TUCKER, PAUL, Lamar. 112th Inf.
+  WANCHTES, GEO., St. Louis.
+  WATKINS, CHARLES, St. Louis. Fort Sheridan.
+  WHELESS, JOSEPH, St. Louis. Judge Adv.
+  WHITE, J.M., St. Louis. Eng.
+  WOODS, JOE, St. Louis. 354th Inf.
+  YOUNT, M.P., Ironton. 3d O.T.L.
+
+
+MONTANA
+
+  ALMON, WORTH C., Helena. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BARNETT, BEN W., Helena. 163d D.B.
+  BARRY, ARTHUR N., Billings. A.S. Dept.
+  BLOMQUIST, H.L., Great Falls.
+  MCCALLUM, D.S., Helena. 163d Inf.
+  PEW, CHAS. E., Helena. 44th Inf.
+  SHERIDAN, CHAS. L., Bozeman. 49th Inf.
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+
+  COAD, RALPH G., Omaha. A.S.M.A.
+  FISCHER, FRANK P., Scotts Bluff. 164th D.B.
+  FITZSIMMONS, L.L., Fremont. M.O.T.C.
+  GILLIGAN, GEO W., Lincoln. 41st Inf.
+  GOODRICH, E.S., Fairbury. 305th Tank Corps.
+  HOLDEMAN, GEO. H., York. 125th F.A.
+  HOWARD, BERT, Tecumseh. U.S.N.
+  KEARNEY, ORLANDO H., Morrill. 13th Inf.
+  MCDERMOTT, ED. P., Kearney. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  MCGUIRE, L.J., Omaha. 3d Inf.
+  MADDEN, RAY J., Omaha, U.S.N.
+  MAHER, JOHN G., Lincoln. Chief Disb. Officer, Paris.
+  MERSINGER, LEON, Plattsmouth. 222d Field Signal Bn.
+  RADEMACHER, R.A., York. Unassigned.
+  RITCHIE, WM., JR., Omaha. 69th Inf.
+  ROBERTSON, HUGH C., Omaha. 356 San. Det.
+  STIRCH, J.A., Lincoln, 350th Inf.
+  STRYKER, HIRD, Omaha. 338th F.A.
+  STUART, A.L., Fremont. 428 Eng., 109 Eng.
+  TUKEY, ALLAN A., Omaha. 26th Inf.
+  VANNESS, CLARENCE, Stanton. A.S.S.C.
+  WEBB, ROBERT J., Omaha. 164th Depot Brig.
+
+
+NEVADA
+
+  MALSBARY, E.L., Reno. 218th Eng.
+  SALTER, J.D., Winnemucca. 2d Co., 3d Bn. I.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  ABBOTT, F.J., Manchester. 103d F.A.
+  DESCHEMS, HOMAR J., East Jaffey. Motor Supply Train.
+  FISKE, GEORGE V., Manchester. 75th Div. San. Tr.
+  HEUREUX, L'HERVE, Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  HOGAN, WALTER J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  KNOX, FRANK, Manchester. 303d Amm. Tr.
+  MAHER, CHARLES F., 612 Main St., Laconia.
+  MAHONEY, MATTHEW J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  MURPHY, WM., 49 Alfred St., 103d Inf.
+  SANTOR, JOHN, Manchester. 104th F.H.
+  SULLIVAN, WM. E., Nashua, 102d Inf.
+  TRUFANT, ARTHUR, Hudson. 103d Inf.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+
+  BESSON, HARLAN, Hoboken. 5th A.C.
+  BRADY, CHARLES S., Weehawken. 322d Sanitary Train.
+  BROMLEY, HERBERT L., 127 Clinton Ave., Clifton. Camp Hdq., Camp Dix.
+  CANGEMI, ANGELO, Newark. U.S. Nitrate Plant, No. 1.
+  DEBEVOISE, PAUL, Elizabeth. 312th Inf.
+  EGGERS, ALAN L., Summit. 107th Inf.
+  EHRHARDT, PHILIP, Jersey City, 111th M.G. Bn.
+  MCGRATH, EDWARD A., Elizabeth. U.S.N.
+  MULLIK, D.B., Leonia. Eng. M.P.
+  PANCOAST, JOHN M., Hancock's Bridge. U.S.N.R.F.
+  RITTER, RALPH F., Rahway. Staff, Ft. Hancock.
+  SCHENCK, R.P., Jersey City. Q.M.C.
+  STRATTON, GERVAS, Vineland. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TISCHBECK, JOHN D., Newark. 112th H.F.A.
+  TOBIN, ED. A., 27 Broadway, Camden. U.S.N.
+  WEED, NEWELL P., 65 Union, Montclair. 344th Ban. Tank Corps.
+  WESCOAT, ABSALOM S., Atlantic City. M.C.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+
+  BACA, HERMAN G., Belen. U.S.N.
+  BACA, JESUS M., Santa Fe. 115th Pv. Hq.
+  BLEVINS, DONALD L., Las Vegas. 82d F.A.
+  CUTTING, B.M., Santa Fe. Mil. Attaché, London.
+  DILLARD, H. WYATT, Roswell. 358th Inf.
+  DOLDWELL, C.S., Albuquerque. Inf. (?)
+  FLAMM, ROY H., Alamogorda. 18th Eng. R.T.C. French Army.
+  HUMPHREYS, FRED, B., Dayton. U.S.N.
+
+
+NEW YORK
+
+  ALLEN, FREEMAN C., Rochester. Q.M.C.
+  BALDWIN, FREDERIC W., Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  BALL, GROSVENOR LOWREY, Lawrence. 306th Inf.
+  BARNHILL, GEORGE B., New York. 820th Aero Squad.
+  BARRETT, WALTER N., Saratoga Springs. U.S.M.C.
+  BARUCK, S.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BEERS, W.H., New York. 601st Eng.
+  BERRY, CHARLES W., Brooklyn. 106th Inf.
+  BLACK, JOHN, Brooklyn. Stars and Stripes Gen. Staff.
+  BODAMER, HAROLD L., Buffalo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BOECKEL, FRED. W., Buffalo. 106th F.A.
+  BOOTH, ROBERT C., Plattsburg. 303d Inf.
+  BOYCE, A.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BRADLEY, GOODYEAR, Buffalo. 106th Regt.
+  BUNN, EARLE D., Newburgh. Train, and Unassign. Duty.
+  BURRILL, Louis D., Syracuse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BUTLER, WILLIAM E., Brooklyn. Ambulance Service.
+  CHURCH, ELIHU C., New York. 117th Eng.
+  COMPTON, GEO. B., New York. 153d Depot Bri. F.A.
+  CONWAY, THOMAS J., Ithaca. U.S. Marines.
+  COOKE, JAMES P., New York. 106th Inf.
+  COSBY, ARTHUR P., New York. A.G.O.
+  DAGGETT, GEO. F., Brooklyn. Military Intell. Div.
+  DAVIES, JULIEN L., New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DEAN, CLARK M., New York. 107th Inf.
+  DECLUCQ, FLOYD L., Cortland. 108th Inf.
+  DECOURSEY, FALES, New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DERBY, RICHARD, New York. 2d Div.
+  DEYO, HARRISON, Yonkers. S.A.T.C. Columbia Univ.
+  DRAPER, WM. H., New York. Co. 2, N.Y. Reg.
+  DUELL, CHARLES H., New York. U.S.N.
+  ECKERT, J.A., New York. 105th F.A.
+  ENGEL, NICHOLAS, New York. 107th Inf.
+  FINELITE, A.C., New York. Q.M.C.
+  FISH, HAMILTON, JR., New York. 369th Inf.
+  FLOYD, CHAS. H., New York. 107th Inf.
+  FOX, E.E., 58 W. 47th St., New York.
+  FRANK, EUGENE, New York. E.O.T.S.
+  GALLAGHER, F.T.C., Oswego. 108th Inf.
+  GOERKE, JAMES P., Brooklyn. U.S.N.
+  HAYES, WADE H., New York. 27th Div.
+  HEALY, Jos. P., New York. U.S.N.
+  HELWIG, A.L., 517 New York Eng. Corp.
+  HUDSON, DONALD, New York. 27th Aero Squadron.
+  HUNT, CLYDE R., Woodhaven. 7th Bt. Hdqrs.
+  INGRAM, LEE, Gloversville. 105th Inf.
+  JAY, DELANCEY K., Westbury. 307th Inf.
+  JENNINGS, ALLEN D., Brooklyn. U.S.N.R.F.
+  KINCAID, J. LESLIE, Syracuse. 27th Div.
+  KITCHEL, LLOYD, Bronxville. 12th F.A.
+  KNOB, FREDERICK J., New York. U.S.M.C.
+  KRUMM, EDWARD DELOS, Rome. 10th Inf.
+  LYONS, WILLIAM M., Brooklyn. 114th Inf.
+  MCADOO, WILLIAM GIBBS, JR., New York. U.S.N. Air Service.
+  MCALPIN, MILO F., New York. 37th Art.
+  MCILVAINE, TOMPKINS, New York. Intell. Service.
+  MCKLAINE, OSCEALA E., New York. 367th Inf.
+  MARSH, ROBERT M.C., New York. 351st F.A.
+  MELA, HARRY F., New York. 152d Depot Bdg.
+  MILLER, LAWRENCE, New York, 305th F.A.
+  MOSLE, C. FRED., New York. 33d Inf.
+  MULLIN, R. JEROME, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  MUNSKE, CHARLES R., Brooklyn. 102d F.A.
+  NICKERSON, HOFFMAN, New York. Ordnance.
+  OKERLIND, MELIN A., Jamestown. U.S.N.T.S.
+  OSBORNE, FAIRFIELD, New York. 351st F.A.
+  PERRY, FRANCIS W., Brooklyn. 77th Div.
+  PRESS, THOMAS C., Bronx. 105th F.A.
+  PUTNAM, G.P., New York. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RACKOFF, IRWIN IRA, New York. 152d Depot Brigade.
+  REID, D. LINCOLN, New York. 369th Inf.
+  RIDDER, JOSEPH E., New York. M.T.C.
+  RIFFE, JAMES, Elmira. 108th Inf.
+  ROBINSON, Fordham Road and Valentine Ave., New York. General Staff.
+  ROBINSON, FRANCIS H., New York. Q.M.C.
+  ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, New York. 20th Inf.
+  SCHMIDT, W.M., Pleasantville. 7th Inf.
+  SELIGMAN, J.L., New York. 27th Div.
+  SMITH, POWERS C., Watertown. 307th F.A.
+  SMITH, THOMAS R., St. Louis. A.S.D.
+  STONE, LAUE K., New York. 34th Aero Squadron.
+  SWIFT, PARTON, Buffalo, 151st F.A. Bri.
+  TAYLOR, H. IRV., New York. C.A.C.
+  TOWNSON, K.C., Rochester. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  VAN BUREN, J.N., Dunkirk. Aviation.
+  WELLS, JOHN, New York. 105th U.S. Inf.
+  WHEAT, GEO. S., New York. U.S.N.
+  WICKERSHAM, C.W., New York. 27th Div.
+  WISEMAN, MARK H., New York. 7th Regt.
+  WOOD, ERIC P., New York. 83d Div.
+  WRIGHT, W.T., New York. 105th F.A.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+
+  BAKER, JULIUS R., Fargo.  6th Corps M.P. Co.
+  FRASER, G.A., Bismarck.  Inf. P.M.G.O.
+  GORMAN, ARTHUR, Fargo.  26th Inf.
+  HANLEY, J.M., Mandan.  148th M.G. Bn.
+  MERRY, LYALL B., W. Dickinson.  116th Supply Train.
+  SEMLING, H.V., Bismarck.  116th Tr. Hdqrs.
+  STERN, WILLIAM, Fargo.  Q.M.C.
+  TREACY, ROBT. H., Bismarck.  339th Inf. 160th Depot Brigade.
+  WILLIAMS, J.P., No. Fargo.  3d Eng.
+
+
+OHIO
+
+  BABCOCK, VEARNE C., Elyria. U.S. Naval Aviation.
+  BETTMAN, GILBERT. 1114 Union Trust Bldg., Military Intell. Div.
+  BIMM, HARRY L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  BLACK, ROBERT L., Cincinnati. 37th Div. Military Intell.
+  BRUML, MAURICE W., Cleveland. Air Serv.
+  BUSH, H.M., Briggsdale. 134th F.A.
+  CAMPBELL, L.J., Youngstown. 309th F.A.
+  COBE, RALPH D., Findlay. 145th Inf.
+  CONKLIN, WM. H., Columbus. Q.M.C.
+  FESS, THOMAS L., Yellow Springs. 394th M.G. Bri.
+  FUNM, NORBERT E., Sandusky. 147th Inf.
+  GERLACK, F.C., Wooster. 146th Inf.
+  HALL, JOSEPH L., Cincinnati, 5th Corps Artillery.
+  HARD, DUDLEY J., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  HORRELL, OLNEY W., Dayton. 134th F.A.
+  HUSTON, C.H., Mansfield, 112th Am. Train.
+  KING, E.L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  KLINE, JOHN H., Dayton. 62d F.A.
+  KOONS, JACK F., Cincinnati. 148th Inf.
+  LEA, ANDREW B., Cleveland. 112th Engrs.
+  MACDOUGAL, HARRY O., Akron. Ordn.
+  MCGILL, DON. R., Nelsonville. 308th Tr. M. Btry.
+  MURRAY, CHAS. J., Elyria. 42d Div.
+  NICKLETT, A.P., Toledo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PERRY, GEORGE W., Youngstown. 1st Army, A.E.F.
+  PHILLIPS, THOMAS A., Dayton. 812th Pio. Inf.
+  PRIDDY, JOHN E., Findlay. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RAMSEY, ANDREW M., Cincinnati. 26th Div.
+  SEGAL, BEN M., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  SONSLEY, HARRY J., Ada. 62d F.A.
+  TURNER, CYRIL B., Columbus. 308th T.M. Btry.
+  WILSON, CHALMERS, R., Columbus, 112th Field Sig. Bn.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+
+  ADKINS, E.S., Muskogee. Hdq. 42d Div.
+  BERRY, RALPH H., Tulsa. 173d Inf.
+  BURLING, WM. T., Sapulpa. I.C.O.T.S.
+  BUTTS, R.B., Muskogee. 162d D.B.
+  CHASE, VAL D., Alva. U.S.N.
+  FISCHER, F.W., Oklahoma City. Q.M.C.
+  FOX, PHILIP A., Tulsa. 23d Engrs.
+  GINGERICH, H.A., Okmulgee. 358th Inf.
+  HAUGHERTY, HUGH, Enid. E.J.B.T.S.
+  HAGAN, HORACE H., Tulsa. C.A.C.
+  HOFFMAN, ROY, Oklahoma City. 93d Div.
+  KEENAN, ROB. B., Sapulpa. 308th Aero Squad.
+  MCNALLY, EARL, Okemah. 111th Amm. Train.
+  MEYER, HOWARD W., U.S.S. Bank Bldg., U.S. Slipping Bd.
+  NILES, ALVA J., Tulsa. 7th Div.
+  NORWOOD, FRANK H., Prague. Ft. Riley.
+  SAMS, VERNETT E., Wewoka. 49th Inf.
+  SHEA, THOMAS J., Buffalo, N.Y. 56th F.A.
+  TAYLOR, MAX A., Pryor. 330th Inf.
+  THOMPSON, N.A., 111 E. Latimer St., Tulsa. 57th Inf.
+  TULLY, B.L., 83d F.A.
+  VIUER, WM., Tulsa. S.O.T.S.
+
+
+OREGON
+
+  CRITCHLOW, HARRY, Portland. 363d Arab. Co.
+  EIVERS, EDW. J., Portland. 162d Inf.
+  FOLLETT, WILL. B., Eugene. 69th F.A.
+  GRANT, RODERICK D., Portland. Air Service.
+  LEONARD, BARGE E., Portland. 63d Inf.
+  MAY, JOHN L., North Portland. 162d Inf.
+  MULLEN, C.L., Portland. U.S. Marines.
+  PARGON, JOSEPH A., Portland. M.C.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  AURAND, AMMON M., JR., Beaver Springs. Q.M.C.
+  BEAMAN, JOSEPH W., Towanda. 140th Tank Corps.
+  BECKER, H.M., Pittsburgh. (?)
+  BIDDLE, CHARLES J., Philadelphia. Air Serv.
+  BLANK, HARRY C., Allentown. C.O.T.S.
+  BODIN, F.S., Wellsboro. B.E.F.
+  BUCK, HOWARD, Philadelphia. 96 Aero Sq.
+  BUETTNER, C.A., Johnstown. Amb. Co.
+  COLLINS, J., East Pittsburgh. 371 Inf.
+  DAVIS, SHANLEY, Pottsville. Aviation.
+  DEARLOVE, CHAS., Philadelphia. 109th Inf.
+  DETRICH, A., Philadelphia. School for A.R. & M.O.
+  DIXON, F.E., Elkins Park. 318th F.A.
+  DOBSON, W.F., 284 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre. U.S.N.R.F.
+  D'OLIER, FRANKLIN, Philadelphia. Q.M.C.
+  DUNKLE, RAY, Dry Runn. 4th D.B.
+  DUNN, STEWART, Pittsburgh. 83d F.A.
+  EGLOFF, JOHN, East Pittsburgh. 8th Trench Mort. Bat.
+  FISCHER, ANDREW, Johnstown. 7th Eng.
+  FLOOD, FRANK, Pittsburgh. Chem. War. Service.
+  FORESTER, I.G.. Philadelphia. 46th Inf.
+  FOSTER, DAVID, Carnegie, 305th Field Sig. Bn.
+  GEARY, JOHN W., Philadelphia. M.I.D.
+  GENTZEL, PAUL, Bellefonte. 314th Inf.
+  GREER, JOHN, New York City. Nat. Cath. War Council.
+  HAUTH, M.L., Meadville. 29th Eng.
+  HECHT, CARL C., c/o West Branch Knitting Co., U.S.M.C.
+  HERBINE, A.P., Berwick. 314th Inf.
+  HILL, FREDERICK, Pittsburgh, 90th Inf.
+  HOEGER, ADELBERT, 1508 Sheffield St., Pittsburgh. 209th Eng.
+  HOOPES, E.S., East End Ave., Beaver. Casual Air Service.
+  HOSACK, GEORGE, 1415 Park Blg., Pittsburgh, 111th Inf.
+  HOUCK, BYRON, Williamsport. 1st Reg. M.T.S.
+  HUDOE, M.J., Uniontown. 306th Tank Corp.
+  HULINGS, NORMAN, Oil City. 22d Aero Sq.
+  HUNSICKER, STANLEY, Collegeville. Q.M.C.
+  IVONY, LEO, East Pittsburgh. I.C.O.T.S.
+  JOHNS, ALEXANDER, Monessen. 2d Eng. Tran. Regiment.
+  JOHNSON, J.E., West Chester. 301st Tank Train.
+  JOHNSON, MILLER A., Lewisburg. 162d Inf.
+  JONES, WARREL, Clearfield. 38th Inf.
+  KATZ, EDWARD, Honesdale. M.T.C.
+  KELLER, OLIVER, Lancaster. Air Service.
+  KNOX, ANDREW, Philadelphia. Med. Corps.
+  KRESALES, KENNETH, Easton. U.S.A.A.S.
+  KRUMBHAAR, EDWARD, Chestnut Hill. Base Hos. No. 10.
+  LAMOND, JAMES, Philadelphia. Avia. A.S.A.
+  LAUGHLIN, ALEX., JR., Sewickley. 88th Div.
+  MCCALL, JOSEPH, Merion. 311th. F.A.
+  MCRAE, A.K., Pittsburgh. M.T.C.T.S.
+  METZ, BENJ., Pittsburgh. 124th Eng.
+  MORGANROTH, C.K., Shamokin. 312th Inf.
+  MUENCH, WILLIAM, JR., Philadelphia. 606th Eng.
+  NEWCOMER, ROBERT, Pittsburgh. 76th Div.
+  NOFER, GEO., 621 Belgrade St. 3d Div. Hdq.
+  O'DONNEL, JAMES, Philadelphia. 315th Inf.
+  PEARSON, ALFRED, JR., Somerset. 6th E.T.R.
+  PENNEL, EDRED J., Norristown. 304th Ammun. Tr.
+  PENNY, JOS. M., Philadelphia. U.S.N.
+  PHELPS, L.M., Erie. 112th Inf.
+  PUTLK, LAWHEND, Clearfield. Base Hosp. No. 4.
+  REASA, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  REHR, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng. Co. C.
+  REIFSENDER, RUSSELL, Pottstown. 182d Aero Sq.
+  RICK, GEO., Reading. 302 Guard and Fire Co.
+  RIGBY, HOWARD, Pittsburgh. O.T.C.
+  SAMSEL, HUGH, Stroudsburg. U.S.N.
+  SAXE, MICHAEL, Philadelphia. 54th Inf.
+  SEMBOWER, GUY, Reading, 114th Ord. Co.
+  SHOEFFER, CLINTON, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  SIMONSON, E.G., Philadelphia. 490 Aero Sq.
+  SINGER, ROBERT, Stroudsburg. 109th Inf.
+  SMYTH, WILLIAM, Philadelphia. Engrs. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  SPANGEL, LYELL, Williamsport. U.S.N.
+  STEVENSON, RICHARD, Chester. Handley Page Training Dept.
+  TYLER, GEORGE, Philadelphia, 311th F.A.
+  WALSH, JOSEPH, Pittsburgh. 4th Eng.
+  WEAR, BYRON, Hazleton. 146th Inf.
+
+
+PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
+
+  LANDON, ROBERT R., Manila. 111th Corps and 2d Army.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+
+  ANGELL, CARL H., Providence. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  CANTWELL, PERCEY, Providence. 351st P.A.
+  ELEONISKEY, JAMES, Main Crompton. Sig. Corps.
+  JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER, Providence. C.A.C.
+  MCKANNAH, F., River Pt. Medical Corps.
+  SAN SONEITR, JOS., 4 Claremont Ave., 103d F.A.
+  SHARKEY, WALTER, Woonsocket. 151st D.B.
+  SHUNNEY, WM. P., Woonsocket. 103d P.A.
+  STURGES, RUSH, Providence. Ord.
+  THURBER, FRED B., c/o Tilden Thurber Co. U.S.N.
+  WEEDER, R.B., Providence. 103d F.A.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  FULTON, ROBERT, Florence. 105th Supply Tr.
+  LACHICOTTE, N.S., Florence. U.S.N.R.F.
+  REED, CHARLES, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  SMYSER, JOHN, Florence. Med. Corps.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+  BUELL, WILLIAM, Rapid City. 335th Inf.
+  DENNISON, JOHN, Vermillion. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  DOUD, F.R., Mobridge. 13th Eng.
+  JOHNSON, T.R., Sioux Falls. 102d F.A.
+  MALONEY, PAUL, Aberdeen. 163d F.A.
+  PFEIFFER, JOSEPH, Rapid City. Ord.
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+
+  ANDERSON, GLENN, Nashville. C.A.C.
+  BERRY, HARRY, Hendersonville. 115th F.A.
+  BOLLING, W.E., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BOWMAN, CHAS., Nashville. 2d Div.
+  BROWN, BARTON, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BUCKNER, ED., Thompson's Station. 114th F.A.
+  BUFORD, NED, Nashville. Air Ser.
+  CASON, WM., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  CORSON, HERBERT, Nashville. U.S.N.
+  GLEASON, JAMES, Knoxville. 114th F.A.
+  GRIFFEN, EUGENE, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  HAGER, RICHARD, Nashville, 115th F.A.
+  HANDLER, WALTER C., Memphis. 55th P.A. Brig.
+  HAYES, JOHN, Memphis. 114th F.A.
+  KLEINE, KENNETH E., Memphis. Unassigned.
+  LASON, WILLIAM, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  LEA, LUKE, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  MERNT, HENRY, Jacksonville, 115th F.A.
+  MILLIGAN, G.C., Chattanooga. 156th Dept. Brig.
+  MILLIKEN, Chattanooga. 81st Div.
+  NAIVE, W.W., Clarkville. U.S.N.
+  OXE, HOWARD, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  PALMER, ED., Nashville. 117th F.A.
+  ROBERTSON, JOHN, Lebanon, 115th F.A.
+  SHADOW, W.A., Winchester. Air Ser.
+  SPENCE, CAREY, Knoxville. 117th Inf.
+  WARNING, ROME, Memphis. 33d Div.
+  WATSON, LAWRENCE, Columbia. 114th F.A.
+  WINFRY, DOUGLAS, Memphis.
+
+
+TEXAS
+
+  ALLEN, ARCH C., Dallas. 132d F.A.
+  BACON, BENJAMIN, Wichita Falls. 360th Inf.
+  BEAGLEY, JOHN, La Porte. Inf.
+  BEAVENS, C., Houston. 357th Inf.
+  BIRKHEAD, CLAUDE, San Antonio, 131st F.A.
+  BOON, S.P., Brady, 111th Sup. Train.
+  BRADLEY, ROLLAND, Houston. 132d F.A.
+  CARREL, ALFRED, Austin. Air Ser.
+  COHN, E.M., Dallas. U.S.M.C.
+  FOY, HUGH, Dallas. Army Tran. Service.
+  GAINES, J.P., Bay City. 26th Inf.
+  GRUBBS, ROSCOE, Paris, 5th M.G. Bn.
+  HOOVER, JOHN, Houston. 143d Inf.
+  JACKSON, W.E., Hillboro. 141st Inf.
+  JOHNSON, W.W., Galveston. U.S.N.
+  KING, JOHN L., Ft. Worth, 111th Am. Train.
+  LANGDON, RUSSELL, Houston. U.S.N.
+  LINDSLEY, HENRY, Dallas. Gen. Staff.
+  NICHOLSON, LE ROY, Ballinger. U.S.N.
+  SMITH, C., Galveston. Inf.
+  TIPS, CHAS., Three Rivers, 90th Div. Inf.
+  VAMESON, ROU A., Marlin. 143d Inf.
+  YOUNG, JOHN, Austin. C.A.C.
+
+
+UTAH
+
+  DOUGLAS, ROYAL, Ogden. 81st Inf.
+  JURGENSEN, FRED, Salt Lake City. Gen.
+  KUNDSON, J.C., Brigham City. 326th Inf.
+  MCCARTY, RAY, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.
+  MEEHAN, LEO, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.F.C.
+  PARSONS, C., Salt Lake City. Sant. Corps.
+  RHIVERS, DONALD, Ogden. 18th Eng.
+  ROBERTSON, BALDWIN, Salt Lake City. 362d Inf.
+  SEELY, L.J., Mt. Pleasant. 814th Aero Sq.
+  SMOOT, H.R., Salt Lake City. P.S.&T.
+  WOOLEY, JAS., Salt Lake City. U.S.M.C.
+
+
+VERMONT
+
+  FOUNTAIN, JOSEPH HARRY, Burlington. 101st Am. Tr.
+  NASON, LEONARD, Norwich University. 76th F.A.
+  VARNUM, GUY, Barre. Ordnance.
+
+
+VIRGINIA
+
+  COCKE, FRANCIS, Roanoke. 217th Aero Sq.
+  ISAID, JAMES, Roanoke. 117th T.H. & M.P.
+  NEI, D.D., Norfolk. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PALLARD, C., Richmond. 30th Eng.
+  POOL, GEORGE, Norfolk, 111th F.A.
+  STUART, WM. A., Big Stone Gap. 44th Art. Brig.
+  THOMPSON, JOHN, Petersburg. 248th Aero Sq.
+  TROTTER, WM., Petersburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALLACE, R.R., Hampton. 11th F.A.
+  WICKER, JOHN, Richmond. 499th Aero Sq.
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+
+  FEIN, FRED, 1131 Pleasant St. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GORDON, R.S., Spokane. 54th F.A.
+  JOHNSON, ALBERT, Aberdeen. M.S.
+  MCDONALD, C.B. Camp Lewis, Signal Corps.
+  MOSS, HARVEY, Seattle. I.G.D.
+  REDINGER, FRED, Aberdeen. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SAPP, C.S., Seattle. Ord.
+  SHAW, FREDERICK, Tacoma. C.A.C.
+  SIMENTON, RUSS, Seattle. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SULLIVAN, JOHN, Seattle. M.I.B.
+  THOMPSON, L.L., Olympia. U.S.N.R.F.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  ALDERSON, FLEMING, Charleston. A.G.O.
+  ARNOLD, JACKSON, Weston. 150th Inf.
+  BOND, JOHN, 317 Michigan Ave. Gen. Staff 38th Div.
+  CROCKETT, JOSEPH, Welch. 315th F.A.
+  DAVIS, RICHARD, Morgantown. A.S.A.
+  FERGUSON, G.E., Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  GODFREY, M.V., Charleston. Med. Corps.
+  JACKSON, JOSEPH, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  JONES, CLARENCE, Hinton. 8th Inf.
+  MCCAMIC, CHARLES, Wheeling. Ordn.
+  REASS, JOS. H., Wheeling. Q.M.C.
+  SHAW, HOUSTON GEO., Wheeling. R.I.C.
+  SIMMONS, W.J., Hinton. 40th Inf.
+  SOLINS, SAMUEL, Welch. M.C.
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+
+  ACKLEY, JAMES, 417 Marston Ave., 168th Inf.
+  BELLIS, NEWMAN, Wausau. 18th Inf.
+  CHYBOWSKI, M.A., Milwaukee. M.O.T.C.
+  CLARKE, ROBERT H., La Crosse. Development Bn.
+  CLOW, WM. K., Milwaukee. U.S.N.
+  CROSBY, H.S., Rhinelander.
+  CUNNINGHAM, ROB., Janesville. Chemical Warfare.
+  DAVIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Train. Cp.
+  DIETERIEN, W.H., Milwaukee. 120th F.A.
+  DUTSCHER, GEO., Milwaukee. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  FERRIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Gen. Staff.
+  FOSTER, CARLTON, Oshkosh. 20th Eng.
+  LACHENMAIER, FRED, 312 Caswel Blk., 100th Div.
+  LEE, WILBUR, Oconto. 127th Inf.
+  LYSTUD, ANDY, N. Hudson. 330th Mach. Gun.
+  MERKEL, GEO., Appleton. 127th Inf.
+  OWENS, ELMER, Milwaukee, 121st F.A.
+  PFEIL, JAMES, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  PRANGE, HERBERT, Baraboo. 128th Inf.
+  SALSMAN, JOHN, Madison. 32d Div.
+  SMITH, B.L., Neenah. 18th Inf.
+  STRAMPE, GEORGE, Janesville.
+  SZULTEK, JOHN, Milwaukee. 121st F.A.
+  WITTERSTAFFER, WALTER, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  WOODWORTH, LEIGH, Janesville.
+
+
+WYOMING
+
+  DINNEEN, M.A., Cheyenne. 116th Amm. Tr.
+  GREGG, BEN, Worland. 49th Reg.
+  JUNE, C.M., Cheyenne. 13th Div.
+  MCCARTHY, D.C.M. Casper. U.S.N.
+  MILLER, L.A., Cheyenne. U.S.M.C.
+  POWERS, RALPH, Tarrington. 40th Inf.
+  SHORTELL, WILLIAM, Buffalo. 116th Am. Tr.
+  SWENSON, NELSY, Douglas, 1st Inf.
+
+
+WORLD'S WAR VETERANS
+
+  C.P. DIMMITT
+  G.H.W. RAUSCHKOLB
+  GEO. E. DAVID
+  JOHN S. SEIBERT
+  THOMAS H. DEMPSEY
+  R.A. THOMPSON
+  F.H. REIN
+  CHARLES S. WATKINS
+
+
+SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' COUNCIL
+
+  S.M. CURTIN
+
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+
+  H.W. HILLYER, 1215 Nat. Bank, Conwell Bldg., St. Louis, Co. B,
+    49 Mo. G.B.
+  LOUIS R. FLORIN
+  T.R. SMITH, 2848 Lyon St., St. Louis, 11th Co. A., S.D., Garden City
+  JOSEPH P. MCGLINN
+  J.A. BERNARD, 706 Pearce Bldg., St. Louis. 45 U.S. Inf.
+  SCOTT W. LUCAS
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14478 ***
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Story Of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat.
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14478 ***</div>
+
+<h1>The Story of The American Legion</h1>
+
+<h3>By</h3>
+
+<h2>George Seay Wheat</h2>
+
+<h3>The Birth of the Legion</h3>
+
+<h4>The first of a series to be issued after each<br />
+Annual National Convention</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Illustrated</i></h4>
+
+<h5>G.P. Putnam's Sons<br />
+New York and London<br />
+The Knickerbocker Press<br />
+1919</h5>
+
+<h5>The Knickerbocker Press, New York</h5>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img001.jpg" id="img001"><img src="images/img001.jpg" width="600" height="339" alt="The St. Louis Caucus" title="" />
+</a></div>
+<p class="center">The St. Louis Caucus</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>FOREWORD</h2>
+
+<p>The American Legion was conceived by practically the entire personnel
+of the army, navy, and marine corps! Every man in the military and
+naval establishment did not think of it in just such terms, but most
+of them knew that there would be a veterans' organization of some
+tremendous import, and here it is!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A veterans' organization of some kind will be formed.&quot; I heard that
+identical remark not once, but a dozen times on board a transport en
+route to France as early as September, 1918. In fact, one night in the
+war zone a group of officers were huddled around a small piano trying
+to make the best of a lightless evening, and, having sung every song
+from <i>Keep the Home Fires Burning</i> to <i>You're in the Army Now</i>,
+paused, longingly toyed cigarettes which were taboo by ship's order,
+and then began to spin yarns.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Reminds me of a G.A.R. reunion,&quot; one second lieutenant from Maine
+remarked, after a particularly daring training camp adventure had been
+recounted.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Just think of the lying we'll all do at our reunions when this war is
+over,&quot; chirped a youngster from South Carolina. And then spoke a tall
+major from Illinois:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The organization which you young fellows will join won't be any
+<i>liefest</i>&mdash;at least not for forty years. Don't forget there's some
+saving to do for the United States when this European mess is over. Us
+fellows won't ever get out of Uncle Sam's service.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>How well the Illinois major hit the nail on the head! The incident on
+the transport seems worth recording not only because of the major but
+because it shows the general anticipation of what is now the American
+Legion. Perhaps it was this general anticipation which is responsible
+for the cordial reception that the Legion has had ever since its very
+inception in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>No one can lay claim to originating the idea of a veterans'
+association, because it was a consensus among the men of the armed
+forces of our nation. A certain group of men can take unto themselves
+the credit for starting it, for getting the ball rolling, aiding its
+momentum, and, what is more important, for guiding it in the right
+direction, but no one man or group of men &quot;thought up&quot; the American
+Legion. It was the result of what might be called the &quot;spontaneous
+opinion&quot; of the army, navy, and marine corps caused by a fusing
+together in a common bond of the various elements of the service, just
+as spontaneous combustion is brought about by the joint action of
+certain chemical elements.</p>
+
+<p>Spontaneous opinion, like spontaneous combustion, is dangerous when
+improperly handled and beneficient when rightly directed. That's what
+the organizers of the Legion have been and will be mostly concerned
+with. They have their elements&mdash;these men of the army, navy, and
+marine corps, and the organizers mean to direct this united and
+organized patriotism into such channels as will make for the welfare
+of the United States of America primarily, and, secondarily, for the
+welfare of the service men themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Just how much attention this Legion with four million potential
+members intends to pay to the United States of America, and just how
+much to themselves <i>per se</i>, is basicly important and pertinent as a
+question, nowadays when the Legion is being tried and is on the
+witness stand before public opinion. The answer is most clearly
+indicated by the preamble to the proposed constitution printed
+elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>This preamble stresses <i>Americanism, individual obligation</i> to the
+<i>community, state</i>, and <i>nation; battling with autocracy</i> both of the
+<i>classes</i> and <i>masses; right</i> the <i>master</i> of <i>might; peace</i> and
+<i>good will</i> on <i>earth; justice, freedom</i>, and <i>democracy</i>! Only in the
+last two words of the preamble is mention made of the welfare of the
+men themselves. These two words are <i>mutual helpfulness</i>. But be sure
+and understand the connection in which they are used.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;... <i>we associate ourselves together ... to consecrate and sanctify
+our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This is the way the last purpose of the preamble reads.</p>
+
+<p>The men who framed this constitution certainly did not believe that
+comradeship would be consecrated and sanctified by anything of a
+selfish character under the guise of mutual helpfulness. Certainly not
+the <i>comradeship</i> that made bearable the zero hour in the trenches or
+the watch in a submarine infested sea.</p>
+
+<p>To go a little in advance of the story and speak practically, mutual
+helpfulness has meant so far voting down a pay grab from Congress; a
+get-together spirit to foster the growth of the Legion; a purpose to
+aid in the work of getting jobs for returning soldiers, and the
+establishment of legal departments throughout the country to help
+service men get back pay and allotments. Mutual helpfulness in this
+case would seem to make Uncle Sam as much a partner in it as are the
+Legion members. Because, for every job the Legion gets an unemployed
+man, and for every dollar Legion lawyers help collect for back pay and
+allotments, a better citizen is made. And better citizenship is what
+the Legion most wants.</p>
+
+<p>So here seems to be the place to make the patent observation that
+<i>mutual helpfulness</i> will in future years mean just what it means
+to-day&mdash;doing something for the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time the Legion might be compared to a two-headed
+American eagle&mdash;one looking towards France and the A.E.F., and the
+other homewards to the service men here. The two are a single body
+borne on the same wings and nourished of the same strength. They are
+the same in ideal and purpose but directed for the moment by two
+different committees working together. One committee is the result of
+the caucus at Paris in March, when the A.E.F. started the
+organization, while the other was born this month in St. Louis, Mo.,
+for the men here.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">GEORGE S. WHEAT.</p>
+
+<p>NEW YORK May, 1919.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td align='right'>I.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">Latter War Days in France</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>II.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">The Paris Caucus, March 15-17, 1919</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>III.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Pre-Caucus Days in America</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>IV.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">The Advance Committee</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>V.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">The St. Louis Caucus, May</span> 8, 9, and 10</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>VI.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">The Legion and the Bolsheviki</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>VII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><span class="smcap">The Legion won't Meet at Chicago</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>VIII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">The Silver Lining</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>IX.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><span class="smcap">Objectors&mdash;Conscientious and Otherwise</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>X.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><span class="smcap">The Re&euml;mployment Problem</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>XI.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">The Disregard of Self</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>XII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">The Closing Hours</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>XIII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII"><span class="smcap">Why the American Legion?</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#THE_AMERICAN_LEGION"><span class="smcap">The American Legion</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#CONSTITUTION"><span class="smcap">Constitution of the American Legion</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#RESOLUTIONS"><span class="smcap">Resolutions</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#LEGION_FACTS"><span class="smcap">Legion Facts</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#WHAT_THE_PUBLIC_PRESS_THINKS"><span class="smcap">What the Public Press Thinks</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#COMMITTEES"><span class="smcap">Committees</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#ROSTER"><span class="smcap">Roster</span></a></td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations">
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img001"><span class="smcap">The St. Louis Caucus</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img002"><span class="smcap">Henry D. Lindsley</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img003"><span class="smcap">The Paris Caucus</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img004"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img005"><span class="smcap">Group at St. Louis Caucus</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img006"><span class="smcap">Bennett C. Clark</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img007"><span class="smcap">Eric Fisher Wood</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img008"><span class="smcap">Gaspar Bacon</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img009"><span class="smcap">State Chairmen Herbert, Mathewson, and Wickersham</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img012"><span class="smcap">&ldquo;Jack&rdquo; Sullivan</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img013"><span class="smcap">Chaplain J.W. Inzer</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img014"><span class="smcap">Fred Humphrey</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img015"><span class="smcap">P.C. Calhoun</span></a></td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>The Story of the American Legion</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I believe that the army of to-day, when it goes back to citizen
+    thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of so contributing
+    to the commonwealth of the United States as to change the
+    character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="rght">BISHOP BRENT, <i>Senior Chaplain, A.E.F.</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">Paris, March, 1919. &nbsp; </p></div>
+
+<p>On a midsummer morning in 1918, ambulance after ambulance unloaded its
+cargo of wounded humanity at a base hospital in Paris. The wounded
+were being conveyed rapidly from the front and the entire hospital was
+astir with nurses, surgeons, and orderlies. A major, surgeon, almost
+staggered out of an operating room where he had been on duty for
+twenty-two hours and started for his quarters when a colonel arrived
+on an inspection trip.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Pretty busy,&quot; remarked the colonel as he acknowledged the major's
+salute.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Busy? Busy!&quot; replied the major. &quot;Good Lord, the only people about
+here that aren't busy are the dead ones. Even the wounded are busy
+planning to hobble around at conventions when the Big Show is over.
+Already they are talking about how they intend to take a hand in
+things after the war when they get home.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Over across the street a sergeant, limping slightly, stopped under a
+shade tree and leaned against it to rest. He was almost well of his
+wound and eagerly awaited the word that would send him to join his
+regiment, the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry. As he paused under
+the tree another soldier with a mending wound in the knee and just
+able to be about stopped to speak to him. The sergeant's hand rose in
+quick salute for the newcomer was an officer.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Expect to get back soon, sergeant?&quot; said the officer.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes sir,&quot; he replied. &quot;Anxious to go back and get the whole job over,
+sir.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;So am I,&quot; responded the officer. &quot;But what will we all do when the
+Germans really are licked?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Go home and start a veterans' association for the good of the
+country, sir,&quot; the sergeant answered.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then major, was the officer,
+and Sergeant William Patterson, later killed in action, was the
+enlisted man, and the institution was Base Hospital No. 2.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt, who was in the hospital convalescing from a wound
+in his knee caused by a machine gun bullet, told me the story and said
+it was the first time that he had heard the subject of a veterans'
+association mentioned, although he had thought of it frequently
+himself as an organization with boundless possibilities for good. He
+found later that it was being very generally discussed by men in Base
+Hospital No. 2, particularly those who were so badly wounded that they
+could not be sent to the front again and who knew they must further
+serve their country along peaceful lines at home.</p>
+
+<p>This was during war time, remember!</p>
+
+<p>Then came the armistice!</p>
+
+<p>When our victorious armies were wending their way towards the Rhine,
+when men of the navy and the marine corps realized that peace had come
+and that home was again within reach, this thought of a veterans'
+band, which had slumbered far back in the subconscious thoughts of all
+of them, burst into objectivity. An association of some sort was
+widely discussed not only by the men but by the officers as well. But
+how could even the start of it be begun? Those who considered the
+project most seriously were confronted with a difficulty which seemed
+at first to be almost insurmountable: that was the difficulty of
+assembling at one time and in one place a gathering which might at
+least approximately represent the whole army, navy, marine corps, or
+even the A.E.F.</p>
+
+<p>This difficulty tended to narrow what is believed to have been the
+wish of everyone when he first thought of the matter, that is the hope
+that it would be another Grand Army of the Republic, another United
+Confederate Veterans, but greater than either because representative
+of a United Country. Talk started then about all sorts of imagined and
+fancied veteran organizations. Some advocated an officers'
+association. This was believed to be possible because officers had
+more freedom and more financial ability to attend a convention. Others
+thought the enlisted men should perfect organizations by regiments
+first, then divisions, and finally form one great united body.</p>
+
+<p>The present leaders in the movement have since said that they realized
+that all of these schemes must come to naught because no organization
+except one on the broadest possible lines could be effective. They
+believed that all officers and men of the three branches of the
+service and all enlisted women, whether they served at home or abroad,
+should be eligible and urged to join one thoroughly democratic and
+comprehensive organization. They knew that any organization leaving
+out one or more elements composing the military service of the United
+States would be forced to compete constantly with the organization or
+association so discarded. In short, they knew that in union there is
+strength. And they believed, and still believe, that the problems of
+peace after a catastrophe such as was never before witnessed in
+history are so grave that they can be met with safety only by a
+national bulwark composed of the men who won the war, so closely knit,
+so tightly welded together in a common organization for the common
+good of all that no power of external or internal evil or aggression,
+no matter how allied or augmented, could hope even so much as to
+threaten our national existence, ambitions, aspirations, and pursuit
+of happiness, much less aim to destroy them.</p>
+
+<p>Don't forget that the leaders of the movement realized all this, and
+also remember that they include among their number the enlisted man of
+the A.E.F. and home army and the sailor in a shore station and on
+board a destroyer. The realization may not have been in so many words,
+but each knew he wanted to &quot;make the world safe for democracy&quot;&mdash;he had
+fought to do that and had thought out carefully what it meant, that
+is, that it didn't mean anything selfish&mdash;and each knew enough of the
+principle of union and strength to embrace the idea when &quot;organize&quot;
+first began to be mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>But how to do it, that was the problem.</p>
+
+<p>Then kind Fate in the shape of G.H.Q. came to the rescue with what
+proved to be the solution.</p>
+
+<p>G.H.Q. didn't mean to find the solution. There had been a deal of
+dissatisfaction with the way certain things were going in the A.E.F.
+and on February 15, 1919, twenty National Guard and Reserve officers
+serving in the A.E.F., representing the S.O.S., ten infantry
+divisions, and several other organizations, were ordered to report in
+Paris. The purpose of this gathering was to have these officers confer
+with certain others of the Regular Army, including the heads of train
+supply and Intelligence Sections of the General Staff of G.H.Q., in
+regard to the betterment of conditions and development of contentment
+in the army in France.</p>
+
+<p>Included in this number were Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., of the First Division, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin D'Olier of the
+S.O.S., and Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher Wood of the 88th Division.
+All of these officers have since told me that when they left their
+divisions they were distinctively permeated with the desire to form a
+veterans' organization of some comprehensive kind. When they got to
+Paris they immediately went into conference with the other officers
+on the questions involved in their official trip, details of which do
+not concern this story.</p>
+
+<p>What is important is the fact that Colonel Roosevelt, Colonel D'Olier,
+and Colonel Wood each discovered that all of the officers in this
+representative gathering shared with the thousands of other soldiers
+of the American forces the hope and desire that the officers and men
+who were about to return to civilian life, after serving in the great
+war, whether at home or with the combat units or in the S.O.S., might
+sooner or later be united into one permanent national organization,
+similar in certain respects to the Grand Army of the Republic or the
+United Confederate Veterans and composed of all parties, all creeds,
+and all ranks, who wished to perpetuate American ideals and the
+relationship formed while in the military and national service.</p>
+
+<p>When these officers realized what each was thinking they promptly set
+about with the &quot;let's go&quot; spirit of the A.E.F. to avail themselves of
+a God-given opportunity. A dinner was spread in the Allied Officers'
+Club, Rue Faubourg St. Honor&eacute;, on the night of February 16th and
+covers were laid for the following:</p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Francis R. Appleton, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>2d Army.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton,</td><td align='left'>82d Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark, ex 35th Div.,</td><td align='left'>now with 88th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,</td><td align='left'>37th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. D.J. Davis, ex 28th Div.,</td><td align='left'>now att. G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier,</td><td align='left'>Q.M., S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. W.J. Donovan,</td><td align='left'>Rainbow Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. David M. Goodrich,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. T.E. Gowenlock, ex 1st Div.,</td><td align='left'>now with 1st A.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Thorndike Howe,</td><td align='left'>A.P.O. Dept.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,</td><td align='left'>Peace Commission</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. DeLancey Kountze,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,</td><td align='left'>28th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Ogden Mills, ex 6th Div.,</td><td align='left'>now att. G.-2, S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Benjamin Moore,</td><td align='left'>82d Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>1st Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. R.C. Stebbins,</td><td align='left'>3d A.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. R.C. Stewart,</td><td align='left'>1st Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. George A. White, ex 41st Div.,</td><td align='left'>now att. G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, ex 83d Div.,</td><td align='left'>now with 88th Div.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>At that dinner the American Legion was born.</p>
+
+<p>Why not let this gathering&mdash;the most representative in the history of
+the A.E.F.&mdash;consider itself as a temporary committee to launch the
+movement? Why not? everyone asked himself and his neighbor over the
+coffee. All felt that their presence in Paris presented an unusual
+opportunity to initiate the first steps of such a movement, an
+opportunity unlikely to be repeated and one they ought not to let
+slip. Another meeting was suggested to consider the matter. It was
+held. The result was that there were several more conferences and
+every such gathering was more enthusiastic than its predecessor. At
+each of these informal conferences, some one was careful to emphasize
+that these self-appointed committeemen were by no means
+representative enough of the army or navy, nor sufficiently numerous
+to warrant their actually effecting an organization of any character
+whatsoever. Yet it was believed that, nevertheless, the gathering was
+representative enough to act as a temporary committee so functioning
+as to get together from the whole army and navy two caucuses&mdash;one to
+represent the troops in France, and the other those who had remained
+in America and who, through no fault of their own, had been denied the
+privilege of making history on a European battlefield. The temporary
+committee realized that due care must be exercised in getting these
+caucuses started. Every unit in the A.E.F. should be represented, if
+possible, at the Paris caucus, while to the one in the States,
+preferably to be held at St. Louis because of its central location,
+delegates must come from every Congressional District in the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Thereby would be avoided, it was urged, the mistake of giving the
+impression that it was a small gathering of men, unrepresentative or
+serving some special and selfish end.</p>
+
+<p>This was unanimously agreed upon and the temporary committee elected
+Lt. Col. Roosevelt, temporary chairman, Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark,
+temporary vice-chairman, Lt. Col. Wood, temporary secretary.</p>
+
+<p>A sub-committee was appointed to receive from all the members of the
+temporary committee the names of such individuals of combat divisions
+and each section of the S.O.S. of the A.E.F., who were eligible and
+suitable to be delegates to a caucus scheduled for March
+15th-16th-17th in Paris. A similar sub-committee was appointed to
+ascertain the names of men of the home forces in order that they might
+be urged to attend a caucus in America on or about May 8th-9th-10th.</p>
+
+<p>The work of the sub-committee of the A.E.F. was much more difficult
+than would appear at first glance. It was easy enough to get the names
+of leaders in the various outfits, both of officers and men, but to
+get them to Paris! That was the job. Of course it was the ardent
+desire of everyone that the new organization should eventually become
+a society principally devoted to the interests of those who served as
+enlisted men, for they bore the brunt of the fighting and the work and
+were fundamentally responsible for the splendid victory.</p>
+
+<p>But once the names of such men were in the committee's hands the real
+work had not begun. There were mechanical difficulties in securing for
+enlisted men in active duty leave to attend a caucus in Paris. In the
+first place the enlisted men themselves, as indicated by several who
+were consulted, were very diffident about accepting an invitation to
+attend a caucus where they would be required to sit beside and debate
+with and against generals and field officers to whom they owed
+military obedience. Then again, there was the expense of travel in
+France, as well as the high cost of living in Paris. At the outset
+this raised the expense of a trip to the French capital to a sum
+amounting to many months of an enlisted man's pay. Furthermore, the
+sub-committee was face to face with the A.E.F. regulations providing
+that except in the most unusual circumstances an enlisted man would
+not be granted leave except in company with a trainload of his
+fellows, and to a certain specified leave area.</p>
+
+<p>But as has been said before the conclusion had been reached that if
+the organization was really to become pre&euml;minently an enlisted man's
+outfit, it would be absolutely necessary to overcome these
+difficulties and by hook or crook to obtain the attendance of as many
+privates and noncommissioned officers as possible who were leaders.
+So, scarcely had seventeen of the twenty officers returned to their
+commands before they received an urgent appeal to help out the
+sub-committee of three. They were told to get enlisted delegates to
+Paris, never mind how, the method being of small importance provided
+the men were there.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919</h3>
+
+<p>The first delegates began to arrive for the caucus on March 14th.
+After-the-war good fellowship between those who had been commissioned
+officers on the one hand, and enlisted men on the other, was
+foreshadowed in a most interesting and striking manner when they began
+to come into the hotels. A dozen or more officer delegates brought
+with them as orderlies an equal number of delegates from the ranks.
+Thus enlisted personnel, by devious means, were ordered to Paris under
+one guise or another. One sergeant came under orders which stated that
+he was the bearer of important documents. He carried a despatch case
+wadded with waste paper. Another non-com., from a distant S.O.S.
+sector, had orders to report to Paris and obtain a supply of rat
+poison. Several wagoners, farriers, and buck privates acquired
+diseases of so peculiar a character that only Parisian physicians
+could treat them. As one of them said, he hadn't had so much fun since
+his office-boy days when a grandmother made a convenient demise every
+time Mathewson pitched. The expense of the trip was gathered in
+diverse ways. In some divisions the officer delegates took up
+collections to defray the expense of enlisted delegates.</p>
+
+<p>In numerous instances, enlisted men refused such assistance and took
+up their own collections. One amusing story was told by an enlisted
+man. He said that the &quot;buddies&quot; in his regiment had deliberately lost
+money to him in gambling games when he refused to be a delegate
+because he couldn't pay his own expenses. So by various means nearly
+two hundred enlisted delegates were in Paris by late afternoon on
+March 14th. It must not be imagined from the foregoing that all the
+officers arrived on special trains and were themselves in the lap of
+luxury. One second lieutenant who attended has since confided that he
+sold his safety razor and two five-pound boxes of fudge sent from home
+in order to get carfare to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Practically all of the self-appointed, temporary committee, with the
+exception of Colonel Roosevelt, was present. He was Chairman of the
+American Committee and had left France for the purpose of organizing
+that part of the army and navy which did not get abroad or which had
+returned home.</p>
+
+<p>The Paris caucus convened at the American Club near the Place de la
+Concorde on the afternoon of March 15th, Colonel Wood presiding.
+Lieutenant Colonel Bennett C. Clark of the 88th Division was selected
+Chairman of the caucus and Lt. Col. T.W. Miller of Pennsylvania, and
+serving in the 79th Division, was elected Vice-Chairman. When Colonel
+Wood called the meeting to order nearly one thousand delegates
+answered the roll-call and these were of all ranks from private to
+brigadier general; and every combat division and all sections of the
+S.O.S., were represented. Colonel Wood briefly reviewed the
+self-appointment of the temporary committee during the previous month
+and outlined the purposes of the caucus.</p>
+
+<p>A few minutes after Colonel Clark had taken the chair an officer of
+high rank, a colonel to be exact, moved that while in the convention
+hall, the after-war status as fellow civilians be forecast and that
+the stations of rank would there cease to exist. It was agreed that
+they would be resumed with full force and full discipline as soon as
+the delegates crossed the threshold of the convention hall and
+regained the street.</p>
+
+<p>It was the ability of the American officer to do this&mdash;to be friendly
+to a certain extent with his men and yet at the same time to keep them
+perfectly disciplined&mdash;which amazed the officers of the armies of our
+Allies. No more striking example of this was ever given than within
+the confines of the American Club on that 15th day of March. The
+Colonel's motion was unanimously carried and the work of the
+organization began. Then generals forgot their rank, corporals engaged
+in hot debates with colonels, sergeants argued with majors and
+everybody talked with everybody else in a most boylike spirit of
+fraternity and equality.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Ogden Mills of G.H.Q. moved that four caucus committees be
+appointed to draft suggestions and submit them to the caucus, one
+committee to design machinery for convening the winter convention; one
+committee to submit suggestions as to a permanent organization; one
+committee on tentative constitution; and one committee on name. Each
+committee consisted of fifteen members, and was appointed by the
+Chairman.</p>
+
+<p>Here are the committees, appointed by the chair:</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Committee on Convention</span></h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Sherburne,</td><td align='left'>26th Div., Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wagoner Shaw,</td><td align='left'>88th Div., Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Ogden Mills,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colonel Graham,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Prvt. C.W. Ney,</td><td align='left'>1st Army Troops</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain Mahon,</td><td align='left'>77th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Obrecht,</td><td align='left'>1st Army</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Kipling,</td><td align='left'>Troops serving with French</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. J.C. Hendler,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Appleton,</td><td align='left'>2d Army Hq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Gordon,</td><td align='left'>36th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Field Clerk Sowers,</td><td align='left'>Press Section G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Hungerford,</td><td align='left'>3rd Army Hq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cpl. J.H. Anderson,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Wren,</td><td align='left'>36th Division</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Committee of Permanent Organization</span></h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Colonel Donovan,</td><td align='left'>42d Div., Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Graham,</td><td align='left'>88th Div., Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Boyd,</td><td align='left'>29th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Tip Bliss,</td><td align='left'><i>Stars and Stripes</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Fitzpatrick,</td><td align='left'>35th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Rollo S. Thorpe,</td><td align='left'>88th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Crosby,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. W.L. Thompson,</td><td align='left'>11th R.R. Engineers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Graff,</td><td align='left'>28th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Barry Wright,</td><td align='left'>79th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Rommel,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. V.V. Trout,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Carlstrom,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major R.C. Patterson,</td><td align='left'>Peace Commission</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Smith,</td><td align='left'>89th Division</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Committee On Name</span></h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Robbins,</td><td align='left'>2d Army Hq. Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Goodrich,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q., Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Dolan,</td><td align='left'>89th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Stebbins,</td><td align='left'>3rd Army Corps</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. H.E. Fleming,</td><td align='left'>35th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major E.S. Haile,</td><td align='left'>77th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colonel Gibbs,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. McElow,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Horace Rumsey,</td><td align='left'>35th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. C.E. Sommers,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major D.D. Drain,</td><td align='left'>3d Army</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. G.F. Fleming,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Markoe,</td><td align='left'>2d Army</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Dwight,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Barnard,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The names of these committees are given because they are more than
+just names. They show the first bubbles of the melting pot into which
+all rank and titles in the American Army have been cast and out of
+which comes the one word &quot;Comrade.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There were three outstanding features of the Paris caucus which were
+evident by midnight of March 15th. The first was the desire to get
+together and form an organization quickly and a willingness to forego
+personal prejudice and opinion to arrive at that end. The second was
+the determination to make the man who didn't get across as much a
+component part of the legion as his more fortunate brother-in-arms;
+while the third was the avowed intention to take no action at the
+caucus which could be deferred until the winter convention in America,
+when the home brother and the navy could be jointly represented and a
+permanent organization could be effected. I say that these things were
+evident by midnight of March 15th for those who have attended many
+conventions know that from the casual word heard here and there, the
+whispered conference of a few leaders, and from the general tenor of
+discussions carried on by delegates gathered together in little
+groups, the spirit of the body politic is most perceptible.</p>
+
+<p>After the adjournment of the afternoon session on that day, members
+of the committees closeted themselves and started work on their
+special functions, while those who were to pass on the committee's
+actions, the &quot;hoi polloi&quot; were here and there in groups, in the &quot;Y&quot;
+huts or in boulevard cafes discussing the real meaning of the
+gathering. A colonel in the Officers' Club said there must be no
+disagreement on this or that question; a private in the Bal Tabarin
+told his buddies the same thing.</p>
+
+<p>And so it came to pass that on the following day in the Cirque de
+Paris, where the final meetings were held, the delegates formally
+gathered, sensed the gossip of the clubs and boulevards, and acted
+accordingly. One of the things done was to endorse the action of the
+temporary committee in appointing itself and in calling the caucus.
+Another was to adopt a tentative constitution. It is in reality little
+more than a preamble, but it gave a working basis, expressing enough
+and yet not too much.</p>
+
+<p>Newspaper men have told me that the Sermon on the Mount is the finest
+bit of reporting in the history of writing because it tells a long
+story succinctly. Lieutenant Colonel Buxton and his committee on
+constitutions are certainly entitled to credit of the same type&mdash;for
+they tell a great deal in a few lines.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img002.jpg" id="img002"><img src="images/img002.jpg" width="600" height="462" alt="Henry D. Lindsley
+Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Henry D. Lindsley<br />
+Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img003.jpg" id="img003"><img src="images/img003.jpg" width="600" height="348" alt="The Paris Caucus This gathering had no time for
+official photographers. A half hour before a session began one slipped
+in and took this picture with more than half the caucus delegates
+absent" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">The Paris Caucus<br />This gathering had no time for
+official photographers. A half hour before a session began one slipped
+in and took this picture with more than half the caucus delegates
+absent</p>
+
+<p>Here's the tentative constitution under which the Legion worked&mdash;it
+was read by Lieutenant Colonel Bolles:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We, the members of the Military and Naval Service of the United
+States of America in the great war, desiring to perpetuate the
+principles of Justice, Freedom, and Democracy for which we have
+fought, to inculcate the duty and obligation of the citizen to the
+State; to preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+the war; and to cement the ties of comradeship formed in service, do
+propose to found and establish an association for the furtherance of
+the foregoing purposes:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Those eligible to membership shall be: All officers and enlisted
+personnel in the Military and Naval Services of the United States of
+America at any time during the period from April 6, 1917, to November
+11, 1918, inclusive; excepting however, persons leaving the service
+without an honorable discharge or persons who having been called into
+the service refused, failed, or attempted to evade the full
+performance of such service.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The society shall consist of a national organization with subsidiary
+branches; one for each State, territory, and foreign possession of the
+United States as well as one in each foreign country where members of
+the national society may be resident and who desire to associate
+themselves together.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The officers of the society shall be a President, one or more
+Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a Board of Directors,
+which shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, together
+with the chief executive of each subsidiary branch.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The subsidiary branches shall organize and govern themselves in such
+manner as the membership of such subsidiary organizations shall
+determine upon except that the requirements and purposes of the
+permanent national constitution as adopted shall be complied with.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The representation shall be on the basis of the actual enrollment in
+the subsidiary branches at all conventions after the adoption of a
+permanent constitution.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Members present at the meeting of this committee as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain">
+<li>&quot;Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton, Jr., Chairman</li>
+<li>&quot;Lt. Col. T.W. Miller, Secretary</li>
+<li>&quot;Major Redmond C. Stewart</li>
+<li>&quot;Col. E.A. Gibbs</li>
+<li>&quot;Lt. Col. W.H. Curtiss</li>
+<li>&quot;Major J. Hall</li>
+<li>&quot;Col. C.L. Ristine.&quot;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>There were many, many men in the A.E.F. respected and beloved, but
+none perhaps more than he who seconded a motion made by a private from
+S.O.S. base section, No. 4, that the constitution be adopted. The
+seconder asked to speak on the question. When he began he got the rapt
+attention which Bishop Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F., always
+won whether he talked to buck privates knee deep in trench water or
+the King in Buckingham Palace.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It was a great soldier who said that the army has not merely a body
+but a soul and a conscience as well,&quot; he began. &quot;I believe the
+conscience of the army is speaking in this committee's report. I
+believe the army's soul is speaking in it. I was present on Saturday,
+at the beginning of this caucus and I will tell you frankly that I was
+fearful at that moment lest you should create a great mechanism
+without adequate purposes. My fears have been wholly allayed and I see
+in the report of your committee the ideals not only of the army but of
+the nation adequately expressed and I wish to tell you gentlemen that
+so far as I have any ability to promote this great movement I give you
+my most hearty support. I believe that the army of to-day, when it
+goes back to citizen thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of
+contributing to the commonwealth of the United States so as to change
+the character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane
+of political, industrial, and religious life. I happen to be at this
+moment leading in a movement in the army to promote the various ends
+that are so well expressed in the committee's report, in what is known
+as the 'Comrades in Service.' There are two ways of creating an
+organization; one is by forming the principles and leaving the body to
+take its own shape; the other by creating a machinery without stating
+your end and reach that end through the machinery. According to our
+democratic conception we have adopted the former or idealistic method.
+We are prepared to contribute to this army wide organization which is
+now brought into existence, all that we have to contribute. We are
+entirely loyal to your principles and methods of approach and we are
+quite willing to forego any attempt to make an organization which
+might become a rival to you. Between now and the time of
+demobilization there is a great opportunity for us to promote the
+principles which actuate you. We have already a temporary and
+provisional organization for the promotion of such principles; the
+creation of better citizenship along the lines so well expressed. We
+would like everyone who can to give support to that which we are
+endeavoring to do, while we ask all who come in with us to be prepared
+to throw in their lot with this organization when it is perfected in
+the United States.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The creation of better citizenship,&quot; Bishop Brent says. He wants
+every one who can, to give support to that; to &quot;what we are trying to
+do.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>If everyone could see just that in the Legion, if everyone will work
+for just that&mdash;better citizenship&mdash;the Legion's aim will be realized
+in its deepest and truest sense. Bishop Brent has a knack of hitting
+the nail on the head with such force that the sparks fly and by their
+light comes insight&mdash;ask anyone from out Manila-way if it isn't so.
+The short address was greeted with thunderous applause. The newly born
+Legion knew it had a champion and a worker in the Bishop.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Wm. J. Donovan of the 165th Infantry, Forty-second Division
+headed the committee of fifteen which gave the final report on
+resolutions and organization. This report is reproduced here in full
+because it presaged the action of the American caucus and brought
+about the form of the Legion Government until November.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That an Executive Committee shall be selected, two
+    (2) from each unit (as recognized in this caucus) and eight (8)
+    to be selected by the Executive Committee; the two members, one
+    officer and one enlisted man, to be selected from each unit to
+    be named by the respective delegations attending this caucus.
+    Each unit shall present the names of committeemen who shall as
+    far as possible represent, in point of residence, each State,
+    Territory and possession of the United States and the District
+    of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This Executive Committee shall have general power to represent
+    the units now in foreign service, to determine its own quorum,
+    to confer with committees from a similar caucus in the United
+    States, to secure one general convention of persons entitled to
+    membership under the tentative constitution, to elect its
+    officers and appoint such sub-committees and give them such
+    powers as may be proper and necessary.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This Executive Committee acting in conjunction with the
+    committee of the United States is specifically charged with the
+    duty of fixing a date and place for holding a national
+    convention, issuing a call for the holding of county and State
+    conventions and providing a unit of representation and method of
+    selection of delegates to the national convention, by the State
+    conventions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The powers of this committee shall expire upon the organization
+    of the permanent national convention.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The committee is further charged with the duty of making known
+    the existence and purpose of this organization, of stimulating
+    interest in it, and of inviting the support of all those
+    entitled to membership.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No policy except in furtherance of the creation of a permanent
+    organization having in mind the desirability of unity of action
+    in organizing all the American forces shall be adopted or
+    carried out by the committees.</p>
+
+<p>    A meeting for the temporary and preliminary organization of the
+    Executive Committee shall be held at this place immediately upon
+    the adjournment of this caucus.</p>
+
+<p>    The Executive Committee may receive and add to its number two
+    representatives from any division or equivalent unit not
+    represented at this caucus.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>As the result of the passage of this report it is interesting to note
+the personnel of the Executive Committee which the delegates selected
+and which is controlling the American Legion of the A.E.F., observing
+especially the large number of enlisted men; large in view of the
+difficulties experienced in getting such men to Paris.</p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Capt. Arthur S. Hyde</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col Harold C. Snyder</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>26th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Wheaton Freeman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>26th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Wm. J. Keville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>27th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Edward E. Gauche, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>27th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Samuel A. Ritchie, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>28th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Brig Gen. Wm. G. Brice, Jr., Penn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>28th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Ted Myers, Penn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>29th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Orison M. Hurd, N.J.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>29th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Color Sgt. Andreas Z. Holley, Maryland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>31st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Captain Leon Schwarz, Ala.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>33d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Milton A. Foreman, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>35th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. B.C. Clark, Mo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>35th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Fred Heney, Kans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>36th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Chas. W. Nimon, Texas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>36th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Mjr. L.H. Evridge, Texas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>41st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Frank White, N. Dak.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>42d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Henry J. Reilly, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>42d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Rowe, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>77th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Major Duncan Harris</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>77th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Lawrence Miller, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>79th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Stuart S. Janney, Md.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>79th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Benjamin R. Kauffman, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>80th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Capt. Arthur F. Shaw, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>81st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Major Theodore G. Tilghman, N.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>81st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Wm. S. Beam, N.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>82d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Capt. Frank S. Williams, Fla.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>82d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Alvin T. York, Tenn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>83d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Wayman C. Lawrence, Jr., W. Va.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>83d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Cpl. Thoyer</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>86th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Major John H. Smale, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>88th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. George C. Parsons, Minn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>88th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Wagoner Dale J. Shaw, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>89th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Frank Wilbur Smith, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>91st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Guy Strohm, Oregon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>91st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Mjr. Hercovitz, Calif.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S.O.S. Hq.,</td><td align='left'>Col. James H. Graham, Conn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Adv. Sec., S.O.S. Capt.</td><td align='left'>David A. Uaurier, Wash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 1, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Pvt. W.L. Thompson, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 3, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Carle Abrams, Oregon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 5, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Major Orlin Hudson, Kans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 6, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Major Arthur S. Dwight, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Troops with French,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. L.K. Flynt, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Troops with French,</td><td align='left'>Capt. A.W. Kipling, Paris, France</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paris Command,</td><td align='left'>Pvt. Harold W. Ross, Calif.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paris Command,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Price Jackson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>G.H.Q.,</td><td align='left'>Bishop Charles H. Brent, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Army Corps,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Lemuel L. Bolles, Wash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Army Corps,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Mjr. Race</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2d Army Hq.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Burke H. Sinclair, Colo.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The tentative name of this organization was not adopted without a
+great deal of discussion. All sorts of titles were suggested to the
+committee which considered the matter. Some of them were:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain" ><li>  Comrades of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Veterans of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Liberty League</li>
+<li>  Army of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Legion of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Great War Legion</li>
+<li>  The Legion</li>
+<li>  The American Comrades of the Great War</li>
+<li>  The Great Legion</li>
+<li>  The American Legion</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The last was tentatively decided upon as the best name although there
+was considerable discussion on it. This discussion waxed particularly
+warm between a colonel and a corporal and it came to an end only when
+some hungry enlisted delegate braved the officer's rising ire to move
+an adjournment for lunch. The motion carried immediately and, true to
+the understanding made at the outset in regard to rank, the corporal
+clicked his heels together, stood at attention and saluted the
+colonel, when the latter passed him on the sidewalk exactly five
+minutes after he had been telling the colonel precisely what he
+thought of him and his opinions&mdash;at least as far as the name of the
+Veteran's Organization was concerned. I might add that this colonel
+was well under thirty-five years of age and that the corporal was only
+twenty-one.</p>
+
+<p>And this brings to mind another striking feature of this most unusual
+gathering, which was the comparative youth of its membership. For
+instance the two individuals who have taken from the beginning the
+leading parts in the movement, Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark and a
+Lieutenant Colonel of infantry, and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., son of
+the ex-president and also a Colonel of infantry. They are respectively
+twenty-nine and thirty-one years of age, and one of the most brilliant
+speeches in the caucus was made by a captain of twenty-six.</p>
+
+<p>It must not be understood from this rather dry recital of what took
+place at the Paris Caucus, this record of minutes and resolutions,
+that it was an entirely sedate and dignified gathering. On the
+contrary, Young America was there and quite often the impression which
+one gathered was that a dozen or so Big Brothers had been turned loose
+at once. A great many wild speeches were made and all sorts of
+ticklish questions were brought up. Chairman Clark broke two gavels
+and three times overturned his table. Everyone there was young. Peace
+was young. Few knew exactly, like Bishop Brent, just what was wanted.
+The whole project was new. Dozens of delegates wanted to speak; it was
+their first chance since April 6, 1917. In fact one man made two very
+violent speeches on the same subject, one in direct opposition to the
+other. He realized he was making a heated argument for both sides and
+finally sat down laughing about it. Who was he? Who was the colonel
+who got wrought up over the proposed name? Who were the lieutenants,
+and who were any of these privates, captains, and sergeants?</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I don't know.&quot; Nobody knows.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless they have themselves forgotten what they said. No verbatim
+records are available now. In fact I am told that no record could have
+been kept, for many times two or three were speaking at once and the
+chairman was breaking the third commandment with his gavel. But this
+much everyone wanted, &quot;A Veteran's Organization.&quot; This much everyone
+swore he would have, one that was neither political nor partisan, one
+that would perpetuate righteousness, insure &quot;honor, faith, and a sure
+intent,&quot; and despite whatever bickering there might have been, despite
+whatever differences of opinion arose, when, with a tremendous &quot;Aye,&quot;
+the motion to adjourn was carried, this Paris Caucus had accomplished
+a body politic and a soul of the type which Bishop Brent so clearly
+described.</p>
+
+<p>To resume the story of actual accomplishment. The Executive Committee
+was given general power to represent the units in France, to confer
+with committees or representatives of the American Caucus as soon as
+these should be appointed, and, in conjunction with the latter, to
+issue a call for the holding of county and State conventions and
+providing a unit of representation and method of selection of
+delegates to one general convention for the autumn of 1919, preferably
+November 11th, or Armistice Day.</p>
+
+<p>The Executive Committee met immediately after the adjournment of the
+caucus and elected Colonel Foreman of the Thirty-third Division,
+Chairman; Lt. Colonel George A. White, Forty-first Division, Secretary
+and Major R.C. Patterson, Paris Command, Assistant Secretary. Lt. Col.
+White, Col. Wood, Major R.C. Patterson, and Lt. L.R. Farrell were
+elected permanent members at large of the Executive Committee.</p>
+
+<p>Then from this executive committee a committee of fifteen was chosen
+for the purpose of expediting the work which had been assigned to the
+larger committee, it being easier to assemble fifteen men than the
+larger number. The committee of fifteen elected Col. Bennett Clark as
+its chairman.</p>
+
+<p>At the first meeting of the committee of fifteen a hope was expressed
+that the caucus in America would take similar action in the
+appointment of an executive committee, which would in turn delegate
+its authority to a smaller committee for working purposes. Just
+exactly how this worked out, is later described.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA.</h3>
+
+<p>Once home again it didn't take a Solomon to tell Colonel Roosevelt
+that he had a man's size job on his hands in starting the American
+Legion on its way in the United States. Dispatches more or less
+accurate had told the service men on this side something about the
+Legion activities of the A.E.F. in France. As late as mid-April,
+however, a great many men in this country knew nothing whatever about
+the American Legion, while the majority of those who did were not at
+all sure it was to be <i>The Veteran's Organization</i>. What I have said
+previously about the &quot;spontaneous opinion&quot; of the men in France on the
+question of a veteran's organization proved to be equally true among
+service men on this side of the water. Consequently, it wasn't long
+after the armistice before several veteran's organizations and
+associations were in the process of formation. As it was a pertinent
+news topic, the newspapers gave a great deal of prominence in their
+columns to several of these organizations. They were of various types
+and characters. One was for enlisted men only. Another was for
+officers only. There was an organization for officers who had fought
+in France, Italy, or Russia and there was one or more organizations
+which had the breadth of vision to see that men of all ranks and all
+branches of the military and naval establishments must be eligible.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the situation confronting Colonel Roosevelt when he arrived
+home to help start the American Legion in its own country. The fact of
+his arrival and his announced intention to aid in the organization of
+the Legion was duly heralded in the press of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>At first the army and navy men were inclined to say, &quot;Here is another
+of those mushroom Veteran's Associations bobbing up.&quot; In fact I heard
+one officer make just that remark, but another was quick to correct
+him by saying, &quot;Its bound to be a straight and honest organization or
+a Roosevelt wouldn't stand for it.&quot; That was the crux of the initial
+success of the Legion, because just that was true. Every man who wore
+the uniform had known Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., and although he may not
+have agreed with him in all of his political opinions still he knew
+that neither he nor any member of his family would back any
+organization or proposition that was not morally sterling.</p>
+
+<p>There were those who did not like the American Legion. There were
+those who were willing to let a past political prejudice deter them
+from aiding in the most important movement in American life to-day.
+There were those who stated that Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was
+prominent in organizing the American Legion for his own political
+advancement. The answer to that misapprehension will develop later and
+will prove one of the most striking incidents in this story.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt has a peculiarly happy faculty of keeping those who
+work with him cheerful and optimistic. He gathered around him, to
+launch the movement in America, a set of cheerful, competent
+optimists, prominent among whom were Colonel Richard Derby, Colonel
+Franklin D'Olier, who figured in the Paris Caucus, Major Cornelius W.
+Wickersham, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Twenty-seventh Division,
+Captain Henry Fairfield Osborne, Lieutenant Colonel Granville Clark,
+Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Kincaide, Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher
+Wood and Captain H.B. Beers. One of Colonel Roosevelt's first duties
+as temporary chairman of the Legion over here was to create the nation
+wide organization. He needed committeemen in every State to work the
+State organization up, and to start the machinery for the election of
+delegates to the St. Louis Caucus, for it had been decided that the
+representation in St. Louis must be by duly elected representatives
+from congressional districts in so far as that was possible. Each such
+district was awarded double its congressional representation, in
+addition to the delegates at large. It was no easy task to pick these
+committeemen. The decision of the Paris gathering that the
+organization must be non-partisan and non-political had to be adhered
+to in its fullest sense. There were soldiers and sailors enough in all
+the States who would have been willing to have started the
+organization in their respective localities, but how <i>not</i> to get
+politicians of the lower order, men who would gladly prostitute the
+Legion, its aims and ambitions to their own selfish advantage&mdash;that
+was the problem which faced the temporary committee in America.</p>
+
+<p>About three weeks before the St. Louis Caucus the following names were
+chosen from the various States as committeemen:</p>
+
+<h4>OFFICERS</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., New York, Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Bennett Clark, Missouri, Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania, Secretary.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Alabama</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. H.M. Badham, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Birmingham</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. W.M. Cosby, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Birmingham</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Edwin Robertson,</td><td align='left'>Birmingham</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Arizona</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Ned Bernard,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Tucson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. J.C. Greenway,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bisbee</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Arkansas</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. P.R. Graybill, Democ. Pub. Co.</td><td align='left'>Little Rock</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major J.J. Harrison,</td><td align='left'>Little Rock</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Walter J. Wilkins,</td><td align='left'>Pine Bluff</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">California</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. L.P. Adams,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Chas. A. Beck,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Dibblee,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chaplain Joseph D. McQuade,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Stewart Edward White,</td><td align='left'>Santa Barbara</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Colorado</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. G.W. Cutting,</td><td align='left'>Florence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. C.C. Neil,</td><td align='left'>Greeley</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major H.A. Saidy,</td><td align='left'>Colorado Springs</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Phil. G. Thompson,</td><td align='left'>Denver</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Connecticut</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Morgan G. Bulkeley,</td><td align='left'>Hartford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jas. L. Howard,</td><td align='left'>Hartford</td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">District of Columbia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. L. Clarkson Hines,</td><td align='left'>Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. E. Lester Jones,</td><td align='left'>Washington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Delaware</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Thomas W. Miller,</td><td align='left'>Wilmington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. John P. Nields,</td><td align='left'>Wilmington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Florida</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig Gen A.H. Blanding,</td><td align='left'>Bartow</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Georgia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Alexander R. Lawton, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Savannah</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Landon Thomas,</td><td align='left'>Augusta</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Idaho</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major C.M. Booth,</td><td align='left'>Pocatello</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. John Green,</td><td align='left'>Twin Falls</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Hawley, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Bois&eacute;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. D.H. Holt,</td><td align='left'>Caldwell</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Illinois</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Chf. Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Owsley Brown,</td><td align='left'>Springfield</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett,</td><td align='left'>Great Lakes</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. Edw. J. Czuj,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Thomas Gowenlock,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. Hy. Hickman Harris,</td><td align='left'>Champaign</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. Geo. Kendall Hooton,</td><td align='left'>Danville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign Allen M. Loeb,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Clark Nixon,</td><td align='left'>East St. Louis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. John Callan O'Laughlin,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Joseph Medill Patterson,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. C.J. Schatz,</td><td align='left'>Wheaton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Robt. E. Wood,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. David S. Wright,</td><td align='left'>Oak Park</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Indiana</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Solon J. Carter,</td><td align='left'>Indianapolis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign Win. L. Hutcheson,</td><td align='left'>Indianapolis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. R.J. Leeds,</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">iowa</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Chas. A. Doxsee,</td><td align='left'>Monticello</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major H.H. Polk,</td><td align='left'>Des Moines</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Kansas</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Gen. Chas. I. Martin,</td><td align='left'>Topeka</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gen. Wilder S. Metcalf,</td><td align='left'>Lawrence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Fred C. Stanford,</td><td align='left'>Independence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Mahlon S. Weed,</td><td align='left'>Lawrence</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Kentucky</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Samuel J. Culbertson,</td><td align='left'>Louisville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. W.C. Dabney,</td><td align='left'>Louisville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Shelby Harbison,</td><td align='left'>Lexington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major James Wheeler,</td><td align='left'>Paducah</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Louisiana</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Allen Cook,</td><td align='left'>New Orleans</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. John M. Parker, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>New Orleans</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Maine</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Arthur Ashworth,</td><td align='left'>Bangor</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Frank W. Hume,</td><td align='left'>103d Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. A.L. Robinson,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Daniel J. Smart,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Wm. H. Whalen,</td><td align='left'>103d Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Freeman Wheaton,</td><td align='left'>107th Inf.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Maryland</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. James A. Gary, Jr.</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Alexander Randall,</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Redmond Stewart,</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. W.S. Thayer,</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Charles H. Cole,</td><td align='left'>Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Edw. J. Creed,</td><td align='left'>101st Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Ernest H. Eastman,</td><td align='left'>104th Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major J.W. Farley,</td><td align='left'>Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Louis Frothingham,</td><td align='left'>Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Geo. Gilbody,</td><td align='left'>101st Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Daniel J. Nolan,</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Michigan</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Fredk. M. Alger,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Rand F. English,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Sgt. Wm. King,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Commander Truman H. Newberry,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Minnesota</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Gordon Clark,</td><td align='left'>Duluth</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Paul B. Cook,</td><td align='left'>St. Paul</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Wm. D. Mitchell,</td><td align='left'>St. Paul</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. W. Bissell Thomas,</td><td align='left'>Minneapolis</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Mississippi</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. John N. Alexander,</td><td align='left'>Jackson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Maj. C.J. Craggs,</td><td align='left'>Greenville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Alex. Fitzhugh,</td><td align='left'>Vicksburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Isador A. Frank,</td><td align='left'>Clarksdale</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Elmer Price,</td><td align='left'>McComb</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Missouri</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. H.C. Clarke,</td><td align='left'>Jefferson City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. David R. Francis, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>St. Louis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Sestus J. Wade, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>St. Louis</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Montana</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. J.J. McGuiness,</td><td align='left'>Helena</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Chas. S. Pew,</td><td align='left'>Helena</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Nebraska</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major P.F. Cosgrove,</td><td align='left'>Lincoln</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. T.T. McGuire,</td><td align='left'>Omaha</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. R. Scott,</td><td align='left'>Imperial</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Allan A. Tukey,</td><td align='left'>Omaha</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Nevada</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. E.L. Malsbary,</td><td align='left'>Reno</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jas. G. Scrugham,</td><td align='left'>Reno</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Herve L'Heureaux,</td><td align='left'>Manchester</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Frank Knox,</td><td align='left'>Manchester</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New Jersey</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Hobart Brown,</td><td align='left'>Newark</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Allan Eggers,</td><td align='left'>Summit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Lt. Geo. W.C. McCarter,</td><td align='left'>Newark</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Roger Young,</td><td align='left'>Newark</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New Mexico</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Bronson M. Cutting,</td><td align='left'>Santa F&eacute;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Debjemond,</td><td align='left'>Roswell</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Canuto Trujillo,</td><td align='left'>Chimayo</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New York</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Robert Bacon,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Grenville Clark,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Chas. I. Debevoise,</td><td align='left'>Brooklyn</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Meade C. Dobson,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Wm. J. Donovan,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seaman Jos. F. Healey,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chaplain Francis A. Kelley,</td><td align='left'>Albany</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. J. Leslie Kincaid,</td><td align='left'>Syracuse</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign Jerome H. Larger,</td><td align='left'>Brooklyn</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign W.G. McAdoo, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Major Howard H. McLellan,</td><td align='left'>Yonkers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign R.H. Mitchell,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major General John F. O'Ryan,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. D. Lincoln Reed,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Henry L. Stimson,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Chas. W. Whittlesey,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Cornelius W. Wickersham,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Clarence E. Williams,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">North Carolina</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. R.W. Glenn,</td><td align='left'>Greensboro</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Cyrus D. Hogue,</td><td align='left'>Wilmington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">NORTH DAKOTA</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Matthew Murphy,</td><td align='left'>Fargo</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Ohio</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Jas. K. Campbell,</td><td align='left'>Shreve</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jas. R. Cochran,</td><td align='left'>Columbus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,</td><td align='left'>Columbus or Findlay</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Isadore H. Duke,</td><td align='left'>Cincinnati</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Oklahoma</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Eugene Atkins,</td><td align='left'>Muskogee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Roy Hoffman,</td><td align='left'>Oklahoma City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Oregon</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Harry Critchlow,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Carl B. Fenton,</td><td align='left'>Dallas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Geo. Kelley,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. F.W. Leadbetter,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Geo. A. White,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Chas. J. Biddle,</td><td align='left'>Philadelphia</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Joseph F. Frayne,</td><td align='left'>Scranton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Robt. E. Glendinning,</td><td align='left'>Philadelphia</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,</td><td align='left'>Harrisburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. George Jones,</td><td align='left'>Scranton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Alexander Laughlin, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Pittsburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Asher Miner,</td><td align='left'>Wilkes-Barre</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. John R. Sproul,</td><td align='left'>Chester</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Bernard J. Voll,</td><td align='left'>Philadelphia</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Geo. E. Buxton, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Providence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Everitte St. J. Chaffee,</td><td align='left'>Providence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. W.C. Kendrick,</td><td align='left'>Pawtucket</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">South Carolina</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. W.C. Coward,</td><td align='left'>Cheraw</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Chas. C. Pinckney,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>C.T. Trenholm,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major W.D. Workman,</td><td align='left'>Greenville</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">South Dakota</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Lawrence R. Bates,</td><td align='left'>Sioux Falls</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Royal C. Johnson,</td><td align='left'>Aberdeen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Ruble Lavery,</td><td align='left'>Vermilion</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Jos. F. Pfeiffer,</td><td align='left'>Rapid City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Tennessee</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. James A. Gleason,</td><td align='left'>Knoxville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Major Keith J. Harris,</td><td align='left'>Chattanooga</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. John Hays,</td><td align='left'>Memphis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Luke Lea,</td><td align='left'>Nashville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major T.C. Thompson, Jr.</td><td align='left'>Chattanooga</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. C.W. Tomlinson,</td><td align='left'>Chattanooga</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Texas</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Stanley E. Kempner,</td><td align='left'>Galveston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. H.D. Lindsley,</td><td align='left'>Dallas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. H.B. Moore,</td><td align='left'>Texas City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Utah</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Maj. H.H. McCartney,</td><td align='left'>Salt Lake City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gen. R.W. Young,</td><td align='left'>Salt Lake City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Virginia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Frank G. Christian,</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. C. Francis Cocke,</td><td align='left'>Roanoke</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Stuart McGuire,</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Vermont</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Donald J. Emery,</td><td align='left'>Newport</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Eugene V. Finn,</td><td align='left'>St. Albans</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major H. Nelson Jackson,</td><td align='left'>Burlington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Redfield Proctor,</td><td align='left'>Burlington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Washington</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,</td><td align='left'>Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major P.P. Marion,</td><td align='left'>Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Harvey J. Moss,</td><td align='left'>Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. John J. Sullivan,</td><td align='left'>N. Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Major R.H. Winsor,</td><td align='left'>Tacoma</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">West Virginia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Fleming W. Alderson,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Walter S. Moore,</td><td align='left'>Huntington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Thomas Schofield,</td><td align='left'>Wheeling</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jackson A. Weston,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Wisconsin</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Edward F. Ackley,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. David Bloodgood,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Elmer S. Owens,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Gilbert E. Seaman,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. John P. Szulcek,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Wyoming</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major A.S. Beach,</td><td align='left'>Lusk</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Morris A. Dinneen,</td><td align='left'>Cheyenne</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. I.H. Larom,</td><td align='left'>Valley Ranch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp; </p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>United American War Veterans,</td><td align='left'>Warren S. Fischer, Commander-in-Chief</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Comrades in Service,</td><td align='left'>Bishop Brent, President,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>National Legion of America,</td><td align='left'>Major Elihu Church,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>American Army Association,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Haywood Hillyer, General Secretary.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Just about this time it became most necessary to properly present the
+Legion to those men who had remained at home and who had gotten out of
+the Service, and to those who were incoming from France and rapidily
+being demobilized, as it was upon them that the success of the Legion
+depended. Furthermore, their opinions were the soil upon which the
+various State organizations had to work, and at that particular time
+it was vital that the Legion should be widely known and thoroughly
+understood; that its aims and ambitions should not be misconstrued
+either willfully or unintentionally, nor its precepts perverted. To
+this end the temporary Chairman proceeded to publicize it in the most
+thorough fashion. One-page bulletins briefly outlining the Legion's
+aims and ambitions were distributed in every center where soldiers and
+seamen gathered. Such places as Y.M.C.A. and K. of C. huts and War
+Camp Community recreation centers were thoroughly informed, and
+bulletins also were sent to every ship in the navy with the request
+that they be placed on the ship's bulletin board.</p>
+
+<p>Literature about the Legion was placed on transports when they left
+empty for France so that the men might read it in their leisure hours
+returning home. In order to make sure that every soldier and sailor
+would have the opportunity to know about the Legion this literature
+was again placed on the transports as they arrived in New York harbor.
+Various demobilization camps throughout the country were widely
+placarded and in each instance the names of the Temporary State
+Secretaries were given, and service men were invited to write to the
+Secretaries in their particular States. Camp publications, newspapers,
+and periodicals published for service men throughout the country were
+bountifully supplied with Legion information and scores of them
+carried special stories in regard to it. Bulletins and pamphlets were
+distributed in hospitals, placed on bulletin boards, and given to the
+patients. Every mayor of a town or city with a population above nine
+hundred got a letter containing literature about the Legion with a
+request that it be given publicity in the local press and then turned
+over to the Chairman of the Welcome Home Committee. Certain national
+magazines devoted a great deal of space to special articles explaining
+the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>Three or four times a week the Foreign Press Bureau of the United
+States Government sent stories about the Legion and its activities by
+wireless to the ships on sea and to the men of the A.E.F. in
+connection with its &quot;Home News Service.&quot; In addition to the foregoing,
+articles appeared almost daily in the press throughout the entire
+country, and by the time the convention was ready to meet those who
+ran and cared to read were fully informed that the American Legion was
+an organization for veterans of the army, navy, and marine corp; that
+it was non-partisan and non-political; that it stood for law and
+order, decent living, decent thinking, and true Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>The wide publicity given to the Legion and its aims brought into the
+Temporary Committee many amusing letters. Scores of them complained of
+the published statement that it was non-partisan and non-political.
+&quot;Damn it all, we want it to be political and partisan,&quot; one angry
+Westerner wrote. Another correspondent insisted that in view of the
+fact that sons of Theodore Roosevelt, and Speaker Champ Clark were
+interested, the Legion must be bi-partisan and bi-political. But most
+of the letters were of a highly commendatory character, expressing the
+deepest and widest possible interest. I recall that one of them came
+from Junction City, Kansas, another from Old Town, Maine; one from
+Delray, Texas, and others from Wolf Creek, Montana, Orlando, Florida,
+and Ray's Crossing, Indiana, while a postal card making frantic
+inquiries was dated Nome, Alaska, and arrived a week after the caucus
+at St. Louis. I have mentioned these towns and localities because they
+indicate how widespread and deep is the interest in the Legion. No
+matter where a man came from to go into the army, the Legion will go
+to him in his home now. Its members will range from fishermen on the
+Florida Keys to the mail carriers on the Tanana in Alaska, from the
+mill hands of New England to the cotton planters of the Mississippi
+delta. All who wore the uniform may enroll just so long as the word
+<i>Americanism</i> was inscribed in their hearts between April 6, 1917, and
+November 11, 1918.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h3>THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p>When the St. Louisian puffed its way into the big smoke-begrimed
+station in Missouri's largest city I looked about me for Bill, who was
+going to meet me at the station. We had not met since our prep. school
+and college days when Bill had been a thin, wizened little fellow, so
+hollow-chested that he had to be sent to Colorado for almost two years
+for his health. He came back to school looking better but before his
+diploma was handed to him announcing to the world that he was a
+full-fledged Bachelor of Arts, he had fallen apparently permanently
+into the rut of ill-health. In fact I wondered, when we all sang <i>Auld
+Lang Syne</i> in the fraternity house at the close of college, if I'd
+ever see Bill again.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time I had heard from him in the years that followed, and
+one day in the summer of 1917 he wrote me that he was on the way to
+France.</p>
+
+<p>While I gazed up and down the smoke-laden platform, I got a slap on
+the shoulder that sent me spinning, and there was the once emaciated
+Bill, who seemed to have grown three inches and to have put on
+seventy-five pounds.</p>
+
+<p>As we walked toward the taxicab stand I began to realize that instead
+of an old friend, a stranger was beside me. True enough, he had the
+same name and the same colored eyes, and his hair hadn't changed. But
+the rather dreamy eye had cleared, the pale face of old was tanned,
+and Bill's chest&mdash;the one he had gone to Colorado for&mdash;was bulging out
+as he carried my two heavy suit cases like a pouter pigeon's at a
+poultry show.</p>
+
+<p>What had happened to Bill? The little, quiet, timid youth of the past
+was now a big, burly, strong-bodied, clear-minded man. As we entered
+the taxi he was telling me that he &quot;intended to raise hell if they
+didn't take some action against this blank Bolshevism, and furthermore
+that this new Legion was going to be the most tremendous organization
+that the U.S.A. had ever seen.&quot; If he had told me that Swinburne's
+<i>Faustine</i> was written in iambic hexameter it would have sounded more
+like old times. But here was a new man, strong and virile, intensely
+interested in the future of his nation.</p>
+
+<p>What had happened to Bill? Eighteen months in the army was the answer.</p>
+
+<p>The advanced delegation began to arrive in St. Louis, the afternoon of
+May 5th. The Statler and Jefferson Hotels were packed because there
+were two other conventions in progress. But our delegates needed no
+badge to be distinguished from the others; there was a difference
+between them and the other conventionites. There was the same
+difference between the two as between the old Bill and the new Bill.
+They too had had eighteen months in the army, and a coat of tan on
+each one's face, his ruddy frame, and general atmosphere of a healthy
+mind and a healthy body were unmistakable emblems.</p>
+
+<p>This advanced delegation, two from each State, had been requested to
+come beforehand to meet on the morning of Tuesday, May 6th, so as to
+formulate a working order of business on which the caucus might
+proceed as soon as it assembled. There was another reason for this
+meeting also. The temporary committee wanted to avoid any appearance
+of having &quot;framed up the caucus.&quot; By this it is meant that the
+committee wanted to be able to say to the caucus that its working
+procedure had been determined by a thoroughly representative body, a
+democratic, advanced delegation composed of men from every State in
+the Union. There were those critics of the Legion, who, had the
+temporary committee formulated the caucus procedure, would have been
+only too glad to have attempted to make trouble by saying it was a
+controlled and made-to-order caucus&mdash;controlled and made-to-order by
+the men who had taken the lead in it. In fact, during the early
+morning of the first day the advanced committee met one delegation
+arrived with blood in its eyes determined to wage a fight against
+universal military training. One of the stories circulated at the time
+was to the effect that the entire Legion was nothing but a blind
+whereby a mysterious &quot;Military Clique&quot; was to gain supreme power over
+the Legion's policies. It took but a very short while to convince the
+would-be obstreperous delegation that the caucus was not the
+convention and was empowered solely to organize a veterans'
+association and not to adopt policies.</p>
+
+<p>The temporary committee in America determined at the very beginning
+that no policies would be adopted at the caucus, that the Legion at
+this time should follow in the footsteps of its comrades abroad in
+stating that neither the men here nor the men there could, as
+different units, adopt broad policies until a convention could be held
+truly representing all men who had fought in the Great War.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt called the advanced committee to order a little
+after two o'clock in the afternoon, in a small and very noisy parlor
+in the Hotel Statler. The gavel which he used was made from wood from
+the rudder of Admiral Peary's North Pole steamship <i>The Roosevelt</i>,
+which had been presented to him by Colonel E. Lester Jones of
+Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The idea underlying the formation of the American Legion is the
+feeling among the great mass of the men who served in the forces of
+this country during the war, that the impulse of patriotism which
+prompted their efforts and sacrifices should be so preserved that it
+might become a strong force in the future for true Americanism and
+better citizenship,&quot; Colonel Roosevelt said. He spoke very slowly and
+measured his words carefully but emphasized them in a tone of deepest
+conviction. &quot;We will be facing troublous times in the coming years,&quot;
+he continued &quot;and to my mind no greater safeguard could be devised
+than those soldiers, sailors, and marines formed in their own
+association, in such manner that they could make themselves felt for
+law and order, decent living and thinking, and truer 'nationalism.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In this opening sentence, Colonel Roosevelt foreshadowed the spirit of
+the entire caucus. These service men wanted an organization not for
+their own special benefit, not that they might obtain pensions or
+offices, but that they might become a power for truer Americanism and
+better citizenship!</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Wood, the secretary, explained in greater detail the purpose
+of the proposed Legion. He broached the subject of the reemployment
+for soldiers, a legal department for the handling of insurance claims,
+allotments, etc., and sketched the fundamental principles of the
+organization as follows:</p>
+
+<p>First, its non-partisanship.</p>
+
+<p>Second, that this society should be equally for those whose duty
+called them overseas and for those who were held by circumstances on
+this side.</p>
+
+<p>Third, that it is fundamentally a civilian organization, one in which
+all ranks, be they private or general, admiral or seaman, should have
+an equal share and participation.</p>
+
+<p>Then the advance committeemen began themselves to talk. Each one, no
+matter on what subject and regardless of the side he took upon it, was
+permitted to air his feelings to the full satisfaction of himself at
+least. Like the Paris Caucus, the discussion grew heated at times and
+every now and then the chair was forced to remind overly fervid
+orators that this was an advanced meeting of the caucus and not the
+convention. There were those present who wanted to obligate the caucus
+to go on record for or against universal military training, woman
+suffrage, prohibition, permanent headquarters, and to elect permanent
+officers, and each of these had to be shown that it would be unfair to
+the men still in the A.E.F. to take such pre&euml;minently vital steps
+without consulting them. Then there were those present who wanted to
+exclude members of the regular army and navy from the Legion; that is,
+to limit eligibility in the organization to those who could show
+discharge papers from either the army, navy, or marine corps. This
+measure was voted down and it was given as the sense of the advanced
+committee meeting that those who served in the Great War would have
+perfect liberty to join regardless of whether their service continued
+in the military establishment after the armistice or after peace was
+formally declared.</p>
+
+<p>The advanced committee outlined the order of business upon which the
+caucus could proceed, named the various committees to be organized,
+and discussed the resolutions which were deemed wise and expedient
+topics for discussion.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday afternoon, delegates from every district in the country
+began to arrive, almost one thousand new Bills, husky of frame, some
+still in uniform with the red discharge chevron on their left sleeves;
+others who had manifestly tried to get the new Bill into the old
+Bill's 1916 suit of clothes, and still others in new bib and tucker,
+looking exceedingly comfortable after almost two years in putties,
+heavy shoes, and tight blouses.</p>
+
+<p>Every man came with one deep-rooted determination and that was to see
+that no one &quot;put anything over&quot; which might make an organization so
+embryonically useful take a fatal or selfish step. Each came, perhaps
+imbued to a certain extent with his own particular ideas on how
+everything should be conducted; but the radicalism, sectionalism, and
+partisanship which would have marked a gathering of these same men
+three years before was not present. The men who had thought that
+nothing good could come except from south of the Mason and Dixon line
+had fought side by side with woodsmen from Maine. The man who had
+thought the East effete had done duty on a destroyer with a boy from
+Harlem. Everybody realized full well that sectionalism must be
+abandoned whenever it clashed with nationalism; and abandoned it was,
+with right good will.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting of the advance committeemen justified itself as a very
+wise and judicious action on the part of the temporary committee. Any
+suspicion of a particular delegation that anything was &quot;framed&quot; was
+quickly allayed after a conference with its advance committeemen. If a
+man from Pennsylvania suspected that anything was on foot not to the
+liking of the Keystone State he had only to ask his advance
+committeeman, Colonel D'Olier, about it. Incidentally the personnel of
+the advance committee was not so numerous that everybody couldn't know
+what everybody else was doing. As a matter of fact, everybody did know
+what everybody else was doing. One of the most peculiar facts of this
+most interesting caucus was that when it came to &quot;<i>pussy footing</i>&quot;
+pussy seemed to foot it on piano keys so far as secrecy was concerned
+and in such a fashion that usually the <i>Star Spangled Banner</i> was
+played. I know that the night and the morning before the caucus met
+that there were many and various powwows and conferences, a great many
+of which I attended, but there wasn't a one that I knew of or ever
+heard about, the full details of which could not have been printed in
+bold-faced type on the front page of every St. Louis newspaper and
+have reflected credit on the powwowers as well as on the American
+Legion.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h3>THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, AND 10</h3>
+
+<p>All during the morning of May 8th that delegation was constantly
+getting together with this delegation; this leader conferring with
+that one; was this question going to come up, and what would be done
+if that question was tabled? Everybody interested, everybody excited,
+everybody waiting to see the other fellow's hand at the show-down,
+which was scheduled for the Shubert-Jefferson Theater at half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon. Of course, everybody had found out the
+previous evening that every card in the pack was red, white, and blue,
+and that, from the very beginning of the game, an attempt had been
+made to keep the knaves out. As a matter of fact, they'd never been
+in, but the new Bills who made up the delegations to this caucus were
+going to look everybody over mighty carefully before any serious
+playing was done.</p>
+
+<p>Suppressed excitement doesn't describe at all the half-hour preceding
+the opening of the caucus, because the excitement was not suppressed
+in the least. Eager, shining, tanned faces, eyes alert, heads erect,
+straight-bodied and straight-talking men one by one took seats which
+were assigned to them by delegations.</p>
+
+<p>A flashlight photograph of the gathering was made, but this caucus was
+not one that could be pictured by the camera at all accurately. The
+outstanding feature of this great get together was the spirit of the
+men, and that no camera could catch.</p>
+
+<p>Three large wooden tiers of seats, the kind the circus has under
+canvas, were built in a sort of semicircular fashion around the large
+stage. The New York delegation occupied one of these tiers; the
+Ohioans another, while the third was built for distinguished guests.
+If any distinguished guests came they were entirely put out of the
+limelight by the audience, for this was one show which was enacted
+before the footlights rather than behind them, and, with one or two
+exceptions the star performing took place where the spectators usually
+sit. In fact, the only spectators that I saw were the newspaper men,
+seated at tables within the corral formed by the tiers. All of them
+had been in the army or navy or had seen the big show abroad as war
+correspondents.</p>
+
+<p>When Theodore Roosevelt, as temporary chairman jammed that gaveled
+bit of the rudder of the North Pole ship down hard on the table and
+called the meeting to order he got what he had never received while in
+the army: that is, direct disobedience. He commanded order, and there
+was utter disorder. It was rank insubordination, distinctly requiring
+court-martial of everyone present, from a military point of view&mdash;but
+the American Legion isn't military! And so the delegates howled
+joyously. Roosevelt, demanding order at this time, had just about as
+much chance of getting it as the Kaiser has of making Prince Joachim
+King of the Bronx. Somebody started a cheer, and the crowd didn't stop
+yelling for two minutes and a half.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Young Teddy,&quot; as they called him, was manifestly surprised at the
+ovation and tried repeatedly to get the crowd quiet. He wanted to be
+pleasant and yet he wanted order and so between knocks with his gavel
+he smiled. And a very engaging smile it was, too.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen,&quot; he pleaded. &quot;Gentlemen, a little order.&quot; Finally there
+was comparative quiet. &quot;Now let's proceed to the business of the
+meeting. The floor is open for nominations for permanent chairman of
+this caucus.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Jack Sullivan of the State of Washington got the floor.
+Sergeant Jack is a husky northwesterner who did his bit in the
+intelligence section in Seattle and has seen a lot of the Bolsheviki
+out there.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In behalf of the State of Washington and representing the men of the
+rank and file of the Pacific Northwest, it gives me pleasure at this
+time to place for your consideration the name of a sterling patriot,&quot;
+he shouted. &quot;The man I am going to place in nomination proved himself
+to be a one hundred per cent. true blooded American when his country's
+honor was assailed. He was among the first who placed himself in the
+front-line trenches, he was wounded twice, he was ready and willing to
+make the supreme sacrifice in order that this world might be made safe
+for democracy. I deem it an honor and a privilege, and the Pacific
+Northwest deems it an honor and a privilege to place in nomination the
+worthy son of a worthy sire&mdash;Theodore Roosevelt.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The crowd seemed to know all along who Jack meant and it held its
+enthusiasm in tether as best it could. But when Sullivan got to the
+word Theodore, the Roosevelt was drowned out in the mightiest cheer
+that is possible for eight or nine hundred throats to utter. The
+second to the motion, made by Colonel Luke Lea of Tennessee, wasn't
+heard at all. This time it took Colonel Roosevelt more than two
+minutes to get order.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I want to speak on that now,&quot; he shouted and during a
+lull in the cheering managed to make himself heard. &quot;I wish to say
+that I want to withdraw my name from nomination&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But the &quot;gang wouldn't hear to it.&quot; Somebody raised the old cry:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We want Teddy!&quot; &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; they chanted in
+unison. Bedlam broke loose at that. Men stood on their seats and waved
+their hats and handkerchiefs; some took their collars and neckties
+off; some wept, some cursed for sheer joy and others&mdash;I believe that
+when Gabriel blows his horn and all the dead arise that some of the
+men who attended that caucus will try to make a speech! These speeches
+were going on four and five at a time during the entire hullabaloo. It
+didn't seem to matter in the least to the speakers that they weren't
+being heard. They couldn't hear themselves. They added a little to the
+noise and that satisfied the crowd and seemed to satisfy them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Please, please let me talk,&quot; pleaded Colonel Roosevelt. He finally
+got his plea over by means of the sign language.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to withdraw my name for a number of reasons,&quot; he continued.
+&quot;The first is that I want the country at large to get the correct
+impression of this meeting here. We are gathered together for a very
+high purpose. I want every American through the length and breadth of
+this land to realize that there isn't a man in this convention who is
+seeking anything for himself personally; that all of us are working
+simply for the good of the entire country. I believe, furthermore,
+that what we want here is someone who has been connected with the
+movement only since it started on this side of the water, someone who
+originates from the convention.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The din started again.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No, no, gentlemen,&quot; shouted the Colonel. &quot;I want to withdraw. It is
+my earnest wish. It is my absolute determination.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But the caucus seemed equally determined. &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; &quot;We're
+going to have Teddy!&quot; &quot;You got this thing going, you ought to run it.&quot;
+Colonel Roosevelt paced up and down the stage, trying his best to
+silence them. Then, during the din, one by one some of his oldest
+friends went to him and begged him to accede to the crowd's wish.
+&quot;Take it Ted,&quot; they urged. &quot;Take it.&quot; That underslung jaw of the young
+Colonel's became rigid.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I won't do it. I can't do it,&quot; he answered.</p>
+
+<p>Then someone managed to make a motion that the nomination of Colonel
+Roosevelt be made unanimous. It was seconded and made extremely
+<i>unanimous</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img004.jpg" id="img004"><img src="images/img004.jpg" width="375" height="500" alt="Theodore Roosevelt, Jr." title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img005.jpg" id="img005"><img src="images/img005.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Then, gentlemen, I accept and I resign,&quot; Colonel Roosevelt said. &quot;I
+want quiet for a moment here on this situation. This is something that
+I have thought about and have given my most earnest consideration. I
+am positive I am right on it. We must not have creep into this
+situation, in which we all believe from the bottom of our hearts, the
+slightest suspicion in the country at large. I don't think there is
+any suspicion among us that anyone is trying to use it for his
+personal advancement. But it is absolutely essential that this spirit
+be proven. I am going to stick by this from the beginning down to the
+very end because, in my opinion, we have got to create to-day the
+impression all over the country on which this organization will carry
+on and serve a great purpose for years to come.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Again there were outbursts of applause for the Colonel. &quot;We want
+Teddy!&quot; &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; the crowd cried again and again. Men ran to
+the stage from the orchestra seats and even from the second balcony.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Take it, Colonel. You ought to take it,&quot; they urged.</p>
+
+<p>What the Colonel answered couldn't be heard but the jaw was working
+and the head was shaking vigorously.</p>
+
+<p>A couple of newspaper men dashed up to him.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You oughtn't to take it, Colonel,&quot; one of them whispered. &quot;If you
+don't, it will give the lie to those who are saying the Legion is
+being conducted for your special political benefit.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I haven't the slightest intention of taking it,&quot; he answered back.</p>
+
+<p>He didn't take it and he nailed the lie that the Legion was started to
+further his own selfish ends.</p>
+
+<p>On motion of Colonel E. Lester Jones of the District of Columbia the
+nominations were reopened again.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Haines of Maine put up the name of Colonel Henry D. Lindsley,
+a banker of Dallas, Texas, and a prominent Southern Democrat, for
+permanent chairman. Think of it! A man from Maine nominating a
+Southern Democrat! One of the Ohio delegation seconded the nomination.
+Think of that too! Colonel Claud Birkhead of San Antonio, Texas,
+leader of the Texas delegation &quot;thirded&quot; the nomination. He told
+Colonel Lindsley's record. The Colonel had been Mayor of his home
+city, and during the war had served his country so well in France that
+he had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. He and Major
+Willard Straight, now dead, had started the War Risk Insurance Bureau
+abroad and, at the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was the head
+of the Bureau under the Treasury Department in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Minutes of a meeting usually are dry but here I am going to quote
+directly from them because they tell the story in the most vivid way.
+Fancy between the lines, please, dozens of cheers, a couple of rebel
+yells, a great deal of talking and shouting for &quot;T.R.!&quot; &quot;T.R.!&quot; and a
+Babelous babble that ebbed or flowed according to the strength Colonel
+Roosevelt used in wielding his gavel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Jones</span> (of Washington, D.C.): &quot;Mr. Chairman, I personally feel,
+and I think I voice the unanimous sentiment of this organization, that
+your withdrawal is a mistake. We are not only sincere, but we are
+telling you what is in the bottom of our hearts. We are weighing also
+the sincerity which you have expressed, and in deference to your
+wishes, which I know have not arisen spontaneously but which you have
+talked about for some time, regarding the chairmanship of this
+committee, I think we should not embarrass you further. I have one in
+mind who I feel is going to be a man who will do credit to this
+organization&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Abbott </span>(of Ohio): &quot;Gentlemen of the caucus, I think we are wasting
+time around here. I can't see why we can't have for the permanent
+chairman of this convention the man who will be elected in November.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, can't you see how it is? I can't possibly
+change my convictions. I can't go back on what I have told you without
+everybody, who doesn't understand the situation here, feeling that I
+have just come out here to make a grandstand play. I am right. I am
+absolutely sincere and right.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A motion was made that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt temporarily yield
+the chair to Colonel Bennett Clark.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;It is very evident what the desire of this
+convention is. I know that Colonel Lindsley of Texas was only put in
+nomination in response to the express wishes and repeated
+determination of Colonel Roosevelt. I think that that explanation
+should be made in justice to Colonel Lindsley. I think that Colonel
+Roosevelt should take this chairmanship or if he doesn't want to take
+it he should be made to take it. (Applause.) The chair will recognize
+a motion to that effect.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Captain Boyce</span> (of New York shouting to a yelling audience): &quot;What is
+the use of our acting like a lot of kids? Just one minute; only one
+man can talk at a time and get anywhere. Colonel Roosevelt will not
+take it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;The chair will recognize nobody until the
+convention is in order. It has been moved and seconded that Colonel
+Roosevelt be elected chairman of this convention by acclamation.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Cries of approval from the audience and a request for the question.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;On that the chair will take the responsibility
+of ordering a roll call. (Applause.) The Secretary will call the
+roll.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;The motion is that Colonel Roosevelt be nominated by
+acclamation. The chairman has directed me to call the roll by States.
+Alabama&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A call for a point of order.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Delegate</span>: &quot;After nominations have been made and closed a roll call
+cannot be taken.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;The chair was fully aware that he was proceeding
+outside of parliamentary law because it was the unanimous wish of the
+convention.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sullivan</span>: &quot;I move that a roll call be made on the original
+nominations.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;Colonel Roosevelt has expressed to me his absolute
+desire that that not be done. He refuses to enter into a contest with
+Colonel Lindsley in any way.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Jones</span> (Washington, D.C.): &quot;Mr. Chairman, the nominations were
+reopened.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;The chair is informed that while he was on the way up
+here a motion was carried to reopen nominations after the resignation
+of Colonel Roosevelt. Now nominations are again in order.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Samuel D. Royce</span> (Indiana): &quot;On behalf of the State of Indiana, I
+nominate Colonel Theodore Roosevelt.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Here I must inject my story into the minutes again. Colonel Roosevelt
+saw the convention was &quot;getting away to a Roosevelt finish&quot; again, to
+use a racing term, and he sent a hurry call to the Arizona delegation
+for Colonel Jack Greenway.</p>
+
+<p>Jack Greenway followed the elder Roosevelt up San Juan hill. He wears
+underneath his civilian coat to-day, but right over his heart, a
+Distinguished Service Cross won at Cantigny.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Jack, for Heaven's sake, tell them I won't take it,&quot; Colonel
+Roosevelt plead.</p>
+
+<p>It was just at this moment that Colonel Clark, the acting chairman,
+was saying: &quot;The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet....&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Jack waving one arm at the chairman and another at the
+audience strode to the center of the stage.</p>
+
+<p>The minutes read:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Jack Greenway</span>: &quot;Will you give me the floor? I won't keep you
+five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My name is Greenway but that doesn't mean anything to you. Gentlemen,
+Colonel Roosevelt has said that he is not going to take the nomination
+of the caucus and you can take it from me that he is not going to do
+it. Now wait a minute. Whoa! Quit yelling! I know this Roosevelt
+outfit and when they say something they mean it. I followed his daddy
+through Cuba and I know. I saw this boy in the first division at
+Cantigny and on the Toul Front and I know that he means he is not
+going to take the chairmanship of this temporary caucus. There is a
+big misunderstanding about what you are trying to do. I have just
+talked to Colonel Roosevelt and he says that he will not be a
+candidate for the temporary caucus, but if, after all the boys come
+home at the convention in November, it is still the desire of that
+body as a whole, he will give the matter reconsideration.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt resumes the chairmanship.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Mr. Lindsley, the gentleman of Texas is in nomination
+for chairman. I mean absolutely what I say. I can't do it. I won't
+serve if elected. What you have done will always be a great memory to
+my family. (Applause.) I mean that, gentlemen! I mean that! Now is
+there anybody else you want to put in nomination? I absolutely mean
+that for the good of the cause; you have got to do what I say on that.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I believe the nominations were reopened.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Now I must again put the minutes by for a moment, for Bill has come to
+the stage and what he says doesn't get into the minutes, although I
+wish his remarks were there:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That was pretty fine in him,&quot; Bill said, pointing to Colonel
+Roosevelt. I nodded only, for somehow this whole thing had got to me
+pretty strong and I felt like crying for some unaccountable reason.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;And then he gives his family the credit for all this yelling,&quot; Bill
+was saying. &quot;We like his family all right, but say, this wasn't to
+compliment his family, not by a darn sight. Why, you know that young
+Colonel's got a h&mdash;&mdash; of a fine record himself&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But somebody within an inch of my ear was letting out a warwhoop for
+Jack Sullivan who had just been nominated for permanent chairman and
+I didn't hear the last of Bill's remark.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Sullivan got up and tried to withdraw in favor of Colonel
+Lindsley, and Colonel Lindsley did the same thing and each was refused
+the opportunity. Colonel Lindsley then took the floor. &quot;Comrades,&quot; he
+said, &quot;I want you to know that I came here for one man for the
+chairman of this caucus, and that man was Theodore Roosevelt. He has
+refused it absolutely. I appreciate the support that has been given to
+my name. If honored with the chairmanship I shall be glad to serve,
+but it is important that we get to business immediately. I am certain
+that Mr. Sullivan will make an excellent presiding officer. If I had
+the right, I should be glad to withdraw my name in his favor. But the
+point is, gentlemen, let's get to business. This is the greatest
+meeting that has ever gathered in the United States, and it is not so
+material who is chairman of the meeting as it is to proceed to
+business.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>While the roll is being called let's glance around the theater again.
+Most of the men in uniform are enlisted men. It is difficult to tell
+at a glance just what rank or rating the majority of those present
+held in the army or navy because in civilian clothing the officer and
+the man are indistinguishable. I mean to say that our army was
+different from most other military establishments. Being primarily a
+citizen affair it was really representative. It was the desire of the
+temporary committee that sixty per cent. of the delegates should be
+enlisted men and when the call for the caucus was issued that was set
+forth most plainly. No one seems to have taken the trouble to check
+the thing up at the caucus. Anyone desiring to do so can find the
+information in this volume. I was interested at the opening of the
+caucus to know just what the percentage was, but after it got into
+swing it didn't make any difference. No one cared. There was talk
+(among officers) of making an enlisted man permanent chairman. The
+only persons that I heard objecting to such a procedure were the
+enlisted men themselves.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We've forgotten all that stuff about rank. If the officers insist on
+an enlisted man they'll make a mistake. We want the best man and
+because we're in the majority in the organization we don't want to
+discriminate against the officer. Taken as a whole, he was a mighty
+fine sort.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This from Sergeant Laverne Collier of the Idaho delegation when I
+asked him what he thought of the enlisted man idea. While we were
+talking about it the vote was being cast on Lindsley and Sullivan. As
+if to reecho Collier's sentiments, Sullivan got up and demanded that
+Lindsley's election should be made unanimous, and so it was.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt promptly put Sullivan's name in nomination for
+vice-chairman. Mr. Abbott of Ohio seconded it and further moved that
+the sergeant's election be made unanimous. Sergeant Jack Sullivan was
+elected by acclamation. Then Colonel Wood was chosen secretary, the
+rules of the House of Representatives were decided upon to govern the
+procedure, and debate was limited to five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Insistence on that point was unnecessary. Our new American back from
+the wars has been too accustomed to action to like words that aren't
+concise and aimed right at the heart of the point. There was a good
+deal of noise and talk at this particular juncture and someone moved
+the appointment of a sergeant at arms. Captain A.L. Boyce of Boyce's
+Tigers (those young men who drilled so persistently in Central Park in
+New York preparing for the war) was picked. While this guardian of the
+peace was being appointed at least five gentlemen from as many
+delegations started to speak at once, perhaps against the five-minute
+debate rule, and in the confusion a delegate, whom Checkers might have
+described as carrying a load he should have made three trips with,
+took the platform and began something that sounded about as
+intelligible as Cicero's oration against Catiline in the original.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Do I understand, Mr. Chairman, that a sergeant at arms has been
+appointed?&quot; shouted Mr. J.L. Walsh of the Pennsylvania delegation.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That's right,&quot; answered the chairman.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Then let's have him get busy,&quot; rejoined Mr. Walsh. &quot;We didn't come
+down here for a vaudeville show or to be entertained by some boob,
+because we've got boobs back home.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After this remark, the minutes read &quot;Laughter and applause&quot; but that
+doesn't half describe it.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Boyce &quot;got busy&quot; and if the minutes could record the result of
+his actions they would probably read &quot;Order restored&mdash;almost. Quieter,
+for a time.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsley made a splendid presiding officer. None could have
+done better, but as the stenographer who took the minutes remarked
+(and she was convention-worn because she had attended so many): &quot;This
+is the funnest meeting I ever wrote up.&quot; Right. It was the funniest
+meeting&mdash;funny being used in the sense of unusual as the stenographer
+meant it&mdash;that anyone ever saw. In fact it was unique; absolutely the
+only one of its kind. Because the delegates were unique. There never
+was anything like them in all the history of the country. They had
+gone into training camps like Bill, very tired, an&aelig;mic, with a shop
+and office pallor; and they came out of the war like Bill,&mdash;new,
+virile, interested, placing a value on themselves which would have
+been unthinkable prior to April 6, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>But they placed a greater value on this organization which was so near
+the heart of all of them. No better proof of it can be shown than the
+incident which has just been described, viz., the refusal of Theodore
+Roosevelt to be the permanent chairman. Although I do not pretend to
+be able to explain the processes of thought and reasoning which led
+Colonel Roosevelt to take the action he did, still I do know this
+much! There are very few young men who would have been so deaf to the
+plaudits of the multitude, to the advice of old friends and to the
+still small voice of personal ambition as he was in refusing. I
+maintain that this refusal was by no means altogether prompted by
+anything of an hereditary nature but, rather, by the experiences and
+environment which had been Colonel Roosevelt's during the war. It took
+more than an under-slung jaw and a rugged Rooseveltian determination
+to refuse this great honor. It took <i>discipline</i>, and Colonel
+Roosevelt knew how to inflict that upon himself just as he did upon
+his troops whenever it was wise and necessary.</p>
+
+<p>In much smaller, but no less important matters, did I see other men
+practice discipline upon themselves. I saw men forego the discussion
+of subjects in which they believed with all their hearts and with all
+their minds solely for the purpose of doing nothing that would tend to
+disrupt the Caucus or give the impression throughout the United States
+that the men who had stuck together so closely in times of daring and
+danger could not still stick and face, as a band of brothers in the
+American Legion, any perils or pitfalls which peace might hold for
+this country. Therefore, it seems to me that Colonel Roosevelt's
+action was more than a manifestation of his own sterling determination
+to do nothing which might hurt the Legion. It was archtypical.</p>
+
+<p>Major Hamilton Fish of New York called attention to the fact that the
+navy was unrepresented in the offices of the caucus and moved that a
+second vice-chairman should be appointed from that branch of the
+service. A delegate from Missouri seconded the motion and amended it
+to read that a third vice-chairman should be appointed from the marine
+corps.</p>
+
+<p>During the election of these officers enthusiasm reached a high pitch
+and in no more striking manner did the new American reveal his new
+character.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen,&quot; said one dignified delegate (I don't know who let him in,
+because just from the way he said &quot;gentlemen&quot; we all knew that once in
+his life he had practiced oratory before the bureau mirror), &quot;I want
+to place in nomination the name of a man who is true blue&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Name him,&quot; shouted the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He is not only true blue but he is thoroughly everything he ought to
+be in addition&mdash;&quot; continued the orator, coldly trying to squelch the
+crowd.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Name him.&quot; &quot;Shut up.&quot; &quot;Aw, sit down.&quot; &quot;Who wants to listen to such
+'bull' as that?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Each of those sentences was roared by a different man.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This gentleman is one of whom I am sure you will be proud&mdash;&quot;
+persisted the orator, but at this direct violation of its edict the
+crowd began to scream its maledictions and Captain Boyce could not
+have stopped them with all his Tigers if the gentleman orator hadn't
+taken his seat in a most dignified manner, never to rise
+again&mdash;doubtless as a rebuke for the gang, but one which was
+thoroughly appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the way of orators in the caucus!</p>
+
+<p>The navy men who were nominated consisted of Goerke of New York;
+Goldberg, Illinois; Chenoweth, Alabama; Almon, Montana; Humphrey, New
+Mexico; McGrath, New Jersey; and Evans of Kentucky. The secretary took
+the vote by delegations. When Goerke got a vote the New York crowd
+yelled itself hoarse; New Mexico did the same for Humphrey; Alabama
+cheered like mad for Chenoweth and it wasn't long before everybody
+picked out his candidate and yelled furiously every time he got a
+vote. The New Mexico delegation occupied a proscenium box but Humphrey
+wasn't prominent enough there to suit his delegation. Before anyone
+thoroughly realized what was happening, Seaman Humphrey appeared on
+the stage, borne on the shoulders of two colonels! Two men who had
+eagles on their shoulders, U.S. on their collars, and gold chevrons on
+their left sleeves carried on their shoulders a &quot;gob,&quot; a sailorman, a
+deck-swabbing bluejacket, as he called himself.</p>
+
+<p>It was the beginning of a cavalcade of noise that fairly made ear
+drums ache, and, incidentally, proved a signal for the backers of
+other candidates. Goerke soon was lifted aloft by a half dozen New
+Yorkers; Chenoweth was exhibited to the general view from the section
+of the orchestra occupied by his delegation, while Illinois paraded
+up and down the aisles with Goldberg. Colonel Lindsley hammered the
+speaker's table almost to pieces in an attempt to get order and then
+gave it up for a few minutes as a bad job. Captain Boyce succeeded in
+getting a semblance of it, when everybody got tired of carrying the
+candidates and of shouting. Then the secretary again started taking
+the vote by delegations. No one of the candidates received a majority
+of the votes which was necessary under the procedure adopted at the
+beginning of the caucus. Then began the withdrawals. This State
+withdrew its vote from Goerke and cast it for Humphrey; Chenoweth
+withdrew from the race and his vote went to Goerke, et cetera. A
+similar situation resulted on the second count and finally Goerke
+withdrew in favor of Humphrey. When Evans took the same action,
+Humphrey (first name Fred), described as the &quot;rough-riding sailor from
+New Mexico,&quot; was elected.</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey's speech of acceptance delighted the hearts of those who had
+forced the would-be orator to sit down at the beginning of the
+nominations.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Chairman, gobs, soldiers, and marines,&quot; Humphrey said: &quot;I am most
+glad and gracious to accept this honorary position and I will do
+everything that a deck-swabbing sailorman can do to fill it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The first day's session closed with the appointment by the various
+States of representatives on the following committees: Executive
+Committee; Credentials; Temporary Name of Organization; Organization;
+Resolutions; Constitution and By-Laws and Declaration of Principles;
+Next Meeting Place and Time; Publication; Emblem; Permanent
+Headquarters, and Finance.</p>
+
+<p>The personnel of these committees will be found elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Thursday evening and Friday morning were devoted largely to committee
+meetings and different sections of the country came together to
+discuss matters of particular interest to special localities. For
+instance, the Western delegations discussed the question of
+Bolshevism, because the symptoms of this mad disease had been more
+apparent in that section of the country than in any other. The
+question of color was practically decided in a meeting of the
+Executive Committee and was ratified later by various delegations
+representing the Southern States. Everybody was pleased. An attempt
+was made by the leaders of each delegation to keep such questions as
+might be &quot;<i>loaded with dynamite</i>&quot; off the actual floor of the caucus
+so that those lacking in discretion might not have the opportunity to
+throw the caucus into an uproar.</p>
+
+<p>In fact it was this spirit&mdash;the desire on everybody's part to give in
+to a certain extent on any mooted question for the sake of general
+harmony that was a marked feature of the gathering. In the committee
+meetings were found delegates with radically different opinions on
+almost every question. It was not an uncommon thing, however, to see a
+delegate very heatedly advocate a certain side of an issue; listen to
+the opposing side, rise, and with equal heat and fervency advocate the
+opposite point of view.</p>
+
+<p>This spirit is highly significant. It will be one of the Legion's
+greatest powers. It was and is due to the fact that these new
+Americans are not cursed with fixed ideas. They have seen too much,
+lived through too much in their comparatively short lives to be
+narrow-minded. Over in the A.E.F. the former hod-carrier often turned
+out to be too good as a construction manager for any officer to
+despise his opinions. One noticeable characteristic of the American
+Legion delegate was the respect which he had for the other man's views
+and his willingness to admit outright that he was wrong in a thing or
+to go at least halfway with the opponent of his particular ideas. This
+was the saving grace of the caucus and this will be the saving grace
+of the Legion for the spirit which was manifested there is the spirit
+which will prevail at Minneapolis, and for always, because the
+American sailor and soldier will not change.</p>
+
+<p>It was interesting to see these modern American soldiers side by side
+with the veterans of the Civil War. The Grand Army of the Republic
+Post, the local Bivouac of the United Confederate Veterans, and the
+Spanish War Veterans gave a joint reception for the delegates at the
+Missouri Athletic Club which included a smoker and a vaudeville
+entertainment furnished by the War Camp Community Service.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI</h3>
+
+<p>The second session of the caucus began at half past two o'clock Friday
+afternoon. Like its predecessor it started with a bang. Nominations
+were made for the third vice-chairman who was to be selected from the
+marine corps. The first nomination was a wounded man, at the time in
+the Walter Reed Hospital at Washington and who had won the
+Distinguished Service Cross at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry. Then came the name of
+Sergeant Woolley of Utah, quickly followed by the name of P.C. Calhoun
+of Connecticut, put up by Mr. Black of Louisiana; the name of Major
+Leonard of the District of Columbia also was put in nomination and
+then the slate was closed.</p>
+
+<p>True to the spirit of the previous meeting the caucus was soon in an
+uproar of applause for each of the four candidates, three of whom were
+marched to the stage. Calhoun was elected, with the result that his
+ardent brother delegates from Connecticut treated him like a football
+hero by placing him on their shoulders and performing a snake dance.
+Marines are no more garrulous than sailor men, for Calhoun's speech of
+acceptance was just about as long as Humphrey's. While Calhoun was
+being bombed by flashlight cameras Mr. Smoot of Utah moved that a vote
+of thanks should be tendered to Colonel Roosevelt and other Legion
+members who had been active in the preliminary work which insured the
+success of the caucus and this was seconded by Major Wickersham of New
+York. One of the most rousing ayes of the entire caucus carried the
+motion.</p>
+
+<p>Cries of &quot;speech&quot; brought Colonel Roosevelt before the footlights. His
+remarks were just about as long as Humphrey's and Calhoun's. To be
+specific he said: &quot;Gentlemen, it is going to be a short speech because
+I think we have got a lot of business to do. Thank you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Just about this time the committee reports began to come in, the first
+of which, that of the Credential Committee, brought the question of
+Bolshevism to the floor of the caucus. The report read as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We recommend that all delegates to the American Legion selected and
+now functioning from the various States, districts, and territories,
+be seated and accredited with full vote, and that all organizations
+organized and having delegates here be allowed one vote with the
+exception of the Soldiers and Sailors Council, which delegation the
+Credential Committee recommends shall be excluded from the caucus.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>S.H. Curtin, the representative of the Soldiers and Sailors Council of
+Seattle, pending the action of the Credential Committee, had been
+accorded a vote at the previous session on all questions that came up
+before it. The fact that Colonel Wood, the Secretary, took this action
+was in line with the general spirit of fair play, which was the
+keynote of the caucus. The Credential Committee's report elicited
+shouts of approval. Chairman Lindsley after bringing the house to
+order again said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I understand that the delegate from the Soldiers and Sailors Council
+is here and asks to be heard. Gentlemen, the members of the Committee,
+I assume, had full knowledge of facts which warranted that report, but
+there are men here who have not that knowledge. Shall we hear him?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This statement aroused mixed emotions but Mr. Curtin came to the
+platform. Word having spread through the theater that he represented
+the &quot;real Bolshevik outfit&quot; in Seattle, a great many of the delegates
+began to hoot, jeer, and make cat calls.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Give me a square deal, give me a hearing,&quot; Curtin shouted.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Give the man a hearing,&quot; echoed Colonel Roosevelt, who sat with the
+New York delegation. &quot;Yes, give him a hearing.&quot; shouted the majority
+of the delegates and when the chair had procured order, Curtin made
+his plea.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I wish to say, by way of introduction, that though I come from the
+State of Washington, I am not a member of the Washington Delegation,&quot;
+he said, &quot;I say that out of deference to the members from that State
+for the reason that I wish to prejudice nobody here against the
+Washington Delegation. I am not an I.W.W. I never have been and I
+never intend to be I never have shown any Bolshevik tendency and I
+defy any man present to prove to the contrary. If you've got proof
+that Sherman H. Curtin ever was an I.W.W. or made a Bolshevik
+statement, say so?&quot; He paused here but none answered him to the
+contrary</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It is true that the organization which I represent has had in the
+past some I.W.W.'s, and it is true that there are some I.W.W.'s in it
+now,&quot; he continued; &quot;but I am in that organization for the purpose of
+throwing those I.W.W.'s out. I got in there for the purpose of kicking
+them out and I want your help.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Here he was interrupted by applause.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;At the present time, we (when I say we, I mean the particular
+conservative element which I represent in that organization) have
+control of the Board and practically all except one office of the
+organization. We are doing everything in our power to make that a one
+hundred per cent. American organization, and one of the things that I
+came down here for was to see that the Legion had in its constitution
+as a preamble that we pledge ourselves to the principles of democracy
+as set forth in the constitution of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I, personally, was the man who rewrote the constitution of the
+Soldiers and Sailors Council. It was written wrong when I got in there
+so I changed it. I want you men to stand behind me and help me make
+this fight. My organization did not give me permission to come here
+and join this, just as I presume some of your organizations did not
+give you permission, for the reason that they did not know what this
+was going to be; but I can see from the spirit that this organization
+has, that so far, it is on the right path and I am with it and I want
+you with me.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am already only and wholly for the purpose of doing what good we
+can for the elimination of I. W.W.'s and Bolsheviki. If you are
+against that, I am with you and if you are with me, I am with you.</p>
+
+<p>George Pratt of Louisiana rose.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;With your permission,&quot; he said to the chairman, &quot;I would like to ask
+the gentleman one question.&quot; &quot;Sir,&quot; turning to Curtin, &quot;is it or is it
+not true that you re-wrote the constitution now in effect for your
+organization, and is it not true that it is so worded that American
+Army and Naval officers or former army and navy and marine officers of
+the United States are not eligible? Is that true?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I will answer that question and I will answer it in a fair way,&quot; Mr.
+Curtin replied.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Say yes or no. Is it true?&quot; Mr. Pratt demanded.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; shouted the crowd. &quot;Say yes or no. Is it true?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then pandemonium broke loose in the meeting. The cat calls and boos
+were renewed. &quot;Put him out!&quot; &quot;Put him out!&quot; &quot;Shut him up!&quot; the crowd
+demanded. And here I want to pause a moment to say that the enlisted
+men present gave a mighty concrete sign of the approval of their
+officers by this denunciation of the constitution of Curtin's outfit.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am not here for the purpose of being persecuted,&quot; Mr. Curtin
+shouted. &quot;I am not asking no or yes to anything. But I will say to the
+gentleman who questioned me that while it is true in letter it is not
+true in spirit.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At this juncture Mr. Simon, of the Washington delegation, said that in
+all fairness to Sergeant Curtin he wanted to say that during the
+recent demonstration of Bolshevism in Seattle, Curtin commanded a
+machine gun company on the side of right and law and order.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I do not speak for his organization,&quot; Simon said, &quot;but I speak for a
+clique in it, headed by Sergeant Curtin, who went into that
+organization to clean it up, to make it a fair and square one hundred
+per cent. American organization.&quot; The applause of Simon's remarks had
+scarcely died down when General Moss succeeded in gaining the floor.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to say to the members of this delegation,&quot; he said, &quot;that I
+led the fight against the soldiers' and sailors' organization before
+the Credential Committee, and I want to say to you gentlemen that we
+didn't lead a fight personally against this man, but against his
+organization.' We know the outfit in our country and we do not want
+that organization in unless the Americans in it come in as
+individuals. I want to say that we are to be organized here on a basis
+of one hundred per cent, true Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I asked Curtin in the presence of the committee if he represented a
+minority or a majority in his outfit and he admitted that he
+represented the minority.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But we can lick a majority,&quot; Curtin shouted back. &quot;I want Captain
+McDonald who had charge of the Intelligence Department at Camp Lewis
+to say a word on this subject. He knows the history of my organization
+and I would like to have him give it to you.&quot; But if Curtin counted on
+McDonald to help him he reckoned without his host.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McDonald rose and speaking with great deliberation said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have been an American soldier for thirty years. I was a regular
+telegraph officer at the time of the Bolshevik trouble. I established
+stations at Seattle and Camp Lewis and this man represents the real
+element that we are all working against. Personally he is all right
+but he is backing that organization because he wants to represent it.
+If he desires to be admitted into the Legion let him get loose from
+that outfit and come in by himself.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Captain McDonald's statement was greeted with enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Are you ready for the question?&quot; demanded the chairman.</p>
+
+<p>The caucus certainly was.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Those favoring the adoption of the credentials report vote aye,&quot; he
+cried.</p>
+
+<p>That aye could almost have been heard in Seattle itself.</p>
+
+<p>That aye answered the question of what the American soldier thinks of
+Bolshevism or anything tainted with it. That aye answered the lying
+statement that our troops abroad had been inoculated with the germ of
+the world's greatest mental madness.</p>
+
+<p>That aye marked the distinction between a grouch caused by a
+cootie-lined bunk and a desire to place a bomb under the Capitol at
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>I have intimated that the chief aim of each delegate was to see that
+no one &quot;put anything over&quot; at this caucus. I think that the only other
+determination which might rival that in intensity was most apparent at
+the mention of anything that pertained to or bordered on Bolshevism.
+This incident of ousting Curtin's organization was not the only
+manifestation of it by any means, although it was perhaps the most
+striking on the floor of the caucus. But, outside the caucus, in the
+hotel lobbies, and in the various committee rooms, whenever the
+subject came up these soldier and sailor men, in almost every
+instance, got mad&mdash;damn mad.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The trouble with these people who talk Bolshevism is that they don't
+know anything about our country,&quot; I heard one of them say.</p>
+
+<p>Another quickly interrupted him with, &quot;The big thing the Legion's got
+to teach is Americanism and let those crack-brained fools know just
+what this country stands for.&quot; While still another injected, &quot;The
+average 'long-beard' has been so crazed by persecution in Russia that
+he would mistake Peacock Alley in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York for
+a Siberian coal mine.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This last remark brought forth a laugh, and though it was whimsically
+made it illuminated the matter under discussion very well, I thought.
+In fact, the whole conversation made clear to me one of the
+fundamental missions the Legion must perform.</p>
+
+<p>The seeds of Americanism which Legion members sow to-day will be
+reaped, not only to-day but in the generations of to-morrow. The
+Soldiers and Sailors Council, Seattle, was thrown out and its
+representative knew why. But, if Jack Sullivan and his red, white, and
+blue colleagues in the State of Washington preach in the future what
+they did at this caucus, the children of those northwestern Bolsheviki
+will not only salute the Stars and Stripes, but will know <i>why</i> they
+do so. They will know what their fathers don't&mdash;that the constitution
+means Americanism and that Americanism means &quot;life, liberty, and
+pursuit of happiness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In most conventions the reports of committees are invariably adopted.
+There are many reasons for this, the particular one being the theory
+that when a set of men are placed on a task they will study the
+situation in all its angles, in all its ramifications, in all its
+different phases and that its report should therefore be adopted
+because of this expert thought and study on the matters under
+consideration. I say that most conventions do this. Once as a
+newspaper man, I attended an undertakers' convention. It always did
+so. And at another time I attended a manufacturers' gathering where
+this procedure was invariably followed out. But how about at St.
+Louis? Not on your life! The delegates of the American Legion were
+neither like undertakers nor manufacturers nor like any-other business
+men that I ever saw during ten years on a Metropolitan newspaper. The
+new American doesn't do business that way.</p>
+
+<p>Witness the report of the Committee on Name. This report read:
+&quot;We, your Committee on Name, unanimously make the following
+recommendation&mdash;that the name of this organization be the American
+Legion of World War Veterans.&quot; The chairman had scarcely finished
+asking: &quot;What is your pleasure gentlemen&quot; when Major Wickersham got
+the floor and moved an amendment that the name be &quot;The American
+Legion.&quot; This was seconded by Mr. Cochrane of Ohio and then came the
+argument about it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Shank of Ohio, thought that the American Legion did not convey a
+sufficient meaning to the average civilians. &quot;The American Legion
+might be an organization of street cleaners, it doesn't signify
+soldiers. It isn't comprehensive enough,&quot; he said. Mr. Larry of
+Florida countered with, &quot;Go ahead and call it American Legion, we will
+soon show them what it means.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Walsh of Pennsylvania, suggested that the A.E.F. knew what it was
+doing when they called it the American Legion. &quot;Let us honor them and
+respect them by calling it the American Legion,&quot; he urged. Colonel E.
+Lester Jones, of Washington, stated the name had been considered by
+the committee most carefully and&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>But why go into all the arguments. The motion to call it the American
+Legion was carried amid cheering and as such the name will go down
+into the history of things well done for America.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO</h3>
+
+<p>We have arrived at what is the most significant event of this session
+of the caucus, if not of the entire gathering. The caucus has already
+shown its spirit in ousting the Soldiers and Sailors Council because,
+in its opinion, it could not measure up to one hundred per cent.
+Americanism, and now we shall see what the same simon-pure brand of
+red, white, and blueism is demanded of the second largest city in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>It came about in the most dry, matter-of-fact way. Let the minutes of
+the meeting form the introduction for it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Next is the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting
+Place and Time.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span> (reading): &quot;From the Committee on Next Meeting Place
+and Time, to the Chairman of the American Legion; action of the
+Committee.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Meeting called to order at 10:30 A.M. this day at the Shubert
+Jefferson Theater.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Charles S. Caldwell, of New Mexico, unanimously elected chairman.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Frank M. Ladd, Jr., of Alabama, Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The majority of the States being represented as per attached list
+voted unanimously for Chicago as next meeting place. Date being set as
+November 10, 11, and 12, 1919.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;Respectfully submitted,</p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;CHARLES S. CALDWELL, <i>Chairman</i>,</p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;FRANK M. LADD, JR., <i>Secretary</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sexton</span> (of Illinois): &quot;When you consider your place for your next
+convention tell Chicago what you want, and in response to that Chicago
+will answer you. 'We will give you whatever you want.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then the excitement started. Mr. Dietrick of Pennsylvania moved to
+amend the report of the committee. &quot;By striking out the word Chicago
+and substituting therefore the city from the State which furnished
+more soldiers than another state&mdash;the city of Pittsburgh.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This elicited great applause&mdash;especially from the Pennsylvania
+delegation. Mr. Stems of Louisiana got the floor&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to tell you what took place in that committee,&quot; he said. &quot;The
+committee selected a place to the best interest of this organization
+and not to the best interest of any one specific locality, and the
+question was argued in a very quiet, organized, gentlemanly manner. A
+number of the delegates put up towns that did not get enough support
+to get the meeting, so they withdrew their names. It was all to the
+interest of the organization so it was unanimously adopted by that
+committee, without any dissenting vote, that Chicago be unanimously
+adopted as the place for the next convention for the best of all
+interests concerned. I am from New Orleans, Louisiana, which is a
+convention city and I will not offer my city to you as a convention
+city at this time because I do not think it is to the best interest of
+your country.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img006.jpg" id="img006"><img src="images/img006.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="Bennett C. Clark
+Who presided at the Paris Caucus" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Bennett C. Clark<br />
+Who presided at the Paris Caucus</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img007.jpg" id="img007"><img src="images/img007.jpg" width="341" height="500" alt="Eric Fisher Wood Secretary" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Eric Fisher Wood<br />Secretary</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Stem took his seat at least a dozen delegates clamored for
+recognition from the chair. Colonel J.F.J. Herbert succeeded in
+getting it. It was he who then fired the gun which, if not heard
+around the world at least made Chicago's ear drums rattle.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Chairman,&quot; he began&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsley rapped for order.</p>
+
+<p>A man near me whispered, &quot;There's Herbert of Massachusetts. I think
+Boston is too far east for this convention, at least for the first
+one.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsley got order, and you could have heard a pin drop,
+while the following statement was made by the Massachusetts leader:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As the spokesman for my delegation on this question of next meeting
+place I want to say that if no other body and if no other party of
+this caucus wants or believes it is its duty to rebuke any city or the
+representative of any city for Un-Americanism during the time when the
+soldiers of that city were offering their lives in defense of the
+world, then Massachusetts stands ready to offer that rebuke.
+Massachusetts will not agree willingly to having a convention of
+soldiers and sailors in the Great War, go to a city that has as its
+first citizen, by vote, one who can not measure up in any small part
+when the test is one hundred per cent. Americanism.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>When Colonel Herbert reached this point one delegate with a big voice
+from a big State (Texas) let out a loud yell of approval. This was the
+signal for blast after blast of vocal vociferousness which fairly
+raised the roof. Men stood on their seats, and cheered. &quot;You're dead
+right&quot; and &quot;Get a new mayor, Chicago,&quot; while others began to point at
+placards advertising Chicago which had been placed on the walls of the
+theater by members of the Illinois delegation. Colonel Herbert stood
+for fully five minutes before order was sufficiently restored for him
+to proceed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The hall has been placarded with invitations, reading, 'The American
+Legion, Chicago wants you in November,'&quot; he said. &quot;I believe that this
+convention, this convention of soldiers and sailors should say,
+'Chicago, you cannot have American soldiers in Chicago when there is a
+possibility that the chief representative of that city may not believe
+it is his duty to come before the Convention and welcome it.' If these
+placards read, 'American Legion, Chicago <i>soldiers</i> want you in
+November,' our answer might be different. The answer of Massachusetts
+would be different but when your placard reads, 'Chicago wants you in
+November' the answer of Massachusetts is, 'Chicago cannot have us in
+November'&mdash;or any other time until Chicago has an American for Mayor
+in an American city.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The literature circulated through the caucus reads, 'Chicago pledges
+itself to go any other city one better on anything this convention
+requires.' This convention first requires that Chicago shall reach a
+standard different from the standard of being the most despised city
+in America, and when it has reached that standard, it is then in a
+position to say whether it can go one better. It has not yet reached
+par. Until Chicago reaches par, Massachusetts votes no!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A large poster reading &quot;Chicago bids you Welcome,&quot; had been placed
+over the seats directly in the center of the stage; Captain Osborne
+pulled it down. This was the signal for similar action all over the
+house. Chicago banners, dropped from the boxes, were hurled to the
+floor. Other banners which had been on the theater walls just out of
+reach were torn down by men who climbed on the shoulders of their
+fellow delegates in order to reach them. Only during the ovation given
+Colonel Roosevelt, did the cheering reach such intensity.</p>
+
+<p>These men were cheering for Americanism. They wanted one hundred per
+cent. Americanism, untainted and unvarnished by a hyphen or an &quot;ism,&quot;
+especially when the word pacific precedes the latter. Everyone felt
+sorry for the Illinois delegation, for it was realized that Colonel
+Herbert's remarks were intended solely to reflect upon the person he
+specially mentioned and not upon the thousands of soldiers and sailors
+who went from Illinois and Chicago and did more than their part in
+writing glorious history.</p>
+
+<p>Just how this was impressed upon the men from Illinois let the minutes
+show. The chairman recognized &quot;the gentleman from Chicago.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Cummings</span> (of Chicago): &quot;Gentlemen, I don't believe there is a
+single delegate to this caucus who would be so unfair as to impugn the
+patriotism of 650,000 men who rallied to the colors of this country
+by saying: 'Because Chicago had a mayor of which they are all ashamed
+that they are not patriotic.' Had the men who were serving the colors
+in France been in Chicago, they would have had no apology to offer for
+their mayor. (Applause.) He was elected in a three-cornered fight
+where he did not receive a majority vote in Chicago, but had the
+opposition to him been solidified he would have been snowed under, for
+Chicago is patriotic. I consider that an insult has been handed to
+every man in Illinois who rallied to the colors.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Tank Corps of which I am a member, and an enlisted man
+originally, gave from Chicago 11,250 enlisted men, volunteers in the
+most hazardous branch of the service. They gave 11,250 men as against
+11,000 which the rest of the country contributed. If that doesn't
+bespeak patriotism for Chicago, I don't know how you are going to
+gauge it. I am saying that in the invitation which was extended to you
+we are speaking for the boys of khaki and blue who rallied to the
+colors from Illinois, and who are here to-day, extending the
+invitation to you notwithstanding the fact that we are cursed by a
+mayor who is not our choice. We would throw him out if we had the
+chance, but we are extending the invitation to you on behalf of
+750,000 men from Illinois and we do not feel that you are going to
+impugn their patriotism, that you are going to insult them by saying
+they are members of an unpatriotic community.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hawkins</span> (of Oklahoma): &quot;The great State of Illinois stands
+unchallenged in the patriotism of its soldiers throughout the world. I
+am only sorry that you didn't leave enough patriots at home to elect a
+patriotic mayor of that great city. You are in the embarrassing
+position of having a man who has repudiated the things we went out to
+die for. Either you have got to repudiate us or repudiate him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We'll repudiate him next time when the boys get home,&quot; shouted
+several of the Illinois crowd.</p>
+
+<p>Then other speakers tried to make it plain that the Legion's attack
+was solely against the municipal head of Chicago, but some of the men
+of Illinois let the incident rankle. How it came out (and it was ended
+happily) will develop. Meantime the attention of the caucus was
+diverted from the Chicago incident by the manifestation of that desire
+which is in every true American's heart, namely to be a booster for
+his own home town. In less time than it takes to tell it, Los Angeles,
+Minneapolis, Atlantic City, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis,
+Kansas City, and Chicago were being voted upon. While the delegates
+were voting, a small body of soldiers and sailors were gathered
+together in a wing of the theater, seriously discussing the incident
+which was developed by Colonel Herbert's speech. They desired that it
+should be made more plain to everyone just what Colonel Herbert meant
+and that the millions of patriotic simon-pure Americans who live in
+Illinois should not take undue umbrage of the incident. Therefore
+while the vote on the convention city was being counted, Colonel Luke
+Lea was recognized by the chairman and asked unanimous consent to
+present for consideration the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That the action of the caucus of the American Legion in
+refusing to accept the invitation to hold its next convention in
+Chicago is no reflection upon the splendid patriotism of the men and
+women of that great city, who have loyally proved their Americanism by
+supporting our Army and Navy and all war activities.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>, That this caucus records its admiration of
+the valor and heroism of the thousands and thousands of Chicago's sons
+whose pure patriotism has been proven on the battlefields of France.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I would like to say something in support of the motion,&quot; Colonel Lea
+said. &quot;It is very proper for me to offer it for I had the privilege of
+serving for three months with the great Thirty-third Division of
+Illinois and I know what wonderful soldiers they are.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The resolution was adopted by unanimous vote.</p>
+
+<p>No booster ever had a better time than had those who attended the St.
+Louis Caucus. Local pride assumed its highest pitch during the vote,
+and at length Minneapolis won it. The date was set for November
+10-11-12th.</p>
+
+<p>Just before adjournment Colonel Herbert arose to a question of
+personal privilege.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I would like, if possible,&quot; he said, &quot;to have the attention for a few
+minutes of every man that is in this theater. Intentionally or
+otherwise, and I think it was otherwise, the soldiers of Illinois have
+felt that I was not just to them in the remarks that I made bearing on
+the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting Place. I meant to say,
+and I believe now that I did say, that if those banners that were hung
+in this theater had read, 'American Legion, Chicago's <i>soldiers</i>
+invite you next November.' Massachusetts' answer would have been
+'Yes.' I believe I said that. The men of Illinois believe I did not
+say it. The men of Illinois believe that when I sat down after making
+the few remarks I did, that I had a sardonic smile on my lips and they
+say that I have insulted them to the heart and I say to them: 'If
+there is anything that I can say, anything that I can do, as soldier
+to soldier to remove from your mind, or from the minds of any man who
+may have been in this theater, any belief that there was any feeling
+except of highest admiration, the highest respect, and the deepest
+affection on the part of the soldiers of Massachusetts for the
+soldiers of Illinois, then I want to correct that impression, because
+I want you, the soldiers of Illinois, to know that we recognize in
+Massachusetts that no better soldiers wore the khaki, no better
+sailors wore the blue, than the men of Illinois. My remarks were, as I
+stated, for the purpose of saying Massachusetts would, if no other
+State would, take such action to rebuke the city of Chicago; would say
+to Chicago that if it would have the right to invite Americans to meet
+in that city, first Americanize the City Hall. That was my chief
+purpose of rising to my feet. If Chicago's soldiers, if Illinois'
+soldiers still think that I have not made reparation for what they
+believe was the intention of my remarks, then I say to them that no
+higher respect, no deeper affection exists for them than in the hearts
+of the men of Massachusetts.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Herbert's assault upon Chicago's mayor in itself is only half
+significant. It is only wholly so when its reception is considered.
+Colonel Herbert will have none of Chicago until it has purged itself
+of its municipal leader. He remembered, perhaps, the assertion that it
+is &quot;the sixth largest German city in the world.&quot; He might have said as
+much in a newspaper interview as he said on the floor of the caucus
+had he been asked about the Illinois city as a meeting place for
+soldiers, and, perhaps, the editor would have given to it a half
+column of space; in the larger dailies, less. But when men of the
+army, navy, and marine corps, from every battlefield in France, from
+every State in the union, voice their approval so thunderously; when
+they stand on their seats and cheer; when they so positively overrule
+the recommendation of committeemen who have studiously considered the
+matter, presumably from all angles, it means much. No wonder
+Metropolitan dailies devoted columns to it.</p>
+
+<p>Those of you who have become low-spirited over your own particular
+view of the future; those of you who have talked about &quot;the good old
+days&quot;; or, the Spirit of '76, take heart. Take counsel of the Spirit
+of '19, based on the deeds of '17 and '18, on the mistakes of '14,
+'15, and '16. '19 is all right!</p>
+
+<p>Read the constitution of the American Legion to-night just before
+you go to bed. Think of this second day's session when the
+Bolsheviki-tainted organization was thrown out, when the second
+largest city in America was told to &quot;clean house&quot; and redecorate in
+red, white, and blue. Then go to bed and know that all's right with
+the United States.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of the delegates attended, on the second evening, a
+dance and supper at Sunset Inn given in honor of the Legion by the
+ladies of St. Louis. For most though, there was work in plenty to do.
+Some of the committees hadn't yet reported and there was an all
+important meeting of the executive committee in the Statler Hotel.</p>
+
+<p>I said <i>all important</i> by design. The caucus had taken up a great deal
+of time with the proceedings already recounted and it was the purpose
+of the executive committee on adjournment-eve to get down to brass
+tacks. It certainly did that. It was agreed to recommend to the caucus
+that the Legion should attempt to help get returning soldiers and
+sailors positions and that a legal department should be established
+which would aid men to get back pay and allotments, while still
+another department would look after their insurance and instruct them
+how to change it to policies of a permanent character. Needless to say
+these conclusions were not arrived at without a great deal of helpful
+discussion.</p>
+
+<p>Then too this executive meeting was all important because it let
+several persons who claimed to be dissatisfied, air their grievances,
+thereby clearing the atmosphere of considerable cloudiness. For the
+most part these malcontents didn't seem at first to distinguish
+between the caucus and the November convention. They didn't seem to
+catch at first hand the spirit of the A.E.F. caucus which positively
+refused to take action on large questions of policy until the Home
+Army could be consulted. The principal leaders of the caucus in St.
+Louis determined upon the same course, as has been previously
+explained, and rightly so. One thing one element wanted to do was to
+elect permanent officers. &quot;How could you do that when more than a
+million men entitled to a vote are still in France?&quot; they were asked.
+They couldn't answer. Another element wanted to go on record against
+universal military training while still others were for endorsing it.
+Someone else wanted this city to be chosen as permanent headquarters
+while another wanted some other town selected. There was some
+grumbling to the effect that the caucus had been too &quot;rowdy.&quot; Then,
+too, everybody was more or less tired out and a darker view of things
+was natural.</p>
+
+<p>The silver lining was there, however, as it always is. This time it
+took the rotund form of a preacher from Alabama. Inzer was his name
+and his folks and Colonel Roosevelt's away back five or six
+generations ago in Georgia had been the same people, so let's
+introduce him as Colonel Roosevelt's cousin. Chaplain Inzer had been
+ready to embark at Newport News with his regiment when the Bolsheviki
+menace grew quite serious in the Pacific northwest and he was ordered
+to proceed to Seattle and was there during all the stirring times
+which culminated in making Ole Hanson famous.</p>
+
+<p>It might truthfully be said that the &quot;silver lining&quot; quite properly
+had a silver tongue. When he had spoken just about a hundred words
+even the grouches were holding onto their chairs if they weren't using
+their hands for purposes of applause. And many a man, who thought he'd
+talked his voice silent dug deep down in his vocal chords and brought
+forth something that could easily be labeled a cheer! This preacher
+told everybody who might have the slightest idea of making trouble
+just where to get off. But I am not going to try to remember his
+speech and perhaps improperly quote the chaplain. The speech was so
+good that they made him do it again at the very opening of the caucus
+the next morning, so I'm going to lead off with it in my story of the
+proceedings of the last day, just as the stenographers recorded it.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE SILVER LINING</h3>
+
+<p>Soon after the caucus opened on Saturday morning, May 10, the minutes
+read as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, before we have the report of the Resolutions
+Committee, I want to say to those who were not of the Executive
+Committee and in its meeting last night, that there seemed to me to be
+there a more splendid crystallization of the real purpose of this
+caucus and a foresight into what it is going to mean, not only to
+these four millions of men but to the people of the United States for
+the next half century, than I have ever heard, and at the request of a
+number of those who were there at that meeting, I am going to ask one
+of them to interpret to you in just a few minutes, as well as he can,
+and he did it wonderfully well last night, the spirit that we believed
+in that meeting is your spirit here to-day and the spirit that is
+going out from this caucus as a slogan to all American citizens and
+through them to the world, indicating the purposes for which we
+fought, and more than that, the purposes for which American manhood
+stands and for which it will fight again, if necessary, the heritage
+we will hand down to our children, and I will ask this gentleman to
+present that thought to you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chaplain W. Inzer</span> (of Alabama): &quot;Gentlemen, I appreciate this
+opportunity more than I have words to say, and if you will only be as
+sympathetic with me for these minutes as that Executive Committee was
+last night, I will do my best to interpret the spirit and the mind of
+this convention as I see it and as I saw it last night. I never had a
+more sympathetic audience, it seemed to me, or a more psychological
+moment in which to speak than that was last night and I appreciate the
+spirit of the brethren who asked me to come out and make this talk
+this morning and I am going to try my best to interpret it as I saw it
+last night.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There has been an undercurrent all through this Convention. Somebody
+has been afraid that we are going to do something or pop some lid off
+that will bust the thing and I have been, as I said last night,
+sometimes scared almost to death. I think I could personally say that
+I wanted to make about seventy-four speeches in the two days that I
+have been here. I didn't do it but I was waiting and praying for the
+psychological hour to arrive and I believe that that hour came last
+night when this Executive Committee really got together and got
+something concrete before them, and I think that the whole Convention
+comes together this morning ready to take up matters of importance and
+leave off matters that should not be taken up, and to solidify this
+body in a great spirit of Americanism that shall last for fifty years
+as the greatest organization that the world has ever known.&quot;
+(Applause.) &quot;Now the keyword that I want to say in the beginning is,
+at all costs we want to save this organization. We do not want
+anything to arise to-day that will in any way mar the spirit of this
+great assembly and the work that it is going to do in the future.
+While you were deliberating here these past two days some of you
+thought only of this hour and this moment, but, gentlemen, I had an
+eye cast into the future and I was dreaming dreams and seeing visions
+of the years that are to come and the wonderful work, the wonderful
+influence, and the mighty power that this organization is going to
+have and exert upon this nation and upon the whole world, and I want
+you to think of it in these terms. This convention is a baby and we
+must not choke this baby. You can't give a young baby a gallon of
+castor oil the first week. It only requires castoria, that is all the
+first week. It can stand with a little mother's milk, and I want you
+to feel that way about it to-day.&quot; (Laughter and Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Our first duty is beyond the shadow of a doubt to get this infant on
+its legs, and once we get it on its legs, it will be like the mighty
+Niagara Falls, there isn't anything in the world can dam it up. It
+will be a power that shall be known, and with influence all over
+America and for good all over the world. Let's be quiet and let's be
+sensible to-day until we get this infant on his legs. He's just a
+recruit, a raw recruit, and he has to be trained and we are going to
+do that now.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I want to say just here, if you can only think about this
+Legion&mdash;the chairman spoke of it last night to me&mdash;as the jewel of the
+ages. I believe that is the best interpretation I know. I cannot say
+anything greater than this: I believe God raised up America for this
+great hour; I can say that the strong young man of the time is to be
+the American Legion in this country and in the world.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What the great seers of the past ages have dreamed and what they have
+planned and longed for, the opportunity that they sought, have
+suddenly been placed and in our hands. Are we going to be great men
+and big men? Will we arise to the dignity and be worthy of the
+occasion?</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I believe that we will. Oh, men, if I might make it plain to you
+that it seems to me I stand on the very rim of creation and I am
+speaking there to an angel who has never yet been able to see light. I
+said: 'Angel, what are you doing here?' and he said: 'I was placed
+here when God created this world'; and he said: 'God sent me to look
+down upon this world and report to him at one special time, and that
+one time only,' and I said: 'What was to be the nature of that
+report?' He said: 'God made man in His own image and God Himself is a
+being of knowledge, love, truth, democracy, and peace,' and He said to
+that angel, 'Don't you ever leave that world until you see dawn, until
+you see that man has come up to the place where he will begin to
+measure up to what I expected of him,' and that angel said to me, 'I
+have sat here through all the ages and I have seen times when I
+thought that the sunlight of God's great knowledge and love and truth
+was going to come over the hills and then some being like the Kaiser
+or Alexander or Napoleon or some one that was of a Bolsheviki type
+would rise up and retard it and the sun could never rise,' but he
+said: 'Thank God on April 6, 1917, I reported back to God when America
+entered this war that I had seen the dawn.' (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As little as you dream, maybe when you came here and as little as you
+thought about it in the commitment of time, I believe to-day that we
+stand on the dawn of the realization of the republic of man which is
+nothing short of the Kingdom of God on earth when men shall be men.&quot;
+(Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;So the first thing we are to do to-day is to get a great spirit, men,
+a great spirit that we can carry back. All the other questions will be
+ironed out in due time. Everything will be straightened out when we
+realize that five million men are going to be organized with the same
+spirit of love and loyalty and devotion and sacrifice and democracy
+that characterized their lives on the battlefield. They will never
+rest until they make this whole world bloom in love, democracy, peace
+and prosperity and equality and brotherhood for all mankind. That is
+what we are going to do and that is what this assembly means to-day.
+It is the world's great opportunity and your privilege to share with
+it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, then, I want to say that the soldier spirit is going to be my
+spirit and I believe it is going to be your spirit. When Wilson and
+the other men called us to the war, I was glad and ready immediately
+to offer my life because of the great principle. I said to those men
+last night in that Executive Committee and I mean it to-day, I'd
+gladly lay down my life to-day if laying down my life meant that this
+Legion should live and fulfill my dreams of its service to the
+country for these next fifty years. (Applause.) So do you think I want
+anything to come up here that would disrupt this body? Never! Do you
+think I want to make a fiery speech about something because it is my
+personal conviction? No, I have a hundred personal convictions that I
+would like to see operating in the United States and this convention,
+but it isn't the time and I am not going to bring them up here. I
+don't want to say anything that will keep all of us from pulling
+together like a military army for the great things that this
+convention in the future is going to stand for. So my final word is
+this: That this day, we get right down to business and that we omit
+everything that we can omit pertaining to the permanent policy of this
+organization that we cannot all immediately agree upon.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If there is going to be anything discussed here to-day that everybody
+in this convention won't immediately agree upon and would hinder us
+from sending out to the nation word that we stand together and that we
+are going to pull together, that we caught a mighty vision and that we
+have gained the great spirit, then, brethren, let's carry that thing
+over until November when all the boys come home and then we will
+discuss it there. There are many things to-day that we can discuss
+that are important and fundamental and that are urgently needed in
+our nation this hour. Let's take those things up and get down to
+business on it to-day. Every Executive Member from each State pledged
+the chairman last night that he was going to act as a sergeant-at-arms
+in his delegation and hold the convention in order to-day. We are
+going to do the right thing and we won't be 'busted' by anything or by
+anybody, and when anything comes up that isn't the right thing for us
+to do to make a great impression on America, and the world, we will
+say hold that thing over until the baby is strong enough to do it
+right.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I beg you to do those things. Somebody said: 'What are the things we
+can do to-day?' We mentioned them last night.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Jack Sullivan has problems out there that we must meet this very day.
+One of those is this Bolsheviki business. We are going to pass
+resolutions this very day, I believe, asking the United States in
+Congress to pass a bill for immediate action of deporting every one of
+those Bolsheviki or I.W.W.'s out yonder.&quot; (Prolonged Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I know what I am talking about. You don't know how badly I
+do hate some of those guys. If it hadn't been for them I would have
+gotten on the boat in Newport News in 1918 for France, but because of
+those rotten scamps I was sent to Seattle, Washington, and had to
+stay there for seven months guarding the interest of the shipbuilding
+in the Western States.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I was naturalization officer for our regiment and that division out
+there and I have had those scamps stand up and say: 'Yes, I have been
+here fourteen years and have lived on the fat of the land, but we
+don't want to fight,' and they would deny citizenship papers or cancel
+their first papers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now that the war is over, they are in lucrative positions and our
+boys haven't got jobs; we've got to say, send those scamps to hell.&quot;
+(Prolonged Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We can all see this very moment that there is no division on that
+question. We stand together. Somebody said: 'Why, we have been here
+two days and haven't done anything but elect officers and decide on a
+place to meet. But let me tell you, Buddy, while we have been doing
+those things, we have let the world know where we stand for
+Americanism. (Applause.) And we couldn't have done a bigger thing than
+create the impression we did relative to Mayor Thompson of Chicago and
+the I.W.W.'s of Seattle. (Applause.) We can do that. We are agreed on
+that. The baby can do that without any trouble at all and we are not
+going to choke him when we start that kind of thing.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The other question that we might decide here to-day is what we are
+going to do about jobs for our returned soldiers. In my city we have
+already said: 'Look here, man, you'd better post every job that is
+open and post it in the place where we get employment for returned
+soldiers. And they have gotten down to that. We want to talk about
+that to-day and get down to business&mdash;the business of getting jobs for
+our men, and then we want to care for those who come back without
+money. We want to help them get their allotment and get their $60
+bonus, and we want to care for the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But these other things&mdash;excuse me, I can't help but say brethren,
+because I am a preacher, but you are my brethren, I thank God you are
+and I love you like I love the brethren of my church. There is some
+fellow here who might want to spring something because he knows it
+would be a lot of fun. Oh, brethren, let's not have any fun with the
+baby to-day. (Laughter and Applause.) We have all we can do to-day. We
+have all we can do if we do those things that we are all united upon
+and agreed upon. Those things which may have what they call a nigger
+in the woodpile, when they come up, let's say that is something we are
+going to talk about later when the boys get home in November, when
+everybody is settled down and we have thought it through and talked
+about it in our State organizations and we will come up with
+solidified ideas and the great spirit will have gripped us and we will
+know where we stand and will know our power and strength.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Brethren, I say let's cut out every last bit of hoodlumism to-day. It
+is the zero hour. Let's stand together. If we don't carry anything
+else home, let's go home and say we are for America, that we caught
+the spirit and the vision and you can't stop us with anything in the
+world. I thank you.&quot; (Audience rises and applauds.)</p>
+
+<p>That speech has been given in full not only for the reasons which have
+been stated before but because it is archtypical of the deep-seated,
+serious, and high-minded soul of the New American, born of the war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Chairman, it seems that Illinois caught the spirit of the speaker
+who has just seated himself, in advance.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Before the applause over Inzer's speech had ended and before we
+realized it, Mr. Cummings of Illinois had the floor. He said that the
+Illinois delegation had been ungracious in accepting Colonel Herbert's
+explanation of his remarks the previous day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We wish to withdraw that implication,&quot; Mr. Cummings said. &quot;We wish to
+state to you as a solid Illinois delegation that we give full faith
+and credit to the high, patriotic motive which prompted this gentleman
+in making the speech to you which he did and in bringing before this
+organization the question which he did. We feel on cooler deliberation
+and upon giving the matter the thought which its importance demanded,
+that he is helping us and that he has placed the American Legion in a
+position to help us to move in a body politic, to overcome certain
+things in the State of Illinois and blot out pro-Germanism.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img008.jpg" id="img008"><img src="images/img008.jpg" width="378" height="500" alt="Gaspar Bacon Treasurer" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Gaspar Bacon<br />
+Treasurer</p>
+
+<h4>Three State Chairmen</h4>
+
+<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img009.jpg" id="img009"><img src="images/img009.jpg" width="93" height="127" alt="John F.J. Herbert
+Massachusetts" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">John F.J. Herbert<br />
+Massachusetts</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img010.jpg">
+<img src="images/img010.jpg" width="94" height="127" alt="Henry G. Mathewson
+California" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Henry G. Mathewson<br />
+California</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img011.jpg">
+<img src="images/img011.jpg" width="98" height="132" alt="Cornelius W. Wickersham
+New York" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Cornelius W. Wickersham<br />
+New York</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&quot;I say that the American Legion is bigger than any man; it is bigger
+than any State; it is bigger than any combination of States; it is the
+unified action of the millions of men who were willing to sacrifice
+their lives, their fortunes, their all on the altar of this country
+for the cause of democracy, to make the world safe for democracy, and
+they are going to help us make Illinois come to the front and clean
+its skirts of the stigma which is attached. We know that you are going
+to help us in it, and with the support of the American Legion, nothing
+will stop us from cleaning our skirts, from washing our dirty linen at
+home. When the next convention of the American Legion is held, as soon
+as we have had an opportunity or the boys in khaki and blue have had
+an opportunity to give an honest expression of views on the question
+of Burgomaster Thompson, we will come through with clean skirts, we
+will stand before you without a question as to the patriotism of the
+great City of Chicago and the State of Illinois. We are for the
+American Legion first, last, and all the time, and I will pledge
+Illinois' seven hundred thousand soldiers who have gone to the front
+for the colors in this organization to a man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;... and clean its skirts of the stigma which is attached and we know
+you are going to help us in it, for we will have the support of the
+American Legion and with that support when the boys from over there
+get back, nothing will stop us from cleaning our skirts....&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Attention is drawn specifically to that sentence, because it affords
+an excellent opportunity to explain the difference between politics
+and policies. The Legion has policies but it is not political. One
+prime policy is the demand for one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+Whoever or whatever cannot read that mark, be it Chicago's mayor or
+the Seattle Soldier's Council, the Legion's caution is &quot;measure up.&quot;
+The Legion, <i>as the Legion</i> will not go into municipal politics in
+Chicago but the members of the various posts in that city like all
+other Legion members stand for one hundred per cent, simon-pure
+patriotism and regardless of party, he who does not &quot;measure up&quot; had
+best beware. The Legion, as the Legion, never will endorse a political
+party or a party's candidate for office. But it will have platforms,
+it will have tenets, it will have principles. These platforms, tenets,
+and principles will be seen, felt, heard, and heeded by the voters of
+the United States. Furthermore, these platforms, tenets, and
+principles will be supported regardless of political party, political
+affiliations, or partisan sponsorship.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h3>OBJECTORS&mdash;CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE</h3>
+
+<p>The first of the committee reports of the morning was that of the
+Publication Committee. This report is perhaps not so interesting a
+document now as it may be in later years, when, with a circulation of
+millions weekly, the official organ will be a tremendous power for
+Americanism throughout the country, spreading in every home, in every
+vale and hamlet the same dragnet of Americanism as the draft law did,
+having in its tentacles the same power for culture, breadth of
+experience, and abolition of sectionalism.</p>
+
+<p>In view of this, the report possesses tremendous potentialities. Here
+it is:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Committee on Publication recommends that this caucus of the
+American Legion inaugurate a national publication which shall be the
+Legion's exponent of Americanism; that this, the sole and only
+publication of the American Legion, be owned and directed by the
+Legion for and in the interest of all Americans; that the Publication
+Committee be continued that it may proceed as organized with the
+details of founding this publication, with the advice and under the
+control of the Executive Committee of the American Legion which shall
+add such specially qualified members to the Publication Committee as
+it may see fit; that this publication shall be a National,
+nonpartisan, non-sectional organ for the service of the American
+people, a champion of Americanism which means independence, security,
+health, education, greater contentment, and progress for every
+patriot, to be the torch, the beacon light thrown into our hands by
+the Americans who fell, and held as a unique and living monument to
+that other legion which did not come back.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;(Signed) <span class="smcap">G.P. Putnam</span>, <i>Chairman.</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;<span class="smcap">Charles D. Kelley</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.&quot; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p>As an aside it may be interesting to say that there were at least half
+a dozen publishers, some with veteran journals already started, in St.
+Louis with the most alluring offers. Each wanted to have his
+publication designated as the official organ. Several other
+propositions were made, one syndicate offering to publish the
+magazine, bear the entire expense, give the Legion fifty per cent. of
+the stock, and allow it to control the editorial policy. All the
+syndicate wanted was the official endorsement. From other quarters
+came the word that a million dollars would be forthcoming, if such a
+large amount was necessary, in order to start the publication, but
+those who would furnish it wanted some return, naturally. However the
+Publication Committee felt, as set forth in the resolutions, that the
+magazine must be entirely owned and solely controlled by the Legion.
+If it was worth a million dollars to anybody else, it certainly was
+worth conserving in every possible way for the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>Again I am going to let the minutes take up the story. Some of the
+details which they give in the next few pages are illustrative of the
+interest and care which the caucus took when it came to important
+matters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;The Committee on Resolutions begs to submit the
+following report:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">General Principles and Creed</span>&mdash;Recognizing the supreme obligation of
+the citizens to maintain our national honor and integrity, and being
+resolved that the fruits of the Great War shall not die, we who
+participated in the war in order that the principles of justice,
+freedom, and democracy may more completely direct and influence the
+daily lives of America's manhood, do announce our adherence to the
+following principles and purposes:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(a) To inculcate the duties and obligations of citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(b) To preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+this war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(c) To cement the ties of comradeship formed in service.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(d) To promote, assist, and protect the general welfare of all
+soldiers, sailors, and marines and those dependent upon them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(e) To encourage the maintenance of individual and national
+efficiency to the end that the nation shall never fail in its
+obligations.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(f) To maintain the principle that undivided and uncompromising
+support of the constitution of the United States is the true test of
+loyalty.'&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Do you desire to pass on that as read, gentlemen, or by
+paragraphs?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Johnson</span> (Rhode Island): &quot;I move it be adopted as a whole.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Mr. Black of New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Herbert</span> (Mass.): &quot;I would like to ask for information: if there
+aren't more eligible to membership in the American Legion than are
+cited&mdash;soldiers, sailors, and marines?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The committee understands that covers everything. The
+direct eligibility comes up later.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Herbert</span>: &quot;But before we adopt this we must know who are eligible
+so it may be inserted there. As I read the qualifications for
+membership the members of the enlisted nurse corps are eligible to
+membership in the American Legion. If they are eligible they must be
+included there. If there are any others they must be included.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Fish</span> (of New York): &quot;I make a motion to the effect that this
+report be laid on the table until the constitution has been adopted.
+There are points in this resolution that conflict with the preamble
+and by-laws of the constitution. I move you, Mr. Chairman, that the
+first paragraph of the resolution as read be laid on the table until
+after the constitution is adopted. I will amend my motion to that
+effect.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Herbert</span>: &quot;I want to hear that reread.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;What I have read, and what I am about to read again,
+is the first paragraph of the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+There are many other paragraphs. The second one, for instance, is an
+endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan. If you lay the whole report
+on the table we have to wait until later to consider resolutions as a
+whole. The first paragraph is as follows:&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Secretary read first paragraph.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Milligan</span>: &quot;I wish to make a further amendment that the entire
+report be laid on the table until after the constitution has been
+adopted. I don't believe it is the sense of this meeting to hear the
+report of this committee in fragments.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Lea</span> (of Tenn.): &quot;If this report, or any part of it, is laid on
+the table it means final disposition of it under the rules of the
+House of Representatives. I don't think we want to do that until the
+report is read. As a substitute for the pending motion and amendment,
+I move that further reading and action of the report be suspended
+until after the report of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Mr. Black of New York and carried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The Secretary will now proceed to read the
+resolutions.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war, and to
+reestablish the country upon a peace basis, therefore be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Resolved</span> that this caucus emphatically endorse the Victory Liberty
+Loan, and urges all Americans to promote the success of the loan in
+every manner possible.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;What is your pleasure with regard to that resolution?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sullivan</span>: &quot;I move the adoption of the resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Mr. Wickersham of New York and carried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;Conscientious Objectors.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, that this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States in accordance with the act of Congress of
+May 18, 1917, and who were tried by general court-martial, sentenced
+to prison and later fully pardoned, restored to duty and honorably
+discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them, and as
+condemning further the I.W.W.'s, international socialists, and
+anarchists in their effort to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and be it
+further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, that this caucus requests a full and complete
+investigation by Congress of the trial and conviction of these parties
+and of their subsequent pardon.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Herbert</span> (of Mass.): &quot;I move you, sir, that this convention
+substitute the word 'demand' instead of 'request' where it says 'We
+request Congress.' We are a body large enough and representative
+enough and powerful enough to tell Congress what we want (applause),
+not to ask it, and I move the substitution of the word 'demand'
+instead of 'request.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Luke Lea of Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The motion is now for the adoption of the resolution as
+read, substituting the word 'demand' for 'request.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albert H. Wilson</span> (of Idaho): &quot;Gentlemen of this convention, before
+this is put to the body of this house, I want to offer a resolution
+that the man who convicted these men at Camp Funston be permitted to
+give the facts of those convictions and the facts of those discharges
+to the body of this house. I refer, gentlemen, to Major Foster, of
+Camp Funston, of the General Staff at Camp Funston, and I offer a
+resolution to that effect. Will you hear him?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Assent from the audience.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Gaston</span>: &quot;I second that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;It isn't necessary to have a resolution to that effect.
+The discussion would be germane to the question before the house.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Foster</span> (of Missouri): &quot;Gentlemen, on May 18, 1917, the Congress
+of these United States passed an act defining what should be done in
+regard to conscientious objectors. That act, as you are all probably
+familiar with, says nothing about the I.W.W.&mdash;the so-called
+humanitarian, the slacker, and the anarchist, and yet for some unknown
+reason about 135 such cattle were shipped out to Camp Funston,
+segregated, were not required to do military service, were tried for
+disobedience to a lawful order in time of war, duly convicted,
+sentenced to prison, and a large Majority of them pardoned out of the
+penitentiary within two months.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;These men, and I want you to get the importance of this, are not
+ordinary, poor, misguided, fanatical men, but the large number of them
+were college graduates. Take the case of Lundy in Chicago and Berger
+and Greenberg and all of them. Seven of them were cases so serious
+that the court, of which I was a member, sentenced them to death.
+Within three weeks the order came from Washington restoring them to
+honorable duty. These men who were dismissed from Leavenworth and who
+were tried by this court made the statement before the court to prove
+their conscientious scruples that they did not accept pay from the
+Government, nor did they, but when they were dismissed at Fort
+Leavenworth and honorably restored to duty and given discharges with
+honor, they took every dollar and cent that the Government sent or the
+officials in Washington said should be paid to them and they carefully
+counted it and it amounted to between four and six hundred dollars
+each, and they went home with it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You all know who is responsible for this condition. You all know that
+this convention should condemn it. And here is one more point I want
+to put before you and I want you to get this carefully. One of the men
+we tried, Worsman, has been pardoned. Here is a letter he sent out. I
+will not read it all.</p>
+
+<p>(The caucus requests him to read it all.)</p>
+
+<p>It is sent out to the press and to everyone. Here is a book that has
+the expressions before the court that all these men made and they
+stand on that as being proper.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This letter says: 'The committee who sends you this letter are, for
+the most part, near relatives or close friends of young men now
+serving long terms in the disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth
+because of loyalty of principle. Nearly all of them are your fellow
+workers and except for those in what we call the religious
+group,&mdash;trade unionists&mdash;the public knows little of their unhappy
+fate, even less than the other political or labor prisoners because
+they have been sent to prison by military court-martials and some have
+not even had the hostile publicity of a public trial in court.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'The war is over; whether these men were right or wrong, they were
+utterly sincere. Even military prejudice has to concede that, and the
+sufferings they have unflinchingly borne prove it many times over, but
+the point for the country to get just now is that right or wrong, they
+cannot now have any adverse effect upon the military policy of the
+Government to keep them in prison.' Here is the dangerous thing&mdash;'We
+are trying to educate public opinion, and particularly labor opinion,
+to the point where it will demand the release of these brave and
+sincere young men. We say &quot;labor,&quot; because we know when labor really
+demands a thing, it gets done.' There is the dangerous thing,
+gentlemen, the direct connecting up of the I.W.W., the so-called
+international socialists and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and
+later pardoned by our War Department,&mdash;the direct connecting up
+between that element and those like the fellow who was sentenced to
+prison and who is sending out this letter, and this great and
+dangerous Bolshevism that is creeping into this country and is, I am
+afraid, more dangerous than many of us realize. I want to see this
+caucus go on record&mdash;don't be afraid&mdash;as strong as you can against
+this fellow. The officers who served on those courts know what we had
+to endure. We had to treat them respectfully; we were obliged to do
+that. Let me tell you a few things, if you don't know them, about what
+happened in the guardhouse among those men. They would not do a thing;
+they wouldn't make their own beds. They wouldn't flush the toilets in
+the guardhouse, and some red-blooded American soldiers had to go and
+pull the chain for them. I say you can't send out a message to these
+people too strong in condemnation of this type and of the action of
+the War Department or whoever is responsible for the solace and the
+protection that has been thrown around the man who hid under the cloak
+of an act of Congress that was designed to take care of the
+conscientious objectors, and there is no conscientious objector under
+that act except a man whose religious creed forbade him to take part
+in the war in any way. I thank you.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, the question has been called. All those in
+favor of the motion as amended will vote 'aye.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was unanimously carried.</p>
+
+<p>The general comment at the time was that Major Foster's address summed
+up the opinion of the caucus on the War Department's action in regard
+to the objector, conscientious or otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>The accusation that the Legion was being formed for political purposes
+has been frequently referred to in this account of the organization
+and there follows an instance which shows very clearly the attitude of
+the delegates toward anything that might tend to give to the caucus a
+political savor. Just after Major Foster's address the chairman held
+up his hand for silence.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One moment before the next resolution is read,&quot; he said: &quot;I am
+informed that one of the newspapers of St. Louis has circulated blanks
+among the delegates asking them to indicate thereon how they intend to
+vote in the next national election in this country. I would point out
+to those who are gathered here that this is a very improper suggestion
+and that the action should be repudiated by the men here filling out
+none of these blanks.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This statement was greeted both with anger and applause, the former at
+the paper's action, the latter because of the chair's suggestion, and
+Mr. Wickersham of New York made a motion that none of the blanks
+should be filled out and that no delegate should take part in such a
+poll. It carried unanimously and with acclamation. The blanks were not
+filled out and the men distributing them were ordered to leave the
+theater, which they did.</p>
+
+<p>This is the nearest approach to a poll that took place at the St.
+Louis Caucus so far as I am able to ascertain. In fact it would have
+been quite impossible to take a poll except in the theater and I have
+been assured by men sitting in widely different parts of the house
+that no such poll was taken. The delegates' living quarters were in
+widely scattered parts of St. Louis and it would have been impossible
+to have got any large number of them together to take a poll except
+during the meeting in the theater.</p>
+
+<p>Despite this fact, despite the motion of Major Wickersham, and its
+passage by acclamation, reports were circulated after the caucus, to
+the effect that a poll had been taken and that it showed so many votes
+for this man and so many votes for that one. The effect of that
+statement, while not doing widespread damage, caused the Legion
+leaders a great deal of embarrassment and a great deal of effort to
+correct the false impression among those not present at St. Louis to
+the effect that the caucus had a political complexion.</p>
+
+<p>Following the refusal to allow a poll to be taken, the secretary read
+the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span> certain aliens during the emergency of the war sought to
+evade military duty by reason of their status as aliens, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, such an act indicates a lack on the part of such aliens of
+the proper spirit of Americanism, therefore be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span> that this caucus assembled urge upon the Congress of the
+United States the adoption of such measures that may be necessary to
+bring about the immediate deportation from the United States for all
+time of these aliens.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This resolution covered a subject very near the heart of Sergeant Jack
+Sullivan, the vice-chairman. He was on his feet immediately saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I agree with the gentleman from Massachusetts, Comrade Herbert, that
+this is not the time to urge upon Congress but to demand of Congress
+and I offer you, sir, this as a substitute resolution:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United
+States, July, 1918, known as an amendment to the Selective Service Act
+giving persons within the draft age who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby becoming exempt from service,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards,
+and factories, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, in this great World War for Democracy the rank and file of
+the best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed
+themselves in order to uphold the principles upon which this country
+was founded and for which they were willing to give up their life's
+blood, if necessary, to preserve, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span> we, the American Legion assembled are of the opinion that
+these would-be Americans who turned in their first papers to avoid
+service are in our opinion neither fish, flesh, nor fowl and if
+allowed to remain in this country would contaminate the 100% true
+American soldiers and sailors who will return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life. Therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That we, the American Legion in convention assembled in St.
+Louis, this 8th, 9th, and 10th day of May, 1919, numbering millions of
+red-blooded Americans, do demand the Congress of these United States
+to immediately enact a law to send these aliens who withdrew their
+first papers and thereby avoided service, back to the country from
+whence they came, for we want them not, neither do we need them. The
+country which we live in and were ready and are now ready and willing
+to fight for is good enough for us and this country, which they live
+in and prospered in, yet were unwilling to fight for, is too damned
+good for them to remain in. Therefore, be it further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, that a copy of these resolutions be sent to each and every
+member of the House and Senate of our United States and a copy be
+given to the public press.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;Respectfully presented &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;(Signed) Sgt. <span class="smcap">Jack Sullivan</span>. &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;Delegate from Seattle, State of Washington.&quot; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p>&quot;I move you, sir, the adoption of this resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, gentlemen, I have a telegram from Seattle which I will read. It
+is addressed to Jack Sullivan, St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Executive Board American Legion of Liberty authorizes you to
+advocate before the St. Louis Convention as part of the
+Americanization program, that the organization bring its influence to
+bear throughout the United States to secure enactment by Congress of
+laws making it possible to deport alien slackers who avoided military
+service by renouncing their citizenship and signing affidavits that
+they would return to the country from which they came. A bill
+providing for their deportation introduced by Senator Jones of
+Washington failed to pass the last session of Congress because the
+demand for its passage from the State of Washington was not backed up
+by other States. Demand upon senators and representatives from their
+own constituents that a law should be passed to deport these slackers
+would probably result in action by the special sessions of Congress of
+nearly three hundred aliens who escaped military service in Seattle by
+renouncing their right to become citizens. Twenty-seven per cent, were
+shown to be I.W.W.'s of the thousands who thus escaped military
+service. Throughout the country a large percentage are probably of the
+element which is seeking to undermine American institutions. They
+still remain despite their affidavits that they would leave the
+country and there is no existing law under which they can be deported.
+The first move towards making this country one hundred per cent.
+American should be the elimination of aliens who are opposed to our
+Government and institutions and who poison the minds of others by
+their teachings. Every senator and representative should be urged to
+back legislation for the elimination of this element and we hope that
+this work will be adopted by the convention as part of the national
+program.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;'(Signed) American Legion of Liberty, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;'<span class="smcap">Norman E. Coles</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.'&quot; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p>When Sullivan finished reading, he began one of the most stirring
+addresses made before the convention:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now let's not be afraid to put the cards on the table and say to the
+Congress of the United States that we are not afraid to trample on the
+toes of the diplomats of these alleged neutral countries who do not
+want legislation of this kind to pass,&quot; Sullivan plead. &quot;We have the
+interest of the man who donned the khaki and the blue and when the
+ships bring the boys from over there, they must take back these alien
+slackers. We would be derelict in our duty to the boys who gave their
+all when they went over the top; we would be untrue to ourselves and
+the institutions and principles for which we fought if we did not see
+to it that these people were sent back.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I was born in the State of Massachusetts and I was taught that
+citizenship meant something. As a boy I went out West where I learned
+that American citizenship meant something to the people of the West.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To-day we are here from all parts of the country. We are not from any
+section alone, because we are all Americans, This is an organization
+of Americans. This should be a country of Americans and if our
+citizenship means something, the swine who come from other countries
+should be taught that it means something like what McCrae said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span>'&quot;When from failing hands we throw the torch to you,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Be yours to hold it high;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">If ye break faith with us who die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We shall not sleep though poppies grow in Flanders' field.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&quot;Let's make this unanimous and do it now and say to the boys in
+Siberia and France that we are going to see to it when they get back
+here that those damned alien slackers are not going to be here, or if
+they are, they are going to be on the dock at Hoboken to go back to
+their own countries because they don't belong here and we are not
+going to allow them to remain.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img012.jpg" id="img012"><img src="images/img012.jpg" width="329" height="500" alt="“Jack” Sullivan of Seattle
+First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">&ldquo;Jack&rdquo; Sullivan of Seattle<br />
+First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img013.jpg" id="img013"><img src="images/img013.jpg" width="246" height="500" alt="Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama</p>
+
+<p>Sullivan was seated amid prolonged cheering; it was his big slap at
+Bolshevism. When Colonel Lindsley restored order Colonel Ralph Cole of
+Ohio was recognized.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The delegation from Ohio has authorized me to second this motion,&quot; he
+said. &quot;This seems to be a unanimous caucus. There is harmony here. The
+most impressive fact in relation to this assembly is the militant
+spirit of Americanism that has been manifested. I chanced to be
+Assistant Adjutant of the 37th Division when the time came for the
+naturalization of aliens who were in the American Army. Thousands and
+thousands of young aliens came up and raised up their right hand and
+pledged fidelity to the American Constitution, and to fight for the
+supremacy of the American flag, but, there was a certain small
+element, a certain small percentage that refused to take the oath of
+allegiance and they appealed to the Constitution and their rights
+under the law and they were exempted from military service. And I say
+to you, gentlemen of this convention, any alien that will appeal to
+the law in order to avoid military duty has no right to the
+opportunity of peace in America.&quot; Here there was prolonged applause.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There was an outbreak in the State of Ohio of Bolshevism a few days
+ago, but I want you gentlemen to know that it was put down. It was hit
+by the soldiers who returned from France, the rank and file of our
+boys.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, as Mr. Sullivan has suggested, let it not be said that when
+these boys that raised their right hand and took the oath of
+allegiance to the American flag return, that these contemptible skunks
+that demanded exemption under the law shall occupy the positions,
+which these truly loyal men should have. Let's give those positions to
+the returning American soldiers and the returning alien soldiers that
+fought for the American flag and helped us win the great victory.&quot; The
+applause given Sullivan was repeated.</p>
+
+<p>Then the &quot;Silver Lining,&quot; Chaplain Inzer, strode upon the stage. This
+time he was a very stern Silver Lining, and what he had to say he said
+with a vigor which characterized his speeches all during the
+convention.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to offer an amendment,&quot; he said. &quot;Mr. Sullivan's resolution
+does not cover the whole ground. As Naturalization Officer of the 14th
+Infantry, I happen to be observing enough to know that there are other
+men that ought to be included in this list. Often we called certain
+foreigners together who had been drafted and said, 'Now, men, we are
+going to go overseas in a short while. How long have you been in this
+country?'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One said, 'fourteen years.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'How long have you been here?' to another.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'I have been here so and so,' he answered.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'All right, now,' we said, 'this has been your country. If we hadn't
+gone to war, you would have expected to be here.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'But we want to go home now.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'If you go home will you fight for your country?'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'We don't know.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;And they absolutely refused to take out citizenship papers. How do we
+know them? As Naturalization Officer I marked on every one of those
+papers. 'This man, though he has been here for four years or ten years
+refused naturalization in the hope that he might avoid overseas
+service.' Now, then, I move that we include in that motion that the
+files be gone through and every man who refused citizenship, who was a
+native of any other country, but adopted this country and refused to
+take out the citizenship papers we offered him, after he had been
+brought into the army by the draft, also be deported.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Before the applause began Colonel Luke Lea had the floor. He is tall
+and imposing and a powerful speaker.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to see this made a complete and thorough job, and to that end
+I desire to offer a further amendment,&quot; he said. &quot;We further demand
+the immediate deportation of every alien enemy who, during the war,
+was interned, whether such alien enemy be now interned or has been
+paroled. I merely want to say this: That any alien enemy who is too
+dangerous to be at large and bear the burdens of war, is too dangerous
+to be at large and participate in the blessings of peace.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This brought down the house. It was what everybody thought and wanted.
+It was what everybody had hoped for since the very first day during
+the war that the Department of Justice had made its first internments.
+There have been all sorts of stories telling about these interned
+aliens getting rooms with baths, tennis courts, swimming pools, and
+playgrounds, and everyone had consistently hoped that they would all
+be sent back to Germany or Austria at the earliest possible moment
+after the war. The same hope was expressed in regard to certain
+Scandinavians and Hollanders here who were active in behalf of
+Germany. One thing is certain and that is that none of the delegates
+present were opposed to this enemy alien deportation, or if they were
+they didn't or couldn't make themselves heard above the thunderous
+approbation.</p>
+
+<p>Chaplain Inzer at this juncture jumped to his feet and heightened the
+applause by shouting, &quot;There are four million men back of this
+organization. If I were a Bolshevik, I'd pack my grip and beat it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The culmination of this particular phase of the caucus was most
+dramatic. A wounded soldier on crutches, and bearing two wound stripes
+on his arm, was helped to the stage beside the chairman. &quot;I am Private
+Sossin of Kentucky,&quot; he shouted. &quot;I was born and reared in Poland, and
+came to this country and began to enjoy all the freedom of the
+American Constitution when I was thirty-seven years old. I left my
+business and my family to fight for this country. And if any of my
+native countrymen are so despicable as not to want to fight for the
+grandest flag the world has ever seen, the flag which gives freedom to
+all who are oppressed, I say, damn him and kick him out of here so
+that we can show that we despise such slackers.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;All those in favor of the motion as finally amended
+will vote 'Aye.&quot;' That &quot;Aye&quot; shook the theater.</p>
+
+<p>The caucus then passed a resolution that every naturalized citizen
+convicted under the Espionage Act should have his citizenship revoked
+and should be deported.</p>
+
+<p>Another telling blow for Americanism!</p>
+
+<p>The caucus next went on record with a resolution calling for the
+protection of the uniform. Those firms and individuals who had used
+the uniform as a method of peddling their wares were scored in the
+resolution and it was the sense of the motion that everything possible
+should be done to prevent panhandlers and peddlers on the streets
+wearing the uniform of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The caucus also indorsed Secretary Lane's plan for the &quot;Reclamation of
+arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands.&quot; The resolution to that effect
+follows in full:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the army and navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over
+timber lands:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Now, Therefore, Be It Resolved</span>: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h3>THE REËMPLOYMENT PROBLEM</h3>
+
+<p>We are now coming to the consideration of a subject that was nearer to
+the heart of every delegate than any other. That is the re&euml;mployment
+of one-time service men. This matter is of the most intimate and
+direct concern to the Legion and its leaders and because of its
+importance I believe the details of the discussion are sufficiently
+interesting to permit me to quote them verbatim from the minutes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The secretary will read the next resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;Re&euml;mployment of ex-service men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the most important questions of readjustment and
+reconstruction is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier, vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment or to a better job, therefore,
+be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in its first national caucus
+assembled, declares to the people of the United States that no act can
+be more unpatriotic in these most serious days of readjustment and
+reconstruction than the violation of this principle announced which
+pledges immediate reemployment to the returned soldiers, and be it
+further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in its national caucus assembled
+does hereby declare itself as supporting in every proper way the
+efforts of the ex-service men to secure reemployment, and recommends
+that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers or ex-sailors and
+ex-marines be given preference whenever additional men are to be
+employed in any private or public enterprise, and be it further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion recommends to Congress the prompt
+enactment of a program for internal improvement, having in view the
+necessity therefor and as an incident the absorption of the surplus
+labor of the country, giving preference to discharged ex-service men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Walsh</span> (Pittsburgh): &quot;I move, Mr. Chairman, that we adopt the
+resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded by Colonel Jones, of Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Leveree</span>: &quot;Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention, I desire
+to present to you a substitute for this resolution. As one who has
+been endeavoring to give a post-war service to these men who are
+coming back here and need to be replaced in the industries of this
+country, as a volunteer dollar-a-year man in the United States
+Employment Service and one who has accomplished results in the work to
+the extent that the bulletin of the National Chamber of Commerce has
+commented on the work, I desire to call your attention to the fact
+that the resolution as presented is not concrete. It says nothing. It
+talks in generalities, and I want to present to you a concrete
+proposition based on the experience of the Bureau in New Orleans.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is desirable both for the welfare of the soldiers,
+sailors, and marines, now rapidly being discharged from the service of
+the United States of America, and for the industrial readjustment of
+the country that the process of returning these men to productive
+occupations in civil life be speeded up as much as possible;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">And Whereas</span>, by reason of the failure of the Congress of the United
+States to appropriate funds for the purpose the said process has been
+retarded and left to private initiative; now, therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in caucus assembled calls upon the
+Congress of the United States to promptly appropriate funds to be
+administered for the benefit of existing coordinated Bureaus for the
+Employment of Returning Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, to the end
+that there may be no interruption in the service now being rendered
+and that it may be broadened and speeded up, be it further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That each local post or organization of the American Legion
+is urged during the period of demobilization to constitute itself a
+committee of the whole, which shall cooperate with the local
+Employment Bureau and shall establish and maintain a liaison between
+such Bureau and every employer in the community through members of the
+local post or organization who are already employed in such
+establishment to the end that it may be made easy for the employer to
+avail himself of the service of the Bureau by communicating with
+someone in his own establishment, and that every soldier, sailor, and
+marine already replaced in industry may have an opportunity to assist
+his comrades to become likewise.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, this is the crux of that whole business&mdash;getting somebody
+close to the employer where you can bring about that liaison which is
+suggested in this substitute motion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion to adopt the substitute resolution was made by Mr. Leveree
+and seconded by Mr. Luss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Desmond</span> (of Pennsylvania): &quot;What has been said, in my estimation,
+is not comprehensive enough. In the city of Philadelphia which is
+known as the Cradle of Liberty, when the men who had given up
+positions in the educational system&mdash;I mean teachers&mdash;returned from
+the service of their country they were not, as promised, given the
+exact positions which they left. Neither were they given positions of
+parallel importance. They were actually demoted in grade so that these
+motions do not cover such circumstances. In many cases, in
+municipalities, men have returned from the service and have been
+forced to take positions not of a parallel grade but positions of a
+lower grade.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Men, Americanism depends on America's school systems, and if the ones
+who are directing our school systems are so unpatriotic as to demote
+those who go forth to serve their country, what is going to become of
+America and Americanism? And I wish to make an amendment to the effect
+that municipalities and boards of education in those municipalities be
+forced to give men their parallel positions if not positions of better
+grade and that in no instance will they be allowed to demote a man
+because he has gone forth to serve his country. I put that forward as
+an amendment, that the municipal governments and boards of education
+in our municipalities be forced to give men positions of equal grade
+if they cannot give better grade.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simington</span> (of Washington): &quot;I speak in opposition to that amended
+resolution. In my State I represent ten thousand organized men. In my
+State the present system has proven a failure. The organization that I
+represent handles an employment bureau that places 350 service men a
+week in permanent positions and 150 in temporary employment, and I say
+to you that that record is far and above the record of the U.S.
+Replacement Bureau. It is a proven failure. Gentlemen, I believe that
+it is 'For George to do'&mdash;and we are George.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The service man wishes to take care of himself and his own. It is for
+the service man to handle his own problems and I suggest as an
+amendment&mdash;I am not sure of my being in order in offering an amendment
+to an amended amendment, but I suggest that it be the sense of this
+meeting that Congress assist the American Legion in taking care of its
+own in the matter of employment and that it do not use civilians to do
+the work.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hill</span> (of Pennsylvania): &quot;The original resolution that is before
+the convention, I am frank to say, has been forwarded to me by a
+soldier from Allegheny County, who walked the streets of Pittsburgh
+for eight or nine weeks pleading this principle. A resolution adopted
+by the Mothers of Democracy was sufficient for him to get back his
+job, because he held a position as a county employee of Allegheny
+County and he invoked this principle and vitalized every military
+organization in Allegheny County, and by means of that he got back his
+job and his back salary and his mother's allowance which was cut off
+since January 1, 1918. This resolution was originally presented by me
+as a member of the National Resolutions Committee from the State of
+Pennsylvania. The National Resolutions Committee appointed a
+subcommittee of which I was a member, a committee of three, to
+consider this and refer it back to the National Resolutions Committee.
+That committee passed favorably upon it and the National Resolutions
+Committee passed it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, if that resolution, as it stands before the house, was
+sufficient to get a job back for him, playing almost a lone hand,
+surely it is sufficient for any man here or for, this American Legion,
+for all it provides for, and all that is necessary to be done is the
+simple patriotism with the American Legion in back of it which can
+place its hands on the shoulder of any substantial employer and say,
+'Do you wish to rectify yourself on this thing called &quot;patriotism?&quot;'
+Do you wish to give the soldier back his job who presents to you a
+meritorious case? We give you a chance. If you do not take it we will
+publish this thing and you will go down to contumely and
+stultification.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Knox</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, I am speaking on behalf of the Resolutions
+Committee. We spent all day yesterday listening to such requests as
+this. Our final calculated judgment is represented in the resolutions
+as presented. We found in the discussion that there was opposition to
+an endorsement of the United States Federal replacement division.
+(Applause.) And so we determined that the language as adopted covered
+the cast. We proposed to create in this organization a reemployment
+bureau of our own, and the resolution as presented is all the support
+that bureau needs.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I move you, sir, that all the substitutes for the original resolution
+be laid on the table.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;I simply want to call attention to the fact that
+under the rules of the House of Representatives that if you lay all
+amendments on the table it carries the entire proposition to the table
+and I don't believe this convention wants to do that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Knox</span>: &quot;I ask a ruling on that, Mr. Chairman. If we lay all these
+substitutes for this resolution on the table will that kill the
+resolution?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Unless you dispense with the rules.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>MR. KNOX: &quot;Mr. Chairman, I move you, sir, the suspension of the rules
+to a sufficient extent so that we may table the substitutes which have
+been offered to the original resolution offered by the committee.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Motion seconded by Mr. Bond of New York and carried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The question now comes back to the original
+resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The question was called for and it was adopted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Ackley</span>: &quot;Mr. Chairman, I have another amendment to offer.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;It's too late. The secretary will read the next
+resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE DISREGARD OF SELF</h3>
+
+<p>I feel almost as if the next matter under discussion should have not
+only a special chapter devoted to it but be printed in large type and
+in distinctive ink, for I do not believe that anything so thoroughly
+gave evidence of the utter disregard of self in the Legion as did the
+flat refusal of the delegates to tolerate what has been called in some
+quarters, the &quot;Pay Grab.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The minutes read:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span> (Reading): &quot;ADDITIONAL PAY FOR ENLISTED MEN.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the financial sacrifice of the enlisted persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States in the world war was
+altogether in excess of that of any other class of our citizenship,
+and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the great majority of these persons left lucrative
+employment upon joining the colors, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, this direct financial sacrifice was made at a time when
+men, many of them aliens who thrived in safety at home, were enjoying
+the advantages of an exceptionally high war wage, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the service which involved this sacrifice was a Federal
+service in defense of our national honor and national security,
+therefore be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the delegates to this caucus of those who served with
+the colors in the world war urge upon the members of the 66th Congress
+the justice and propriety of appropriating a sufficient sum from the
+National Treasury to pay every person who served in the enlisted
+personnel in the military or naval service for a period of at least
+six months between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, six months
+additional pay at the rate of $30.00 a month, and to those persons who
+served less than six months' in the military or naval service between
+April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, the sum of $15.00 per month for
+each month so served. This bonus to be in addition to any pay or bonus
+previously granted or authorized and to be paid upon and subject to
+the honorable discharge of any such person.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Knox</span>: &quot;Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the resolution as
+read.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mcgrath</span> (New Jersey): &quot;I served in the navy, and I simply want to
+call attention to the fact that this resolution says that the money
+shall be paid upon the honorable discharge of the soldiers and
+sailors, but in the navy we are only released from active duty and I
+will not be discharged for three years, neither will any of the other
+three hundred thousand naval reserves. I therefore move that the
+resolution be amended to say that so far as the navy is concerned that
+the money shall be paid upon their release from active duty or their
+honorable discharge.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The committee accepted the amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Before I put this motion I want to make this suggestion
+to you, that this is a pretty serious matter that you are considering.
+It is for this caucus, of course, in its wisdom to determine that
+which it wants to do, but up to this time, it has assumed continuously
+a most splendidly high and patriotic and unselfish attitude toward
+this whole question. It has dealt immediately and fairly and
+positively with regard to employment problems, but I suggest to you
+that we ought to consider very carefully whether we want to go on
+record as a caucus, as provided in this resolution, and I would prefer
+not to put the question until you have considered it further.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The action of the caucus was foreshadowed by the applause which it
+gave to Colonel Lindsley's caution. Fully a half dozen men jumped to
+their feet and waved their hands wildly demanding recognition.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt arose from his seat with the New York delegation,
+and Chairman Lindsley recognized him.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I want to draw your attention to one feature of this
+question,&quot; he said. The Colonel spoke very deliberately and very
+distinctly, reminding a great many of his auditors of his father
+because of the way he snapped his words out. &quot;I heartily agree with
+what the chair has said so far. I want you to get this particular
+reaction on the matter and I want to relate to you a little incident
+that happened coming out on the train from New York. One of the
+delegates on the same train with me said that the conductor stopped
+and talked to him and among other things said, 'Young Teddy Roosevelt
+is up ahead. He's going out to St. Louis to try to get some of the
+soldiers together to sandbag something out of the Government!'
+<i>Sandbag something out of the Government!</i>&quot; The young Colonel's frame
+shook with emotion as he repeated that sentence. &quot;Do you men get the
+idea of what he thought we were trying to do? We want everything that
+is right for us to have, but we are not going to try to sandbag the
+Government <i>out</i> of anything; primarily we are going to try to put
+something <i>into</i> the Government. In thinking over this resolution
+think of that.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img014.jpg" id="img014"><img src="images/img014.jpg" width="261" height="500" alt="Fred Humphrey of New Mexico, A Vice-Chairman." title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Fred Humphrey of New Mexico<br />
+A Vice-Chairman.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img015.jpg" id="img015"><img src="images/img015.jpg" width="291" height="500" alt="Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+Corps. He is a Vice-Chairman." title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+Corps<br />
+He is a Vice-Chairman.</p>
+
+<p>The cheer which greeted this suggestion was so resounding and the
+opinion of the caucus so positive on this question that Mr. Gordon of
+Connecticut, a member of the committee that framed the resolution,
+moved that it should be laid on the table.</p>
+
+<p>The thunderous &quot;Aye&quot; which tabled this resolution might well be
+recorded in letters of gold.</p>
+
+<p>It showed the utter unselfishness of the American doughboy, gob, and
+leatherneck. He had followed Colonel Roosevelt's advice: he refused to
+sandbag the Government out of anything, and this action gives the best
+possible basis for the procedure to put something into the Government.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the action of certain newspapers, organizations, and
+individuals in advocating that six months' pay should be given to the
+returned service man, I wonder if there are not still a great many of
+them who are still puzzled over why the Legion refused to endorse this
+movement. There must be scores of them, dozens of them who were not
+present at the St. Louis Caucus, to catch its spirit and who have not
+carefully considered just what impression such a demand on the part of
+former soldiers, sailors, and marines would create on the rest of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Why shouldn't six months' pay be given to every man who did his bit in
+the war with Germany? In the first place, these men who have returned
+from the war have begotten for themselves the utmost respect and
+affection from those who could not go. The civilian forms the majority
+of our people. Because of the esteem before-mentioned, he is willing
+to grant almost anything <i>within reason</i> to the service man who risked
+so much in defense of the country. It is to the interest of the
+service man to make the civilian population feel that he does not want
+to get something for nothing but that, rather, he would still prefer
+to give his best to the country in peaceful times in the same spirit
+that he manifested in war times&mdash;an utter disregard of self.</p>
+
+<p>Had the Legion endorsed this resolution, the general consensus would
+have been, &quot;There are the soldiers getting together to make demands.
+Their organization is nothing more or less than an association formed
+to get something out of the Treasury.&quot; Therefore, when the service
+men, as a unit, came to demand something vitally necessary for the
+good of the country, it is possible that they might be answered: &quot;We
+have paid you in money and have your receipt and that will be all for
+you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This Legion can, must, and will be an inspiration and a guiding spirit
+because it is composed of men who have been willing to sacrifice self
+for the good of the country. For that they have obtained the
+affection of their world and just so long as they are willing to
+continue to manifest that spirit will they retain that affection.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CLOSING HOURS</h3>
+
+<p>The next resolution to be passed was that concerning &quot;Disability Pay.&quot;
+That resolution, as passed read.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious
+injustice is done to the civilian who entered the military service,
+and as an incident, too, that service is disabled, therefore,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;BE IT <span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That this caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the war with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted personnel who served in
+the military and naval forces of the United States during said war,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then followed the passage of the War Risk Insurance Resolution. This
+read:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes of this organization is: 'To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States and those dependent
+upon them,' and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the
+service, who had not had their rights, privileges, and benefits under
+the War Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men,
+therefore, are losing daily, such rights, privileges, and benefits,
+which may never again be restored, and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits, and privileges,
+therefore,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That this caucus pledges its most energetic support
+to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to the end
+that the rights, privileges, and benefits under the War Risk Insurance
+Act be conserved and that the men discharged from the service be made
+to realize what are their rights under this act; and that the
+Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes herein
+expressed and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That it is the sense of this caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may select
+his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was director of the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau in Washington. In speaking to the motion to pass
+the foregoing resolution, he said that more than a year ago he and
+other officers in France felt that if there were no other reasons for
+an organization such as the Legion, it would be more than worth while
+to create one even though its sole function was to let those who
+served in the war know their rights about government insurance and if
+it saw to it that the general scheme was perpetuated.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am speaking particularly of the insurance phase of the situation,&quot;
+he said in part. &quot;The United States Government to-day is the greatest
+insurance institution on earth. Thirty-nine billions of dollars of
+applications have poured in from over four millions of men; an average
+of practically $9000 per man is held throughout the United States and
+abroad, and over 90% of these men are insured. That insurance is the
+best in the world, because the greatest and the best and the richest
+Government on earth says, 'I promise to pay.' It is the cheapest
+insurance in the world and always will be because the Government says,
+'As part of our contribution, we, the people of the United States, in
+this war, as a legitimate expense, will pay all cost of administering
+this Bureau.' So that the men who have this insurance now and those
+who have it hereafter will pay only the net cost. If there is any
+savings, they get it. So that for all time to come they have got the
+insurance cheaper than any other country except the United States can
+give them. I say that without any improper comparison with the
+splendid, properly organized institutions in the United States. It is
+simply this: That the people of the United States pay this cost of
+administration. By June 1st the policies of conversion will be ready
+to be delivered to those who want them. You will be able to cease term
+insurance, if you wish, and have ordinary life, limited payment life,
+or endowment insurance. You can have any kind you please, but the big
+thing, my comrades, is this: To retain every single dollar of this
+insurance that you can afford to carry. Don't be in any particular
+hurry about conversion. If your income isn't good&mdash;carry this message
+back to the boys throughout the United States&mdash;if their income at this
+time doesn't justify carrying higher priced insurance, retain that
+which they have got and throughout this country tell the men that
+those who have lapsed their insurance because they didn't understand
+its value, because it wasn't properly presented to them at the period
+of demobilization by the Government, for it was not, tell them they
+are going to have every right of reinstatement without physical
+examination.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There is going to be no snap judgment on any man who served in this
+war who, because he was not able when he went out or didn't have the
+information or because he was careless or for any other reason didn't
+carry on his insurance. I ask you, my friends, and I think it is one
+of the important functions of this great American Legion that is born
+here in St. Louis at this time, to see that the fullest possible
+amount of this government insurance is maintained. Every man that
+holds a government policy is a part of the Government more than ever
+before. I ask you to bear this in mind and it is going to be within
+your power to say yes and no to many of the great problems of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I ask you to see that this great bureau is kept out of politics and
+that it is administered, in the years to come in the interests of
+those for whom this law was enacted, those who served as soldiers,
+sailors, and marines in this war and their dependents. I thank you for
+this opportunity of presenting this matter to you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;... It is going to be within your power to say yes or no to many of
+the great problems of the United States.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The service men know this but coming from a man like Colonel Lindsley
+it is especially important. How are they going to use this power? What
+sort of a legislative program will the Legion have? The answer isn't
+hard to find by a perusal of the resolutions which were passed and by
+remembering that most important one which did not pass, viz.: the pay
+grab.</p>
+
+<p>The next resolution occupying the attention of the caucus was that one
+relating to disability of soldiers, sailors, and marines. It reads:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That the delegates from the several States shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor, and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors, and marines to take advantage of governmental
+assistance, and that every effort be made by the American Legion in
+the several States to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The whole work of the Legion as outlined at the caucus is constructive
+and therefore inspiring. The reader will note from the last
+resolution that members of the Legion are to be instructed to
+distribute the literature of the Rehabilitation Department among
+wounded soldiers, sailors, and marines and to show them how to take
+advantage of governmental assistance; and also that every effort will
+be made by the American Legion to stop any attempt to pauperize
+disabled men.</p>
+
+<p>A higher-minded, more gentle resolve than that, can hardly be
+imagined. All of us remember the host of begging cripples who were
+going the rounds of the country even so long as thirty-five or forty
+years after the Civil War. This last resolution means that such will
+not be the case after this war. I think that it would be safe to say
+that in nine cases out of ten, after the Legion gets thoroughly
+started, crippled beggars who pretend to have been wounded in the
+service of their country will be fakers. Mr. Mott of Illinois, in the
+discussion on this question, brought out the fact that there were
+approximately sixty thousand soldiers, sailors, and marines
+permanently disabled as a result of wounds, accidents, and disease
+incurred in the war, while approximately one hundred and forty
+thousand discharged men were only more or less disabled.</p>
+
+<p>The final resolution was that copies of all resolutions passed by the
+caucus were to be forwarded to every member of the United States
+Senate and each representative in Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Louis A. Frothingham, chairman of the Resolutions Committee, made an
+address in which he thanked the people of St. Louis for their
+hospitality and the War Camp Community Service for its aid. The War
+Camp Community Service sent special men to St. Louis under the
+direction of Mr. Frank L. Jones to cooperate with its St. Louis
+leaders in helping to make the delegates comfortable. Arrangements
+were made whereby delegates of small means could get lodging for
+twenty-five cents a night and meals at the same price.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Foss of Ohio introduced the following resolution of thanks which
+was passed standing:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That a standing vote of thanks be tendered to the War Camp
+Community Service for its active hospitality to the delegates to this
+St. Louis Caucus of the American Legion, which is in keeping with its
+splendid work through the war in extending community service to our
+American soldiers, sailors, and marines, and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That an engrossed copy of this resolution be
+forwarded to the national secretary of the War Camp Community
+Service.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In this connection it might be well to digress a bit and to say that
+War Camp Community Service functioned splendidly for the young men of
+our Army, Navy, and Marine Corps during the war, and as &quot;Community
+Service, Inc.&quot; intends to continue caring for not only the doughboys
+and gobs it served so well but for an enlarged patronage. During the
+conflict, War Camp Community Service organized the social and
+recreational resources of six hundred communities which were adjacent
+to training camps, army bases, and naval stations, and also developed
+the same resources in thirty large communities dominated by great war
+industries, of which the industrial centers at Bethlehem, Chester, and
+Erie, Pennsylvania, are types.</p>
+
+<p>I believe it is well worth while for every member of the American
+Legion to know something about War Camp accomplishment, and Community
+Service possibilities for each has a similar aim and goal which may be
+realized by harmonious effort on the part of community service
+branches and legion posts throughout the entire country.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of War Camp Community Service, like all successful
+experiments, was based on sound truth and simple theory and proved to
+be far reaching in results. Communities were not told what to do;
+there was no cut and dried program, but rather each community received
+special treatment suited to its particular needs, temperament, and
+physical characteristics. The basic idea underlying this activity is
+to allow each one to express himself. No person or community has the
+same thoughts, manner of living or thinking, and entire communities,
+like individuals, are affected by their environment and the life which
+circumstances compel them to lead. An iron monger's stalwart frame may
+conceal a poetic-soul, while the frail body of an obscure clerk may
+enclose the spirit of a Cromwell. War Camp has helped a great many
+such men to find themselves. Community Service promises to do the same
+thing, for the war has given ample proof of the need of just this kind
+of service.</p>
+
+<p>With the war gone, with thousands of young men thrown upon their own
+initiative and resources for both work and play, there is going to be
+a great need of proper guidance, companionship, and comradeship,
+unless a great many are to be overtaken by some madness like
+Bolshevism or in a lesser degree&mdash;constant and brooding
+dissatisfaction. The American Legion post, with its leaders, is going
+to fill a great need here. It will be some place to go where a man can
+meet his fellows of the better type, and, not only indulge in the
+pleasure of discussing former days but, better still, take an interest
+in present-day movements affecting his country.</p>
+
+<p>Also, I feel that Community Service will have a great place in this
+same scheme: that it can take the former service man, lonely and
+seeking expression, just where the Legion leaves off and, with Legion
+ideals on Americanism and the duties of citizenship as a basis, can
+round him off in the softer, more intimate molds of life, so that
+between the two he may not be only an honor to his country, but to his
+family and to his God as well. Therefore, I believe Community Service
+will fall heir to the goodwill created by War Camp throughout the
+nation, that it will retain the best of the latter's tenets and will
+take its place as one of the great powers for good in the community
+life of this country.</p>
+
+<p>At the final session, Major Caspar G. Bacon was elected treasurer of
+the Legion to serve until November 11th. Delegations appointed State
+chairmen and secretaries to carry on the work of further organization
+for the November convention.</p>
+
+<p>During luncheon time of the last day there had been some fear
+expressed among certain of the delegates that the loyal foreign-born
+element in the United States might not thoroughly understand the Alien
+Slackers Resolution. In order to make that perfectly clear Chaplain
+Inzer, during the last hours of the caucus, called for a cheer for
+every foreign-born citizen who gave loyal service to the United
+States. A rousing one was given.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the unanimous report of the Committee on Constitution and
+By-Laws and declaration of principles. It was passed upon, section by
+section. You will find it printed elsewhere in this volume, and you
+must read it if you would get a true view of the principles underlying
+the Legion. It is as plain as a lesson in a school reader. Any comment
+on it from me would be editorial tautology, so I don't want to say
+anything more than that its framing was one of the cleverest and most
+comprehensive bits of work done since the very beginning of the
+Legion.</p>
+
+<p>On the question of eligibility of Americans who had served in other
+armies, Mr. Palmen of California, announced as a bit of information
+that an Act approved by Congress on October 15, 1918, provided that
+such men must repatriate themselves. &quot;We must go before a judge
+qualified to give citizenship back, taking with us our honorable
+discharge and credentials to show that we were American citizens at
+the time we enlisted,&quot; Mr. Palmen declared. Mr. Palmen was with the
+Canadian Army for three and a half years. &quot;This question has been
+debated and the public at large is much confused about it,&quot; he
+continued. &quot;I am told all that I must do is to go before a judge and
+that I will immediately be made a citizen again with all the rights
+and privileges which that implies.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was no &quot;hero stuff&quot; at all at this caucus, no names of heroes,
+as such, were mentioned. The name of the President of the United
+States was not called nor any member of his Cabinet nor was any
+reference made to them either direct or indirect. This was done to
+avoid the appearance of politics. General Pershing's name was
+mentioned once and that was during the discussion of the sixth section
+of the constitution which provides that &quot;no Post may be named for any
+living person.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Major Leonard of the District of Columbia delegation obtained the
+floor and said that his delegation was in an embarrassing position
+because they had already organized a post and named it &quot;Pershing Post
+No. 1.&quot; Major Wickersham of New York, stated that a number of posts
+were already in the process of organization in his State and that the
+names of living men had been adopted by them.</p>
+
+<p>After all why not call these posts after living men?</p>
+
+<p>Delegate Harder, of Oklahoma, offered the answer:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;With all due respect to the gentlemen who have already named their
+posts they are subjected, as are we to the action of this caucus,&quot; he
+said. &quot;We know positively that in due course of time those names will
+be used, at least to a certain extent, politically. Let us find some
+other way to honor these men and make it impossible for the people of
+this country to get the idea that this is a political organization.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There you have it, the real reason. Delegate Harder was only one of
+the hundreds who not only wanted to keep the Legion out of politics
+now but for all time to come.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McGrath of New Jersey also took an amusing fling at article six.
+As originally drawn it stipulated that the local unit should be termed
+a billet. &quot;I object to the word billet,&quot; he said. &quot;It has too many
+unpleasant associations as those men who slept in them in France will
+testify. A billet meant some place where you lay down and slept as
+long as certain little animals would let you, and the American Legion
+isn't going to do that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Just about this time the afternoon was drawing to a close. Everybody
+realized that a monumental task had been performed. Sleepless nights
+and nerve-wracking days had been endured. Many pocketbooks were
+running low. Everybody felt it was time to go home.</p>
+
+<p>General Hoffman of Oklahoma obtained recognition from the chair as
+some of the delegates already were rising to leave the theater. &quot;I
+move, Mr. Chairman,&quot; shouted the General, &quot;that we extend a vote of
+thanks to Colonel Roosevelt and Colonel Clark and other gentlemen who
+have been associated with them and to the chairman of this association
+and his able assistants who have brought this convention to such a
+happy and successful close.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the mention of Colonel Roosevelt's name departing delegates tarried
+and when Mr. Weinman of Louisiana moved adjournment, the house stood
+and with one accord began to cry, &quot;We want Teddy,&quot; &quot;We want Teddy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt walked to the center of the stage and raised both
+hands seeking silence.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to say just one thing,&quot; he said. &quot;I have never been so much
+impressed in my life as I have been by the actions of this caucus,
+actions of the various committees and in the way this caucus thought
+for itself and acted for itself. For instance it would receive
+resolutions from the Resolutions Committee, would think them over,
+would re-decide on them and would re-decide them right. I want to say
+in closing that the only thing I regret is that my father could not
+have been alive at this moment to see the actions of this body of
+Americans.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Healey of the New York delegation obtained the attention of the
+chair. &quot;I make a motion,&quot; stated Mr. Healey, &quot;that before this great
+caucus adjourns we should remain standing in one minute's silence as a
+tribute to the greatest statesman that this nation has ever
+produced&mdash;THEODORE ROOSEVELT.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?</h3>
+
+<p>As I glance back over these pages I am impressed with the fact that
+only the preface of &quot;The Story of the American Legion&quot; has been
+written here. When the reaches of the years shall gather to themselves
+the last of the men of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United
+States during its war against Germany that story may then be
+faithfully told. So the truth of the matter now is that history is in
+the writing so far as the American Legion in its relation to the
+United States of America is concerned. That statement isn't in reality
+as platitudinous as it seems at first thought.</p>
+
+<p>We have arrived at world importance in history. We have come to that
+as the result of our part in the world war. Our isolation is over. We
+are the cynosure of all eyes. Uncle Sam is the dominant world figure;
+his hands control the reins that are driving the world. He has the
+enemies which all the successful have. There are those who had, and
+haven't, and there are those who never had, and want; all desiring,
+all envying the power of the United States of America. This great
+power and position was gained primarily by one motive&mdash;unselfishness.
+Just so long as it is our dominant trait will we retain what we have
+gained. Just so long as we remain true to our innate principles, to
+the tenets of our constitution, will we retain world importance and
+world influence.</p>
+
+<p>There is a wolf at the gates of civilized Europe. If he gets inside
+nothing can stop him from ravishing us. This war has bound us so
+closely to Europe that we are, in a sense, one and the same. He who
+strikes our brother strikes us, even though he be so far away that the
+distance is measured by an ocean. We must get over the idea that
+distance makes a difference. The Atlantic ocean has just been crossed
+in sixteen hours. Remember, thought travels even faster.</p>
+
+<p>The wolf that I mentioned is a Mad Thought. He is Bolshevism. He has
+the madness because of hunger, a hunger not only of body but of mind;
+the century-long hunger of the Russian peoples for Freedom. Russia has
+run in a circle. From the autocracy of the classes it has arrived at
+the autocracy of the masses.</p>
+
+<p>Then, too, all our European brothers are war worn; tired, tired nearly
+to death with struggle and sacrifice, and this is not a frame of mind
+calculated to help reseat reason in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Why the American Legion?</p>
+
+<p>One of our great bankers recently returned from an intimate study of
+affairs abroad. His name is Frank A. Vanderlip. In an address before
+the Economic Club in New York City he said that Europe is paralyzed
+and that our task is to save.</p>
+
+<p>I give the introduction to his address as it appeared in the New York
+<i>Times</i>:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Frank A. Vanderlip, who spoke last night at the Hotel Astor, at a
+dinner of the Economic Club, which was held for the purpose of hearing
+his story of conditions in Europe, whence he has recently returned,
+said that England was on the verge of a revolution, which was narrowly
+averted in February, when he was there, and the conditions on the
+Continent of Europe are appalling beyond anything dreamed of in this
+country.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that the food conditions in Europe would be worse instead of
+better for a year ahead, because of the dislocation of labor and the
+destruction of farm animals, and that the industrial and economic
+outlook, generally, points to a period after the war, which will
+equal, if not exceed the war period in suffering and misery.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that Italy was afraid to disband her army, because she could
+not employ the men and was afraid of idleness. He said that the
+differential, which had kept England pre&euml;minent in international
+trade, was the underpayment of labor, and that this differential was
+now being wiped out, forcing England to face tremendously serious
+problems for the future. He quoted a British minister as saying that
+means would have to be found to send six or seven millions of
+Englishmen out of the British Isles and closer to the sources of food
+production, if continental conditions continued long as at present.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that the best printing presses in the world to-day, except
+those in Washington, were at Petrograd, and that they were turning out
+masses of counterfeited pounds, francs, marks, lira, and pesetas, so
+skillfully made that detection was almost impossible. He said that
+these counterfeits were being spent largely by Germans to foment
+Bolshevist propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Spain would, he said, be the most promising country in Europe except
+for the labor situation there, which had brought it to the verge of
+Bolshevism. He said that the most perfect laboratory of Bolshevism in
+Europe outside of Russia was in Barcelona, Spain, which he said was
+ruled absolutely by a mysterious secret council, which had censored
+and fined the newspapers until they quit publication and had enforced
+its will in all matters by assassinations, which no one dared to
+punish.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that America alone could save Europe and that its aid must be
+extended to all countries equally. He said that this was necessary,
+not only to save Europe, but to prevent an invasion of America by the
+forces threatening the social overthrow of Europe.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Why the American Legion?</p>
+
+<p>There, at least, is one great reason.</p>
+
+<p>Our men of the army, navy, and marine corps got a schooling in the
+practical Americanism which our military establishment naturally
+teaches. Those who were aliens by birth and those native sons with
+inadequate educational advantages learned a great deal by association
+with men of better types and by travel. These men can and will stem
+the insidious guile of the wolf, and, to aid them in so doing, the
+Legion has an active speakers' bureau under Captain Osborn teaching
+Americanism in every section of the country. These speakers, in
+helping to organize the Legion along the right lines, teach the
+Constitution of the United States and preach that remedial changes in
+this government can be brought about in only one way, and that is,
+constitutionally.</p>
+
+<p>Why the American Legion?</p>
+
+<p>America is safe from any real danger if she can keep everybody busy.
+Less than two weeks after the caucus, the national executive committee
+had in process of formation a practicable scheme to aid in solving the
+re&euml;mployment problem. As time goes on this department of Legion
+activity will become more and more efficient.</p>
+
+<p>Here is another answer to the question.</p>
+
+<p>All through these pages the reader has found references to this
+question of re&euml;mployment; to anti-Bolshevism; the protection of the
+uniform; the non-partisan and non-political nature of the Legion;
+unselfishness; disability pay for the reserve forces; war risk
+insurance; allotments and back pay; the care of disabled service men;
+one hundred per cent. Americanism, and the deportation of those aliens
+who &quot;bit the hand that fed them.&quot; The story has dealt almost entirely
+with these questions because primarily and fundamentally they are The
+American Legion. This program is the most important in the United
+States to-day. It means the betterment of the most stable forces in
+our community life, not only of to-day but for the next forty or fifty
+years. It means the proper extension of the influence of the most
+powerful factor for patriotism in our country&mdash;the onetime service
+man. It does not mean patriotism bounded on one side by a brass band
+and on the other by a dressy uniform and a reunion banner. It means
+real patriotism in its broadest sense&mdash;a clean body politic; a clean
+national soul and a clean international conscience.</p>
+
+<p>This is the final answer to the question which serves as the title for
+this concluding chapter.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_AMERICAN_LEGION" id="THE_AMERICAN_LEGION"></a>THE AMERICAN LEGION</h2>
+
+<h3>LIST OF STATE OFFICERS</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama:</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li>  Chairman: Bibb Graves, Montgomery.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Leroy Jacobs, Care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E. Power Conway, Noll Bldg., Phoenix.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Fred B. Townsend, Natl. Bk., Arizona Bldg., Phoenix.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: J.J. Harrison, Little Rock.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Granville Burrow, Little Rock.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Henry G. Mathewson, Flood Bldg., San Francisco.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: H.A. Saidy, Colorado Springs.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Jas. B. Moody, Jr., 202 Phoenix Bk. Bldg., Hartford.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd., Stamford.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District Of Columbia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E. Lester Jones, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Geo. N. Davis, 909 Market St., Wilmington.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: S.L. Lowry, Jr., Citizens Bk. Bldg., Tampa.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.T. Wiggington, 818&mdash;15th St., Miami.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Trammell Scott, 97 E. Merrits Ave., Atlanta.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Louis H. Bell, c/o Service Record, 208 Flatiron Bldg., Atlanta.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Lawrence Judd, c/o T.H. Davies &amp; Co., Ltd., Honolulu.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: C.M. Booth, Pocatello.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Laverne Collier, Pocatello.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: George G. Seaman, Taylorville.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Myron E. Adams, 205 Marquette Bldg., 140 S. Dearborn St., Chicago.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Raymond S. Springer, Connersville.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg., Indianapolis.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Matthew A. Tinley, Council Bluffs.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: A. Phares, 519 Sweiter Bldg., Wichita.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ike Lambert, Emporia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Henry DeHaven Moorman, Hardinsburgh.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: D.A. Sachs, Louisville.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Allison Owen, 1237 State St., New Orleans.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: A.L. Robinson, 85 Exchange St., Portland.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Jas. A. Gary, Jr., Equitable Bldg., Baltimore.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: John F.J. Herbert, 749 Pleasant St., Worcester.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George P. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Geo. C. Waldo, Detroit.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Harrison Fuller, c/o St. Paul Dispatch, St. Paul.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George G. Chapin, 603 Guardian Life Bldg., St. Paul.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Alex Fitzhugh, Vicksburgh.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: John M. Alexander, Jackson.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman:</li>
+<li>  Secretary:</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Chas. L. Sheridan, Bozeman.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ben. W. Barnett, Helena.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: John G. Maher, Lincoln.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Allan A. Tukey, 1st Natl. Bank Bldg., Omaha.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E.L. Malsbary, Reno.</li>
+
+<li>  Secretary: J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Frank Knox, Manchester.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Hobart Brown, c/o Fireman's Insurance Co., Broad and Market Sts., Newark.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Charles M. DeBremon, Roswell.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Harry Howard Dorman, Santa F&eacute;.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: C.W. Wickersham, 140 Nassau St., New York City.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St., New York City.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: C.K. Burgess, 107 Commercial Bank Bldg., Raleigh.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Charles N. Hulvey, A.&amp;E. College, Raleigh.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: R.H. Treacy, Bismarck.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: P.C. Galbraith, Cincinnati.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House, Columbus.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Ross N. Lillard, Oklahoma City.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E.J. Eivers, 444-1/2 Larrabee St., Portland.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Dow V. Walker, Care Multnomah Club, Portland.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman and Secretary: George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Alexander H. Johnson, City Hall, Providence.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: John D. Smyser, M.D., 423 South Gargan St., Florence.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: T.R. Johnson, Sioux Falls.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.C. Denison, Vermillion.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Roan Waring, Bank of Commerce and Trust Co. Bldg., Memphis.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville, Tenn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Claude B. Birkhead, San Antonio.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.A. Belzer, Austin.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Harold R. Smoot, Salt Lake City.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Andrew D. Christian, c/o Ruy &amp; Power Bldg., Richmond.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: R.G.M. Ross, 508 1st Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Newport News.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: H. Nelson Jackson, Burlington.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington.</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Harvey A. Moss, Seattle.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George R. Drever, c/o Adj. Gen. Office, Armory, Seattle.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Jackson Arnold, 111 Court Ave., Weston.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Chas. McCamic, 904 Nat'l. Bank of West Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E.F. Ackley, 226 First Nat'l. Bk. Bldg., Milwaukee.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: A.H. Beach, Lusk.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: R.H. Nichols, Casper.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION" id="CONSTITUTION"></a>CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION</h2>
+<h4>AS ADOPTED BY</h4>
+<h2>THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS</h2>
+
+<h4>May 10, 1919</h4>
+
+<h3>PREAMBLE</h3>
+
+<p>For God and Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+purposes:</p>
+
+<p>To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America;
+to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per
+cent. Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our
+association in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of individual
+obligation to the community, state, and nation; to combat the
+autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master
+of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and
+transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and
+democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion
+to mutual helpfulness.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE I</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Name</i></h4>
+
+<p>The name of this organization shall be <span class="smcap">The American Legion</span>.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE II</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Membership</i></h4>
+
+<p>All persons shall be eligible to membership in this organization who
+were in the military or naval service of the United States during the
+period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates
+inclusive, and all persons who served in the military or naval
+services of any of the governments associated with the United States
+during the World War, provided that they were citizens of the United
+States at the time of their enlistment, and are again citizens at the
+time of application, except those persons who separated from the
+service under terms amounting to dishonorable discharge and except
+also those persons who refused to perform their military duties on the
+ground of conscientious or political obligation.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE III</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Nature</i></h4>
+
+<p>While requiring that every member of the organization perform his full
+duty as a citizen according to his own conscience and understanding,
+the organization shall be absolutely non-partisan, and shall not be
+used for the dissemination of partisan principles, or for the
+promotion of the candidacy of any person seeking public office or
+preferment.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE IV</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Administration</i></h4>
+
+<p>I. The Legislative Body of the organization shall be a national
+convention, to be held annually at a place and time to be fixed by
+vote of the preceding convention, or in the event that the preceding
+convention does not fix a time and place, then such time and place
+shall be fixed by the Executive Committee, hereinafter provided for.</p>
+
+<p>2. The annual convention shall be composed of delegates and alternates
+from each state, the District of Columbia, and each territory and
+territorial possession of the United States, each of which shall be
+entitled to four delegates and four alternates, and to one additional
+delegate and alternate for each one thousand memberships paid up
+thirty days prior to the date of the national convention. The vote of
+each state, of the District of Columbia, and of each territory or
+territorial possession of the United States shall be equal to the
+total number of delegates to which that state, district, territory, or
+territorial possession is entitled.</p>
+
+<p>3. The delegates to the national convention shall be chosen by each
+state in the manner hereinafter prescribed.</p>
+
+<p>4. The executive power shall be vested in a National Executive
+Committee to be composed of two representatives from each state, the
+District of Columbia, territory and territorial possessions of the
+United States and such other ex-officio members as may be elected by
+the Caucus. The National Executive Committee shall have authority to
+fill any vacancies in its membership.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE V</h4>
+
+<h4><i>State Organization</i></h4>
+
+<p>The state organization shall consist of that organization in each
+state, territory, or the District of Columbia whose delegates have
+been seated in the St. Louis Caucus. In those states which are at
+present unorganized the state organization shall consist of an
+Executive Committee to be chosen by a state convention and such other
+officers and committees as said convention may prescribe. The state
+convention in the latter case shall be called by the two members of
+the National Executive Committee in that state, territory, and the
+District of Columbia, and shall choose the delegates to the national
+convention, providing a fair representation for all sections of the
+state or territory. Each state organization shall receive a charter
+from the National Executive Committee.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the state organization shall be as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>  One State Commander.</li>
+<li>One State Vice Commander.</li>
+<li>One State Adjutant.</li>
+<li>One State Finance Officer.</li>
+<li>One State Historian.</li>
+<li>One State Master-at-Arms.</li>
+<li>One State Chaplain.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VI</h4>
+
+<h4><i>The Local Unit</i></h4>
+
+<p>The local unit shall be termed the Post, which shall have a minimum
+membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into this
+organization until it shall have received a charter. A Post desiring a
+charter shall apply to the State Organization and the charter shall be
+issued by the National Executive Committee whenever recommended by the
+State Organization. The National Executive Committee shall not issue a
+charter in the name of any living person.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the local organization shall be as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>  One Post Commander.</li>
+<li>  One Post Vice Commander.</li>
+<li>  One Post Adjutant.</li>
+<li>  One Post Finance Officer.</li>
+<li>  One Post Historian.</li>
+<li>  One Post Chaplain.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>and such appointive officers as may be provided by the State
+Organization.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VII</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Dues</i></h4>
+
+<p>Each state organization shall pay to the National Executive Committee
+or such officer as said committee may designate therefor, the sum of
+twenty-five cents annually, for each individual member in that
+particular state, District of Columbia, territory, or territorial
+possession.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VIII</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Quorum</i></h4>
+
+<p>A quorum shall exist at a national convention when there are present
+twenty-five or more states and territories partially or wholly
+represented as herein-before provided.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE IX</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Rules</i></h4>
+
+<p>The rules of procedure at the national convention shall be those set
+forth in Roberts' Rules of Order.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE X</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Amendment</i></h4>
+
+<p>This Constitution is to be in force until the November Convention,
+when it will be ratified or amended by that Convention.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="RESOLUTIONS" id="RESOLUTIONS"></a>RESOLUTIONS</h2>
+<h4>PASSED BY</h4>
+<h2>THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, AMERICAN LEGION</h2>
+
+<h2>May 10, 1919.</h2>
+
+<p><i>1. Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war and to
+reestablish the country upon a Peace basis; therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That this caucus emphatically endorses the Victory Liberty
+Loan and urges all Americans to promote the success of the Loan in
+every manner possible.</p>
+
+<p><i>2. Conscientious Objectors.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States, in accordance with the Act of Congress
+of May 18, 1917, and who were tried by General Court Martial,
+sentenced to prison, and later fully pardoned, restored to duty, and
+honorably discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them;
+and as condemning further the I.W.W.'s, International Socialists, and
+Anarchists in their efforts to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That this caucus demand full and complete
+investigation by Congress, of the trial and conviction of these
+parties, and their subsequent pardon.</p>
+
+<p><i>3. Protection of the Uniform.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is recognized that the uniform of the United States is as
+much a symbol as the flag itself, and thereby entitled to fitting
+respect, and, Whereas, certain unscrupulous firms and individuals have
+taken nefarious advantage of popular sentiment by utilizing men in
+uniforms as peddlers and sales-agents, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, certain discharged men have so far forgotten the respect due
+the uniform they wear, as to use it as an aid in peddling goods;
+therefore,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That this national caucus go on record as being
+unalterably opposed to such practices, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That each state and local organization here
+represented be urged to do all in its power to put an end to this
+misuse of the uniform, which has always been worn with honor and for
+noble purposes.</p>
+
+<p><i>4. Reclamation of Arid, Swamp, and Cut-Over Timber Lands.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the Army and Navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp and cut-over
+timber lands;</p>
+
+<p>Now, <span class="smcap">Therefore, Be It Resolved</span>: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in Convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.</p>
+
+<p><i>5. Re&euml;mployment of Ex-Service Men.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the most important questions of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction, is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers and sailors, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment, or a better job;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>, That the American Legion in national caucus assembled,
+declares to the people of the United States that no act can be more
+unpatriotic in these most serious days of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction than the violation of the principle announced, which
+pledges immediate re&euml;mployment to the returned soldier; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in its National
+Caucus assembled does hereby declare itself as supporting in every
+proper way, the efforts of the ex-service men to secure re&euml;mployment,
+and recommends that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers,
+sailors, or marines be given preference whenever additional men are to
+be employed in any private or public enterprise; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the American Legion recommends to
+Congress the prompt enactment of a program for internal improvement,
+having in view the necessity therefor, and as an incident the
+absorption of the surplus labor of the country, giving preference to
+discharged ex-service men.</p>
+
+<p><i>6. Disability Pay.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious injustice
+is done to the civilian who entered the military service, and as an
+incident to that service is disabled; therefore,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That this Caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the War with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted men who served in the
+Military and Naval forces of the United States during the War,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.</p>
+
+<p><i>7. War Risk Insurance.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes of this organization is: &quot;To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the Military
+and Naval service of the United States, and those dependent upon
+them,&quot; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the service,
+who have not had their rights, privileges and benefits under the War
+Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men, therefore,
+are losing daily, such rights, privileges and benefits, which may
+never again be restored; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said Act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits and privileges;
+therefore,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That the American Legion pledges its most energetic
+support to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to
+the end that the rights, privileges and benefits under the War Risk
+Insurance Act be conserved, and that the men discharged from the
+service, be made to realize what are their rights under this act; and
+that the Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with
+the War Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes
+herein expressed; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That it is the sense of this Caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the Act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may
+select his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.</p>
+
+<p><i>8. Alien Slackers.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United States
+in July, 1918, known as an Amendment to Selective Service Act, giving
+persons within the draft age, who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship, the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby become exempt from service,
+and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards
+and factories; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, in the great world war for democracy the rank and file of the
+best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed itself in
+order to uphold the principles upon which this country was founded,
+and for which they were willing to give up their life's blood; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, these counterfeit Americans who revoked their citizenship in
+our opinion would contaminate the 100 per cent. true American soldier,
+sailor, or marine who will shortly return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life; therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That we, the American Legion, do demand the Congress of
+these United States to immediately enact a law to send these aliens,
+who withdrew their first papers, back to the country from which they
+came. The country in which we live, and for which we are willing to
+fight is good enough for us; but this country in which they have lived
+and prospered, yet for which they were unwilling to fight, is too
+good for them, and</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That we demand the immediate deportation of
+every alien enemy who was interned during the war, whether the said
+alien enemy be now interned or has been paroled.</p>
+
+<p><i>9. Disabled Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That the delegates from the several states shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors and marines, to take advantage of governmental
+assistance and that every effort be made by the American Legion in the
+several states to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.</p>
+
+<p><i>10. Espionage Act.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That every naturalized citizen convicted under the Espionage
+Act shall have his citizenship papers vacated, and when they shall
+have served their sentence they shall be deported to the country from
+which they came.</p>
+
+<p><i>11. Resolutions.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to every
+member of the United States Senate and to each Representative in
+Congress.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="LEGION_FACTS" id="LEGION_FACTS"></a>LEGION FACTS</h2>
+
+<p>What has gone before is the story of the American Legion in the
+making. Now it is a going, growing institution.</p>
+
+<p>Because it will be of vital interest and importance to every one of
+the four million Americans who wore the uniform, the following
+information concerning the American Legion, in the form of questions
+and answers, is here given, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(1) <i>What is the American Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It is the organization of American veterans of the World
+    War.</p>
+
+<p>    (2) <i>Who is eligible</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Any soldier, sailor or marine who served honorably between
+    April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>    (3) <i>Are women eligible</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Yes, those who were regularly enlisted or commissioned in
+    the army, navy or marine corps.</p>
+
+<p>    (4) <i>When was the Legion started</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It was first organized in Paris, March 15 to 17, 1919, by a
+    thousand officers and men, delegates from all the units of the
+    American Expeditionary Force to an organization caucus meeting,
+    which adopted a tentative constitution and selected the name
+    &quot;American Legion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    (5) <i>What has been done in America regarding it</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The action of the Paris meeting was confirmed and endorsed
+    by a similar meeting held in St. Louis, May 8 to 10, 1919, when
+    the Legion was formally recognized by the troops who served in
+    the United States.</p>
+
+<p>    (6) <i>Are the organizations in France and America separate</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) No. The Paris caucus appointed an Executive Committee of
+    seventeen officers and men to represent the troops in France in
+    the conduct of the Legion. The St. Louis caucus appointed a
+    similar Committee of Seventeen. These two Executive Committees
+    have amalgamated and are now the governing body of the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>    (7) <i>Who are the officers of this national governing body</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Henry D. Lindsley, Texas, Chairman; Bennett C. Clark,
+    Missouri, Vice-Chairman; Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania,
+    Secretary; Gaspar G. Bacon, Massachusetts, Treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>    (8) <i>Where are the temporary National Headquarters of the
+    Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) At 19 West 44th Street, New York City.</p>
+
+<p>    (9) <i>When will the final step in the organization of the Legion
+    take place</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) November 10, 11 and 12, at Minneapolis, Minn., when a great
+    National Convention will be held.</p>
+
+<p>    (10) <i>Why were those dates selected</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Because by that time practically all of the men of the
+    A.E.F. will be at home and will have been able to participate in
+    the election of their delegates to the Convention.</p>
+
+<p>    (11) <i>Who were some of the men who initiated the formation of
+    the Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, of the First Division; Col.
+    Henry D. Lindsley, formerly Mayor of Dallas, Texas; Sgt. &quot;Jack&quot;
+    Sullivan, of Seattle; Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier, of
+    Philadelphia; Ex-Senator Luke Lea, of Tennessee; Lt. Col.
+    Frederick Huedekoper, of Washington, D.C.; Major Redmond C.
+    Stewart, of Baltimore; Wagoner Dale Shaw, of Iowa; Lt. Col.
+    George A. White, of Oregon; &quot;Bill&quot; Donovan, of the &quot;Fighting
+    69th&quot;; Major Thomas R. Gowenlock, of Illinois; Sgt. Alvin C.
+    York, of Tennessee; Colonel John Price Jackson, of the S.O.S.;
+    Lt. Col. &quot;Jack&quot; Greenway, of Arizona; Sgt. Roy C. Haines, of
+    Maine; George Edward Buxton, of Rhode Island; Eric Fisher Wood,
+    of Pennsylvania; Chaplain John W. Inzer, of Alabama; Lt. Col.
+    David M. Goodrich, of Akron; Chief Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,
+    of Chicago; &quot;Tom&quot; Miller, of Delaware; Major Alex. Laughlin,
+    Jr., of Pittsburgh; Major Henry Leonard, of the Marine Corps;
+    Dwight J. Davis, of the 35th Division; Corporal Charles S. Pew,
+    of Montana; General William G. Price, of the 28th Division;
+    Bishop Charles S. Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F.; General
+    O'Ryan, of the 27th Division; Stewart Edward White, of
+    California; Private Jesus M. Baca, of New Mexico; General
+    Charles H. Cole, of the 26th Division; Sgt. E.L. Malsbary, of
+    Nevada; Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr., of New York; Col. Henry L.
+    Stimpson, Ex-Secretary of War; Lt. Col. Charles W. Whittlesey,
+    Commander of the &quot;Lost Battalion&quot;; Leroy Hoffman, of Oklahoma;
+    Lt. Col. A. Piatt Andrew, of the American Ambulance in France;
+    General Harvey J. Moss, of the State of Washington; John
+    MacVicar, Mayor of Des Moines before the War; Sgt. George H.H.
+    Pratt, of New Orleans; Col. F.C. Galbraith, of Cincinnati;
+    Corporal Joseph H. Fountain, of Vermont; Devereux Milburn, of
+    the 78th Division; Lt. Col. Wilbur Smith, of the 89th Division;
+    Sgt. Theodore Myers, of Pennsylvania; Col. Bennett C. Clark, son
+    of Champ Clark; Robert Bacon, Ex-Secretary of State.</p>
+
+<p>    (12) <i>What did the Legion, do at its St. Louis caucus</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It demanded investigation of the pardon and subsequent
+    honorable discharge by the War Department of convicted
+    conscientious objectors.</p>
+
+<p>    (b) It condemned the action of the I.W.Ws., the Anarchists, and
+    the International Socialists.</p>
+
+<p>    (c) It protested against certain nefarious business concerns who
+    are employing men in uniform to peddle their wares.</p>
+
+<p>    (d) It recommended that Congress should take steps to reclaim
+    arid, swamp and cut over timber lands and give the work of doing
+    this to ex-service men, and give the land to them when it had
+    been made available for farming purposes.</p>
+
+<p>    (e) It demanded of Congress the same disability pay for men of
+    the National Guard and National Army as now pertains to those in
+    the Regular establishment.</p>
+
+<p>    (f) It initiated a campaign to secure to service men their
+    rights and privileges under the War Risk Insurance Act.</p>
+
+<p>    (g) It demanded that Congress should deport to their own
+    countries those aliens who refused to join the colors at the
+    outbreak of the war, and pleaded their citizenship in other
+    countries to escape the draft.</p>
+
+<p>    (h) It undertook to see that disabled soldiers, sailors and
+    marines should be brought into contact with the Rehabilitation
+    Department of the Government, which department helps them to
+    learn and gain lucrative occupations.</p>
+
+<p>    (i) It authorized the appointment of a competent legislative
+    committee to see that the above recommendations were effectively
+    acted upon by Congress, and that committee has been appointed
+    and is now at work.</p>
+
+<p>    (j) It authorized the establishment of a bureau to aid service
+    men to get re-employment; and of a legal bureau to help them get
+    from the Government their overdue pay and allotments. These two
+    bureaus are being organized at the National Headquarters of the
+    Legion and will be in active operation by July 1st.</p>
+
+<p>    (13) <i>What else did the St. Louis caucus do</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It endorsed all steps taken by the Paris caucus, and adopted
+    a temporary constitution which conformed to the tentative
+    constitution adopted in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>    (14) <i>What does this Constitution stand for</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The preamble answers that question; it reads: &quot;For God and
+    Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+    purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United
+    States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and
+    perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism; to preserve the
+    memories and incidents of our association in the Great War; to
+    inculcate a sense of individual obligations to the community,
+    state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes
+    and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote
+    peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
+    posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to
+    consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to
+    mutual helpfulness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    (15) <i>How does the Legion govern itself</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The Constitution provides that the legislative body of the
+    organization shall be a national convention, to be held annually
+    ... composed of delegates and alternates from each state, from
+    the District of Columbia and from each territory and territorial
+    possession of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>    (16) <i>How is the Legion organized</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It is composed of State Branches, and these in turn are made
+    up of Local Posts.</p>
+
+<p>    (17) <i>What is a Local Post</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The Constitution states that a Local Post shall have a
+    minimum membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into
+    the Legion until it has received a charter. A Post desiring a
+    charter shall apply for it to the State Branch, and the charter
+    will be issued, upon recommendation of this State Branch, by the
+    National Executive Committee. No Post may be named after any
+    living person.</p>
+
+<p>    (18) <i>How can I join the American Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) By filling out the Enrollment Blank on the last page of this
+    booklet and mailing it to the State Secretary of your home
+    state, whose name is listed below. If there is a Local Post in
+    your home town, your name and address will be sent to the Post
+    Commander. If there is no Post in your home town, START ONE,
+    write your State Secretary for the necessary particulars. The
+    State Secretaries are:</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Alabama</span>.&mdash;Leroy Jacobs, care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Arizona</span>.&mdash;Fred B. Townsend, National Bank, Arizona Bldg.,
+      Phoenix.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Arkansas</span>.&mdash;Granville Burrow, Little Rock.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">California</span>.&mdash;E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Colorado</span>.&mdash;Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Connecticut</span>.&mdash;Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd.,
+      Stamford.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Delaware</span>.&mdash;L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">District Of Columbia</span>.&mdash;Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg.,
+      Washington.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Florida</span>.&mdash;J.T. Wiggington, 818 15th St., Miami.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Georgia</span>.&mdash;Louis H. Bell, care of Service Record, 208 Flatiron
+      Bldg., Atlanta.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Hawaii</span>.&mdash;J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Idaho</span>.&mdash;Laverne Collier, Pocatello.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Illinois</span>.&mdash;Name not received yet.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Indiana</span>.&mdash;L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg.,
+      Indianapolis.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Iowa</span>.&mdash;John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Kansas</span>.&mdash;Ike Lambert, Emporia.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Kentucky</span>.&mdash;D.A. Sachs, Louisville.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Louisiana</span>.&mdash;T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Maine</span>.&mdash;James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Maryland</span>.&mdash;Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span>.&mdash;George F. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Michigan</span>.&mdash;Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Minnesota</span>.&mdash;Merle E. Eaton, care of Lee &amp; Lewis Grain Co., 200
+      Corn Exchange Bldg., Minneapolis.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>.&mdash;John M. Alexander, Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Missouri</span>.&mdash;Ed. J. Cahill, Service Commission, Jefferson City.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Montana</span>.&mdash;Ben W. Barnett, Helena.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Nebraska</span>.&mdash;Allan A. Tukey, 1st National Bank Bldg., Omaha.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Nevada</span>.&mdash;J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span>.&mdash;Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>.&mdash;George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>.&mdash;Harry Howard Dorman, Santa F&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New York</span>.&mdash;Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>.&mdash;Charles N. Hulvey, A. &amp; E. College, Raleigh.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">North Dakota</span>.&mdash;Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Ohio</span>.&mdash;Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+      Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Oklahoma</span>.&mdash;F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Oregon</span>.&mdash;Dow V. Walker, care Multnomah Club, Portland.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>.&mdash;George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>.&mdash;James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">South Carolina</span>.&mdash;Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">South Dakota</span>.&mdash;J.C. Denison, Vermillion.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Tennessee</span>.&mdash;W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Texas</span>.&mdash;J.A. Belzer, Austin.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Utah</span>.&mdash;Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Vermont</span>.&mdash;Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Virginia</span>.&mdash;R.G.M. Ross, 508 First National Bank Bldg., Newport
+      News.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Washington</span>.&mdash;George R. Drever, care Adj. Gen. Office, Armory,
+      Seattle.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">West Virginia</span>.&mdash;Chas. McCamic, 904 National Bank of West
+      Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Wisconsin</span>.&mdash;R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>.&mdash;R.H. Nichols, Casper.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="WHAT_THE_PUBLIC_PRESS_THINKS" id="WHAT_THE_PUBLIC_PRESS_THINKS"></a>WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS</h2>
+
+<p>It is interesting to know what the press of the United States thinks
+of the American Legion. Practically every newspaper in the country
+
+honored the Legion with comment. In almost every instance it was
+favorable. Selection has been made of some of this comment&mdash;as much as
+is feasible to give here. It is of two kinds: first, what the press
+thought of the <i>idea</i> of the Legion, and second, what opinion it had
+of the Legion after it was launched at St. Louis. The first type of
+comment was made prior to the caucus in this country and the second,
+afterwards. Comment on both types was generally favorable.</p>
+
+<p>Lest insincerity be charged let it be said here that there <i>was</i> some
+unfavorable comment. One New England paper was surprised that
+soldiers, sailors and marines were not clever enough to know that the
+American people would perceive their attempt, through this
+organization, to &quot;drive a six mule team through the Treasury&quot; and get
+pension and pay grabs. One Southern paper pictured Colonel Roosevelt
+returning from the St. Louis caucus, a defeated candidate for the
+chairmanship, with all hope of the future blasted, while one in Ohio
+said with equal accuracy and solemnity that &quot;there is no need of such
+an organization at this time, now that the country is entering the era
+of peace.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But here is the comment. It comes from north, east, south, and west,
+and it is typical:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>New York Times</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;... It is a pleasure to know
+    that Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, the worthy inheritor
+    of a beloved American name, has called a meeting of soldiers and
+    sailors at St. Louis. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett Clark, son of
+    Mr. Champ Clark, is an associate of Lieutenant Colonel
+    Roosevelt, in the plan for an organization of all our soldiers
+    and sailors as the American Legion. These two gentlemen,
+    associated in a patriotic movement, indicate by their names its
+    common national purpose, apart from politics and partisanship.
+    &quot;A nonpartisan and non-political association is to be formed,&quot;
+    says Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, &quot;an association which will
+    keep alive the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy for
+    which these veterans fought.&quot; Justice, freedom, and democracy,
+    without partisanship! The idea is noble. It should prevail.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Leavenworth</i> (Kansas) <i>Post</i>, April 30, 1919.&mdash;... The
+    character of the men of the American Army who are promoting it
+    [the Legion] and the high ideals which it professes and proposes
+    to maintain are a guaranty that it will be a power for helpful
+    service in the common family of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>    The plan of organization sprang from the desire of serious and
+    able men in the American Army to maintain the high ideals for
+    which all of them have fought, to preserve the soldier
+    comradeship and carry it over into civilian life as an element
+    of broad helpfulness while keeping the record of the army free
+    from the taint of selfish aims. It was also wisely intended to
+    forestall by the creation of one big genuinely representative,
+    nonpartisan and democratic body, the formation of numerous
+    smaller organizations in various places by men intent on
+    exploiting the soldier sentiment and the soldier vote for other
+    than patriotic purposes.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New York Sun</i>, April 11, 1919.&mdash;... The American Legion will
+    do an indispensable service. We, who have lived up to the past
+    few years in an agitation of protest against the pension grab
+    must now make our minds over sufficiently to realize that in the
+    new situation we run immediately into danger not of
+    over-pensioning the veterans of to-day but of neglecting them.</p>
+
+<p>    The new organization must of course be nonpartisan and
+    non-political. Precedent enough exists in the career of the
+    Grand Army to make that clear. It should include and enjoy the
+    guidance of the most influential military men. Politicians it
+    will have at its service so long as it is well run and organized
+    from within. Despite its proper political limitations, it should
+    serve as the most salutary means to influence returned soldiers
+    to cling to plain old Americanism, shed their martial
+    acquirements and return to plain, praiseworthy citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Washington Star</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;... The American Legion is
+    to be welcomed as an agency for the promotion of the best in our
+    national life. It will represent, with other things, the majesty
+    of numbers. A great many men will be eligible to membership; and
+    they will be young, and full of hope and purpose. And when they
+    act together in matters within the scope of their organization
+    they will represent a force to be reckoned with in the
+    formulating of public policies.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>, April 11, 1919.&mdash;Organization of &quot;The American
+    Legion&quot; is going on rapidily in every State in the Union. Vast
+    as was the mass of eligibles on which the Grand Army of the
+    Republic could draw after the Civil War, it did not compare with
+    the Legion's bulk of raw material. There will be a formal caucus
+    on May 8th, at St. Louis, of a real representative character, in
+    which it is said the enlisted men of the army and navy will have
+    a majority. Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson, once Secretary
+    of War, outlines the plan. He believes that this country's
+    future hereafter is in the hands of the men below thirty years
+    of age who fought this war. He trusts that the lesson in
+    practical democracy afforded by military experience and the
+    ideals of democracy emphasized by military enthusiasm may be
+    kept permanently alive.</p>
+
+<p>    That this is the main hope of the more active organizers we have
+    no doubt. Men like Major General O'Ryan, General Charles I.
+    Debevoise, and Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Robert
+    Bacon would never think of making such a body a lever for
+    pension legislation or an agency of politics. Yet the
+    temptation to a divergence from the higher ideals is strong, and
+    the rank and file may not be inclined to resist it.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>St. Louis Globe-Democrat,</i> April II, 1919.&mdash;... Such
+    societies, it has been proved, are never partisan. They are
+    invariably exponents of broad-gauge patriotism. That they have
+    great political influence in a high national sense is true, but
+    they have never misused it nor ever viewed their mission in a
+    narrow spirit. They preserve the touch of the elbow throughout
+    life, but only as thorough Americans, devoted first, last, and
+    always to our common country.</p>
+
+<p>    St. Louis is proud to be selected as the place for the
+    inauguration of this admirable and undoubtedly perpetual
+    society. All wars are represented by societies formed by their
+    veterans, and all alike have been truly and broadly patriotic.
+    It will be the same with the new order, whose membership will,
+    on the strength of numbers called to the colors, far exceed any
+    former parallel. This event will be a datemark in our patriotic
+    annals and in the progress of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Syracuse</i> (N.Y.) <i>Herald</i>, April 13, 1919.&mdash;It has been
+    earnestly stated, as might have been expected, that the American
+    Legion will be strictly nonpartisan. That much might be inferred
+    from the circumstance that one of the leading associates of
+    Roosevelt in organizing the Legion is Lieutenant Colonel Bennett
+    Clark, son of the late Democratic Speaker of the House of
+    Representatives. Colonel Roosevelt is sufficient authority for
+    the assurance that the movement is neither partisan nor
+    political. He calls it &quot;an association which will keep alive the
+    principles of justice, freedom and democracy for which these
+    veterans fought.&quot; Viewed in that sentimental, ethical and
+    patriotic light, it is a commendable undertaking. The American
+    people will wish it well, and be glad to see it flourish....</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Norfolk</i> (Va.) <i>Dispatch</i>, April 9, 1919.&mdash;If the American
+    Legion now in process of organization by young Colonel Roosevelt
+    and his associates, clings to the principles of foundation and
+    holds by the purposes proclaimed by its founders, it may become
+    a mighty force for good in the land. It will be composed of
+    several millions of comparatively youthful Americans, a large
+    percentage of whom will be voters, while virtually all will have
+    demonstrated their readiness to fight their country's battles
+    with weapons far deadlier than bullets.... This assumes the
+    legion will fulfill the part it has undertaken to play in the
+    country's life. If it should degenerate into a selfish
+    protective body, it will be worse than useless. But there is
+    little reason to fear it will fall so far below its ideals while
+    there is every reason to hope it will be a powerful factor in
+    helping the country to find itself again.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New Orleans Item</i>, April 14, 1919.&mdash;The American Legion through
+    the tremendous influence and mighty power of 3,000,000 organized
+    fighting men, is certain to shape and control the destinies of
+    the nation in years to come to an extent of which the wise will
+    refrain from even suggesting a limit. With the announcement by
+    Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt that the &quot;Legion will be
+    interested in policies, but not in politics,&quot; the opinion may
+    safely be hazarded that the great political parties of the
+    country are due to have new mentors, from whom they may be
+    forced to look anxiously for their cues.</p>
+
+<p>    Primarily among the announced purposes of the Legion is the
+    perpetuating of those principles of justice, freedom and
+    democracy for which its members either fought or stood ready to
+    fight. On the field in France or in the training camps at home,
+    the millions of America's best manhood have learned intimately
+    and well a new lesson of individual and national responsibility.
+    Such lessons, at the cost they were obtained, are not to be
+    forgotten or lost. The ideals of the fighting men of the states,
+    producing the valor and the power which made the American Army
+    irresistible, and the revelations by fire of new realizations
+    and brotherhood and of world and national citizenship are surely
+    to be felt in the calm, happier times of peace.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Philadelphia Record</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;... If, as Colonel
+    Roosevelt predicts, the membership shall eventually comprise
+    4,000,000 men who were in the military and naval service of the
+    United States in the late war, it will have possibilities of
+    power that must be reckoned with. But if, in the long life
+    before it, the American Legion shall have no more to its
+    discredit than is summed up in the history of the G.A.R. whose
+    ranks are now so pathetically thin, it will have been a worthy
+    follower of its fathers.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Paterson</i> (N.J.) <i>Evening News</i>, May 7, 1919.&mdash;... The new
+    organization starts its career deserving and receiving the good
+    wishes of the entire country. The character of the men of the
+    American army who are promoting it and the high ideals which it
+    professes and proposes to maintain are a guaranty that it will
+    be a power for helpful service in the common family of the
+    nation.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Duluth</i> (Minn.) <i>Herald</i>, May 24, 1919.&mdash;There is a great field
+    for the American Legion, the organization of American veterans
+    of the World War, and judging by the spirit of the recent
+    convention and by the expressions of the returning delegates as
+    reported in the press of the country, it is going to fill that
+    field.</p>
+
+<p>    And the field that awaits it, and that it seems to intend to
+    fill, is a field of a vigorous and aggressive effort to demand
+    and enforce a strong and coherent and consistent Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>    Not the swashbuckling kind of Americanism&mdash;the
+    chip-on-the-shoulder kind&mdash;the we-can-lick-the-world kind. These
+    lads of ours are the last in the world to preach that fool kind
+    of Americanism. For they&mdash;or at least those of them who crossed
+    the seas and fought for liberty and peace on the other
+    side&mdash;have seen in the case of Germany what that kind of
+    nationalism comes to, and they are against it.</p>
+
+<p>    But there is a type of Americanism which is utterly free from
+    the taint of militarism and jingoism, but that yet is even more
+    dangerous to anybody at home or abroad who flaunts the spirit of
+    America and defies its power. And unless the signs fail, the
+    American Legion is going to express and embody and inculcate
+    that type of Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Anaconda</i> (Mont.) <i>Standard</i>, May 24, 1919.&mdash;... At St. Louis
+    the members voted down all proposals for obtaining from Congress
+    increases of pay for the soldiers and rejected all efforts to
+    obtain canvasses of the members to ascertain their preference as
+    to parties and as to presidential candidates. Everything was
+    excluded which would tend to committ the organization to any
+    particular party or any particular candidate. Young Colonel
+    Roosevelt, son of the former republican president, and Colonel
+    Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark, former democratic speaker of
+    the house, joined hands in the endeavor to keep partisanship and
+    politics out of the organization.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Collier's Weekly</i>, May 31, 1919.&mdash;A national convention of
+    American soldiers and sailors in which no grievances were aired,
+    no political axes ground, no special privileges or preferments
+    demanded; where oratorical &quot;bunk&quot; was hooted down; where social
+    discrimination was taboo and military rank counted not at all;
+    where the past glories of war were subordinated to the future
+    glories of peace and where the national interest was placed
+    above all partisanship&mdash;that is something new under the sun. It
+    was in such a convention held in St. Louis during the second
+    week in May, that the new spirit of the American army and navy
+    expressed itself articulately for the first time since the
+    armistice was signed. The birth of the American Legion was
+    attended by circumstances having a significance comparable with
+    those surrounding the signing of a certain document in
+    Philadelphia one hundred and forty-three years ago, come July
+    4th.</p>
+
+<p>    A brigadier general arises to &quot;place in nomination the name of a
+    man who&mdash;&quot; and is cried down by doughboys with calls of &quot;Name
+    him! Who is he?&quot; A proposal to give extra pay to enlisted men is
+    unanimously defeated because, as Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt
+    put it, &quot;we are not here to sandbag something out of the
+    Government, but to put something into it.&quot; The invitation to
+    make Chicago the next meeting place of the Legion is refused
+    because &quot;American soldiers and sailors don't want to go to a
+    city whose mayor would be ashamed to welcome such a convention.&quot;
+    A progressive Republican, son of a famous father, refuses the
+    chairmanship to quiet suspicion of personal ambition, and the
+    office goes to a Southern Democrat of whose party the gathering
+    is in complete ignorance.</p>
+
+<p>    One of the convention stenographers said: &quot;This is the funniest
+    convention I have ever attended.&quot; We have an idea that there was
+    an element of prophecy in her homely remark&mdash;a body representing
+    more than four million American soldiers and sailors that makes
+    so little political noise is likely to be about as funny to the
+    conventionally minded politician as a bombardment of gas shells.
+    This language of restraint in the mouths of organized civilian
+    youth may prove to be a natural companion to the famous battle
+    slogan of the A.E.F.: &quot;Let's go!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New York Evening Post</i>, May 3, 1919.&mdash;... The true usefulness
+    of a veterans' organization is not far to seek. Like the G.A.R.,
+    the Legion should maintain and develop the comradeship bred by
+    the war. It can assist the unfortunate in its ranks; it can take
+    care of the widows and orphans of soldiers, in so far as any
+    inadequacy of public provision seems to make care necessary. The
+    Legion can preserve the fame of soldiers and commanders, by
+    erecting monuments, by seeing that histories are written, and by
+    proceedings of its regular reunions. It can foster such a public
+    recollection of the great deeds of the war as well as broaden
+    and deepen American patriotism. Sherman remarked in 1888 that
+    there was some danger that a peace-loving generation in time of
+    crises &quot;would conclude that the wise man stays at home, and
+    leaves the fools to take the buffets and kick of war.&quot; This
+    danger can best be met by just such an organization as the
+    G.A.R., with its campfires of song and story. Comradeship,
+    charity and patriotism&mdash;these should be the Legion's watchwords.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New Haven</i> (Conn.) <i>Union</i>, April 16, 1919.&mdash;... Its more
+    immediate task, as its promoters see it, is to help the members
+    and the families of members who maybe in need of assistance. No
+    comrade of the great struggle is to feel that he is forgotten
+    and forsaken by the comrades who served the same great cause.
+    Its large and more permanent duty is to spread the sentiment of
+    patriotism, to set an example of love of country, and unselfish
+    service, to keep blooming always in the soldiers' bosom the
+    flower of sacrifice that springs from every soldier's grave in
+    France.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Philadelphia Press</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;The organization of the
+    soldiers of the late war into a permanent body is inevitable and
+    entirely proper.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Capper's Weekly</i>, May 24, 1919.&mdash;The American Legion organized
+    at St. Louis is the new G.A.R. and through its platforms the
+    views of the soldiers who fought in France will be heard. It is
+    already apparent what the trend of that sentiment is. Whatever
+    military system this nation sets up, if it meets the approval of
+    the two million men who served the nation in the Great War, it
+    will be democratic in spirit and as far as possible in form. It
+    will be an army in which the self-respect of the common soldier
+    will be recognized. The returning soldier has no use for anyone
+    living here who is not wholly American, and is for expelling the
+    unnaturalized alien wherever found. Loyalty to the Nation is
+    fundamental in the soldiers' view.</p>
+
+<p>    The Nation must safeguard itself and make a distinction between
+    citizens who offer themselves and their all, and citizens who,
+    for whatever reason, withhold some part of their allegiance.
+    Brutal treatment of conscientious objectors is neither civilized
+    nor necessary, but a differentiation is created by such
+    residents themselves, and there should be corresponding
+    differentiation in rights and protection. This is one of the
+    subjects that the returned soldiers have at heart.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Post Intelligencer</i>, Seattle, Washington, May 21, 1919.&mdash;...
+    The American Legion will be a political force in the nation as
+    it has a perfect right to be. No organization of its character
+    is to be held together by the cohesive power of reminiscence.
+    Something more binding is required, and that something will be
+    forthcoming whether anyone outside the Legion likes it or
+    not....</p>
+
+<p>    The American Legion will be made up of intelligent young men who
+    will have a community interest and whose interest can only be
+    furthered by united action. They will know that nothing is more
+    transient than public gratitude, and they will assuredly not
+    rely on it.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Rochester</i> (N.Y.) <i>Times</i>, May 23, 1919.&mdash;At its first
+    convention held recently in St. Louis, the American Legion
+    unanimously voted down a proposal to seek increased bonus money
+    for the soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>    At that same meeting, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., refused to accept
+    official leadership of the organization because he desired to
+    allow no ground for any charge that he wished to utilize it to
+    further his political career.</p>
+
+<p>    Such action by the Legion and by one of its most prominent
+    members warrant its organizers in working to enroll all the men
+    who served during the great war.</p>
+
+<p>    If this path is followed the American Legion will be a force for
+    good in the country's affairs as well as a bond of fellowship
+    among those who were members of the largest army ever raised by
+    this republic.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Manchester</i> (N. H). <i>Union</i>, May 27, 1919.&mdash;... In spite of
+    all that has been written and said it appears there still
+    remains some mistaken idea and prejudices concerning this
+    organization. The purposes of the American Legion are:</p>
+
+<p>    1. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of
+    America.</p>
+
+<p>    2. To maintain law and order.</p>
+
+<p>    3. To foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>    4. To preserve the memories and incidents of our association in
+    the Great War.</p>
+
+<p>    5. To inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the
+    community, state and nation.</p>
+
+<p>    6. To combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses.</p>
+
+<p>    7. To make right the master of might.</p>
+
+<p>    8. To promote peace and good will on earth.</p>
+
+<p>    9. To safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of
+    justice, freedom and democracy.</p>
+
+<p>    10. To consecrate and sanctify comradeship by devotion to mutual
+    helpfulness.</p>
+
+<p>    This is the program and platform of the wonderful organization
+    whose potential membership is the four million and more men who
+    wore their country's uniform in the war.</p>
+
+<p>    It is big enough and broad enough to admit every man and woman
+    who joined the colors. If, as has been intimated, there are some
+    few ex-service men who think they see in this tremendous
+    movement something personal and partisan, they should take the
+    blinders off, forget their unworthy fears, and come out into the
+    open with their comrades, determined, as every man is who has
+    already joined, that the American Legion will never be made the
+    vehicle of personal ambition nor the creature of partisan
+    purpose; but will be conserved to foster and promote only those
+    high purposes which are so nobly defined in the language which
+    is quoted above, taken bodily from the constitution of the
+    Legion.</p>
+
+<p>    PITTSBURGH, <i>Gazette-Times,</i> May 29, 1919.&mdash;... In contrast
+    with the Grand Army, the American Legion will embrace all
+    sections of our land. Similarly it will be the private soldier's
+    organization. Military honors will not count. Absolute
+    Americanism is to be its dominating principle. With the
+    dwindling ranks of the Grand Army there is need of such an
+    organization. The Grand Army has long been a staunch bulwark of
+    patriotism but time is doing its work. Others must soon take up
+    where the veterans of the Civil War left off. Those of the new
+    organization who saw service overseas possess a new vision of
+    what America means. Because of their good fortune in going
+    abroad they reaped an advantage over those who were denied the
+    privilege, though entitled to no more credit. All who donned the
+    uniform served. With an organization of such possibilities in
+    numbers and all imbued with a patriotic fervor the safety of the
+    Republic against the machinations of those who would tear down
+    is assured.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Burlington</i> (Vt.) <i>News</i>, May 29, 1919.&mdash;So far as actual
+    results are concerned America gains little from the peace
+    treaty. If, however, the American Legion measures up to the
+    standard we believe it capable of, America will be the greatest
+    gainer of all in the war.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Bridgeport</i> (Conn.) <i>Standard</i>, May 28, 1919.&mdash;The statement
+    that the American Legion is to let politics alone is good news
+    to the people of this country who are looking toward this fine
+    organization of American fighters to bring to our national life
+    some of the spirit which chased the Fritzies back to the Rhine.
+    The civilian public has a right to ask what are the aims of this
+    new, and sure to be powerful, organization. Four million men are
+    of its potential membership. These four million are to be found
+    scattered in every city, village and hamlet in the country. They
+    are to meet on terms of equality, officers and men. They know
+    how to work together, how to undergo discipline for a worthy
+    objective, and how to go over the top in action. It is good,
+    then, to know that this new four million is not to be a
+    political machine. We want no more of the mawkish of either
+    fearing or catering to the &quot;soldier-vote.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Only as a nonpartisan organization can the American Legion do
+    its best work. Its able leaders know this. In a day when men are
+    fast deserting unworthy party emblems to stand for what they
+    think right, the soldier organization will have a wide
+    influence.</p>
+
+<p>    We hail the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>    It had to come and it is coming strong and sure.</p>
+
+<p>    Good men are at the head of the column, and better men than
+    those in the ranks exist nowhere in the country.</p>
+
+<p>    They are the pick of the best, physically best, in nerve and in
+    courage, best in point of training, in discipline and best among
+    all the nations who won the great victory.</p>
+
+<p>    There is still a fight in America. Democracy is never safe, only
+    being made safe. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
+    Eternal vigilance without regard to fear or favor is to be the
+    spirit of the American Legion.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="COMMITTEES" id="COMMITTEES"></a>COMMITTEES</h2>
+
+<h3>EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE</h3>
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.W.M. Jordan</li>
+<li>John W. Inzer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Edgar T. Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John C. Greenway</li>
+<li>E.P. Conway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joe S. Harris</li>
+<li>James J. Harrison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.G. Mathewson</li>
+<li>C.E. Palmen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.A. Saidy</li>
+<li>E.R. Myers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.C. Meserve</li>
+<li>A.M. Phillips, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George N. Doris</li>
+<li>George L. Evans</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>N.C. Turnage</li>
+<li>E. Lester Jones</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis Forster</li>
+<li>J.T. Wigginton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis H. Bell</li>
+<li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.C. Booth</li>
+<li>Frank Esterbrook</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William R. McCauley</li>
+<li>Marshall Field</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Morehead</li>
+<li>C.F. Strodel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Polk</li>
+<li>John MacVicar</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.S. Metcalf</li>
+<li>Sidney Moss</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Henry D. Moorman</li>
+<li>D.A. Sachs, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Allison Owen</li>
+<li>Ralph Michel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert Greenlaw</li>
+<li>Arthur L. Robinson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.F. French</li>
+<li>Wm.A. Huster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.G. Bacon</li>
+<li>J.F.J. Herbert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frederick M. Alger</li>
+<li>A.C. Doyle</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harrison Fuller</li>
+<li>A.M. Nelson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. Fitz-Hugh</li>
+<li>Fred Sullens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Court P. Allen</li>
+<li>H. Stattman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Blomquist</li>
+<li>C.E. Pew</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John G. Maher</li>
+<li>Ed. P. McDermott</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li>
+<li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Knox</li>
+<li>Mathew Mahoney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.B. Muliken</li>
+<li>P.J. Ehrhardt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.M. Cutting</li>
+<li>O.A. Larrizola, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</li>
+<li>Louis Burrill</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.M. Hanley</li>
+<li>G.A. Fraser</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.L. Cochrun</li>
+<li>H.W. Snodgrass</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy Hoffman</li>
+<li>Ralph H. Berry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Eivers</li>
+<li>W.B. Follett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Franklin D'Olier</li>
+<li>A. Laughlin, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A. Johnson</li>
+<li>R.B. Weeden</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.B. Springs</li>
+<li>M.B. Berkley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Denison</li>
+<li>Joseph S. Pfeiffer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Luke Lea</li>
+<li>Harry S. Berry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.E. Jackson</li>
+<li>Rolland Bradley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Baldwin Robertson</li>
+<li>Royal Douglas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H. Nelson Jackson</li>
+<li>Joseph Fountain</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C. Francis Cooke</li>
+<li>Andrew S. Christian</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.L. Thompson</li>
+<li>Russ Simonton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John G. Bond</li>
+<li>Charles McCamic</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Ackley</li>
+<li>G.W. Strampe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. June</li>
+<li>L.A. Miller</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hayward H. Hillyer</li>
+<li>William P. Norton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H.W. Rauschkolb</li>
+<li>John S. Siebert</li></ul>
+
+<h3>RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Matthew H. Murphy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. M. Le Baron</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred N. Tillman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Dibble</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.A. Saidy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.W. Carroll</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George N. Doris</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles E. Johnston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Carroll Ford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Eugene Sibert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. Booth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Marshall Kearney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.C. Duddelston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Polk</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.W. Hollaway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.K. Gordon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John D. Ewing</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roger A. Greene</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. French</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.A. Frothingham</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Avery Gilleo</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.S. Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. Fitz-Hugh</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.C. Clark</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Sam Abelstein</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hird. Stryker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Knox</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.A. Tobin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy H. Flamm</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Marsh</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.R. Baker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Rummell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.E. Atkins</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.E. Leonard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Hill</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Philippines</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert R. Landon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.P. Shunney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.P. Anderson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles R. Tips</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.J. Douglas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Guy Varnum</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John J. Wicker, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John J. Sullivan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John C. Vaughan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Cunningham</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.A. Miller</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph P. McGlinn</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thomas H. Dempsey</li></ul>
+
+<h3>CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Bibb Graves</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John C. Greenway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Burton S. Kinsworthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.G. Mathewson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R. Dickson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.J. Malone</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George W. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John Lewis Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.T. Wigginton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. Booth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.G. Seeman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Scott R. Brewer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred M. Hudson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.D. Haven Moorman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Gus Blanchard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy C. Haines</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. A. Huster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.H. Howard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Howard Brink</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.D. McCarthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Sullens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Bennet Clark</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.E. Pew</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. McGuire</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank J. Abbott</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harlan Besson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.H. Wyatt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hamilton Fish</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.Y. Semling</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.F. Koons</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Horace H. Hagan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roderick D. Grant</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.G. Foster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Percy Cantwell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. Palmer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Claud Birkhead</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.S. McCarthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Watson Webb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. A Stuart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.L. Thompson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles W. McCamic</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Elmer Owens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.L. Powers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Haywood W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<h3>ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Cecil Gaston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander B. Baker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ross Mathis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.E. Bohlen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.R. Meyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.C. Calhoun</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Irving Warner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Henry Leonard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.H. Blanding</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.L. Wilson, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Taylor Cummings</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Harrison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.A. Umpleby</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Maris B. De Wolfe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.C. Stamford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Wheeler</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis Ginella</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James U. Boyle</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. B. Wilmer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.C. Cutler</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.F. Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul McMichael</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George Hoskin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.L. Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.E. Pew</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. H. Holveman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George V. Fiske</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.P. Schenck</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Don. L. Blevins</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Parton Swift</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Williams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. Campbell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hugh Haughery</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.L. May</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.A. Rick</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.A. Shadow</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arch C. Allen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.E. Rhivers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Leonard Nason</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C. Brook Bollard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Redinger</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.V. Godfrey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Shortell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Scott W. Lucas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles S. Watkins</li></ul>
+
+<h3>CREDENTIAL COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph Yates</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.P. Bernard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ivie Herschel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.W. Herhart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.W. Gwin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.S. Butterworth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George L. Evans</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.P. Knut</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis Forster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Peterson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roger Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.W. Todd</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.M. Soper</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>I.E. Lambert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Richard H. Slack</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H.H. Pratt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert Greenlaw</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.S. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.F. Gilbody</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.A. O'Dell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George Chapin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John M. Alexander</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.W. Cronkite</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Doug. McCallum</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Orlando H. Kearney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John Santor</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.S. Brady</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jesus M. Baca</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Goerke</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Williams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Bimm</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.W. Fisher</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.L. Mullen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Pennell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.B. Thurber</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.D. Robertson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Hoover</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Wooley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.R. Poole</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Fein</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.J. Simmons</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.A. Chybowski</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.C. McCarthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Seibert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON PERMANENT HEADQUARTERS</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Beach Chenoweth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. B. Baker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Dougherty</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.L. Shuman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.J. Sparr</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.R. Mathies</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Kane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L. Clarkson Hines</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.H. Blanding</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Eugene Sibert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.R. Wilson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles Wham</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.H. Thomas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thompson L. Brookhart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.A. Phares</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Marriner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.P. Beard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roger A. Greene</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.A. Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.H. Dolan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. King</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.R. St. Julian</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. Burnett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A. Field</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ben W. Barnett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. Gilligan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Trufant</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.F. Ritter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>O.A. Lorizolla, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thos. John Conway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.A. Fraser</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.L. Hall</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Earl McNally</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.P. Follett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.A. Buettner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Philippine Islands.</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Landon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Walter Sharkey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. Buford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy A. Jamison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Kundson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Nason</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. P. Wallace</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.B. McDonald</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. S. Houston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Pfeil</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. June</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.A. Thompson</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>LeRoy Jacobs</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.E. Cassidy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy Penix</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clair Woolwine</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.E. Swink</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.C. Vance</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Irving Warner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Donald McGregor</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Conrad Ford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Peterson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Richard M. O'Connell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. Clee</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.D. Lemley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.B. Musselman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Rudolph Wienan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy C. Haines</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.R. Hagner, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Donald Green</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Chas. D. Kelley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jno. J. Ahern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Chas. R. Dolbey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Fullerton, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ben W. Barnett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.L. Stuart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C. Fred Maher</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Allen L. Eggers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jesus M. Baca</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. P. Putnam</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Gorman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.M. Bush</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.T. Burling</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.E. Leonard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ammon Monroe Aurand, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harry F. McKenna</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Corson, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John W. Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Leo Meehan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Nason</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.D. Nei</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Russ Simonton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. S. Houston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. Huntley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ralph L. Powers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.P. Dimmitt</li></ul>
+
+<h3>FINANCE COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.F. Stoddard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.E. Cassidy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Garland Hurt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Dibbley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. Krueger</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James B. Moody</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Irving Warner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Howard F. Fiske</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis Forster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Green</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert A. Sprague</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Chester P. Wolfe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Hart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.B. Brickell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R. Ewall</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Levering Moore</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Waldemar P. Adams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander Randall</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Stewart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George M. Kesl</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>O.H. Baldwin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Chambers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.G. Hubbard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Barry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William Richie</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William E. Sullivan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul De Voise</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.B. Humphrey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.B. Murphy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.A. Fraser</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.J. Hard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William Viuer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.L. Muffin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James W. Gary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jas. Elinniskey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Denison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles R. Bowman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.C. Beavens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harold R. Smoot</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Pearl T. Clapp</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.T. Wyatt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.S. Sapp</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clarence Jones</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.R. Minnahan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>N.V. Swensen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis R. Florin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H.W. Rauschkolb</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON NAME</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Norman J. Reiss</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred B. Townsend</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy W. Wood</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clair Woolwine</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. G. Allen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.L. Sampsell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Kane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Bentley Mulford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.T. Wigginton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.A. Feeney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thos. Harwood</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Augustus B. Wilson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jackson R. Day</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.K. Cubbison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.O. Sayers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis McCutcheon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Waldemar P. Adams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H. Tieman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. McGrath</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.B. Bellows</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Sturtz</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur B. Clark</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Holcomb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Blomquist</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank F. Fischer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.J. Murphy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H. Stratton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.S. Caldwell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.D. Bunn</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.B. Merry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.E. Shank</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert B. Keenan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.B. Follett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.L. Houck</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jos. San Soneitr</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Barton P. Brown</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Russ D. Langdon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. Seeley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. R. Wallace</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Rob. S. Gordon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jas. M. Crockett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John P. Szultek</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Maurice Dineen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">SOLDIERS AND SAILORS COUNCIL</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.H. Curtin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Seibert</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.F. Gillem</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred B. Townsend</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wendell Robertson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>V.W. Gerhard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.C. Dameron</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.S. Hurley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Kane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia.</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.G. Glenn</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Mr. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.C. Mundt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>N.J. Buskirk</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.M. Pond</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Foss Farar</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H. Reingold</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.A. Coon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank M. Hume</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.H. Scaffe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Wheelock</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.W. Nickel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Conrad Veit</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.T. Adams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>U.P. Haw</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Worth C. Almon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.J. Webb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Walter J. Hogan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.M. Pancoast</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.B. Humphrey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.W. Baldwin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Stern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. King</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.A. Fox</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.D. Grant</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.L. Felts</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.V. Thurber</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Denison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Craig, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.P. Boom</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles Parsons</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph Fontain</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Trotter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred. J. Shaw</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Sam. Solins</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. Woodworth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. E. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Smith</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON NEXT MEETING PLACE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.M. Ladd</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. M. LeBaron</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. G. Edgar</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.O. Shuman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.H. Wiles</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.D. Copp</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. L. Evans</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis P. Clephane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Mr. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.L. Wilson, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Estabrook</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Grover Sexton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.B. Reynolds</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.R. Finch</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles I. Martin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Bernhaim</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clifford Stem</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James L. Boyle</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.C. Solomon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>Marcus Maddern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank J. Tobin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Loren B. Roberts</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.S. Fleming</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.C. Lozier</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Barry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Allan Tukey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Hereaux</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.S. Westcott</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.S. Caldwell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Gallager</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Stern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ralph Pearce</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.T. Butts</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Eivers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.I. McRae</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Walter Sharkey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.C. Milligan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L. Nicholson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred. Jurgensen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Watson Webb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.R. Poole</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert Johnston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph Jackson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.H. Foster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Benj. Gregg</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.H. Rein</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.A. Bernard</li></ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="ROSTER" id="ROSTER"></a>ROSTER</h2>
+
+<p class="smcap">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Chenoweth, Beach Mead</span>, Birmingham. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gaston, Cecil D.</span>, Birmingham. Med. Corps U.S.A. and A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gillem, Jennings F.</span>, Birmingham. 320 M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Graves, Bibb</span>, Montgomery. 117th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Inzer, J.W.</span>, Mobile. 14th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jacobs, Leroy R.</span>, Birmingham. 38th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jordan, Wm.M.</span>, Birmingham. Evac. Hosp. No. 11.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ladd, Frank M., Jr.</span>, Mobile. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Long, F.M.</span>, Jasper. 7th Inf. 9th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lussier, Richard F.</span>, Birmingham. M.I.D. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Murphy, Matthew H.</span>, Birmingham, 117th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reiss, Norman J.</span>, Mobile. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stoddard, B.S.</span>, Mobile. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Yates, Joseph A.</span>, Birmingham, 117th F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Hawley, Edgar T.</span>, Boise, Idaho. U.S.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Burrow, G.M.</span>, Little Rock. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doherty, William</span>, Jonesboro. 153d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Edgar, Wm.G.</span>, El Dorado. 153d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hamilton, Scott D.</span>, Fayetteville. 346th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harris, Joe S.</span>, Monticello. 153d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harrison, J.J.</span>, Little Rock. Care Pugh Printing Company. Instructor Tr. Camp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Herschel, Ivie</span>, Marion. 154th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hurt, Garland</span>, Newport. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, Thomas A.</span>, Little Rock. 154th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kinsworthy, B.S.</span>, Little Rock. Off. Tr. Camps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lloyd, T.H.</span>, Paragould. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mathis, Ross</span>, Cotton Plant. 2d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Penix, Wm. Roy</span>, Jonesboro. Kelly Fld., Tex.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, W.A.</span>, Ft. Smith. 13th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, E. Ross</span>, Little Rock. 141 M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stafford, John L.</span>, Springdale. 106th Am. Train 3 1st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, R.P.</span>, Paragould. Aerial Ob. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tillman, Fred A.</span>, Fayetteville, 12th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wood, Roy W.</span>, Little Rock. Naval Aviation.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Baker, Alexander B.</span>, Phoenix. 28th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bernard, E.P.</span>, Tucson. 47th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cassidy, M.E.</span>, Bisbee. Ad. Gen. Dep.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greenway, John C.</span>, Warren. 101st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lebaron, Edwin M.</span>, Mesa. 801st P. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Townsend, Frank B.</span>, Phoenix. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">California</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Bohlen, E.E.</span>, San Francisco. 347th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dibblee, Benj.H.</span>, San Francisco. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gearhart, B.W.</span>, Fresno. 609th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hammond, Leonard C.</span>, San Francisco, 91st Aero.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Houghton, A.D.</span>, Los Angeles. Am. Serv. League.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelly, E.J.</span>, Los Angeles. 64th U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mathewson, H.G.</span>, Alameda. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Palmer, C.E.G.</span>, Coalinga. Canadians.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shuman, Blair S.</span>, San Francisco. 363d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Slow, Ashfield E.</span>, San Francisco. 347th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woolwine, Clare W.</span>, Los Angeles. 8th Inf. Gen. St.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Robt. G.</span>, Denver. 305th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dameron, M.C.</span>, Pueblo. Camp Med. Supp. Depot.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">David, Morton M.</span>, Denver. 20th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dickson, Ray</span>, Ft. Collins. 30th Serv. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gwin, Jno. W.</span>, Pueblo. 158th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krueger, Edw., Jr.</span>, Buena Vista. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lawrence, C.W.</span>, Pueblo. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maloney, B.F.</span>, Pueblo. 815th Pioneer.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Myer, E.R.</span>, Boulder. 356th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Saidy, H.A.</span>, Colorado Springs. 341st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sparr, D.J.</span>, Denver. 157th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stubbs, Albert L.</span>, La Junta. Medical Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Swink, Walter E.</span>, Rocky Ford. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wiles, Thos H.</span>, Denver. Chaplain.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Butterworth, Dr. S.</span>, New Haven. Chem. War Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Calhoun, Philo C.</span>, Bridgeport. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Carroll, Francis W.</span>, Waterbury. Presidential Gd. U.S.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Copp, Webster D.</span>, Norwich, 301st M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hurley, Jas. S.</span>, Waterbury. 73rd Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Malone, Wm. J.</span>, Bristol. A.S. (A).</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Matthies, Bernard H.</span>, Seymour. 105th Spruce Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meservo, Harry C.</span>, Stamford. 68th C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moody, Jas. B., Jr.</span>, Hartford. 301st Supply Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Phillips, Alfred N., Jr.</span>, Stamford. 55th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sampsell, P.L.</span>, New London. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tiley, Morton C.</span>, Essex. U.S.A.A.S.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Doris, Geo. N.</span>, Wilmington. 364th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Evans, Geo. L.</span>, Wilmington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Warner, Irving</span>, Wilmington. Cement Mill Co. No. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Clephane, Lewis P.</span>, Washington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Connolly, Frank A.</span>, Washington. 312th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fisk, Howard S.</span>, Washington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Glenn, Wm. G.</span>, Washington. 103d M.O.R.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hines, L.C.</span>, Washington. F.H. 165-117.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, Chas. E.</span>, Washington. U.S. Coast Gd.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jones, E. Lester</span>, Washington. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kruit, Prentiss</span>, Washington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leonard, H.</span>, Washington. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macgregor, Donald</span>, Washington. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mulford, J.B.</span>, Washington. 165th Field Hosp. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, Jno. L.</span>, Washington. Mil. Intell. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Turnage, M.C.</span>, Washington. P.M.G.O.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Forster, Davis</span>, New Smyrna. M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Givens, Morris M.</span>, Tampa. 31st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lowry, S.L., Jr.</span>, Tampa. 31st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mcgucken, Harold</span>, Tampa. 124th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wigginton, J.T.</span>, Miami. 124th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Bell, Louis H.</span>, Atlanta. 20th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hillyer, Haywood H.</span>, Macon. 49 M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Juett, J.G.</span>, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Siebert, Eugene</span>, Atlanta. 437th Det. Eng. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stockbridge, Basil</span>, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, Robt. L., Jr.</span>, Atlanta. 122d Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Morgan, Jas. P.</span>, Hawaii. Inf. Replac. Troops Camp Grant, Ill.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Boom, Eugene C.</span>, Moscow. 18th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Booth, C.M.</span>, Pocatello. 44th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Collier, L.R.</span>, Pocatello. 163d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cummins, Taylor</span>, Twin Falls. Coast Art.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Paul</span>, Bois&eacute;. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Estabrook, Frank</span>, Nampa. 146th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Feeney, Thos. A.</span>, Lewiston.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Green, Jno. S.</span>, Twin Falls, 1st St. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Peterson, Paul T.</span>, Idaho Falls. 75th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, Albert H.</span>, Clarks Fork. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, R.R.</span>, Pocatello. Inf. (unassigned).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adams, M.E.</span>, Chicago. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Adler, Morris</span>, Quincy. 1st O.T. Sch.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Royal B.</span>, Marseilles. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Arnold, B.J.</span>, Chicago. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ayres, Lester G.</span>, Oak Park. C.A. School.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bolin, Jas. R.</span>, Paris. 2d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boose, Jos. I.</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burnett, Geo.</span>, Shelbyville. 130th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burns, J.H.</span>, Carrollton. 337th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Busch, A.H.</span>, Cicero. 117th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cave, Robt. R.</span>, Chicago. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Collins, W.H.</span>, Decatur. 119th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cummings, Jno. P.</span>, Chicago. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Currier, C.L.</span>, La Grange. 25th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dickerson, Earl B.</span>, Chicago. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dutcher, Everett C.</span>, Dixon. 342d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eisenberg, Sam J.</span>, Chicago. 332d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Engle, Robt. H.</span>, Freeport. 41st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Everson, Chas. W.</span>, Chicago. A.S. Sig. R.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fayart, L.E.</span>, Springfield, 9th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Field, Marshall</span>, Chicago. F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flannery, Frank B.</span>, Chicago, Beach Hotel, 221st F. Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flory, Roger</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Floyd, Jno. A.</span>, Chicago. 6th Cav.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Forman, Harold</span>, Chicago. 72d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Freid, Sam'l L.</span>, Chicago. 50th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Goldberg, B.L.</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gorey, Thos. V.</span>, Joliet. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gowenlock, Thos. R.</span>, Chicago. 1st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greene, Jno. J.</span>, Chicago. C.M.G.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hana, Leo G.</span>, Peoria. 341st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hardwood, Thos. F.</span>, Bloomington. 343d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harrison, F.J.</span>, Streator. 1st C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hartford, C.E.</span>, Marseilles. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hartrick, Guy R.</span>, Urbana. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Helfrich, Geo. R.</span>, Chicago. 17th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hindert, Geo. C.</span>, Minonk. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hippler, S.H.</span>, Canton. 5th Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hirstein, A.K.</span>, Fairbury. 129th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hughes, Jno. E.</span>, Chicago. A.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ickes, Fay</span>, Springfield, 310th F. Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jefferson, E.A.</span>, Chicago. 604th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jenkins, Newton</span>, Chicago. 5th Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kearney, Marshall V.</span>, Chicago. 303d Bn. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelley, W.L.</span>, Shelbyville. Chem. War Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kendrick, J.E.</span>, Lincoln. 161st Dep. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kingston, Ray</span>, Shelbyville. 119th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kraatz, C.F.</span>, Carbondale. 161st D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lauer, Robt. J.</span>, Chicago. 344th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lee, Harry V.</span>, Chicago. Signal Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ling, Walter</span>, Evansville. 115th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lynde, Cornelius</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macaulay, Irwin</span>, Quincy. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Markley, H.G.</span>, Watseka. 116th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marsh, A.F.</span>, Chicago. Const. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marshall, Thos. H.</span>, Chicago. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCauley, W.R.</span>, Olney. 308th Bn. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meierhofer, Edw. H.</span>, Minonk. 68th Art.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Merrick, Marlowe M.</span>, Chicago. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Middleton, A.B.</span>, Pontiac. M.C., 90th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miles, Grant M.</span>, Pontiac. 339th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, Jno. S., Jr.</span>, Winnetka. 33d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, Thos.</span>, Chicago. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mock, Harry E.</span>, Chicago. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mundt, Wm. C.</span>, Fairbury. Radio School.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Connell, R.M.</span>, Bloomington. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Oppenheimer, J.</span>, Chicago. 333d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Orr, Ponce B.</span>, Joliet. 1st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Packwood, Lawrence</span>, Chicago. 521st M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Paddock, Geo. A.</span>, Evanston. 342d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Parker, Howard K.</span>, Taylorville. 106th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pesavento, A.J.</span>, Joliet. R.S. and C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pietrzak, Michael</span>, Oglesby. A.S.A.P. 9th Dt.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Powell, Wm. J.</span>, Chicago. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reed, F.N.</span>, Evanston. 10th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reeder, Russel</span>, Canton, 1st Co. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rhodes, Ben. S.</span>, Bloomington. 345th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rominger, W.E.</span>, Shelbyville. 14th M.G.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sayre, C.B.</span>, Canton. 326th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Seaman, Geo. G.</span>, Taylorville. 17th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Searcy, Earl B.</span>, Springfield. 311th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sedweak, C.E.</span>, Chicago. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sexton, Grover F.</span>, Chicago. 108th Mil. Pol. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simons, J.E.</span>, Glen Ellyn. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simpson, Sidney E.</span>, Carrollton. 164th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Skubic, Edw. P.</span>, Chicago. C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spencer, R.V.</span>, Chicago. 160th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sprague, A.A.</span>, Lake Forest. 341st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stello, Jno. H.</span>, McLeansboro. 115th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tapp, H.F.</span>, Quincy. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Walsh, Martin</span>, Chicago. 1st Repl. Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Webber, R.W.</span>, Urbana. 210th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Werckman, Jno. C.</span>, Minonk. 6th Repl. Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Werner, R.L.</span>, Peoria. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wham, Chas.</span>, Centralia. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, R.</span>, Joliet. 41st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Zerwekh, Paul W.</span>, Alton. Aviation.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Asch, A.L.</span>, Indianapolis. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brewer, Scott R.</span>, Indianapolis. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buskirk, N.J.</span>, Bloomington. 111th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Caster, Solon J.</span>, Indianapolis, 150th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clee, Robt. E.</span>, Kokimo. 69th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Paul Y.</span>, Bloomfield. 335th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Duddleston, A.C.</span>, Terre Haute, 151st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hogan, H.G.</span>, Ft. Wayne. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, F.B.</span>, Indianapolis. Adv. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Levi, Morris R.</span>, Evansville. 42d and 32d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lonn, A.E.</span>, Laporte. 167th Brg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mcdonald, T.M.</span>, Princeton. F.A. Repl. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moorhead, R.L.</span>, Indianapolis. 139th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Newgent, L.R.</span>, Indianapolis. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Putt, Geo.</span>, Indianapolis. Motor Trans. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reynolds, Jno. B.</span>, Indianapolis. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Royer, S.D.</span>, Terre Haute. 349th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Royze, Jno. A.</span>, Indianapolis. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strodel, C.F.</span>, Huntington. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas, Mark H.</span>, Huntington. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Timko, Jos. J.</span>, Brazil.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Todd, Joe W.</span>, Hammond. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Umpleby, Jay A.</span>, Gary. 139th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Waltz, Ralph H.</span>, Noblesville. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Watts, Albert H.</span>, E. Chicago, 139th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, A.B.</span>, Indianapolis. 87th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wolfe, C.P.</span>, Indianapolis. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ziisel, Frank F.</span>, Elkhart. 159th D. Br.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Berger, P.F.</span>, Carroll. 163d Disch. Off.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brookhart, S.W.</span>, Washington. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brookhart, T.L.</span>, Washington. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cole, J.F.</span>, Oelwein. 161st Depot Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cook, Don C.</span>, Cedar Rapids. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Circe, Wm. L.</span>, Bloomfield. 1st Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cronin, Edw. P.</span>, Victor. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Day, J.R.</span>, Council Bluffs, 19th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dewolf, M.E.</span>, Spencer, 5th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doran, Lucien S.</span>, Beaver. 339th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Finch, Budd R.</span>, West Union. 126th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hahn, F.K.</span>, Cedar Rapids. 126th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ham, Jos. P.</span>, Dubuque. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harker, Frank C.</span>, Ottumwa. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hart, W.R.</span>, Iowa City, 305th B. Tank Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hudson, Fred M.</span>, Pocahontas. 79th A.A. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hungerford, Jno., Jr.</span>, Carroll. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelly, J.H.</span>, Sioux City, 99th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kins, Will L.</span>, Hubbard. 159th Dept. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lemley, H.D.</span>, Melrose. 109th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macvicar, Jno.</span>, Des Moines. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Malcomb, Earl</span>, Laurens. 12th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Metzger, T.M.</span>, Council Bluffs. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Neustrand, Oscar</span>, Red Oak. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Newell, Floyd</span>, Ottumwa. M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pattee, L.C.</span>, Pocahontas. Sig. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pease, Liberty</span>, Farragut. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Plaister, R.M.</span>, Dubuque. 163d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Polk, Harry H.</span>, Des Moines. 176th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pond, Alanson M.</span>, Dubuque. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pusey, McGee</span>, Council Bluffs. 11th Bal. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schultz, E.R.</span>, Sioux City. Nav. Res. Fly. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shaw, Robt. J.</span>, Hayesville. 40th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, R.A.</span>, Council Bluffs. 163d D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Soper, B.M.</span>, Nevada. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strotz, Roy R.</span>, Des Moines. 16th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas, Lee A.</span>, Mondamin. 3d Con. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Welch, C.J.</span>, Denison. 4th Repl. Reg. 16th Co. C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Barclay, Jas. F.</span>, Kansas City, 110th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bly, Wm. D.</span>, Leavenworth. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Branaman, H.A.</span>, Ottawa. 137th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brickell, J.B.</span>, Emporia. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burnett, R.H.</span>, Dodge City. Zone Sup. Of. N.Y.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clausen, E.W.</span>, Atchison. U.S.N.A.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cubbison, P.K.</span>, Kansas City. 354th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eaton, L.R.</span>, Neodesha. 8th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Elias, C.R.</span>, La Crosse. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Farrar, Foss</span>, Arkansas City. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foulston, S.L.</span>, Wichita, 91st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grieves, Loren C.</span>, Ft. Leavenworth. G.S. Reg. A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hantla, Jno. P.</span>, Spearville. 137th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hasty, Lewis A.</span>, Wichita. 342d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holden, Harley E.</span>, Neodesha. P.O. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holloway, W.W.</span>, Kansas City. P.M.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Paul R.</span>, Independence. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kurtz, W.P.</span>, Columbus. 158th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lambert, I.E.</span>, Emporia. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lee, Thos. A.</span>, Topeka. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leekley, R.M.</span>, Arkansas City. 338th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Madden, Jno., Sr.</span>, Wichita. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Martin, Chas. I.</span>, Topeka. 70th Inf. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Metcalf, W.S.</span>, Lawrence. 77th Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moss, Sidney A.</span>, Wichita. 125th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Musselman, N.B.</span>, Arkansas City. R.M.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Reilly, H.C.</span>, Strong City. 164th Depot Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ortmeyer, H.A.</span>, Wichita. 326th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pharen, W.A.</span>, Wichita. 360th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Snyder, Harry E.</span>, Council Grove. Med. Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sparks, Keith L.</span>, Greensburg. Med. Dep.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stanford, F.C.</span>, Independence. A.S.S.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Walker, H. Jos.</span>, La Crosse. 418th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weed, M.S.</span>, Lawrence. 137th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, Jno. W.</span>, Ottawa. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woods, Jas. A.</span>, Arkansas City. 101st Fld. Sig. B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woodside, L.N.</span>, Council Grove. 13th Cav.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Beard, B.F.</span>, Hardensburg. 138th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bell, Ulric J.</span>, Louisville. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bernheim, Fr. D.</span>, Louisville. 159th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bronaugh, Robt. L.</span>, Nicholasville. 164th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Evans, Lynn B.</span>, Lebanon. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ewall, Geo. R.</span>, Louisville. 159th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, A.T.</span>, Louisville. A.S.R.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fraser, V.C.</span>, Wickliffe. 6th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gordon, M.K.</span>, Madisonville. I.G.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, Herman H.</span>, Viper. 327th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hill, J. Murray</span>, Bowling Green. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Juett, J.G.</span>, Wickliffe. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marriner, E.H.</span>, Dayton. 131st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moorman, H.D.</span>, Hardinsburg. 10th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Muir, Edmund A.</span>, Nicholsville. 22d Ret. Co. G.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ringgold, J.H., Jr.</span>, Russellville. Air Sq. 260.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sachs, D.A., Jr.</span>, Louisville. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Slack, R.H.</span>, Owensboro. 1st O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sosnin, M.L.</span>, Louisville. Base Hosp. Camp Crane, Luxemberg, Fr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Soyars, Wm. O.</span>, Hopkinsville. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stewart, Phil. H.</span>, Paducah. M.R.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheeler, Jas. G.</span>, Paducah. 159th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Jno. S.</span>, Glasgow. Med. Corps.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Beard, L.P.</span>, New Orleans. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blancand, Gus</span>, New Orleans. Co. 10.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Coon, Wm. A.</span>, New Orleans. 73d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Edw.</span>, New Orleans, 1st Reg. F.A.R.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ginella</span>, Louis, New Orleans. M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Michel, F. Ralph</span>, New Orleans. 46th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moore, Levering</span>, New Orleans. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Owen, Allison</span>, New Orleans. 141st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pratt, Geo. H.H.</span>, New Orleans. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stem, C.H.</span>, New Orleans. 2d Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weinmann, R.J.</span>, New Orleans, 151st F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adams, W.P.</span>, Portland.&nbsp; 54th Ar. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boyle, Jas. L.</span>, Augusta,&nbsp; 101st San. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greene, Roger A.</span>, Lewiston.&nbsp; 101st Trench Mort. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greenlaw, Albert</span>, Eastport.&nbsp; Hdq. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Haines, Roy C.</span>, Ellsworth.&nbsp; 334th Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Humer, Frank M.</span>, Houlton.&nbsp; 103d U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Milliken, Carl E.</span>, Augusta.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Norton, W.P.</span>, Portland.&nbsp; 72d Art. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Presson, Geo. Mcg.</span>, Augusta.&nbsp; Adj. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinson, A.L.</span>, Portland.&nbsp; 7th A.A. Bn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">French, Findlay H.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; S.O. Camp, Greenleaf, Ga.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Good, Stuart S.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 110th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Huster, Wm. A.</span>, Cumberland.&nbsp; 113th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Willard J.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knapp, Raleigh T.</span>, Baltimore,&nbsp; 110th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Randall, A.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 110th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Scaffe, Harold</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 14th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Solomon, Adolph C.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stewart, Davis G.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tieman, George H.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilmer, William B.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Frank A.</span>, Cumberland,&nbsp; 115th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Harvey W.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 351st F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Bacon, G.G.</span>, Jamaica Plains.&nbsp; 316th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, H.L.</span>, Malden.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burt, C.E.</span>, New Bedford.&nbsp; 121st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cleary, Jas. P.</span>, Boston.&nbsp; Personnel Off. Camp Upton.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cutler, Geo. C., Jr.</span>, Boston.&nbsp; U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dalton, Edward P.</span>, Boston.&nbsp; A.G.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dolan, W.H.</span>, Fitchburg.&nbsp; 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foy, F.H.</span>, Quincy.&nbsp; 82d Div. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Frothingham, L.A.</span>, N. Easton.&nbsp; Adj. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Germain, Chas. F.</span>, Wollaston.&nbsp; 234th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gilbody, Geo. F.</span>, Boston.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Green, Donald R.</span>, Holyoke. 28th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Herbert, J.P.J.</span>, Worcester. 102d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Howard, W.J.</span>, Whitman. 113th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, L.P.</span>, Athol. 74th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Madden, Marcus E.</span>, 64 N. Beacon St., 71 Art. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maniff, Harry</span>, Revere. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marley, Thos. J.</span>, E. Boston. 104th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McGrath, Jas. P.</span>, Roslindale. Hdq. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McInnis, Victor A.</span>, Roxbury. 301st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moynihan, Neil P.</span>, Haverhill. C.O.T.S., Camp Lee, Va.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nolan, David J.</span>, Worcester. 52d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Rourke, Jno. J.</span>, Lowell, 101st Sup. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Page, Kenneth B.</span>, Longmeadow. 104th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Peabody, J.C.R.</span>, Boston. Asst. to Dept. Insp., N.E. Dept. I.G. 5th Div. A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pryor, J.H.</span>, West Newton&nbsp; 372d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rosenfeld, Jay C.</span>, Pittsfield. 359th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Safford, Ralph K.</span>, Springfield. 104th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Scott, H.J.</span>, Roxbury. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shinnick, Wm. T.</span>, Brockton. 55th Reg. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spillane, Leo A.</span>, Chelsea. Hdq. N.E. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stewart, H.J.</span>, Camp Devens. 36th Mis. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strandquist, H.W.</span>, Newton. 102d M.G.Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas, H.C.</span>, Allston. 101st Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheelock, H.H.</span>, Fitchburg. 101st Sup. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, Harry R.</span>, Boston. 101st Am. Tr.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Alger, Frederick M.</span>, Detroit. 310th Amun. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Carlos R.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, Paul R.</span>, Manistique. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bellows, Benj. B.</span>, Highland Park. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bersey, John S.</span>, Lansing. Adjt. Gen., Michigan.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bowden, Isaac</span>, Port Huron. Base Hosp. No. 73.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brink, Howard C.</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burgess, Frank</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Christie, J.T.C.</span>, U.S.A. Gen. Hop., No. 36, Detroit. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Conway, Bertram</span>, 33 Cardoma St., Detroit. 367th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doyle, A.G.</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">English, Rand P.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Evans, Lynn B.</span>, University Club, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fehrenbocher, Chriss</span>, 271 Harrison St., Gary, Ind. 10th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gildersleeve, Howard</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gilleo, Avery C.</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Guelff, John J.</span>, Marquette. 328th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, William D.</span>, Kalamazoo. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hansen, Myron J.</span>, Laurium. S.A.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harris, H.H.</span>, Detroit. A.S.S.C. Aviation Training.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Henry, D.D.</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hullfish, Henry G.</span>, Washington, D.C. Medical Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelley, Charles D.</span>, West Detroit. 32d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kesl, G.M.</span>, Port Huron. M.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kilmer, Edward H.</span>, Grand Rapids. 10th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, William</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Larson, Werner R.</span>, Ironwood. Sanitary Squad No. 58.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lawson, Otto Emil C.Y.</span>, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lockhart, Arthur</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maines, George H.</span>, Battle Creek. 338th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKee, Mark T.</span>, Mt. Clemens. Chemical Warfare.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McMahan, F.V.</span>, 322 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moerisch, E.L.</span>, Escanaba. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nickel, P.W.</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Norton, Albert H.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Brien, Thomas</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Dell, H.A.</span>, Detroit. Hdg. Chief Engr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Quasigroch, Lee J.</span>, Highland Park, Ill., Camp Custer.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, George L.</span>, Detroit. 4th Tex. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tabor, Lyle D.</span>, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tarpestra, George</span>, Grand Rapids. 154th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, W.J.</span>, Port Huron. Hdq. Det. 14th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tobin, Frank J.</span>, Jackson. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Veldmar, Edwin</span>, Grand Rapids. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weir, Orville H.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilkin, H.H.</span>, Detroit. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Jay P.</span>, 706 Easterly Ave., 125th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Ahern, Jno. J.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; 88th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Anderson, S.E.</span>, Ruthton.&nbsp; 351st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, C.H.</span>, Redwood Falls.&nbsp; 87th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Caldwell, Jno. C.</span>, Albert Lea.&nbsp; 127th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chapin, Geo. S.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; 167th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clark, Gordon M.</span>, Duluth.&nbsp; 125th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clipper, Geo. A.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cook, Paul B.</span>, Lowrny Blg., St. Paul.&nbsp; Med. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eaton, M.E.</span>, Minneapolis.&nbsp; 309th Fld. Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fowler, F.J.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; Camp McArthur.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fuller, Harrison</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; 163d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, Levi M.</span>, Minneapolis. 124th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Henderson, R.L.</span>, Minneapolis. C.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, S.W.</span>, Austin. Motor Mechanic.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lewis, H.B.</span>, Minneapolis. Dunwoody Tr. Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lowther, Geo.</span>, Minneapolis. Sig. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macmichael, P.R.</span>, 119 N. 4th St., Minneapolis. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Magnusson, C.W.</span>, Hibbing. 85th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCarthy, E.D.</span>, St. Paul. 313th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nelson, A.M.</span>, Fairmont. 68th Inf. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nelson, Roy</span>, Minneapolis. M.G.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nolan, M.C.</span>, Grand Meadow. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Page, Ralph W.</span>, Minneapolis. 303d Cav.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Parks, Jno. J.</span>, St. Paul. 101 Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Partridge, C.A.</span>, Owatonna. 332d M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Roberts, Loren B.</span>, Little Falls. 187 Aero Sq., A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rogers, M.J.</span>, St. Paul. 74th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schaub, H.W.</span>, St. Paul. 65th Pioneer Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, S.S.</span>, Worthington. 164th D. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stromgren, E.</span>, Center City. Motor Amb. Sup. Dep. Louisville.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sturtz, Wm. P.</span>, Albert Lea. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tomelty, Jas. C.</span>, Little Falls. 337th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ustruck, W.J.</span>, Montevideo. 346th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Vancma, Geo.</span>, Lakefield. 151st Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Varner, C.L.</span>, St. Cloud. Naval Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Veit, Con.</span>, 3733 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. 70th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Warner, Lee F.</span>, St. Paul. Chem. Warfare.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, W.A.</span>, 621 Byron St., Mankato. 2d Eng.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adams, Wm. T., Jr.</span>, Corinth, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Alexander, Jno. M.</span>, Jackson. San. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burnett, Robt.</span>, Vicksburg. 334th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chambers, Paul</span>, Jackson. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clark, Arthur B.</span>, Indianola. 79th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dalbey, Chas. R.</span>, Jackson, 115th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dunn, Arthur Jno.</span>, Vicksburg. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fitzhugh, Alex.</span>, 1403 Baum St., Vicksburg. Comp Q.M., Camp Hancock, Ga.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fleming, Jas. S., Jr.</span>, Natchez. 52d Ammun. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoskins, Geo. C.</span>, Brookhaven. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sullens, Frederick</span>, Jackson. Mil. Intell. Div. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Whiting, Jno. S., Jr.</span>, Farrell. 24th Co. C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Albert, Wilfred G.</span>, St. Louis. 57th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Alexander, F.</span>, St. Louis. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, C.P.</span>, Trenton. Field Ord.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barco, A.U.</span>, St. Louis. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bennett, J.M.</span>, Neosho. S.M.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bernard, J.A.</span>, St. Louis. 45th U.S. Inf. Medical Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bradbury, H.C.</span>, Jefferson City. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bruggere, W.H.</span>, St. Louis. 342d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cambell, C.W.</span>, Sedalia. 314th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Carter, A.</span>, Meadville. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clark, Bennett</span>, Bowling Green. 88th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clarke, Harvey C.</span>, Jefferson City. 35th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cronkite, D.W.</span>, St. Joseph. Naval Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dallmeyer, Phil. A.</span>, Jefferson City. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Daly, Richard L.</span>, St. Louis. 12th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dickson, J.T.</span>, Warrensburg. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dimmitt, C.P.</span>, St. Louis. Hosp. Guard.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Egger, E.R.</span>, St. Louis. 6th Reg. F.A.R.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Field, Andrew</span>, Macon. 160th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foster, Dick B.</span>, Kansas City. 10th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fullerton, Rob.</span>, Louis, 111. 5th Mo. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Garrett, Ruby D.</span>, Kansas City. Signal Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Good, H.G.</span>, Carthage. 116th Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gray, L.H.</span>, Carthage. 6th M.G.B. Marines.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Green, Fredk. Wm.</span>, St. Louis. 12th Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grimsley, Clyde I.</span>, Salina. 16th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hagner, A.R.</span>, Hagerstown. Casual Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Haw, U.P.</span>, Benton. 90th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holcomb, H.W.</span>, Moberly. Q.M.C.S.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hubbard, Douglas, G.</span>, Versailles. 346th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Huston, G.C.</span>, Troy. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hyde, L.M.</span>, Princeton. 338th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, Gale</span>, Mexico. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, W.O.</span>, St. Louis. Bat. No. 60 Arty. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kealy, Philip J.</span>, Kansas City. 138th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Klemm, K.D.</span>, Kansas City. 106th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krechel, Henry</span>, Floissant. 128th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lafayette, D. Lytle</span>, St. Louis. 332d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Layton, Chas. O.</span>, St. Louis. Naval Veteran Assn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leach, Merton H.</span>, Jefferson Barracks. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lonergan, Wm. J.</span>, St. Louis. 138th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lozier, Lue C.</span>, Carrollton. 164th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKinley, C.A.</span>, Clinton. 60th Pioneer Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Monovill, Harold P.</span>, St. Louis. Naval Overseas Trans. Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Montgomery, P.S.</span>, St. Louis. 312th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nee, Dan M.</span>, Springfield. O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Neville, J.H.</span>, Springfield. 41st Arty.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Raupp, William</span>, Pierce City. 2d Pioneer Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Razoosky, Julius</span>, St. Louis. Aero. Phot.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinette, P.J.</span>, Hartville. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rogers, George</span>, Missouri Ath. Assn. A.S. 133d Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rosemann, Henry</span>, St. Louis. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Royal, Thomas V.</span>, St. Louis.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schields, Geo.</span>, St. Louis. Adj. Gen. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tucker, Paul</span>, Lamar. 112th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wanchtes, Geo.</span>, St. Louis.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Watkins, Charles</span>, St. Louis. Fort Sheridan.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheless, Joseph</span>, St. Louis. Judge Adv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">White, J.M.</span>, St. Louis. Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woods, Joe</span>, St. Louis. 354th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Yount, M.P.</span>, Ironton. 3d O.T.L.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Almon, Worth C.</span>, Helena. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barnett, Ben W.</span>, Helena. 163d D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barry, Arthur N.</span>, Billings. A.S. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blomquist, H.L.</span>, Great Falls.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCallum, D.S.</span>, Helena. 163d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pew, Chas. E.</span>, Helena. 44th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sheridan, Chas. L.</span>, Bozeman. 49th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Coad, Ralph G.</span>, Omaha. A.S.M.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, Frank P.</span>, Scotts Bluff. 164th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fitzsimmons, L.L.</span>, Fremont. M.O.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gilligan, Geo W.</span>, Lincoln. 41st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Goodrich, E.S.</span>, Fairbury. 305th Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holdeman, Geo. H.</span>, York. 125th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Howard, Bert</span>, Tecumseh. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kearney, Orlando H.</span>, Morrill. 13th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McDermott, Ed. P.</span>, Kearney. C.M.G.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McGuire, L.J.</span>, Omaha. 3d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Madden, Ray J.</span>, Omaha, U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maher, John G.</span>, Lincoln. Chief Disb. Officer, Paris.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mersinger, Leon</span>, Plattsmouth. 222d Field Signal Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rademacher, R.A.</span>, York. Unassigned.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ritchie, Wm., Jr.</span>, Omaha. 69th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, Hugh C.</span>, Omaha. 356 San. Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stirch, J.A.</span>, Lincoln, 350th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stryker, Hird</span>, Omaha. 338th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stuart, A.L.</span>, Fremont. 428 Eng., 109 Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tukey, Allan A.</span>, Omaha. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Vanness, Clarence</span>, Stanton. A.S.S.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Webb, Robert J.</span>, Omaha. 164th Depot Brig.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Malsbary, E.L.</span>, Reno. 218th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Salter, J.D.</span>, Winnemucca. 2d Co., 3d Bn. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Abbott, F.J.</span>, Manchester. 103d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Deschems, Homar J.</span>, East Jaffey. Motor Supply Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fiske, George V.</span>, Manchester. 75th Div. San. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Heureux, L'Herve</span>, Manchester. 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hogan, Walter J.</span>, Manchester. 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knox, Frank</span>, Manchester. 303d Amm. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maher, Charles F.</span>, 612 Main St., Laconia.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mahoney, Matthew J.</span>, Manchester. 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Murphy, Wm.</span>, 49 Alfred St., 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Santor, John</span>, Manchester. 104th F.H.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sullivan, Wm. E.</span>, Nashua, 102d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Trufant, Arthur</span>, Hudson. 103d Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Besson, Harlan</span>, Hoboken. 5th A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brady, Charles S.</span>, Weehawken. 322d Sanitary Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bromley, Herbert L.</span>, 127 Clinton Ave., Clifton. Camp Hdq., Camp Dix.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cangemi, Angelo</span>, Newark. U.S. Nitrate Plant, No. 1.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Debevoise, Paul</span>, Elizabeth. 312th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eggers, Alan L.</span>, Summit. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ehrhardt, Philip</span>, Jersey City, 111th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McGrath, Edward A.</span>, Elizabeth. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mullik, D.B.</span>, Leonia. Eng. M.P.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pancoast, John M.</span>, Hancock's Bridge. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ritter, Ralph F.</span>, Rahway. Staff, Ft. Hancock.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schenck, R.P.</span>, Jersey City. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stratton, Gervas</span>, Vineland. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tischbeck, John D</span>., Newark. 112th H.F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tobin, Ed. A.</span>, 27 Broadway, Camden. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weed, Newell P.</span>, 65 Union, Montclair. 344th Ban. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wescoat, Absalom S.</span>, Atlantic City. M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Baca, Herman G.</span>, Belen. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baca, Jesus M.</span>, Santa Fe. 115th Pv. Hq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blevins, Donald L.</span>, Las Vegas. 82d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cutting, B.M.</span>, Santa Fe. Mil. Attach&eacute;, London.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dillard, H. Wyatt</span>, Roswell. 358th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doldwell, C.S.</span>, Albuquerque. Inf. (?)</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flamm, Roy H.</span>, Alamogorda. 18th Eng. R.T.C. French Army.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Humphreys, Fred. B.</span>, Dayton. U.S.N.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Freeman C.</span>, Rochester. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, Frederic W.</span>, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ball, Grosvenor Lowrey</span>, Lawrence. 306th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barnhill, George B.</span>, New York. 820th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barrett, Walter N.</span>, Saratoga Springs. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baruck, S.L.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beers, W.H.</span>, New York. 601st Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Berry, Charles W.</span>, Brooklyn. 106th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Black, John</span>, Brooklyn. Stars and Stripes Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bodamer, Harold L.</span>, Buffalo. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boeckel, Fred. W.</span>, Buffalo. 106th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Booth, Robert C.</span>, Plattsburg. 303d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boyce, A.L.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bradley, Goodyear</span>, Buffalo. 106th Regt.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bunn, Earle D.</span>, Newburgh. Train, and Unassign. Duty.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burrill, Louis D.</span>, Syracuse. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Butler, William E.</span>, Brooklyn. Ambulance Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Church, Elihu C.</span>, New York. 117th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Compton, Geo. B.</span>, New York. 153d Depot Bri. F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Conway, Thomas J.</span>, Ithaca. U.S. Marines.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cooke, James P.</span>, New York. 106th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cosby, Arthur P.</span>, New York. A.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Daggett, Geo. F.</span>, Brooklyn. Military Intell. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davies, Julien L.</span>, New York. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dean, Clark M.</span>, New York. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Declucq, Floyd L.</span>, Cortland. 108th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Decoursey, Fales</span>, New York. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Derby, Richard</span>, New York. 2d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Deyo, Harrison</span>, Yonkers. S.A.T.C. Columbia Univ.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Draper, Wm. H.</span>, New York. Co. 2, N.Y. Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Duell, Charles H.</span>, New York. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eckert, J.A.</span>, New York. 105th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Engel, Nicholas</span>, New York. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Finelite, A.C.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fish, Hamilton, Jr.</span>, New York. 369th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Floyd, Chas. H.</span>, New York. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fox, E.E.</span>, 58 W. 47th St., New York.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Frank, Eugene</span>, New York. E.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gallagher, F.T.C.</span>, Oswego. 108th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Goerke, James P.</span>, Brooklyn. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hayes, Wade H.</span>, New York. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Healy, Jos. P.</span>, New York. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Helwig, A.L.</span>, 517 New York Eng. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hudson, Donald</span>, New York. 27th Aero Squadron.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hunt, Clyde R.</span>, Woodhaven. 7th Bt. Hdqrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ingram, Lee</span>, Gloversville. 105th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jay, Delancey K.</span>, Westbury. 307th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jennings, Allen D.</span>, Brooklyn. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kincaid, J. Leslie</span>, Syracuse. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kitchel, Lloyd</span>, Bronxville. 12th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knob, Frederick J.</span>, New York. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krumm, Edward Delos</span>, Rome. 10th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lyons, William M.</span>, Brooklyn. 114th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McAdoo, William Gibbs, Jr.</span>, New York. U.S.N. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McAlpin, Milo F.</span>, New York. 37th Art.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McIlvaine, Tompkins</span>, New York. Intell. Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKlaine, Osceala E.</span>, New York. 367th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marsh, Robert M.C.</span>, New York. 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mela, Harry F.</span>, New York. 152d Depot Bdg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, Lawrence</span>, New York, 305th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mosle, C. Fred.</span>, New York. 33d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mullin, R. Jerome</span>, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Munske, Charles R.</span>, Brooklyn. 102d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nickerson, Hoffman</span>, New York. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Okerlind, Melin A.</span>, Jamestown. U.S.N.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Osborne, Fairfield</span>, New York. 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Perry, Francis W.</span>, Brooklyn. 77th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Press, Thomas C.</span>, Bronx. 105th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Putnam, G.P.</span>, New York. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rackoff, Irwin Ira</span>, New York. 152d Depot Brigade.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reid, D. Lincoln</span>, New York. 369th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ridder, Joseph E.</span>, New York. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Riffe, James</span>, Elmira. 108th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinson</span>, Fordham Road and Valentine Ave., New York. General Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinson, Francis H.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Roosevelt, Theodore</span>, New York. 20th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schmidt, W.M.</span>, Pleasantville. 7th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Seligman, J.L.</span>, New York. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, Powers C.</span>, Watertown. 307th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, Thomas R.</span>, St. Louis. A.S.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stone, Laue K.</span>, New York. 34th Aero Squadron.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Swift, Parton</span>, Buffalo, 151st F.A. Bri.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, H. Irv.</span>, New York. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Townson, K.C.</span>, Rochester. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Van Buren, J.N.</span>, Dunkirk. Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wells, John</span>, New York. 105th U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheat, Geo. S.</span>, New York. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wickersham, C.W.</span>, New York. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wiseman, Mark H.</span>, New York. 7th Regt.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wood, Eric P.</span>, New York. 83d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wright, W.T.</span>, New York. 105th F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Baker, Julius R.</span>, Fargo.&nbsp; 6th Corps M.P. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fraser, G.A.</span>, Bismarck.&nbsp; Inf. P.M.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gorman, Arthur</span>, Fargo.&nbsp; 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hanley, J.M.</span>, Mandan.&nbsp; 148th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Merry, Lyall B.</span>, W. Dickinson.&nbsp; 116th Supply Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Semling, H.V.</span>, Bismarck.&nbsp; 116th Tr. Hdqrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stern, William</span>, Fargo.&nbsp; Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Treacy, Robt. H.</span>, Bismarck.&nbsp; 339th Inf. 160th Depot Brigade.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, J.P.</span>, No. Fargo.&nbsp; 3d Eng.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Babcock, Vearne C.</span>, Elyria. U.S. Naval Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bettman, Gilbert</span>, 1114 Union Trust Bldg., Military Intell. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bimm, Harry L.</span>, Dayton. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Black, Robert L.</span>, Cincinnati. 37th Div. Military Intell.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bruml, Maurice W.</span>, Cleveland. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bush, H.M.</span>, Briggsdale. 134th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Campbell, L.J.</span>, Youngstown. 309th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cobe, Ralph D.</span>, Findlay. 145th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Conklin, Wm. H.</span>, Columbus. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fess, Thomas L.</span>, Yellow Springs. 394th M.G. Bri.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Funm, Norbert E.</span>, Sandusky. 147th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gerlack, F.C.</span>, Wooster. 146th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, Joseph L.</span>, Cincinnati, 5th Corps Artillery.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hard, Dudley J.</span>, Cleveland. 135th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Horrell, Olney W.</span>, Dayton. 134th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Huston, C.H.</span>, Mansfield, 112th Am. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, E.L.</span>, Dayton. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kline, John H.</span>, Dayton. 62d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Koons, Jack F.</span>, Cincinnati. 148th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lea, Andrew B.</span>, Cleveland. 112th Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macdougal, Harry O.</span>, Akron. Ordn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mcgill, Don. R.</span>, Nelsonville. 308th Tr. M. Btry.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Murray, Chas. J.</span>, Elyria. 42d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nicklett, A.P.</span>, Toledo. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Perry, George W.</span>, Youngstown. 1st Army, A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Phillips, Thomas A.</span>, Dayton. 812th Pio. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Priddy, John E.</span>, Findlay. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ramsey, Andrew M.</span>, Cincinnati. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Segal, Ben M.</span>, Cleveland. 135th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sonsley, Harry J.</span>, Ada. 62d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Turner, Cyril B.</span>, Columbus. 308th T.M. Btry.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, Chalmers, R.</span>, Columbus, 112th Field Sig. Bn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adkins, E.S.</span>, Muskogee. Hdq. 42d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Berry, Ralph H.</span>, Tulsa. 173d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burling, Wm. T.</span>, Sapulpa. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Butts, R.B.</span>, Muskogee. 162d D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chase, Val D.</span>, Alva. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, F.W.</span>, Oklahoma City. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fox, Philip A.</span>, Tulsa. 23d Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gingerich, H.A.</span>, Okmulgee. 358th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Haugherty, Hugh</span>, Enid. E.J.B.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hagan, Horace H.</span>, Tulsa. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoffman, Roy</span>, Oklahoma City. 93d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Keenan, Rob. B.</span>, Sapulpa. 308th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McNally, Earl</span>, Okemah. 111th Amm. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meyer, Howard W.</span>, U.S.S. Bank Bldg., U.S. Slipping Bd.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Niles, Alva J.</span>, Tulsa. 7th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Norwood, Frank H.</span>, Prague. Ft. Riley.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sams, Vernett E.</span>, Wewoka. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shea, Thomas J.</span>, Buffalo, N.Y. 56th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, Max A.</span>, Pryor. 330th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thompson, N.A.</span>, 111 E. Latimer St., Tulsa. 57th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tully, B.L.</span>, 83d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Viuer, Wm.</span>, Tulsa. S.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Critchlow, Harry</span>, Portland. 363d Arab. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eivers, Edw. J.</span>, Portland. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Follett, Will. B.</span>, Eugene. 69th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grant, Roderick D.</span>, Portland. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leonard, Barge E.</span>, Portland. 63d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">May, John L.</span>, North Portland. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mullen, C.L.</span>, Portland. U.S. Marines.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pargon, Joseph A.</span>, Portland. M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Aurand, Ammon M., Jr.</span>, Beaver Springs. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beaman, Joseph W.</span>, Towanda. 140th Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Becker, H.M.</span>, Pittsburgh. (?)</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Biddle, Charles J.</span>, Philadelphia. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blank, Harry C.</span>, Allentown. C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bodin, F.S.</span>, Wellsboro. B.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buck, Howard</span>, Philadelphia. 96 Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buettner, C.A.</span>, Johnstown. Amb. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Collins, J.</span>, East Pittsburgh. 371 Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Shanley</span>, Pottsville. Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dearlove, Chas.</span>, Philadelphia. 109th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Detrich, A.</span>, Philadelphia. School for A.R. &amp; M.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dixon, F.E.</span>, Elkins Park. 318th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dobson, W.F.</span>, 284 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">D'Olier, Franklin</span>, Philadelphia. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dunkle, Ray</span>, Dry Runn. 4th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dunn, Stewart</span>, Pittsburgh. 83d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Egloff, John</span>, East Pittsburgh. 8th Trench Mort. Bat.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, Andrew</span>, Johnstown. 7th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flood, Frank</span>, Pittsburgh. Chem. War. Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Forester, I.G.</span>, Philadelphia. 46th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foster, David</span>, Carnegie, 305th Field Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Geary, John W.</span>, Philadelphia. M.I.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gentzel, Paul</span>, Bellefonte. 314th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greer, John</span>, New York City. Nat. Cath. War Council.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hauth, M.L.</span>, Meadville. 29th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hecht, Carl C.</span>, c/o West Branch Knitting Co., U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Herbine, A.P.</span>, Berwick. 314th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hill, Frederick</span>, Pittsburgh, 90th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoeger, Adelbert</span>, 1508 Sheffield St., Pittsburgh. 209th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoopes, E.S.</span>, East End Ave., Beaver. Casual Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hosack, George</span>, 1415 Park Blg., Pittsburgh, 111th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Houck, Byron</span>, Williamsport. 1st Reg. M.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hudoe, M.J.</span>, Uniontown. 306th Tank Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hulings, Norman</span>, Oil City. 22d Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hunsicker, Stanley</span>, Collegeville. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ivony, Leo</span>, East Pittsburgh. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johns, Alexander</span>, Monessen. 2d Eng. Tran. Regiment.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, J.E.</span>, West Chester. 301st Tank Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Miller A.</span>, Lewisburg. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jones, Warrel</span>, Clearfield. 38th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Katz, Edward</span>, Honesdale. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Keller, Oliver</span>, Lancaster. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knox, Andrew</span>, Philadelphia. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kresales, Kenneth</span>, Easton. U.S.A.A.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krumbhaar, Edward</span>, Chestnut Hill. Base Hos. No. 10.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lamond, James</span>, Philadelphia. Avia. A.S.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Laughlin, Alex., Jr.</span>, Sewickley. 88th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCall, Joseph</span>, Merion. 311th. F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McRae, A.K.</span>, Pittsburgh. M.T.C.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Metz, Benj.</span>, Pittsburgh. 124th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Morganroth, C.K.</span>, Shamokin. 312th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Muench, William, Jr.</span>, Philadelphia. 606th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Newcomer, Robert</span>, Pittsburgh. 76th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nofer, Geo.</span>, 621 Belgrade St. 3d Div. Hdq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Donnel, James</span>, Philadelphia. 315th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pearson, Alfred, Jr.</span>, Somerset. 6th E.T.R.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pennel, Edred J.</span>, Norristown. 304th Ammun. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Penny, Jos. M.</span>, Philadelphia. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Phelps, L.M.</span>, Erie. 112th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Putlk, Lawhend</span>, Clearfield. Base Hosp. No. 4.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reasa, Thomas</span>, Pottsville. 103d Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rehr, Thomas</span>, Pottsville. 103d Eng. Co. C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reifsender, Russell</span>, Pottstown. 182d Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rick, Geo.</span>, Reading. 302 Guard and Fire Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rigby, Howard</span>, Pittsburgh. O.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Samsel, Hugh</span>, Stroudsburg. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Saxe, Michael</span>, Philadelphia. 54th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sembower, Guy</span>, Reading, 114th Ord. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shoeffer, Clinton</span>, Pottsville. 103d Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simonson, E.G.</span>, Philadelphia. 490 Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Singer, Robert</span>, Stroudsburg. 109th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smyth, William</span>, Philadelphia. Engrs. Adj. Gen. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spangel, Lyell</span>, Williamsport. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stevenson, Richard</span>, Chester. Handley Page Training Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tyler, George</span>, Philadelphia, 311th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Walsh, Joseph</span>, Pittsburgh. 4th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wear, Byron</span>, Hazleton. 146th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Philippine Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Landon, Robert R.</span>, Manila. 111th Corps and 2d Army.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Angell, Carl H.</span>, Providence. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cantwell, Percey</span>, Providence. 351st P.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eleoniskey, James</span>, Main Crompton. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, Alexander</span>, Providence. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKannah, F.</span>, River Pt. Medical Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">San Soneitr, Jos.</span>, 4 Claremont Ave., 103d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sharkey, Walter</span>, Woonsocket. 151st D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shunney, Wm. P.</span>, Woonsocket. 103d P.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sturges, Rush</span>, Providence. Ord.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thurber, Fred B.</span>, c/o Tilden Thurber Co. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weeder, R.B.</span>, Providence. 103d F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">South Carolina</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Fulton, Robert</span>, Florence. 105th Supply Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lachicotte, N.S.</span>, Florence. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reed, Charles</span>, Charleston. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smyser, John</span>, Florence. Med. Corps.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Buell, William</span>, Rapid City. 335th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dennison, John</span>, Vermillion. C.M.G.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doud, F.R.</span>, Mobridge. 13th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, T.R.</span>, Sioux Falls. 102d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maloney, Paul</span>, Aberdeen. 163d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pfeiffer, Joseph</span>, Rapid City. Ord.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Anderson, Glenn</span>, Nashville. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Berry, Harry</span>, Hendersonville. 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bolling, W.E.</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bowman, Chas.</span>, Nashville. 2d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brown, Barton</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buckner, Ed.</span>, Thompson's Station. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buford, Ned</span>, Nashville. Air Ser.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cason, Wm.</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Corson, Herbert</span>, Nashville. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gleason, James</span>, Knoxville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Griffen, Eugene</span>, Nashville, 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hager, Richard</span>, Nashville, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Handler, Walter C.</span>, Memphis. 55th P.A. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hayes, John</span>, Memphis. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kleine, Kenneth E.</span>, Memphis. Unassigned.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lason, William</span>, Nashville, 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lea, Luke</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mernt, Henry</span>, Jacksonville, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Milligan, G.C.</span>, Chattanooga. 156th Dept. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Milliken</span>, Chattanooga. 81st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Naive, W.W.</span>, Clarkville. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Oxe, Howard</span>, Nashville, 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Palmer, Ed.</span>, Nashville. 117th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, John</span>, Lebanon, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shadow, W.A.</span>, Winchester. Air Ser.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spence, Carey</span>, Knoxville. 117th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Warning, Rome</span>, Memphis. 33d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Watson, Lawrence</span>, Columbia. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Winfry, Douglas</span>, Memphis.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Arch C.</span>, Dallas. 132d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bacon, Benjamin</span>, Wichita Falls. 360th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beagley, John</span>, La Porte. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beavens, C.</span>, Houston. 357th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Birkhead, Claude</span>, San Antonio, 131st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boon, S.P.</span>, Brady, 111th Sup. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bradley, Rolland</span>, Houston. 132d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Carrel, Alfred</span>, Austin. Air Ser.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cohn, E.M.</span>, Dallas. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foy, Hugh</span>, Dallas. Army Tran. Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gaines, J.P.</span>, Bay City. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grubbs, Roscoe</span>, Paris, 5th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoover, John</span>, Houston. 143d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, W.E.</span>, Hillboro. 141st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, W.W.</span>, Galveston. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, John L.</span>, Ft. Worth, 111th Am. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Langdon, Russell</span>, Houston. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lindsley, Henry</span>, Dallas. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nicholson, Le Roy</span>, Ballinger. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, C.</span>, Galveston. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tips, Chas.</span>, Three Rivers, 90th Div. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Vameson, Rou A.</span>, Marlin. 143d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, John</span>, Austin. C.A.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Douglas, Royal</span>, Ogden. 81st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jurgensen, Fred</span>, Salt Lake City. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kundson, J.C.</span>, Brigham City. 326th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCarty, Ray</span>, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meehan, Leo</span>, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.F.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Parsons, C.</span>, Salt Lake City. Sant. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rhivers, Donald</span>, Ogden. 18th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, Baldwin</span>, Salt Lake City. 362d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Seely, L.J.</span>, Mt. Pleasant. 814th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smoot, H.R.</span>, Salt Lake City. P.S.&amp;T.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wooley, Jas.</span>, Salt Lake City. U.S.M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Fountain, Joseph Harry</span>, Burlington. 101st Am. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nason, Leonard</span>, Norwich University. 76th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Varnum, Guy</span>, Barre. Ordnance.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Cocke, Francis</span>, Roanoke. 217th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Isaid, James</span>, Roanoke. 117th T.H. &amp; M.P.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nei, D.D.</span>, Norfolk. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pallard, C.</span>, Richmond. 30th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pool, George</span>, Norfolk, 111th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stuart, Wm. A.</span>, Big Stone Gap. 44th Art. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thompson, John</span>, Petersburg. 248th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Trotter, Wm.</span>, Petersburg. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wallace, R.R.</span>, Hampton. 11th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wicker, John</span>, Richmond. 499th Aero Sq.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Fein, Fred</span>, 1131 Pleasant St. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gordon, R.S.</span>, Spokane. 54th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Albert</span>, Aberdeen. M.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McDonald, C.B.</span>, Camp Lewis, Signal Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moss, Harvey</span>, Seattle. I.G.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Redinger, Fred</span>, Aberdeen. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sapp, C.S.</span>, Seattle. Ord.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shaw, Frederick</span>, Tacoma. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simenton, Russ</span>, Seattle. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sullivan, John</span>, Seattle. M.I.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thompson, L.L.</span>, Olympia. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Alderson, Fleming</span>, Charleston. A.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Arnold, Jackson</span>, Weston. 150th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bond, John</span>, 317 Michigan Ave. Gen. Staff 38th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Crockett, Joseph</span>, Welch. 315th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Richard</span>, Morgantown. A.S.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ferguson, G.E.</span>, Charleston. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Godfrey, M.V.</span>, Charleston. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, Joseph</span>, Charleston. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jones, Clarence</span>, Hinton. 8th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCamic, Charles</span>, Wheeling. Ordn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reass, Jos. H.</span>, Wheeling. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shaw, Houston Geo.</span>, Wheeling. R.I.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simmons, W.J.</span>, Hinton. 40th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Solins, Samuel</span>, Welch. M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Ackley, James</span>, 417 Marston Ave., 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bellis, Newman</span>, Wausau. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chybowski, M.A.</span>, Milwaukee. M.O.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clarke, Robert H.</span>, La Crosse. Development Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clow, Wm. K.</span>, Milwaukee. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Crosby, H.S.</span>, Rhinelander.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cunningham, Rob.</span>, Janesville. Chemical Warfare.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, John</span>, Milwaukee. Train. Cp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dieterien, W.H.</span>, Milwaukee. 120th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dutscher, Geo.</span>, Milwaukee. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ferris, John</span>, Milwaukee. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foster, Carlton</span>, Oshkosh. 20th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lachenmaier, Fred</span>, 312 Caswel Blk., 100th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lee, Wilbur</span>, Oconto. 127th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lystud, Andy</span>, N. Hudson. 330th Mach. Gun.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Merkel, Geo.</span>, Appleton. 127th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Owens, Elmer</span>, Milwaukee, 121st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pfeil, James</span>, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Prange, Herbert</span>, Baraboo. 128th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Salsman, John</span>, Madison. 32d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, B.L.</span>, Neenah. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strampe, George</span>, Janesville.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Szultek, John</span>, Milwaukee. 121st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Witterstaffer, Walter</span>, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woodworth, Leigh</span>, Janesville.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Dinneen, M.A.</span>, Cheyenne. 116th Amm. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gregg, Ben</span>, Worland. 49th Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">June, C.M.</span>, Cheyenne. 13th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCarthy, D.C.M.</span>, Casper. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, L.A.</span>, Cheyenne. U.S.M.C.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Powers, Ralph</span>, Tarrington. 40th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shortell, William</span>, Buffalo. 116th Am. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Swenson, Nelsy</span>, Douglas, 1st Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">World's War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">C.P. Dimmitt</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">G.H.W. Rauschkolb</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Geo. E. David</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">John S. Seibert</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas H. Dempsey</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">R.A. Thompson</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">F.H. Rein</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Charles S. Watkins</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Soldiers' And Sailors' Council</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">S.M. Curtin</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">H.W. Hillyer</span>, 1215 Nat. Bank, Conwell Bldg., St. Louis, Co. B, 49 Mo. G.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Louis R. Florin</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">T.R. Smith</span>, 2848 Lyon St., St. Louis, 11th Co. A., S.D., Garden City</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Joseph P. McGlinn</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">J.A. Bernard</span>, 706 Pearce Bldg., St. Louis. 45 U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Scott W. Lucas</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14478 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #14478 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14478)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: The Story of The American Legion
+
+Author: George Seay Wheat
+
+Release Date: December 26, 2004 [EBook #14478]
+[Most recently updated: July 30, 2020]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Asad Razzaki and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Story of The American Legion
+
+By
+
+George Seay Wheat
+
+
+The Birth of the Legion
+
+The first of a series to be issued after each
+Annual National Convention
+
+
+_Illustrated_
+
+[Illustration: The St. Louis Caucus]
+
+
+G.P. Putnam's Sons
+New York and London
+The Knickerbocker Press
+1919
+
+
+The Knickerbocker Press, New York
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+The American Legion was conceived by practically the entire personnel
+of the army, navy, and marine corps! Every man in the military and
+naval establishment did not think of it in just such terms, but most
+of them knew that there would be a veterans' organization of some
+tremendous import, and here it is!
+
+"A veterans' organization of some kind will be formed." I heard that
+identical remark not once, but a dozen times on board a transport en
+route to France as early as September, 1918. In fact, one night in the
+war zone a group of officers were huddled around a small piano trying
+to make the best of a lightless evening, and, having sung every song
+from _Keep the Home Fires Burning_ to _You're in the Army Now_,
+paused, longingly toyed cigarettes which were taboo by ship's order,
+and then began to spin yarns.
+
+"Reminds me of a G.A.R. reunion," one second lieutenant from Maine
+remarked, after a particularly daring training camp adventure had been
+recounted.
+
+"Just think of the lying we'll all do at our reunions when this war is
+over," chirped a youngster from South Carolina. And then spoke a tall
+major from Illinois:
+
+"The organization which you young fellows will join won't be any
+_liefest_--at least not for forty years. Don't forget there's some
+saving to do for the United States when this European mess is over. Us
+fellows won't ever get out of Uncle Sam's service."
+
+How well the Illinois major hit the nail on the head! The incident on
+the transport seems worth recording not only because of the major but
+because it shows the general anticipation of what is now the American
+Legion. Perhaps it was this general anticipation which is responsible
+for the cordial reception that the Legion has had ever since its very
+inception in Paris.
+
+No one can lay claim to originating the idea of a veterans'
+association, because it was a consensus among the men of the armed
+forces of our nation. A certain group of men can take unto themselves
+the credit for starting it, for getting the ball rolling, aiding its
+momentum, and, what is more important, for guiding it in the right
+direction, but no one man or group of men "thought up" the American
+Legion. It was the result of what might be called the "spontaneous
+opinion" of the army, navy, and marine corps caused by a fusing
+together in a common bond of the various elements of the service, just
+as spontaneous combustion is brought about by the joint action of
+certain chemical elements.
+
+Spontaneous opinion, like spontaneous combustion, is dangerous when
+improperly handled and beneficient when rightly directed. That's what
+the organizers of the Legion have been and will be mostly concerned
+with. They have their elements--these men of the army, navy, and
+marine corps, and the organizers mean to direct this united and
+organized patriotism into such channels as will make for the welfare
+of the United States of America primarily, and, secondarily, for the
+welfare of the service men themselves.
+
+Just how much attention this Legion with four million potential
+members intends to pay to the United States of America, and just how
+much to themselves _per se_, is basicly important and pertinent as a
+question, nowadays when the Legion is being tried and is on the
+witness stand before public opinion. The answer is most clearly
+indicated by the preamble to the proposed constitution printed
+elsewhere.
+
+This preamble stresses _Americanism, individual obligation_ to the
+_community, state_, and _nation; battling with autocracy_ both of the
+_classes_ and _masses; right_ the _master_ of _might; peace_ and
+_good will_ on _earth; justice, freedom_, and _democracy_! Only in the
+last two words of the preamble is mention made of the welfare of the
+men themselves. These two words are _mutual helpfulness_. But be sure
+and understand the connection in which they are used.
+
+"... _we associate ourselves together ... to consecrate and sanctify
+our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness_."
+
+This is the way the last purpose of the preamble reads.
+
+The men who framed this constitution certainly did not believe that
+comradeship would be consecrated and sanctified by anything of a
+selfish character under the guise of mutual helpfulness. Certainly not
+the _comradeship_ that made bearable the zero hour in the trenches or
+the watch in a submarine infested sea.
+
+To go a little in advance of the story and speak practically, mutual
+helpfulness has meant so far voting down a pay grab from Congress; a
+get-together spirit to foster the growth of the Legion; a purpose to
+aid in the work of getting jobs for returning soldiers, and the
+establishment of legal departments throughout the country to help
+service men get back pay and allotments. Mutual helpfulness in this
+case would seem to make Uncle Sam as much a partner in it as are the
+Legion members. Because, for every job the Legion gets an unemployed
+man, and for every dollar Legion lawyers help collect for back pay and
+allotments, a better citizen is made. And better citizenship is what
+the Legion most wants.
+
+So here seems to be the place to make the patent observation that
+_mutual helpfulness_ will in future years mean just what it means
+to-day--doing something for the United States of America.
+
+At the present time the Legion might be compared to a two-headed
+American eagle--one looking towards France and the A.E.F., and the
+other homewards to the service men here. The two are a single body
+borne on the same wings and nourished of the same strength. They are
+the same in ideal and purpose but directed for the moment by two
+different committees working together. One committee is the result of
+the caucus at Paris in March, when the A.E.F. started the
+organization, while the other was born this month in St. Louis, Mo.,
+for the men here.
+
+  GEORGE S. WHEAT.
+  NEW YORK May, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   I.--LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+  II.--THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+ III.--PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA
+
+  IV.--THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+   V.--THE ST. Louis CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, and 10
+
+  VI.--THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+ VII.--THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+VIII.--THE SILVER LINING
+
+  IX.--OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+   X.--THE REËMPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+  XI.--THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+ XII.--THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+XIII.--WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+       THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       RESOLUTIONS
+
+       LEGION FACTS
+
+       WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+       COMMITTEES
+
+       ROSTER
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+HENRY D. LINDSLEY
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS
+
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR.
+
+GROUP AT ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+BENNETT C. CLARK
+
+ERIC FISHER WOOD
+
+CASPAR BACON
+
+STATE CHAIRMEN HERBERT, MATHEWSON, AND WICKERSHAM
+
+"JACK" SULLIVAN
+
+CHAPLAIN J.W. INZER
+
+FRED HUMPHREY
+
+P.C. CALHOUN
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+
+    I believe that the army of to-day, when it goes back to citizen
+    thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of so contributing
+    to the commonwealth of the United States as to change the
+    character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane.
+
+    BISHOP BRENT, _Senior Chaplain, A.E.F_.
+      Paris, March, 1919.
+
+On a midsummer morning in 1918, ambulance after ambulance unloaded its
+cargo of wounded humanity at a base hospital in Paris. The wounded
+were being conveyed rapidly from the front and the entire hospital was
+astir with nurses, surgeons, and orderlies. A major, surgeon, almost
+staggered out of an operating room where he had been on duty for
+twenty-two hours and started for his quarters when a colonel arrived
+on an inspection trip.
+
+"Pretty busy," remarked the colonel as he acknowledged the major's
+salute.
+
+"Busy? Busy!" replied the major. "Good Lord, the only people about
+here that aren't busy are the dead ones. Even the wounded are busy
+planning to hobble around at conventions when the Big Show is over.
+Already they are talking about how they intend to take a hand in
+things after the war when they get home."
+
+Over across the street a sergeant, limping slightly, stopped under a
+shade tree and leaned against it to rest. He was almost well of his
+wound and eagerly awaited the word that would send him to join his
+regiment, the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry. As he paused under
+the tree another soldier with a mending wound in the knee and just
+able to be about stopped to speak to him. The sergeant's hand rose in
+quick salute for the newcomer was an officer.
+
+"Expect to get back soon, sergeant?" said the officer.
+
+"Yes sir," he replied. "Anxious to go back and get the whole job over,
+sir."
+
+"So am I," responded the officer. "But what will we all do when the
+Germans really are licked?"
+
+"Go home and start a veterans' association for the good of the
+country, sir," the sergeant answered.
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then major, was the officer,
+and Sergeant William Patterson, later killed in action, was the
+enlisted man, and the institution was Base Hospital No. 2.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt, who was in the hospital convalescing from a wound
+in his knee caused by a machine gun bullet, told me the story and said
+it was the first time that he had heard the subject of a veterans'
+association mentioned, although he had thought of it frequently
+himself as an organization with boundless possibilities for good. He
+found later that it was being very generally discussed by men in Base
+Hospital No. 2, particularly those who were so badly wounded that they
+could not be sent to the front again and who knew they must further
+serve their country along peaceful lines at home.
+
+This was during war time, remember!
+
+Then came the armistice!
+
+When our victorious armies were wending their way towards the Rhine,
+when men of the navy and the marine corps realized that peace had come
+and that home was again within reach, this thought of a veterans'
+band, which had slumbered far back in the subconscious thoughts of all
+of them, burst into objectivity. An association of some sort was
+widely discussed not only by the men but by the officers as well. But
+how could even the start of it be begun? Those who considered the
+project most seriously were confronted with a difficulty which seemed
+at first to be almost insurmountable: that was the difficulty of
+assembling at one time and in one place a gathering which might at
+least approximately represent the whole army, navy, marine corps, or
+even the A.E.F.
+
+This difficulty tended to narrow what is believed to have been the
+wish of everyone when he first thought of the matter, that is the hope
+that it would be another Grand Army of the Republic, another United
+Confederate Veterans, but greater than either because representative
+of a United Country. Talk started then about all sorts of imagined and
+fancied veteran organizations. Some advocated an officers'
+association. This was believed to be possible because officers had
+more freedom and more financial ability to attend a convention. Others
+thought the enlisted men should perfect organizations by regiments
+first, then divisions, and finally form one great united body.
+
+The present leaders in the movement have since said that they realized
+that all of these schemes must come to naught because no organization
+except one on the broadest possible lines could be effective. They
+believed that all officers and men of the three branches of the
+service and all enlisted women, whether they served at home or abroad,
+should be eligible and urged to join one thoroughly democratic and
+comprehensive organization. They knew that any organization leaving
+out one or more elements composing the military service of the United
+States would be forced to compete constantly with the organization or
+association so discarded. In short, they knew that in union there is
+strength. And they believed, and still believe, that the problems of
+peace after a catastrophe such as was never before witnessed in
+history are so grave that they can be met with safety only by a
+national bulwark composed of the men who won the war, so closely knit,
+so tightly welded together in a common organization for the common
+good of all that no power of external or internal evil or aggression,
+no matter how allied or augmented, could hope even so much as to
+threaten our national existence, ambitions, aspirations, and pursuit
+of happiness, much less aim to destroy them.
+
+Don't forget that the leaders of the movement realized all this, and
+also remember that they include among their number the enlisted man of
+the A.E.F. and home army and the sailor in a shore station and on
+board a destroyer. The realization may not have been in so many words,
+but each knew he wanted to "make the world safe for democracy"--he had
+fought to do that and had thought out carefully what it meant, that
+is, that it didn't mean anything selfish--and each knew enough of the
+principle of union and strength to embrace the idea when "organize"
+first began to be mentioned.
+
+But how to do it, that was the problem.
+
+Then kind Fate in the shape of G.H.Q. came to the rescue with what
+proved to be the solution.
+
+G.H.Q. didn't mean to find the solution. There had been a deal of
+dissatisfaction with the way certain things were going in the A.E.F.
+and on February 15, 1919, twenty National Guard and Reserve officers
+serving in the A.E.F., representing the S.O.S., ten infantry
+divisions, and several other organizations, were ordered to report in
+Paris. The purpose of this gathering was to have these officers confer
+with certain others of the Regular Army, including the heads of train
+supply and Intelligence Sections of the General Staff of G.H.Q., in
+regard to the betterment of conditions and development of contentment
+in the army in France.
+
+Included in this number were Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., of the First Division, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin D'Olier of the
+S.O.S., and Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher Wood of the 88th Division.
+All of these officers have since told me that when they left their
+divisions they were distinctively permeated with the desire to form a
+veterans' organization of some comprehensive kind. When they got to
+Paris they immediately went into conference with the other officers
+on the questions involved in their official trip, details of which do
+not concern this story.
+
+What is important is the fact that Colonel Roosevelt, Colonel D'Olier,
+and Colonel Wood each discovered that all of the officers in this
+representative gathering shared with the thousands of other soldiers
+of the American forces the hope and desire that the officers and men
+who were about to return to civilian life, after serving in the great
+war, whether at home or with the combat units or in the S.O.S., might
+sooner or later be united into one permanent national organization,
+similar in certain respects to the Grand Army of the Republic or the
+United Confederate Veterans and composed of all parties, all creeds,
+and all ranks, who wished to perpetuate American ideals and the
+relationship formed while in the military and national service.
+
+When these officers realized what each was thinking they promptly set
+about with the "let's go" spirit of the A.E.F. to avail themselves of
+a God-given opportunity. A dinner was spread in the Allied Officers'
+Club, Rue Faubourg St. Honoré, on the night of February 16th and
+covers were laid for the following:
+
+  Lt. Col. Francis R. Appleton, Jr.,       2d Army.
+  Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton,               82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark, ex 35th Div., now with 88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,                  37th Div.
+  Lt. Col. D.J. Davis, ex 28th Div.,       now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier,               Q.M., S.O.S.
+  Col. W.J. Donovan,                       Rainbow Div.
+  Lt. Col. David M. Goodrich,              G.H.Q.
+  Maj. T.E. Gowenlock, ex 1st Div.,        now with 1st A.C.
+  Col. Thorndike Howe,                     A.P.O. Dept.
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,             Peace Commission
+  Maj. DeLancey Kountze,                   G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,                 28th Div.
+  Capt. Ogden Mills, ex 6th Div.,          now att. G.-2, S.O.S.
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin Moore,                 82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.,        1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. R.C. Stebbins,                  3d A.C.
+  Maj. R.C. Stewart,                       1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. George A. White, ex 41st Div.,  now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, ex 83d Div.,  now with 88th Div.
+
+
+At that dinner the American Legion was born.
+
+Why not let this gathering--the most representative in the history of
+the A.E.F.--consider itself as a temporary committee to launch the
+movement? Why not? everyone asked himself and his neighbor over the
+coffee. All felt that their presence in Paris presented an unusual
+opportunity to initiate the first steps of such a movement, an
+opportunity unlikely to be repeated and one they ought not to let
+slip. Another meeting was suggested to consider the matter. It was
+held. The result was that there were several more conferences and
+every such gathering was more enthusiastic than its predecessor. At
+each of these informal conferences, some one was careful to emphasize
+that these self-appointed committeemen were by no means
+representative enough of the army or navy, nor sufficiently numerous
+to warrant their actually effecting an organization of any character
+whatsoever. Yet it was believed that, nevertheless, the gathering was
+representative enough to act as a temporary committee so functioning
+as to get together from the whole army and navy two caucuses--one to
+represent the troops in France, and the other those who had remained
+in America and who, through no fault of their own, had been denied the
+privilege of making history on a European battlefield. The temporary
+committee realized that due care must be exercised in getting these
+caucuses started. Every unit in the A.E.F. should be represented, if
+possible, at the Paris caucus, while to the one in the States,
+preferably to be held at St. Louis because of its central location,
+delegates must come from every Congressional District in the Union.
+
+Thereby would be avoided, it was urged, the mistake of giving the
+impression that it was a small gathering of men, unrepresentative or
+serving some special and selfish end.
+
+This was unanimously agreed upon and the temporary committee elected
+Lt. Col. Roosevelt, temporary chairman, Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark,
+temporary vice-chairman, Lt. Col. Wood, temporary secretary.
+
+A sub-committee was appointed to receive from all the members of the
+temporary committee the names of such individuals of combat divisions
+and each section of the S.O.S. of the A.E.F., who were eligible and
+suitable to be delegates to a caucus scheduled for March
+15th-16th-17th in Paris. A similar sub-committee was appointed to
+ascertain the names of men of the home forces in order that they might
+be urged to attend a caucus in America on or about May 8th-9th-10th.
+
+The work of the sub-committee of the A.E.F. was much more difficult
+than would appear at first glance. It was easy enough to get the names
+of leaders in the various outfits, both of officers and men, but to
+get them to Paris! That was the job. Of course it was the ardent
+desire of everyone that the new organization should eventually become
+a society principally devoted to the interests of those who served as
+enlisted men, for they bore the brunt of the fighting and the work and
+were fundamentally responsible for the splendid victory.
+
+But once the names of such men were in the committee's hands the real
+work had not begun. There were mechanical difficulties in securing for
+enlisted men in active duty leave to attend a caucus in Paris. In the
+first place the enlisted men themselves, as indicated by several who
+were consulted, were very diffident about accepting an invitation to
+attend a caucus where they would be required to sit beside and debate
+with and against generals and field officers to whom they owed
+military obedience. Then again, there was the expense of travel in
+France, as well as the high cost of living in Paris. At the outset
+this raised the expense of a trip to the French capital to a sum
+amounting to many months of an enlisted man's pay. Furthermore, the
+sub-committee was face to face with the A.E.F. regulations providing
+that except in the most unusual circumstances an enlisted man would
+not be granted leave except in company with a trainload of his
+fellows, and to a certain specified leave area.
+
+But as has been said before the conclusion had been reached that if
+the organization was really to become preëminently an enlisted man's
+outfit, it would be absolutely necessary to overcome these
+difficulties and by hook or crook to obtain the attendance of as many
+privates and noncommissioned officers as possible who were leaders.
+So, scarcely had seventeen of the twenty officers returned to their
+commands before they received an urgent appeal to help out the
+sub-committee of three. They were told to get enlisted delegates to
+Paris, never mind how, the method being of small importance provided
+the men were there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+
+The first delegates began to arrive for the caucus on March 14th.
+After-the-war good fellowship between those who had been commissioned
+officers on the one hand, and enlisted men on the other, was
+foreshadowed in a most interesting and striking manner when they began
+to come into the hotels. A dozen or more officer delegates brought
+with them as orderlies an equal number of delegates from the ranks.
+Thus enlisted personnel, by devious means, were ordered to Paris under
+one guise or another. One sergeant came under orders which stated that
+he was the bearer of important documents. He carried a despatch case
+wadded with waste paper. Another non-com., from a distant S.O.S.
+sector, had orders to report to Paris and obtain a supply of rat
+poison. Several wagoners, farriers, and buck privates acquired
+diseases of so peculiar a character that only Parisian physicians
+could treat them. As one of them said, he hadn't had so much fun since
+his office-boy days when a grandmother made a convenient demise every
+time Mathewson pitched. The expense of the trip was gathered in
+diverse ways. In some divisions the officer delegates took up
+collections to defray the expense of enlisted delegates.
+
+In numerous instances, enlisted men refused such assistance and took
+up their own collections. One amusing story was told by an enlisted
+man. He said that the "buddies" in his regiment had deliberately lost
+money to him in gambling games when he refused to be a delegate
+because he couldn't pay his own expenses. So by various means nearly
+two hundred enlisted delegates were in Paris by late afternoon on
+March 14th. It must not be imagined from the foregoing that all the
+officers arrived on special trains and were themselves in the lap of
+luxury. One second lieutenant who attended has since confided that he
+sold his safety razor and two five-pound boxes of fudge sent from home
+in order to get carfare to Paris.
+
+Practically all of the self-appointed, temporary committee, with the
+exception of Colonel Roosevelt, was present. He was Chairman of the
+American Committee and had left France for the purpose of organizing
+that part of the army and navy which did not get abroad or which had
+returned home.
+
+The Paris caucus convened at the American Club near the Place de la
+Concorde on the afternoon of March 15th, Colonel Wood presiding.
+Lieutenant Colonel Bennett C. Clark of the 88th Division was selected
+Chairman of the caucus and Lt. Col. T.W. Miller of Pennsylvania, and
+serving in the 79th Division, was elected Vice-Chairman. When Colonel
+Wood called the meeting to order nearly one thousand delegates
+answered the roll-call and these were of all ranks from private to
+brigadier general; and every combat division and all sections of the
+S.O.S., were represented. Colonel Wood briefly reviewed the
+self-appointment of the temporary committee during the previous month
+and outlined the purposes of the caucus.
+
+A few minutes after Colonel Clark had taken the chair an officer of
+high rank, a colonel to be exact, moved that while in the convention
+hall, the after-war status as fellow civilians be forecast and that
+the stations of rank would there cease to exist. It was agreed that
+they would be resumed with full force and full discipline as soon as
+the delegates crossed the threshold of the convention hall and
+regained the street.
+
+It was the ability of the American officer to do this--to be friendly
+to a certain extent with his men and yet at the same time to keep them
+perfectly disciplined--which amazed the officers of the armies of our
+Allies. No more striking example of this was ever given than within
+the confines of the American Club on that 15th day of March. The
+Colonel's motion was unanimously carried and the work of the
+organization began. Then generals forgot their rank, corporals engaged
+in hot debates with colonels, sergeants argued with majors and
+everybody talked with everybody else in a most boylike spirit of
+fraternity and equality.
+
+Captain Ogden Mills of G.H.Q. moved that four caucus committees be
+appointed to draft suggestions and submit them to the caucus, one
+committee to design machinery for convening the winter convention; one
+committee to submit suggestions as to a permanent organization; one
+committee on tentative constitution; and one committee on name. Each
+committee consisted of fifteen members, and was appointed by the
+Chairman.
+
+Here are the committees, appointed by the chair:
+
+COMMITTEE ON CONVENTION
+
+  Brig. Gen. Sherburne, 26th Div., Chairman
+  Wagoner Shaw,         88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Ogden Mills,    G.H.Q.
+  Colonel Graham,       S.O.S.
+  Prvt. C.W. Ney,       1st Army Troops
+  Captain Mahon,        77th Div.
+  Sgt. Obrecht,         1st Army
+  Capt. Kipling,        Troops serving with French
+  Sgt. J.C. Hendler,    Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Appleton,    2d Army Hq.
+  Major Gordon,         36th Div.
+  Field Clerk Sowers,   Press Section G.H.Q.
+  Major Hungerford,     3rd Army Hq.
+  Cpl. J.H. Anderson,   Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Wren,        36th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE OF PERMANENT ORGANIZATION
+
+  Colonel Donovan,           42d Div., Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Graham,           88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Boyd,                29th Division
+  Sgt. Tip Bliss,            _Stars and Stripes_
+  Lt. Col. Fitzpatrick,      35th Division
+  Sgt. Rollo S. Thorpe,      88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Crosby,           S.O.S.
+  Pvt. W.L. Thompson,        11th R.R. Engineers
+  Major Graff,               28th Division
+  Major Barry Wright,        79th Division
+  Sgt. Rommel,               Paris Command
+  Sgt. V.V. Trout,           Paris Command
+  Capt. Carlstrom,           S.O.S.
+  Major R.C. Patterson,      Peace Commission
+  Lt. Col. Smith,            89th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+  Lt. Col. Robbins,          2d Army Hq. Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Goodrich,         G.H.Q., Vice-Chairman
+  Sgt. Dolan,                89th Division
+  Lt. Col. Stebbins,         3rd Army Corps
+  Sgt. H.E. Fleming,         35th Division
+  Major E.S. Haile,          77th Div.
+  Colonel Gibbs,             S.O.S.
+  Sgt. McElow,               Paris Command
+  Major Horace Rumsey,       35th Division
+  Sgt. C.E. Sommers,         Paris Command
+  Major D.D. Drain,          3d Army
+  Sgt. G.F. Fleming,         Paris Command
+  Lt. Markoe,                2d Army
+  Major Dwight,              S.O.S.
+  Sgt. Barnard,              Paris Command
+
+The names of these committees are given because they are more than
+just names. They show the first bubbles of the melting pot into which
+all rank and titles in the American Army have been cast and out of
+which comes the one word "Comrade."
+
+There were three outstanding features of the Paris caucus which were
+evident by midnight of March 15th. The first was the desire to get
+together and form an organization quickly and a willingness to forego
+personal prejudice and opinion to arrive at that end. The second was
+the determination to make the man who didn't get across as much a
+component part of the legion as his more fortunate brother-in-arms;
+while the third was the avowed intention to take no action at the
+caucus which could be deferred until the winter convention in America,
+when the home brother and the navy could be jointly represented and a
+permanent organization could be effected. I say that these things were
+evident by midnight of March 15th for those who have attended many
+conventions know that from the casual word heard here and there, the
+whispered conference of a few leaders, and from the general tenor of
+discussions carried on by delegates gathered together in little
+groups, the spirit of the body politic is most perceptible.
+
+After the adjournment of the afternoon session on that day, members
+of the committees closeted themselves and started work on their
+special functions, while those who were to pass on the committee's
+actions, the "hoi polloi" were here and there in groups, in the "Y"
+huts or in boulevard cafes discussing the real meaning of the
+gathering. A colonel in the Officers' Club said there must be no
+disagreement on this or that question; a private in the Bal Tabarin
+told his buddies the same thing.
+
+And so it came to pass that on the following day in the Cirque de
+Paris, where the final meetings were held, the delegates formally
+gathered, sensed the gossip of the clubs and boulevards, and acted
+accordingly. One of the things done was to endorse the action of the
+temporary committee in appointing itself and in calling the caucus.
+Another was to adopt a tentative constitution. It is in reality little
+more than a preamble, but it gave a working basis, expressing enough
+and yet not too much.
+
+Newspaper men have told me that the Sermon on the Mount is the finest
+bit of reporting in the history of writing because it tells a long
+story succinctly. Lieutenant Colonel Buxton and his committee on
+constitutions are certainly entitled to credit of the same type--for
+they tell a great deal in a few lines.
+
+[Illustration: Henry D. Lindsley
+  Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis]
+
+[Illustration: The Paris Caucus
+  This gathering had no time for official photographers. A half hour
+  before a session began one slipped in and took this picture with more
+  than half the caucus delegates absent]
+
+Here's the tentative constitution under which the Legion worked--it
+was read by Lieutenant Colonel Bolles:
+
+"We, the members of the Military and Naval Service of the United
+States of America in the great war, desiring to perpetuate the
+principles of Justice, Freedom, and Democracy for which we have
+fought, to inculcate the duty and obligation of the citizen to the
+State; to preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+the war; and to cement the ties of comradeship formed in service, do
+propose to found and establish an association for the furtherance of
+the foregoing purposes:
+
+"Those eligible to membership shall be: All officers and enlisted
+personnel in the Military and Naval Services of the United States of
+America at any time during the period from April 6, 1917, to November
+11, 1918, inclusive; excepting however, persons leaving the service
+without an honorable discharge or persons who having been called into
+the service refused, failed, or attempted to evade the full
+performance of such service.
+
+"The society shall consist of a national organization with subsidiary
+branches; one for each State, territory, and foreign possession of the
+United States as well as one in each foreign country where members of
+the national society may be resident and who desire to associate
+themselves together.
+
+"The officers of the society shall be a President, one or more
+Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a Board of Directors,
+which shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, together
+with the chief executive of each subsidiary branch.
+
+"The subsidiary branches shall organize and govern themselves in such
+manner as the membership of such subsidiary organizations shall
+determine upon except that the requirements and purposes of the
+permanent national constitution as adopted shall be complied with.
+
+"The representation shall be on the basis of the actual enrollment in
+the subsidiary branches at all conventions after the adoption of a
+permanent constitution.
+
+"Members present at the meeting of this committee as follows:
+
+  "Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton, Jr., Chairman
+  "Lt. Col. T.W. Miller, Secretary
+  "Major Redmond C. Stewart
+  "Col. E.A. Gibbs
+  "Lt. Col. W.H. Curtiss
+  "Major J. Hall
+  "Col. C.L. Ristine."
+
+There were many, many men in the A.E.F. respected and beloved, but
+none perhaps more than he who seconded a motion made by a private from
+S.O.S. base section, No. 4, that the constitution be adopted. The
+seconder asked to speak on the question. When he began he got the rapt
+attention which Bishop Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F., always
+won whether he talked to buck privates knee deep in trench water or
+the King in Buckingham Palace.
+
+"It was a great soldier who said that the army has not merely a body
+but a soul and a conscience as well," he began. "I believe the
+conscience of the army is speaking in this committee's report. I
+believe the army's soul is speaking in it. I was present on Saturday,
+at the beginning of this caucus and I will tell you frankly that I was
+fearful at that moment lest you should create a great mechanism
+without adequate purposes. My fears have been wholly allayed and I see
+in the report of your committee the ideals not only of the army but of
+the nation adequately expressed and I wish to tell you gentlemen that
+so far as I have any ability to promote this great movement I give you
+my most hearty support. I believe that the army of to-day, when it
+goes back to citizen thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of
+contributing to the commonwealth of the United States so as to change
+the character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane
+of political, industrial, and religious life. I happen to be at this
+moment leading in a movement in the army to promote the various ends
+that are so well expressed in the committee's report, in what is known
+as the 'Comrades in Service.' There are two ways of creating an
+organization; one is by forming the principles and leaving the body to
+take its own shape; the other by creating a machinery without stating
+your end and reach that end through the machinery. According to our
+democratic conception we have adopted the former or idealistic method.
+We are prepared to contribute to this army wide organization which is
+now brought into existence, all that we have to contribute. We are
+entirely loyal to your principles and methods of approach and we are
+quite willing to forego any attempt to make an organization which
+might become a rival to you. Between now and the time of
+demobilization there is a great opportunity for us to promote the
+principles which actuate you. We have already a temporary and
+provisional organization for the promotion of such principles; the
+creation of better citizenship along the lines so well expressed. We
+would like everyone who can to give support to that which we are
+endeavoring to do, while we ask all who come in with us to be prepared
+to throw in their lot with this organization when it is perfected in
+the United States."
+
+"The creation of better citizenship," Bishop Brent says. He wants
+every one who can, to give support to that; to "what we are trying to
+do."
+
+If everyone could see just that in the Legion, if everyone will work
+for just that--better citizenship--the Legion's aim will be realized
+in its deepest and truest sense. Bishop Brent has a knack of hitting
+the nail on the head with such force that the sparks fly and by their
+light comes insight--ask anyone from out Manila-way if it isn't so.
+The short address was greeted with thunderous applause. The newly born
+Legion knew it had a champion and a worker in the Bishop.
+
+Col. Wm. J. Donovan of the 165th Infantry, Forty-second Division
+headed the committee of fifteen which gave the final report on
+resolutions and organization. This report is reproduced here in full
+because it presaged the action of the American caucus and brought
+about the form of the Legion Government until November.
+
+
+    "RESOLVED: That an Executive Committee shall be selected, two
+    (2) from each unit (as recognized in this caucus) and eight (8)
+    to be selected by the Executive Committee; the two members, one
+    officer and one enlisted man, to be selected from each unit to
+    be named by the respective delegations attending this caucus.
+    Each unit shall present the names of committeemen who shall as
+    far as possible represent, in point of residence, each State,
+    Territory and possession of the United States and the District
+    of Columbia.
+
+    "This Executive Committee shall have general power to represent
+    the units now in foreign service, to determine its own quorum,
+    to confer with committees from a similar caucus in the United
+    States, to secure one general convention of persons entitled to
+    membership under the tentative constitution, to elect its
+    officers and appoint such sub-committees and give them such
+    powers as may be proper and necessary.
+
+    "This Executive Committee acting in conjunction with the
+    committee of the United States is specifically charged with the
+    duty of fixing a date and place for holding a national
+    convention, issuing a call for the holding of county and State
+    conventions and providing a unit of representation and method of
+    selection of delegates to the national convention, by the State
+    conventions.
+
+    "The powers of this committee shall expire upon the organization
+    of the permanent national convention.
+
+    "The committee is further charged with the duty of making known
+    the existence and purpose of this organization, of stimulating
+    interest in it, and of inviting the support of all those
+    entitled to membership.
+
+    "No policy except in furtherance of the creation of a permanent
+    organization having in mind the desirability of unity of action
+    in organizing all the American forces shall be adopted or
+    carried out by the committees.
+
+    A meeting for the temporary and preliminary organization of the
+    Executive Committee shall be held at this place immediately upon
+    the adjournment of this caucus.
+
+    The Executive Committee may receive and add to its number two
+    representatives from any division or equivalent unit not
+    represented at this caucus."
+
+As the result of the passage of this report it is interesting to note
+the personnel of the Executive Committee which the delegates selected
+and which is controlling the American Legion of the A.E.F., observing
+especially the large number of enlisted men; large in view of the
+difficulties experienced in getting such men to Paris.
+
+
+  1st Div.,                 Capt. Arthur S. Hyde
+  2d Div.,                  Lt. Col Harold C. Snyder
+  26th Div.,                Sgt. Wheaton Freeman
+  26th Div.,                Lt. Col. Wm. J. Keville
+  27th Div.,                Lt. Col. Edward E. Gauche, N.Y.
+  27th Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Samuel A. Ritchie, N.Y.
+  28th Div.,                Brig Gen. Wm. G. Brice, Jr., Penn.
+  28th Div.,                Sgt. Ted Myers, Penn.
+  29th Div.,                Lt. Col. Orison M. Hurd, N.J.
+  29th Div.,                Color Sgt. Andreas Z. Holley, Maryland
+  31st Div.,                Captain Leon Schwarz, Ala.
+  33d Div.,                 Col. Milton A. Foreman, Ill.
+  35th Div.,                Lt. Col. B.C. Clark, Mo.
+  35th Div.,                Sgt. Fred Heney, Kans.
+  36th Div.,                Col. Chas. W. Nimon, Texas
+  36th Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. L.H. Evridge, Texas
+  41st Div.,                Col. Frank White, N. Dak.
+  42d Div.,                 Col. Henry J. Reilly, Ill.
+  42d Div.,                 Sgt. Rowe, Iowa
+  77th Div.,                Major Duncan Harris
+  77th Div.,                Sgt. Lawrence Miller, N.Y.
+  79th Div.,                Lt. Col. Stuart S. Janney, Md.
+  79th Div.,                Sgt. Benjamin R. Kauffman, Pa.
+  80th Div.,                Capt. Arthur F. Shaw, Mich.
+  81st Div.,                Major Theodore G. Tilghman, N.C.
+  81st Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Wm. S. Beam, N.C.
+  82d Div.,                 Capt. Frank S. Williams, Fla.
+  82d Div.,                 Sgt. Alvin T. York, Tenn.
+  83d Div.,                 Lt. Col. Wayman C. Lawrence, Jr., W. Va.
+  83d Div.,                 Cpl. Thoyer
+  86th Div.,                Major John H. Smale, Ill.
+  88th Div.,                Lt. Col. George C. Parsons, Minn.
+  88th Div.,                Wagoner Dale J. Shaw, Iowa.
+  89th Div.,                Lt. Col. Frank Wilbur Smith, Pa.
+  91st Div.,                Lt. Col. John Guy Strohm, Oregon
+  91st Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. Hercovitz, Calif.
+  S.O.S. Hq.,               Col. James H. Graham, Conn.
+  Adv. Sec., S.O.S. Capt.   David A. Uaurier, Wash.
+  Base Sec. No. 1, S.O.S.,  Pvt. W.L. Thompson, N.Y.
+  Base Sec. No. 3, S.O.S.,  Lt. Col. Carle Abrams, Oregon
+  Base Sec. No. 5, S.O.S.,  Major Orlin Hudson, Kans.
+  Base Sec. No. 6, S.O.S.,  Major Arthur S. Dwight, N.Y.
+  Troops with French,       Sgt. L.K. Flynt, Mass.
+  Troops with French,       Capt. A.W. Kipling, Paris, France
+  Paris Command,            Pvt. Harold W. Ross, Calif.
+  Paris Command,            Lt. Col. John Price Jackson
+  G.H.Q.,                   Bishop Charles H. Brent, N.Y.
+  1st Army Corps,           Lt. Col. Lemuel L. Bolles, Wash.
+  1st Army Corps,           Sgt. Mjr. Race
+  2d Army Hq.,              Lt. Col. Burke H. Sinclair, Colo.
+
+
+The tentative name of this organization was not adopted without a
+great deal of discussion. All sorts of titles were suggested to the
+committee which considered the matter. Some of them were:
+
+  Comrades of the Great War
+  Veterans of the Great War
+  Liberty League
+  Army of the Great War
+  Legion of the Great War
+  Great War Legion
+  The Legion
+  The American Comrades of the Great War
+  The Great Legion
+  The American Legion
+
+The last was tentatively decided upon as the best name although there
+was considerable discussion on it. This discussion waxed particularly
+warm between a colonel and a corporal and it came to an end only when
+some hungry enlisted delegate braved the officer's rising ire to move
+an adjournment for lunch. The motion carried immediately and, true to
+the understanding made at the outset in regard to rank, the corporal
+clicked his heels together, stood at attention and saluted the
+colonel, when the latter passed him on the sidewalk exactly five
+minutes after he had been telling the colonel precisely what he
+thought of him and his opinions--at least as far as the name of the
+Veteran's Organization was concerned. I might add that this colonel
+was well under thirty-five years of age and that the corporal was only
+twenty-one.
+
+And this brings to mind another striking feature of this most unusual
+gathering, which was the comparative youth of its membership. For
+instance the two individuals who have taken from the beginning the
+leading parts in the movement, Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark and a
+Lieutenant Colonel of infantry, and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., son of
+the ex-president and also a Colonel of infantry. They are respectively
+twenty-nine and thirty-one years of age, and one of the most brilliant
+speeches in the caucus was made by a captain of twenty-six.
+
+It must not be understood from this rather dry recital of what took
+place at the Paris Caucus, this record of minutes and resolutions,
+that it was an entirely sedate and dignified gathering. On the
+contrary, Young America was there and quite often the impression which
+one gathered was that a dozen or so Big Brothers had been turned loose
+at once. A great many wild speeches were made and all sorts of
+ticklish questions were brought up. Chairman Clark broke two gavels
+and three times overturned his table. Everyone there was young. Peace
+was young. Few knew exactly, like Bishop Brent, just what was wanted.
+The whole project was new. Dozens of delegates wanted to speak; it was
+their first chance since April 6, 1917. In fact one man made two very
+violent speeches on the same subject, one in direct opposition to the
+other. He realized he was making a heated argument for both sides and
+finally sat down laughing about it. Who was he? Who was the colonel
+who got wrought up over the proposed name? Who were the lieutenants,
+and who were any of these privates, captains, and sergeants?
+
+"I don't know." Nobody knows.
+
+Doubtless they have themselves forgotten what they said. No verbatim
+records are available now. In fact I am told that no record could have
+been kept, for many times two or three were speaking at once and the
+chairman was breaking the third commandment with his gavel. But this
+much everyone wanted, "A Veteran's Organization." This much everyone
+swore he would have, one that was neither political nor partisan, one
+that would perpetuate righteousness, insure "honor, faith, and a sure
+intent," and despite whatever bickering there might have been, despite
+whatever differences of opinion arose, when, with a tremendous "Aye,"
+the motion to adjourn was carried, this Paris Caucus had accomplished
+a body politic and a soul of the type which Bishop Brent so clearly
+described.
+
+To resume the story of actual accomplishment. The Executive Committee
+was given general power to represent the units in France, to confer
+with committees or representatives of the American Caucus as soon as
+these should be appointed, and, in conjunction with the latter, to
+issue a call for the holding of county and State conventions and
+providing a unit of representation and method of selection of
+delegates to one general convention for the autumn of 1919, preferably
+November 11th, or Armistice Day.
+
+The Executive Committee met immediately after the adjournment of the
+caucus and elected Colonel Foreman of the Thirty-third Division,
+Chairman; Lt. Colonel George A. White, Forty-first Division, Secretary
+and Major R.C. Patterson, Paris Command, Assistant Secretary. Lt. Col.
+White, Col. Wood, Major R.C. Patterson, and Lt. L.R. Farrell were
+elected permanent members at large of the Executive Committee.
+
+Then from this executive committee a committee of fifteen was chosen
+for the purpose of expediting the work which had been assigned to the
+larger committee, it being easier to assemble fifteen men than the
+larger number. The committee of fifteen elected Col. Bennett Clark as
+its chairman.
+
+At the first meeting of the committee of fifteen a hope was expressed
+that the caucus in America would take similar action in the
+appointment of an executive committee, which would in turn delegate
+its authority to a smaller committee for working purposes. Just
+exactly how this worked out, is later described.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+Once home again it didn't take a Solomon to tell Colonel Roosevelt
+that he had a man's size job on his hands in starting the American
+Legion on its way in the United States. Dispatches more or less
+accurate had told the service men on this side something about the
+Legion activities of the A.E.F. in France. As late as mid-April,
+however, a great many men in this country knew nothing whatever about
+the American Legion, while the majority of those who did were not at
+all sure it was to be _The Veteran's Organization_. What I have said
+previously about the "spontaneous opinion" of the men in France on the
+question of a veteran's organization proved to be equally true among
+service men on this side of the water. Consequently, it wasn't long
+after the armistice before several veteran's organizations and
+associations were in the process of formation. As it was a pertinent
+news topic, the newspapers gave a great deal of prominence in their
+columns to several of these organizations. They were of various types
+and characters. One was for enlisted men only. Another was for
+officers only. There was an organization for officers who had fought
+in France, Italy, or Russia and there was one or more organizations
+which had the breadth of vision to see that men of all ranks and all
+branches of the military and naval establishments must be eligible.
+
+Such was the situation confronting Colonel Roosevelt when he arrived
+home to help start the American Legion in its own country. The fact of
+his arrival and his announced intention to aid in the organization of
+the Legion was duly heralded in the press of the United States.
+
+At first the army and navy men were inclined to say, "Here is another
+of those mushroom Veteran's Associations bobbing up." In fact I heard
+one officer make just that remark, but another was quick to correct
+him by saying, "Its bound to be a straight and honest organization or
+a Roosevelt wouldn't stand for it." That was the crux of the initial
+success of the Legion, because just that was true. Every man who wore
+the uniform had known Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., and although he may not
+have agreed with him in all of his political opinions still he knew
+that neither he nor any member of his family would back any
+organization or proposition that was not morally sterling.
+
+There were those who did not like the American Legion. There were
+those who were willing to let a past political prejudice deter them
+from aiding in the most important movement in American life to-day.
+There were those who stated that Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was
+prominent in organizing the American Legion for his own political
+advancement. The answer to that misapprehension will develop later and
+will prove one of the most striking incidents in this story.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt has a peculiarly happy faculty of keeping those who
+work with him cheerful and optimistic. He gathered around him, to
+launch the movement in America, a set of cheerful, competent
+optimists, prominent among whom were Colonel Richard Derby, Colonel
+Franklin D'Olier, who figured in the Paris Caucus, Major Cornelius W.
+Wickersham, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Twenty-seventh Division,
+Captain Henry Fairfield Osborne, Lieutenant Colonel Granville Clark,
+Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Kincaide, Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher
+Wood and Captain H.B. Beers. One of Colonel Roosevelt's first duties
+as temporary chairman of the Legion over here was to create the nation
+wide organization. He needed committeemen in every State to work the
+State organization up, and to start the machinery for the election of
+delegates to the St. Louis Caucus, for it had been decided that the
+representation in St. Louis must be by duly elected representatives
+from congressional districts in so far as that was possible. Each such
+district was awarded double its congressional representation, in
+addition to the delegates at large. It was no easy task to pick these
+committeemen. The decision of the Paris gathering that the
+organization must be non-partisan and non-political had to be adhered
+to in its fullest sense. There were soldiers and sailors enough in all
+the States who would have been willing to have started the
+organization in their respective localities, but how _not_ to get
+politicians of the lower order, men who would gladly prostitute the
+Legion, its aims and ambitions to their own selfish advantage--that
+was the problem which faced the temporary committee in America.
+
+About three weeks before the St. Louis Caucus the following names were
+chosen from the various States as committeemen:
+
+
+OFFICERS
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., New York, Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Bennett Clark, Missouri, Vice-Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania, Secretary.
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Lt. H.M. Badham, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Pvt. W.M. Cosby, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Sgt. Edwin Robertson,      Birmingham
+
+
+ARIZONA
+  Pvt. Ned Bernard,            Tucson
+  Lt. Col. J.C. Greenway,      Bisbee
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Pvt. P.R. Graybill, Democ. Pub. Co.     Little Rock
+  Major J.J. Harrison,                    Little Rock
+  Pvt. Walter J. Wilkins,                 Pine Bluff
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Sgt. L.P. Adams,                    San Francisco
+  Corp. Chas. A. Beck,                San Francisco
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Dibblee,       San Francisco
+  Chaplain Joseph D. McQuade,         San Francisco
+  Major Stewart Edward White,         Santa Barbara
+
+
+COLORADO
+  Lt. G.W. Cutting,            Florence
+  Sgt. C.C. Neil,              Greeley
+  Major H.A. Saidy,            Colorado Springs
+  Sgt. Phil. G. Thompson,      Denver
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  Maj. Morgan G. Bulkeley,      Hartford
+  Lt. Col. Jas. L. Howard,      Hartford
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Pvt. L. Clarkson Hines,      Washington
+  Col. E. Lester Jones,        Washington
+
+
+DELAWARE
+  Major Thomas W. Miller,      Wilmington
+  Capt. John P. Nields,        Wilmington
+
+
+FLORIDA
+  Brig Gen A.H. Blanding,      Bartow
+
+
+GEORGIA
+  Col. Alexander R. Lawton, Jr.,      Savannah
+  Capt. Landon Thomas,                Augusta
+
+
+IDAHO
+  Major C.M. Booth,       Pocatello
+  Pvt. John Green,        Twin Falls
+  Major Hawley, Jr.,      Boisé
+  Pvt. D.H. Holt,         Caldwell
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Chf. Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,    Chicago
+  Maj. Owsley Brown,                   Springfield
+  Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett,   Great Lakes
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Edw. J. Czuj,           Chicago
+  Maj. Thomas Gowenlock,               Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Hy. Hickman Harris,     Champaign
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Geo. Kendall Hooton,    Danville
+  Ensign Allen M. Loeb,                Chicago
+  Capt. Clark Nixon,                   East St. Louis
+  Maj. John Callan O'Laughlin,         Chicago
+  Capt. Joseph Medill Patterson,       Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. C.J. Schatz,            Wheaton
+  Brig. Gen. Robt. E. Wood,            Chicago
+  Sgt. David S. Wright,                Oak Park
+
+
+INDIANA
+  Col. Solon J. Carter,         Indianapolis
+  Ensign Win. L. Hutcheson,     Indianapolis
+  Sgt. R.J. Leeds,              Richmond
+
+
+IOWA
+  Sgt. Chas. A. Doxsee,      Monticello
+  Major H.H. Polk,           Des Moines
+
+
+KANSAS
+  Gen. Chas. I. Martin,        Topeka
+  Gen. Wilder S. Metcalf,      Lawrence
+  Sgt. Fred C. Stanford,       Independence
+  Sgt. Mahlon S. Weed,         Lawrence
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Pvt. Samuel J. Culbertson,      Louisville
+  Lt. W.C. Dabney,                Louisville
+  Capt. Shelby Harbison,          Lexington
+  Major James Wheeler,            Paducah
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Capt. Allen Cook,             New Orleans
+  Lt. John M. Parker, Jr.,      New Orleans
+
+
+MAINE
+  Lt. Col. Arthur Ashworth,      Bangor
+  Col. Frank W. Hume,            103d Inf.
+  Capt. A.L. Robinson,           Portland
+  Pvt. Daniel J. Smart,
+  Sgt. Wm. H. Whalen,            103d Inf.
+  Sgt. Freeman Wheaton,          107th Inf.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+  Lt. James A. Gary, Jr.         Baltimore
+  Sgt. Alexander Randall,        Baltimore
+  Major Redmond Stewart,         Baltimore
+  Brig. Gen. W.S. Thayer,        Baltimore
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Brig. Gen. Charles H. Cole,      Boston
+  Sgt. Edw. J. Creed,              101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Ernest H. Eastman,          104th Inf.
+  Major J.W. Farley,               Boston
+  Lt. Col. Louis Frothingham,      Boston
+  Sgt. Geo. Gilbody,               101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Daniel J. Nolan,
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Lt. Col. Fredk. M. Alger,          Detroit
+  Sgt. Rand F. English,              Detroit
+  1st Sgt. Wm. King,                 Detroit
+  Lt. Commander Truman H. Newberry,  Detroit
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Pvt. Gordon Clark,           Duluth
+  Major Paul B. Cook,          St. Paul
+  Pvt. Wm. D. Mitchell,        St. Paul
+  Pvt. W. Bissell Thomas,      Minneapolis
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Lt. John N. Alexander,       Jackson
+  Sgt. Maj. C.J. Craggs,       Greenville
+  Major Alex. Fitzhugh,        Vicksburg
+  Corp. Isador A. Frank,       Clarksdale
+  Sgt. Elmer Price,            McComb
+
+
+MISSOURI
+  Brig. Gen. H.C. Clarke,          Jefferson City
+  Pvt. David R. Francis, Jr.,      St. Louis
+  Corp. Sestus J. Wade, Jr.,       St. Louis
+
+
+MONTANA
+  Col. J.J. McGuiness,      Helena
+  Corp. Chas. S. Pew,       Helena
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Major P.F. Cosgrove,      Lincoln
+  Pvt. T.T. McGuire,        Omaha
+  Sgt. R. Scott,            Imperial
+  Lt. Allan A. Tukey,       Omaha
+
+
+NEVADA
+  Sgt. E.L. Malsbary,             Reno
+  Lt. Col. Jas. G. Scrugham,      Reno
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Sgt. Herve L'Heureaux,      Manchester
+  Major Frank Knox,           Manchester
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Col. Hobart Brown,               Newark
+  Sgt. Allan Eggers,               Summit
+  1st Lt. Geo. W.C. McCarter,      Newark
+  Corp. Roger Young,               Newark
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Capt. Bronson M. Cutting,      Santa Fé
+  Col. Debjemond,                Roswell
+  Pvt. Canuto Trujillo,          Chimayo
+
+
+NEW YORK
+  Lt. Col. Robert Bacon,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Grenville Clark,         New York
+  Brig. Gen. Chas. I. Debevoise,    Brooklyn
+  Pvt. Meade C. Dobson,             New York
+  Col. Wm. J. Donovan,              New York
+  Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr.,          New York
+  Seaman Jos. F. Healey,            New York
+  Chaplain Francis A. Kelley,       Albany
+  Lt. Col. J. Leslie Kincaid,       Syracuse
+  Ensign Jerome H. Larger,          Brooklyn
+  Ensign W.G. McAdoo, Jr.,          New York
+  Sgt. Major Howard H. McLellan,    Yonkers
+  Ensign R.H. Mitchell,             New York
+  Major General John F. O'Ryan,     New York
+  Lt. D. Lincoln Reed,              New York
+  Col. Henry L. Stimson,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Chas. W. Whittlesey,     New York
+  Major Cornelius W. Wickersham,    New York
+  Sgt. Clarence E. Williams,        New York
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+  Lt. R.W. Glenn,          Greensboro
+  Lt. Cyrus D. Hogue,      Wilmington
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Matthew Murphy,      Fargo
+
+
+OHIO
+  Sgt. Jas. K. Campbell,         Shreve
+  Lt. Col. Jas. R. Cochran,      Columbus
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,        Columbus or Findlay
+  Lt. Col. Isadore H. Duke,      Cincinnati
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Sgt. Eugene Atkins,          Muskogee
+  Brig. Gen. Roy Hoffman,      Oklahoma City
+
+
+OREGON
+  Pvt. Harry Critchlow,        Portland
+  Sgt. Carl B. Fenton,         Dallas
+  Lt. Col. Geo. Kelley,        Portland
+  Col. F.W. Leadbetter,        Portland
+  Lt. Col. Geo. A. White,      Portland
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Major Chas. J. Biddle,              Philadelphia
+  Lt. Joseph F. Frayne,               Scranton
+  Lt. Col. Robt. E. Glendinning,      Philadelphia
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,        Harrisburg
+  Pvt. George Jones,                  Scranton
+  Maj. Alexander Laughlin, Jr.,       Pittsburg
+  Col. Asher Miner,                   Wilkes-Barre
+  Lt. John R. Sproul,                 Chester
+  Lt. Bernard J. Voll,                Philadelphia
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Major Geo. E. Buxton, Jr.,         Providence
+  Col. Everitte St. J. Chaffee,      Providence
+  Sgt. W.C. Kendrick,                Pawtucket
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Sgt. W.C. Coward,           Cheraw
+  Lt. Chas. C. Pinckney,      Charleston
+  C.T. Trenholm,              Charleston
+  Major W.D. Workman,         Greenville
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Lawrence R. Bates,      Sioux Falls
+  Capt. Royal C. Johnson,       Aberdeen
+  Sgt. Ruble Lavery,            Vermilion
+  Sgt. Jos. F. Pfeiffer,        Rapid City
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Col. James A. Gleason,         Knoxville
+  Sgt. Major Keith J. Harris,    Chattanooga
+  Sgt. John Hays,                Memphis
+  Col. Luke Lea,                 Nashville
+  Major T.C. Thompson, Jr.       Chattanooga
+  Pvt. C.W. Tomlinson,           Chattanooga
+
+TEXAS
+  Capt. Stanley E. Kempner,      Galveston
+  Col. H.D. Lindsley,            Dallas
+  Col. H.B. Moore,               Texas City
+
+UTAH
+  Sgt. Maj. H.H. McCartney,      Salt Lake City
+  Gen. R.W. Young,               Salt Lake City
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Pvt. Frank G. Christian,       Richmond
+  Lt. C. Francis Cocke,          Roanoke
+  Col. Stuart McGuire,           Richmond
+
+VERMONT
+  Pvt. Donald J. Emery,          Newport
+  Sgt. Eugene V. Finn,           St. Albans
+  Major H. Nelson Jackson,       Burlington
+  Capt. Redfield Proctor,        Burlington
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,       Seattle
+  Major P.P. Marion,             Seattle
+  Brig. Gen. Harvey J. Moss,     Seattle
+  Sgt. John J. Sullivan,         N. Seattle
+  Sgt. Major R.H. Winsor,        Tacoma
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Capt. Fleming W. Alderson,     Charleston
+  Sgt. Walter S. Moore,          Huntington
+  Sgt. Thomas Schofield,         Wheeling
+  Lt. Col. Jackson A. Weston,    Charleston
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Edward F. Ackley,              Milwaukee
+  Pvt. David Bloodgood,          Milwaukee
+  Sgt. Elmer S. Owens,           Milwaukee
+  Col. Gilbert E. Seaman,        Milwaukee
+  Pvt. John P. Szulcek,          Milwaukee
+
+WYOMING
+  Major A.S. Beach,              Lusk
+  Sgt. Morris A. Dinneen,        Cheyenne
+  Pvt. I.H. Larom,               Valley Ranch
+
+
+United American War Veterans,  Warren S. Fischer, Commander-in-Chief
+Comrades in Service,           Bishop Brent, President,
+National Legion of America,    Major Elihu Church,
+American Army Association,     Lt. Haywood Hillyer, General Secretary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just about this time it became most necessary to properly present the
+Legion to those men who had remained at home and who had gotten out of
+the Service, and to those who were incoming from France and rapidily
+being demobilized, as it was upon them that the success of the Legion
+depended. Furthermore, their opinions were the soil upon which the
+various State organizations had to work, and at that particular time
+it was vital that the Legion should be widely known and thoroughly
+understood; that its aims and ambitions should not be misconstrued
+either willfully or unintentionally, nor its precepts perverted. To
+this end the temporary Chairman proceeded to publicize it in the most
+thorough fashion. One-page bulletins briefly outlining the Legion's
+aims and ambitions were distributed in every center where soldiers and
+seamen gathered. Such places as Y.M.C.A. and K. of C. huts and War
+Camp Community recreation centers were thoroughly informed, and
+bulletins also were sent to every ship in the navy with the request
+that they be placed on the ship's bulletin board.
+
+Literature about the Legion was placed on transports when they left
+empty for France so that the men might read it in their leisure hours
+returning home. In order to make sure that every soldier and sailor
+would have the opportunity to know about the Legion this literature
+was again placed on the transports as they arrived in New York harbor.
+Various demobilization camps throughout the country were widely
+placarded and in each instance the names of the Temporary State
+Secretaries were given, and service men were invited to write to the
+Secretaries in their particular States. Camp publications, newspapers,
+and periodicals published for service men throughout the country were
+bountifully supplied with Legion information and scores of them
+carried special stories in regard to it. Bulletins and pamphlets were
+distributed in hospitals, placed on bulletin boards, and given to the
+patients. Every mayor of a town or city with a population above nine
+hundred got a letter containing literature about the Legion with a
+request that it be given publicity in the local press and then turned
+over to the Chairman of the Welcome Home Committee. Certain national
+magazines devoted a great deal of space to special articles explaining
+the Legion.
+
+Three or four times a week the Foreign Press Bureau of the United
+States Government sent stories about the Legion and its activities by
+wireless to the ships on sea and to the men of the A.E.F. in
+connection with its "Home News Service." In addition to the foregoing,
+articles appeared almost daily in the press throughout the entire
+country, and by the time the convention was ready to meet those who
+ran and cared to read were fully informed that the American Legion was
+an organization for veterans of the army, navy, and marine corp; that
+it was non-partisan and non-political; that it stood for law and
+order, decent living, decent thinking, and true Americanism.
+
+The wide publicity given to the Legion and its aims brought into the
+Temporary Committee many amusing letters. Scores of them complained of
+the published statement that it was non-partisan and non-political.
+"Damn it all, we want it to be political and partisan," one angry
+Westerner wrote. Another correspondent insisted that in view of the
+fact that sons of Theodore Roosevelt, and Speaker Champ Clark were
+interested, the Legion must be bi-partisan and bi-political. But most
+of the letters were of a highly commendatory character, expressing the
+deepest and widest possible interest. I recall that one of them came
+from Junction City, Kansas, another from Old Town, Maine; one from
+Delray, Texas, and others from Wolf Creek, Montana, Orlando, Florida,
+and Ray's Crossing, Indiana, while a postal card making frantic
+inquiries was dated Nome, Alaska, and arrived a week after the caucus
+at St. Louis. I have mentioned these towns and localities because they
+indicate how widespread and deep is the interest in the Legion. No
+matter where a man came from to go into the army, the Legion will go
+to him in his home now. Its members will range from fishermen on the
+Florida Keys to the mail carriers on the Tanana in Alaska, from the
+mill hands of New England to the cotton planters of the Mississippi
+delta. All who wore the uniform may enroll just so long as the word
+_Americanism_ was inscribed in their hearts between April 6, 1917, and
+November 11, 1918.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+
+When the St. Louisian puffed its way into the big smoke-begrimed
+station in Missouri's largest city I looked about me for Bill, who was
+going to meet me at the station. We had not met since our prep. school
+and college days when Bill had been a thin, wizened little fellow, so
+hollow-chested that he had to be sent to Colorado for almost two years
+for his health. He came back to school looking better but before his
+diploma was handed to him announcing to the world that he was a
+full-fledged Bachelor of Arts, he had fallen apparently permanently
+into the rut of ill-health. In fact I wondered, when we all sang _Auld
+Lang Syne_ in the fraternity house at the close of college, if I'd
+ever see Bill again.
+
+From time to time I had heard from him in the years that followed, and
+one day in the summer of 1917 he wrote me that he was on the way to
+France.
+
+While I gazed up and down the smoke-laden platform, I got a slap on
+the shoulder that sent me spinning, and there was the once emaciated
+Bill, who seemed to have grown three inches and to have put on
+seventy-five pounds.
+
+As we walked toward the taxicab stand I began to realize that instead
+of an old friend, a stranger was beside me. True enough, he had the
+same name and the same colored eyes, and his hair hadn't changed. But
+the rather dreamy eye had cleared, the pale face of old was tanned,
+and Bill's chest--the one he had gone to Colorado for--was bulging out
+as he carried my two heavy suit cases like a pouter pigeon's at a
+poultry show.
+
+What had happened to Bill? The little, quiet, timid youth of the past
+was now a big, burly, strong-bodied, clear-minded man. As we entered
+the taxi he was telling me that he "intended to raise hell if they
+didn't take some action against this blank Bolshevism, and furthermore
+that this new Legion was going to be the most tremendous organization
+that the U.S.A. had ever seen." If he had told me that Swinburne's
+_Faustine_ was written in iambic hexameter it would have sounded more
+like old times. But here was a new man, strong and virile, intensely
+interested in the future of his nation.
+
+What had happened to Bill? Eighteen months in the army was the answer.
+
+The advanced delegation began to arrive in St. Louis, the afternoon of
+May 5th. The Statler and Jefferson Hotels were packed because there
+were two other conventions in progress. But our delegates needed no
+badge to be distinguished from the others; there was a difference
+between them and the other conventionites. There was the same
+difference between the two as between the old Bill and the new Bill.
+They too had had eighteen months in the army, and a coat of tan on
+each one's face, his ruddy frame, and general atmosphere of a healthy
+mind and a healthy body were unmistakable emblems.
+
+This advanced delegation, two from each State, had been requested to
+come beforehand to meet on the morning of Tuesday, May 6th, so as to
+formulate a working order of business on which the caucus might
+proceed as soon as it assembled. There was another reason for this
+meeting also. The temporary committee wanted to avoid any appearance
+of having "framed up the caucus." By this it is meant that the
+committee wanted to be able to say to the caucus that its working
+procedure had been determined by a thoroughly representative body, a
+democratic, advanced delegation composed of men from every State in
+the Union. There were those critics of the Legion, who, had the
+temporary committee formulated the caucus procedure, would have been
+only too glad to have attempted to make trouble by saying it was a
+controlled and made-to-order caucus--controlled and made-to-order by
+the men who had taken the lead in it. In fact, during the early
+morning of the first day the advanced committee met one delegation
+arrived with blood in its eyes determined to wage a fight against
+universal military training. One of the stories circulated at the time
+was to the effect that the entire Legion was nothing but a blind
+whereby a mysterious "Military Clique" was to gain supreme power over
+the Legion's policies. It took but a very short while to convince the
+would-be obstreperous delegation that the caucus was not the
+convention and was empowered solely to organize a veterans'
+association and not to adopt policies.
+
+The temporary committee in America determined at the very beginning
+that no policies would be adopted at the caucus, that the Legion at
+this time should follow in the footsteps of its comrades abroad in
+stating that neither the men here nor the men there could, as
+different units, adopt broad policies until a convention could be held
+truly representing all men who had fought in the Great War.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt called the advanced committee to order a little
+after two o'clock in the afternoon, in a small and very noisy parlor
+in the Hotel Statler. The gavel which he used was made from wood from
+the rudder of Admiral Peary's North Pole steamship _The Roosevelt_,
+which had been presented to him by Colonel E. Lester Jones of
+Washington, D.C.
+
+"The idea underlying the formation of the American Legion is the
+feeling among the great mass of the men who served in the forces of
+this country during the war, that the impulse of patriotism which
+prompted their efforts and sacrifices should be so preserved that it
+might become a strong force in the future for true Americanism and
+better citizenship," Colonel Roosevelt said. He spoke very slowly and
+measured his words carefully but emphasized them in a tone of deepest
+conviction. "We will be facing troublous times in the coming years,"
+he continued "and to my mind no greater safeguard could be devised
+than those soldiers, sailors, and marines formed in their own
+association, in such manner that they could make themselves felt for
+law and order, decent living and thinking, and truer 'nationalism.'"
+
+In this opening sentence, Colonel Roosevelt foreshadowed the spirit of
+the entire caucus. These service men wanted an organization not for
+their own special benefit, not that they might obtain pensions or
+offices, but that they might become a power for truer Americanism and
+better citizenship!
+
+Colonel Wood, the secretary, explained in greater detail the purpose
+of the proposed Legion. He broached the subject of the reemployment
+for soldiers, a legal department for the handling of insurance claims,
+allotments, etc., and sketched the fundamental principles of the
+organization as follows:
+
+First, its non-partisanship.
+
+Second, that this society should be equally for those whose duty
+called them overseas and for those who were held by circumstances on
+this side.
+
+Third, that it is fundamentally a civilian organization, one in which
+all ranks, be they private or general, admiral or seaman, should have
+an equal share and participation.
+
+Then the advance committeemen began themselves to talk. Each one, no
+matter on what subject and regardless of the side he took upon it, was
+permitted to air his feelings to the full satisfaction of himself at
+least. Like the Paris Caucus, the discussion grew heated at times and
+every now and then the chair was forced to remind overly fervid
+orators that this was an advanced meeting of the caucus and not the
+convention. There were those present who wanted to obligate the caucus
+to go on record for or against universal military training, woman
+suffrage, prohibition, permanent headquarters, and to elect permanent
+officers, and each of these had to be shown that it would be unfair to
+the men still in the A.E.F. to take such preëminently vital steps
+without consulting them. Then there were those present who wanted to
+exclude members of the regular army and navy from the Legion; that is,
+to limit eligibility in the organization to those who could show
+discharge papers from either the army, navy, or marine corps. This
+measure was voted down and it was given as the sense of the advanced
+committee meeting that those who served in the Great War would have
+perfect liberty to join regardless of whether their service continued
+in the military establishment after the armistice or after peace was
+formally declared.
+
+The advanced committee outlined the order of business upon which the
+caucus could proceed, named the various committees to be organized,
+and discussed the resolutions which were deemed wise and expedient
+topics for discussion.
+
+On Wednesday afternoon, delegates from every district in the country
+began to arrive, almost one thousand new Bills, husky of frame, some
+still in uniform with the red discharge chevron on their left sleeves;
+others who had manifestly tried to get the new Bill into the old
+Bill's 1916 suit of clothes, and still others in new bib and tucker,
+looking exceedingly comfortable after almost two years in putties,
+heavy shoes, and tight blouses.
+
+Every man came with one deep-rooted determination and that was to see
+that no one "put anything over" which might make an organization so
+embryonically useful take a fatal or selfish step. Each came, perhaps
+imbued to a certain extent with his own particular ideas on how
+everything should be conducted; but the radicalism, sectionalism, and
+partisanship which would have marked a gathering of these same men
+three years before was not present. The men who had thought that
+nothing good could come except from south of the Mason and Dixon line
+had fought side by side with woodsmen from Maine. The man who had
+thought the East effete had done duty on a destroyer with a boy from
+Harlem. Everybody realized full well that sectionalism must be
+abandoned whenever it clashed with nationalism; and abandoned it was,
+with right good will.
+
+The meeting of the advance committeemen justified itself as a very
+wise and judicious action on the part of the temporary committee. Any
+suspicion of a particular delegation that anything was "framed" was
+quickly allayed after a conference with its advance committeemen. If a
+man from Pennsylvania suspected that anything was on foot not to the
+liking of the Keystone State he had only to ask his advance
+committeeman, Colonel D'Olier, about it. Incidentally the personnel of
+the advance committee was not so numerous that everybody couldn't know
+what everybody else was doing. As a matter of fact, everybody did know
+what everybody else was doing. One of the most peculiar facts of this
+most interesting caucus was that when it came to "_pussy footing_"
+pussy seemed to foot it on piano keys so far as secrecy was concerned
+and in such a fashion that usually the _Star Spangled Banner_ was
+played. I know that the night and the morning before the caucus met
+that there were many and various powwows and conferences, a great many
+of which I attended, but there wasn't a one that I knew of or ever
+heard about, the full details of which could not have been printed in
+bold-faced type on the front page of every St. Louis newspaper and
+have reflected credit on the powwowers as well as on the American
+Legion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, AND 10
+
+
+All during the morning of May 8th that delegation was constantly
+getting together with this delegation; this leader conferring with
+that one; was this question going to come up, and what would be done
+if that question was tabled? Everybody interested, everybody excited,
+everybody waiting to see the other fellow's hand at the show-down,
+which was scheduled for the Shubert-Jefferson Theater at half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon. Of course, everybody had found out the
+previous evening that every card in the pack was red, white, and blue,
+and that, from the very beginning of the game, an attempt had been
+made to keep the knaves out. As a matter of fact, they'd never been
+in, but the new Bills who made up the delegations to this caucus were
+going to look everybody over mighty carefully before any serious
+playing was done.
+
+Suppressed excitement doesn't describe at all the half-hour preceding
+the opening of the caucus, because the excitement was not suppressed
+in the least. Eager, shining, tanned faces, eyes alert, heads erect,
+straight-bodied and straight-talking men one by one took seats which
+were assigned to them by delegations.
+
+A flashlight photograph of the gathering was made, but this caucus was
+not one that could be pictured by the camera at all accurately. The
+outstanding feature of this great get together was the spirit of the
+men, and that no camera could catch.
+
+Three large wooden tiers of seats, the kind the circus has under
+canvas, were built in a sort of semicircular fashion around the large
+stage. The New York delegation occupied one of these tiers; the
+Ohioans another, while the third was built for distinguished guests.
+If any distinguished guests came they were entirely put out of the
+limelight by the audience, for this was one show which was enacted
+before the footlights rather than behind them, and, with one or two
+exceptions the star performing took place where the spectators usually
+sit. In fact, the only spectators that I saw were the newspaper men,
+seated at tables within the corral formed by the tiers. All of them
+had been in the army or navy or had seen the big show abroad as war
+correspondents.
+
+When Theodore Roosevelt, as temporary chairman jammed that gaveled
+bit of the rudder of the North Pole ship down hard on the table and
+called the meeting to order he got what he had never received while in
+the army: that is, direct disobedience. He commanded order, and there
+was utter disorder. It was rank insubordination, distinctly requiring
+court-martial of everyone present, from a military point of view--but
+the American Legion isn't military! And so the delegates howled
+joyously. Roosevelt, demanding order at this time, had just about as
+much chance of getting it as the Kaiser has of making Prince Joachim
+King of the Bronx. Somebody started a cheer, and the crowd didn't stop
+yelling for two minutes and a half.
+
+"Young Teddy," as they called him, was manifestly surprised at the
+ovation and tried repeatedly to get the crowd quiet. He wanted to be
+pleasant and yet he wanted order and so between knocks with his gavel
+he smiled. And a very engaging smile it was, too.
+
+"Gentlemen," he pleaded. "Gentlemen, a little order." Finally there
+was comparative quiet. "Now let's proceed to the business of the
+meeting. The floor is open for nominations for permanent chairman of
+this caucus."
+
+Sergeant Jack Sullivan of the State of Washington got the floor.
+Sergeant Jack is a husky northwesterner who did his bit in the
+intelligence section in Seattle and has seen a lot of the Bolsheviki
+out there.
+
+"In behalf of the State of Washington and representing the men of the
+rank and file of the Pacific Northwest, it gives me pleasure at this
+time to place for your consideration the name of a sterling patriot,"
+he shouted. "The man I am going to place in nomination proved himself
+to be a one hundred per cent. true blooded American when his country's
+honor was assailed. He was among the first who placed himself in the
+front-line trenches, he was wounded twice, he was ready and willing to
+make the supreme sacrifice in order that this world might be made safe
+for democracy. I deem it an honor and a privilege, and the Pacific
+Northwest deems it an honor and a privilege to place in nomination the
+worthy son of a worthy sire--Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The crowd seemed to know all along who Jack meant and it held its
+enthusiasm in tether as best it could. But when Sullivan got to the
+word Theodore, the Roosevelt was drowned out in the mightiest cheer
+that is possible for eight or nine hundred throats to utter. The
+second to the motion, made by Colonel Luke Lea of Tennessee, wasn't
+heard at all. This time it took Colonel Roosevelt more than two
+minutes to get order.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to speak on that now," he shouted and during a
+lull in the cheering managed to make himself heard. "I wish to say
+that I want to withdraw my name from nomination--"
+
+But the "gang wouldn't hear to it." Somebody raised the old cry:
+
+"We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" they chanted in
+unison. Bedlam broke loose at that. Men stood on their seats and waved
+their hats and handkerchiefs; some took their collars and neckties
+off; some wept, some cursed for sheer joy and others--I believe that
+when Gabriel blows his horn and all the dead arise that some of the
+men who attended that caucus will try to make a speech! These speeches
+were going on four and five at a time during the entire hullabaloo. It
+didn't seem to matter in the least to the speakers that they weren't
+being heard. They couldn't hear themselves. They added a little to the
+noise and that satisfied the crowd and seemed to satisfy them.
+
+"Please, please let me talk," pleaded Colonel Roosevelt. He finally
+got his plea over by means of the sign language.
+
+"I want to withdraw my name for a number of reasons," he continued.
+"The first is that I want the country at large to get the correct
+impression of this meeting here. We are gathered together for a very
+high purpose. I want every American through the length and breadth of
+this land to realize that there isn't a man in this convention who is
+seeking anything for himself personally; that all of us are working
+simply for the good of the entire country. I believe, furthermore,
+that what we want here is someone who has been connected with the
+movement only since it started on this side of the water, someone who
+originates from the convention."
+
+The din started again.
+
+"No, no, gentlemen," shouted the Colonel. "I want to withdraw. It is
+my earnest wish. It is my absolute determination."
+
+But the caucus seemed equally determined. "We want Teddy!" "We're
+going to have Teddy!" "You got this thing going, you ought to run it."
+Colonel Roosevelt paced up and down the stage, trying his best to
+silence them. Then, during the din, one by one some of his oldest
+friends went to him and begged him to accede to the crowd's wish.
+"Take it Ted," they urged. "Take it." That underslung jaw of the young
+Colonel's became rigid.
+
+"I won't do it. I can't do it," he answered.
+
+Then someone managed to make a motion that the nomination of Colonel
+Roosevelt be made unanimous. It was seconded and made extremely
+_unanimous_.
+
+[Illustration: Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.]
+
+[Illustration: Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus]
+
+"Then, gentlemen, I accept and I resign," Colonel Roosevelt said. "I
+want quiet for a moment here on this situation. This is something that
+I have thought about and have given my most earnest consideration. I
+am positive I am right on it. We must not have creep into this
+situation, in which we all believe from the bottom of our hearts, the
+slightest suspicion in the country at large. I don't think there is
+any suspicion among us that anyone is trying to use it for his
+personal advancement. But it is absolutely essential that this spirit
+be proven. I am going to stick by this from the beginning down to the
+very end because, in my opinion, we have got to create to-day the
+impression all over the country on which this organization will carry
+on and serve a great purpose for years to come."
+
+Again there were outbursts of applause for the Colonel. "We want
+Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" the crowd cried again and again. Men ran to
+the stage from the orchestra seats and even from the second balcony.
+
+"Take it, Colonel. You ought to take it," they urged.
+
+What the Colonel answered couldn't be heard but the jaw was working
+and the head was shaking vigorously.
+
+A couple of newspaper men dashed up to him.
+
+"You oughtn't to take it, Colonel," one of them whispered. "If you
+don't, it will give the lie to those who are saying the Legion is
+being conducted for your special political benefit."
+
+"I haven't the slightest intention of taking it," he answered back.
+
+He didn't take it and he nailed the lie that the Legion was started to
+further his own selfish ends.
+
+On motion of Colonel E. Lester Jones of the District of Columbia the
+nominations were reopened again.
+
+Sergeant Haines of Maine put up the name of Colonel Henry D. Lindsley,
+a banker of Dallas, Texas, and a prominent Southern Democrat, for
+permanent chairman. Think of it! A man from Maine nominating a
+Southern Democrat! One of the Ohio delegation seconded the nomination.
+Think of that too! Colonel Claud Birkhead of San Antonio, Texas,
+leader of the Texas delegation "thirded" the nomination. He told
+Colonel Lindsley's record. The Colonel had been Mayor of his home
+city, and during the war had served his country so well in France that
+he had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. He and Major
+Willard Straight, now dead, had started the War Risk Insurance Bureau
+abroad and, at the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was the head
+of the Bureau under the Treasury Department in Washington.
+
+Minutes of a meeting usually are dry but here I am going to quote
+directly from them because they tell the story in the most vivid way.
+Fancy between the lines, please, dozens of cheers, a couple of rebel
+yells, a great deal of talking and shouting for "T.R.!" "T.R.!" and a
+Babelous babble that ebbed or flowed according to the strength Colonel
+Roosevelt used in wielding his gavel.
+
+COLONEL JONES (of Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, I personally feel,
+and I think I voice the unanimous sentiment of this organization, that
+your withdrawal is a mistake. We are not only sincere, but we are
+telling you what is in the bottom of our hearts. We are weighing also
+the sincerity which you have expressed, and in deference to your
+wishes, which I know have not arisen spontaneously but which you have
+talked about for some time, regarding the chairmanship of this
+committee, I think we should not embarrass you further. I have one in
+mind who I feel is going to be a man who will do credit to this
+organization--"
+
+MR. ABBOTT (of Ohio): "Gentlemen of the caucus, I think we are wasting
+time around here. I can't see why we can't have for the permanent
+chairman of this convention the man who will be elected in November."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, can't you see how it is? I can't possibly
+change my convictions. I can't go back on what I have told you without
+everybody, who doesn't understand the situation here, feeling that I
+have just come out here to make a grandstand play. I am right. I am
+absolutely sincere and right."
+
+A motion was made that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt temporarily yield
+the chair to Colonel Bennett Clark.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "It is very evident what the desire of this
+convention is. I know that Colonel Lindsley of Texas was only put in
+nomination in response to the express wishes and repeated
+determination of Colonel Roosevelt. I think that that explanation
+should be made in justice to Colonel Lindsley. I think that Colonel
+Roosevelt should take this chairmanship or if he doesn't want to take
+it he should be made to take it. (Applause.) The chair will recognize
+a motion to that effect."
+
+CAPTAIN BOYCE (of New York shouting to a yelling audience): "What is
+the use of our acting like a lot of kids? Just one minute; only one
+man can talk at a time and get anywhere. Colonel Roosevelt will not
+take it."
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "The chair will recognize nobody until the
+convention is in order. It has been moved and seconded that Colonel
+Roosevelt be elected chairman of this convention by acclamation."
+
+Cries of approval from the audience and a request for the question.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "On that the chair will take the responsibility
+of ordering a roll call. (Applause.) The Secretary will call the
+roll."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The motion is that Colonel Roosevelt be nominated by
+acclamation. The chairman has directed me to call the roll by States.
+Alabama--"
+
+A call for a point of order.
+
+DELEGATE: "After nominations have been made and closed a roll call
+cannot be taken."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair was fully aware that he was proceeding
+outside of parliamentary law because it was the unanimous wish of the
+convention."
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move that a roll call be made on the original
+nominations."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "Colonel Roosevelt has expressed to me his absolute
+desire that that not be done. He refuses to enter into a contest with
+Colonel Lindsley in any way."
+
+COLONEL JONES (Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, the nominations were
+reopened."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair is informed that while he was on the way up
+here a motion was carried to reopen nominations after the resignation
+of Colonel Roosevelt. Now nominations are again in order."
+
+MAJOR SAMUEL D. ROYCE (Indiana): "On behalf of the State of Indiana, I
+nominate Colonel Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet."
+
+Here I must inject my story into the minutes again. Colonel Roosevelt
+saw the convention was "getting away to a Roosevelt finish" again, to
+use a racing term, and he sent a hurry call to the Arizona delegation
+for Colonel Jack Greenway.
+
+Jack Greenway followed the elder Roosevelt up San Juan hill. He wears
+underneath his civilian coat to-day, but right over his heart, a
+Distinguished Service Cross won at Cantigny.
+
+"Jack, for Heaven's sake, tell them I won't take it," Colonel
+Roosevelt plead.
+
+It was just at this moment that Colonel Clark, the acting chairman,
+was saying: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet...."
+
+Colonel Jack waving one arm at the chairman and another at the
+audience strode to the center of the stage.
+
+The minutes read:
+
+COLONEL JACK GREENWAY: "Will you give me the floor? I won't keep you
+five minutes.
+
+"My name is Greenway but that doesn't mean anything to you. Gentlemen,
+Colonel Roosevelt has said that he is not going to take the nomination
+of the caucus and you can take it from me that he is not going to do
+it. Now wait a minute. Whoa! Quit yelling! I know this Roosevelt
+outfit and when they say something they mean it. I followed his daddy
+through Cuba and I know. I saw this boy in the first division at
+Cantigny and on the Toul Front and I know that he means he is not
+going to take the chairmanship of this temporary caucus. There is a
+big misunderstanding about what you are trying to do. I have just
+talked to Colonel Roosevelt and he says that he will not be a
+candidate for the temporary caucus, but if, after all the boys come
+home at the convention in November, it is still the desire of that
+body as a whole, he will give the matter reconsideration." (Applause.)
+
+Colonel Roosevelt resumes the chairmanship.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Mr. Lindsley, the gentleman of Texas is in nomination
+for chairman. I mean absolutely what I say. I can't do it. I won't
+serve if elected. What you have done will always be a great memory to
+my family. (Applause.) I mean that, gentlemen! I mean that! Now is
+there anybody else you want to put in nomination? I absolutely mean
+that for the good of the cause; you have got to do what I say on that.
+
+"Gentlemen, I believe the nominations were reopened."
+
+Now I must again put the minutes by for a moment, for Bill has come to
+the stage and what he says doesn't get into the minutes, although I
+wish his remarks were there:
+
+"That was pretty fine in him," Bill said, pointing to Colonel
+Roosevelt. I nodded only, for somehow this whole thing had got to me
+pretty strong and I felt like crying for some unaccountable reason.
+
+"And then he gives his family the credit for all this yelling," Bill
+was saying. "We like his family all right, but say, this wasn't to
+compliment his family, not by a darn sight. Why, you know that young
+Colonel's got a h---- of a fine record himself--"
+
+But somebody within an inch of my ear was letting out a warwhoop for
+Jack Sullivan who had just been nominated for permanent chairman and
+I didn't hear the last of Bill's remark.
+
+Sergeant Sullivan got up and tried to withdraw in favor of Colonel
+Lindsley, and Colonel Lindsley did the same thing and each was refused
+the opportunity. Colonel Lindsley then took the floor. "Comrades," he
+said, "I want you to know that I came here for one man for the
+chairman of this caucus, and that man was Theodore Roosevelt. He has
+refused it absolutely. I appreciate the support that has been given to
+my name. If honored with the chairmanship I shall be glad to serve,
+but it is important that we get to business immediately. I am certain
+that Mr. Sullivan will make an excellent presiding officer. If I had
+the right, I should be glad to withdraw my name in his favor. But the
+point is, gentlemen, let's get to business. This is the greatest
+meeting that has ever gathered in the United States, and it is not so
+material who is chairman of the meeting as it is to proceed to
+business."
+
+While the roll is being called let's glance around the theater again.
+Most of the men in uniform are enlisted men. It is difficult to tell
+at a glance just what rank or rating the majority of those present
+held in the army or navy because in civilian clothing the officer and
+the man are indistinguishable. I mean to say that our army was
+different from most other military establishments. Being primarily a
+citizen affair it was really representative. It was the desire of the
+temporary committee that sixty per cent. of the delegates should be
+enlisted men and when the call for the caucus was issued that was set
+forth most plainly. No one seems to have taken the trouble to check
+the thing up at the caucus. Anyone desiring to do so can find the
+information in this volume. I was interested at the opening of the
+caucus to know just what the percentage was, but after it got into
+swing it didn't make any difference. No one cared. There was talk
+(among officers) of making an enlisted man permanent chairman. The
+only persons that I heard objecting to such a procedure were the
+enlisted men themselves.
+
+"We've forgotten all that stuff about rank. If the officers insist on
+an enlisted man they'll make a mistake. We want the best man and
+because we're in the majority in the organization we don't want to
+discriminate against the officer. Taken as a whole, he was a mighty
+fine sort."
+
+This from Sergeant Laverne Collier of the Idaho delegation when I
+asked him what he thought of the enlisted man idea. While we were
+talking about it the vote was being cast on Lindsley and Sullivan. As
+if to reecho Collier's sentiments, Sullivan got up and demanded that
+Lindsley's election should be made unanimous, and so it was.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt promptly put Sullivan's name in nomination for
+vice-chairman. Mr. Abbott of Ohio seconded it and further moved that
+the sergeant's election be made unanimous. Sergeant Jack Sullivan was
+elected by acclamation. Then Colonel Wood was chosen secretary, the
+rules of the House of Representatives were decided upon to govern the
+procedure, and debate was limited to five minutes.
+
+Insistence on that point was unnecessary. Our new American back from
+the wars has been too accustomed to action to like words that aren't
+concise and aimed right at the heart of the point. There was a good
+deal of noise and talk at this particular juncture and someone moved
+the appointment of a sergeant at arms. Captain A.L. Boyce of Boyce's
+Tigers (those young men who drilled so persistently in Central Park in
+New York preparing for the war) was picked. While this guardian of the
+peace was being appointed at least five gentlemen from as many
+delegations started to speak at once, perhaps against the five-minute
+debate rule, and in the confusion a delegate, whom Checkers might have
+described as carrying a load he should have made three trips with,
+took the platform and began something that sounded about as
+intelligible as Cicero's oration against Catiline in the original.
+
+"Do I understand, Mr. Chairman, that a sergeant at arms has been
+appointed?" shouted Mr. J.L. Walsh of the Pennsylvania delegation.
+
+"That's right," answered the chairman.
+
+"Then let's have him get busy," rejoined Mr. Walsh. "We didn't come
+down here for a vaudeville show or to be entertained by some boob,
+because we've got boobs back home."
+
+After this remark, the minutes read "Laughter and applause" but that
+doesn't half describe it.
+
+Captain Boyce "got busy" and if the minutes could record the result of
+his actions they would probably read "Order restored--almost. Quieter,
+for a time."
+
+Colonel Lindsley made a splendid presiding officer. None could have
+done better, but as the stenographer who took the minutes remarked
+(and she was convention-worn because she had attended so many): "This
+is the funnest meeting I ever wrote up." Right. It was the funniest
+meeting--funny being used in the sense of unusual as the stenographer
+meant it--that anyone ever saw. In fact it was unique; absolutely the
+only one of its kind. Because the delegates were unique. There never
+was anything like them in all the history of the country. They had
+gone into training camps like Bill, very tired, anæmic, with a shop
+and office pallor; and they came out of the war like Bill,--new,
+virile, interested, placing a value on themselves which would have
+been unthinkable prior to April 6, 1917.
+
+But they placed a greater value on this organization which was so near
+the heart of all of them. No better proof of it can be shown than the
+incident which has just been described, viz., the refusal of Theodore
+Roosevelt to be the permanent chairman. Although I do not pretend to
+be able to explain the processes of thought and reasoning which led
+Colonel Roosevelt to take the action he did, still I do know this
+much! There are very few young men who would have been so deaf to the
+plaudits of the multitude, to the advice of old friends and to the
+still small voice of personal ambition as he was in refusing. I
+maintain that this refusal was by no means altogether prompted by
+anything of an hereditary nature but, rather, by the experiences and
+environment which had been Colonel Roosevelt's during the war. It took
+more than an under-slung jaw and a rugged Rooseveltian determination
+to refuse this great honor. It took _discipline_, and Colonel
+Roosevelt knew how to inflict that upon himself just as he did upon
+his troops whenever it was wise and necessary.
+
+In much smaller, but no less important matters, did I see other men
+practice discipline upon themselves. I saw men forego the discussion
+of subjects in which they believed with all their hearts and with all
+their minds solely for the purpose of doing nothing that would tend to
+disrupt the Caucus or give the impression throughout the United States
+that the men who had stuck together so closely in times of daring and
+danger could not still stick and face, as a band of brothers in the
+American Legion, any perils or pitfalls which peace might hold for
+this country. Therefore, it seems to me that Colonel Roosevelt's
+action was more than a manifestation of his own sterling determination
+to do nothing which might hurt the Legion. It was archtypical.
+
+
+Major Hamilton Fish of New York called attention to the fact that the
+navy was unrepresented in the offices of the caucus and moved that a
+second vice-chairman should be appointed from that branch of the
+service. A delegate from Missouri seconded the motion and amended it
+to read that a third vice-chairman should be appointed from the marine
+corps.
+
+During the election of these officers enthusiasm reached a high pitch
+and in no more striking manner did the new American reveal his new
+character.
+
+"Gentlemen," said one dignified delegate (I don't know who let him in,
+because just from the way he said "gentlemen" we all knew that once in
+his life he had practiced oratory before the bureau mirror), "I want
+to place in nomination the name of a man who is true blue--"
+
+"Name him," shouted the crowd.
+
+"He is not only true blue but he is thoroughly everything he ought to
+be in addition--" continued the orator, coldly trying to squelch the
+crowd.
+
+"Name him." "Shut up." "Aw, sit down." "Who wants to listen to such
+'bull' as that?"
+
+Each of those sentences was roared by a different man.
+
+"This gentleman is one of whom I am sure you will be proud--"
+persisted the orator, but at this direct violation of its edict the
+crowd began to scream its maledictions and Captain Boyce could not
+have stopped them with all his Tigers if the gentleman orator hadn't
+taken his seat in a most dignified manner, never to rise
+again--doubtless as a rebuke for the gang, but one which was
+thoroughly appreciated.
+
+Thus the way of orators in the caucus!
+
+The navy men who were nominated consisted of Goerke of New York;
+Goldberg, Illinois; Chenoweth, Alabama; Almon, Montana; Humphrey, New
+Mexico; McGrath, New Jersey; and Evans of Kentucky. The secretary took
+the vote by delegations. When Goerke got a vote the New York crowd
+yelled itself hoarse; New Mexico did the same for Humphrey; Alabama
+cheered like mad for Chenoweth and it wasn't long before everybody
+picked out his candidate and yelled furiously every time he got a
+vote. The New Mexico delegation occupied a proscenium box but Humphrey
+wasn't prominent enough there to suit his delegation. Before anyone
+thoroughly realized what was happening, Seaman Humphrey appeared on
+the stage, borne on the shoulders of two colonels! Two men who had
+eagles on their shoulders, U.S. on their collars, and gold chevrons on
+their left sleeves carried on their shoulders a "gob," a sailorman, a
+deck-swabbing bluejacket, as he called himself.
+
+It was the beginning of a cavalcade of noise that fairly made ear
+drums ache, and, incidentally, proved a signal for the backers of
+other candidates. Goerke soon was lifted aloft by a half dozen New
+Yorkers; Chenoweth was exhibited to the general view from the section
+of the orchestra occupied by his delegation, while Illinois paraded
+up and down the aisles with Goldberg. Colonel Lindsley hammered the
+speaker's table almost to pieces in an attempt to get order and then
+gave it up for a few minutes as a bad job. Captain Boyce succeeded in
+getting a semblance of it, when everybody got tired of carrying the
+candidates and of shouting. Then the secretary again started taking
+the vote by delegations. No one of the candidates received a majority
+of the votes which was necessary under the procedure adopted at the
+beginning of the caucus. Then began the withdrawals. This State
+withdrew its vote from Goerke and cast it for Humphrey; Chenoweth
+withdrew from the race and his vote went to Goerke, et cetera. A
+similar situation resulted on the second count and finally Goerke
+withdrew in favor of Humphrey. When Evans took the same action,
+Humphrey (first name Fred), described as the "rough-riding sailor from
+New Mexico," was elected.
+
+Humphrey's speech of acceptance delighted the hearts of those who had
+forced the would-be orator to sit down at the beginning of the
+nominations.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, gobs, soldiers, and marines," Humphrey said: "I am most
+glad and gracious to accept this honorary position and I will do
+everything that a deck-swabbing sailorman can do to fill it."
+
+The first day's session closed with the appointment by the various
+States of representatives on the following committees: Executive
+Committee; Credentials; Temporary Name of Organization; Organization;
+Resolutions; Constitution and By-Laws and Declaration of Principles;
+Next Meeting Place and Time; Publication; Emblem; Permanent
+Headquarters, and Finance.
+
+The personnel of these committees will be found elsewhere.
+
+
+Thursday evening and Friday morning were devoted largely to committee
+meetings and different sections of the country came together to
+discuss matters of particular interest to special localities. For
+instance, the Western delegations discussed the question of
+Bolshevism, because the symptoms of this mad disease had been more
+apparent in that section of the country than in any other. The
+question of color was practically decided in a meeting of the
+Executive Committee and was ratified later by various delegations
+representing the Southern States. Everybody was pleased. An attempt
+was made by the leaders of each delegation to keep such questions as
+might be "_loaded with dynamite_" off the actual floor of the caucus
+so that those lacking in discretion might not have the opportunity to
+throw the caucus into an uproar.
+
+In fact it was this spirit--the desire on everybody's part to give in
+to a certain extent on any mooted question for the sake of general
+harmony that was a marked feature of the gathering. In the committee
+meetings were found delegates with radically different opinions on
+almost every question. It was not an uncommon thing, however, to see a
+delegate very heatedly advocate a certain side of an issue; listen to
+the opposing side, rise, and with equal heat and fervency advocate the
+opposite point of view.
+
+This spirit is highly significant. It will be one of the Legion's
+greatest powers. It was and is due to the fact that these new
+Americans are not cursed with fixed ideas. They have seen too much,
+lived through too much in their comparatively short lives to be
+narrow-minded. Over in the A.E.F. the former hod-carrier often turned
+out to be too good as a construction manager for any officer to
+despise his opinions. One noticeable characteristic of the American
+Legion delegate was the respect which he had for the other man's views
+and his willingness to admit outright that he was wrong in a thing or
+to go at least halfway with the opponent of his particular ideas. This
+was the saving grace of the caucus and this will be the saving grace
+of the Legion for the spirit which was manifested there is the spirit
+which will prevail at Minneapolis, and for always, because the
+American sailor and soldier will not change.
+
+It was interesting to see these modern American soldiers side by side
+with the veterans of the Civil War. The Grand Army of the Republic
+Post, the local Bivouac of the United Confederate Veterans, and the
+Spanish War Veterans gave a joint reception for the delegates at the
+Missouri Athletic Club which included a smoker and a vaudeville
+entertainment furnished by the War Camp Community Service.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+
+The second session of the caucus began at half past two o'clock Friday
+afternoon. Like its predecessor it started with a bang. Nominations
+were made for the third vice-chairman who was to be selected from the
+marine corps. The first nomination was a wounded man, at the time in
+the Walter Reed Hospital at Washington and who had won the
+Distinguished Service Cross at Château-Thierry. Then came the name of
+Sergeant Woolley of Utah, quickly followed by the name of P.C. Calhoun
+of Connecticut, put up by Mr. Black of Louisiana; the name of Major
+Leonard of the District of Columbia also was put in nomination and
+then the slate was closed.
+
+True to the spirit of the previous meeting the caucus was soon in an
+uproar of applause for each of the four candidates, three of whom were
+marched to the stage. Calhoun was elected, with the result that his
+ardent brother delegates from Connecticut treated him like a football
+hero by placing him on their shoulders and performing a snake dance.
+Marines are no more garrulous than sailor men, for Calhoun's speech of
+acceptance was just about as long as Humphrey's. While Calhoun was
+being bombed by flashlight cameras Mr. Smoot of Utah moved that a vote
+of thanks should be tendered to Colonel Roosevelt and other Legion
+members who had been active in the preliminary work which insured the
+success of the caucus and this was seconded by Major Wickersham of New
+York. One of the most rousing ayes of the entire caucus carried the
+motion.
+
+Cries of "speech" brought Colonel Roosevelt before the footlights. His
+remarks were just about as long as Humphrey's and Calhoun's. To be
+specific he said: "Gentlemen, it is going to be a short speech because
+I think we have got a lot of business to do. Thank you."
+
+Just about this time the committee reports began to come in, the first
+of which, that of the Credential Committee, brought the question of
+Bolshevism to the floor of the caucus. The report read as follows:
+
+"We recommend that all delegates to the American Legion selected and
+now functioning from the various States, districts, and territories,
+be seated and accredited with full vote, and that all organizations
+organized and having delegates here be allowed one vote with the
+exception of the Soldiers and Sailors Council, which delegation the
+Credential Committee recommends shall be excluded from the caucus."
+
+S.H. Curtin, the representative of the Soldiers and Sailors Council of
+Seattle, pending the action of the Credential Committee, had been
+accorded a vote at the previous session on all questions that came up
+before it. The fact that Colonel Wood, the Secretary, took this action
+was in line with the general spirit of fair play, which was the
+keynote of the caucus. The Credential Committee's report elicited
+shouts of approval. Chairman Lindsley after bringing the house to
+order again said:
+
+"I understand that the delegate from the Soldiers and Sailors Council
+is here and asks to be heard. Gentlemen, the members of the Committee,
+I assume, had full knowledge of facts which warranted that report, but
+there are men here who have not that knowledge. Shall we hear him?"
+
+This statement aroused mixed emotions but Mr. Curtin came to the
+platform. Word having spread through the theater that he represented
+the "real Bolshevik outfit" in Seattle, a great many of the delegates
+began to hoot, jeer, and make cat calls.
+
+"Give me a square deal, give me a hearing," Curtin shouted.
+
+"Give the man a hearing," echoed Colonel Roosevelt, who sat with the
+New York delegation. "Yes, give him a hearing." shouted the majority
+of the delegates and when the chair had procured order, Curtin made
+his plea.
+
+"I wish to say, by way of introduction, that though I come from the
+State of Washington, I am not a member of the Washington Delegation,"
+he said, "I say that out of deference to the members from that State
+for the reason that I wish to prejudice nobody here against the
+Washington Delegation. I am not an I.W.W. I never have been and I
+never intend to be I never have shown any Bolshevik tendency and I
+defy any man present to prove to the contrary. If you've got proof
+that Sherman H. Curtin ever was an I.W.W. or made a Bolshevik
+statement, say so?" He paused here but none answered him to the
+contrary
+
+"It is true that the organization which I represent has had in the
+past some I.W.W.'s, and it is true that there are some I.W.W.'s in it
+now," he continued; "but I am in that organization for the purpose of
+throwing those I.W.W.'s out. I got in there for the purpose of kicking
+them out and I want your help."
+
+Here he was interrupted by applause.
+
+"At the present time, we (when I say we, I mean the particular
+conservative element which I represent in that organization) have
+control of the Board and practically all except one office of the
+organization. We are doing everything in our power to make that a one
+hundred per cent. American organization, and one of the things that I
+came down here for was to see that the Legion had in its constitution
+as a preamble that we pledge ourselves to the principles of democracy
+as set forth in the constitution of the United States of America.
+
+"I, personally, was the man who rewrote the constitution of the
+Soldiers and Sailors Council. It was written wrong when I got in there
+so I changed it. I want you men to stand behind me and help me make
+this fight. My organization did not give me permission to come here
+and join this, just as I presume some of your organizations did not
+give you permission, for the reason that they did not know what this
+was going to be; but I can see from the spirit that this organization
+has, that so far, it is on the right path and I am with it and I want
+you with me.
+
+"I am already only and wholly for the purpose of doing what good we
+can for the elimination of I.W.W.'s and Bolsheviki. If you are
+against that, I am with you and if you are with me, I am with you.
+
+George Pratt of Louisiana rose.
+
+"With your permission," he said to the chairman, "I would like to ask
+the gentleman one question." "Sir," turning to Curtin, "is it or is it
+not true that you re-wrote the constitution now in effect for your
+organization, and is it not true that it is so worded that American
+Army and Naval officers or former army and navy and marine officers of
+the United States are not eligible? Is that true?"
+
+"I will answer that question and I will answer it in a fair way," Mr.
+Curtin replied.
+
+"Say yes or no. Is it true?" Mr. Pratt demanded.
+
+"Yes," shouted the crowd. "Say yes or no. Is it true?"
+
+Then pandemonium broke loose in the meeting. The cat calls and boos
+were renewed. "Put him out!" "Put him out!" "Shut him up!" the crowd
+demanded. And here I want to pause a moment to say that the enlisted
+men present gave a mighty concrete sign of the approval of their
+officers by this denunciation of the constitution of Curtin's outfit.
+
+"I am not here for the purpose of being persecuted," Mr. Curtin
+shouted. "I am not asking no or yes to anything. But I will say to the
+gentleman who questioned me that while it is true in letter it is not
+true in spirit."
+
+At this juncture Mr. Simon, of the Washington delegation, said that in
+all fairness to Sergeant Curtin he wanted to say that during the
+recent demonstration of Bolshevism in Seattle, Curtin commanded a
+machine gun company on the side of right and law and order.
+
+"I do not speak for his organization," Simon said, "but I speak for a
+clique in it, headed by Sergeant Curtin, who went into that
+organization to clean it up, to make it a fair and square one hundred
+per cent. American organization." The applause of Simon's remarks had
+scarcely died down when General Moss succeeded in gaining the floor.
+
+"I want to say to the members of this delegation," he said, "that I
+led the fight against the soldiers' and sailors' organization before
+the Credential Committee, and I want to say to you gentlemen that we
+didn't lead a fight personally against this man, but against his
+organization.' We know the outfit in our country and we do not want
+that organization in unless the Americans in it come in as
+individuals. I want to say that we are to be organized here on a basis
+of one hundred per cent, true Americanism.
+
+"I asked Curtin in the presence of the committee if he represented a
+minority or a majority in his outfit and he admitted that he
+represented the minority."
+
+"But we can lick a majority," Curtin shouted back. "I want Captain
+McDonald who had charge of the Intelligence Department at Camp Lewis
+to say a word on this subject. He knows the history of my organization
+and I would like to have him give it to you." But if Curtin counted on
+McDonald to help him he reckoned without his host.
+
+Captain McDonald rose and speaking with great deliberation said:
+
+"I have been an American soldier for thirty years. I was a regular
+telegraph officer at the time of the Bolshevik trouble. I established
+stations at Seattle and Camp Lewis and this man represents the real
+element that we are all working against. Personally he is all right
+but he is backing that organization because he wants to represent it.
+If he desires to be admitted into the Legion let him get loose from
+that outfit and come in by himself."
+
+Captain McDonald's statement was greeted with enthusiasm.
+
+"Are you ready for the question?" demanded the chairman.
+
+The caucus certainly was.
+
+"Those favoring the adoption of the credentials report vote aye," he
+cried.
+
+That aye could almost have been heard in Seattle itself.
+
+That aye answered the question of what the American soldier thinks of
+Bolshevism or anything tainted with it. That aye answered the lying
+statement that our troops abroad had been inoculated with the germ of
+the world's greatest mental madness.
+
+That aye marked the distinction between a grouch caused by a
+cootie-lined bunk and a desire to place a bomb under the Capitol at
+Washington.
+
+I have intimated that the chief aim of each delegate was to see that
+no one "put anything over" at this caucus. I think that the only other
+determination which might rival that in intensity was most apparent at
+the mention of anything that pertained to or bordered on Bolshevism.
+This incident of ousting Curtin's organization was not the only
+manifestation of it by any means, although it was perhaps the most
+striking on the floor of the caucus. But, outside the caucus, in the
+hotel lobbies, and in the various committee rooms, whenever the
+subject came up these soldier and sailor men, in almost every
+instance, got mad--damn mad.
+
+"The trouble with these people who talk Bolshevism is that they don't
+know anything about our country," I heard one of them say.
+
+Another quickly interrupted him with, "The big thing the Legion's got
+to teach is Americanism and let those crack-brained fools know just
+what this country stands for." While still another injected, "The
+average 'long-beard' has been so crazed by persecution in Russia that
+he would mistake Peacock Alley in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York for
+a Siberian coal mine."
+
+This last remark brought forth a laugh, and though it was whimsically
+made it illuminated the matter under discussion very well, I thought.
+In fact, the whole conversation made clear to me one of the
+fundamental missions the Legion must perform.
+
+The seeds of Americanism which Legion members sow to-day will be
+reaped, not only to-day but in the generations of to-morrow. The
+Soldiers and Sailors Council, Seattle, was thrown out and its
+representative knew why. But, if Jack Sullivan and his red, white, and
+blue colleagues in the State of Washington preach in the future what
+they did at this caucus, the children of those northwestern Bolsheviki
+will not only salute the Stars and Stripes, but will know _why_ they
+do so. They will know what their fathers don't--that the constitution
+means Americanism and that Americanism means "life, liberty, and
+pursuit of happiness."
+
+In most conventions the reports of committees are invariably adopted.
+There are many reasons for this, the particular one being the theory
+that when a set of men are placed on a task they will study the
+situation in all its angles, in all its ramifications, in all its
+different phases and that its report should therefore be adopted
+because of this expert thought and study on the matters under
+consideration. I say that most conventions do this. Once as a
+newspaper man, I attended an undertakers' convention. It always did
+so. And at another time I attended a manufacturers' gathering where
+this procedure was invariably followed out. But how about at St.
+Louis? Not on your life! The delegates of the American Legion were
+neither like undertakers nor manufacturers nor like any-other business
+men that I ever saw during ten years on a Metropolitan newspaper. The
+new American doesn't do business that way.
+
+Witness the report of the Committee on Name. This report read:
+"We, your Committee on Name, unanimously make the following
+recommendation--that the name of this organization be the American
+Legion of World War Veterans." The chairman had scarcely finished
+asking: "What is your pleasure gentlemen" when Major Wickersham got
+the floor and moved an amendment that the name be "The American
+Legion." This was seconded by Mr. Cochrane of Ohio and then came the
+argument about it.
+
+Mr. Shank of Ohio, thought that the American Legion did not convey a
+sufficient meaning to the average civilians. "The American Legion
+might be an organization of street cleaners, it doesn't signify
+soldiers. It isn't comprehensive enough," he said. Mr. Larry of
+Florida countered with, "Go ahead and call it American Legion, we will
+soon show them what it means."
+
+Mr. Walsh of Pennsylvania, suggested that the A.E.F. knew what it was
+doing when they called it the American Legion. "Let us honor them and
+respect them by calling it the American Legion," he urged. Colonel E.
+Lester Jones, of Washington, stated the name had been considered by
+the committee most carefully and--
+
+But why go into all the arguments. The motion to call it the American
+Legion was carried amid cheering and as such the name will go down
+into the history of things well done for America.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+
+We have arrived at what is the most significant event of this session
+of the caucus, if not of the entire gathering. The caucus has already
+shown its spirit in ousting the Soldiers and Sailors Council because,
+in its opinion, it could not measure up to one hundred per cent.
+Americanism, and now we shall see what the same simon-pure brand of
+red, white, and blueism is demanded of the second largest city in the
+United States.
+
+It came about in the most dry, matter-of-fact way. Let the minutes of
+the meeting form the introduction for it.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Next is the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting
+Place and Time."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (reading): "From the Committee on Next Meeting Place
+and Time, to the Chairman of the American Legion; action of the
+Committee.
+
+"Meeting called to order at 10:30 A.M. this day at the Shubert
+Jefferson Theater.
+
+"Charles S. Caldwell, of New Mexico, unanimously elected chairman.
+
+"Frank M. Ladd, Jr., of Alabama, Secretary.
+
+"The majority of the States being represented as per attached list
+voted unanimously for Chicago as next meeting place. Date being set as
+November 10, 11, and 12, 1919.
+
+  "Respectfully submitted,
+  "CHARLES S. CALDWELL, _Chairman_,
+  "FRANK M. LADD, JR., _Secretary_."
+
+MR. SEXTON (of Illinois): "When you consider your place for your next
+convention tell Chicago what you want, and in response to that Chicago
+will answer you. 'We will give you whatever you want.'"
+
+Then the excitement started. Mr. Dietrick of Pennsylvania moved to
+amend the report of the committee. "By striking out the word Chicago
+and substituting therefore the city from the State which furnished
+more soldiers than another state--the city of Pittsburgh."
+
+This elicited great applause--especially from the Pennsylvania
+delegation. Mr. Stems of Louisiana got the floor--
+
+"I want to tell you what took place in that committee," he said. "The
+committee selected a place to the best interest of this organization
+and not to the best interest of any one specific locality, and the
+question was argued in a very quiet, organized, gentlemanly manner. A
+number of the delegates put up towns that did not get enough support
+to get the meeting, so they withdrew their names. It was all to the
+interest of the organization so it was unanimously adopted by that
+committee, without any dissenting vote, that Chicago be unanimously
+adopted as the place for the next convention for the best of all
+interests concerned. I am from New Orleans, Louisiana, which is a
+convention city and I will not offer my city to you as a convention
+city at this time because I do not think it is to the best interest of
+your country."
+
+[Illustration: Bennett C. Clark
+  Who presided at the Paris Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Eric Fisher Wood Secretary]
+
+When Mr. Stem took his seat at least a dozen delegates clamored for
+recognition from the chair. Colonel J.F.J. Herbert succeeded in
+getting it. It was he who then fired the gun which, if not heard
+around the world at least made Chicago's ear drums rattle.
+
+"Mr. Chairman," he began--
+
+Colonel Lindsley rapped for order.
+
+A man near me whispered, "There's Herbert of Massachusetts. I think
+Boston is too far east for this convention, at least for the first
+one."
+
+Colonel Lindsley got order, and you could have heard a pin drop,
+while the following statement was made by the Massachusetts leader:
+
+"As the spokesman for my delegation on this question of next meeting
+place I want to say that if no other body and if no other party of
+this caucus wants or believes it is its duty to rebuke any city or the
+representative of any city for Un-Americanism during the time when the
+soldiers of that city were offering their lives in defense of the
+world, then Massachusetts stands ready to offer that rebuke.
+Massachusetts will not agree willingly to having a convention of
+soldiers and sailors in the Great War, go to a city that has as its
+first citizen, by vote, one who can not measure up in any small part
+when the test is one hundred per cent. Americanism."
+
+When Colonel Herbert reached this point one delegate with a big voice
+from a big State (Texas) let out a loud yell of approval. This was the
+signal for blast after blast of vocal vociferousness which fairly
+raised the roof. Men stood on their seats, and cheered. "You're dead
+right" and "Get a new mayor, Chicago," while others began to point at
+placards advertising Chicago which had been placed on the walls of the
+theater by members of the Illinois delegation. Colonel Herbert stood
+for fully five minutes before order was sufficiently restored for him
+to proceed.
+
+"The hall has been placarded with invitations, reading, 'The American
+Legion, Chicago wants you in November,'" he said. "I believe that this
+convention, this convention of soldiers and sailors should say,
+'Chicago, you cannot have American soldiers in Chicago when there is a
+possibility that the chief representative of that city may not believe
+it is his duty to come before the Convention and welcome it.' If these
+placards read, 'American Legion, Chicago _soldiers_ want you in
+November,' our answer might be different. The answer of Massachusetts
+would be different but when your placard reads, 'Chicago wants you in
+November' the answer of Massachusetts is, 'Chicago cannot have us in
+November'--or any other time until Chicago has an American for Mayor
+in an American city.
+
+"The literature circulated through the caucus reads, 'Chicago pledges
+itself to go any other city one better on anything this convention
+requires.' This convention first requires that Chicago shall reach a
+standard different from the standard of being the most despised city
+in America, and when it has reached that standard, it is then in a
+position to say whether it can go one better. It has not yet reached
+par. Until Chicago reaches par, Massachusetts votes no!"
+
+A large poster reading "Chicago bids you Welcome," had been placed
+over the seats directly in the center of the stage; Captain Osborne
+pulled it down. This was the signal for similar action all over the
+house. Chicago banners, dropped from the boxes, were hurled to the
+floor. Other banners which had been on the theater walls just out of
+reach were torn down by men who climbed on the shoulders of their
+fellow delegates in order to reach them. Only during the ovation given
+Colonel Roosevelt, did the cheering reach such intensity.
+
+These men were cheering for Americanism. They wanted one hundred per
+cent. Americanism, untainted and unvarnished by a hyphen or an "ism,"
+especially when the word pacific precedes the latter. Everyone felt
+sorry for the Illinois delegation, for it was realized that Colonel
+Herbert's remarks were intended solely to reflect upon the person he
+specially mentioned and not upon the thousands of soldiers and sailors
+who went from Illinois and Chicago and did more than their part in
+writing glorious history.
+
+Just how this was impressed upon the men from Illinois let the minutes
+show. The chairman recognized "the gentleman from Chicago."
+
+MR. CUMMINGS (of Chicago): "Gentlemen, I don't believe there is a
+single delegate to this caucus who would be so unfair as to impugn the
+patriotism of 650,000 men who rallied to the colors of this country
+by saying: 'Because Chicago had a mayor of which they are all ashamed
+that they are not patriotic.' Had the men who were serving the colors
+in France been in Chicago, they would have had no apology to offer for
+their mayor. (Applause.) He was elected in a three-cornered fight
+where he did not receive a majority vote in Chicago, but had the
+opposition to him been solidified he would have been snowed under, for
+Chicago is patriotic. I consider that an insult has been handed to
+every man in Illinois who rallied to the colors.
+
+"The Tank Corps of which I am a member, and an enlisted man
+originally, gave from Chicago 11,250 enlisted men, volunteers in the
+most hazardous branch of the service. They gave 11,250 men as against
+11,000 which the rest of the country contributed. If that doesn't
+bespeak patriotism for Chicago, I don't know how you are going to
+gauge it. I am saying that in the invitation which was extended to you
+we are speaking for the boys of khaki and blue who rallied to the
+colors from Illinois, and who are here to-day, extending the
+invitation to you notwithstanding the fact that we are cursed by a
+mayor who is not our choice. We would throw him out if we had the
+chance, but we are extending the invitation to you on behalf of
+750,000 men from Illinois and we do not feel that you are going to
+impugn their patriotism, that you are going to insult them by saying
+they are members of an unpatriotic community."
+
+MR. HAWKINS (of Oklahoma): "The great State of Illinois stands
+unchallenged in the patriotism of its soldiers throughout the world. I
+am only sorry that you didn't leave enough patriots at home to elect a
+patriotic mayor of that great city. You are in the embarrassing
+position of having a man who has repudiated the things we went out to
+die for. Either you have got to repudiate us or repudiate him."
+
+"We'll repudiate him next time when the boys get home," shouted
+several of the Illinois crowd.
+
+Then other speakers tried to make it plain that the Legion's attack
+was solely against the municipal head of Chicago, but some of the men
+of Illinois let the incident rankle. How it came out (and it was ended
+happily) will develop. Meantime the attention of the caucus was
+diverted from the Chicago incident by the manifestation of that desire
+which is in every true American's heart, namely to be a booster for
+his own home town. In less time than it takes to tell it, Los Angeles,
+Minneapolis, Atlantic City, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis,
+Kansas City, and Chicago were being voted upon. While the delegates
+were voting, a small body of soldiers and sailors were gathered
+together in a wing of the theater, seriously discussing the incident
+which was developed by Colonel Herbert's speech. They desired that it
+should be made more plain to everyone just what Colonel Herbert meant
+and that the millions of patriotic simon-pure Americans who live in
+Illinois should not take undue umbrage of the incident. Therefore
+while the vote on the convention city was being counted, Colonel Luke
+Lea was recognized by the chairman and asked unanimous consent to
+present for consideration the following resolution:
+
+"RESOLVED, That the action of the caucus of the American Legion in
+refusing to accept the invitation to hold its next convention in
+Chicago is no reflection upon the splendid patriotism of the men and
+women of that great city, who have loyally proved their Americanism by
+supporting our Army and Navy and all war activities.
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That this caucus records its admiration of
+the valor and heroism of the thousands and thousands of Chicago's sons
+whose pure patriotism has been proven on the battlefields of France."
+
+"I would like to say something in support of the motion," Colonel Lea
+said. "It is very proper for me to offer it for I had the privilege of
+serving for three months with the great Thirty-third Division of
+Illinois and I know what wonderful soldiers they are."
+
+The resolution was adopted by unanimous vote.
+
+No booster ever had a better time than had those who attended the St.
+Louis Caucus. Local pride assumed its highest pitch during the vote,
+and at length Minneapolis won it. The date was set for November
+10-11-12th.
+
+Just before adjournment Colonel Herbert arose to a question of
+personal privilege.
+
+"I would like, if possible," he said, "to have the attention for a few
+minutes of every man that is in this theater. Intentionally or
+otherwise, and I think it was otherwise, the soldiers of Illinois have
+felt that I was not just to them in the remarks that I made bearing on
+the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting Place. I meant to say,
+and I believe now that I did say, that if those banners that were hung
+in this theater had read, 'American Legion, Chicago's _soldiers_
+invite you next November.' Massachusetts' answer would have been
+'Yes.' I believe I said that. The men of Illinois believe I did not
+say it. The men of Illinois believe that when I sat down after making
+the few remarks I did, that I had a sardonic smile on my lips and they
+say that I have insulted them to the heart and I say to them: 'If
+there is anything that I can say, anything that I can do, as soldier
+to soldier to remove from your mind, or from the minds of any man who
+may have been in this theater, any belief that there was any feeling
+except of highest admiration, the highest respect, and the deepest
+affection on the part of the soldiers of Massachusetts for the
+soldiers of Illinois, then I want to correct that impression, because
+I want you, the soldiers of Illinois, to know that we recognize in
+Massachusetts that no better soldiers wore the khaki, no better
+sailors wore the blue, than the men of Illinois. My remarks were, as I
+stated, for the purpose of saying Massachusetts would, if no other
+State would, take such action to rebuke the city of Chicago; would say
+to Chicago that if it would have the right to invite Americans to meet
+in that city, first Americanize the City Hall. That was my chief
+purpose of rising to my feet. If Chicago's soldiers, if Illinois'
+soldiers still think that I have not made reparation for what they
+believe was the intention of my remarks, then I say to them that no
+higher respect, no deeper affection exists for them than in the hearts
+of the men of Massachusetts."
+
+
+Colonel Herbert's assault upon Chicago's mayor in itself is only half
+significant. It is only wholly so when its reception is considered.
+Colonel Herbert will have none of Chicago until it has purged itself
+of its municipal leader. He remembered, perhaps, the assertion that it
+is "the sixth largest German city in the world." He might have said as
+much in a newspaper interview as he said on the floor of the caucus
+had he been asked about the Illinois city as a meeting place for
+soldiers, and, perhaps, the editor would have given to it a half
+column of space; in the larger dailies, less. But when men of the
+army, navy, and marine corps, from every battlefield in France, from
+every State in the union, voice their approval so thunderously; when
+they stand on their seats and cheer; when they so positively overrule
+the recommendation of committeemen who have studiously considered the
+matter, presumably from all angles, it means much. No wonder
+Metropolitan dailies devoted columns to it.
+
+Those of you who have become low-spirited over your own particular
+view of the future; those of you who have talked about "the good old
+days"; or, the Spirit of '76, take heart. Take counsel of the Spirit
+of '19, based on the deeds of '17 and '18, on the mistakes of '14,
+'15, and '16. '19 is all right!
+
+Read the constitution of the American Legion to-night just before
+you go to bed. Think of this second day's session when the
+Bolsheviki-tainted organization was thrown out, when the second
+largest city in America was told to "clean house" and redecorate in
+red, white, and blue. Then go to bed and know that all's right with
+the United States.
+
+
+A large number of the delegates attended, on the second evening, a
+dance and supper at Sunset Inn given in honor of the Legion by the
+ladies of St. Louis. For most though, there was work in plenty to do.
+Some of the committees hadn't yet reported and there was an all
+important meeting of the executive committee in the Statler Hotel.
+
+I said _all important_ by design. The caucus had taken up a great deal
+of time with the proceedings already recounted and it was the purpose
+of the executive committee on adjournment-eve to get down to brass
+tacks. It certainly did that. It was agreed to recommend to the caucus
+that the Legion should attempt to help get returning soldiers and
+sailors positions and that a legal department should be established
+which would aid men to get back pay and allotments, while still
+another department would look after their insurance and instruct them
+how to change it to policies of a permanent character. Needless to say
+these conclusions were not arrived at without a great deal of helpful
+discussion.
+
+Then too this executive meeting was all important because it let
+several persons who claimed to be dissatisfied, air their grievances,
+thereby clearing the atmosphere of considerable cloudiness. For the
+most part these malcontents didn't seem at first to distinguish
+between the caucus and the November convention. They didn't seem to
+catch at first hand the spirit of the A.E.F. caucus which positively
+refused to take action on large questions of policy until the Home
+Army could be consulted. The principal leaders of the caucus in St.
+Louis determined upon the same course, as has been previously
+explained, and rightly so. One thing one element wanted to do was to
+elect permanent officers. "How could you do that when more than a
+million men entitled to a vote are still in France?" they were asked.
+They couldn't answer. Another element wanted to go on record against
+universal military training while still others were for endorsing it.
+Someone else wanted this city to be chosen as permanent headquarters
+while another wanted some other town selected. There was some
+grumbling to the effect that the caucus had been too "rowdy." Then,
+too, everybody was more or less tired out and a darker view of things
+was natural.
+
+The silver lining was there, however, as it always is. This time it
+took the rotund form of a preacher from Alabama. Inzer was his name
+and his folks and Colonel Roosevelt's away back five or six
+generations ago in Georgia had been the same people, so let's
+introduce him as Colonel Roosevelt's cousin. Chaplain Inzer had been
+ready to embark at Newport News with his regiment when the Bolsheviki
+menace grew quite serious in the Pacific northwest and he was ordered
+to proceed to Seattle and was there during all the stirring times
+which culminated in making Ole Hanson famous.
+
+It might truthfully be said that the "silver lining" quite properly
+had a silver tongue. When he had spoken just about a hundred words
+even the grouches were holding onto their chairs if they weren't using
+their hands for purposes of applause. And many a man, who thought he'd
+talked his voice silent dug deep down in his vocal chords and brought
+forth something that could easily be labeled a cheer! This preacher
+told everybody who might have the slightest idea of making trouble
+just where to get off. But I am not going to try to remember his
+speech and perhaps improperly quote the chaplain. The speech was so
+good that they made him do it again at the very opening of the caucus
+the next morning, so I'm going to lead off with it in my story of the
+proceedings of the last day, just as the stenographers recorded it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE SILVER LINING
+
+
+Soon after the caucus opened on Saturday morning, May 10, the minutes
+read as follows:
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, before we have the report of the Resolutions
+Committee, I want to say to those who were not of the Executive
+Committee and in its meeting last night, that there seemed to me to be
+there a more splendid crystallization of the real purpose of this
+caucus and a foresight into what it is going to mean, not only to
+these four millions of men but to the people of the United States for
+the next half century, than I have ever heard, and at the request of a
+number of those who were there at that meeting, I am going to ask one
+of them to interpret to you in just a few minutes, as well as he can,
+and he did it wonderfully well last night, the spirit that we believed
+in that meeting is your spirit here to-day and the spirit that is
+going out from this caucus as a slogan to all American citizens and
+through them to the world, indicating the purposes for which we
+fought, and more than that, the purposes for which American manhood
+stands and for which it will fight again, if necessary, the heritage
+we will hand down to our children, and I will ask this gentleman to
+present that thought to you."
+
+CHAPLAIN W. INZER (of Alabama): "Gentlemen, I appreciate this
+opportunity more than I have words to say, and if you will only be as
+sympathetic with me for these minutes as that Executive Committee was
+last night, I will do my best to interpret the spirit and the mind of
+this convention as I see it and as I saw it last night. I never had a
+more sympathetic audience, it seemed to me, or a more psychological
+moment in which to speak than that was last night and I appreciate the
+spirit of the brethren who asked me to come out and make this talk
+this morning and I am going to try my best to interpret it as I saw it
+last night.
+
+"There has been an undercurrent all through this Convention. Somebody
+has been afraid that we are going to do something or pop some lid off
+that will bust the thing and I have been, as I said last night,
+sometimes scared almost to death. I think I could personally say that
+I wanted to make about seventy-four speeches in the two days that I
+have been here. I didn't do it but I was waiting and praying for the
+psychological hour to arrive and I believe that that hour came last
+night when this Executive Committee really got together and got
+something concrete before them, and I think that the whole Convention
+comes together this morning ready to take up matters of importance and
+leave off matters that should not be taken up, and to solidify this
+body in a great spirit of Americanism that shall last for fifty years
+as the greatest organization that the world has ever known."
+(Applause.) "Now the keyword that I want to say in the beginning is,
+at all costs we want to save this organization. We do not want
+anything to arise to-day that will in any way mar the spirit of this
+great assembly and the work that it is going to do in the future.
+While you were deliberating here these past two days some of you
+thought only of this hour and this moment, but, gentlemen, I had an
+eye cast into the future and I was dreaming dreams and seeing visions
+of the years that are to come and the wonderful work, the wonderful
+influence, and the mighty power that this organization is going to
+have and exert upon this nation and upon the whole world, and I want
+you to think of it in these terms. This convention is a baby and we
+must not choke this baby. You can't give a young baby a gallon of
+castor oil the first week. It only requires castoria, that is all the
+first week. It can stand with a little mother's milk, and I want you
+to feel that way about it to-day." (Laughter and Applause.)
+
+"Our first duty is beyond the shadow of a doubt to get this infant on
+its legs, and once we get it on its legs, it will be like the mighty
+Niagara Falls, there isn't anything in the world can dam it up. It
+will be a power that shall be known, and with influence all over
+America and for good all over the world. Let's be quiet and let's be
+sensible to-day until we get this infant on his legs. He's just a
+recruit, a raw recruit, and he has to be trained and we are going to
+do that now.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to say just here, if you can only think about this
+Legion--the chairman spoke of it last night to me--as the jewel of the
+ages. I believe that is the best interpretation I know. I cannot say
+anything greater than this: I believe God raised up America for this
+great hour; I can say that the strong young man of the time is to be
+the American Legion in this country and in the world.
+
+"What the great seers of the past ages have dreamed and what they have
+planned and longed for, the opportunity that they sought, have
+suddenly been placed and in our hands. Are we going to be great men
+and big men? Will we arise to the dignity and be worthy of the
+occasion?
+
+"I believe that we will. Oh, men, if I might make it plain to you
+that it seems to me I stand on the very rim of creation and I am
+speaking there to an angel who has never yet been able to see light. I
+said: 'Angel, what are you doing here?' and he said: 'I was placed
+here when God created this world'; and he said: 'God sent me to look
+down upon this world and report to him at one special time, and that
+one time only,' and I said: 'What was to be the nature of that
+report?' He said: 'God made man in His own image and God Himself is a
+being of knowledge, love, truth, democracy, and peace,' and He said to
+that angel, 'Don't you ever leave that world until you see dawn, until
+you see that man has come up to the place where he will begin to
+measure up to what I expected of him,' and that angel said to me, 'I
+have sat here through all the ages and I have seen times when I
+thought that the sunlight of God's great knowledge and love and truth
+was going to come over the hills and then some being like the Kaiser
+or Alexander or Napoleon or some one that was of a Bolsheviki type
+would rise up and retard it and the sun could never rise,' but he
+said: 'Thank God on April 6, 1917, I reported back to God when America
+entered this war that I had seen the dawn.' (Applause.)
+
+"As little as you dream, maybe when you came here and as little as you
+thought about it in the commitment of time, I believe to-day that we
+stand on the dawn of the realization of the republic of man which is
+nothing short of the Kingdom of God on earth when men shall be men."
+(Applause.)
+
+"So the first thing we are to do to-day is to get a great spirit, men,
+a great spirit that we can carry back. All the other questions will be
+ironed out in due time. Everything will be straightened out when we
+realize that five million men are going to be organized with the same
+spirit of love and loyalty and devotion and sacrifice and democracy
+that characterized their lives on the battlefield. They will never
+rest until they make this whole world bloom in love, democracy, peace
+and prosperity and equality and brotherhood for all mankind. That is
+what we are going to do and that is what this assembly means to-day.
+It is the world's great opportunity and your privilege to share with
+it.
+
+"Now, then, I want to say that the soldier spirit is going to be my
+spirit and I believe it is going to be your spirit. When Wilson and
+the other men called us to the war, I was glad and ready immediately
+to offer my life because of the great principle. I said to those men
+last night in that Executive Committee and I mean it to-day, I'd
+gladly lay down my life to-day if laying down my life meant that this
+Legion should live and fulfill my dreams of its service to the
+country for these next fifty years. (Applause.) So do you think I want
+anything to come up here that would disrupt this body? Never! Do you
+think I want to make a fiery speech about something because it is my
+personal conviction? No, I have a hundred personal convictions that I
+would like to see operating in the United States and this convention,
+but it isn't the time and I am not going to bring them up here. I
+don't want to say anything that will keep all of us from pulling
+together like a military army for the great things that this
+convention in the future is going to stand for. So my final word is
+this: That this day, we get right down to business and that we omit
+everything that we can omit pertaining to the permanent policy of this
+organization that we cannot all immediately agree upon.
+
+"If there is going to be anything discussed here to-day that everybody
+in this convention won't immediately agree upon and would hinder us
+from sending out to the nation word that we stand together and that we
+are going to pull together, that we caught a mighty vision and that we
+have gained the great spirit, then, brethren, let's carry that thing
+over until November when all the boys come home and then we will
+discuss it there. There are many things to-day that we can discuss
+that are important and fundamental and that are urgently needed in
+our nation this hour. Let's take those things up and get down to
+business on it to-day. Every Executive Member from each State pledged
+the chairman last night that he was going to act as a sergeant-at-arms
+in his delegation and hold the convention in order to-day. We are
+going to do the right thing and we won't be 'busted' by anything or by
+anybody, and when anything comes up that isn't the right thing for us
+to do to make a great impression on America, and the world, we will
+say hold that thing over until the baby is strong enough to do it
+right.
+
+"I beg you to do those things. Somebody said: 'What are the things we
+can do to-day?' We mentioned them last night.
+
+"Jack Sullivan has problems out there that we must meet this very day.
+One of those is this Bolsheviki business. We are going to pass
+resolutions this very day, I believe, asking the United States in
+Congress to pass a bill for immediate action of deporting every one of
+those Bolsheviki or I.W.W.'s out yonder." (Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"Gentlemen, I know what I am talking about. You don't know how badly I
+do hate some of those guys. If it hadn't been for them I would have
+gotten on the boat in Newport News in 1918 for France, but because of
+those rotten scamps I was sent to Seattle, Washington, and had to
+stay there for seven months guarding the interest of the shipbuilding
+in the Western States.
+
+"I was naturalization officer for our regiment and that division out
+there and I have had those scamps stand up and say: 'Yes, I have been
+here fourteen years and have lived on the fat of the land, but we
+don't want to fight,' and they would deny citizenship papers or cancel
+their first papers.
+
+"Now that the war is over, they are in lucrative positions and our
+boys haven't got jobs; we've got to say, send those scamps to hell."
+(Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"We can all see this very moment that there is no division on that
+question. We stand together. Somebody said: 'Why, we have been here
+two days and haven't done anything but elect officers and decide on a
+place to meet. But let me tell you, Buddy, while we have been doing
+those things, we have let the world know where we stand for
+Americanism. (Applause.) And we couldn't have done a bigger thing than
+create the impression we did relative to Mayor Thompson of Chicago and
+the I.W.W.'s of Seattle. (Applause.) We can do that. We are agreed on
+that. The baby can do that without any trouble at all and we are not
+going to choke him when we start that kind of thing.
+
+"The other question that we might decide here to-day is what we are
+going to do about jobs for our returned soldiers. In my city we have
+already said: 'Look here, man, you'd better post every job that is
+open and post it in the place where we get employment for returned
+soldiers. And they have gotten down to that. We want to talk about
+that to-day and get down to business--the business of getting jobs for
+our men, and then we want to care for those who come back without
+money. We want to help them get their allotment and get their $60
+bonus, and we want to care for the wounded.
+
+"But these other things--excuse me, I can't help but say brethren,
+because I am a preacher, but you are my brethren, I thank God you are
+and I love you like I love the brethren of my church. There is some
+fellow here who might want to spring something because he knows it
+would be a lot of fun. Oh, brethren, let's not have any fun with the
+baby to-day. (Laughter and Applause.) We have all we can do to-day. We
+have all we can do if we do those things that we are all united upon
+and agreed upon. Those things which may have what they call a nigger
+in the woodpile, when they come up, let's say that is something we are
+going to talk about later when the boys get home in November, when
+everybody is settled down and we have thought it through and talked
+about it in our State organizations and we will come up with
+solidified ideas and the great spirit will have gripped us and we will
+know where we stand and will know our power and strength.
+
+"Brethren, I say let's cut out every last bit of hoodlumism to-day. It
+is the zero hour. Let's stand together. If we don't carry anything
+else home, let's go home and say we are for America, that we caught
+the spirit and the vision and you can't stop us with anything in the
+world. I thank you." (Audience rises and applauds.)
+
+
+That speech has been given in full not only for the reasons which have
+been stated before but because it is archtypical of the deep-seated,
+serious, and high-minded soul of the New American, born of the war.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, it seems that Illinois caught the spirit of the speaker
+who has just seated himself, in advance."
+
+Before the applause over Inzer's speech had ended and before we
+realized it, Mr. Cummings of Illinois had the floor. He said that the
+Illinois delegation had been ungracious in accepting Colonel Herbert's
+explanation of his remarks the previous day.
+
+"We wish to withdraw that implication," Mr. Cummings said. "We wish to
+state to you as a solid Illinois delegation that we give full faith
+and credit to the high, patriotic motive which prompted this gentleman
+in making the speech to you which he did and in bringing before this
+organization the question which he did. We feel on cooler deliberation
+and upon giving the matter the thought which its importance demanded,
+that he is helping us and that he has placed the American Legion in a
+position to help us to move in a body politic, to overcome certain
+things in the State of Illinois and blot out pro-Germanism.
+
+[Illustration: Gaspar Bacon Treasurer]
+
+
+Three State Chairmen
+
+[Illustration: John F.J. Herbert Massachusetts
+  _Photo by Gray, Worcester, Mass_.]
+
+[Illustration: Henry G. Mathewson California]
+
+[Illustration: Cornelius W. Wickersham New York]
+
+"I say that the American Legion is bigger than any man; it is bigger
+than any State; it is bigger than any combination of States; it is the
+unified action of the millions of men who were willing to sacrifice
+their lives, their fortunes, their all on the altar of this country
+for the cause of democracy, to make the world safe for democracy, and
+they are going to help us make Illinois come to the front and clean
+its skirts of the stigma which is attached. We know that you are going
+to help us in it, and with the support of the American Legion, nothing
+will stop us from cleaning our skirts, from washing our dirty linen at
+home. When the next convention of the American Legion is held, as soon
+as we have had an opportunity or the boys in khaki and blue have had
+an opportunity to give an honest expression of views on the question
+of Burgomaster Thompson, we will come through with clean skirts, we
+will stand before you without a question as to the patriotism of the
+great City of Chicago and the State of Illinois. We are for the
+American Legion first, last, and all the time, and I will pledge
+Illinois' seven hundred thousand soldiers who have gone to the front
+for the colors in this organization to a man."
+
+"... and clean its skirts of the stigma which is attached and we know
+you are going to help us in it, for we will have the support of the
+American Legion and with that support when the boys from over there
+get back, nothing will stop us from cleaning our skirts...."
+
+Attention is drawn specifically to that sentence, because it affords
+an excellent opportunity to explain the difference between politics
+and policies. The Legion has policies but it is not political. One
+prime policy is the demand for one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+Whoever or whatever cannot read that mark, be it Chicago's mayor or
+the Seattle Soldier's Council, the Legion's caution is "measure up."
+The Legion, _as the Legion_ will not go into municipal politics in
+Chicago but the members of the various posts in that city like all
+other Legion members stand for one hundred per cent, simon-pure
+patriotism and regardless of party, he who does not "measure up" had
+best beware. The Legion, as the Legion, never will endorse a political
+party or a party's candidate for office. But it will have platforms,
+it will have tenets, it will have principles. These platforms, tenets,
+and principles will be seen, felt, heard, and heeded by the voters of
+the United States. Furthermore, these platforms, tenets, and
+principles will be supported regardless of political party, political
+affiliations, or partisan sponsorship.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+
+The first of the committee reports of the morning was that of the
+Publication Committee. This report is perhaps not so interesting a
+document now as it may be in later years, when, with a circulation of
+millions weekly, the official organ will be a tremendous power for
+Americanism throughout the country, spreading in every home, in every
+vale and hamlet the same dragnet of Americanism as the draft law did,
+having in its tentacles the same power for culture, breadth of
+experience, and abolition of sectionalism.
+
+In view of this, the report possesses tremendous potentialities. Here
+it is:
+
+"The Committee on Publication recommends that this caucus of the
+American Legion inaugurate a national publication which shall be the
+Legion's exponent of Americanism; that this, the sole and only
+publication of the American Legion, be owned and directed by the
+Legion for and in the interest of all Americans; that the Publication
+Committee be continued that it may proceed as organized with the
+details of founding this publication, with the advice and under the
+control of the Executive Committee of the American Legion which shall
+add such specially qualified members to the Publication Committee as
+it may see fit; that this publication shall be a National,
+nonpartisan, non-sectional organ for the service of the American
+people, a champion of Americanism which means independence, security,
+health, education, greater contentment, and progress for every
+patriot, to be the torch, the beacon light thrown into our hands by
+the Americans who fell, and held as a unique and living monument to
+that other legion which did not come back.
+
+  "(Signed) G.P. PUTNAM, _Chairman._
+  "CHARLES D. KELLEY, _Secretary_."
+
+As an aside it may be interesting to say that there were at least half
+a dozen publishers, some with veteran journals already started, in St.
+Louis with the most alluring offers. Each wanted to have his
+publication designated as the official organ. Several other
+propositions were made, one syndicate offering to publish the
+magazine, bear the entire expense, give the Legion fifty per cent. of
+the stock, and allow it to control the editorial policy. All the
+syndicate wanted was the official endorsement. From other quarters
+came the word that a million dollars would be forthcoming, if such a
+large amount was necessary, in order to start the publication, but
+those who would furnish it wanted some return, naturally. However the
+Publication Committee felt, as set forth in the resolutions, that the
+magazine must be entirely owned and solely controlled by the Legion.
+If it was worth a million dollars to anybody else, it certainly was
+worth conserving in every possible way for the Legion.
+
+Again I am going to let the minutes take up the story. Some of the
+details which they give in the next few pages are illustrative of the
+interest and care which the caucus took when it came to important
+matters.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The Committee on Resolutions begs to submit the
+following report:
+
+"'GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND CREED--Recognizing the supreme obligation of
+the citizens to maintain our national honor and integrity, and being
+resolved that the fruits of the Great War shall not die, we who
+participated in the war in order that the principles of justice,
+freedom, and democracy may more completely direct and influence the
+daily lives of America's manhood, do announce our adherence to the
+following principles and purposes:
+
+"'(a) To inculcate the duties and obligations of citizenship.
+
+"'(b) To preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+this war.
+
+"'(c) To cement the ties of comradeship formed in service.
+
+"'(d) To promote, assist, and protect the general welfare of all
+soldiers, sailors, and marines and those dependent upon them.
+
+"'(e) To encourage the maintenance of individual and national
+efficiency to the end that the nation shall never fail in its
+obligations.
+
+"'(f) To maintain the principle that undivided and uncompromising
+support of the constitution of the United States is the true test of
+loyalty.'" (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Do you desire to pass on that as read, gentlemen, or by
+paragraphs?"
+
+MR. JOHNSON (Rhode Island): "I move it be adopted as a whole."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York.
+
+COL. HERBERT (Mass.): "I would like to ask for information: if there
+aren't more eligible to membership in the American Legion than are
+cited--soldiers, sailors, and marines?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The committee understands that covers everything. The
+direct eligibility comes up later."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "But before we adopt this we must know who are eligible
+so it may be inserted there. As I read the qualifications for
+membership the members of the enlisted nurse corps are eligible to
+membership in the American Legion. If they are eligible they must be
+included there. If there are any others they must be included."
+
+MR. FISH (of New York): "I make a motion to the effect that this
+report be laid on the table until the constitution has been adopted.
+There are points in this resolution that conflict with the preamble
+and by-laws of the constitution. I move you, Mr. Chairman, that the
+first paragraph of the resolution as read be laid on the table until
+after the constitution is adopted. I will amend my motion to that
+effect."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "I want to hear that reread."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "What I have read, and what I am about to read again,
+is the first paragraph of the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+There are many other paragraphs. The second one, for instance, is an
+endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan. If you lay the whole report
+on the table we have to wait until later to consider resolutions as a
+whole. The first paragraph is as follows:"
+
+Secretary read first paragraph.
+
+MR. MILLIGAN: "I wish to make a further amendment that the entire
+report be laid on the table until after the constitution has been
+adopted. I don't believe it is the sense of this meeting to hear the
+report of this committee in fragments."
+
+COLONEL LEA (of Tenn.): "If this report, or any part of it, is laid on
+the table it means final disposition of it under the rules of the
+House of Representatives. I don't think we want to do that until the
+report is read. As a substitute for the pending motion and amendment,
+I move that further reading and action of the report be suspended
+until after the report of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The Secretary will now proceed to read the
+resolutions."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.
+
+"'WHEREAS, The Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war, and to
+reestablish the country upon a peace basis, therefore be it
+
+"'RESOLVED that this caucus emphatically endorse the Victory Liberty
+Loan, and urges all Americans to promote the success of the loan in
+every manner possible.'"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "What is your pleasure with regard to that resolution?"
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move the adoption of the resolution."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Wickersham of New York and carried.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Conscientious Objectors.
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States in accordance with the act of Congress of
+May 18, 1917, and who were tried by general court-martial, sentenced
+to prison and later fully pardoned, restored to duty and honorably
+discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them, and as
+condemning further the I.W.W.'s, international socialists, and
+anarchists in their effort to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and be it
+further
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus requests a full and complete
+investigation by Congress of the trial and conviction of these parties
+and of their subsequent pardon." (Applause.)
+
+COLONEL HERBERT (of Mass.): "I move you, sir, that this convention
+substitute the word 'demand' instead of 'request' where it says 'We
+request Congress.' We are a body large enough and representative
+enough and powerful enough to tell Congress what we want (applause),
+not to ask it, and I move the substitution of the word 'demand'
+instead of 'request.'"
+
+Seconded by Luke Lea of Tennessee.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The motion is now for the adoption of the resolution as
+read, substituting the word 'demand' for 'request.'"
+
+ALBERT H. WILSON (of Idaho): "Gentlemen of this convention, before
+this is put to the body of this house, I want to offer a resolution
+that the man who convicted these men at Camp Funston be permitted to
+give the facts of those convictions and the facts of those discharges
+to the body of this house. I refer, gentlemen, to Major Foster, of
+Camp Funston, of the General Staff at Camp Funston, and I offer a
+resolution to that effect. Will you hear him?"
+
+Assent from the audience.
+
+MR. GASTON: "I second that."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It isn't necessary to have a resolution to that effect.
+The discussion would be germane to the question before the house."
+
+MAJOR FOSTER (of Missouri): "Gentlemen, on May 18, 1917, the Congress
+of these United States passed an act defining what should be done in
+regard to conscientious objectors. That act, as you are all probably
+familiar with, says nothing about the I.W.W.--the so-called
+humanitarian, the slacker, and the anarchist, and yet for some unknown
+reason about 135 such cattle were shipped out to Camp Funston,
+segregated, were not required to do military service, were tried for
+disobedience to a lawful order in time of war, duly convicted,
+sentenced to prison, and a large Majority of them pardoned out of the
+penitentiary within two months.
+
+"These men, and I want you to get the importance of this, are not
+ordinary, poor, misguided, fanatical men, but the large number of them
+were college graduates. Take the case of Lundy in Chicago and Berger
+and Greenberg and all of them. Seven of them were cases so serious
+that the court, of which I was a member, sentenced them to death.
+Within three weeks the order came from Washington restoring them to
+honorable duty. These men who were dismissed from Leavenworth and who
+were tried by this court made the statement before the court to prove
+their conscientious scruples that they did not accept pay from the
+Government, nor did they, but when they were dismissed at Fort
+Leavenworth and honorably restored to duty and given discharges with
+honor, they took every dollar and cent that the Government sent or the
+officials in Washington said should be paid to them and they carefully
+counted it and it amounted to between four and six hundred dollars
+each, and they went home with it.
+
+"You all know who is responsible for this condition. You all know that
+this convention should condemn it. And here is one more point I want
+to put before you and I want you to get this carefully. One of the men
+we tried, Worsman, has been pardoned. Here is a letter he sent out. I
+will not read it all.
+
+(The caucus requests him to read it all.)
+
+It is sent out to the press and to everyone. Here is a book that has
+the expressions before the court that all these men made and they
+stand on that as being proper.
+
+"This letter says: 'The committee who sends you this letter are, for
+the most part, near relatives or close friends of young men now
+serving long terms in the disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth
+because of loyalty of principle. Nearly all of them are your fellow
+workers and except for those in what we call the religious
+group,--trade unionists--the public knows little of their unhappy
+fate, even less than the other political or labor prisoners because
+they have been sent to prison by military court-martials and some have
+not even had the hostile publicity of a public trial in court.
+
+"'The war is over; whether these men were right or wrong, they were
+utterly sincere. Even military prejudice has to concede that, and the
+sufferings they have unflinchingly borne prove it many times over, but
+the point for the country to get just now is that right or wrong, they
+cannot now have any adverse effect upon the military policy of the
+Government to keep them in prison.' Here is the dangerous thing--'We
+are trying to educate public opinion, and particularly labor opinion,
+to the point where it will demand the release of these brave and
+sincere young men. We say "labor," because we know when labor really
+demands a thing, it gets done.' There is the dangerous thing,
+gentlemen, the direct connecting up of the I.W.W., the so-called
+international socialists and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and
+later pardoned by our War Department,--the direct connecting up
+between that element and those like the fellow who was sentenced to
+prison and who is sending out this letter, and this great and
+dangerous Bolshevism that is creeping into this country and is, I am
+afraid, more dangerous than many of us realize. I want to see this
+caucus go on record--don't be afraid--as strong as you can against
+this fellow. The officers who served on those courts know what we had
+to endure. We had to treat them respectfully; we were obliged to do
+that. Let me tell you a few things, if you don't know them, about what
+happened in the guardhouse among those men. They would not do a thing;
+they wouldn't make their own beds. They wouldn't flush the toilets in
+the guardhouse, and some red-blooded American soldiers had to go and
+pull the chain for them. I say you can't send out a message to these
+people too strong in condemnation of this type and of the action of
+the War Department or whoever is responsible for the solace and the
+protection that has been thrown around the man who hid under the cloak
+of an act of Congress that was designed to take care of the
+conscientious objectors, and there is no conscientious objector under
+that act except a man whose religious creed forbade him to take part
+in the war in any way. I thank you." (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, the question has been called. All those in
+favor of the motion as amended will vote 'aye.'"
+
+The motion was unanimously carried.
+
+The general comment at the time was that Major Foster's address summed
+up the opinion of the caucus on the War Department's action in regard
+to the objector, conscientious or otherwise.
+
+
+The accusation that the Legion was being formed for political purposes
+has been frequently referred to in this account of the organization
+and there follows an instance which shows very clearly the attitude of
+the delegates toward anything that might tend to give to the caucus a
+political savor. Just after Major Foster's address the chairman held
+up his hand for silence.
+
+"One moment before the next resolution is read," he said: "I am
+informed that one of the newspapers of St. Louis has circulated blanks
+among the delegates asking them to indicate thereon how they intend to
+vote in the next national election in this country. I would point out
+to those who are gathered here that this is a very improper suggestion
+and that the action should be repudiated by the men here filling out
+none of these blanks."
+
+This statement was greeted both with anger and applause, the former at
+the paper's action, the latter because of the chair's suggestion, and
+Mr. Wickersham of New York made a motion that none of the blanks
+should be filled out and that no delegate should take part in such a
+poll. It carried unanimously and with acclamation. The blanks were not
+filled out and the men distributing them were ordered to leave the
+theater, which they did.
+
+This is the nearest approach to a poll that took place at the St.
+Louis Caucus so far as I am able to ascertain. In fact it would have
+been quite impossible to take a poll except in the theater and I have
+been assured by men sitting in widely different parts of the house
+that no such poll was taken. The delegates' living quarters were in
+widely scattered parts of St. Louis and it would have been impossible
+to have got any large number of them together to take a poll except
+during the meeting in the theater.
+
+Despite this fact, despite the motion of Major Wickersham, and its
+passage by acclamation, reports were circulated after the caucus, to
+the effect that a poll had been taken and that it showed so many votes
+for this man and so many votes for that one. The effect of that
+statement, while not doing widespread damage, caused the Legion
+leaders a great deal of embarrassment and a great deal of effort to
+correct the false impression among those not present at St. Louis to
+the effect that the caucus had a political complexion.
+
+Following the refusal to allow a poll to be taken, the secretary read
+the following resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS certain aliens during the emergency of the war sought to
+evade military duty by reason of their status as aliens, and
+
+"WHEREAS, such an act indicates a lack on the part of such aliens of
+the proper spirit of Americanism, therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED that this caucus assembled urge upon the Congress of the
+United States the adoption of such measures that may be necessary to
+bring about the immediate deportation from the United States for all
+time of these aliens."
+
+This resolution covered a subject very near the heart of Sergeant Jack
+Sullivan, the vice-chairman. He was on his feet immediately saying:
+
+"I agree with the gentleman from Massachusetts, Comrade Herbert, that
+this is not the time to urge upon Congress but to demand of Congress
+and I offer you, sir, this as a substitute resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United
+States, July, 1918, known as an amendment to the Selective Service Act
+giving persons within the draft age who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby becoming exempt from service,
+
+"WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards,
+and factories, and
+
+"WHEREAS, in this great World War for Democracy the rank and file of
+the best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed
+themselves in order to uphold the principles upon which this country
+was founded and for which they were willing to give up their life's
+blood, if necessary, to preserve, and
+
+"WHEREAS we, the American Legion assembled are of the opinion that
+these would-be Americans who turned in their first papers to avoid
+service are in our opinion neither fish, flesh, nor fowl and if
+allowed to remain in this country would contaminate the 100% true
+American soldiers and sailors who will return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life. Therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion in convention assembled in St.
+Louis, this 8th, 9th, and 10th day of May, 1919, numbering millions of
+red-blooded Americans, do demand the Congress of these United States
+to immediately enact a law to send these aliens who withdrew their
+first papers and thereby avoided service, back to the country from
+whence they came, for we want them not, neither do we need them. The
+country which we live in and were ready and are now ready and willing
+to fight for is good enough for us and this country, which they live
+in and prospered in, yet were unwilling to fight for, is too damned
+good for them to remain in. Therefore, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED, that a copy of these resolutions be sent to each and every
+member of the House and Senate of our United States and a copy be
+given to the public press."
+
+  "Respectfully presented
+  "(Signed) Sgt. JACK SULLIVAN.
+  "Delegate from Seattle, State of Washington."
+
+"I move you, sir, the adoption of this resolution."
+
+"Now, gentlemen, I have a telegram from Seattle which I will read. It
+is addressed to Jack Sullivan, St. Louis.
+
+"'Executive Board American Legion of Liberty authorizes you to
+advocate before the St. Louis Convention as part of the
+Americanization program, that the organization bring its influence to
+bear throughout the United States to secure enactment by Congress of
+laws making it possible to deport alien slackers who avoided military
+service by renouncing their citizenship and signing affidavits that
+they would return to the country from which they came. A bill
+providing for their deportation introduced by Senator Jones of
+Washington failed to pass the last session of Congress because the
+demand for its passage from the State of Washington was not backed up
+by other States. Demand upon senators and representatives from their
+own constituents that a law should be passed to deport these slackers
+would probably result in action by the special sessions of Congress of
+nearly three hundred aliens who escaped military service in Seattle by
+renouncing their right to become citizens. Twenty-seven per cent, were
+shown to be I.W.W.'s of the thousands who thus escaped military
+service. Throughout the country a large percentage are probably of the
+element which is seeking to undermine American institutions. They
+still remain despite their affidavits that they would leave the
+country and there is no existing law under which they can be deported.
+The first move towards making this country one hundred per cent.
+American should be the elimination of aliens who are opposed to our
+Government and institutions and who poison the minds of others by
+their teachings. Every senator and representative should be urged to
+back legislation for the elimination of this element and we hope that
+this work will be adopted by the convention as part of the national
+program.
+
+  "'(Signed) American Legion of Liberty,
+  "'NORMAN E. COLES, _Secretary_.'"
+
+When Sullivan finished reading, he began one of the most stirring
+addresses made before the convention:
+
+"Now let's not be afraid to put the cards on the table and say to the
+Congress of the United States that we are not afraid to trample on the
+toes of the diplomats of these alleged neutral countries who do not
+want legislation of this kind to pass," Sullivan plead. "We have the
+interest of the man who donned the khaki and the blue and when the
+ships bring the boys from over there, they must take back these alien
+slackers. We would be derelict in our duty to the boys who gave their
+all when they went over the top; we would be untrue to ourselves and
+the institutions and principles for which we fought if we did not see
+to it that these people were sent back.
+
+"I was born in the State of Massachusetts and I was taught that
+citizenship meant something. As a boy I went out West where I learned
+that American citizenship meant something to the people of the West.
+
+"To-day we are here from all parts of the country. We are not from any
+section alone, because we are all Americans, This is an organization
+of Americans. This should be a country of Americans and if our
+citizenship means something, the swine who come from other countries
+should be taught that it means something like what McCrae said:
+
+    '"When from failing hands we throw the torch to you,
+        Be yours to hold it high;
+        If ye break faith with us who die,
+      We shall not sleep though poppies grow in Flanders' field.'
+
+"Let's make this unanimous and do it now and say to the boys in
+Siberia and France that we are going to see to it when they get back
+here that those damned alien slackers are not going to be here, or if
+they are, they are going to be on the dock at Hoboken to go back to
+their own countries because they don't belong here and we are not
+going to allow them to remain."
+
+[Illustration: "Jack" Sullivan of Seattle
+  First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama]
+
+Sullivan was seated amid prolonged cheering; it was his big slap at
+Bolshevism. When Colonel Lindsley restored order Colonel Ralph Cole of
+Ohio was recognized.
+
+"The delegation from Ohio has authorized me to second this motion," he
+said. "This seems to be a unanimous caucus. There is harmony here. The
+most impressive fact in relation to this assembly is the militant
+spirit of Americanism that has been manifested. I chanced to be
+Assistant Adjutant of the 37th Division when the time came for the
+naturalization of aliens who were in the American Army. Thousands and
+thousands of young aliens came up and raised up their right hand and
+pledged fidelity to the American Constitution, and to fight for the
+supremacy of the American flag, but, there was a certain small
+element, a certain small percentage that refused to take the oath of
+allegiance and they appealed to the Constitution and their rights
+under the law and they were exempted from military service. And I say
+to you, gentlemen of this convention, any alien that will appeal to
+the law in order to avoid military duty has no right to the
+opportunity of peace in America." Here there was prolonged applause.
+
+"There was an outbreak in the State of Ohio of Bolshevism a few days
+ago, but I want you gentlemen to know that it was put down. It was hit
+by the soldiers who returned from France, the rank and file of our
+boys.
+
+"Now, as Mr. Sullivan has suggested, let it not be said that when
+these boys that raised their right hand and took the oath of
+allegiance to the American flag return, that these contemptible skunks
+that demanded exemption under the law shall occupy the positions,
+which these truly loyal men should have. Let's give those positions to
+the returning American soldiers and the returning alien soldiers that
+fought for the American flag and helped us win the great victory." The
+applause given Sullivan was repeated.
+
+Then the "Silver Lining," Chaplain Inzer, strode upon the stage. This
+time he was a very stern Silver Lining, and what he had to say he said
+with a vigor which characterized his speeches all during the
+convention.
+
+"I want to offer an amendment," he said. "Mr. Sullivan's resolution
+does not cover the whole ground. As Naturalization Officer of the 14th
+Infantry, I happen to be observing enough to know that there are other
+men that ought to be included in this list. Often we called certain
+foreigners together who had been drafted and said, 'Now, men, we are
+going to go overseas in a short while. How long have you been in this
+country?'
+
+"One said, 'fourteen years.'
+
+"'How long have you been here?' to another.
+
+"'I have been here so and so,' he answered.
+
+"'All right, now,' we said, 'this has been your country. If we hadn't
+gone to war, you would have expected to be here.'
+
+"'But we want to go home now.'
+
+"'If you go home will you fight for your country?'
+
+"'We don't know.'
+
+"And they absolutely refused to take out citizenship papers. How do we
+know them? As Naturalization Officer I marked on every one of those
+papers. 'This man, though he has been here for four years or ten years
+refused naturalization in the hope that he might avoid overseas
+service.' Now, then, I move that we include in that motion that the
+files be gone through and every man who refused citizenship, who was a
+native of any other country, but adopted this country and refused to
+take out the citizenship papers we offered him, after he had been
+brought into the army by the draft, also be deported."
+
+Before the applause began Colonel Luke Lea had the floor. He is tall
+and imposing and a powerful speaker.
+
+"I want to see this made a complete and thorough job, and to that end
+I desire to offer a further amendment," he said. "We further demand
+the immediate deportation of every alien enemy who, during the war,
+was interned, whether such alien enemy be now interned or has been
+paroled. I merely want to say this: That any alien enemy who is too
+dangerous to be at large and bear the burdens of war, is too dangerous
+to be at large and participate in the blessings of peace."
+
+This brought down the house. It was what everybody thought and wanted.
+It was what everybody had hoped for since the very first day during
+the war that the Department of Justice had made its first internments.
+There have been all sorts of stories telling about these interned
+aliens getting rooms with baths, tennis courts, swimming pools, and
+playgrounds, and everyone had consistently hoped that they would all
+be sent back to Germany or Austria at the earliest possible moment
+after the war. The same hope was expressed in regard to certain
+Scandinavians and Hollanders here who were active in behalf of
+Germany. One thing is certain and that is that none of the delegates
+present were opposed to this enemy alien deportation, or if they were
+they didn't or couldn't make themselves heard above the thunderous
+approbation.
+
+Chaplain Inzer at this juncture jumped to his feet and heightened the
+applause by shouting, "There are four million men back of this
+organization. If I were a Bolshevik, I'd pack my grip and beat it."
+
+The culmination of this particular phase of the caucus was most
+dramatic. A wounded soldier on crutches, and bearing two wound stripes
+on his arm, was helped to the stage beside the chairman. "I am Private
+Sossin of Kentucky," he shouted. "I was born and reared in Poland, and
+came to this country and began to enjoy all the freedom of the
+American Constitution when I was thirty-seven years old. I left my
+business and my family to fight for this country. And if any of my
+native countrymen are so despicable as not to want to fight for the
+grandest flag the world has ever seen, the flag which gives freedom to
+all who are oppressed, I say, damn him and kick him out of here so
+that we can show that we despise such slackers."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "All those in favor of the motion as finally amended
+will vote 'Aye."' That "Aye" shook the theater.
+
+The caucus then passed a resolution that every naturalized citizen
+convicted under the Espionage Act should have his citizenship revoked
+and should be deported.
+
+Another telling blow for Americanism!
+
+The caucus next went on record with a resolution calling for the
+protection of the uniform. Those firms and individuals who had used
+the uniform as a method of peddling their wares were scored in the
+resolution and it was the sense of the motion that everything possible
+should be done to prevent panhandlers and peddlers on the streets
+wearing the uniform of the United States.
+
+The caucus also indorsed Secretary Lane's plan for the "Reclamation of
+arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands." The resolution to that effect
+follows in full:
+
+"WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the army and navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and
+
+"WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over
+timber lands:
+
+"NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE REËMPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+
+We are now coming to the consideration of a subject that was nearer to
+the heart of every delegate than any other. That is the reëmployment
+of one-time service men. This matter is of the most intimate and
+direct concern to the Legion and its leaders and because of its
+importance I believe the details of the discussion are sufficiently
+interesting to permit me to quote them verbatim from the minutes.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The secretary will read the next resolution."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Reëmployment of ex-service men."
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of readjustment and
+reconstruction is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers, and
+
+"WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier, vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment or to a better job, therefore,
+be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its first national caucus
+assembled, declares to the people of the United States that no act can
+be more unpatriotic in these most serious days of readjustment and
+reconstruction than the violation of this principle announced which
+pledges immediate reemployment to the returned soldiers, and be it
+further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its national caucus assembled
+does hereby declare itself as supporting in every proper way the
+efforts of the ex-service men to secure reemployment, and recommends
+that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers or ex-sailors and
+ex-marines be given preference whenever additional men are to be
+employed in any private or public enterprise, and be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to Congress the prompt
+enactment of a program for internal improvement, having in view the
+necessity therefor and as an incident the absorption of the surplus
+labor of the country, giving preference to discharged ex-service men."
+
+MR. WALSH (Pittsburgh): "I move, Mr. Chairman, that we adopt the
+resolution."
+
+The motion was seconded by Colonel Jones, of Washington, D.C.
+
+MR. LEVEREE: "Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention, I desire
+to present to you a substitute for this resolution. As one who has
+been endeavoring to give a post-war service to these men who are
+coming back here and need to be replaced in the industries of this
+country, as a volunteer dollar-a-year man in the United States
+Employment Service and one who has accomplished results in the work to
+the extent that the bulletin of the National Chamber of Commerce has
+commented on the work, I desire to call your attention to the fact
+that the resolution as presented is not concrete. It says nothing. It
+talks in generalities, and I want to present to you a concrete
+proposition based on the experience of the Bureau in New Orleans."
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable both for the welfare of the soldiers,
+sailors, and marines, now rapidly being discharged from the service of
+the United States of America, and for the industrial readjustment of
+the country that the process of returning these men to productive
+occupations in civil life be speeded up as much as possible;
+
+"AND WHEREAS, by reason of the failure of the Congress of the United
+States to appropriate funds for the purpose the said process has been
+retarded and left to private initiative; now, therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in caucus assembled calls upon the
+Congress of the United States to promptly appropriate funds to be
+administered for the benefit of existing coordinated Bureaus for the
+Employment of Returning Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, to the end
+that there may be no interruption in the service now being rendered
+and that it may be broadened and speeded up, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That each local post or organization of the American Legion
+is urged during the period of demobilization to constitute itself a
+committee of the whole, which shall cooperate with the local
+Employment Bureau and shall establish and maintain a liaison between
+such Bureau and every employer in the community through members of the
+local post or organization who are already employed in such
+establishment to the end that it may be made easy for the employer to
+avail himself of the service of the Bureau by communicating with
+someone in his own establishment, and that every soldier, sailor, and
+marine already replaced in industry may have an opportunity to assist
+his comrades to become likewise."
+
+"Gentlemen, this is the crux of that whole business--getting somebody
+close to the employer where you can bring about that liaison which is
+suggested in this substitute motion."
+
+The motion to adopt the substitute resolution was made by Mr. Leveree
+and seconded by Mr. Luss.
+
+MR. DESMOND (of Pennsylvania): "What has been said, in my estimation,
+is not comprehensive enough. In the city of Philadelphia which is
+known as the Cradle of Liberty, when the men who had given up
+positions in the educational system--I mean teachers--returned from
+the service of their country they were not, as promised, given the
+exact positions which they left. Neither were they given positions of
+parallel importance. They were actually demoted in grade so that these
+motions do not cover such circumstances. In many cases, in
+municipalities, men have returned from the service and have been
+forced to take positions not of a parallel grade but positions of a
+lower grade.
+
+"Men, Americanism depends on America's school systems, and if the ones
+who are directing our school systems are so unpatriotic as to demote
+those who go forth to serve their country, what is going to become of
+America and Americanism? And I wish to make an amendment to the effect
+that municipalities and boards of education in those municipalities be
+forced to give men their parallel positions if not positions of better
+grade and that in no instance will they be allowed to demote a man
+because he has gone forth to serve his country. I put that forward as
+an amendment, that the municipal governments and boards of education
+in our municipalities be forced to give men positions of equal grade
+if they cannot give better grade."
+
+MR. SIMINGTON (of Washington): "I speak in opposition to that amended
+resolution. In my State I represent ten thousand organized men. In my
+State the present system has proven a failure. The organization that I
+represent handles an employment bureau that places 350 service men a
+week in permanent positions and 150 in temporary employment, and I say
+to you that that record is far and above the record of the U.S.
+Replacement Bureau. It is a proven failure. Gentlemen, I believe that
+it is 'For George to do'--and we are George.
+
+"The service man wishes to take care of himself and his own. It is for
+the service man to handle his own problems and I suggest as an
+amendment--I am not sure of my being in order in offering an amendment
+to an amended amendment, but I suggest that it be the sense of this
+meeting that Congress assist the American Legion in taking care of its
+own in the matter of employment and that it do not use civilians to do
+the work." (Applause.)
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. HILL (of Pennsylvania): "The original resolution that is before
+the convention, I am frank to say, has been forwarded to me by a
+soldier from Allegheny County, who walked the streets of Pittsburgh
+for eight or nine weeks pleading this principle. A resolution adopted
+by the Mothers of Democracy was sufficient for him to get back his
+job, because he held a position as a county employee of Allegheny
+County and he invoked this principle and vitalized every military
+organization in Allegheny County, and by means of that he got back his
+job and his back salary and his mother's allowance which was cut off
+since January 1, 1918. This resolution was originally presented by me
+as a member of the National Resolutions Committee from the State of
+Pennsylvania. The National Resolutions Committee appointed a
+subcommittee of which I was a member, a committee of three, to
+consider this and refer it back to the National Resolutions Committee.
+That committee passed favorably upon it and the National Resolutions
+Committee passed it.
+
+"Now, if that resolution, as it stands before the house, was
+sufficient to get a job back for him, playing almost a lone hand,
+surely it is sufficient for any man here or for, this American Legion,
+for all it provides for, and all that is necessary to be done is the
+simple patriotism with the American Legion in back of it which can
+place its hands on the shoulder of any substantial employer and say,
+'Do you wish to rectify yourself on this thing called "patriotism?"'
+Do you wish to give the soldier back his job who presents to you a
+meritorious case? We give you a chance. If you do not take it we will
+publish this thing and you will go down to contumely and
+stultification."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Gentlemen, I am speaking on behalf of the Resolutions
+Committee. We spent all day yesterday listening to such requests as
+this. Our final calculated judgment is represented in the resolutions
+as presented. We found in the discussion that there was opposition to
+an endorsement of the United States Federal replacement division.
+(Applause.) And so we determined that the language as adopted covered
+the cast. We proposed to create in this organization a reemployment
+bureau of our own, and the resolution as presented is all the support
+that bureau needs.
+
+"I move you, sir, that all the substitutes for the original resolution
+be laid on the table."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. BENNETT CLARK: "I simply want to call attention to the fact that
+under the rules of the House of Representatives that if you lay all
+amendments on the table it carries the entire proposition to the table
+and I don't believe this convention wants to do that."
+
+MR. KNOX: "I ask a ruling on that, Mr. Chairman. If we lay all these
+substitutes for this resolution on the table will that kill the
+resolution?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Unless you dispense with the rules."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move you, sir, the suspension of the rules
+to a sufficient extent so that we may table the substitutes which have
+been offered to the original resolution offered by the committee."
+
+Motion seconded by Mr. Bond of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The question now comes back to the original
+resolution."
+
+The question was called for and it was adopted.
+
+MR. ACKLEY: "Mr. Chairman, I have another amendment to offer."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It's too late. The secretary will read the next
+resolution."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+
+I feel almost as if the next matter under discussion should have not
+only a special chapter devoted to it but be printed in large type and
+in distinctive ink, for I do not believe that anything so thoroughly
+gave evidence of the utter disregard of self in the Legion as did the
+flat refusal of the delegates to tolerate what has been called in some
+quarters, the "Pay Grab."
+
+The minutes read:
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (Reading): "ADDITIONAL PAY FOR ENLISTED MEN."
+
+"WHEREAS, the financial sacrifice of the enlisted persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States in the world war was
+altogether in excess of that of any other class of our citizenship,
+and
+
+"WHEREAS, the great majority of these persons left lucrative
+employment upon joining the colors, and
+
+"WHEREAS, this direct financial sacrifice was made at a time when
+men, many of them aliens who thrived in safety at home, were enjoying
+the advantages of an exceptionally high war wage, and
+
+"WHEREAS, the service which involved this sacrifice was a Federal
+service in defense of our national honor and national security,
+therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the delegates to this caucus of those who served with
+the colors in the world war urge upon the members of the 66th Congress
+the justice and propriety of appropriating a sufficient sum from the
+National Treasury to pay every person who served in the enlisted
+personnel in the military or naval service for a period of at least
+six months between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, six months
+additional pay at the rate of $30.00 a month, and to those persons who
+served less than six months' in the military or naval service between
+April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, the sum of $15.00 per month for
+each month so served. This bonus to be in addition to any pay or bonus
+previously granted or authorized and to be paid upon and subject to
+the honorable discharge of any such person."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the resolution as
+read."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. MCGRATH (New Jersey): "I served in the navy, and I simply want to
+call attention to the fact that this resolution says that the money
+shall be paid upon the honorable discharge of the soldiers and
+sailors, but in the navy we are only released from active duty and I
+will not be discharged for three years, neither will any of the other
+three hundred thousand naval reserves. I therefore move that the
+resolution be amended to say that so far as the navy is concerned that
+the money shall be paid upon their release from active duty or their
+honorable discharge."
+
+The committee accepted the amendment.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Before I put this motion I want to make this suggestion
+to you, that this is a pretty serious matter that you are considering.
+It is for this caucus, of course, in its wisdom to determine that
+which it wants to do, but up to this time, it has assumed continuously
+a most splendidly high and patriotic and unselfish attitude toward
+this whole question. It has dealt immediately and fairly and
+positively with regard to employment problems, but I suggest to you
+that we ought to consider very carefully whether we want to go on
+record as a caucus, as provided in this resolution, and I would prefer
+not to put the question until you have considered it further."
+
+The action of the caucus was foreshadowed by the applause which it
+gave to Colonel Lindsley's caution. Fully a half dozen men jumped to
+their feet and waved their hands wildly demanding recognition.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt arose from his seat with the New York delegation,
+and Chairman Lindsley recognized him.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to draw your attention to one feature of this
+question," he said. The Colonel spoke very deliberately and very
+distinctly, reminding a great many of his auditors of his father
+because of the way he snapped his words out. "I heartily agree with
+what the chair has said so far. I want you to get this particular
+reaction on the matter and I want to relate to you a little incident
+that happened coming out on the train from New York. One of the
+delegates on the same train with me said that the conductor stopped
+and talked to him and among other things said, 'Young Teddy Roosevelt
+is up ahead. He's going out to St. Louis to try to get some of the
+soldiers together to sandbag something out of the Government!'
+_Sandbag something out of the Government!_" The young Colonel's frame
+shook with emotion as he repeated that sentence. "Do you men get the
+idea of what he thought we were trying to do? We want everything that
+is right for us to have, but we are not going to try to sandbag the
+Government _out_ of anything; primarily we are going to try to put
+something _into_ the Government. In thinking over this resolution
+think of that."
+
+[Illustration: Fred Humphrey of New Mexico
+  A Vice-Chairman.]
+
+[Illustration: Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+  Corps.
+  He is a Vice-Chairman.]
+
+The cheer which greeted this suggestion was so resounding and the
+opinion of the caucus so positive on this question that Mr. Gordon of
+Connecticut, a member of the committee that framed the resolution,
+moved that it should be laid on the table.
+
+The thunderous "Aye" which tabled this resolution might well be
+recorded in letters of gold.
+
+It showed the utter unselfishness of the American doughboy, gob, and
+leatherneck. He had followed Colonel Roosevelt's advice: he refused to
+sandbag the Government out of anything, and this action gives the best
+possible basis for the procedure to put something into the Government.
+
+In view of the action of certain newspapers, organizations, and
+individuals in advocating that six months' pay should be given to the
+returned service man, I wonder if there are not still a great many of
+them who are still puzzled over why the Legion refused to endorse this
+movement. There must be scores of them, dozens of them who were not
+present at the St. Louis Caucus, to catch its spirit and who have not
+carefully considered just what impression such a demand on the part of
+former soldiers, sailors, and marines would create on the rest of the
+country.
+
+Why shouldn't six months' pay be given to every man who did his bit in
+the war with Germany? In the first place, these men who have returned
+from the war have begotten for themselves the utmost respect and
+affection from those who could not go. The civilian forms the majority
+of our people. Because of the esteem before-mentioned, he is willing
+to grant almost anything _within reason_ to the service man who risked
+so much in defense of the country. It is to the interest of the
+service man to make the civilian population feel that he does not want
+to get something for nothing but that, rather, he would still prefer
+to give his best to the country in peaceful times in the same spirit
+that he manifested in war times--an utter disregard of self.
+
+Had the Legion endorsed this resolution, the general consensus would
+have been, "There are the soldiers getting together to make demands.
+Their organization is nothing more or less than an association formed
+to get something out of the Treasury." Therefore, when the service
+men, as a unit, came to demand something vitally necessary for the
+good of the country, it is possible that they might be answered: "We
+have paid you in money and have your receipt and that will be all for
+you."
+
+This Legion can, must, and will be an inspiration and a guiding spirit
+because it is composed of men who have been willing to sacrifice self
+for the good of the country. For that they have obtained the
+affection of their world and just so long as they are willing to
+continue to manifest that spirit will they retain that affection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+
+The next resolution to be passed was that concerning "Disability Pay."
+That resolution, as passed read.
+
+"WHEREAS, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious
+injustice is done to the civilian who entered the military service,
+and as an incident, too, that service is disabled, therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the war with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted personnel who served in
+the military and naval forces of the United States during said war,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army."
+
+Then followed the passage of the War Risk Insurance Resolution. This
+read:
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: 'To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States and those dependent
+upon them,' and,
+
+"WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the
+service, who had not had their rights, privileges, and benefits under
+the War Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men,
+therefore, are losing daily, such rights, privileges, and benefits,
+which may never again be restored, and,
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits, and privileges,
+therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus pledges its most energetic support
+to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to the end
+that the rights, privileges, and benefits under the War Risk Insurance
+Act be conserved and that the men discharged from the service be made
+to realize what are their rights under this act; and that the
+Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes herein
+expressed and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may select
+his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship."
+
+At the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was director of the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau in Washington. In speaking to the motion to pass
+the foregoing resolution, he said that more than a year ago he and
+other officers in France felt that if there were no other reasons for
+an organization such as the Legion, it would be more than worth while
+to create one even though its sole function was to let those who
+served in the war know their rights about government insurance and if
+it saw to it that the general scheme was perpetuated.
+
+"I am speaking particularly of the insurance phase of the situation,"
+he said in part. "The United States Government to-day is the greatest
+insurance institution on earth. Thirty-nine billions of dollars of
+applications have poured in from over four millions of men; an average
+of practically $9000 per man is held throughout the United States and
+abroad, and over 90% of these men are insured. That insurance is the
+best in the world, because the greatest and the best and the richest
+Government on earth says, 'I promise to pay.' It is the cheapest
+insurance in the world and always will be because the Government says,
+'As part of our contribution, we, the people of the United States, in
+this war, as a legitimate expense, will pay all cost of administering
+this Bureau.' So that the men who have this insurance now and those
+who have it hereafter will pay only the net cost. If there is any
+savings, they get it. So that for all time to come they have got the
+insurance cheaper than any other country except the United States can
+give them. I say that without any improper comparison with the
+splendid, properly organized institutions in the United States. It is
+simply this: That the people of the United States pay this cost of
+administration. By June 1st the policies of conversion will be ready
+to be delivered to those who want them. You will be able to cease term
+insurance, if you wish, and have ordinary life, limited payment life,
+or endowment insurance. You can have any kind you please, but the big
+thing, my comrades, is this: To retain every single dollar of this
+insurance that you can afford to carry. Don't be in any particular
+hurry about conversion. If your income isn't good--carry this message
+back to the boys throughout the United States--if their income at this
+time doesn't justify carrying higher priced insurance, retain that
+which they have got and throughout this country tell the men that
+those who have lapsed their insurance because they didn't understand
+its value, because it wasn't properly presented to them at the period
+of demobilization by the Government, for it was not, tell them they
+are going to have every right of reinstatement without physical
+examination.
+
+"There is going to be no snap judgment on any man who served in this
+war who, because he was not able when he went out or didn't have the
+information or because he was careless or for any other reason didn't
+carry on his insurance. I ask you, my friends, and I think it is one
+of the important functions of this great American Legion that is born
+here in St. Louis at this time, to see that the fullest possible
+amount of this government insurance is maintained. Every man that
+holds a government policy is a part of the Government more than ever
+before. I ask you to bear this in mind and it is going to be within
+your power to say yes and no to many of the great problems of the
+United States.
+
+"I ask you to see that this great bureau is kept out of politics and
+that it is administered, in the years to come in the interests of
+those for whom this law was enacted, those who served as soldiers,
+sailors, and marines in this war and their dependents. I thank you for
+this opportunity of presenting this matter to you."
+
+
+"... It is going to be within your power to say yes or no to many of
+the great problems of the United States."
+
+The service men know this but coming from a man like Colonel Lindsley
+it is especially important. How are they going to use this power? What
+sort of a legislative program will the Legion have? The answer isn't
+hard to find by a perusal of the resolutions which were passed and by
+remembering that most important one which did not pass, viz.: the pay
+grab.
+
+The next resolution occupying the attention of the caucus was that one
+relating to disability of soldiers, sailors, and marines. It reads:
+
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several States shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor, and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors, and marines to take advantage of governmental
+assistance, and that every effort be made by the American Legion in
+the several States to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men."
+
+
+The whole work of the Legion as outlined at the caucus is constructive
+and therefore inspiring. The reader will note from the last
+resolution that members of the Legion are to be instructed to
+distribute the literature of the Rehabilitation Department among
+wounded soldiers, sailors, and marines and to show them how to take
+advantage of governmental assistance; and also that every effort will
+be made by the American Legion to stop any attempt to pauperize
+disabled men.
+
+A higher-minded, more gentle resolve than that, can hardly be
+imagined. All of us remember the host of begging cripples who were
+going the rounds of the country even so long as thirty-five or forty
+years after the Civil War. This last resolution means that such will
+not be the case after this war. I think that it would be safe to say
+that in nine cases out of ten, after the Legion gets thoroughly
+started, crippled beggars who pretend to have been wounded in the
+service of their country will be fakers. Mr. Mott of Illinois, in the
+discussion on this question, brought out the fact that there were
+approximately sixty thousand soldiers, sailors, and marines
+permanently disabled as a result of wounds, accidents, and disease
+incurred in the war, while approximately one hundred and forty
+thousand discharged men were only more or less disabled.
+
+The final resolution was that copies of all resolutions passed by the
+caucus were to be forwarded to every member of the United States
+Senate and each representative in Congress.
+
+Louis A. Frothingham, chairman of the Resolutions Committee, made an
+address in which he thanked the people of St. Louis for their
+hospitality and the War Camp Community Service for its aid. The War
+Camp Community Service sent special men to St. Louis under the
+direction of Mr. Frank L. Jones to cooperate with its St. Louis
+leaders in helping to make the delegates comfortable. Arrangements
+were made whereby delegates of small means could get lodging for
+twenty-five cents a night and meals at the same price.
+
+Mr. Foss of Ohio introduced the following resolution of thanks which
+was passed standing:
+
+
+"RESOLVED: That a standing vote of thanks be tendered to the War Camp
+Community Service for its active hospitality to the delegates to this
+St. Louis Caucus of the American Legion, which is in keeping with its
+splendid work through the war in extending community service to our
+American soldiers, sailors, and marines, and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That an engrossed copy of this resolution be
+forwarded to the national secretary of the War Camp Community
+Service."
+
+
+In this connection it might be well to digress a bit and to say that
+War Camp Community Service functioned splendidly for the young men of
+our Army, Navy, and Marine Corps during the war, and as "Community
+Service, Inc." intends to continue caring for not only the doughboys
+and gobs it served so well but for an enlarged patronage. During the
+conflict, War Camp Community Service organized the social and
+recreational resources of six hundred communities which were adjacent
+to training camps, army bases, and naval stations, and also developed
+the same resources in thirty large communities dominated by great war
+industries, of which the industrial centers at Bethlehem, Chester, and
+Erie, Pennsylvania, are types.
+
+I believe it is well worth while for every member of the American
+Legion to know something about War Camp accomplishment, and Community
+Service possibilities for each has a similar aim and goal which may be
+realized by harmonious effort on the part of community service
+branches and legion posts throughout the entire country.
+
+The idea of War Camp Community Service, like all successful
+experiments, was based on sound truth and simple theory and proved to
+be far reaching in results. Communities were not told what to do;
+there was no cut and dried program, but rather each community received
+special treatment suited to its particular needs, temperament, and
+physical characteristics. The basic idea underlying this activity is
+to allow each one to express himself. No person or community has the
+same thoughts, manner of living or thinking, and entire communities,
+like individuals, are affected by their environment and the life which
+circumstances compel them to lead. An iron monger's stalwart frame may
+conceal a poetic-soul, while the frail body of an obscure clerk may
+enclose the spirit of a Cromwell. War Camp has helped a great many
+such men to find themselves. Community Service promises to do the same
+thing, for the war has given ample proof of the need of just this kind
+of service.
+
+With the war gone, with thousands of young men thrown upon their own
+initiative and resources for both work and play, there is going to be
+a great need of proper guidance, companionship, and comradeship,
+unless a great many are to be overtaken by some madness like
+Bolshevism or in a lesser degree--constant and brooding
+dissatisfaction. The American Legion post, with its leaders, is going
+to fill a great need here. It will be some place to go where a man can
+meet his fellows of the better type, and, not only indulge in the
+pleasure of discussing former days but, better still, take an interest
+in present-day movements affecting his country.
+
+Also, I feel that Community Service will have a great place in this
+same scheme: that it can take the former service man, lonely and
+seeking expression, just where the Legion leaves off and, with Legion
+ideals on Americanism and the duties of citizenship as a basis, can
+round him off in the softer, more intimate molds of life, so that
+between the two he may not be only an honor to his country, but to his
+family and to his God as well. Therefore, I believe Community Service
+will fall heir to the goodwill created by War Camp throughout the
+nation, that it will retain the best of the latter's tenets and will
+take its place as one of the great powers for good in the community
+life of this country.
+
+At the final session, Major Caspar G. Bacon was elected treasurer of
+the Legion to serve until November 11th. Delegations appointed State
+chairmen and secretaries to carry on the work of further organization
+for the November convention.
+
+During luncheon time of the last day there had been some fear
+expressed among certain of the delegates that the loyal foreign-born
+element in the United States might not thoroughly understand the Alien
+Slackers Resolution. In order to make that perfectly clear Chaplain
+Inzer, during the last hours of the caucus, called for a cheer for
+every foreign-born citizen who gave loyal service to the United
+States. A rousing one was given.
+
+Then came the unanimous report of the Committee on Constitution and
+By-Laws and declaration of principles. It was passed upon, section by
+section. You will find it printed elsewhere in this volume, and you
+must read it if you would get a true view of the principles underlying
+the Legion. It is as plain as a lesson in a school reader. Any comment
+on it from me would be editorial tautology, so I don't want to say
+anything more than that its framing was one of the cleverest and most
+comprehensive bits of work done since the very beginning of the
+Legion.
+
+On the question of eligibility of Americans who had served in other
+armies, Mr. Palmen of California, announced as a bit of information
+that an Act approved by Congress on October 15, 1918, provided that
+such men must repatriate themselves. "We must go before a judge
+qualified to give citizenship back, taking with us our honorable
+discharge and credentials to show that we were American citizens at
+the time we enlisted," Mr. Palmen declared. Mr. Palmen was with the
+Canadian Army for three and a half years. "This question has been
+debated and the public at large is much confused about it," he
+continued. "I am told all that I must do is to go before a judge and
+that I will immediately be made a citizen again with all the rights
+and privileges which that implies."
+
+There was no "hero stuff" at all at this caucus, no names of heroes,
+as such, were mentioned. The name of the President of the United
+States was not called nor any member of his Cabinet nor was any
+reference made to them either direct or indirect. This was done to
+avoid the appearance of politics. General Pershing's name was
+mentioned once and that was during the discussion of the sixth section
+of the constitution which provides that "no Post may be named for any
+living person."
+
+Major Leonard of the District of Columbia delegation obtained the
+floor and said that his delegation was in an embarrassing position
+because they had already organized a post and named it "Pershing Post
+No. 1." Major Wickersham of New York, stated that a number of posts
+were already in the process of organization in his State and that the
+names of living men had been adopted by them.
+
+After all why not call these posts after living men?
+
+Delegate Harder, of Oklahoma, offered the answer:
+
+"With all due respect to the gentlemen who have already named their
+posts they are subjected, as are we to the action of this caucus," he
+said. "We know positively that in due course of time those names will
+be used, at least to a certain extent, politically. Let us find some
+other way to honor these men and make it impossible for the people of
+this country to get the idea that this is a political organization."
+
+There you have it, the real reason. Delegate Harder was only one of
+the hundreds who not only wanted to keep the Legion out of politics
+now but for all time to come.
+
+Mr. McGrath of New Jersey also took an amusing fling at article six.
+As originally drawn it stipulated that the local unit should be termed
+a billet. "I object to the word billet," he said. "It has too many
+unpleasant associations as those men who slept in them in France will
+testify. A billet meant some place where you lay down and slept as
+long as certain little animals would let you, and the American Legion
+isn't going to do that."
+
+Just about this time the afternoon was drawing to a close. Everybody
+realized that a monumental task had been performed. Sleepless nights
+and nerve-wracking days had been endured. Many pocketbooks were
+running low. Everybody felt it was time to go home.
+
+General Hoffman of Oklahoma obtained recognition from the chair as
+some of the delegates already were rising to leave the theater. "I
+move, Mr. Chairman," shouted the General, "that we extend a vote of
+thanks to Colonel Roosevelt and Colonel Clark and other gentlemen who
+have been associated with them and to the chairman of this association
+and his able assistants who have brought this convention to such a
+happy and successful close."
+
+At the mention of Colonel Roosevelt's name departing delegates tarried
+and when Mr. Weinman of Louisiana moved adjournment, the house stood
+and with one accord began to cry, "We want Teddy," "We want Teddy."
+
+Colonel Roosevelt walked to the center of the stage and raised both
+hands seeking silence.
+
+"I want to say just one thing," he said. "I have never been so much
+impressed in my life as I have been by the actions of this caucus,
+actions of the various committees and in the way this caucus thought
+for itself and acted for itself. For instance it would receive
+resolutions from the Resolutions Committee, would think them over,
+would re-decide on them and would re-decide them right. I want to say
+in closing that the only thing I regret is that my father could not
+have been alive at this moment to see the actions of this body of
+Americans."
+
+Mr. Healey of the New York delegation obtained the attention of the
+chair. "I make a motion," stated Mr. Healey, "that before this great
+caucus adjourns we should remain standing in one minute's silence as a
+tribute to the greatest statesman that this nation has ever
+produced--THEODORE ROOSEVELT."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+
+As I glance back over these pages I am impressed with the fact that
+only the preface of "The Story of the American Legion" has been
+written here. When the reaches of the years shall gather to themselves
+the last of the men of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United
+States during its war against Germany that story may then be
+faithfully told. So the truth of the matter now is that history is in
+the writing so far as the American Legion in its relation to the
+United States of America is concerned. That statement isn't in reality
+as platitudinous as it seems at first thought.
+
+We have arrived at world importance in history. We have come to that
+as the result of our part in the world war. Our isolation is over. We
+are the cynosure of all eyes. Uncle Sam is the dominant world figure;
+his hands control the reins that are driving the world. He has the
+enemies which all the successful have. There are those who had, and
+haven't, and there are those who never had, and want; all desiring,
+all envying the power of the United States of America. This great
+power and position was gained primarily by one motive--unselfishness.
+Just so long as it is our dominant trait will we retain what we have
+gained. Just so long as we remain true to our innate principles, to
+the tenets of our constitution, will we retain world importance and
+world influence.
+
+There is a wolf at the gates of civilized Europe. If he gets inside
+nothing can stop him from ravishing us. This war has bound us so
+closely to Europe that we are, in a sense, one and the same. He who
+strikes our brother strikes us, even though he be so far away that the
+distance is measured by an ocean. We must get over the idea that
+distance makes a difference. The Atlantic ocean has just been crossed
+in sixteen hours. Remember, thought travels even faster.
+
+The wolf that I mentioned is a Mad Thought. He is Bolshevism. He has
+the madness because of hunger, a hunger not only of body but of mind;
+the century-long hunger of the Russian peoples for Freedom. Russia has
+run in a circle. From the autocracy of the classes it has arrived at
+the autocracy of the masses.
+
+Then, too, all our European brothers are war worn; tired, tired nearly
+to death with struggle and sacrifice, and this is not a frame of mind
+calculated to help reseat reason in the world.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+One of our great bankers recently returned from an intimate study of
+affairs abroad. His name is Frank A. Vanderlip. In an address before
+the Economic Club in New York City he said that Europe is paralyzed
+and that our task is to save.
+
+I give the introduction to his address as it appeared in the New York
+_Times_:
+
+"Frank A. Vanderlip, who spoke last night at the Hotel Astor, at a
+dinner of the Economic Club, which was held for the purpose of hearing
+his story of conditions in Europe, whence he has recently returned,
+said that England was on the verge of a revolution, which was narrowly
+averted in February, when he was there, and the conditions on the
+Continent of Europe are appalling beyond anything dreamed of in this
+country.
+
+"He said that the food conditions in Europe would be worse instead of
+better for a year ahead, because of the dislocation of labor and the
+destruction of farm animals, and that the industrial and economic
+outlook, generally, points to a period after the war, which will
+equal, if not exceed the war period in suffering and misery.
+
+"He said that Italy was afraid to disband her army, because she could
+not employ the men and was afraid of idleness. He said that the
+differential, which had kept England preëminent in international
+trade, was the underpayment of labor, and that this differential was
+now being wiped out, forcing England to face tremendously serious
+problems for the future. He quoted a British minister as saying that
+means would have to be found to send six or seven millions of
+Englishmen out of the British Isles and closer to the sources of food
+production, if continental conditions continued long as at present.
+
+"He said that the best printing presses in the world to-day, except
+those in Washington, were at Petrograd, and that they were turning out
+masses of counterfeited pounds, francs, marks, lira, and pesetas, so
+skillfully made that detection was almost impossible. He said that
+these counterfeits were being spent largely by Germans to foment
+Bolshevist propaganda.
+
+"Spain would, he said, be the most promising country in Europe except
+for the labor situation there, which had brought it to the verge of
+Bolshevism. He said that the most perfect laboratory of Bolshevism in
+Europe outside of Russia was in Barcelona, Spain, which he said was
+ruled absolutely by a mysterious secret council, which had censored
+and fined the newspapers until they quit publication and had enforced
+its will in all matters by assassinations, which no one dared to
+punish.
+
+"He said that America alone could save Europe and that its aid must be
+extended to all countries equally. He said that this was necessary,
+not only to save Europe, but to prevent an invasion of America by the
+forces threatening the social overthrow of Europe."
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+There, at least, is one great reason.
+
+Our men of the army, navy, and marine corps got a schooling in the
+practical Americanism which our military establishment naturally
+teaches. Those who were aliens by birth and those native sons with
+inadequate educational advantages learned a great deal by association
+with men of better types and by travel. These men can and will stem
+the insidious guile of the wolf, and, to aid them in so doing, the
+Legion has an active speakers' bureau under Captain Osborn teaching
+Americanism in every section of the country. These speakers, in
+helping to organize the Legion along the right lines, teach the
+Constitution of the United States and preach that remedial changes in
+this government can be brought about in only one way, and that is,
+constitutionally.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+America is safe from any real danger if she can keep everybody busy.
+Less than two weeks after the caucus, the national executive committee
+had in process of formation a practicable scheme to aid in solving the
+reëmployment problem. As time goes on this department of Legion
+activity will become more and more efficient.
+
+Here is another answer to the question.
+
+All through these pages the reader has found references to this
+question of reëmployment; to anti-Bolshevism; the protection of the
+uniform; the non-partisan and non-political nature of the Legion;
+unselfishness; disability pay for the reserve forces; war risk
+insurance; allotments and back pay; the care of disabled service men;
+one hundred per cent. Americanism, and the deportation of those aliens
+who "bit the hand that fed them." The story has dealt almost entirely
+with these questions because primarily and fundamentally they are The
+American Legion. This program is the most important in the United
+States to-day. It means the betterment of the most stable forces in
+our community life, not only of to-day but for the next forty or fifty
+years. It means the proper extension of the influence of the most
+powerful factor for patriotism in our country--the onetime service
+man. It does not mean patriotism bounded on one side by a brass band
+and on the other by a dressy uniform and a reunion banner. It means
+real patriotism in its broadest sense--a clean body politic; a clean
+national soul and a clean international conscience.
+
+This is the final answer to the question which serves as the title for
+this concluding chapter.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+LIST OF STATE OFFICERS
+
+
+ALABAMA:
+  Chairman: Bibb Graves, Montgomery.
+  Secretary: Leroy Jacobs, Care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+
+ARIZONA:
+  Chairman: E. Power Conway, Noll Bldg., Phoenix.
+  Secretary: Fred B. Townsend, Natl. Bk., Arizona Bldg., Phoenix.
+
+
+ARKANSAS:
+  Chairman: J.J. Harrison, Little Rock.
+  Secretary: Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA:
+  Chairman: Henry G. Mathewson, Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+  Secretary: E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+
+COLORADO:
+  Chairman: H.A. Saidy, Colorado Springs.
+  Secretary: Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT:
+  Chairman: Jas. B. Moody, Jr., 202 Phoenix Bk. Bldg., Hartford.
+  Secretary: Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd., Stamford.
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
+  Chairman: E. Lester Jones, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+  Secretary: Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+
+
+DELAWARE:
+  Chairman: Geo. N. Davis, 909 Market St., Wilmington.
+  Secretary: L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+
+FLORIDA:
+  Chairman: S.L. Lowry, Jr., Citizens Bk. Bldg., Tampa.
+  Secretary: J.T. Wiggington, 818--15th St., Miami.
+
+
+GEORGIA:
+  Chairman: Trammell Scott, 97 E. Merrits Ave., Atlanta.
+  Secretary: Louis H. Bell, c/o Service Record, 208 Flatiron Bldg.,
+               Atlanta.
+
+
+HAWAII:
+  Chairman: Lawrence Judd, c/o T.H. Davies & Co., Ltd., Honolulu.
+  Secretary: J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+
+IDAHO:
+  Chairman: C.M. Booth, Pocatello.
+  Secretary: Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+
+ILLINOIS:
+  Chairman: George G. Seaman, Taylorville.
+  Secretary: Myron E. Adams, 205 Marquette Bldg., 140 S. Dearborn St.,
+               Chicago.
+
+
+INDIANA:
+  Chairman: Raymond S. Springer, Connersville.
+  Secretary: L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg., Indianapolis.
+
+
+IOWA:
+  Chairman: Matthew A. Tinley, Council Bluffs.
+  Secretary: John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+
+KANSAS:
+  Chairman: A. Phares, 519 Sweiter Bldg., Wichita.
+  Secretary: Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+
+KENTUCKY:
+  Chairman: Henry DeHaven Moorman, Hardinsburgh.
+  Secretary: D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+
+LOUISIANA:
+  Chairman: Allison Owen, 1237 State St., New Orleans.
+  Secretary: T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+
+MAINE:
+  Chairman: A.L. Robinson, 85 Exchange St., Portland.
+  Secretary: James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+
+MARYLAND:
+  Chairman: Jas. A. Gary, Jr., Equitable Bldg., Baltimore.
+  Secretary: Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS:
+  Chairman: John F.J. Herbert, 749 Pleasant St., Worcester.
+  Secretary: George P. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+
+MICHIGAN:
+  Chairman: Geo. C. Waldo, Detroit.
+  Secretary: Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+
+MINNESOTA:
+  Chairman: Harrison Fuller, c/o St. Paul Dispatch, St. Paul.
+  Secretary: George G. Chapin, 603 Guardian Life Bldg., St. Paul.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+  Chairman: Alex Fitzhugh, Vicksburgh.
+  Secretary: John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+
+MISSOURI:
+  Chairman:
+  Secretary:
+
+
+MONTANA:
+  Chairman: Chas. L. Sheridan, Bozeman.
+  Secretary: Ben. W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+
+NEBRASKA:
+  Chairman: John G. Maher, Lincoln.
+  Secretary: Allan A. Tukey, 1st Natl. Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+
+NEVADA:
+  Chairman: E.L. Malsbary, Reno.
+  Secretary: J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE:
+  Chairman: Frank Knox, Manchester.
+  Secretary: Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY:
+  Chairman: Hobart Brown, c/o Fireman's Insurance Co., Broad
+              and Market Sts., Newark.
+  Secretary: George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO:
+  Chairman: Charles M. DeBremon, Roswell.
+  Secretary: Harry Howard Dorman, Santa Fé.
+
+
+NEW YORK:
+  Chairman: C.W. Wickersham, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+  Secretary: Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: C.K. Burgess, 107 Commercial Bank Bldg., Raleigh.
+  Secretary: Charles N. Hulvey, A.&E. College, Raleigh.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: R.H. Treacy, Bismarck.
+  Secretary: Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+
+OHIO:
+  Chairman: P.C. Galbraith, Cincinnati.
+  Secretary: Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+               Columbus.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA:
+  Chairman: Ross N. Lillard, Oklahoma City.
+  Secretary: F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+
+OREGON:
+  Chairman: E.J. Eivers, 444-1/2 Larrabee St., Portland.
+  Secretary: Dow V. Walker, Care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA:
+  Chairman and Secretary: George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St.,
+                            Philadelphia.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND:
+  Chairman: Alexander H. Johnson, City Hall, Providence.
+  Secretary: James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: John D. Smyser, M.D., 423 South Gargan St., Florence.
+  Secretary: Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: T.R. Johnson, Sioux Falls.
+  Secretary: J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+
+TENNESSEE:
+  Chairman: Roan Waring, Bank of Commerce and Trust Co. Bldg., Memphis.
+  Secretary: W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville, Tenn.
+
+
+TEXAS:
+  Chairman: Claude B. Birkhead, San Antonio.
+  Secretary: J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+
+UTAH:
+  Chairman: Harold R. Smoot, Salt Lake City.
+  Secretary: Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+
+VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Andrew D. Christian, c/o Ruy & Power Bldg., Richmond.
+  Secretary: R.G.M. Ross, 508 1st Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Newport News.
+
+
+VERMONT:
+  Chairman: H. Nelson Jackson, Burlington.
+  Secretary: Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+
+WASHINGTON.
+  Chairman: Harvey A. Moss, Seattle.
+  Secretary: George R. Drever, c/o Adj. Gen. Office, Armory, Seattle.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Jackson Arnold, 111 Court Ave., Weston.
+  Secretary: Chas. McCamic, 904 Nat'l. Bank of West Virginia Bldg.,
+               Wheeling.
+
+
+WISCONSIN:
+  Chairman: E.F. Ackley, 226 First Nat'l. Bk. Bldg., Milwaukee.
+  Secretary: R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+
+WYOMING:
+  Chairman: A.H. Beach, Lusk.
+  Secretary: R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+AS ADOPTED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+May 10, 1919
+
+
+PREAMBLE
+
+
+For God and Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+purposes:
+
+To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America;
+to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per
+cent. Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our
+association in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of individual
+obligation to the community, state, and nation; to combat the
+autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master
+of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and
+transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and
+democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion
+to mutual helpfulness.
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name_
+
+The name of this organization shall be THE AMERICAN LEGION.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Membership_
+
+All persons shall be eligible to membership in this organization who
+were in the military or naval service of the United States during the
+period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates
+inclusive, and all persons who served in the military or naval
+services of any of the governments associated with the United States
+during the World War, provided that they were citizens of the United
+States at the time of their enlistment, and are again citizens at the
+time of application, except those persons who separated from the
+service under terms amounting to dishonorable discharge and except
+also those persons who refused to perform their military duties on the
+ground of conscientious or political obligation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Nature_
+
+While requiring that every member of the organization perform his full
+duty as a citizen according to his own conscience and understanding,
+the organization shall be absolutely non-partisan, and shall not be
+used for the dissemination of partisan principles, or for the
+promotion of the candidacy of any person seeking public office or
+preferment.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Administration_
+
+I. The Legislative Body of the organization shall be a national
+convention, to be held annually at a place and time to be fixed by
+vote of the preceding convention, or in the event that the preceding
+convention does not fix a time and place, then such time and place
+shall be fixed by the Executive Committee, hereinafter provided for.
+
+2. The annual convention shall be composed of delegates and alternates
+from each state, the District of Columbia, and each territory and
+territorial possession of the United States, each of which shall be
+entitled to four delegates and four alternates, and to one additional
+delegate and alternate for each one thousand memberships paid up
+thirty days prior to the date of the national convention. The vote of
+each state, of the District of Columbia, and of each territory or
+territorial possession of the United States shall be equal to the
+total number of delegates to which that state, district, territory, or
+territorial possession is entitled.
+
+3. The delegates to the national convention shall be chosen by each
+state in the manner hereinafter prescribed.
+
+4. The executive power shall be vested in a National Executive
+Committee to be composed of two representatives from each state, the
+District of Columbia, territory and territorial possessions of the
+United States and such other ex-officio members as may be elected by
+the Caucus. The National Executive Committee shall have authority to
+fill any vacancies in its membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_State Organization_
+
+The state organization shall consist of that organization in each
+state, territory, or the District of Columbia whose delegates have
+been seated in the St. Louis Caucus. In those states which are at
+present unorganized the state organization shall consist of an
+Executive Committee to be chosen by a state convention and such other
+officers and committees as said convention may prescribe. The state
+convention in the latter case shall be called by the two members of
+the National Executive Committee in that state, territory, and the
+District of Columbia, and shall choose the delegates to the national
+convention, providing a fair representation for all sections of the
+state or territory. Each state organization shall receive a charter
+from the National Executive Committee.
+
+The officers of the state organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One State Commander.
+  One State Vice Commander.
+  One State Adjutant.
+  One State Finance Officer.
+  One State Historian.
+  One State Master-at-Arms.
+  One State Chaplain.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_The Local Unit_
+
+The local unit shall be termed the Post, which shall have a minimum
+membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into this
+organization until it shall have received a charter. A Post desiring a
+charter shall apply to the State Organization and the charter shall be
+issued by the National Executive Committee whenever recommended by the
+State Organization. The National Executive Committee shall not issue a
+charter in the name of any living person.
+
+The officers of the local organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One Post Commander.
+  One Post Vice Commander.
+  One Post Adjutant.
+  One Post Finance Officer.
+  One Post Historian.
+  One Post Chaplain.
+
+and such appointive officers as may be provided by the State
+Organization.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Dues_
+
+Each state organization shall pay to the National Executive Committee
+or such officer as said committee may designate therefor, the sum of
+twenty-five cents annually, for each individual member in that
+particular state, District of Columbia, territory, or territorial
+possession.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Quorum_
+
+A quorum shall exist at a national convention when there are present
+twenty-five or more states and territories partially or wholly
+represented as herein-before provided.
+
+
+ARTICLE IX
+
+_Rules_
+
+The rules of procedure at the national convention shall be those set
+forth in Roberts' Rules of Order.
+
+
+ARTICLE X
+
+_Amendment_
+
+This Constitution is to be in force until the November Convention,
+when it will be ratified or amended by that Convention.
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS
+PASSED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, AMERICAN LEGION
+
+May 10, 1919.
+
+_1. Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan._
+
+WHEREAS, the Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war and to
+reestablish the country upon a Peace basis; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus emphatically endorses the Victory Liberty
+Loan and urges all Americans to promote the success of the Loan in
+every manner possible.
+
+_2. Conscientious Objectors._
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States, in accordance with the Act of Congress
+of May 18, 1917, and who were tried by General Court Martial,
+sentenced to prison, and later fully pardoned, restored to duty, and
+honorably discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them;
+and as condemning further the I.W.W.'s, International Socialists, and
+Anarchists in their efforts to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That this caucus demand full and complete
+investigation by Congress, of the trial and conviction of these
+parties, and their subsequent pardon.
+
+_3. Protection of the Uniform._
+
+WHEREAS, it is recognized that the uniform of the United States is as
+much a symbol as the flag itself, and thereby entitled to fitting
+respect, and, Whereas, certain unscrupulous firms and individuals have
+taken nefarious advantage of popular sentiment by utilizing men in
+uniforms as peddlers and sales-agents, and,
+
+WHEREAS, certain discharged men have so far forgotten the respect due
+the uniform they wear, as to use it as an aid in peddling goods;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this national caucus go on record as being
+unalterably opposed to such practices, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That each state and local organization here
+represented be urged to do all in its power to put an end to this
+misuse of the uniform, which has always been worn with honor and for
+noble purposes.
+
+_4. Reclamation of Arid, Swamp, and Cut-Over Timber Lands._
+
+WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the Army and Navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and,
+
+WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp and cut-over
+timber lands;
+
+Now, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in Convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.
+
+_5. Reëmployment of Ex-Service Men._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction, is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers and sailors, and,
+
+WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment, or a better job;
+
+BE IT RESOLVED, That the American Legion in national caucus assembled,
+declares to the people of the United States that no act can be more
+unpatriotic in these most serious days of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction than the violation of the principle announced, which
+pledges immediate reëmployment to the returned soldier; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its National
+Caucus assembled does hereby declare itself as supporting in every
+proper way, the efforts of the ex-service men to secure reëmployment,
+and recommends that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers,
+sailors, or marines be given preference whenever additional men are to
+be employed in any private or public enterprise; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to
+Congress the prompt enactment of a program for internal improvement,
+having in view the necessity therefor, and as an incident the
+absorption of the surplus labor of the country, giving preference to
+discharged ex-service men.
+
+_6. Disability Pay._
+
+Whereas, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious injustice
+is done to the civilian who entered the military service, and as an
+incident to that service is disabled; therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this Caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the War with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted men who served in the
+Military and Naval forces of the United States during the War,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.
+
+_7. War Risk Insurance._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: "To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the Military
+and Naval service of the United States, and those dependent upon
+them," and,
+
+WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the service,
+who have not had their rights, privileges and benefits under the War
+Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men, therefore,
+are losing daily, such rights, privileges and benefits, which may
+never again be restored; and,
+
+WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said Act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits and privileges;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the American Legion pledges its most energetic
+support to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to
+the end that the rights, privileges and benefits under the War Risk
+Insurance Act be conserved, and that the men discharged from the
+service, be made to realize what are their rights under this act; and
+that the Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with
+the War Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes
+herein expressed; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this Caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the Act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may
+select his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.
+
+_8. Alien Slackers._
+
+WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United States
+in July, 1918, known as an Amendment to Selective Service Act, giving
+persons within the draft age, who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship, the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby become exempt from service,
+and,
+
+WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards
+and factories; and,
+
+WHEREAS, in the great world war for democracy the rank and file of the
+best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed itself in
+order to uphold the principles upon which this country was founded,
+and for which they were willing to give up their life's blood; and,
+
+WHEREAS, these counterfeit Americans who revoked their citizenship in
+our opinion would contaminate the 100 per cent. true American soldier,
+sailor, or marine who will shortly return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion, do demand the Congress of
+these United States to immediately enact a law to send these aliens,
+who withdrew their first papers, back to the country from which they
+came. The country in which we live, and for which we are willing to
+fight is good enough for us; but this country in which they have lived
+and prospered, yet for which they were unwilling to fight, is too
+good for them, and
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That we demand the immediate deportation of
+every alien enemy who was interned during the war, whether the said
+alien enemy be now interned or has been paroled.
+
+_9. Disabled Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several states shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors and marines, to take advantage of governmental
+assistance and that every effort be made by the American Legion in the
+several states to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.
+
+_10. Espionage Act._
+
+RESOLVED: That every naturalized citizen convicted under the Espionage
+Act shall have his citizenship papers vacated, and when they shall
+have served their sentence they shall be deported to the country from
+which they came.
+
+_11. Resolutions._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to every
+member of the United States Senate and to each Representative in
+Congress.
+
+
+
+LEGION FACTS
+
+
+What has gone before is the story of the American Legion in the
+making. Now it is a going, growing institution.
+
+Because it will be of vital interest and importance to every one of
+the four million Americans who wore the uniform, the following
+information concerning the American Legion, in the form of questions
+and answers, is here given, as follows:
+
+    (1) _What is the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) It is the organization of American veterans of the World
+    War.
+
+
+    (2) _Who is eligible_?
+
+    (a) Any soldier, sailor or marine who served honorably between
+    April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.
+
+
+    (3) _Are women eligible_?
+
+    (a) Yes, those who were regularly enlisted or commissioned in
+    the army, navy or marine corps.
+
+
+    (4) _When was the Legion started_?
+
+    (a) It was first organized in Paris, March 15 to 17, 1919, by a
+    thousand officers and men, delegates from all the units of the
+    American Expeditionary Force to an organization caucus meeting,
+    which adopted a tentative constitution and selected the name
+    "American Legion."
+
+
+    (5) _What has been done in America regarding it_?
+
+    (a) The action of the Paris meeting was confirmed and endorsed
+    by a similar meeting held in St. Louis, May 8 to 10, 1919, when
+    the Legion was formally recognized by the troops who served in
+    the United States.
+
+    (6) _Are the organizations in France and America separate_?
+
+    (a) No. The Paris caucus appointed an Executive Committee of
+    seventeen officers and men to represent the troops in France in
+    the conduct of the Legion. The St. Louis caucus appointed a
+    similar Committee of Seventeen. These two Executive Committees
+    have amalgamated and are now the governing body of the Legion.
+
+    (7) _Who are the officers of this national governing body_?
+
+    (a) Henry D. Lindsley, Texas, Chairman; Bennett C. Clark,
+    Missouri, Vice-Chairman; Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania,
+    Secretary; Gaspar G. Bacon, Massachusetts, Treasurer.
+
+    (8) _Where are the temporary National Headquarters of the
+    Legion_?
+
+    (a) At 19 West 44th Street, New York City.
+
+    (9) _When will the final step in the organization of the Legion
+    take place_?
+
+    (a) November 10, 11 and 12, at Minneapolis, Minn., when a great
+    National Convention will be held.
+
+    (10) _Why were those dates selected_?
+
+    (a) Because by that time practically all of the men of the
+    A.E.F. will be at home and will have been able to participate in
+    the election of their delegates to the Convention.
+
+    (11) _Who were some of the men who initiated the formation of
+    the Legion_?
+
+    (a) Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, of the First Division; Col.
+    Henry D. Lindsley, formerly Mayor of Dallas, Texas; Sgt. "Jack"
+    Sullivan, of Seattle; Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier, of
+    Philadelphia; Ex-Senator Luke Lea, of Tennessee; Lt. Col.
+    Frederick Huedekoper, of Washington, D.C.; Major Redmond C.
+    Stewart, of Baltimore; Wagoner Dale Shaw, of Iowa; Lt. Col.
+    George A. White, of Oregon; "Bill" Donovan, of the "Fighting
+    69th"; Major Thomas R. Gowenlock, of Illinois; Sgt. Alvin C.
+    York, of Tennessee; Colonel John Price Jackson, of the S.O.S.;
+    Lt. Col. "Jack" Greenway, of Arizona; Sgt. Roy C. Haines, of
+    Maine; George Edward Buxton, of Rhode Island; Eric Fisher Wood,
+    of Pennsylvania; Chaplain John W. Inzer, of Alabama; Lt. Col.
+    David M. Goodrich, of Akron; Chief Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,
+    of Chicago; "Tom" Miller, of Delaware; Major Alex. Laughlin,
+    Jr., of Pittsburgh; Major Henry Leonard, of the Marine Corps;
+    Dwight J. Davis, of the 35th Division; Corporal Charles S. Pew,
+    of Montana; General William G. Price, of the 28th Division;
+    Bishop Charles S. Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F.; General
+    O'Ryan, of the 27th Division; Stewart Edward White, of
+    California; Private Jesus M. Baca, of New Mexico; General
+    Charles H. Cole, of the 26th Division; Sgt. E.L. Malsbary, of
+    Nevada; Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr., of New York; Col. Henry L.
+    Stimpson, Ex-Secretary of War; Lt. Col. Charles W. Whittlesey,
+    Commander of the "Lost Battalion"; Leroy Hoffman, of Oklahoma;
+    Lt. Col. A. Piatt Andrew, of the American Ambulance in France;
+    General Harvey J. Moss, of the State of Washington; John
+    MacVicar, Mayor of Des Moines before the War; Sgt. George H.H.
+    Pratt, of New Orleans; Col. F.C. Galbraith, of Cincinnati;
+    Corporal Joseph H. Fountain, of Vermont; Devereux Milburn, of
+    the 78th Division; Lt. Col. Wilbur Smith, of the 89th Division;
+    Sgt. Theodore Myers, of Pennsylvania; Col. Bennett C. Clark, son
+    of Champ Clark; Robert Bacon, Ex-Secretary of State.
+
+
+    (12) _What did the Legion, do at its St. Louis caucus_?
+
+    (a) It demanded investigation of the pardon and subsequent
+    honorable discharge by the War Department of convicted
+    conscientious objectors.
+
+    (b) It condemned the action of the I.W.Ws., the Anarchists, and
+    the International Socialists.
+
+    (c) It protested against certain nefarious business concerns who
+    are employing men in uniform to peddle their wares.
+
+    (d) It recommended that Congress should take steps to reclaim
+    arid, swamp and cut over timber lands and give the work of doing
+    this to ex-service men, and give the land to them when it had
+    been made available for farming purposes.
+
+    (e) It demanded of Congress the same disability pay for men of
+    the National Guard and National Army as now pertains to those in
+    the Regular establishment.
+
+    (f) It initiated a campaign to secure to service men their
+    rights and privileges under the War Risk Insurance Act.
+
+    (g) It demanded that Congress should deport to their own
+    countries those aliens who refused to join the colors at the
+    outbreak of the war, and pleaded their citizenship in other
+    countries to escape the draft.
+
+    (h) It undertook to see that disabled soldiers, sailors and
+    marines should be brought into contact with the Rehabilitation
+    Department of the Government, which department helps them to
+    learn and gain lucrative occupations.
+
+    (i) It authorized the appointment of a competent legislative
+    committee to see that the above recommendations were effectively
+    acted upon by Congress, and that committee has been appointed
+    and is now at work.
+
+    (j) It authorized the establishment of a bureau to aid service
+    men to get re-employment; and of a legal bureau to help them get
+    from the Government their overdue pay and allotments. These two
+    bureaus are being organized at the National Headquarters of the
+    Legion and will be in active operation by July 1st.
+
+    (13) _What else did the St. Louis caucus do_?
+
+    (a) It endorsed all steps taken by the Paris caucus, and adopted
+    a temporary constitution which conformed to the tentative
+    constitution adopted in Paris.
+
+    (14) _What does this Constitution stand for_?
+
+    (a) The preamble answers that question; it reads: "For God and
+    Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+    purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United
+    States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and
+    perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism; to preserve the
+    memories and incidents of our association in the Great War; to
+    inculcate a sense of individual obligations to the community,
+    state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes
+    and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote
+    peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
+    posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to
+    consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to
+    mutual helpfulness."
+
+    (15) _How does the Legion govern itself_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution provides that the legislative body of the
+    organization shall be a national convention, to be held annually
+    ... composed of delegates and alternates from each state, from
+    the District of Columbia and from each territory and territorial
+    possession of the United States.
+
+    (16) _How is the Legion organized_?
+
+    (a) It is composed of State Branches, and these in turn are made
+    up of Local Posts.
+
+    (17) _What is a Local Post_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution states that a Local Post shall have a
+    minimum membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into
+    the Legion until it has received a charter. A Post desiring a
+    charter shall apply for it to the State Branch, and the charter
+    will be issued, upon recommendation of this State Branch, by the
+    National Executive Committee. No Post may be named after any
+    living person.
+
+    (18) _How can I join the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) By filling out the Enrollment Blank on the last page of this
+    booklet and mailing it to the State Secretary of your home
+    state, whose name is listed below. If there is a Local Post in
+    your home town, your name and address will be sent to the Post
+    Commander. If there is no Post in your home town, START ONE,
+    write your State Secretary for the necessary particulars. The
+    State Secretaries are:
+
+    ALABAMA.--Leroy Jacobs, care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+    ARIZONA.--Fred B. Townsend, National Bank, Arizona Bldg.,
+      Phoenix.
+
+    ARKANSAS.--Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+    CALIFORNIA.--E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+    COLORADO.--Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+    CONNECTICUT.--Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd.,
+      Stamford.
+
+    DELAWARE.--L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+    DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg.,
+      Washington.
+
+    FLORIDA.--J.T. Wiggington, 818 15th St., Miami.
+
+    GEORGIA.--Louis H. Bell, care of Service Record, 208 Flatiron
+      Bldg., Atlanta.
+
+    HAWAII.--J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+    IDAHO.--Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+    ILLINOIS.--Name not received yet.
+
+    INDIANA.--L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg.,
+      Indianapolis.
+
+    IOWA.--John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+    KANSAS.--Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+    KENTUCKY.--D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+    LOUISIANA.--T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+    MAINE.--James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+    MARYLAND.--Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+    MASSACHUSETTS.--George F. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+    MICHIGAN.--Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+    MINNESOTA.--Merle E. Eaton, care of Lee & Lewis Grain Co., 200
+      Corn Exchange Bldg., Minneapolis.
+
+    MISSISSIPPI.--John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+    MISSOURI.--Ed. J. Cahill, Service Commission, Jefferson City.
+
+    MONTANA.--Ben W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+    NEBRASKA.--Allan A. Tukey, 1st National Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+    NEVADA.--J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+    NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+    NEW JERSEY.--George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+    NEW MEXICO.--Harry Howard Dorman, Santa Fé.
+
+    NEW YORK.--Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St.
+
+    NORTH CAROLINA.--Charles N. Hulvey, A. & E. College, Raleigh.
+
+    NORTH DAKOTA.--Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+    OHIO.--Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+      Columbus.
+
+    OKLAHOMA.--F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+    OREGON.--Dow V. Walker, care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+    PENNSYLVANIA.--George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.
+
+    RHODE ISLAND.--James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+    SOUTH CAROLINA.--Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+    SOUTH DAKOTA.--J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+    TENNESSEE.--W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville.
+
+    TEXAS.--J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+    UTAH.--Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+    VERMONT.--Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+    VIRGINIA.--R.G.M. Ross, 508 First National Bank Bldg., Newport
+      News.
+
+    WASHINGTON.--George R. Drever, care Adj. Gen. Office, Armory,
+      Seattle.
+
+    WEST VIRGINIA.--Chas. McCamic, 904 National Bank of West
+      Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.
+
+    WISCONSIN.--R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+    WYOMING.--R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+
+It is interesting to know what the press of the United States thinks
+of the American Legion. Practically every newspaper in the country
+honored the Legion with comment. In almost every instance it was
+favorable. Selection has been made of some of this comment--as much as
+is feasible to give here. It is of two kinds: first, what the press
+thought of the _idea_ of the Legion, and second, what opinion it had
+of the Legion after it was launched at St. Louis. The first type of
+comment was made prior to the caucus in this country and the second,
+afterwards. Comment on both types was generally favorable.
+
+Lest insincerity be charged let it be said here that there _was_ some
+unfavorable comment. One New England paper was surprised that
+soldiers, sailors and marines were not clever enough to know that the
+American people would perceive their attempt, through this
+organization, to "drive a six mule team through the Treasury" and get
+pension and pay grabs. One Southern paper pictured Colonel Roosevelt
+returning from the St. Louis caucus, a defeated candidate for the
+chairmanship, with all hope of the future blasted, while one in Ohio
+said with equal accuracy and solemnity that "there is no need of such
+an organization at this time, now that the country is entering the era
+of peace."
+
+But here is the comment. It comes from north, east, south, and west,
+and it is typical:
+
+
+    _New York Times_, April 10, 1919.--... It is a pleasure to know
+    that Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, the worthy inheritor
+    of a beloved American name, has called a meeting of soldiers and
+    sailors at St. Louis. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett Clark, son of
+    Mr. Champ Clark, is an associate of Lieutenant Colonel
+    Roosevelt, in the plan for an organization of all our soldiers
+    and sailors as the American Legion. These two gentlemen,
+    associated in a patriotic movement, indicate by their names its
+    common national purpose, apart from politics and partisanship.
+    "A nonpartisan and non-political association is to be formed,"
+    says Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, "an association which will
+    keep alive the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy for
+    which these veterans fought." Justice, freedom, and democracy,
+    without partisanship! The idea is noble. It should prevail.
+
+
+    _Leavenworth_ (Kansas) _Post_, April 30, 1919.--... The
+    character of the men of the American Army who are promoting it
+    [the Legion] and the high ideals which it professes and proposes
+    to maintain are a guaranty that it will be a power for helpful
+    service in the common family of the nation.
+
+    The plan of organization sprang from the desire of serious and
+    able men in the American Army to maintain the high ideals for
+    which all of them have fought, to preserve the soldier
+    comradeship and carry it over into civilian life as an element
+    of broad helpfulness while keeping the record of the army free
+    from the taint of selfish aims. It was also wisely intended to
+    forestall by the creation of one big genuinely representative,
+    nonpartisan and democratic body, the formation of numerous
+    smaller organizations in various places by men intent on
+    exploiting the soldier sentiment and the soldier vote for other
+    than patriotic purposes.
+
+
+    _New York Sun_, April 11, 1919.--... The American Legion will
+    do an indispensable service. We, who have lived up to the past
+    few years in an agitation of protest against the pension grab
+    must now make our minds over sufficiently to realize that in the
+    new situation we run immediately into danger not of
+    over-pensioning the veterans of to-day but of neglecting them.
+
+    The new organization must of course be nonpartisan and
+    non-political. Precedent enough exists in the career of the
+    Grand Army to make that clear. It should include and enjoy the
+    guidance of the most influential military men. Politicians it
+    will have at its service so long as it is well run and organized
+    from within. Despite its proper political limitations, it should
+    serve as the most salutary means to influence returned soldiers
+    to cling to plain old Americanism, shed their martial
+    acquirements and return to plain, praiseworthy citizenship.
+
+
+    _Washington Star_, April 10, 1919.--... The American Legion is
+    to be welcomed as an agency for the promotion of the best in our
+    national life. It will represent, with other things, the majesty
+    of numbers. A great many men will be eligible to membership; and
+    they will be young, and full of hope and purpose. And when they
+    act together in matters within the scope of their organization
+    they will represent a force to be reckoned with in the
+    formulating of public policies.
+
+
+    _Brooklyn Eagle_, April 11, 1919.--Organization of "The American
+    Legion" is going on rapidily in every State in the Union. Vast
+    as was the mass of eligibles on which the Grand Army of the
+    Republic could draw after the Civil War, it did not compare with
+    the Legion's bulk of raw material. There will be a formal caucus
+    on May 8th, at St. Louis, of a real representative character, in
+    which it is said the enlisted men of the army and navy will have
+    a majority. Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson, once Secretary
+    of War, outlines the plan. He believes that this country's
+    future hereafter is in the hands of the men below thirty years
+    of age who fought this war. He trusts that the lesson in
+    practical democracy afforded by military experience and the
+    ideals of democracy emphasized by military enthusiasm may be
+    kept permanently alive.
+
+    That this is the main hope of the more active organizers we have
+    no doubt. Men like Major General O'Ryan, General Charles I.
+    Debevoise, and Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Robert
+    Bacon would never think of making such a body a lever for
+    pension legislation or an agency of politics. Yet the
+    temptation to a divergence from the higher ideals is strong, and
+    the rank and file may not be inclined to resist it.
+
+
+    _St. Louis Globe-Democrat,_ April II, 1919.--... Such
+    societies, it has been proved, are never partisan. They are
+    invariably exponents of broad-gauge patriotism. That they have
+    great political influence in a high national sense is true, but
+    they have never misused it nor ever viewed their mission in a
+    narrow spirit. They preserve the touch of the elbow throughout
+    life, but only as thorough Americans, devoted first, last, and
+    always to our common country.
+
+    St. Louis is proud to be selected as the place for the
+    inauguration of this admirable and undoubtedly perpetual
+    society. All wars are represented by societies formed by their
+    veterans, and all alike have been truly and broadly patriotic.
+    It will be the same with the new order, whose membership will,
+    on the strength of numbers called to the colors, far exceed any
+    former parallel. This event will be a datemark in our patriotic
+    annals and in the progress of the nation.
+
+
+    _Syracuse_ (N.Y.) _Herald_, April 13, 1919.--It has been
+    earnestly stated, as might have been expected, that the American
+    Legion will be strictly nonpartisan. That much might be inferred
+    from the circumstance that one of the leading associates of
+    Roosevelt in organizing the Legion is Lieutenant Colonel Bennett
+    Clark, son of the late Democratic Speaker of the House of
+    Representatives. Colonel Roosevelt is sufficient authority for
+    the assurance that the movement is neither partisan nor
+    political. He calls it "an association which will keep alive the
+    principles of justice, freedom and democracy for which these
+    veterans fought." Viewed in that sentimental, ethical and
+    patriotic light, it is a commendable undertaking. The American
+    people will wish it well, and be glad to see it flourish....
+
+
+    _Norfolk_ (Va.) _Dispatch_, April 9, 1919.--If the American
+    Legion now in process of organization by young Colonel Roosevelt
+    and his associates, clings to the principles of foundation and
+    holds by the purposes proclaimed by its founders, it may become
+    a mighty force for good in the land. It will be composed of
+    several millions of comparatively youthful Americans, a large
+    percentage of whom will be voters, while virtually all will have
+    demonstrated their readiness to fight their country's battles
+    with weapons far deadlier than bullets.... This assumes the
+    legion will fulfill the part it has undertaken to play in the
+    country's life. If it should degenerate into a selfish
+    protective body, it will be worse than useless. But there is
+    little reason to fear it will fall so far below its ideals while
+    there is every reason to hope it will be a powerful factor in
+    helping the country to find itself again.
+
+
+    _New Orleans Item_, April 14, 1919.--The American Legion through
+    the tremendous influence and mighty power of 3,000,000 organized
+    fighting men, is certain to shape and control the destinies of
+    the nation in years to come to an extent of which the wise will
+    refrain from even suggesting a limit. With the announcement by
+    Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt that the "Legion will be
+    interested in policies, but not in politics," the opinion may
+    safely be hazarded that the great political parties of the
+    country are due to have new mentors, from whom they may be
+    forced to look anxiously for their cues.
+
+    Primarily among the announced purposes of the Legion is the
+    perpetuating of those principles of justice, freedom and
+    democracy for which its members either fought or stood ready to
+    fight. On the field in France or in the training camps at home,
+    the millions of America's best manhood have learned intimately
+    and well a new lesson of individual and national responsibility.
+    Such lessons, at the cost they were obtained, are not to be
+    forgotten or lost. The ideals of the fighting men of the states,
+    producing the valor and the power which made the American Army
+    irresistible, and the revelations by fire of new realizations
+    and brotherhood and of world and national citizenship are surely
+    to be felt in the calm, happier times of peace.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Record_, April 10, 1919.--... If, as Colonel
+    Roosevelt predicts, the membership shall eventually comprise
+    4,000,000 men who were in the military and naval service of the
+    United States in the late war, it will have possibilities of
+    power that must be reckoned with. But if, in the long life
+    before it, the American Legion shall have no more to its
+    discredit than is summed up in the history of the G.A.R. whose
+    ranks are now so pathetically thin, it will have been a worthy
+    follower of its fathers.
+
+
+    _Paterson_ (N.J.) _Evening News_, May 7, 1919.--... The new
+    organization starts its career deserving and receiving the good
+    wishes of the entire country. The character of the men of the
+    American army who are promoting it and the high ideals which it
+    professes and proposes to maintain are a guaranty that it will
+    be a power for helpful service in the common family of the
+    nation.
+
+
+    _Duluth_ (Minn.) _Herald_, May 24, 1919.--There is a great field
+    for the American Legion, the organization of American veterans
+    of the World War, and judging by the spirit of the recent
+    convention and by the expressions of the returning delegates as
+    reported in the press of the country, it is going to fill that
+    field.
+
+    And the field that awaits it, and that it seems to intend to
+    fill, is a field of a vigorous and aggressive effort to demand
+    and enforce a strong and coherent and consistent Americanism.
+
+    Not the swashbuckling kind of Americanism--the
+    chip-on-the-shoulder kind--the we-can-lick-the-world kind. These
+    lads of ours are the last in the world to preach that fool kind
+    of Americanism. For they--or at least those of them who crossed
+    the seas and fought for liberty and peace on the other
+    side--have seen in the case of Germany what that kind of
+    nationalism comes to, and they are against it.
+
+    But there is a type of Americanism which is utterly free from
+    the taint of militarism and jingoism, but that yet is even more
+    dangerous to anybody at home or abroad who flaunts the spirit of
+    America and defies its power. And unless the signs fail, the
+    American Legion is going to express and embody and inculcate
+    that type of Americanism.
+
+
+    _Anaconda_ (Mont.) _Standard_, May 24, 1919.--... At St. Louis
+    the members voted down all proposals for obtaining from Congress
+    increases of pay for the soldiers and rejected all efforts to
+    obtain canvasses of the members to ascertain their preference as
+    to parties and as to presidential candidates. Everything was
+    excluded which would tend to committ the organization to any
+    particular party or any particular candidate. Young Colonel
+    Roosevelt, son of the former republican president, and Colonel
+    Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark, former democratic speaker of
+    the house, joined hands in the endeavor to keep partisanship and
+    politics out of the organization.
+
+
+    _Collier's Weekly_, May 31, 1919.--A national convention of
+    American soldiers and sailors in which no grievances were aired,
+    no political axes ground, no special privileges or preferments
+    demanded; where oratorical "bunk" was hooted down; where social
+    discrimination was taboo and military rank counted not at all;
+    where the past glories of war were subordinated to the future
+    glories of peace and where the national interest was placed
+    above all partisanship--that is something new under the sun. It
+    was in such a convention held in St. Louis during the second
+    week in May, that the new spirit of the American army and navy
+    expressed itself articulately for the first time since the
+    armistice was signed. The birth of the American Legion was
+    attended by circumstances having a significance comparable with
+    those surrounding the signing of a certain document in
+    Philadelphia one hundred and forty-three years ago, come July
+    4th.
+
+    A brigadier general arises to "place in nomination the name of a
+    man who--" and is cried down by doughboys with calls of "Name
+    him! Who is he?" A proposal to give extra pay to enlisted men is
+    unanimously defeated because, as Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt
+    put it, "we are not here to sandbag something out of the
+    Government, but to put something into it." The invitation to
+    make Chicago the next meeting place of the Legion is refused
+    because "American soldiers and sailors don't want to go to a
+    city whose mayor would be ashamed to welcome such a convention."
+    A progressive Republican, son of a famous father, refuses the
+    chairmanship to quiet suspicion of personal ambition, and the
+    office goes to a Southern Democrat of whose party the gathering
+    is in complete ignorance.
+
+    One of the convention stenographers said: "This is the funniest
+    convention I have ever attended." We have an idea that there was
+    an element of prophecy in her homely remark--a body representing
+    more than four million American soldiers and sailors that makes
+    so little political noise is likely to be about as funny to the
+    conventionally minded politician as a bombardment of gas shells.
+    This language of restraint in the mouths of organized civilian
+    youth may prove to be a natural companion to the famous battle
+    slogan of the A.E.F.: "Let's go!"
+
+
+    _New York Evening Post_, May 3, 1919.--... The true usefulness
+    of a veterans' organization is not far to seek. Like the G.A.R.,
+    the Legion should maintain and develop the comradeship bred by
+    the war. It can assist the unfortunate in its ranks; it can take
+    care of the widows and orphans of soldiers, in so far as any
+    inadequacy of public provision seems to make care necessary. The
+    Legion can preserve the fame of soldiers and commanders, by
+    erecting monuments, by seeing that histories are written, and by
+    proceedings of its regular reunions. It can foster such a public
+    recollection of the great deeds of the war as well as broaden
+    and deepen American patriotism. Sherman remarked in 1888 that
+    there was some danger that a peace-loving generation in time of
+    crises "would conclude that the wise man stays at home, and
+    leaves the fools to take the buffets and kick of war." This
+    danger can best be met by just such an organization as the
+    G.A.R., with its campfires of song and story. Comradeship,
+    charity and patriotism--these should be the Legion's watchwords.
+
+
+    _New Haven_ (Conn.) _Union_, April 16, 1919.--... Its more
+    immediate task, as its promoters see it, is to help the members
+    and the families of members who maybe in need of assistance. No
+    comrade of the great struggle is to feel that he is forgotten
+    and forsaken by the comrades who served the same great cause.
+    Its large and more permanent duty is to spread the sentiment of
+    patriotism, to set an example of love of country, and unselfish
+    service, to keep blooming always in the soldiers' bosom the
+    flower of sacrifice that springs from every soldier's grave in
+    France.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Press_, April 10, 1919.--The organization of the
+    soldiers of the late war into a permanent body is inevitable and
+    entirely proper.
+
+
+    _Capper's Weekly_, May 24, 1919.--The American Legion organized
+    at St. Louis is the new G.A.R. and through its platforms the
+    views of the soldiers who fought in France will be heard. It is
+    already apparent what the trend of that sentiment is. Whatever
+    military system this nation sets up, if it meets the approval of
+    the two million men who served the nation in the Great War, it
+    will be democratic in spirit and as far as possible in form. It
+    will be an army in which the self-respect of the common soldier
+    will be recognized. The returning soldier has no use for anyone
+    living here who is not wholly American, and is for expelling the
+    unnaturalized alien wherever found. Loyalty to the Nation is
+    fundamental in the soldiers' view.
+
+    The Nation must safeguard itself and make a distinction between
+    citizens who offer themselves and their all, and citizens who,
+    for whatever reason, withhold some part of their allegiance.
+    Brutal treatment of conscientious objectors is neither civilized
+    nor necessary, but a differentiation is created by such
+    residents themselves, and there should be corresponding
+    differentiation in rights and protection. This is one of the
+    subjects that the returned soldiers have at heart.
+
+
+    _Post Intelligencer_, Seattle, Washington, May 21, 1919.--...
+    The American Legion will be a political force in the nation as
+    it has a perfect right to be. No organization of its character
+    is to be held together by the cohesive power of reminiscence.
+    Something more binding is required, and that something will be
+    forthcoming whether anyone outside the Legion likes it or
+    not....
+
+    The American Legion will be made up of intelligent young men who
+    will have a community interest and whose interest can only be
+    furthered by united action. They will know that nothing is more
+    transient than public gratitude, and they will assuredly not
+    rely on it.
+
+
+    _Rochester_ (N.Y.) _Times_, May 23, 1919.--At its first
+    convention held recently in St. Louis, the American Legion
+    unanimously voted down a proposal to seek increased bonus money
+    for the soldiers.
+
+    At that same meeting, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., refused to accept
+    official leadership of the organization because he desired to
+    allow no ground for any charge that he wished to utilize it to
+    further his political career.
+
+    Such action by the Legion and by one of its most prominent
+    members warrant its organizers in working to enroll all the men
+    who served during the great war.
+
+    If this path is followed the American Legion will be a force for
+    good in the country's affairs as well as a bond of fellowship
+    among those who were members of the largest army ever raised by
+    this republic.
+
+
+    _Manchester_ (N. H). _Union_, May 27, 1919.--... In spite of
+    all that has been written and said it appears there still
+    remains some mistaken idea and prejudices concerning this
+    organization. The purposes of the American Legion are:
+
+    1. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of
+    America.
+
+    2. To maintain law and order.
+
+    3. To foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+
+    4. To preserve the memories and incidents of our association in
+    the Great War.
+
+    5. To inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the
+    community, state and nation.
+
+    6. To combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses.
+
+    7. To make right the master of might.
+
+    8. To promote peace and good will on earth.
+
+    9. To safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of
+    justice, freedom and democracy.
+
+    10. To consecrate and sanctify comradeship by devotion to mutual
+    helpfulness.
+
+    This is the program and platform of the wonderful organization
+    whose potential membership is the four million and more men who
+    wore their country's uniform in the war.
+
+    It is big enough and broad enough to admit every man and woman
+    who joined the colors. If, as has been intimated, there are some
+    few ex-service men who think they see in this tremendous
+    movement something personal and partisan, they should take the
+    blinders off, forget their unworthy fears, and come out into the
+    open with their comrades, determined, as every man is who has
+    already joined, that the American Legion will never be made the
+    vehicle of personal ambition nor the creature of partisan
+    purpose; but will be conserved to foster and promote only those
+    high purposes which are so nobly defined in the language which
+    is quoted above, taken bodily from the constitution of the
+    Legion.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Gazette-Times,_ May 29, 1919.--... In contrast
+    with the Grand Army, the American Legion will embrace all
+    sections of our land. Similarly it will be the private soldier's
+    organization. Military honors will not count. Absolute
+    Americanism is to be its dominating principle. With the
+    dwindling ranks of the Grand Army there is need of such an
+    organization. The Grand Army has long been a staunch bulwark of
+    patriotism but time is doing its work. Others must soon take up
+    where the veterans of the Civil War left off. Those of the new
+    organization who saw service overseas possess a new vision of
+    what America means. Because of their good fortune in going
+    abroad they reaped an advantage over those who were denied the
+    privilege, though entitled to no more credit. All who donned the
+    uniform served. With an organization of such possibilities in
+    numbers and all imbued with a patriotic fervor the safety of the
+    Republic against the machinations of those who would tear down
+    is assured.
+
+
+    _Burlington_ (Vt.) _News_, May 29, 1919.--So far as actual
+    results are concerned America gains little from the peace
+    treaty. If, however, the American Legion measures up to the
+    standard we believe it capable of, America will be the greatest
+    gainer of all in the war.
+
+
+    _Bridgeport_ (Conn.) _Standard_, May 28, 1919.--The statement
+    that the American Legion is to let politics alone is good news
+    to the people of this country who are looking toward this fine
+    organization of American fighters to bring to our national life
+    some of the spirit which chased the Fritzies back to the Rhine.
+    The civilian public has a right to ask what are the aims of this
+    new, and sure to be powerful, organization. Four million men are
+    of its potential membership. These four million are to be found
+    scattered in every city, village and hamlet in the country. They
+    are to meet on terms of equality, officers and men. They know
+    how to work together, how to undergo discipline for a worthy
+    objective, and how to go over the top in action. It is good,
+    then, to know that this new four million is not to be a
+    political machine. We want no more of the mawkish of either
+    fearing or catering to the "soldier-vote."
+
+    Only as a nonpartisan organization can the American Legion do
+    its best work. Its able leaders know this. In a day when men are
+    fast deserting unworthy party emblems to stand for what they
+    think right, the soldier organization will have a wide
+    influence.
+
+    We hail the Legion.
+
+    It had to come and it is coming strong and sure.
+
+    Good men are at the head of the column, and better men than
+    those in the ranks exist nowhere in the country.
+
+    They are the pick of the best, physically best, in nerve and in
+    courage, best in point of training, in discipline and best among
+    all the nations who won the great victory.
+
+    There is still a fight in America. Democracy is never safe, only
+    being made safe. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
+    Eternal vigilance without regard to fear or favor is to be the
+    spirit of the American Legion.
+
+
+COMMITTEES
+
+
+EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  D.W.M. Jordan
+  John W. Inzer
+
+ALASKA
+  Edgar T. Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  John C. Greenway
+  E.P. Conway
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Joe S. Harris
+  James J. Harrison
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  H.G. Mathewson
+  C.E. Palmen
+
+COLORADO
+  H.A. Saidy
+  E.R. Myers
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  H.C. Meserve
+  A.M. Phillips, Jr.
+
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+
+TENNESSEE
+  Charles R. Bowman
+
+TEXAS
+  C.C. Beavens
+
+UTAH
+  Harold R. Smoot
+
+VERMONT
+  Pearl T. Clapp
+
+VIRGINIA
+  J.T. Wyatt
+
+WASHINGTON
+  C.S. Sapp
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Clarence Jones
+
+WISCONSIN
+  P.R. Minnahan
+
+WYOMING
+  N.V. Swensen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Louis R. Florin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  G.H.W. Rauschkolb
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Norman J. Reiss
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Roy W. Wood
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Clair Woolwine
+
+COLORADO
+  Robt. G. Allen
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  P.L. Sampsell
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  J. Bentley Mulford
+
+FLORIDA
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  T.A. Feeney
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Thos. Harwood
+
+INDIANA
+  Augustus B. Wilson
+
+IOWA
+  Jackson R. Day
+
+KANSAS
+  P.K. Cubbison
+
+KENTUCKY
+  W.O. Sayers
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Davis McCutcheon
+
+MAINE
+  Waldemar P. Adams
+
+MARYLAND
+  G.H. Tieman
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  J.P. McGrath
+
+MICHIGAN
+  B.B. Bellows
+
+MINNESOTA
+  W.R. Sturtz
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Arthur B. Clark
+
+MISSOURI
+  H.W. Holcomb
+
+MONTANA
+  H.L. Blomquist
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Frank F. Fischer
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  W.J. Murphy
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  G.H. Stratton
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  C.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  E.D. Bunn
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  L.B. Merry
+
+OHIO
+  R.E. Shank
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Robert B. Keenan
+
+OREGON
+  W.B. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  B.L. Houck
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Jos. San Soneitr
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Barton P. Brown
+
+TEXAS
+  Russ D. Langdon
+
+UTAH
+  L.J. Seeley
+
+VERMONT
+  Alexander Smith
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Robt. R. Wallace
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Rob. S. Gordon
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Jas. M. Crockett
+
+WISCONSIN
+  John P. Szultek
+
+WYOMING
+  Maurice Dineen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+SOLDIERS AND SAILORS COUNCIL
+  S.H. Curtin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  John S. Seibert
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  J.F. Gillem
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wendell Robertson
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  V.W. Gerhard
+
+COLORADO
+  M.C. Dameron
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  J.S. Hurley
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+  W.G. Glenn
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Davis
+
+ILLINOIS
+  W.C. Mundt
+
+INDIANA
+  N.J. Buskirk
+
+IOWA
+  A.M. Pond
+
+KANSAS
+  Foss Farar
+
+KENTUCKY
+  H. Reingold
+
+LOUISIANA
+  W.A. Coon
+
+MAINE
+  Frank M. Hume
+
+MARYLAND
+  T.H. Scaffe
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  H.H. Wheelock
+
+MICHIGAN
+  P.W. Nickel
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Conrad Veit
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  W.T. Adams
+
+MISSOURI
+  U.P. Haw
+
+MONTANA
+  Worth C. Almon
+
+NEBRASKA
+  R.J. Webb
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Walter J. Hogan
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  J.M. Pancoast
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  F.B. Humphrey
+
+NEW YORK
+  F.W. Baldwin
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  E.L. King
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  P.A. Fox
+
+OREGON
+  R.D. Grant
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  L.L. Felts
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  F.V. Thurber
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+
+TENNESSEE
+  W.R. Craig, Jr.
+
+TEXAS
+  S.P. Boom
+
+UTAH
+  Charles Parsons
+
+VERMONT
+  Joseph Fontain
+
+VIRGINIA
+  W.R. Trotter
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred. J. Shaw
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Sam. Solins
+
+WISCONSIN
+  L.J. Woodworth
+
+WYOMING
+
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Geo. E. Davis
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  T.R. Smith
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NEXT MEETING PLACE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  F.M. Ladd
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Ed. M. LeBaron
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wm. G. Edgar
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.O. Shuman
+
+COLORADO
+  T.H. Wiles
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  W.D. Copp
+
+DELAWARE
+  Geo. L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Louis P. Clephane
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  R.L. Wilson, Jr.
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Frank Estabrook
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Grover Sexton
+
+INDIANA
+  J.B. Reynolds
+
+IOWA
+  B.R. Finch
+
+KANSAS
+  Charles I. Martin
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Frank Bernhaim
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Clifford Stem
+
+MAINE
+  James L. Boyle
+
+MARYLAND
+  A.C. Solomon
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Marcus Maddern
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Frank J. Tobin
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Loren B. Roberts
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  J.S. Fleming
+
+MISSOURI
+  L.C. Lozier
+
+MONTANA
+  Arthur Barry
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Allan Tukey
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  H.L. Hereaux
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  A.S. Westcott
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  S.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  Fred Gallager
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  Ralph Pearce
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  W.T. Butts
+
+OREGON
+  E.J. Eivers
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  A.I. McRae
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Walter Sharkey
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  G.C. Milligan
+
+TEXAS
+  L. Nicholson
+
+UTAH
+  Fred. Jurgensen
+
+VERMONT
+  J. Watson Webb
+
+VIRGINIA
+  G.R. Poole
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Albert Johnston
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Joseph Jackson
+
+WISCONSIN
+  C.H. Foster
+
+WYOMING
+  Benj. Gregg
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  F.H. Rein
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  J.A. Bernard
+
+
+
+ROSTER
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+  CHENOWETH, BEACH MEAD, Birmingham. U.S.N.
+  GASTON, CECIL D., Birmingham. Med. Corps U.S.A. and A.E.F.
+  GILLEM, JENNINGS F., Birmingham. 320 M.G. Bn.
+  GRAVES, BIBB, Montgomery. 117th F.A.
+  INZER, J.W., Mobile. 14th Inf.
+  JACOBS, LEROY R., Birmingham. 38th Inf.
+  JORDAN, WM. M., Birmingham. Evac. Hosp. No. 11.
+  LADD, FRANK M., JR., Mobile. U.S.N.
+  LONG, F.M., Jasper. 7th Inf. 9th M.G. Bn.
+  LUSSIER, RICHARD F., Birmingham. M.I.D. Gen. Staff.
+  MURPHY, MATTHEW H., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+  REISS, NORMAN J., Mobile. Q.M.C.
+  STODDARD, B.S., Mobile. 49th Inf.
+  YATES, JOSEPH A., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+
+
+ALASKA
+
+  HAWLEY, EDGAR T., Boise, Idaho. U.S.A.
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+
+  BURROW, G.M., Little Rock. 18th Inf.
+  DOHERTY, WILLIAM, Jonesboro. 153d Inf.
+  EDGAR, WM. G., El Dorado. 153d Inf.
+  HAMILTON, SCOTT D., Fayetteville. 346th Inf.
+  HARRIS, JOE S., Monticello. 153d Inf.
+  HARRISON, J.J., Little Rock. Care Pugh Printing Company. Instructor
+    Tr. Camp.
+  HERSCHEL, IVIE, Marion. 154th Inf.
+  HURT, GARLAND, Newport. 162d Inf.
+  JACKSON, THOMAS A., Little Rock. 154th Inf.
+  KINSWORTHY, B.S., Little Rock. Off. Tr. Camps.
+  LLOYD, T.H., Paragould. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MATHIS, Ross, Cotton Plant. 2d Inf.
+  PENIX, WM. ROY, Jonesboro. Kelly Fld., Tex.
+  ROBERTSON, W.A., Ft. Smith. 13th Aero Squad.
+  SMITH, E. ROSS, Little Rock. 141 M.G. Bn.
+  STAFFORD, JOHN L., Springdale. 106th Am. Train 3 1st Div.
+  TAYLOR, R.P., Paragould. Aerial Ob. C.A.C.
+  TILLMAN, FRED A., Fayetteville, 12th F.A.
+  WOOD, ROY W., Little Rock. Naval Aviation.
+
+
+ARIZONA
+
+  BAKER, ALEXANDER B., Phoenix. 28th F.A.
+  BERNARD, E.P., Tucson. 47th M.G. Bn.
+  CASSIDY, M.E., Bisbee. Ad. Gen. Dep.
+  GREENWAY, JOHN C., Warren. 101st Inf.
+  LEBARON, EDWIN M., Mesa. 801st P. Inf.
+  TOWNSEND, FRANK B., Phoenix. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+
+  BOHLEN, E.E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  DIBBLEE, BENJ. H., San Francisco. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  GEARHART, B.W., Fresno. 609th Aero Sq.
+  HAMMOND, LEONARD C., San Francisco, 91st Aero.
+  HOUGHTON, A.D., Los Angeles. Am. Serv. League.
+  KELLY, E.J., Los Angeles. 64th U.S. Inf.
+  MATHEWSON, H.G., Alameda. C.A.C.
+  PALMER, C.E.G., Coalinga. Canadians.
+  SHUMAN, BLAIR S., San Francisco. 363d Inf.
+  SLOW, ASHFIELD E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  WOOLWINE, CLARE W., Los Angeles. 8th Inf. Gen. St.
+
+
+COLORADO
+
+  ALLEN, ROBT. G., Denver. 305th Inf.
+  DAMERON, M.C., Pueblo. Camp Med. Supp. Depot.
+  DAVID, MORTON M., Denver. 20th Inf.
+  DICKSON, RAY, Ft. Collins. 30th Serv. Co.
+  GWIN, JNO. W., Pueblo. 158th Inf.
+  KRUEGER, EDW., JR., Buena Vista. Air Serv.
+  LAWRENCE, C.W., Pueblo. U.S.N.
+  MALONEY, B.F., Pueblo. 815th Pioneer.
+  MYER, E.R., Boulder. 356th Inf.
+  SAIDY, H.A., Colorado Springs. 341st F.A.
+  SPARR, D.J., Denver. 157th Inf.
+  STUBBS, ALBERT L., La Junta. Medical Corps.
+  SWINK, WALTER E., Rocky Ford. U.S.N.
+  WILES, THOS H., Denver. Chaplain.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+
+  BUTTERWORTH, DR. S., New Haven. Chem. War Serv.
+  CALHOUN, PHILO C., Bridgeport. U.S.M.C.
+  CARROLL, FRANCIS W., Waterbury. Presidential Gd. U.S.A.
+  COPP, WEBSTER D., Norwich, 301st M.G. Bn.
+  HURLEY, JAS. S., Waterbury. 73rd Inf.
+  MALONE, WM. J., Bristol. A.S. (A).
+  MATTHIES, BERNARD H., Seymour. 105th Spruce Squad.
+  MESERVO, HARRY C., Stamford. 68th C.A.C.
+  MOODY, JAS. B., JR., Hartford. 301st Supply Train.
+  PHILLIPS, ALFRED N., JR., Stamford. 55th F.A.
+  SAMPSELL, P.L., New London. U.S.N.
+  TILEY, MORTON C., Essex. U.S.A.A.S.
+
+
+DELAWARE
+
+  DORIS, GEO. N., Wilmington. 364th Inf.
+  EVANS, GEO. L., Wilmington. U.S.N.
+  WARNER, IRVING, Wilmington. Cement Mill Co. No. 8.
+
+
+DISTRICT COLUMBIA
+
+  CLEPHANE, LEWIS P., Washington. U.S.N.
+  CONNOLLY, FRANK A., Washington. 312th F.A.
+  FISK, HOWARD S., Washington. U.S.N.
+  GLENN, WM. G., Washington. 103d M.O.R.S.
+  HINES, L.C., Washington. F.H. 165-117.
+  JOHNSTON, CHAS. E., Washington. U.S. Coast Gd.
+  JONES, E. LESTER, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  KRUIT, PRENTISS, Washington. U.S.N.
+  LEONARD, H., Washington. U.S.M.C.
+  MACGREGOR, DONALD, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  MULFORD, J.B. Washington. 165th Field Hosp. Co.
+  SMITH, JNO. L., Washington. Mil. Intell. Div.
+  TURNAGE, M.C., Washington. P.M.G.O.
+
+
+FLORIDA
+
+  FORSTER, DAVIS, New Smyrna. M.C.
+  GIVENS, MORRIS M., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  LOWRY, S.L., JR., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  MCGUCKEN, HAROLD, Tampa. 124th Inf.
+  WIGGINTON, J.T., Miami. 124th Inf.
+
+
+GEORGIA
+
+  BELL, LOUIS H., Atlanta. 20th M.G. Bn.
+  HILLYER, HAYWOOD H., Macon. 49 M.G. Bn.
+  JUETT, J.G., Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  SIEBERT, EUGENE, Atlanta. 437th Det. Eng. Corp.
+  STOCKBRIDGE, BASIL, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  WILSON, ROBT. L., JR., Atlanta. 122d Inf.
+
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+
+  MORGAN, JAS. P., Hawaii. Inf. Replac. Troops Camp Grant, Ill.
+
+
+IDAHO
+
+  BOOM, EUGENE C., Moscow. 18th Eng.
+  BOOTH, C.M., Pocatello. 44th Inf.
+  COLLIER, L.R., Pocatello. 163d Inf.
+  CUMMINS, TAYLOR, Twin Falls. Coast Art.
+  DAVIS, PAUL, Boisé. I.C.O.T.S.
+  ESTABROOK, FRANK, Nampa. 146th M.G. Bn.
+  FEENEY, THOS. A., Lewiston.
+  GREEN, JNO. S., Twin Falls, 1st St. Inf.
+  PETERSON, PAUL T., Idaho Falls. 75th Inf.
+  WILSON, ALBERT H., Clarks Fork. Q.M.C.
+  WILSON, R.R., Pocatello. Inf. (unassigned).
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+  ADAMS, M.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  ADLER, MORRIS, Quincy. 1st O.T. Sch.
+  ALLEN, ROYAL B., Marseilles. Q.M.C.
+  ARNOLD, B.J., Chicago. Air Serv.
+  AYRES, LESTER G., Oak Park. C.A. School.
+  BOLIN, JAS. R., Paris. 2d Div.
+  BOOSE, JOS. I., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BURNETT, GEO., Shelbyville. 130th Inf.
+  BURNS, J.H., Carrollton. 337th F.A.
+  BUSCH, A.H., Cicero. 117th M.G. Bn.
+  CAVE, ROBT. R., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  COLLINS, W.H., Decatur. 119th Inf.
+  CUMMINGS, JNO. P., Chicago. Tank Corps.
+  CURRIER, C.L., La Grange. 25th Eng.
+  DICKERSON, EARL B., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  DUTCHER, EVERETT C., Dixon. 342d Inf.
+  EISENBERG, SAM J., Chicago. 332d F.A.
+  ENGLE, ROBT. H., Freeport. 41st Inf.
+  EVERSON, CHAS. W., Chicago. A.S. Sig. R.C.
+  FAYART, L.E., Springfield, 9th F.A.
+  FIELD, MARSHALL, Chicago. F.A.
+  FLANNERY, FRANK B., Chicago, Beach Hotel, 221st F. Sig. Bn.
+  FLORY, ROGER, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FLOYD, JNO. A., Chicago. 6th Cav.
+  FORMAN, HAROLD, Chicago. 72d F.A.
+  FREID, SAM'L L., Chicago. 50th Inf.
+  GOLDBERG, B.L., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GOREY, THOS. V., Joliet. Q.M.C.
+  GOWENLOCK, THOS. R., Chicago. 1st Div.
+  GREENE, JNO. J., Chicago. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  HANA, LEO G., Peoria. 341st Inf.
+  HARDWOOD, THOS. F., Bloomington. 343d Inf.
+  HARRISON, F.J., Streator. 1st C.O.T.S.
+  HARTFORD, C.E., Marseilles. Ordnance.
+  HARTRICK, GUY R., Urbana. Ordnance.
+  HELFRICH, GEO. R., Chicago. 17th Inf.
+  HINDERT, GEO. C., Minonk. U.S.N.
+  HIPPLER, S.H., Canton. 5th Reg.
+  HIRSTEIN, A.K., Fairbury. 129th Inf.
+  HUGHES, JNO. E., Chicago. A.S.
+  ICKES, FAY, Springfield, 310th F. Sig. Bn.
+  JEFFERSON, E.A., Chicago. 604th Eng.
+  JENKINS, NEWTON, Chicago. 5th Reg.
+  KEARNEY, MARSHALL V., Chicago. 303d Bn. Tank Corps.
+  KELLEY, W.L., Shelbyville. Chem. War Serv.
+  KENDRICK, J.E., Lincoln. 161st Dep. Br.
+  KINGSTON, RAY, Shelbyville. 119th Inf.
+  KRAATZ, C.F., Carbondale. 161st D.B.
+  LAUER, ROBT. J., Chicago. 344th Inf.
+  LEE, HARRY V., Chicago. Signal Corps.
+  LING, WALTER, Evansville. 115th Inf.
+  LYNDE, CORNELIUS, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MACAULAY, IRWIN, Quincy. Ordnance.
+  MARKLEY, H.G., Watseka. 116th Eng.
+  MARSH, A.F., Chicago. Const. Div.
+  MARSHALL, THOS. H., Chicago. Inf.
+  MCCAULEY, W.R., Olney. 308th Bn. Tank Corps.
+  MEIERHOFER, EDW. H., Minonk. 68th Art.
+  MERRICK, MARLOWE M., Chicago. Sig. Corps.
+  MIDDLETON, A.B., Pontiac. M.C., 90th Div.
+  MILES, GRANT M., Pontiac. 339th Inf.
+  MILLER, JNO. S., JR., Winnetka. 33d F.A.
+  MILLER, THOS., Chicago. 49th Inf.
+  MOCK, HARRY E., Chicago. Med. Corps.
+  MUNDT, WM. C., Fairbury. Radio School.
+  O'CONNELL, R.M., Bloomington. U.S.N.R.F.
+  OPPENHEIMER, J., Chicago. 333d F.A.
+  ORR, PONCE B., Joliet. 1st Inf.
+  PACKWOOD, LAWRENCE, Chicago. 521st M.T.C.
+  PADDOCK, GEO. A., Evanston. 342d Inf.
+  PARKER, HOWARD K., Taylorville. 106th F.A.
+  PESAVENTO, A.J., Joliet. R.S. and C.O.T.S.
+  PIETRZAK, MICHAEL, Oglesby. A.S.A.P. 9th Dt.
+  POWELL, WM. J., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  REED, F.N., Evanston. 10th F.A.
+  REEDER, RUSSEL, Canton, 1st Co. C.A.C.
+  RHODES, BEN. S., Bloomington. 345th Inf.
+  ROMINGER, W.E., Shelbyville. 14th M.G.
+  SAYRE, C.B., Canton. 326th F.A.
+  SEAMAN, GEO. G., Taylorville. 17th F.A.
+  SEARCY, EARL B., Springfield. 311th Inf.
+  SEDWEAK, C.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  SEXTON, GROVER F., Chicago. 108th Mil. Pol. Train.
+  SIMONS, J.E., Glen Ellyn. U.S.M.C.
+  SIMPSON, SIDNEY E., Carrollton. 164th Inf.
+  SKUBIC, EDW. P., Chicago. C.O.T.S.
+  SPENCER, R.V., Chicago. 160th D.B.
+  SPRAGUE, A.A., Lake Forest. 341st Inf.
+  STELLO, JNO. H., McLeansboro. 115th M.G. Bn.
+  TAPP, H.F., Quincy. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALSH, MARTIN, Chicago. 1st Repl. Reg.
+  WEBBER, R.W., Urbana. 210th Aero Sq.
+  WERCKMAN, JNO. C., Minonk. 6th Repl. Reg.
+  WERNER, R.L., Peoria. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WHAM, CHAS., Centralia. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  YOUNG, R., Joliet. 41st Inf.
+  ZERWEKH, PAUL W., Alton. Aviation.
+
+
+INDIANA
+
+  ASCH, A.L., Indianapolis. Q.M.C.
+  BREWER, SCOTT R., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  BUSKIRK, N.J., Bloomington. 111th Inf.
+  CASTER, SOLON J., Indianapolis, 150th F.A.
+  CLEE, ROBT. E., Kokimo. 69th F.A.
+  DAVIS, PAUL Y., Bloomfield. 335th Inf.
+  DUDDLESTON, A.C., Terre Haute, 151st Inf.
+  HOGAN, H.G., Ft. Wayne. M.T.C.
+  JOHNSON, F.B., Indianapolis. Adv. Gen.
+  LEVI, MORRIS R., Evansville. 42d and 32d Div.
+  LONN, A.E., Laporte. 167th Brg.
+  MCDONALD, T.M., Princeton. F.A. Repl. Tr.
+  MOORHEAD, R.L., Indianapolis. 139th F.A.
+  NEWGENT, L.R., Indianapolis. U.S.N.
+  PUTT, GEO., Indianapolis. Motor Trans. Corp.
+  REYNOLDS, JNO. B., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  ROYER, S.D., Terre Haute. 349th Inf.
+  ROYZE, JNO. A., Indianapolis. M.T.C.
+  STRODEL, C.F., Huntington. Inf.
+  THOMAS, MARK H., Huntington. Q.M.C.
+  TIMKO, JOS. J., Brazil.
+  TODD, JOE W., Hammond. Air Serv.
+  UMPLEBY, JAY A., Gary. 139th F.A.
+  WALTZ, RALPH H., Noblesville. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  WATTS, ALBERT H., E. Chicago, 139th F.A.
+  WILSON, A.B., Indianapolis. 87th Div.
+  WOLFE, C.P., Indianapolis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  ZIISEL, FRANK F., Elkhart. 159th D. Br.
+
+
+IOWA
+
+  BERGER, P.F., Carroll. 163d Disch. Off.
+  BROOKHART, S.W., Washington. Inf.
+  BROOKHART, T.L., Washington. M.T.C.
+  COLE, J.F., Oelwein. 161st Depot Brig.
+  COOK, DON C., Cedar Rapids. U.S.M.C.
+  CIRCE, WM. L., Bloomfield. 1st Eng.
+  CRONIN, EDW. P., Victor. U.S.N.
+  DAY, J.R., Council Bluffs, 19th Div.
+  DEWOLF, M.E., Spencer, 5th Inf.
+  DORAN, LUCIEN S., Beaver. 339th F.A.
+  FINCH, BUDD R., West Union. 126th F.A.
+  HAHN, F.K., Cedar Rapids. 126th F.A.
+  HAM, Jos. P., Dubuque. 168th Inf.
+  HARKER, FRANK C., Ottumwa. 168th Inf.
+  HART, W.R., Iowa City, 305th B. Tank Corp.
+  HUDSON, FRED M., Pocahontas. 79th A.A. Bn.
+  HUNGERFORD, JNO., JR., Carroll. Air Serv.
+  KELLY, J.H., Sioux City, 99th Inf.
+  KINS, WILL L., Hubbard. 159th Dept. Br.
+  LEMLEY, H.D., Melrose. 109th Eng.
+  MACVICAR, JNO., Des Moines. Q.M.C.
+  MALCOMB, EARL, Laurens. 12th Inf.
+  METZGER, T.M., Council Bluffs. 168th Inf.
+  NEUSTRAND, OSCAR, Red Oak. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NEWELL, FLOYD, Ottumwa. M.C.
+  PATTEE, L.C., Pocahontas. Sig. Corp.
+  PEASE, LIBERTY, Farragut. 168th Inf.
+  PLAISTER, R.M., Dubuque. 163d Inf.
+  POLK, HARRY H., Des Moines. 176th Inf.
+  POND, ALANSON M., Dubuque. Med. Corps.
+  PUSEY, MCGEE, Council Bluffs. 11th Bal. Co.
+  SCHULTZ, E.R., Sioux City. Nav. Res. Fly. Corps.
+  SHAW, ROBT. J., Hayesville. 40th Inf.
+  SMITH, R.A., Council Bluffs. 163d D.B.
+  SOPER, B.M., Nevada. Q.M.C.
+  STROTZ, ROY R., Des Moines. 16th Inf.
+  THOMAS, LEE A., Mondamin. 3d Con. Bn.
+  WELCH, C.J., Denison. 4th Repl. Reg. 16th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+KANSAS
+
+  BARCLAY, JAS. F., Kansas City, 110th Eng.
+  BLY, WM. D., Leavenworth. 365th Inf.
+  BRANAMAN, H.A., Ottawa. 137th Inf.
+  BRICKELL, J.B., Emporia. Med. Corps.
+  BURNETT, R.H., Dodge City. Zone Sup. Of. N.Y.C.
+  CLAUSEN, E.W., Atchison. U.S.N.A.S.
+  CUBBISON, P.K., Kansas City. 354th Inf.
+  EATON, L.R., Neodesha. 8th Eng.
+  ELIAS, C.R., La Crosse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FARRAR, FOSS, Arkansas City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  FOULSTON, S.L., Wichita, 91st Div.
+  GRIEVES, LOREN C., Ft. Leavenworth. G.S. Reg. A.
+  HANTLA, JNO. P., Spearville. 137th Inf.
+  HASTY, LEWIS A., Wichita. 342d Inf.
+  HOLDEN, HARLEY E., Neodesha. P.O. Dept.
+  HOLLOWAY, W.W., Kansas City. P.M.G.O.
+  JOHNSON, PAUL R., Independence. U.S.N.
+  KURTZ, W.P., Columbus. 158th D.B.
+  LAMBERT, I.E., Emporia. Air Serv.
+  LEE, THOS. A., Topeka. 26th Inf.
+  LEEKLEY, R.M., Arkansas City. 338th F.A.
+  MADDEN, JNO., SR., Wichita. Air Serv.
+  MARTIN, CHAS. I., Topeka. 70th Inf. Br.
+  METCALF, W.S., Lawrence. 77th Brig.
+  MOSS, SIDNEY A., Wichita. 125th F.A.
+  MUSSELMAN, N.B., Arkansas City. R.M.A.
+  O'REILLY, H.C., Strong City. 164th Depot Br.
+  ORTMEYER, H.A., Wichita. 326th M.G. Bn.
+  PHAREN, W.A., Wichita. 360th Inf.
+  SNYDER, HARRY E., Council Grove. Med. Det.
+  SPARKS, KEITH L., Greensburg. Med. Dep.
+  STANFORD, F.C., Independence. A.S.S.C.
+  WALKER, H. Jos., La Crosse. 418th Eng.
+  WEED, M.S., Lawrence. 137th Inf.
+  WILLIAMS, JNO. W., Ottawa. Air Serv.
+  WOODS, JAS. A., Arkansas City. 101st Fld. Sig. B.
+  WOODSIDE, L.N., Council Grove. 13th Cav.
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+  BEARD, B.F., Hardensburg. 138th F.A.
+  BELL, ULRIC J., Louisville. Inf.
+  BERNHEIM, FR. D., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  BRONAUGH, ROBT. L., Nicholasville. 164th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., Lebanon. U.S.N.R.F.
+  EWALL, GEO. R., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  FISCHER, A.T., Louisville. A.S.R.C.
+  FRASER, V.C., Wickliffe. 6th Inf.
+  GORDON, M.K., Madisonville. I.G.D.
+  HALL, HERMAN H., Viper. 327th F.A.
+  HILL, J. MURRAY, Bowling Green. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JUETT, J.G., Wickliffe. 18th Inf.
+  MARRINER, E.H., Dayton. 131st Inf.
+  MOORMAN, H.D., Hardinsburg. 10th F.A.
+  MUIR, EDMUND A., Nicholsville. 22d Ret. Co. G.S.
+  RINGGOLD, J.H., JR., Russellville. Air Sq. 260.
+  SACHS, D.A., JR., Louisville. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SLACK, R.H., Owensboro. 1st O.T.S.
+  SOSNIN, M.L., Louisville. Base Hosp. Camp Crane, Luxemberg, Fr.
+  SOYARS, WM. O., Hopkinsville. U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, PHIL. H., Paducah. M.R.C.
+  WHEELER, JAS. G., Paducah. 159th D.B.
+  YOUNG, JNO. S., Glasgow. Med. Corps.
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+
+  BEARD, L.P., New Orleans. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BLANCAND, GUS, New Orleans. Co. 10.
+  COON, WM. A., New Orleans. 73d F.A.
+  DAVIS, EDW., New Orleans, 1st Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  GINELLA, Louis, New Orleans. M.C.
+  MICHEL, F. RALPH, New Orleans. 46th F.A.
+  MOORE, LEVERING, New Orleans. Q.M.C.
+  OWEN, ALLISON, New Orleans. 141st F.A.
+  PRATT, GEO. H.H., New Orleans. Air Serv.
+  STEM, C.H., New Orleans. 2d Eng.
+  WEINMANN, R.J., New Orleans, 151st F.A.
+
+
+MAINE
+
+  ADAMS, W.P., Portland.  54th Ar. C.A.C.
+  BOYLE, JAS. L., Augusta,  101st San. Tr.
+  GREENE, ROGER A., Lewiston.  101st Trench Mort. Bn.
+  GREENLAW, ALBERT, Eastport.  Hdq. 26th Div.
+  HAINES, ROY C., Ellsworth.  334th Tank Corps.
+  HUMER, FRANK M., Houlton.  103d U.S. Inf.
+  MILLIKEN, CARL E., Augusta.
+  NORTON, W.P., Portland.  72d Art. C.A.C.
+  PRESSON, GEO. MCG., Augusta.  Adj. Gen.
+  ROBINSON, A.L., Portland.  7th A.A. Bn.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+
+  FRENCH, FINDLAY H., Baltimore.  S.O. Camp, Greenleaf, Ga.
+  GOOD, STUART S., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  HUSTER, WM. A., Cumberland.  113th Inf.
+  JOHNSON, WILLARD J., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  KNAPP, RALEIGH T., Baltimore,  110th F.A.
+  RANDALL, A., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  SCAFFE, HAROLD, Baltimore.  14th F.A.
+  SOLOMON, ADOLPH C., Baltimore.  U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, DAVIS G., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  TIEMAN, GEORGE H., Baltimore.  Air Service.
+  WILMER, WILLIAM B., Baltimore.  Tank Corps.
+  YOUNG, FRANK A., Cumberland,  115th Inf.
+  YOUNG, HARVEY W., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  BACON, G.G., Jamaica Plains.  316th F.A.
+  BALDWIN, H.L., Malden.
+  BURT, C.E., New Bedford.  121st F.A.
+  CLEARY, JAS. P., Boston.  Personnel Off. Camp Upton.
+  CUTLER, GEO. C., Jr., Boston.  U.S.N.
+  DALTON, EDWARD P., Boston.  A.G.D.
+  DOLAN, W.H., Fitchburg.  26th Div.
+  FOY, F.H., Quincy.  82d Div. Inf.
+  FROTHINGHAM, L.A., N. Easton.  Adj. Gen.
+  GERMAIN, CHAS. F., Wollaston.  234th Eng.
+  GILBODY, GEO. F., Boston.
+  GREEN, DONALD R., Holyoke. 28th F.A.
+  HERBERT, J.P.J., Worcester. 102d F.A.
+  HOWARD, W.J., Whitman. 113th Eng.
+  JACKSON, L.P., Athol. 74th Inf.
+  MADDEN, MARCUS E., 64 N. Beacon St., 71 Art. C.A.C.
+  MANIFF, HARRY, Revere. U.S.N.
+  MARLEY, THOS. J., E. Boston. 104th Inf.
+  MCGRATH, JAS. P., Roslindale. Hdq. 26th Div.
+  MCINNIS, VICTOR A., Roxbury. 301st Inf.
+  MOYNIHAN, NEIL P., Haverhill. C.O.T.S., Camp Lee, Va.
+  NOLAN, DAVID J., Worcester. 52d Inf.
+  O'ROURKE, JNO. J., Lowell, 101st Sup. Tr.
+  PAGE, KENNETH B., Longmeadow. 104th Inf.
+  PEABODY, J.C.R., Boston. Asst. to Dept. Insp., N.E. Dept. I.G. 5th Div.
+    A.E.F.
+  PRYOR, J.H., West Newton  372d Inf.
+  ROSENFELD, JAY C., Pittsfield. 359th Inf.
+  SAFFORD, RALPH K., Springfield. 104th Inf.
+  SCOTT, H.J., Roxbury. 26th Div.
+  SHINNICK, WM. T., Brockton. 55th Reg. C.A.C.
+  SPILLANE, LEO A., Chelsea. Hdq. N.E. Dept.
+  STEWART, H.J., Camp Devens. 36th Mis. Inf.
+  STRANDQUIST, H.W., Newton. 102d M.G. Bn.
+  THOMAS, H.C., Allston. 101st Eng.
+  WHEELOCK, H.H., Fitchburg. 101st Sup. Tr.
+  WILLIAMS, HARRY R., Boston. 101st Am. Tr.
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+
+  ALGER, FREDERICK M., Detroit. 310th Amun. Tr.
+  ALLEN, CARLOS R., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  BALDWIN, PAUL R., Manistique. Air Service.
+  BELLOWS, BENJ. B., Highland Park. Ordnance.
+  BERSEY, JOHN S., Lansing. Adjt. Gen., Michigan.
+  BOWDEN, ISAAC, Port Huron. Base Hosp. No. 73.
+  BRINK, HOWARD C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  BURGESS, FRANK, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  CHRISTIE, J.T.C., U.S.A. Gen. Hop., No. 36, Detroit. Q.M.C.
+  CONWAY, BERTRAM, 33 Cardoma St., Detroit. 367th Inf.
+  DOYLE, A.G., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  ENGLISH, RAND P., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., University Club, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FEHRENBOCHER, CHRISS, 271 Harrison St., Gary, Ind. 10th Inf.
+  GILDERSLEEVE, HOWARD, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GILLEO, AVERY C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  GUELFF, JOHN J., Marquette. 328th F.A.
+  HALL, WILLIAM D., Kalamazoo. 126th Inf.
+  HANSEN, MYRON J., Laurium. S.A.T.C.
+  HARRIS, H.H., Detroit. A.S.S.C. Aviation Training.
+  HENRY, D.D., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  HULLFISH, HENRY G., Washington, D.C. Medical Dept.
+  KELLEY, CHARLES D., West Detroit. 32d Div.
+  KESL, G.M., Port Huron. M.D.
+  KILMER, EDWARD H., Grand Rapids. 10th Inf.
+  KING, WILLIAM, Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  LARSON, WERNER R., Ironwood. Sanitary Squad No. 58.
+  LAWSON, OTTO EMIL C.Y., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  LOCKHART, ARTHUR, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MAINES, GEORGE H., Battle Creek. 338th Inf.
+  MCKEE, MARK T., Mt. Clemens. Chemical Warfare.
+  MCMAHAN, F.V., 322 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MOERISCH, E.L., Escanaba. U.S.N.
+  NICKEL, P.W., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NORTON, ALBERT H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  O'BRIEN, THOMAS, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.
+  O'DELL, H.A., Detroit. Hdg. Chief Engr.
+  QUASIGROCH, LEE J., Highland Park, Ill., Camp Custer.
+  SMITH, GEORGE L., Detroit. 4th Tex. Inf.
+  TABOR, LYLE D., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TARPESTRA, GEORGE, Grand Rapids. 154th Aero Squad.
+  TAYLOR, W.J., Port Huron. Hdq. Det. 14th Div.
+  TOBIN, FRANK J., Jackson. 126th Inf.
+  VELDMAR, EDWIN, Grand Rapids. 26th Inf.
+  WEIR, ORVILLE H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  WILKIN, H.H., Detroit. U.S.N.
+  YOUNG, JAY P., 706 Easterly Ave., 125th Inf.
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+
+  AHERN, JNO. J., St. Paul.  88th Inf.
+  ANDERSON, S.E., Ruthton.  351st Inf.
+  BALDWIN, C.H., Redwood Falls.  87th Inf.
+  CALDWELL, JNO. C., Albert Lea.  127th F.A.
+  CHAPIN, GEO. S., St. Paul.  167th Inf.
+  CLARK, GORDON M., Duluth.  125th F.A.
+  CLIPPER, GEO. A., St. Paul.  Q.M.C.
+  COOK, PAUL B., Lowrny Blg., St. Paul.  Med. Corp.
+  EATON, M.E., Minneapolis.  309th Fld. Sig. Bn.
+  FOWLER, F.J., St. Paul.  Camp McArthur.
+  FULLER, HARRISON, St. Paul.  163d F.A.
+  HALL, LEVI M., Minneapolis. 124th F.A.
+  HENDERSON, R.L., Minneapolis. C.A.
+  KING, S.W., Austin. Motor Mechanic.
+  LEWIS, H.B., Minneapolis. Dunwoody Tr. Det.
+  LOWTHER, GEO., Minneapolis. Sig. Corp.
+  MACMICHAEL, P.R., 119 N. 4th St., Minneapolis. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MAGNUSSON, C.W., Hibbing. 85th F.A.
+  MCCARTHY, E.D., St. Paul. 313th Eng.
+  NELSON, A.M., Fairmont. 68th Inf. Br.
+  NELSON, Roy, Minneapolis. M.G.S.
+  NOLAN, M.C., Grand Meadow. Q.M.C.
+  PAGE, RALPH W., Minneapolis. 303d Cav.
+  PARKS, JNO. J., St. Paul. 101 Aero Squad.
+  PARTRIDGE, C.A., Owatonna. 332d M.G. Bn.
+  ROBERTS, LOREN B., Little Falls. 187 Aero Sq., A.E.F.
+  ROGERS, M.J., St. Paul. 74th Eng.
+  SCHAUB, H.W., St. Paul. 65th Pioneer Inf.
+  SMITH, S.S., Worthington. 164th D. Brig.
+  STROMGREN, E., Center City. Motor Amb. Sup. Dep. Louisville.
+  STURTZ, WM. P., Albert Lea. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TOMELTY, JAS. C., Little Falls. 337th F.A.
+  USTRUCK, W.J., Montevideo. 346th Inf.
+  VANCMA, GEO., Lakefield. 151st Aero Sq.
+  VARNER, C.L., St. Cloud. Naval Aviation.
+  VEIT, CON., 3733 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. 70th Inf.
+  WARNER, LEE F., St. Paul. Chem. Warfare.
+  WILLIAMS, W.A., 621 Byron St., Mankato. 2d Eng.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+
+  ADAMS, WM. T., JR., Corinth, 115th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, JNO. M., Jackson. San. Corp.
+  BURNETT, ROBT., Vicksburg. 334th M.G. Bn.
+  CHAMBERS, PAUL, Jackson. U.S.N.R.F.
+  CLARK, ARTHUR B., Indianola. 79th Div.
+  DALBEY, CHAS. R., Jackson, 115th Inf.
+  DUNN, ARTHUR JNO., Vicksburg. 162d Inf.
+  FITZHUGH, ALEX., 1403 Baum St., Vicksburg. Comp Q.M., Camp Hancock, Ga.
+  FLEMING, JAS. S., JR., Natchez. 52d Ammun. Tr.
+  HOSKINS, GEO. C., Brookhaven. 162d Inf.
+  SULLENS, FREDERICK, Jackson. Mil. Intell. Div. Gen. Staff.
+  WHITING, JNO. S., JR., Farrell. 24th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+MISSOURI
+
+  ALBERT, WILFRED G., St. Louis. 57th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, F., St. Louis. 49th Inf.
+  ALLEN, C.P., Trenton. Field Ord.
+  BARCO, A.U., St. Louis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BENNETT, J.M., Neosho. S.M.A.
+  BERNARD, J.A., St. Louis. 45th U.S. Inf. Medical Corps.
+  BRADBURY, H.C., Jefferson City. U.S.M.C.
+  BRUGGERE, W.H., St. Louis. 342d F.A.
+  CAMBELL, C.W., Sedalia. 314th Eng.
+  CARTER, A., Meadville. 18th Inf.
+  CLARK, BENNETT, Bowling Green. 88th Div.
+  CLARKE, HARVEY C., Jefferson City. 35th Div.
+  CRONKITE, D.W., St. Joseph. Naval Aviation.
+  DALLMEYER, PHIL. A., Jefferson City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  DALY, RICHARD L., St. Louis. 12th F.A.
+  DICKSON, J.T., Warrensburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DIMMITT, C.P., St. Louis. Hosp. Guard.
+  EGGER, E.R., St. Louis. 6th Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  FIELD, ANDREW, Macon. 160th D.B.
+  FOSTER, DICK B., Kansas City. 10th Div.
+  FULLERTON, ROB., Louis, 111. 5th Mo. Inf.
+  GARRETT, RUBY D., Kansas City. Signal Corps.
+  GOOD, H.G., Carthage. 116th Engrs.
+  GRAY, L.H., Carthage. 6th M.G.B. Marines.
+  GREEN, FREDK. WM., St. Louis. 12th Engrs.
+  GRIMSLEY, CLYDE I., Salina. 16th Inf.
+  HAGNER, A.R., Hagerstown. Casual Air Serv.
+  HAW, U.P., Benton. 90th Inf.
+  HOLCOMB, H.W., Moberly. Q.M.C.S.C.
+  HUBBARD, DOUGLAS, G., Versailles. 346th Inf.
+  HUSTON, G.C., Troy. U.S.N.
+  HYDE, L.M., Princeton. 338th Inf.
+  JOHNSTON, GALE, Mexico. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JOHNSTON, W.O., St. Louis. Bat. No. 60 Arty. C.A.C.
+  KEALY, PHILIP J., Kansas City. 138th Inf.
+  KLEMM, K.D., Kansas City. 106th F.A.
+  KRECHEL, HENRY, Floissant. 128th F.A.
+  LAFAYETTE, D. LYTLE, St. Louis. 332d Inf.
+  LAYTON, CHAS. O., St. Louis. Naval Veteran Assn.
+  LEACH, MERTON H., Jefferson Barracks. Q.M.C.
+  LONERGAN, WM. J., St. Louis. 138th Inf.
+  LOZIER, LUE C., Carrollton. 164th D.B.
+  MCKINLEY, C.A., Clinton. 60th Pioneer Inf.
+  MONOVILL, HAROLD P., St. Louis. Naval Overseas Trans. Serv.
+  MONTGOMERY, P.S., St. Louis. 312th Inf.
+  NEE, DAN M., Springfield. O.T.S.
+  NEVILLE, J.H., Springfield. 41st Arty.
+  RAUPP, WILLIAM, Pierce City. 2d Pioneer Inf.
+  RAZOOSKY, JULIUS, St. Louis. Aero. Phot.
+  ROBINETTE, P.J., Hartville. U.S.M.C.
+  ROGERS, GEORGE, Missouri Ath. Assn. A.S. 133d Det.
+  ROSEMANN, HENRY, St. Louis. Tank Corps.
+  ROYAL, THOMAS V., St. Louis.
+  SCHIELDS, GEO., St. Louis. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  TUCKER, PAUL, Lamar. 112th Inf.
+  WANCHTES, GEO., St. Louis.
+  WATKINS, CHARLES, St. Louis. Fort Sheridan.
+  WHELESS, JOSEPH, St. Louis. Judge Adv.
+  WHITE, J.M., St. Louis. Eng.
+  WOODS, JOE, St. Louis. 354th Inf.
+  YOUNT, M.P., Ironton. 3d O.T.L.
+
+
+MONTANA
+
+  ALMON, WORTH C., Helena. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BARNETT, BEN W., Helena. 163d D.B.
+  BARRY, ARTHUR N., Billings. A.S. Dept.
+  BLOMQUIST, H.L., Great Falls.
+  MCCALLUM, D.S., Helena. 163d Inf.
+  PEW, CHAS. E., Helena. 44th Inf.
+  SHERIDAN, CHAS. L., Bozeman. 49th Inf.
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+
+  COAD, RALPH G., Omaha. A.S.M.A.
+  FISCHER, FRANK P., Scotts Bluff. 164th D.B.
+  FITZSIMMONS, L.L., Fremont. M.O.T.C.
+  GILLIGAN, GEO W., Lincoln. 41st Inf.
+  GOODRICH, E.S., Fairbury. 305th Tank Corps.
+  HOLDEMAN, GEO. H., York. 125th F.A.
+  HOWARD, BERT, Tecumseh. U.S.N.
+  KEARNEY, ORLANDO H., Morrill. 13th Inf.
+  MCDERMOTT, ED. P., Kearney. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  MCGUIRE, L.J., Omaha. 3d Inf.
+  MADDEN, RAY J., Omaha, U.S.N.
+  MAHER, JOHN G., Lincoln. Chief Disb. Officer, Paris.
+  MERSINGER, LEON, Plattsmouth. 222d Field Signal Bn.
+  RADEMACHER, R.A., York. Unassigned.
+  RITCHIE, WM., JR., Omaha. 69th Inf.
+  ROBERTSON, HUGH C., Omaha. 356 San. Det.
+  STIRCH, J.A., Lincoln, 350th Inf.
+  STRYKER, HIRD, Omaha. 338th F.A.
+  STUART, A.L., Fremont. 428 Eng., 109 Eng.
+  TUKEY, ALLAN A., Omaha. 26th Inf.
+  VANNESS, CLARENCE, Stanton. A.S.S.C.
+  WEBB, ROBERT J., Omaha. 164th Depot Brig.
+
+
+NEVADA
+
+  MALSBARY, E.L., Reno. 218th Eng.
+  SALTER, J.D., Winnemucca. 2d Co., 3d Bn. I.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  ABBOTT, F.J., Manchester. 103d F.A.
+  DESCHEMS, HOMAR J., East Jaffey. Motor Supply Train.
+  FISKE, GEORGE V., Manchester. 75th Div. San. Tr.
+  HEUREUX, L'HERVE, Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  HOGAN, WALTER J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  KNOX, FRANK, Manchester. 303d Amm. Tr.
+  MAHER, CHARLES F., 612 Main St., Laconia.
+  MAHONEY, MATTHEW J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  MURPHY, WM., 49 Alfred St., 103d Inf.
+  SANTOR, JOHN, Manchester. 104th F.H.
+  SULLIVAN, WM. E., Nashua, 102d Inf.
+  TRUFANT, ARTHUR, Hudson. 103d Inf.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+
+  BESSON, HARLAN, Hoboken. 5th A.C.
+  BRADY, CHARLES S., Weehawken. 322d Sanitary Train.
+  BROMLEY, HERBERT L., 127 Clinton Ave., Clifton. Camp Hdq., Camp Dix.
+  CANGEMI, ANGELO, Newark. U.S. Nitrate Plant, No. 1.
+  DEBEVOISE, PAUL, Elizabeth. 312th Inf.
+  EGGERS, ALAN L., Summit. 107th Inf.
+  EHRHARDT, PHILIP, Jersey City, 111th M.G. Bn.
+  MCGRATH, EDWARD A., Elizabeth. U.S.N.
+  MULLIK, D.B., Leonia. Eng. M.P.
+  PANCOAST, JOHN M., Hancock's Bridge. U.S.N.R.F.
+  RITTER, RALPH F., Rahway. Staff, Ft. Hancock.
+  SCHENCK, R.P., Jersey City. Q.M.C.
+  STRATTON, GERVAS, Vineland. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TISCHBECK, JOHN D., Newark. 112th H.F.A.
+  TOBIN, ED. A., 27 Broadway, Camden. U.S.N.
+  WEED, NEWELL P., 65 Union, Montclair. 344th Ban. Tank Corps.
+  WESCOAT, ABSALOM S., Atlantic City. M.C.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+
+  BACA, HERMAN G., Belen. U.S.N.
+  BACA, JESUS M., Santa Fe. 115th Pv. Hq.
+  BLEVINS, DONALD L., Las Vegas. 82d F.A.
+  CUTTING, B.M., Santa Fe. Mil. Attaché, London.
+  DILLARD, H. WYATT, Roswell. 358th Inf.
+  DOLDWELL, C.S., Albuquerque. Inf. (?)
+  FLAMM, ROY H., Alamogorda. 18th Eng. R.T.C. French Army.
+  HUMPHREYS, FRED, B., Dayton. U.S.N.
+
+
+NEW YORK
+
+  ALLEN, FREEMAN C., Rochester. Q.M.C.
+  BALDWIN, FREDERIC W., Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  BALL, GROSVENOR LOWREY, Lawrence. 306th Inf.
+  BARNHILL, GEORGE B., New York. 820th Aero Squad.
+  BARRETT, WALTER N., Saratoga Springs. U.S.M.C.
+  BARUCK, S.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BEERS, W.H., New York. 601st Eng.
+  BERRY, CHARLES W., Brooklyn. 106th Inf.
+  BLACK, JOHN, Brooklyn. Stars and Stripes Gen. Staff.
+  BODAMER, HAROLD L., Buffalo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BOECKEL, FRED. W., Buffalo. 106th F.A.
+  BOOTH, ROBERT C., Plattsburg. 303d Inf.
+  BOYCE, A.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BRADLEY, GOODYEAR, Buffalo. 106th Regt.
+  BUNN, EARLE D., Newburgh. Train, and Unassign. Duty.
+  BURRILL, Louis D., Syracuse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BUTLER, WILLIAM E., Brooklyn. Ambulance Service.
+  CHURCH, ELIHU C., New York. 117th Eng.
+  COMPTON, GEO. B., New York. 153d Depot Bri. F.A.
+  CONWAY, THOMAS J., Ithaca. U.S. Marines.
+  COOKE, JAMES P., New York. 106th Inf.
+  COSBY, ARTHUR P., New York. A.G.O.
+  DAGGETT, GEO. F., Brooklyn. Military Intell. Div.
+  DAVIES, JULIEN L., New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DEAN, CLARK M., New York. 107th Inf.
+  DECLUCQ, FLOYD L., Cortland. 108th Inf.
+  DECOURSEY, FALES, New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DERBY, RICHARD, New York. 2d Div.
+  DEYO, HARRISON, Yonkers. S.A.T.C. Columbia Univ.
+  DRAPER, WM. H., New York. Co. 2, N.Y. Reg.
+  DUELL, CHARLES H., New York. U.S.N.
+  ECKERT, J.A., New York. 105th F.A.
+  ENGEL, NICHOLAS, New York. 107th Inf.
+  FINELITE, A.C., New York. Q.M.C.
+  FISH, HAMILTON, JR., New York. 369th Inf.
+  FLOYD, CHAS. H., New York. 107th Inf.
+  FOX, E.E., 58 W. 47th St., New York.
+  FRANK, EUGENE, New York. E.O.T.S.
+  GALLAGHER, F.T.C., Oswego. 108th Inf.
+  GOERKE, JAMES P., Brooklyn. U.S.N.
+  HAYES, WADE H., New York. 27th Div.
+  HEALY, Jos. P., New York. U.S.N.
+  HELWIG, A.L., 517 New York Eng. Corp.
+  HUDSON, DONALD, New York. 27th Aero Squadron.
+  HUNT, CLYDE R., Woodhaven. 7th Bt. Hdqrs.
+  INGRAM, LEE, Gloversville. 105th Inf.
+  JAY, DELANCEY K., Westbury. 307th Inf.
+  JENNINGS, ALLEN D., Brooklyn. U.S.N.R.F.
+  KINCAID, J. LESLIE, Syracuse. 27th Div.
+  KITCHEL, LLOYD, Bronxville. 12th F.A.
+  KNOB, FREDERICK J., New York. U.S.M.C.
+  KRUMM, EDWARD DELOS, Rome. 10th Inf.
+  LYONS, WILLIAM M., Brooklyn. 114th Inf.
+  MCADOO, WILLIAM GIBBS, JR., New York. U.S.N. Air Service.
+  MCALPIN, MILO F., New York. 37th Art.
+  MCILVAINE, TOMPKINS, New York. Intell. Service.
+  MCKLAINE, OSCEALA E., New York. 367th Inf.
+  MARSH, ROBERT M.C., New York. 351st F.A.
+  MELA, HARRY F., New York. 152d Depot Bdg.
+  MILLER, LAWRENCE, New York, 305th F.A.
+  MOSLE, C. FRED., New York. 33d Inf.
+  MULLIN, R. JEROME, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  MUNSKE, CHARLES R., Brooklyn. 102d F.A.
+  NICKERSON, HOFFMAN, New York. Ordnance.
+  OKERLIND, MELIN A., Jamestown. U.S.N.T.S.
+  OSBORNE, FAIRFIELD, New York. 351st F.A.
+  PERRY, FRANCIS W., Brooklyn. 77th Div.
+  PRESS, THOMAS C., Bronx. 105th F.A.
+  PUTNAM, G.P., New York. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RACKOFF, IRWIN IRA, New York. 152d Depot Brigade.
+  REID, D. LINCOLN, New York. 369th Inf.
+  RIDDER, JOSEPH E., New York. M.T.C.
+  RIFFE, JAMES, Elmira. 108th Inf.
+  ROBINSON, Fordham Road and Valentine Ave., New York. General Staff.
+  ROBINSON, FRANCIS H., New York. Q.M.C.
+  ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, New York. 20th Inf.
+  SCHMIDT, W.M., Pleasantville. 7th Inf.
+  SELIGMAN, J.L., New York. 27th Div.
+  SMITH, POWERS C., Watertown. 307th F.A.
+  SMITH, THOMAS R., St. Louis. A.S.D.
+  STONE, LAUE K., New York. 34th Aero Squadron.
+  SWIFT, PARTON, Buffalo, 151st F.A. Bri.
+  TAYLOR, H. IRV., New York. C.A.C.
+  TOWNSON, K.C., Rochester. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  VAN BUREN, J.N., Dunkirk. Aviation.
+  WELLS, JOHN, New York. 105th U.S. Inf.
+  WHEAT, GEO. S., New York. U.S.N.
+  WICKERSHAM, C.W., New York. 27th Div.
+  WISEMAN, MARK H., New York. 7th Regt.
+  WOOD, ERIC P., New York. 83d Div.
+  WRIGHT, W.T., New York. 105th F.A.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+
+  BAKER, JULIUS R., Fargo.  6th Corps M.P. Co.
+  FRASER, G.A., Bismarck.  Inf. P.M.G.O.
+  GORMAN, ARTHUR, Fargo.  26th Inf.
+  HANLEY, J.M., Mandan.  148th M.G. Bn.
+  MERRY, LYALL B., W. Dickinson.  116th Supply Train.
+  SEMLING, H.V., Bismarck.  116th Tr. Hdqrs.
+  STERN, WILLIAM, Fargo.  Q.M.C.
+  TREACY, ROBT. H., Bismarck.  339th Inf. 160th Depot Brigade.
+  WILLIAMS, J.P., No. Fargo.  3d Eng.
+
+
+OHIO
+
+  BABCOCK, VEARNE C., Elyria. U.S. Naval Aviation.
+  BETTMAN, GILBERT. 1114 Union Trust Bldg., Military Intell. Div.
+  BIMM, HARRY L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  BLACK, ROBERT L., Cincinnati. 37th Div. Military Intell.
+  BRUML, MAURICE W., Cleveland. Air Serv.
+  BUSH, H.M., Briggsdale. 134th F.A.
+  CAMPBELL, L.J., Youngstown. 309th F.A.
+  COBE, RALPH D., Findlay. 145th Inf.
+  CONKLIN, WM. H., Columbus. Q.M.C.
+  FESS, THOMAS L., Yellow Springs. 394th M.G. Bri.
+  FUNM, NORBERT E., Sandusky. 147th Inf.
+  GERLACK, F.C., Wooster. 146th Inf.
+  HALL, JOSEPH L., Cincinnati, 5th Corps Artillery.
+  HARD, DUDLEY J., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  HORRELL, OLNEY W., Dayton. 134th F.A.
+  HUSTON, C.H., Mansfield, 112th Am. Train.
+  KING, E.L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  KLINE, JOHN H., Dayton. 62d F.A.
+  KOONS, JACK F., Cincinnati. 148th Inf.
+  LEA, ANDREW B., Cleveland. 112th Engrs.
+  MACDOUGAL, HARRY O., Akron. Ordn.
+  MCGILL, DON. R., Nelsonville. 308th Tr. M. Btry.
+  MURRAY, CHAS. J., Elyria. 42d Div.
+  NICKLETT, A.P., Toledo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PERRY, GEORGE W., Youngstown. 1st Army, A.E.F.
+  PHILLIPS, THOMAS A., Dayton. 812th Pio. Inf.
+  PRIDDY, JOHN E., Findlay. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RAMSEY, ANDREW M., Cincinnati. 26th Div.
+  SEGAL, BEN M., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  SONSLEY, HARRY J., Ada. 62d F.A.
+  TURNER, CYRIL B., Columbus. 308th T.M. Btry.
+  WILSON, CHALMERS, R., Columbus, 112th Field Sig. Bn.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+
+  ADKINS, E.S., Muskogee. Hdq. 42d Div.
+  BERRY, RALPH H., Tulsa. 173d Inf.
+  BURLING, WM. T., Sapulpa. I.C.O.T.S.
+  BUTTS, R.B., Muskogee. 162d D.B.
+  CHASE, VAL D., Alva. U.S.N.
+  FISCHER, F.W., Oklahoma City. Q.M.C.
+  FOX, PHILIP A., Tulsa. 23d Engrs.
+  GINGERICH, H.A., Okmulgee. 358th Inf.
+  HAUGHERTY, HUGH, Enid. E.J.B.T.S.
+  HAGAN, HORACE H., Tulsa. C.A.C.
+  HOFFMAN, ROY, Oklahoma City. 93d Div.
+  KEENAN, ROB. B., Sapulpa. 308th Aero Squad.
+  MCNALLY, EARL, Okemah. 111th Amm. Train.
+  MEYER, HOWARD W., U.S.S. Bank Bldg., U.S. Slipping Bd.
+  NILES, ALVA J., Tulsa. 7th Div.
+  NORWOOD, FRANK H., Prague. Ft. Riley.
+  SAMS, VERNETT E., Wewoka. 49th Inf.
+  SHEA, THOMAS J., Buffalo, N.Y. 56th F.A.
+  TAYLOR, MAX A., Pryor. 330th Inf.
+  THOMPSON, N.A., 111 E. Latimer St., Tulsa. 57th Inf.
+  TULLY, B.L., 83d F.A.
+  VIUER, WM., Tulsa. S.O.T.S.
+
+
+OREGON
+
+  CRITCHLOW, HARRY, Portland. 363d Arab. Co.
+  EIVERS, EDW. J., Portland. 162d Inf.
+  FOLLETT, WILL. B., Eugene. 69th F.A.
+  GRANT, RODERICK D., Portland. Air Service.
+  LEONARD, BARGE E., Portland. 63d Inf.
+  MAY, JOHN L., North Portland. 162d Inf.
+  MULLEN, C.L., Portland. U.S. Marines.
+  PARGON, JOSEPH A., Portland. M.C.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  AURAND, AMMON M., JR., Beaver Springs. Q.M.C.
+  BEAMAN, JOSEPH W., Towanda. 140th Tank Corps.
+  BECKER, H.M., Pittsburgh. (?)
+  BIDDLE, CHARLES J., Philadelphia. Air Serv.
+  BLANK, HARRY C., Allentown. C.O.T.S.
+  BODIN, F.S., Wellsboro. B.E.F.
+  BUCK, HOWARD, Philadelphia. 96 Aero Sq.
+  BUETTNER, C.A., Johnstown. Amb. Co.
+  COLLINS, J., East Pittsburgh. 371 Inf.
+  DAVIS, SHANLEY, Pottsville. Aviation.
+  DEARLOVE, CHAS., Philadelphia. 109th Inf.
+  DETRICH, A., Philadelphia. School for A.R. & M.O.
+  DIXON, F.E., Elkins Park. 318th F.A.
+  DOBSON, W.F., 284 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre. U.S.N.R.F.
+  D'OLIER, FRANKLIN, Philadelphia. Q.M.C.
+  DUNKLE, RAY, Dry Runn. 4th D.B.
+  DUNN, STEWART, Pittsburgh. 83d F.A.
+  EGLOFF, JOHN, East Pittsburgh. 8th Trench Mort. Bat.
+  FISCHER, ANDREW, Johnstown. 7th Eng.
+  FLOOD, FRANK, Pittsburgh. Chem. War. Service.
+  FORESTER, I.G.. Philadelphia. 46th Inf.
+  FOSTER, DAVID, Carnegie, 305th Field Sig. Bn.
+  GEARY, JOHN W., Philadelphia. M.I.D.
+  GENTZEL, PAUL, Bellefonte. 314th Inf.
+  GREER, JOHN, New York City. Nat. Cath. War Council.
+  HAUTH, M.L., Meadville. 29th Eng.
+  HECHT, CARL C., c/o West Branch Knitting Co., U.S.M.C.
+  HERBINE, A.P., Berwick. 314th Inf.
+  HILL, FREDERICK, Pittsburgh, 90th Inf.
+  HOEGER, ADELBERT, 1508 Sheffield St., Pittsburgh. 209th Eng.
+  HOOPES, E.S., East End Ave., Beaver. Casual Air Service.
+  HOSACK, GEORGE, 1415 Park Blg., Pittsburgh, 111th Inf.
+  HOUCK, BYRON, Williamsport. 1st Reg. M.T.S.
+  HUDOE, M.J., Uniontown. 306th Tank Corp.
+  HULINGS, NORMAN, Oil City. 22d Aero Sq.
+  HUNSICKER, STANLEY, Collegeville. Q.M.C.
+  IVONY, LEO, East Pittsburgh. I.C.O.T.S.
+  JOHNS, ALEXANDER, Monessen. 2d Eng. Tran. Regiment.
+  JOHNSON, J.E., West Chester. 301st Tank Train.
+  JOHNSON, MILLER A., Lewisburg. 162d Inf.
+  JONES, WARREL, Clearfield. 38th Inf.
+  KATZ, EDWARD, Honesdale. M.T.C.
+  KELLER, OLIVER, Lancaster. Air Service.
+  KNOX, ANDREW, Philadelphia. Med. Corps.
+  KRESALES, KENNETH, Easton. U.S.A.A.S.
+  KRUMBHAAR, EDWARD, Chestnut Hill. Base Hos. No. 10.
+  LAMOND, JAMES, Philadelphia. Avia. A.S.A.
+  LAUGHLIN, ALEX., JR., Sewickley. 88th Div.
+  MCCALL, JOSEPH, Merion. 311th. F.A.
+  MCRAE, A.K., Pittsburgh. M.T.C.T.S.
+  METZ, BENJ., Pittsburgh. 124th Eng.
+  MORGANROTH, C.K., Shamokin. 312th Inf.
+  MUENCH, WILLIAM, JR., Philadelphia. 606th Eng.
+  NEWCOMER, ROBERT, Pittsburgh. 76th Div.
+  NOFER, GEO., 621 Belgrade St. 3d Div. Hdq.
+  O'DONNEL, JAMES, Philadelphia. 315th Inf.
+  PEARSON, ALFRED, JR., Somerset. 6th E.T.R.
+  PENNEL, EDRED J., Norristown. 304th Ammun. Tr.
+  PENNY, JOS. M., Philadelphia. U.S.N.
+  PHELPS, L.M., Erie. 112th Inf.
+  PUTLK, LAWHEND, Clearfield. Base Hosp. No. 4.
+  REASA, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  REHR, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng. Co. C.
+  REIFSENDER, RUSSELL, Pottstown. 182d Aero Sq.
+  RICK, GEO., Reading. 302 Guard and Fire Co.
+  RIGBY, HOWARD, Pittsburgh. O.T.C.
+  SAMSEL, HUGH, Stroudsburg. U.S.N.
+  SAXE, MICHAEL, Philadelphia. 54th Inf.
+  SEMBOWER, GUY, Reading, 114th Ord. Co.
+  SHOEFFER, CLINTON, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  SIMONSON, E.G., Philadelphia. 490 Aero Sq.
+  SINGER, ROBERT, Stroudsburg. 109th Inf.
+  SMYTH, WILLIAM, Philadelphia. Engrs. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  SPANGEL, LYELL, Williamsport. U.S.N.
+  STEVENSON, RICHARD, Chester. Handley Page Training Dept.
+  TYLER, GEORGE, Philadelphia, 311th F.A.
+  WALSH, JOSEPH, Pittsburgh. 4th Eng.
+  WEAR, BYRON, Hazleton. 146th Inf.
+
+
+PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
+
+  LANDON, ROBERT R., Manila. 111th Corps and 2d Army.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+
+  ANGELL, CARL H., Providence. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  CANTWELL, PERCEY, Providence. 351st P.A.
+  ELEONISKEY, JAMES, Main Crompton. Sig. Corps.
+  JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER, Providence. C.A.C.
+  MCKANNAH, F., River Pt. Medical Corps.
+  SAN SONEITR, JOS., 4 Claremont Ave., 103d F.A.
+  SHARKEY, WALTER, Woonsocket. 151st D.B.
+  SHUNNEY, WM. P., Woonsocket. 103d P.A.
+  STURGES, RUSH, Providence. Ord.
+  THURBER, FRED B., c/o Tilden Thurber Co. U.S.N.
+  WEEDER, R.B., Providence. 103d F.A.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  FULTON, ROBERT, Florence. 105th Supply Tr.
+  LACHICOTTE, N.S., Florence. U.S.N.R.F.
+  REED, CHARLES, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  SMYSER, JOHN, Florence. Med. Corps.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+  BUELL, WILLIAM, Rapid City. 335th Inf.
+  DENNISON, JOHN, Vermillion. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  DOUD, F.R., Mobridge. 13th Eng.
+  JOHNSON, T.R., Sioux Falls. 102d F.A.
+  MALONEY, PAUL, Aberdeen. 163d F.A.
+  PFEIFFER, JOSEPH, Rapid City. Ord.
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+
+  ANDERSON, GLENN, Nashville. C.A.C.
+  BERRY, HARRY, Hendersonville. 115th F.A.
+  BOLLING, W.E., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BOWMAN, CHAS., Nashville. 2d Div.
+  BROWN, BARTON, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BUCKNER, ED., Thompson's Station. 114th F.A.
+  BUFORD, NED, Nashville. Air Ser.
+  CASON, WM., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  CORSON, HERBERT, Nashville. U.S.N.
+  GLEASON, JAMES, Knoxville. 114th F.A.
+  GRIFFEN, EUGENE, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  HAGER, RICHARD, Nashville, 115th F.A.
+  HANDLER, WALTER C., Memphis. 55th P.A. Brig.
+  HAYES, JOHN, Memphis. 114th F.A.
+  KLEINE, KENNETH E., Memphis. Unassigned.
+  LASON, WILLIAM, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  LEA, LUKE, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  MERNT, HENRY, Jacksonville, 115th F.A.
+  MILLIGAN, G.C., Chattanooga. 156th Dept. Brig.
+  MILLIKEN, Chattanooga. 81st Div.
+  NAIVE, W.W., Clarkville. U.S.N.
+  OXE, HOWARD, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  PALMER, ED., Nashville. 117th F.A.
+  ROBERTSON, JOHN, Lebanon, 115th F.A.
+  SHADOW, W.A., Winchester. Air Ser.
+  SPENCE, CAREY, Knoxville. 117th Inf.
+  WARNING, ROME, Memphis. 33d Div.
+  WATSON, LAWRENCE, Columbia. 114th F.A.
+  WINFRY, DOUGLAS, Memphis.
+
+
+TEXAS
+
+  ALLEN, ARCH C., Dallas. 132d F.A.
+  BACON, BENJAMIN, Wichita Falls. 360th Inf.
+  BEAGLEY, JOHN, La Porte. Inf.
+  BEAVENS, C., Houston. 357th Inf.
+  BIRKHEAD, CLAUDE, San Antonio, 131st F.A.
+  BOON, S.P., Brady, 111th Sup. Train.
+  BRADLEY, ROLLAND, Houston. 132d F.A.
+  CARREL, ALFRED, Austin. Air Ser.
+  COHN, E.M., Dallas. U.S.M.C.
+  FOY, HUGH, Dallas. Army Tran. Service.
+  GAINES, J.P., Bay City. 26th Inf.
+  GRUBBS, ROSCOE, Paris, 5th M.G. Bn.
+  HOOVER, JOHN, Houston. 143d Inf.
+  JACKSON, W.E., Hillboro. 141st Inf.
+  JOHNSON, W.W., Galveston. U.S.N.
+  KING, JOHN L., Ft. Worth, 111th Am. Train.
+  LANGDON, RUSSELL, Houston. U.S.N.
+  LINDSLEY, HENRY, Dallas. Gen. Staff.
+  NICHOLSON, LE ROY, Ballinger. U.S.N.
+  SMITH, C., Galveston. Inf.
+  TIPS, CHAS., Three Rivers, 90th Div. Inf.
+  VAMESON, ROU A., Marlin. 143d Inf.
+  YOUNG, JOHN, Austin. C.A.C.
+
+
+UTAH
+
+  DOUGLAS, ROYAL, Ogden. 81st Inf.
+  JURGENSEN, FRED, Salt Lake City. Gen.
+  KUNDSON, J.C., Brigham City. 326th Inf.
+  MCCARTY, RAY, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.
+  MEEHAN, LEO, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.F.C.
+  PARSONS, C., Salt Lake City. Sant. Corps.
+  RHIVERS, DONALD, Ogden. 18th Eng.
+  ROBERTSON, BALDWIN, Salt Lake City. 362d Inf.
+  SEELY, L.J., Mt. Pleasant. 814th Aero Sq.
+  SMOOT, H.R., Salt Lake City. P.S.&T.
+  WOOLEY, JAS., Salt Lake City. U.S.M.C.
+
+
+VERMONT
+
+  FOUNTAIN, JOSEPH HARRY, Burlington. 101st Am. Tr.
+  NASON, LEONARD, Norwich University. 76th F.A.
+  VARNUM, GUY, Barre. Ordnance.
+
+
+VIRGINIA
+
+  COCKE, FRANCIS, Roanoke. 217th Aero Sq.
+  ISAID, JAMES, Roanoke. 117th T.H. & M.P.
+  NEI, D.D., Norfolk. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PALLARD, C., Richmond. 30th Eng.
+  POOL, GEORGE, Norfolk, 111th F.A.
+  STUART, WM. A., Big Stone Gap. 44th Art. Brig.
+  THOMPSON, JOHN, Petersburg. 248th Aero Sq.
+  TROTTER, WM., Petersburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALLACE, R.R., Hampton. 11th F.A.
+  WICKER, JOHN, Richmond. 499th Aero Sq.
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+
+  FEIN, FRED, 1131 Pleasant St. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GORDON, R.S., Spokane. 54th F.A.
+  JOHNSON, ALBERT, Aberdeen. M.S.
+  MCDONALD, C.B. Camp Lewis, Signal Corps.
+  MOSS, HARVEY, Seattle. I.G.D.
+  REDINGER, FRED, Aberdeen. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SAPP, C.S., Seattle. Ord.
+  SHAW, FREDERICK, Tacoma. C.A.C.
+  SIMENTON, RUSS, Seattle. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SULLIVAN, JOHN, Seattle. M.I.B.
+  THOMPSON, L.L., Olympia. U.S.N.R.F.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  ALDERSON, FLEMING, Charleston. A.G.O.
+  ARNOLD, JACKSON, Weston. 150th Inf.
+  BOND, JOHN, 317 Michigan Ave. Gen. Staff 38th Div.
+  CROCKETT, JOSEPH, Welch. 315th F.A.
+  DAVIS, RICHARD, Morgantown. A.S.A.
+  FERGUSON, G.E., Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  GODFREY, M.V., Charleston. Med. Corps.
+  JACKSON, JOSEPH, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  JONES, CLARENCE, Hinton. 8th Inf.
+  MCCAMIC, CHARLES, Wheeling. Ordn.
+  REASS, JOS. H., Wheeling. Q.M.C.
+  SHAW, HOUSTON GEO., Wheeling. R.I.C.
+  SIMMONS, W.J., Hinton. 40th Inf.
+  SOLINS, SAMUEL, Welch. M.C.
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+
+  ACKLEY, JAMES, 417 Marston Ave., 168th Inf.
+  BELLIS, NEWMAN, Wausau. 18th Inf.
+  CHYBOWSKI, M.A., Milwaukee. M.O.T.C.
+  CLARKE, ROBERT H., La Crosse. Development Bn.
+  CLOW, WM. K., Milwaukee. U.S.N.
+  CROSBY, H.S., Rhinelander.
+  CUNNINGHAM, ROB., Janesville. Chemical Warfare.
+  DAVIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Train. Cp.
+  DIETERIEN, W.H., Milwaukee. 120th F.A.
+  DUTSCHER, GEO., Milwaukee. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  FERRIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Gen. Staff.
+  FOSTER, CARLTON, Oshkosh. 20th Eng.
+  LACHENMAIER, FRED, 312 Caswel Blk., 100th Div.
+  LEE, WILBUR, Oconto. 127th Inf.
+  LYSTUD, ANDY, N. Hudson. 330th Mach. Gun.
+  MERKEL, GEO., Appleton. 127th Inf.
+  OWENS, ELMER, Milwaukee, 121st F.A.
+  PFEIL, JAMES, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  PRANGE, HERBERT, Baraboo. 128th Inf.
+  SALSMAN, JOHN, Madison. 32d Div.
+  SMITH, B.L., Neenah. 18th Inf.
+  STRAMPE, GEORGE, Janesville.
+  SZULTEK, JOHN, Milwaukee. 121st F.A.
+  WITTERSTAFFER, WALTER, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  WOODWORTH, LEIGH, Janesville.
+
+
+WYOMING
+
+  DINNEEN, M.A., Cheyenne. 116th Amm. Tr.
+  GREGG, BEN, Worland. 49th Reg.
+  JUNE, C.M., Cheyenne. 13th Div.
+  MCCARTHY, D.C.M. Casper. U.S.N.
+  MILLER, L.A., Cheyenne. U.S.M.C.
+  POWERS, RALPH, Tarrington. 40th Inf.
+  SHORTELL, WILLIAM, Buffalo. 116th Am. Tr.
+  SWENSON, NELSY, Douglas, 1st Inf.
+
+
+WORLD'S WAR VETERANS
+
+  C.P. DIMMITT
+  G.H.W. RAUSCHKOLB
+  GEO. E. DAVID
+  JOHN S. SEIBERT
+  THOMAS H. DEMPSEY
+  R.A. THOMPSON
+  F.H. REIN
+  CHARLES S. WATKINS
+
+
+SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' COUNCIL
+
+  S.M. CURTIN
+
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+
+  H.W. HILLYER, 1215 Nat. Bank, Conwell Bldg., St. Louis, Co. B,
+    49 Mo. G.B.
+  LOUIS R. FLORIN
+  T.R. SMITH, 2848 Lyon St., St. Louis, 11th Co. A., S.D., Garden City
+  JOSEPH P. MCGLINN
+  J.A. BERNARD, 706 Pearce Bldg., St. Louis. 45 U.S. Inf.
+  SCOTT W. LUCAS
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Story of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of The American Legion
+
+Author: George Seay Wheat
+
+Release Date: December 26, 2004 [EBook #14478]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Asad Razzaki and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Story of The American Legion
+
+By
+
+George Seay Wheat
+
+
+The Birth of the Legion
+
+The first of a series to be issued after each
+Annual National Convention
+
+
+_Illustrated_
+
+[Illustration: The St. Louis Caucus]
+
+
+G.P. Putnam's Sons
+New York and London
+The Knickerbocker Press
+1919
+
+
+The Knickerbocker Press, New York
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+The American Legion was conceived by practically the entire personnel
+of the army, navy, and marine corps! Every man in the military and
+naval establishment did not think of it in just such terms, but most
+of them knew that there would be a veterans' organization of some
+tremendous import, and here it is!
+
+"A veterans' organization of some kind will be formed." I heard that
+identical remark not once, but a dozen times on board a transport en
+route to France as early as September, 1918. In fact, one night in the
+war zone a group of officers were huddled around a small piano trying
+to make the best of a lightless evening, and, having sung every song
+from _Keep the Home Fires Burning_ to _You're in the Army Now_,
+paused, longingly toyed cigarettes which were taboo by ship's order,
+and then began to spin yarns.
+
+"Reminds me of a G.A.R. reunion," one second lieutenant from Maine
+remarked, after a particularly daring training camp adventure had been
+recounted.
+
+"Just think of the lying we'll all do at our reunions when this war is
+over," chirped a youngster from South Carolina. And then spoke a tall
+major from Illinois:
+
+"The organization which you young fellows will join won't be any
+_liefest_--at least not for forty years. Don't forget there's some
+saving to do for the United States when this European mess is over. Us
+fellows won't ever get out of Uncle Sam's service."
+
+How well the Illinois major hit the nail on the head! The incident on
+the transport seems worth recording not only because of the major but
+because it shows the general anticipation of what is now the American
+Legion. Perhaps it was this general anticipation which is responsible
+for the cordial reception that the Legion has had ever since its very
+inception in Paris.
+
+No one can lay claim to originating the idea of a veterans'
+association, because it was a consensus among the men of the armed
+forces of our nation. A certain group of men can take unto themselves
+the credit for starting it, for getting the ball rolling, aiding its
+momentum, and, what is more important, for guiding it in the right
+direction, but no one man or group of men "thought up" the American
+Legion. It was the result of what might be called the "spontaneous
+opinion" of the army, navy, and marine corps caused by a fusing
+together in a common bond of the various elements of the service, just
+as spontaneous combustion is brought about by the joint action of
+certain chemical elements.
+
+Spontaneous opinion, like spontaneous combustion, is dangerous when
+improperly handled and beneficient when rightly directed. That's what
+the organizers of the Legion have been and will be mostly concerned
+with. They have their elements--these men of the army, navy, and
+marine corps, and the organizers mean to direct this united and
+organized patriotism into such channels as will make for the welfare
+of the United States of America primarily, and, secondarily, for the
+welfare of the service men themselves.
+
+Just how much attention this Legion with four million potential
+members intends to pay to the United States of America, and just how
+much to themselves _per se_, is basicly important and pertinent as a
+question, nowadays when the Legion is being tried and is on the
+witness stand before public opinion. The answer is most clearly
+indicated by the preamble to the proposed constitution printed
+elsewhere.
+
+This preamble stresses _Americanism, individual obligation_ to the
+_community, state_, and _nation; battling with autocracy_ both of the
+_classes_ and _masses; right_ the _master_ of _might; peace_ and
+_good will_ on _earth; justice, freedom_, and _democracy_! Only in the
+last two words of the preamble is mention made of the welfare of the
+men themselves. These two words are _mutual helpfulness_. But be sure
+and understand the connection in which they are used.
+
+"... _we associate ourselves together ... to consecrate and sanctify
+our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness_."
+
+This is the way the last purpose of the preamble reads.
+
+The men who framed this constitution certainly did not believe that
+comradeship would be consecrated and sanctified by anything of a
+selfish character under the guise of mutual helpfulness. Certainly not
+the _comradeship_ that made bearable the zero hour in the trenches or
+the watch in a submarine infested sea.
+
+To go a little in advance of the story and speak practically, mutual
+helpfulness has meant so far voting down a pay grab from Congress; a
+get-together spirit to foster the growth of the Legion; a purpose to
+aid in the work of getting jobs for returning soldiers, and the
+establishment of legal departments throughout the country to help
+service men get back pay and allotments. Mutual helpfulness in this
+case would seem to make Uncle Sam as much a partner in it as are the
+Legion members. Because, for every job the Legion gets an unemployed
+man, and for every dollar Legion lawyers help collect for back pay and
+allotments, a better citizen is made. And better citizenship is what
+the Legion most wants.
+
+So here seems to be the place to make the patent observation that
+_mutual helpfulness_ will in future years mean just what it means
+to-day--doing something for the United States of America.
+
+At the present time the Legion might be compared to a two-headed
+American eagle--one looking towards France and the A.E.F., and the
+other homewards to the service men here. The two are a single body
+borne on the same wings and nourished of the same strength. They are
+the same in ideal and purpose but directed for the moment by two
+different committees working together. One committee is the result of
+the caucus at Paris in March, when the A.E.F. started the
+organization, while the other was born this month in St. Louis, Mo.,
+for the men here.
+
+  GEORGE S. WHEAT.
+  NEW YORK May, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   I.--LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+  II.--THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+ III.--PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA
+
+  IV.--THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+   V.--THE ST. Louis CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, and 10
+
+  VI.--THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+ VII.--THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+VIII.--THE SILVER LINING
+
+  IX.--OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+   X.--THE RE�MPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+  XI.--THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+ XII.--THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+XIII.--WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+       THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       RESOLUTIONS
+
+       LEGION FACTS
+
+       WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+       COMMITTEES
+
+       ROSTER
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+HENRY D. LINDSLEY
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS
+
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR.
+
+GROUP AT ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+BENNETT C. CLARK
+
+ERIC FISHER WOOD
+
+CASPAR BACON
+
+STATE CHAIRMEN HERBERT,[A] MATHEWSON, AND WICKERSHAM
+
+"JACK" SULLIVAN
+
+CHAPLAIN J.W. INZER
+
+FRED HUMPHREY
+
+P.C. CALHOUN
+
+  [Footnote A: Photo by Gray, Worcester, Mass.]
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+
+    I believe that the army of to-day, when it goes back to citizen
+    thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of so contributing
+    to the commonwealth of the United States as to change the
+    character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane.
+
+    BISHOP BRENT, _Senior Chaplain, A.E.F_.
+      Paris, March, 1919.
+
+On a midsummer morning in 1918, ambulance after ambulance unloaded its
+cargo of wounded humanity at a base hospital in Paris. The wounded
+were being conveyed rapidly from the front and the entire hospital was
+astir with nurses, surgeons, and orderlies. A major, surgeon, almost
+staggered out of an operating room where he had been on duty for
+twenty-two hours and started for his quarters when a colonel arrived
+on an inspection trip.
+
+"Pretty busy," remarked the colonel as he acknowledged the major's
+salute.
+
+"Busy? Busy!" replied the major. "Good Lord, the only people about
+here that aren't busy are the dead ones. Even the wounded are busy
+planning to hobble around at conventions when the Big Show is over.
+Already they are talking about how they intend to take a hand in
+things after the war when they get home."
+
+Over across the street a sergeant, limping slightly, stopped under a
+shade tree and leaned against it to rest. He was almost well of his
+wound and eagerly awaited the word that would send him to join his
+regiment, the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry. As he paused under
+the tree another soldier with a mending wound in the knee and just
+able to be about stopped to speak to him. The sergeant's hand rose in
+quick salute for the newcomer was an officer.
+
+"Expect to get back soon, sergeant?" said the officer.
+
+"Yes sir," he replied. "Anxious to go back and get the whole job over,
+sir."
+
+"So am I," responded the officer. "But what will we all do when the
+Germans really are licked?"
+
+"Go home and start a veterans' association for the good of the
+country, sir," the sergeant answered.
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then major, was the officer,
+and Sergeant William Patterson, later killed in action, was the
+enlisted man, and the institution was Base Hospital No. 2.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt, who was in the hospital convalescing from a wound
+in his knee caused by a machine gun bullet, told me the story and said
+it was the first time that he had heard the subject of a veterans'
+association mentioned, although he had thought of it frequently
+himself as an organization with boundless possibilities for good. He
+found later that it was being very generally discussed by men in Base
+Hospital No. 2, particularly those who were so badly wounded that they
+could not be sent to the front again and who knew they must further
+serve their country along peaceful lines at home.
+
+This was during war time, remember!
+
+Then came the armistice!
+
+When our victorious armies were wending their way towards the Rhine,
+when men of the navy and the marine corps realized that peace had come
+and that home was again within reach, this thought of a veterans'
+band, which had slumbered far back in the subconscious thoughts of all
+of them, burst into objectivity. An association of some sort was
+widely discussed not only by the men but by the officers as well. But
+how could even the start of it be begun? Those who considered the
+project most seriously were confronted with a difficulty which seemed
+at first to be almost insurmountable: that was the difficulty of
+assembling at one time and in one place a gathering which might at
+least approximately represent the whole army, navy, marine corps, or
+even the A.E.F.
+
+This difficulty tended to narrow what is believed to have been the
+wish of everyone when he first thought of the matter, that is the hope
+that it would be another Grand Army of the Republic, another United
+Confederate Veterans, but greater than either because representative
+of a United Country. Talk started then about all sorts of imagined and
+fancied veteran organizations. Some advocated an officers'
+association. This was believed to be possible because officers had
+more freedom and more financial ability to attend a convention. Others
+thought the enlisted men should perfect organizations by regiments
+first, then divisions, and finally form one great united body.
+
+The present leaders in the movement have since said that they realized
+that all of these schemes must come to naught because no organization
+except one on the broadest possible lines could be effective. They
+believed that all officers and men of the three branches of the
+service and all enlisted women, whether they served at home or abroad,
+should be eligible and urged to join one thoroughly democratic and
+comprehensive organization. They knew that any organization leaving
+out one or more elements composing the military service of the United
+States would be forced to compete constantly with the organization or
+association so discarded. In short, they knew that in union there is
+strength. And they believed, and still believe, that the problems of
+peace after a catastrophe such as was never before witnessed in
+history are so grave that they can be met with safety only by a
+national bulwark composed of the men who won the war, so closely knit,
+so tightly welded together in a common organization for the common
+good of all that no power of external or internal evil or aggression,
+no matter how allied or augmented, could hope even so much as to
+threaten our national existence, ambitions, aspirations, and pursuit
+of happiness, much less aim to destroy them.
+
+Don't forget that the leaders of the movement realized all this, and
+also remember that they include among their number the enlisted man of
+the A.E.F. and home army and the sailor in a shore station and on
+board a destroyer. The realization may not have been in so many words,
+but each knew he wanted to "make the world safe for democracy"--he had
+fought to do that and had thought out carefully what it meant, that
+is, that it didn't mean anything selfish--and each knew enough of the
+principle of union and strength to embrace the idea when "organize"
+first began to be mentioned.
+
+But how to do it, that was the problem.
+
+Then kind Fate in the shape of G.H.Q. came to the rescue with what
+proved to be the solution.
+
+G.H.Q. didn't mean to find the solution. There had been a deal of
+dissatisfaction with the way certain things were going in the A.E.F.
+and on February 15, 1919, twenty National Guard and Reserve officers
+serving in the A.E.F., representing the S.O.S., ten infantry
+divisions, and several other organizations, were ordered to report in
+Paris. The purpose of this gathering was to have these officers confer
+with certain others of the Regular Army, including the heads of train
+supply and Intelligence Sections of the General Staff of G.H.Q., in
+regard to the betterment of conditions and development of contentment
+in the army in France.
+
+Included in this number were Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., of the First Division, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin D'Olier of the
+S.O.S., and Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher Wood of the 88th Division.
+All of these officers have since told me that when they left their
+divisions they were distinctively permeated with the desire to form a
+veterans' organization of some comprehensive kind. When they got to
+Paris they immediately went into conference with the other officers
+on the questions involved in their official trip, details of which do
+not concern this story.
+
+What is important is the fact that Colonel Roosevelt, Colonel D'Olier,
+and Colonel Wood each discovered that all of the officers in this
+representative gathering shared with the thousands of other soldiers
+of the American forces the hope and desire that the officers and men
+who were about to return to civilian life, after serving in the great
+war, whether at home or with the combat units or in the S.O.S., might
+sooner or later be united into one permanent national organization,
+similar in certain respects to the Grand Army of the Republic or the
+United Confederate Veterans and composed of all parties, all creeds,
+and all ranks, who wished to perpetuate American ideals and the
+relationship formed while in the military and national service.
+
+When these officers realized what each was thinking they promptly set
+about with the "let's go" spirit of the A.E.F. to avail themselves of
+a God-given opportunity. A dinner was spread in the Allied Officers'
+Club, Rue Faubourg St. Honor�, on the night of February 16th and
+covers were laid for the following:
+
+  Lt. Col. Francis R. Appleton, Jr.,       2d Army.
+  Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton,               82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark, ex 35th Div., now with 88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,                  37th Div.
+  Lt. Col. D.J. Davis, ex 28th Div.,       now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier,               Q.M., S.O.S.
+  Col. W.J. Donovan,                       Rainbow Div.
+  Lt. Col. David M. Goodrich,              G.H.Q.
+  Maj. T.E. Gowenlock, ex 1st Div.,        now with 1st A.C.
+  Col. Thorndike Howe,                     A.P.O. Dept.
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,             Peace Commission
+  Maj. DeLancey Kountze,                   G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,                 28th Div.
+  Capt. Ogden Mills, ex 6th Div.,          now att. G.-2, S.O.S.
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin Moore,                 82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.,        1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. R.C. Stebbins,                  3d A.C.
+  Maj. R.C. Stewart,                       1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. George A. White, ex 41st Div.,  now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, ex 83d Div.,  now with 88th Div.
+
+
+At that dinner the American Legion was born.
+
+Why not let this gathering--the most representative in the history of
+the A.E.F.--consider itself as a temporary committee to launch the
+movement? Why not? everyone asked himself and his neighbor over the
+coffee. All felt that their presence in Paris presented an unusual
+opportunity to initiate the first steps of such a movement, an
+opportunity unlikely to be repeated and one they ought not to let
+slip. Another meeting was suggested to consider the matter. It was
+held. The result was that there were several more conferences and
+every such gathering was more enthusiastic than its predecessor. At
+each of these informal conferences, some one was careful to emphasize
+that these self-appointed committeemen were by no means
+representative enough of the army or navy, nor sufficiently numerous
+to warrant their actually effecting an organization of any character
+whatsoever. Yet it was believed that, nevertheless, the gathering was
+representative enough to act as a temporary committee so functioning
+as to get together from the whole army and navy two caucuses--one to
+represent the troops in France, and the other those who had remained
+in America and who, through no fault of their own, had been denied the
+privilege of making history on a European battlefield. The temporary
+committee realized that due care must be exercised in getting these
+caucuses started. Every unit in the A.E.F. should be represented, if
+possible, at the Paris caucus, while to the one in the States,
+preferably to be held at St. Louis because of its central location,
+delegates must come from every Congressional District in the Union.
+
+Thereby would be avoided, it was urged, the mistake of giving the
+impression that it was a small gathering of men, unrepresentative or
+serving some special and selfish end.
+
+This was unanimously agreed upon and the temporary committee elected
+Lt. Col. Roosevelt, temporary chairman, Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark,
+temporary vice-chairman, Lt. Col. Wood, temporary secretary.
+
+A sub-committee was appointed to receive from all the members of the
+temporary committee the names of such individuals of combat divisions
+and each section of the S.O.S. of the A.E.F., who were eligible and
+suitable to be delegates to a caucus scheduled for March
+15th-16th-17th in Paris. A similar sub-committee was appointed to
+ascertain the names of men of the home forces in order that they might
+be urged to attend a caucus in America on or about May 8th-9th-10th.
+
+The work of the sub-committee of the A.E.F. was much more difficult
+than would appear at first glance. It was easy enough to get the names
+of leaders in the various outfits, both of officers and men, but to
+get them to Paris! That was the job. Of course it was the ardent
+desire of everyone that the new organization should eventually become
+a society principally devoted to the interests of those who served as
+enlisted men, for they bore the brunt of the fighting and the work and
+were fundamentally responsible for the splendid victory.
+
+But once the names of such men were in the committee's hands the real
+work had not begun. There were mechanical difficulties in securing for
+enlisted men in active duty leave to attend a caucus in Paris. In the
+first place the enlisted men themselves, as indicated by several who
+were consulted, were very diffident about accepting an invitation to
+attend a caucus where they would be required to sit beside and debate
+with and against generals and field officers to whom they owed
+military obedience. Then again, there was the expense of travel in
+France, as well as the high cost of living in Paris. At the outset
+this raised the expense of a trip to the French capital to a sum
+amounting to many months of an enlisted man's pay. Furthermore, the
+sub-committee was face to face with the A.E.F. regulations providing
+that except in the most unusual circumstances an enlisted man would
+not be granted leave except in company with a trainload of his
+fellows, and to a certain specified leave area.
+
+But as has been said before the conclusion had been reached that if
+the organization was really to become pre�minently an enlisted man's
+outfit, it would be absolutely necessary to overcome these
+difficulties and by hook or crook to obtain the attendance of as many
+privates and noncommissioned officers as possible who were leaders.
+So, scarcely had seventeen of the twenty officers returned to their
+commands before they received an urgent appeal to help out the
+sub-committee of three. They were told to get enlisted delegates to
+Paris, never mind how, the method being of small importance provided
+the men were there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+
+The first delegates began to arrive for the caucus on March 14th.
+After-the-war good fellowship between those who had been commissioned
+officers on the one hand, and enlisted men on the other, was
+foreshadowed in a most interesting and striking manner when they began
+to come into the hotels. A dozen or more officer delegates brought
+with them as orderlies an equal number of delegates from the ranks.
+Thus enlisted personnel, by devious means, were ordered to Paris under
+one guise or another. One sergeant came under orders which stated that
+he was the bearer of important documents. He carried a despatch case
+wadded with waste paper. Another non-com., from a distant S.O.S.
+sector, had orders to report to Paris and obtain a supply of rat
+poison. Several wagoners, farriers, and buck privates acquired
+diseases of so peculiar a character that only Parisian physicians
+could treat them. As one of them said, he hadn't had so much fun since
+his office-boy days when a grandmother made a convenient demise every
+time Mathewson pitched. The expense of the trip was gathered in
+diverse ways. In some divisions the officer delegates took up
+collections to defray the expense of enlisted delegates.
+
+In numerous instances, enlisted men refused such assistance and took
+up their own collections. One amusing story was told by an enlisted
+man. He said that the "buddies" in his regiment had deliberately lost
+money to him in gambling games when he refused to be a delegate
+because he couldn't pay his own expenses. So by various means nearly
+two hundred enlisted delegates were in Paris by late afternoon on
+March 14th. It must not be imagined from the foregoing that all the
+officers arrived on special trains and were themselves in the lap of
+luxury. One second lieutenant who attended has since confided that he
+sold his safety razor and two five-pound boxes of fudge sent from home
+in order to get carfare to Paris.
+
+Practically all of the self-appointed, temporary committee, with the
+exception of Colonel Roosevelt, was present. He was Chairman of the
+American Committee and had left France for the purpose of organizing
+that part of the army and navy which did not get abroad or which had
+returned home.
+
+The Paris caucus convened at the American Club near the Place de la
+Concorde on the afternoon of March 15th, Colonel Wood presiding.
+Lieutenant Colonel Bennett C. Clark of the 88th Division was selected
+Chairman of the caucus and Lt. Col. T.W. Miller of Pennsylvania, and
+serving in the 79th Division, was elected Vice-Chairman. When Colonel
+Wood called the meeting to order nearly one thousand delegates
+answered the roll-call and these were of all ranks from private to
+brigadier general; and every combat division and all sections of the
+S.O.S., were represented. Colonel Wood briefly reviewed the
+self-appointment of the temporary committee during the previous month
+and outlined the purposes of the caucus.
+
+A few minutes after Colonel Clark had taken the chair an officer of
+high rank, a colonel to be exact, moved that while in the convention
+hall, the after-war status as fellow civilians be forecast and that
+the stations of rank would there cease to exist. It was agreed that
+they would be resumed with full force and full discipline as soon as
+the delegates crossed the threshold of the convention hall and
+regained the street.
+
+It was the ability of the American officer to do this--to be friendly
+to a certain extent with his men and yet at the same time to keep them
+perfectly disciplined--which amazed the officers of the armies of our
+Allies. No more striking example of this was ever given than within
+the confines of the American Club on that 15th day of March. The
+Colonel's motion was unanimously carried and the work of the
+organization began. Then generals forgot their rank, corporals engaged
+in hot debates with colonels, sergeants argued with majors and
+everybody talked with everybody else in a most boylike spirit of
+fraternity and equality.
+
+Captain Ogden Mills of G.H.Q. moved that four caucus committees be
+appointed to draft suggestions and submit them to the caucus, one
+committee to design machinery for convening the winter convention; one
+committee to submit suggestions as to a permanent organization; one
+committee on tentative constitution; and one committee on name. Each
+committee consisted of fifteen members, and was appointed by the
+Chairman.
+
+Here are the committees, appointed by the chair:
+
+COMMITTEE ON CONVENTION
+
+  Brig. Gen. Sherburne, 26th Div., Chairman
+  Wagoner Shaw,         88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Ogden Mills,    G.H.Q.
+  Colonel Graham,       S.O.S.
+  Prvt. C.W. Ney,       1st Army Troops
+  Captain Mahon,        77th Div.
+  Sgt. Obrecht,         1st Army
+  Capt. Kipling,        Troops serving with French
+  Sgt. J.C. Hendler,    Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Appleton,    2d Army Hq.
+  Major Gordon,         36th Div.
+  Field Clerk Sowers,   Press Section G.H.Q.
+  Major Hungerford,     3rd Army Hq.
+  Cpl. J.H. Anderson,   Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Wren,        36th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE OF PERMANENT ORGANIZATION
+
+  Colonel Donovan,           42d Div., Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Graham,           88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Boyd,                29th Division
+  Sgt. Tip Bliss,            _Stars and Stripes_
+  Lt. Col. Fitzpatrick,      35th Division
+  Sgt. Rollo S. Thorpe,      88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Crosby,           S.O.S.
+  Pvt. W.L. Thompson,        11th R.R. Engineers
+  Major Graff,               28th Division
+  Major Barry Wright,        79th Division
+  Sgt. Rommel,               Paris Command
+  Sgt. V.V. Trout,           Paris Command
+  Capt. Carlstrom,           S.O.S.
+  Major R.C. Patterson,      Peace Commission
+  Lt. Col. Smith,            89th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+  Lt. Col. Robbins,          2d Army Hq. Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Goodrich,         G.H.Q., Vice-Chairman
+  Sgt. Dolan,                89th Division
+  Lt. Col. Stebbins,         3rd Army Corps
+  Sgt. H.E. Fleming,         35th Division
+  Major E.S. Haile,          77th Div.
+  Colonel Gibbs,             S.O.S.
+  Sgt. McElow,               Paris Command
+  Major Horace Rumsey,       35th Division
+  Sgt. C.E. Sommers,         Paris Command
+  Major D.D. Drain,          3d Army
+  Sgt. G.F. Fleming,         Paris Command
+  Lt. Markoe,                2d Army
+  Major Dwight,              S.O.S.
+  Sgt. Barnard,              Paris Command
+
+The names of these committees are given because they are more than
+just names. They show the first bubbles of the melting pot into which
+all rank and titles in the American Army have been cast and out of
+which comes the one word "Comrade."
+
+There were three outstanding features of the Paris caucus which were
+evident by midnight of March 15th. The first was the desire to get
+together and form an organization quickly and a willingness to forego
+personal prejudice and opinion to arrive at that end. The second was
+the determination to make the man who didn't get across as much a
+component part of the legion as his more fortunate brother-in-arms;
+while the third was the avowed intention to take no action at the
+caucus which could be deferred until the winter convention in America,
+when the home brother and the navy could be jointly represented and a
+permanent organization could be effected. I say that these things were
+evident by midnight of March 15th for those who have attended many
+conventions know that from the casual word heard here and there, the
+whispered conference of a few leaders, and from the general tenor of
+discussions carried on by delegates gathered together in little
+groups, the spirit of the body politic is most perceptible.
+
+After the adjournment of the afternoon session on that day, members
+of the committees closeted themselves and started work on their
+special functions, while those who were to pass on the committee's
+actions, the "hoi polloi" were here and there in groups, in the "Y"
+huts or in boulevard cafes discussing the real meaning of the
+gathering. A colonel in the Officers' Club said there must be no
+disagreement on this or that question; a private in the Bal Tabarin
+told his buddies the same thing.
+
+And so it came to pass that on the following day in the Cirque de
+Paris, where the final meetings were held, the delegates formally
+gathered, sensed the gossip of the clubs and boulevards, and acted
+accordingly. One of the things done was to endorse the action of the
+temporary committee in appointing itself and in calling the caucus.
+Another was to adopt a tentative constitution. It is in reality little
+more than a preamble, but it gave a working basis, expressing enough
+and yet not too much.
+
+Newspaper men have told me that the Sermon on the Mount is the finest
+bit of reporting in the history of writing because it tells a long
+story succinctly. Lieutenant Colonel Buxton and his committee on
+constitutions are certainly entitled to credit of the same type--for
+they tell a great deal in a few lines.
+
+[Illustration: Henry D. Lindsley
+  Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis]
+
+[Illustration: The Paris Caucus
+  This gathering had no time for official photographers. A half hour
+  before a session began one slipped in and took this picture with more
+  than half the caucus delegates absent]
+
+Here's the tentative constitution under which the Legion worked--it
+was read by Lieutenant Colonel Bolles:
+
+"We, the members of the Military and Naval Service of the United
+States of America in the great war, desiring to perpetuate the
+principles of Justice, Freedom, and Democracy for which we have
+fought, to inculcate the duty and obligation of the citizen to the
+State; to preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+the war; and to cement the ties of comradeship formed in service, do
+propose to found and establish an association for the furtherance of
+the foregoing purposes:
+
+"Those eligible to membership shall be: All officers and enlisted
+personnel in the Military and Naval Services of the United States of
+America at any time during the period from April 6, 1917, to November
+11, 1918, inclusive; excepting however, persons leaving the service
+without an honorable discharge or persons who having been called into
+the service refused, failed, or attempted to evade the full
+performance of such service.
+
+"The society shall consist of a national organization with subsidiary
+branches; one for each State, territory, and foreign possession of the
+United States as well as one in each foreign country where members of
+the national society may be resident and who desire to associate
+themselves together.
+
+"The officers of the society shall be a President, one or more
+Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a Board of Directors,
+which shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, together
+with the chief executive of each subsidiary branch.
+
+"The subsidiary branches shall organize and govern themselves in such
+manner as the membership of such subsidiary organizations shall
+determine upon except that the requirements and purposes of the
+permanent national constitution as adopted shall be complied with.
+
+"The representation shall be on the basis of the actual enrollment in
+the subsidiary branches at all conventions after the adoption of a
+permanent constitution.
+
+"Members present at the meeting of this committee as follows:
+
+  "Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton, Jr., Chairman
+  "Lt. Col. T.W. Miller, Secretary
+  "Major Redmond C. Stewart
+  "Col. E.A. Gibbs
+  "Lt. Col. W.H. Curtiss
+  "Major J. Hall
+  "Col. C.L. Ristine."
+
+There were many, many men in the A.E.F. respected and beloved, but
+none perhaps more than he who seconded a motion made by a private from
+S.O.S. base section, No. 4, that the constitution be adopted. The
+seconder asked to speak on the question. When he began he got the rapt
+attention which Bishop Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F., always
+won whether he talked to buck privates knee deep in trench water or
+the King in Buckingham Palace.
+
+"It was a great soldier who said that the army has not merely a body
+but a soul and a conscience as well," he began. "I believe the
+conscience of the army is speaking in this committee's report. I
+believe the army's soul is speaking in it. I was present on Saturday,
+at the beginning of this caucus and I will tell you frankly that I was
+fearful at that moment lest you should create a great mechanism
+without adequate purposes. My fears have been wholly allayed and I see
+in the report of your committee the ideals not only of the army but of
+the nation adequately expressed and I wish to tell you gentlemen that
+so far as I have any ability to promote this great movement I give you
+my most hearty support. I believe that the army of to-day, when it
+goes back to citizen thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of
+contributing to the commonwealth of the United States so as to change
+the character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane
+of political, industrial, and religious life. I happen to be at this
+moment leading in a movement in the army to promote the various ends
+that are so well expressed in the committee's report, in what is known
+as the 'Comrades in Service.' There are two ways of creating an
+organization; one is by forming the principles and leaving the body to
+take its own shape; the other by creating a machinery without stating
+your end and reach that end through the machinery. According to our
+democratic conception we have adopted the former or idealistic method.
+We are prepared to contribute to this army wide organization which is
+now brought into existence, all that we have to contribute. We are
+entirely loyal to your principles and methods of approach and we are
+quite willing to forego any attempt to make an organization which
+might become a rival to you. Between now and the time of
+demobilization there is a great opportunity for us to promote the
+principles which actuate you. We have already a temporary and
+provisional organization for the promotion of such principles; the
+creation of better citizenship along the lines so well expressed. We
+would like everyone who can to give support to that which we are
+endeavoring to do, while we ask all who come in with us to be prepared
+to throw in their lot with this organization when it is perfected in
+the United States."
+
+"The creation of better citizenship," Bishop Brent says. He wants
+every one who can, to give support to that; to "what we are trying to
+do."
+
+If everyone could see just that in the Legion, if everyone will work
+for just that--better citizenship--the Legion's aim will be realized
+in its deepest and truest sense. Bishop Brent has a knack of hitting
+the nail on the head with such force that the sparks fly and by their
+light comes insight--ask anyone from out Manila-way if it isn't so.
+The short address was greeted with thunderous applause. The newly born
+Legion knew it had a champion and a worker in the Bishop.
+
+Col. Wm. J. Donovan of the 165th Infantry, Forty-second Division
+headed the committee of fifteen which gave the final report on
+resolutions and organization. This report is reproduced here in full
+because it presaged the action of the American caucus and brought
+about the form of the Legion Government until November.
+
+
+    "RESOLVED: That an Executive Committee shall be selected, two
+    (2) from each unit (as recognized in this caucus) and eight (8)
+    to be selected by the Executive Committee; the two members, one
+    officer and one enlisted man, to be selected from each unit to
+    be named by the respective delegations attending this caucus.
+    Each unit shall present the names of committeemen who shall as
+    far as possible represent, in point of residence, each State,
+    Territory and possession of the United States and the District
+    of Columbia.
+
+    "This Executive Committee shall have general power to represent
+    the units now in foreign service, to determine its own quorum,
+    to confer with committees from a similar caucus in the United
+    States, to secure one general convention of persons entitled to
+    membership under the tentative constitution, to elect its
+    officers and appoint such sub-committees and give them such
+    powers as may be proper and necessary.
+
+    "This Executive Committee acting in conjunction with the
+    committee of the United States is specifically charged with the
+    duty of fixing a date and place for holding a national
+    convention, issuing a call for the holding of county and State
+    conventions and providing a unit of representation and method of
+    selection of delegates to the national convention, by the State
+    conventions.
+
+    "The powers of this committee shall expire upon the organization
+    of the permanent national convention.
+
+    "The committee is further charged with the duty of making known
+    the existence and purpose of this organization, of stimulating
+    interest in it, and of inviting the support of all those
+    entitled to membership.
+
+    "No policy except in furtherance of the creation of a permanent
+    organization having in mind the desirability of unity of action
+    in organizing all the American forces shall be adopted or
+    carried out by the committees.
+
+    A meeting for the temporary and preliminary organization of the
+    Executive Committee shall be held at this place immediately upon
+    the adjournment of this caucus.
+
+    The Executive Committee may receive and add to its number two
+    representatives from any division or equivalent unit not
+    represented at this caucus."
+
+As the result of the passage of this report it is interesting to note
+the personnel of the Executive Committee which the delegates selected
+and which is controlling the American Legion of the A.E.F., observing
+especially the large number of enlisted men; large in view of the
+difficulties experienced in getting such men to Paris.
+
+
+  1st Div.,                 Capt. Arthur S. Hyde
+  2d Div.,                  Lt. Col Harold C. Snyder
+  26th Div.,                Sgt. Wheaton Freeman
+  26th Div.,                Lt. Col. Wm. J. Keville
+  27th Div.,                Lt. Col. Edward E. Gauche, N.Y.
+  27th Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Samuel A. Ritchie, N.Y.
+  28th Div.,                Brig Gen. Wm. G. Brice, Jr., Penn.
+  28th Div.,                Sgt. Ted Myers, Penn.
+  29th Div.,                Lt. Col. Orison M. Hurd, N.J.
+  29th Div.,                Color Sgt. Andreas Z. Holley, Maryland
+  31st Div.,                Captain Leon Schwarz, Ala.
+  33d Div.,                 Col. Milton A. Foreman, Ill.
+  35th Div.,                Lt. Col. B.C. Clark, Mo.
+  35th Div.,                Sgt. Fred Heney, Kans.
+  36th Div.,                Col. Chas. W. Nimon, Texas
+  36th Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. L.H. Evridge, Texas
+  41st Div.,                Col. Frank White, N. Dak.
+  42d Div.,                 Col. Henry J. Reilly, Ill.
+  42d Div.,                 Sgt. Rowe, Iowa
+  77th Div.,                Major Duncan Harris
+  77th Div.,                Sgt. Lawrence Miller, N.Y.
+  79th Div.,                Lt. Col. Stuart S. Janney, Md.
+  79th Div.,                Sgt. Benjamin R. Kauffman, Pa.
+  80th Div.,                Capt. Arthur F. Shaw, Mich.
+  81st Div.,                Major Theodore G. Tilghman, N.C.
+  81st Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Wm. S. Beam, N.C.
+  82d Div.,                 Capt. Frank S. Williams, Fla.
+  82d Div.,                 Sgt. Alvin T. York, Tenn.
+  83d Div.,                 Lt. Col. Wayman C. Lawrence, Jr., W. Va.
+  83d Div.,                 Cpl. Thoyer
+  86th Div.,                Major John H. Smale, Ill.
+  88th Div.,                Lt. Col. George C. Parsons, Minn.
+  88th Div.,                Wagoner Dale J. Shaw, Iowa.
+  89th Div.,                Lt. Col. Frank Wilbur Smith, Pa.
+  91st Div.,                Lt. Col. John Guy Strohm, Oregon
+  91st Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. Hercovitz, Calif.
+  S.O.S. Hq.,               Col. James H. Graham, Conn.
+  Adv. Sec., S.O.S. Capt.   David A. Uaurier, Wash.
+  Base Sec. No. 1, S.O.S.,  Pvt. W.L. Thompson, N.Y.
+  Base Sec. No. 3, S.O.S.,  Lt. Col. Carle Abrams, Oregon
+  Base Sec. No. 5, S.O.S.,  Major Orlin Hudson, Kans.
+  Base Sec. No. 6, S.O.S.,  Major Arthur S. Dwight, N.Y.
+  Troops with French,       Sgt. L.K. Flynt, Mass.
+  Troops with French,       Capt. A.W. Kipling, Paris, France
+  Paris Command,            Pvt. Harold W. Ross, Calif.
+  Paris Command,            Lt. Col. John Price Jackson
+  G.H.Q.,                   Bishop Charles H. Brent, N.Y.
+  1st Army Corps,           Lt. Col. Lemuel L. Bolles, Wash.
+  1st Army Corps,           Sgt. Mjr. Race
+  2d Army Hq.,              Lt. Col. Burke H. Sinclair, Colo.
+
+
+The tentative name of this organization was not adopted without a
+great deal of discussion. All sorts of titles were suggested to the
+committee which considered the matter. Some of them were:
+
+  Comrades of the Great War
+  Veterans of the Great War
+  Liberty League
+  Army of the Great War
+  Legion of the Great War
+  Great War Legion
+  The Legion
+  The American Comrades of the Great War
+  The Great Legion
+  The American Legion
+
+The last was tentatively decided upon as the best name although there
+was considerable discussion on it. This discussion waxed particularly
+warm between a colonel and a corporal and it came to an end only when
+some hungry enlisted delegate braved the officer's rising ire to move
+an adjournment for lunch. The motion carried immediately and, true to
+the understanding made at the outset in regard to rank, the corporal
+clicked his heels together, stood at attention and saluted the
+colonel, when the latter passed him on the sidewalk exactly five
+minutes after he had been telling the colonel precisely what he
+thought of him and his opinions--at least as far as the name of the
+Veteran's Organization was concerned. I might add that this colonel
+was well under thirty-five years of age and that the corporal was only
+twenty-one.
+
+And this brings to mind another striking feature of this most unusual
+gathering, which was the comparative youth of its membership. For
+instance the two individuals who have taken from the beginning the
+leading parts in the movement, Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark and a
+Lieutenant Colonel of infantry, and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., son of
+the ex-president and also a Colonel of infantry. They are respectively
+twenty-nine and thirty-one years of age, and one of the most brilliant
+speeches in the caucus was made by a captain of twenty-six.
+
+It must not be understood from this rather dry recital of what took
+place at the Paris Caucus, this record of minutes and resolutions,
+that it was an entirely sedate and dignified gathering. On the
+contrary, Young America was there and quite often the impression which
+one gathered was that a dozen or so Big Brothers had been turned loose
+at once. A great many wild speeches were made and all sorts of
+ticklish questions were brought up. Chairman Clark broke two gavels
+and three times overturned his table. Everyone there was young. Peace
+was young. Few knew exactly, like Bishop Brent, just what was wanted.
+The whole project was new. Dozens of delegates wanted to speak; it was
+their first chance since April 6, 1917. In fact one man made two very
+violent speeches on the same subject, one in direct opposition to the
+other. He realized he was making a heated argument for both sides and
+finally sat down laughing about it. Who was he? Who was the colonel
+who got wrought up over the proposed name? Who were the lieutenants,
+and who were any of these privates, captains, and sergeants?
+
+"I don't know." Nobody knows.
+
+Doubtless they have themselves forgotten what they said. No verbatim
+records are available now. In fact I am told that no record could have
+been kept, for many times two or three were speaking at once and the
+chairman was breaking the third commandment with his gavel. But this
+much everyone wanted, "A Veteran's Organization." This much everyone
+swore he would have, one that was neither political nor partisan, one
+that would perpetuate righteousness, insure "honor, faith, and a sure
+intent," and despite whatever bickering there might have been, despite
+whatever differences of opinion arose, when, with a tremendous "Aye,"
+the motion to adjourn was carried, this Paris Caucus had accomplished
+a body politic and a soul of the type which Bishop Brent so clearly
+described.
+
+To resume the story of actual accomplishment. The Executive Committee
+was given general power to represent the units in France, to confer
+with committees or representatives of the American Caucus as soon as
+these should be appointed, and, in conjunction with the latter, to
+issue a call for the holding of county and State conventions and
+providing a unit of representation and method of selection of
+delegates to one general convention for the autumn of 1919, preferably
+November 11th, or Armistice Day.
+
+The Executive Committee met immediately after the adjournment of the
+caucus and elected Colonel Foreman of the Thirty-third Division,
+Chairman; Lt. Colonel George A. White, Forty-first Division, Secretary
+and Major R.C. Patterson, Paris Command, Assistant Secretary. Lt. Col.
+White, Col. Wood, Major R.C. Patterson, and Lt. L.R. Farrell were
+elected permanent members at large of the Executive Committee.
+
+Then from this executive committee a committee of fifteen was chosen
+for the purpose of expediting the work which had been assigned to the
+larger committee, it being easier to assemble fifteen men than the
+larger number. The committee of fifteen elected Col. Bennett Clark as
+its chairman.
+
+At the first meeting of the committee of fifteen a hope was expressed
+that the caucus in America would take similar action in the
+appointment of an executive committee, which would in turn delegate
+its authority to a smaller committee for working purposes. Just
+exactly how this worked out, is later described.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+Once home again it didn't take a Solomon to tell Colonel Roosevelt
+that he had a man's size job on his hands in starting the American
+Legion on its way in the United States. Dispatches more or less
+accurate had told the service men on this side something about the
+Legion activities of the A.E.F. in France. As late as mid-April,
+however, a great many men in this country knew nothing whatever about
+the American Legion, while the majority of those who did were not at
+all sure it was to be _The Veteran's Organization_. What I have said
+previously about the "spontaneous opinion" of the men in France on the
+question of a veteran's organization proved to be equally true among
+service men on this side of the water. Consequently, it wasn't long
+after the armistice before several veteran's organizations and
+associations were in the process of formation. As it was a pertinent
+news topic, the newspapers gave a great deal of prominence in their
+columns to several of these organizations. They were of various types
+and characters. One was for enlisted men only. Another was for
+officers only. There was an organization for officers who had fought
+in France, Italy, or Russia and there was one or more organizations
+which had the breadth of vision to see that men of all ranks and all
+branches of the military and naval establishments must be eligible.
+
+Such was the situation confronting Colonel Roosevelt when he arrived
+home to help start the American Legion in its own country. The fact of
+his arrival and his announced intention to aid in the organization of
+the Legion was duly heralded in the press of the United States.
+
+At first the army and navy men were inclined to say, "Here is another
+of those mushroom Veteran's Associations bobbing up." In fact I heard
+one officer make just that remark, but another was quick to correct
+him by saying, "Its bound to be a straight and honest organization or
+a Roosevelt wouldn't stand for it." That was the crux of the initial
+success of the Legion, because just that was true. Every man who wore
+the uniform had known Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., and although he may not
+have agreed with him in all of his political opinions still he knew
+that neither he nor any member of his family would back any
+organization or proposition that was not morally sterling.
+
+There were those who did not like the American Legion. There were
+those who were willing to let a past political prejudice deter them
+from aiding in the most important movement in American life to-day.
+There were those who stated that Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was
+prominent in organizing the American Legion for his own political
+advancement. The answer to that misapprehension will develop later and
+will prove one of the most striking incidents in this story.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt has a peculiarly happy faculty of keeping those who
+work with him cheerful and optimistic. He gathered around him, to
+launch the movement in America, a set of cheerful, competent
+optimists, prominent among whom were Colonel Richard Derby, Colonel
+Franklin D'Olier, who figured in the Paris Caucus, Major Cornelius W.
+Wickersham, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Twenty-seventh Division,
+Captain Henry Fairfield Osborne, Lieutenant Colonel Granville Clark,
+Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Kincaide, Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher
+Wood and Captain H.B. Beers. One of Colonel Roosevelt's first duties
+as temporary chairman of the Legion over here was to create the nation
+wide organization. He needed committeemen in every State to work the
+State organization up, and to start the machinery for the election of
+delegates to the St. Louis Caucus, for it had been decided that the
+representation in St. Louis must be by duly elected representatives
+from congressional districts in so far as that was possible. Each such
+district was awarded double its congressional representation, in
+addition to the delegates at large. It was no easy task to pick these
+committeemen. The decision of the Paris gathering that the
+organization must be non-partisan and non-political had to be adhered
+to in its fullest sense. There were soldiers and sailors enough in all
+the States who would have been willing to have started the
+organization in their respective localities, but how _not_ to get
+politicians of the lower order, men who would gladly prostitute the
+Legion, its aims and ambitions to their own selfish advantage--that
+was the problem which faced the temporary committee in America.
+
+About three weeks before the St. Louis Caucus the following names were
+chosen from the various States as committeemen:
+
+
+OFFICERS
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., New York, Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Bennett Clark, Missouri, Vice-Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania, Secretary.
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Lt. H.M. Badham, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Pvt. W.M. Cosby, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Sgt. Edwin Robertson,      Birmingham
+
+
+ARIZONA
+  Pvt. Ned Bernard,            Tucson
+  Lt. Col. J.C. Greenway,      Bisbee
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Pvt. P.R. Graybill, Democ. Pub. Co.     Little Rock
+  Major J.J. Harrison,                    Little Rock
+  Pvt. Walter J. Wilkins,                 Pine Bluff
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Sgt. L.P. Adams,                    San Francisco
+  Corp. Chas. A. Beck,                San Francisco
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Dibblee,       San Francisco
+  Chaplain Joseph D. McQuade,         San Francisco
+  Major Stewart Edward White,         Santa Barbara
+
+
+COLORADO
+  Lt. G.W. Cutting,            Florence
+  Sgt. C.C. Neil,              Greeley
+  Major H.A. Saidy,            Colorado Springs
+  Sgt. Phil. G. Thompson,      Denver
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  Maj. Morgan G. Bulkeley,      Hartford
+  Lt. Col. Jas. L. Howard,      Hartford
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Pvt. L. Clarkson Hines,      Washington
+  Col. E. Lester Jones,        Washington
+
+
+DELAWARE
+  Major Thomas W. Miller,      Wilmington
+  Capt. John P. Nields,        Wilmington
+
+
+FLORIDA
+  Brig Gen A.H. Blanding,      Bartow
+
+
+GEORGIA
+  Col. Alexander R. Lawton, Jr.,      Savannah
+  Capt. Landon Thomas,                Augusta
+
+
+IDAHO
+  Major C.M. Booth,       Pocatello
+  Pvt. John Green,        Twin Falls
+  Major Hawley, Jr.,      Bois�
+  Pvt. D.H. Holt,         Caldwell
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Chf. Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,    Chicago
+  Maj. Owsley Brown,                   Springfield
+  Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett,   Great Lakes
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Edw. J. Czuj,           Chicago
+  Maj. Thomas Gowenlock,               Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Hy. Hickman Harris,     Champaign
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Geo. Kendall Hooton,    Danville
+  Ensign Allen M. Loeb,                Chicago
+  Capt. Clark Nixon,                   East St. Louis
+  Maj. John Callan O'Laughlin,         Chicago
+  Capt. Joseph Medill Patterson,       Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. C.J. Schatz,            Wheaton
+  Brig. Gen. Robt. E. Wood,            Chicago
+  Sgt. David S. Wright,                Oak Park
+
+
+INDIANA
+  Col. Solon J. Carter,         Indianapolis
+  Ensign Win. L. Hutcheson,     Indianapolis
+  Sgt. R.J. Leeds,              Richmond
+
+
+IOWA
+  Sgt. Chas. A. Doxsee,      Monticello
+  Major H.H. Polk,           Des Moines
+
+
+KANSAS
+  Gen. Chas. I. Martin,        Topeka
+  Gen. Wilder S. Metcalf,      Lawrence
+  Sgt. Fred C. Stanford,       Independence
+  Sgt. Mahlon S. Weed,         Lawrence
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Pvt. Samuel J. Culbertson,      Louisville
+  Lt. W.C. Dabney,                Louisville
+  Capt. Shelby Harbison,          Lexington
+  Major James Wheeler,            Paducah
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Capt. Allen Cook,             New Orleans
+  Lt. John M. Parker, Jr.,      New Orleans
+
+
+MAINE
+  Lt. Col. Arthur Ashworth,      Bangor
+  Col. Frank W. Hume,            103d Inf.
+  Capt. A.L. Robinson,           Portland
+  Pvt. Daniel J. Smart,
+  Sgt. Wm. H. Whalen,            103d Inf.
+  Sgt. Freeman Wheaton,          107th Inf.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+  Lt. James A. Gary, Jr.         Baltimore
+  Sgt. Alexander Randall,        Baltimore
+  Major Redmond Stewart,         Baltimore
+  Brig. Gen. W.S. Thayer,        Baltimore
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Brig. Gen. Charles H. Cole,      Boston
+  Sgt. Edw. J. Creed,              101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Ernest H. Eastman,          104th Inf.
+  Major J.W. Farley,               Boston
+  Lt. Col. Louis Frothingham,      Boston
+  Sgt. Geo. Gilbody,               101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Daniel J. Nolan,
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Lt. Col. Fredk. M. Alger,          Detroit
+  Sgt. Rand F. English,              Detroit
+  1st Sgt. Wm. King,                 Detroit
+  Lt. Commander Truman H. Newberry,  Detroit
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Pvt. Gordon Clark,           Duluth
+  Major Paul B. Cook,          St. Paul
+  Pvt. Wm. D. Mitchell,        St. Paul
+  Pvt. W. Bissell Thomas,      Minneapolis
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Lt. John N. Alexander,       Jackson
+  Sgt. Maj. C.J. Craggs,       Greenville
+  Major Alex. Fitzhugh,        Vicksburg
+  Corp. Isador A. Frank,       Clarksdale
+  Sgt. Elmer Price,            McComb
+
+
+MISSOURI
+  Brig. Gen. H.C. Clarke,          Jefferson City
+  Pvt. David R. Francis, Jr.,      St. Louis
+  Corp. Sestus J. Wade, Jr.,       St. Louis
+
+
+MONTANA
+  Col. J.J. McGuiness,      Helena
+  Corp. Chas. S. Pew,       Helena
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Major P.F. Cosgrove,      Lincoln
+  Pvt. T.T. McGuire,        Omaha
+  Sgt. R. Scott,            Imperial
+  Lt. Allan A. Tukey,       Omaha
+
+
+NEVADA
+  Sgt. E.L. Malsbary,             Reno
+  Lt. Col. Jas. G. Scrugham,      Reno
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Sgt. Herve L'Heureaux,      Manchester
+  Major Frank Knox,           Manchester
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Col. Hobart Brown,               Newark
+  Sgt. Allan Eggers,               Summit
+  1st Lt. Geo. W.C. McCarter,      Newark
+  Corp. Roger Young,               Newark
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Capt. Bronson M. Cutting,      Santa F�
+  Col. Debjemond,                Roswell
+  Pvt. Canuto Trujillo,          Chimayo
+
+
+NEW YORK
+  Lt. Col. Robert Bacon,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Grenville Clark,         New York
+  Brig. Gen. Chas. I. Debevoise,    Brooklyn
+  Pvt. Meade C. Dobson,             New York
+  Col. Wm. J. Donovan,              New York
+  Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr.,          New York
+  Seaman Jos. F. Healey,            New York
+  Chaplain Francis A. Kelley,       Albany
+  Lt. Col. J. Leslie Kincaid,       Syracuse
+  Ensign Jerome H. Larger,          Brooklyn
+  Ensign W.G. McAdoo, Jr.,          New York
+  Sgt. Major Howard H. McLellan,    Yonkers
+  Ensign R.H. Mitchell,             New York
+  Major General John F. O'Ryan,     New York
+  Lt. D. Lincoln Reed,              New York
+  Col. Henry L. Stimson,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Chas. W. Whittlesey,     New York
+  Major Cornelius W. Wickersham,    New York
+  Sgt. Clarence E. Williams,        New York
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+  Lt. R.W. Glenn,          Greensboro
+  Lt. Cyrus D. Hogue,      Wilmington
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Matthew Murphy,      Fargo
+
+
+OHIO
+  Sgt. Jas. K. Campbell,         Shreve
+  Lt. Col. Jas. R. Cochran,      Columbus
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,        Columbus or Findlay
+  Lt. Col. Isadore H. Duke,      Cincinnati
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Sgt. Eugene Atkins,          Muskogee
+  Brig. Gen. Roy Hoffman,      Oklahoma City
+
+
+OREGON
+  Pvt. Harry Critchlow,        Portland
+  Sgt. Carl B. Fenton,         Dallas
+  Lt. Col. Geo. Kelley,        Portland
+  Col. F.W. Leadbetter,        Portland
+  Lt. Col. Geo. A. White,      Portland
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Major Chas. J. Biddle,              Philadelphia
+  Lt. Joseph F. Frayne,               Scranton
+  Lt. Col. Robt. E. Glendinning,      Philadelphia
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,        Harrisburg
+  Pvt. George Jones,                  Scranton
+  Maj. Alexander Laughlin, Jr.,       Pittsburg
+  Col. Asher Miner,                   Wilkes-Barre
+  Lt. John R. Sproul,                 Chester
+  Lt. Bernard J. Voll,                Philadelphia
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Major Geo. E. Buxton, Jr.,         Providence
+  Col. Everitte St. J. Chaffee,      Providence
+  Sgt. W.C. Kendrick,                Pawtucket
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Sgt. W.C. Coward,           Cheraw
+  Lt. Chas. C. Pinckney,      Charleston
+  C.T. Trenholm,              Charleston
+  Major W.D. Workman,         Greenville
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Lawrence R. Bates,      Sioux Falls
+  Capt. Royal C. Johnson,       Aberdeen
+  Sgt. Ruble Lavery,            Vermilion
+  Sgt. Jos. F. Pfeiffer,        Rapid City
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Col. James A. Gleason,         Knoxville
+  Sgt. Major Keith J. Harris,    Chattanooga
+  Sgt. John Hays,                Memphis
+  Col. Luke Lea,                 Nashville
+  Major T.C. Thompson, Jr.       Chattanooga
+  Pvt. C.W. Tomlinson,           Chattanooga
+
+TEXAS
+  Capt. Stanley E. Kempner,      Galveston
+  Col. H.D. Lindsley,            Dallas
+  Col. H.B. Moore,               Texas City
+
+UTAH
+  Sgt. Maj. H.H. McCartney,      Salt Lake City
+  Gen. R.W. Young,               Salt Lake City
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Pvt. Frank G. Christian,       Richmond
+  Lt. C. Francis Cocke,          Roanoke
+  Col. Stuart McGuire,           Richmond
+
+VERMONT
+  Pvt. Donald J. Emery,          Newport
+  Sgt. Eugene V. Finn,           St. Albans
+  Major H. Nelson Jackson,       Burlington
+  Capt. Redfield Proctor,        Burlington
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,       Seattle
+  Major P.P. Marion,             Seattle
+  Brig. Gen. Harvey J. Moss,     Seattle
+  Sgt. John J. Sullivan,         N. Seattle
+  Sgt. Major R.H. Winsor,        Tacoma
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Capt. Fleming W. Alderson,     Charleston
+  Sgt. Walter S. Moore,          Huntington
+  Sgt. Thomas Schofield,         Wheeling
+  Lt. Col. Jackson A. Weston,    Charleston
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Edward F. Ackley,              Milwaukee
+  Pvt. David Bloodgood,          Milwaukee
+  Sgt. Elmer S. Owens,           Milwaukee
+  Col. Gilbert E. Seaman,        Milwaukee
+  Pvt. John P. Szulcek,          Milwaukee
+
+WYOMING
+  Major A.S. Beach,              Lusk
+  Sgt. Morris A. Dinneen,        Cheyenne
+  Pvt. I.H. Larom,               Valley Ranch
+
+
+United American War Veterans,  Warren S. Fischer, Commander-in-Chief
+Comrades in Service,           Bishop Brent, President,
+National Legion of America,    Major Elihu Church,
+American Army Association,     Lt. Haywood Hillyer, General Secretary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just about this time it became most necessary to properly present the
+Legion to those men who had remained at home and who had gotten out of
+the Service, and to those who were incoming from France and rapidily
+being demobilized, as it was upon them that the success of the Legion
+depended. Furthermore, their opinions were the soil upon which the
+various State organizations had to work, and at that particular time
+it was vital that the Legion should be widely known and thoroughly
+understood; that its aims and ambitions should not be misconstrued
+either willfully or unintentionally, nor its precepts perverted. To
+this end the temporary Chairman proceeded to publicize it in the most
+thorough fashion. One-page bulletins briefly outlining the Legion's
+aims and ambitions were distributed in every center where soldiers and
+seamen gathered. Such places as Y.M.C.A. and K. of C. huts and War
+Camp Community recreation centers were thoroughly informed, and
+bulletins also were sent to every ship in the navy with the request
+that they be placed on the ship's bulletin board.
+
+Literature about the Legion was placed on transports when they left
+empty for France so that the men might read it in their leisure hours
+returning home. In order to make sure that every soldier and sailor
+would have the opportunity to know about the Legion this literature
+was again placed on the transports as they arrived in New York harbor.
+Various demobilization camps throughout the country were widely
+placarded and in each instance the names of the Temporary State
+Secretaries were given, and service men were invited to write to the
+Secretaries in their particular States. Camp publications, newspapers,
+and periodicals published for service men throughout the country were
+bountifully supplied with Legion information and scores of them
+carried special stories in regard to it. Bulletins and pamphlets were
+distributed in hospitals, placed on bulletin boards, and given to the
+patients. Every mayor of a town or city with a population above nine
+hundred got a letter containing literature about the Legion with a
+request that it be given publicity in the local press and then turned
+over to the Chairman of the Welcome Home Committee. Certain national
+magazines devoted a great deal of space to special articles explaining
+the Legion.
+
+Three or four times a week the Foreign Press Bureau of the United
+States Government sent stories about the Legion and its activities by
+wireless to the ships on sea and to the men of the A.E.F. in
+connection with its "Home News Service." In addition to the foregoing,
+articles appeared almost daily in the press throughout the entire
+country, and by the time the convention was ready to meet those who
+ran and cared to read were fully informed that the American Legion was
+an organization for veterans of the army, navy, and marine corp; that
+it was non-partisan and non-political; that it stood for law and
+order, decent living, decent thinking, and true Americanism.
+
+The wide publicity given to the Legion and its aims brought into the
+Temporary Committee many amusing letters. Scores of them complained of
+the published statement that it was non-partisan and non-political.
+"Damn it all, we want it to be political and partisan," one angry
+Westerner wrote. Another correspondent insisted that in view of the
+fact that sons of Theodore Roosevelt, and Speaker Champ Clark were
+interested, the Legion must be bi-partisan and bi-political. But most
+of the letters were of a highly commendatory character, expressing the
+deepest and widest possible interest. I recall that one of them came
+from Junction City, Kansas, another from Old Town, Maine; one from
+Delray, Texas, and others from Wolf Creek, Montana, Orlando, Florida,
+and Ray's Crossing, Indiana, while a postal card making frantic
+inquiries was dated Nome, Alaska, and arrived a week after the caucus
+at St. Louis. I have mentioned these towns and localities because they
+indicate how widespread and deep is the interest in the Legion. No
+matter where a man came from to go into the army, the Legion will go
+to him in his home now. Its members will range from fishermen on the
+Florida Keys to the mail carriers on the Tanana in Alaska, from the
+mill hands of New England to the cotton planters of the Mississippi
+delta. All who wore the uniform may enroll just so long as the word
+_Americanism_ was inscribed in their hearts between April 6, 1917, and
+November 11, 1918.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+
+When the St. Louisian puffed its way into the big smoke-begrimed
+station in Missouri's largest city I looked about me for Bill, who was
+going to meet me at the station. We had not met since our prep. school
+and college days when Bill had been a thin, wizened little fellow, so
+hollow-chested that he had to be sent to Colorado for almost two years
+for his health. He came back to school looking better but before his
+diploma was handed to him announcing to the world that he was a
+full-fledged Bachelor of Arts, he had fallen apparently permanently
+into the rut of ill-health. In fact I wondered, when we all sang _Auld
+Lang Syne_ in the fraternity house at the close of college, if I'd
+ever see Bill again.
+
+From time to time I had heard from him in the years that followed, and
+one day in the summer of 1917 he wrote me that he was on the way to
+France.
+
+While I gazed up and down the smoke-laden platform, I got a slap on
+the shoulder that sent me spinning, and there was the once emaciated
+Bill, who seemed to have grown three inches and to have put on
+seventy-five pounds.
+
+As we walked toward the taxicab stand I began to realize that instead
+of an old friend, a stranger was beside me. True enough, he had the
+same name and the same colored eyes, and his hair hadn't changed. But
+the rather dreamy eye had cleared, the pale face of old was tanned,
+and Bill's chest--the one he had gone to Colorado for--was bulging out
+as he carried my two heavy suit cases like a pouter pigeon's at a
+poultry show.
+
+What had happened to Bill? The little, quiet, timid youth of the past
+was now a big, burly, strong-bodied, clear-minded man. As we entered
+the taxi he was telling me that he "intended to raise hell if they
+didn't take some action against this blank Bolshevism, and furthermore
+that this new Legion was going to be the most tremendous organization
+that the U.S.A. had ever seen." If he had told me that Swinburne's
+_Faustine_ was written in iambic hexameter it would have sounded more
+like old times. But here was a new man, strong and virile, intensely
+interested in the future of his nation.
+
+What had happened to Bill? Eighteen months in the army was the answer.
+
+The advanced delegation began to arrive in St. Louis, the afternoon of
+May 5th. The Statler and Jefferson Hotels were packed because there
+were two other conventions in progress. But our delegates needed no
+badge to be distinguished from the others; there was a difference
+between them and the other conventionites. There was the same
+difference between the two as between the old Bill and the new Bill.
+They too had had eighteen months in the army, and a coat of tan on
+each one's face, his ruddy frame, and general atmosphere of a healthy
+mind and a healthy body were unmistakable emblems.
+
+This advanced delegation, two from each State, had been requested to
+come beforehand to meet on the morning of Tuesday, May 6th, so as to
+formulate a working order of business on which the caucus might
+proceed as soon as it assembled. There was another reason for this
+meeting also. The temporary committee wanted to avoid any appearance
+of having "framed up the caucus." By this it is meant that the
+committee wanted to be able to say to the caucus that its working
+procedure had been determined by a thoroughly representative body, a
+democratic, advanced delegation composed of men from every State in
+the Union. There were those critics of the Legion, who, had the
+temporary committee formulated the caucus procedure, would have been
+only too glad to have attempted to make trouble by saying it was a
+controlled and made-to-order caucus--controlled and made-to-order by
+the men who had taken the lead in it. In fact, during the early
+morning of the first day the advanced committee met one delegation
+arrived with blood in its eyes determined to wage a fight against
+universal military training. One of the stories circulated at the time
+was to the effect that the entire Legion was nothing but a blind
+whereby a mysterious "Military Clique" was to gain supreme power over
+the Legion's policies. It took but a very short while to convince the
+would-be obstreperous delegation that the caucus was not the
+convention and was empowered solely to organize a veterans'
+association and not to adopt policies.
+
+The temporary committee in America determined at the very beginning
+that no policies would be adopted at the caucus, that the Legion at
+this time should follow in the footsteps of its comrades abroad in
+stating that neither the men here nor the men there could, as
+different units, adopt broad policies until a convention could be held
+truly representing all men who had fought in the Great War.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt called the advanced committee to order a little
+after two o'clock in the afternoon, in a small and very noisy parlor
+in the Hotel Statler. The gavel which he used was made from wood from
+the rudder of Admiral Peary's North Pole steamship _The Roosevelt_,
+which had been presented to him by Colonel E. Lester Jones of
+Washington, D.C.
+
+"The idea underlying the formation of the American Legion is the
+feeling among the great mass of the men who served in the forces of
+this country during the war, that the impulse of patriotism which
+prompted their efforts and sacrifices should be so preserved that it
+might become a strong force in the future for true Americanism and
+better citizenship," Colonel Roosevelt said. He spoke very slowly and
+measured his words carefully but emphasized them in a tone of deepest
+conviction. "We will be facing troublous times in the coming years,"
+he continued "and to my mind no greater safeguard could be devised
+than those soldiers, sailors, and marines formed in their own
+association, in such manner that they could make themselves felt for
+law and order, decent living and thinking, and truer 'nationalism.'"
+
+In this opening sentence, Colonel Roosevelt foreshadowed the spirit of
+the entire caucus. These service men wanted an organization not for
+their own special benefit, not that they might obtain pensions or
+offices, but that they might become a power for truer Americanism and
+better citizenship!
+
+Colonel Wood, the secretary, explained in greater detail the purpose
+of the proposed Legion. He broached the subject of the reemployment
+for soldiers, a legal department for the handling of insurance claims,
+allotments, etc., and sketched the fundamental principles of the
+organization as follows:
+
+First, its non-partisanship.
+
+Second, that this society should be equally for those whose duty
+called them overseas and for those who were held by circumstances on
+this side.
+
+Third, that it is fundamentally a civilian organization, one in which
+all ranks, be they private or general, admiral or seaman, should have
+an equal share and participation.
+
+Then the advance committeemen began themselves to talk. Each one, no
+matter on what subject and regardless of the side he took upon it, was
+permitted to air his feelings to the full satisfaction of himself at
+least. Like the Paris Caucus, the discussion grew heated at times and
+every now and then the chair was forced to remind overly fervid
+orators that this was an advanced meeting of the caucus and not the
+convention. There were those present who wanted to obligate the caucus
+to go on record for or against universal military training, woman
+suffrage, prohibition, permanent headquarters, and to elect permanent
+officers, and each of these had to be shown that it would be unfair to
+the men still in the A.E.F. to take such pre�minently vital steps
+without consulting them. Then there were those present who wanted to
+exclude members of the regular army and navy from the Legion; that is,
+to limit eligibility in the organization to those who could show
+discharge papers from either the army, navy, or marine corps. This
+measure was voted down and it was given as the sense of the advanced
+committee meeting that those who served in the Great War would have
+perfect liberty to join regardless of whether their service continued
+in the military establishment after the armistice or after peace was
+formally declared.
+
+The advanced committee outlined the order of business upon which the
+caucus could proceed, named the various committees to be organized,
+and discussed the resolutions which were deemed wise and expedient
+topics for discussion.
+
+On Wednesday afternoon, delegates from every district in the country
+began to arrive, almost one thousand new Bills, husky of frame, some
+still in uniform with the red discharge chevron on their left sleeves;
+others who had manifestly tried to get the new Bill into the old
+Bill's 1916 suit of clothes, and still others in new bib and tucker,
+looking exceedingly comfortable after almost two years in putties,
+heavy shoes, and tight blouses.
+
+Every man came with one deep-rooted determination and that was to see
+that no one "put anything over" which might make an organization so
+embryonically useful take a fatal or selfish step. Each came, perhaps
+imbued to a certain extent with his own particular ideas on how
+everything should be conducted; but the radicalism, sectionalism, and
+partisanship which would have marked a gathering of these same men
+three years before was not present. The men who had thought that
+nothing good could come except from south of the Mason and Dixon line
+had fought side by side with woodsmen from Maine. The man who had
+thought the East effete had done duty on a destroyer with a boy from
+Harlem. Everybody realized full well that sectionalism must be
+abandoned whenever it clashed with nationalism; and abandoned it was,
+with right good will.
+
+The meeting of the advance committeemen justified itself as a very
+wise and judicious action on the part of the temporary committee. Any
+suspicion of a particular delegation that anything was "framed" was
+quickly allayed after a conference with its advance committeemen. If a
+man from Pennsylvania suspected that anything was on foot not to the
+liking of the Keystone State he had only to ask his advance
+committeeman, Colonel D'Olier, about it. Incidentally the personnel of
+the advance committee was not so numerous that everybody couldn't know
+what everybody else was doing. As a matter of fact, everybody did know
+what everybody else was doing. One of the most peculiar facts of this
+most interesting caucus was that when it came to "_pussy footing_"
+pussy seemed to foot it on piano keys so far as secrecy was concerned
+and in such a fashion that usually the _Star Spangled Banner_ was
+played. I know that the night and the morning before the caucus met
+that there were many and various powwows and conferences, a great many
+of which I attended, but there wasn't a one that I knew of or ever
+heard about, the full details of which could not have been printed in
+bold-faced type on the front page of every St. Louis newspaper and
+have reflected credit on the powwowers as well as on the American
+Legion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, AND 10
+
+
+All during the morning of May 8th that delegation was constantly
+getting together with this delegation; this leader conferring with
+that one; was this question going to come up, and what would be done
+if that question was tabled? Everybody interested, everybody excited,
+everybody waiting to see the other fellow's hand at the show-down,
+which was scheduled for the Shubert-Jefferson Theater at half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon. Of course, everybody had found out the
+previous evening that every card in the pack was red, white, and blue,
+and that, from the very beginning of the game, an attempt had been
+made to keep the knaves out. As a matter of fact, they'd never been
+in, but the new Bills who made up the delegations to this caucus were
+going to look everybody over mighty carefully before any serious
+playing was done.
+
+Suppressed excitement doesn't describe at all the half-hour preceding
+the opening of the caucus, because the excitement was not suppressed
+in the least. Eager, shining, tanned faces, eyes alert, heads erect,
+straight-bodied and straight-talking men one by one took seats which
+were assigned to them by delegations.
+
+A flashlight photograph of the gathering was made, but this caucus was
+not one that could be pictured by the camera at all accurately. The
+outstanding feature of this great get together was the spirit of the
+men, and that no camera could catch.
+
+Three large wooden tiers of seats, the kind the circus has under
+canvas, were built in a sort of semicircular fashion around the large
+stage. The New York delegation occupied one of these tiers; the
+Ohioans another, while the third was built for distinguished guests.
+If any distinguished guests came they were entirely put out of the
+limelight by the audience, for this was one show which was enacted
+before the footlights rather than behind them, and, with one or two
+exceptions the star performing took place where the spectators usually
+sit. In fact, the only spectators that I saw were the newspaper men,
+seated at tables within the corral formed by the tiers. All of them
+had been in the army or navy or had seen the big show abroad as war
+correspondents.
+
+When Theodore Roosevelt, as temporary chairman jammed that gaveled
+bit of the rudder of the North Pole ship down hard on the table and
+called the meeting to order he got what he had never received while in
+the army: that is, direct disobedience. He commanded order, and there
+was utter disorder. It was rank insubordination, distinctly requiring
+court-martial of everyone present, from a military point of view--but
+the American Legion isn't military! And so the delegates howled
+joyously. Roosevelt, demanding order at this time, had just about as
+much chance of getting it as the Kaiser has of making Prince Joachim
+King of the Bronx. Somebody started a cheer, and the crowd didn't stop
+yelling for two minutes and a half.
+
+"Young Teddy," as they called him, was manifestly surprised at the
+ovation and tried repeatedly to get the crowd quiet. He wanted to be
+pleasant and yet he wanted order and so between knocks with his gavel
+he smiled. And a very engaging smile it was, too.
+
+"Gentlemen," he pleaded. "Gentlemen, a little order." Finally there
+was comparative quiet. "Now let's proceed to the business of the
+meeting. The floor is open for nominations for permanent chairman of
+this caucus."
+
+Sergeant Jack Sullivan of the State of Washington got the floor.
+Sergeant Jack is a husky northwesterner who did his bit in the
+intelligence section in Seattle and has seen a lot of the Bolsheviki
+out there.
+
+"In behalf of the State of Washington and representing the men of the
+rank and file of the Pacific Northwest, it gives me pleasure at this
+time to place for your consideration the name of a sterling patriot,"
+he shouted. "The man I am going to place in nomination proved himself
+to be a one hundred per cent. true blooded American when his country's
+honor was assailed. He was among the first who placed himself in the
+front-line trenches, he was wounded twice, he was ready and willing to
+make the supreme sacrifice in order that this world might be made safe
+for democracy. I deem it an honor and a privilege, and the Pacific
+Northwest deems it an honor and a privilege to place in nomination the
+worthy son of a worthy sire--Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The crowd seemed to know all along who Jack meant and it held its
+enthusiasm in tether as best it could. But when Sullivan got to the
+word Theodore, the Roosevelt was drowned out in the mightiest cheer
+that is possible for eight or nine hundred throats to utter. The
+second to the motion, made by Colonel Luke Lea of Tennessee, wasn't
+heard at all. This time it took Colonel Roosevelt more than two
+minutes to get order.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to speak on that now," he shouted and during a
+lull in the cheering managed to make himself heard. "I wish to say
+that I want to withdraw my name from nomination--"
+
+But the "gang wouldn't hear to it." Somebody raised the old cry:
+
+"We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" they chanted in
+unison. Bedlam broke loose at that. Men stood on their seats and waved
+their hats and handkerchiefs; some took their collars and neckties
+off; some wept, some cursed for sheer joy and others--I believe that
+when Gabriel blows his horn and all the dead arise that some of the
+men who attended that caucus will try to make a speech! These speeches
+were going on four and five at a time during the entire hullabaloo. It
+didn't seem to matter in the least to the speakers that they weren't
+being heard. They couldn't hear themselves. They added a little to the
+noise and that satisfied the crowd and seemed to satisfy them.
+
+"Please, please let me talk," pleaded Colonel Roosevelt. He finally
+got his plea over by means of the sign language.
+
+"I want to withdraw my name for a number of reasons," he continued.
+"The first is that I want the country at large to get the correct
+impression of this meeting here. We are gathered together for a very
+high purpose. I want every American through the length and breadth of
+this land to realize that there isn't a man in this convention who is
+seeking anything for himself personally; that all of us are working
+simply for the good of the entire country. I believe, furthermore,
+that what we want here is someone who has been connected with the
+movement only since it started on this side of the water, someone who
+originates from the convention."
+
+The din started again.
+
+"No, no, gentlemen," shouted the Colonel. "I want to withdraw. It is
+my earnest wish. It is my absolute determination."
+
+But the caucus seemed equally determined. "We want Teddy!" "We're
+going to have Teddy!" "You got this thing going, you ought to run it."
+Colonel Roosevelt paced up and down the stage, trying his best to
+silence them. Then, during the din, one by one some of his oldest
+friends went to him and begged him to accede to the crowd's wish.
+"Take it Ted," they urged. "Take it." That underslung jaw of the young
+Colonel's became rigid.
+
+"I won't do it. I can't do it," he answered.
+
+Then someone managed to make a motion that the nomination of Colonel
+Roosevelt be made unanimous. It was seconded and made extremely
+_unanimous_.
+
+[Illustration: Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.]
+
+[Illustration: Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus]
+
+"Then, gentlemen, I accept and I resign," Colonel Roosevelt said. "I
+want quiet for a moment here on this situation. This is something that
+I have thought about and have given my most earnest consideration. I
+am positive I am right on it. We must not have creep into this
+situation, in which we all believe from the bottom of our hearts, the
+slightest suspicion in the country at large. I don't think there is
+any suspicion among us that anyone is trying to use it for his
+personal advancement. But it is absolutely essential that this spirit
+be proven. I am going to stick by this from the beginning down to the
+very end because, in my opinion, we have got to create to-day the
+impression all over the country on which this organization will carry
+on and serve a great purpose for years to come."
+
+Again there were outbursts of applause for the Colonel. "We want
+Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" the crowd cried again and again. Men ran to
+the stage from the orchestra seats and even from the second balcony.
+
+"Take it, Colonel. You ought to take it," they urged.
+
+What the Colonel answered couldn't be heard but the jaw was working
+and the head was shaking vigorously.
+
+A couple of newspaper men dashed up to him.
+
+"You oughtn't to take it, Colonel," one of them whispered. "If you
+don't, it will give the lie to those who are saying the Legion is
+being conducted for your special political benefit."
+
+"I haven't the slightest intention of taking it," he answered back.
+
+He didn't take it and he nailed the lie that the Legion was started to
+further his own selfish ends.
+
+On motion of Colonel E. Lester Jones of the District of Columbia the
+nominations were reopened again.
+
+Sergeant Haines of Maine put up the name of Colonel Henry D. Lindsley,
+a banker of Dallas, Texas, and a prominent Southern Democrat, for
+permanent chairman. Think of it! A man from Maine nominating a
+Southern Democrat! One of the Ohio delegation seconded the nomination.
+Think of that too! Colonel Claud Birkhead of San Antonio, Texas,
+leader of the Texas delegation "thirded" the nomination. He told
+Colonel Lindsley's record. The Colonel had been Mayor of his home
+city, and during the war had served his country so well in France that
+he had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. He and Major
+Willard Straight, now dead, had started the War Risk Insurance Bureau
+abroad and, at the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was the head
+of the Bureau under the Treasury Department in Washington.
+
+Minutes of a meeting usually are dry but here I am going to quote
+directly from them because they tell the story in the most vivid way.
+Fancy between the lines, please, dozens of cheers, a couple of rebel
+yells, a great deal of talking and shouting for "T.R.!" "T.R.!" and a
+Babelous babble that ebbed or flowed according to the strength Colonel
+Roosevelt used in wielding his gavel.
+
+COLONEL JONES (of Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, I personally feel,
+and I think I voice the unanimous sentiment of this organization, that
+your withdrawal is a mistake. We are not only sincere, but we are
+telling you what is in the bottom of our hearts. We are weighing also
+the sincerity which you have expressed, and in deference to your
+wishes, which I know have not arisen spontaneously but which you have
+talked about for some time, regarding the chairmanship of this
+committee, I think we should not embarrass you further. I have one in
+mind who I feel is going to be a man who will do credit to this
+organization--"
+
+MR. ABBOTT (of Ohio): "Gentlemen of the caucus, I think we are wasting
+time around here. I can't see why we can't have for the permanent
+chairman of this convention the man who will be elected in November."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, can't you see how it is? I can't possibly
+change my convictions. I can't go back on what I have told you without
+everybody, who doesn't understand the situation here, feeling that I
+have just come out here to make a grandstand play. I am right. I am
+absolutely sincere and right."
+
+A motion was made that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt temporarily yield
+the chair to Colonel Bennett Clark.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "It is very evident what the desire of this
+convention is. I know that Colonel Lindsley of Texas was only put in
+nomination in response to the express wishes and repeated
+determination of Colonel Roosevelt. I think that that explanation
+should be made in justice to Colonel Lindsley. I think that Colonel
+Roosevelt should take this chairmanship or if he doesn't want to take
+it he should be made to take it. (Applause.) The chair will recognize
+a motion to that effect."
+
+CAPTAIN BOYCE (of New York shouting to a yelling audience): "What is
+the use of our acting like a lot of kids? Just one minute; only one
+man can talk at a time and get anywhere. Colonel Roosevelt will not
+take it."
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "The chair will recognize nobody until the
+convention is in order. It has been moved and seconded that Colonel
+Roosevelt be elected chairman of this convention by acclamation."
+
+Cries of approval from the audience and a request for the question.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "On that the chair will take the responsibility
+of ordering a roll call. (Applause.) The Secretary will call the
+roll."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The motion is that Colonel Roosevelt be nominated by
+acclamation. The chairman has directed me to call the roll by States.
+Alabama--"
+
+A call for a point of order.
+
+DELEGATE: "After nominations have been made and closed a roll call
+cannot be taken."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair was fully aware that he was proceeding
+outside of parliamentary law because it was the unanimous wish of the
+convention."
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move that a roll call be made on the original
+nominations."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "Colonel Roosevelt has expressed to me his absolute
+desire that that not be done. He refuses to enter into a contest with
+Colonel Lindsley in any way."
+
+COLONEL JONES (Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, the nominations were
+reopened."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair is informed that while he was on the way up
+here a motion was carried to reopen nominations after the resignation
+of Colonel Roosevelt. Now nominations are again in order."
+
+MAJOR SAMUEL D. ROYCE (Indiana): "On behalf of the State of Indiana, I
+nominate Colonel Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet."
+
+Here I must inject my story into the minutes again. Colonel Roosevelt
+saw the convention was "getting away to a Roosevelt finish" again, to
+use a racing term, and he sent a hurry call to the Arizona delegation
+for Colonel Jack Greenway.
+
+Jack Greenway followed the elder Roosevelt up San Juan hill. He wears
+underneath his civilian coat to-day, but right over his heart, a
+Distinguished Service Cross won at Cantigny.
+
+"Jack, for Heaven's sake, tell them I won't take it," Colonel
+Roosevelt plead.
+
+It was just at this moment that Colonel Clark, the acting chairman,
+was saying: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet...."
+
+Colonel Jack waving one arm at the chairman and another at the
+audience strode to the center of the stage.
+
+The minutes read:
+
+COLONEL JACK GREENWAY: "Will you give me the floor? I won't keep you
+five minutes.
+
+"My name is Greenway but that doesn't mean anything to you. Gentlemen,
+Colonel Roosevelt has said that he is not going to take the nomination
+of the caucus and you can take it from me that he is not going to do
+it. Now wait a minute. Whoa! Quit yelling! I know this Roosevelt
+outfit and when they say something they mean it. I followed his daddy
+through Cuba and I know. I saw this boy in the first division at
+Cantigny and on the Toul Front and I know that he means he is not
+going to take the chairmanship of this temporary caucus. There is a
+big misunderstanding about what you are trying to do. I have just
+talked to Colonel Roosevelt and he says that he will not be a
+candidate for the temporary caucus, but if, after all the boys come
+home at the convention in November, it is still the desire of that
+body as a whole, he will give the matter reconsideration." (Applause.)
+
+Colonel Roosevelt resumes the chairmanship.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Mr. Lindsley, the gentleman of Texas is in nomination
+for chairman. I mean absolutely what I say. I can't do it. I won't
+serve if elected. What you have done will always be a great memory to
+my family. (Applause.) I mean that, gentlemen! I mean that! Now is
+there anybody else you want to put in nomination? I absolutely mean
+that for the good of the cause; you have got to do what I say on that.
+
+"Gentlemen, I believe the nominations were reopened."
+
+Now I must again put the minutes by for a moment, for Bill has come to
+the stage and what he says doesn't get into the minutes, although I
+wish his remarks were there:
+
+"That was pretty fine in him," Bill said, pointing to Colonel
+Roosevelt. I nodded only, for somehow this whole thing had got to me
+pretty strong and I felt like crying for some unaccountable reason.
+
+"And then he gives his family the credit for all this yelling," Bill
+was saying. "We like his family all right, but say, this wasn't to
+compliment his family, not by a darn sight. Why, you know that young
+Colonel's got a h---- of a fine record himself--"
+
+But somebody within an inch of my ear was letting out a warwhoop for
+Jack Sullivan who had just been nominated for permanent chairman and
+I didn't hear the last of Bill's remark.
+
+Sergeant Sullivan got up and tried to withdraw in favor of Colonel
+Lindsley, and Colonel Lindsley did the same thing and each was refused
+the opportunity. Colonel Lindsley then took the floor. "Comrades," he
+said, "I want you to know that I came here for one man for the
+chairman of this caucus, and that man was Theodore Roosevelt. He has
+refused it absolutely. I appreciate the support that has been given to
+my name. If honored with the chairmanship I shall be glad to serve,
+but it is important that we get to business immediately. I am certain
+that Mr. Sullivan will make an excellent presiding officer. If I had
+the right, I should be glad to withdraw my name in his favor. But the
+point is, gentlemen, let's get to business. This is the greatest
+meeting that has ever gathered in the United States, and it is not so
+material who is chairman of the meeting as it is to proceed to
+business."
+
+While the roll is being called let's glance around the theater again.
+Most of the men in uniform are enlisted men. It is difficult to tell
+at a glance just what rank or rating the majority of those present
+held in the army or navy because in civilian clothing the officer and
+the man are indistinguishable. I mean to say that our army was
+different from most other military establishments. Being primarily a
+citizen affair it was really representative. It was the desire of the
+temporary committee that sixty per cent. of the delegates should be
+enlisted men and when the call for the caucus was issued that was set
+forth most plainly. No one seems to have taken the trouble to check
+the thing up at the caucus. Anyone desiring to do so can find the
+information in this volume. I was interested at the opening of the
+caucus to know just what the percentage was, but after it got into
+swing it didn't make any difference. No one cared. There was talk
+(among officers) of making an enlisted man permanent chairman. The
+only persons that I heard objecting to such a procedure were the
+enlisted men themselves.
+
+"We've forgotten all that stuff about rank. If the officers insist on
+an enlisted man they'll make a mistake. We want the best man and
+because we're in the majority in the organization we don't want to
+discriminate against the officer. Taken as a whole, he was a mighty
+fine sort."
+
+This from Sergeant Laverne Collier of the Idaho delegation when I
+asked him what he thought of the enlisted man idea. While we were
+talking about it the vote was being cast on Lindsley and Sullivan. As
+if to reecho Collier's sentiments, Sullivan got up and demanded that
+Lindsley's election should be made unanimous, and so it was.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt promptly put Sullivan's name in nomination for
+vice-chairman. Mr. Abbott of Ohio seconded it and further moved that
+the sergeant's election be made unanimous. Sergeant Jack Sullivan was
+elected by acclamation. Then Colonel Wood was chosen secretary, the
+rules of the House of Representatives were decided upon to govern the
+procedure, and debate was limited to five minutes.
+
+Insistence on that point was unnecessary. Our new American back from
+the wars has been too accustomed to action to like words that aren't
+concise and aimed right at the heart of the point. There was a good
+deal of noise and talk at this particular juncture and someone moved
+the appointment of a sergeant at arms. Captain A.L. Boyce of Boyce's
+Tigers (those young men who drilled so persistently in Central Park in
+New York preparing for the war) was picked. While this guardian of the
+peace was being appointed at least five gentlemen from as many
+delegations started to speak at once, perhaps against the five-minute
+debate rule, and in the confusion a delegate, whom Checkers might have
+described as carrying a load he should have made three trips with,
+took the platform and began something that sounded about as
+intelligible as Cicero's oration against Catiline in the original.
+
+"Do I understand, Mr. Chairman, that a sergeant at arms has been
+appointed?" shouted Mr. J.L. Walsh of the Pennsylvania delegation.
+
+"That's right," answered the chairman.
+
+"Then let's have him get busy," rejoined Mr. Walsh. "We didn't come
+down here for a vaudeville show or to be entertained by some boob,
+because we've got boobs back home."
+
+After this remark, the minutes read "Laughter and applause" but that
+doesn't half describe it.
+
+Captain Boyce "got busy" and if the minutes could record the result of
+his actions they would probably read "Order restored--almost. Quieter,
+for a time."
+
+Colonel Lindsley made a splendid presiding officer. None could have
+done better, but as the stenographer who took the minutes remarked
+(and she was convention-worn because she had attended so many): "This
+is the funnest meeting I ever wrote up." Right. It was the funniest
+meeting--funny being used in the sense of unusual as the stenographer
+meant it--that anyone ever saw. In fact it was unique; absolutely the
+only one of its kind. Because the delegates were unique. There never
+was anything like them in all the history of the country. They had
+gone into training camps like Bill, very tired, an�mic, with a shop
+and office pallor; and they came out of the war like Bill,--new,
+virile, interested, placing a value on themselves which would have
+been unthinkable prior to April 6, 1917.
+
+But they placed a greater value on this organization which was so near
+the heart of all of them. No better proof of it can be shown than the
+incident which has just been described, viz., the refusal of Theodore
+Roosevelt to be the permanent chairman. Although I do not pretend to
+be able to explain the processes of thought and reasoning which led
+Colonel Roosevelt to take the action he did, still I do know this
+much! There are very few young men who would have been so deaf to the
+plaudits of the multitude, to the advice of old friends and to the
+still small voice of personal ambition as he was in refusing. I
+maintain that this refusal was by no means altogether prompted by
+anything of an hereditary nature but, rather, by the experiences and
+environment which had been Colonel Roosevelt's during the war. It took
+more than an under-slung jaw and a rugged Rooseveltian determination
+to refuse this great honor. It took _discipline_, and Colonel
+Roosevelt knew how to inflict that upon himself just as he did upon
+his troops whenever it was wise and necessary.
+
+In much smaller, but no less important matters, did I see other men
+practice discipline upon themselves. I saw men forego the discussion
+of subjects in which they believed with all their hearts and with all
+their minds solely for the purpose of doing nothing that would tend to
+disrupt the Caucus or give the impression throughout the United States
+that the men who had stuck together so closely in times of daring and
+danger could not still stick and face, as a band of brothers in the
+American Legion, any perils or pitfalls which peace might hold for
+this country. Therefore, it seems to me that Colonel Roosevelt's
+action was more than a manifestation of his own sterling determination
+to do nothing which might hurt the Legion. It was archtypical.
+
+
+Major Hamilton Fish of New York called attention to the fact that the
+navy was unrepresented in the offices of the caucus and moved that a
+second vice-chairman should be appointed from that branch of the
+service. A delegate from Missouri seconded the motion and amended it
+to read that a third vice-chairman should be appointed from the marine
+corps.
+
+During the election of these officers enthusiasm reached a high pitch
+and in no more striking manner did the new American reveal his new
+character.
+
+"Gentlemen," said one dignified delegate (I don't know who let him in,
+because just from the way he said "gentlemen" we all knew that once in
+his life he had practiced oratory before the bureau mirror), "I want
+to place in nomination the name of a man who is true blue--"
+
+"Name him," shouted the crowd.
+
+"He is not only true blue but he is thoroughly everything he ought to
+be in addition--" continued the orator, coldly trying to squelch the
+crowd.
+
+"Name him." "Shut up." "Aw, sit down." "Who wants to listen to such
+'bull' as that?"
+
+Each of those sentences was roared by a different man.
+
+"This gentleman is one of whom I am sure you will be proud--"
+persisted the orator, but at this direct violation of its edict the
+crowd began to scream its maledictions and Captain Boyce could not
+have stopped them with all his Tigers if the gentleman orator hadn't
+taken his seat in a most dignified manner, never to rise
+again--doubtless as a rebuke for the gang, but one which was
+thoroughly appreciated.
+
+Thus the way of orators in the caucus!
+
+The navy men who were nominated consisted of Goerke of New York;
+Goldberg, Illinois; Chenoweth, Alabama; Almon, Montana; Humphrey, New
+Mexico; McGrath, New Jersey; and Evans of Kentucky. The secretary took
+the vote by delegations. When Goerke got a vote the New York crowd
+yelled itself hoarse; New Mexico did the same for Humphrey; Alabama
+cheered like mad for Chenoweth and it wasn't long before everybody
+picked out his candidate and yelled furiously every time he got a
+vote. The New Mexico delegation occupied a proscenium box but Humphrey
+wasn't prominent enough there to suit his delegation. Before anyone
+thoroughly realized what was happening, Seaman Humphrey appeared on
+the stage, borne on the shoulders of two colonels! Two men who had
+eagles on their shoulders, U.S. on their collars, and gold chevrons on
+their left sleeves carried on their shoulders a "gob," a sailorman, a
+deck-swabbing bluejacket, as he called himself.
+
+It was the beginning of a cavalcade of noise that fairly made ear
+drums ache, and, incidentally, proved a signal for the backers of
+other candidates. Goerke soon was lifted aloft by a half dozen New
+Yorkers; Chenoweth was exhibited to the general view from the section
+of the orchestra occupied by his delegation, while Illinois paraded
+up and down the aisles with Goldberg. Colonel Lindsley hammered the
+speaker's table almost to pieces in an attempt to get order and then
+gave it up for a few minutes as a bad job. Captain Boyce succeeded in
+getting a semblance of it, when everybody got tired of carrying the
+candidates and of shouting. Then the secretary again started taking
+the vote by delegations. No one of the candidates received a majority
+of the votes which was necessary under the procedure adopted at the
+beginning of the caucus. Then began the withdrawals. This State
+withdrew its vote from Goerke and cast it for Humphrey; Chenoweth
+withdrew from the race and his vote went to Goerke, et cetera. A
+similar situation resulted on the second count and finally Goerke
+withdrew in favor of Humphrey. When Evans took the same action,
+Humphrey (first name Fred), described as the "rough-riding sailor from
+New Mexico," was elected.
+
+Humphrey's speech of acceptance delighted the hearts of those who had
+forced the would-be orator to sit down at the beginning of the
+nominations.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, gobs, soldiers, and marines," Humphrey said: "I am most
+glad and gracious to accept this honorary position and I will do
+everything that a deck-swabbing sailorman can do to fill it."
+
+The first day's session closed with the appointment by the various
+States of representatives on the following committees: Executive
+Committee; Credentials; Temporary Name of Organization; Organization;
+Resolutions; Constitution and By-Laws and Declaration of Principles;
+Next Meeting Place and Time; Publication; Emblem; Permanent
+Headquarters, and Finance.
+
+The personnel of these committees will be found elsewhere.
+
+
+Thursday evening and Friday morning were devoted largely to committee
+meetings and different sections of the country came together to
+discuss matters of particular interest to special localities. For
+instance, the Western delegations discussed the question of
+Bolshevism, because the symptoms of this mad disease had been more
+apparent in that section of the country than in any other. The
+question of color was practically decided in a meeting of the
+Executive Committee and was ratified later by various delegations
+representing the Southern States. Everybody was pleased. An attempt
+was made by the leaders of each delegation to keep such questions as
+might be "_loaded with dynamite_" off the actual floor of the caucus
+so that those lacking in discretion might not have the opportunity to
+throw the caucus into an uproar.
+
+In fact it was this spirit--the desire on everybody's part to give in
+to a certain extent on any mooted question for the sake of general
+harmony that was a marked feature of the gathering. In the committee
+meetings were found delegates with radically different opinions on
+almost every question. It was not an uncommon thing, however, to see a
+delegate very heatedly advocate a certain side of an issue; listen to
+the opposing side, rise, and with equal heat and fervency advocate the
+opposite point of view.
+
+This spirit is highly significant. It will be one of the Legion's
+greatest powers. It was and is due to the fact that these new
+Americans are not cursed with fixed ideas. They have seen too much,
+lived through too much in their comparatively short lives to be
+narrow-minded. Over in the A.E.F. the former hod-carrier often turned
+out to be too good as a construction manager for any officer to
+despise his opinions. One noticeable characteristic of the American
+Legion delegate was the respect which he had for the other man's views
+and his willingness to admit outright that he was wrong in a thing or
+to go at least halfway with the opponent of his particular ideas. This
+was the saving grace of the caucus and this will be the saving grace
+of the Legion for the spirit which was manifested there is the spirit
+which will prevail at Minneapolis, and for always, because the
+American sailor and soldier will not change.
+
+It was interesting to see these modern American soldiers side by side
+with the veterans of the Civil War. The Grand Army of the Republic
+Post, the local Bivouac of the United Confederate Veterans, and the
+Spanish War Veterans gave a joint reception for the delegates at the
+Missouri Athletic Club which included a smoker and a vaudeville
+entertainment furnished by the War Camp Community Service.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+
+The second session of the caucus began at half past two o'clock Friday
+afternoon. Like its predecessor it started with a bang. Nominations
+were made for the third vice-chairman who was to be selected from the
+marine corps. The first nomination was a wounded man, at the time in
+the Walter Reed Hospital at Washington and who had won the
+Distinguished Service Cross at Ch�teau-Thierry. Then came the name of
+Sergeant Woolley of Utah, quickly followed by the name of P.C. Calhoun
+of Connecticut, put up by Mr. Black of Louisiana; the name of Major
+Leonard of the District of Columbia also was put in nomination and
+then the slate was closed.
+
+True to the spirit of the previous meeting the caucus was soon in an
+uproar of applause for each of the four candidates, three of whom were
+marched to the stage. Calhoun was elected, with the result that his
+ardent brother delegates from Connecticut treated him like a football
+hero by placing him on their shoulders and performing a snake dance.
+Marines are no more garrulous than sailor men, for Calhoun's speech of
+acceptance was just about as long as Humphrey's. While Calhoun was
+being bombed by flashlight cameras Mr. Smoot of Utah moved that a vote
+of thanks should be tendered to Colonel Roosevelt and other Legion
+members who had been active in the preliminary work which insured the
+success of the caucus and this was seconded by Major Wickersham of New
+York. One of the most rousing ayes of the entire caucus carried the
+motion.
+
+Cries of "speech" brought Colonel Roosevelt before the footlights. His
+remarks were just about as long as Humphrey's and Calhoun's. To be
+specific he said: "Gentlemen, it is going to be a short speech because
+I think we have got a lot of business to do. Thank you."
+
+Just about this time the committee reports began to come in, the first
+of which, that of the Credential Committee, brought the question of
+Bolshevism to the floor of the caucus. The report read as follows:
+
+"We recommend that all delegates to the American Legion selected and
+now functioning from the various States, districts, and territories,
+be seated and accredited with full vote, and that all organizations
+organized and having delegates here be allowed one vote with the
+exception of the Soldiers and Sailors Council, which delegation the
+Credential Committee recommends shall be excluded from the caucus."
+
+S.H. Curtin, the representative of the Soldiers and Sailors Council of
+Seattle, pending the action of the Credential Committee, had been
+accorded a vote at the previous session on all questions that came up
+before it. The fact that Colonel Wood, the Secretary, took this action
+was in line with the general spirit of fair play, which was the
+keynote of the caucus. The Credential Committee's report elicited
+shouts of approval. Chairman Lindsley after bringing the house to
+order again said:
+
+"I understand that the delegate from the Soldiers and Sailors Council
+is here and asks to be heard. Gentlemen, the members of the Committee,
+I assume, had full knowledge of facts which warranted that report, but
+there are men here who have not that knowledge. Shall we hear him?"
+
+This statement aroused mixed emotions but Mr. Curtin came to the
+platform. Word having spread through the theater that he represented
+the "real Bolshevik outfit" in Seattle, a great many of the delegates
+began to hoot, jeer, and make cat calls.
+
+"Give me a square deal, give me a hearing," Curtin shouted.
+
+"Give the man a hearing," echoed Colonel Roosevelt, who sat with the
+New York delegation. "Yes, give him a hearing." shouted the majority
+of the delegates and when the chair had procured order, Curtin made
+his plea.
+
+"I wish to say, by way of introduction, that though I come from the
+State of Washington, I am not a member of the Washington Delegation,"
+he said, "I say that out of deference to the members from that State
+for the reason that I wish to prejudice nobody here against the
+Washington Delegation. I am not an I.W.W. I never have been and I
+never intend to be I never have shown any Bolshevik tendency and I
+defy any man present to prove to the contrary. If you've got proof
+that Sherman H. Curtin ever was an I.W.W. or made a Bolshevik
+statement, say so?" He paused here but none answered him to the
+contrary
+
+"It is true that the organization which I represent has had in the
+past some I.W.W.'s, and it is true that there are some I.W.W.'s in it
+now," he continued; "but I am in that organization for the purpose of
+throwing those I.W.W.'s out. I got in there for the purpose of kicking
+them out and I want your help."
+
+Here he was interrupted by applause.
+
+"At the present time, we (when I say we, I mean the particular
+conservative element which I represent in that organization) have
+control of the Board and practically all except one office of the
+organization. We are doing everything in our power to make that a one
+hundred per cent. American organization, and one of the things that I
+came down here for was to see that the Legion had in its constitution
+as a preamble that we pledge ourselves to the principles of democracy
+as set forth in the constitution of the United States of America.
+
+"I, personally, was the man who rewrote the constitution of the
+Soldiers and Sailors Council. It was written wrong when I got in there
+so I changed it. I want you men to stand behind me and help me make
+this fight. My organization did not give me permission to come here
+and join this, just as I presume some of your organizations did not
+give you permission, for the reason that they did not know what this
+was going to be; but I can see from the spirit that this organization
+has, that so far, it is on the right path and I am with it and I want
+you with me.
+
+"I am already only and wholly for the purpose of doing what good we
+can for the elimination of I.W.W.'s and Bolsheviki. If you are
+against that, I am with you and if you are with me, I am with you.
+
+George Pratt of Louisiana rose.
+
+"With your permission," he said to the chairman, "I would like to ask
+the gentleman one question." "Sir," turning to Curtin, "is it or is it
+not true that you re-wrote the constitution now in effect for your
+organization, and is it not true that it is so worded that American
+Army and Naval officers or former army and navy and marine officers of
+the United States are not eligible? Is that true?"
+
+"I will answer that question and I will answer it in a fair way," Mr.
+Curtin replied.
+
+"Say yes or no. Is it true?" Mr. Pratt demanded.
+
+"Yes," shouted the crowd. "Say yes or no. Is it true?"
+
+Then pandemonium broke loose in the meeting. The cat calls and boos
+were renewed. "Put him out!" "Put him out!" "Shut him up!" the crowd
+demanded. And here I want to pause a moment to say that the enlisted
+men present gave a mighty concrete sign of the approval of their
+officers by this denunciation of the constitution of Curtin's outfit.
+
+"I am not here for the purpose of being persecuted," Mr. Curtin
+shouted. "I am not asking no or yes to anything. But I will say to the
+gentleman who questioned me that while it is true in letter it is not
+true in spirit."
+
+At this juncture Mr. Simon, of the Washington delegation, said that in
+all fairness to Sergeant Curtin he wanted to say that during the
+recent demonstration of Bolshevism in Seattle, Curtin commanded a
+machine gun company on the side of right and law and order.
+
+"I do not speak for his organization," Simon said, "but I speak for a
+clique in it, headed by Sergeant Curtin, who went into that
+organization to clean it up, to make it a fair and square one hundred
+per cent. American organization." The applause of Simon's remarks had
+scarcely died down when General Moss succeeded in gaining the floor.
+
+"I want to say to the members of this delegation," he said, "that I
+led the fight against the soldiers' and sailors' organization before
+the Credential Committee, and I want to say to you gentlemen that we
+didn't lead a fight personally against this man, but against his
+organization.' We know the outfit in our country and we do not want
+that organization in unless the Americans in it come in as
+individuals. I want to say that we are to be organized here on a basis
+of one hundred per cent, true Americanism.
+
+"I asked Curtin in the presence of the committee if he represented a
+minority or a majority in his outfit and he admitted that he
+represented the minority."
+
+"But we can lick a majority," Curtin shouted back. "I want Captain
+McDonald who had charge of the Intelligence Department at Camp Lewis
+to say a word on this subject. He knows the history of my organization
+and I would like to have him give it to you." But if Curtin counted on
+McDonald to help him he reckoned without his host.
+
+Captain McDonald rose and speaking with great deliberation said:
+
+"I have been an American soldier for thirty years. I was a regular
+telegraph officer at the time of the Bolshevik trouble. I established
+stations at Seattle and Camp Lewis and this man represents the real
+element that we are all working against. Personally he is all right
+but he is backing that organization because he wants to represent it.
+If he desires to be admitted into the Legion let him get loose from
+that outfit and come in by himself."
+
+Captain McDonald's statement was greeted with enthusiasm.
+
+"Are you ready for the question?" demanded the chairman.
+
+The caucus certainly was.
+
+"Those favoring the adoption of the credentials report vote aye," he
+cried.
+
+That aye could almost have been heard in Seattle itself.
+
+That aye answered the question of what the American soldier thinks of
+Bolshevism or anything tainted with it. That aye answered the lying
+statement that our troops abroad had been inoculated with the germ of
+the world's greatest mental madness.
+
+That aye marked the distinction between a grouch caused by a
+cootie-lined bunk and a desire to place a bomb under the Capitol at
+Washington.
+
+I have intimated that the chief aim of each delegate was to see that
+no one "put anything over" at this caucus. I think that the only other
+determination which might rival that in intensity was most apparent at
+the mention of anything that pertained to or bordered on Bolshevism.
+This incident of ousting Curtin's organization was not the only
+manifestation of it by any means, although it was perhaps the most
+striking on the floor of the caucus. But, outside the caucus, in the
+hotel lobbies, and in the various committee rooms, whenever the
+subject came up these soldier and sailor men, in almost every
+instance, got mad--damn mad.
+
+"The trouble with these people who talk Bolshevism is that they don't
+know anything about our country," I heard one of them say.
+
+Another quickly interrupted him with, "The big thing the Legion's got
+to teach is Americanism and let those crack-brained fools know just
+what this country stands for." While still another injected, "The
+average 'long-beard' has been so crazed by persecution in Russia that
+he would mistake Peacock Alley in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York for
+a Siberian coal mine."
+
+This last remark brought forth a laugh, and though it was whimsically
+made it illuminated the matter under discussion very well, I thought.
+In fact, the whole conversation made clear to me one of the
+fundamental missions the Legion must perform.
+
+The seeds of Americanism which Legion members sow to-day will be
+reaped, not only to-day but in the generations of to-morrow. The
+Soldiers and Sailors Council, Seattle, was thrown out and its
+representative knew why. But, if Jack Sullivan and his red, white, and
+blue colleagues in the State of Washington preach in the future what
+they did at this caucus, the children of those northwestern Bolsheviki
+will not only salute the Stars and Stripes, but will know _why_ they
+do so. They will know what their fathers don't--that the constitution
+means Americanism and that Americanism means "life, liberty, and
+pursuit of happiness."
+
+In most conventions the reports of committees are invariably adopted.
+There are many reasons for this, the particular one being the theory
+that when a set of men are placed on a task they will study the
+situation in all its angles, in all its ramifications, in all its
+different phases and that its report should therefore be adopted
+because of this expert thought and study on the matters under
+consideration. I say that most conventions do this. Once as a
+newspaper man, I attended an undertakers' convention. It always did
+so. And at another time I attended a manufacturers' gathering where
+this procedure was invariably followed out. But how about at St.
+Louis? Not on your life! The delegates of the American Legion were
+neither like undertakers nor manufacturers nor like any-other business
+men that I ever saw during ten years on a Metropolitan newspaper. The
+new American doesn't do business that way.
+
+Witness the report of the Committee on Name. This report read:
+"We, your Committee on Name, unanimously make the following
+recommendation--that the name of this organization be the American
+Legion of World War Veterans." The chairman had scarcely finished
+asking: "What is your pleasure gentlemen" when Major Wickersham got
+the floor and moved an amendment that the name be "The American
+Legion." This was seconded by Mr. Cochrane of Ohio and then came the
+argument about it.
+
+Mr. Shank of Ohio, thought that the American Legion did not convey a
+sufficient meaning to the average civilians. "The American Legion
+might be an organization of street cleaners, it doesn't signify
+soldiers. It isn't comprehensive enough," he said. Mr. Larry of
+Florida countered with, "Go ahead and call it American Legion, we will
+soon show them what it means."
+
+Mr. Walsh of Pennsylvania, suggested that the A.E.F. knew what it was
+doing when they called it the American Legion. "Let us honor them and
+respect them by calling it the American Legion," he urged. Colonel E.
+Lester Jones, of Washington, stated the name had been considered by
+the committee most carefully and--
+
+But why go into all the arguments. The motion to call it the American
+Legion was carried amid cheering and as such the name will go down
+into the history of things well done for America.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+
+We have arrived at what is the most significant event of this session
+of the caucus, if not of the entire gathering. The caucus has already
+shown its spirit in ousting the Soldiers and Sailors Council because,
+in its opinion, it could not measure up to one hundred per cent.
+Americanism, and now we shall see what the same simon-pure brand of
+red, white, and blueism is demanded of the second largest city in the
+United States.
+
+It came about in the most dry, matter-of-fact way. Let the minutes of
+the meeting form the introduction for it.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Next is the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting
+Place and Time."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (reading): "From the Committee on Next Meeting Place
+and Time, to the Chairman of the American Legion; action of the
+Committee.
+
+"Meeting called to order at 10:30 A.M. this day at the Shubert
+Jefferson Theater.
+
+"Charles S. Caldwell, of New Mexico, unanimously elected chairman.
+
+"Frank M. Ladd, Jr., of Alabama, Secretary.
+
+"The majority of the States being represented as per attached list
+voted unanimously for Chicago as next meeting place. Date being set as
+November 10, 11, and 12, 1919.
+
+  "Respectfully submitted,
+  "CHARLES S. CALDWELL, _Chairman_,
+  "FRANK M. LADD, JR., _Secretary_."
+
+MR. SEXTON (of Illinois): "When you consider your place for your next
+convention tell Chicago what you want, and in response to that Chicago
+will answer you. 'We will give you whatever you want.'"
+
+Then the excitement started. Mr. Dietrick of Pennsylvania moved to
+amend the report of the committee. "By striking out the word Chicago
+and substituting therefore the city from the State which furnished
+more soldiers than another state--the city of Pittsburgh."
+
+This elicited great applause--especially from the Pennsylvania
+delegation. Mr. Stems of Louisiana got the floor--
+
+"I want to tell you what took place in that committee," he said. "The
+committee selected a place to the best interest of this organization
+and not to the best interest of any one specific locality, and the
+question was argued in a very quiet, organized, gentlemanly manner. A
+number of the delegates put up towns that did not get enough support
+to get the meeting, so they withdrew their names. It was all to the
+interest of the organization so it was unanimously adopted by that
+committee, without any dissenting vote, that Chicago be unanimously
+adopted as the place for the next convention for the best of all
+interests concerned. I am from New Orleans, Louisiana, which is a
+convention city and I will not offer my city to you as a convention
+city at this time because I do not think it is to the best interest of
+your country."
+
+[Illustration: Bennett C. Clark
+  Who presided at the Paris Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Eric Fisher Wood Secretary]
+
+When Mr. Stem took his seat at least a dozen delegates clamored for
+recognition from the chair. Colonel J.F.J. Herbert succeeded in
+getting it. It was he who then fired the gun which, if not heard
+around the world at least made Chicago's ear drums rattle.
+
+"Mr. Chairman," he began--
+
+Colonel Lindsley rapped for order.
+
+A man near me whispered, "There's Herbert of Massachusetts. I think
+Boston is too far east for this convention, at least for the first
+one."
+
+Colonel Lindsley got order, and you could have heard a pin drop,
+while the following statement was made by the Massachusetts leader:
+
+"As the spokesman for my delegation on this question of next meeting
+place I want to say that if no other body and if no other party of
+this caucus wants or believes it is its duty to rebuke any city or the
+representative of any city for Un-Americanism during the time when the
+soldiers of that city were offering their lives in defense of the
+world, then Massachusetts stands ready to offer that rebuke.
+Massachusetts will not agree willingly to having a convention of
+soldiers and sailors in the Great War, go to a city that has as its
+first citizen, by vote, one who can not measure up in any small part
+when the test is one hundred per cent. Americanism."
+
+When Colonel Herbert reached this point one delegate with a big voice
+from a big State (Texas) let out a loud yell of approval. This was the
+signal for blast after blast of vocal vociferousness which fairly
+raised the roof. Men stood on their seats, and cheered. "You're dead
+right" and "Get a new mayor, Chicago," while others began to point at
+placards advertising Chicago which had been placed on the walls of the
+theater by members of the Illinois delegation. Colonel Herbert stood
+for fully five minutes before order was sufficiently restored for him
+to proceed.
+
+"The hall has been placarded with invitations, reading, 'The American
+Legion, Chicago wants you in November,'" he said. "I believe that this
+convention, this convention of soldiers and sailors should say,
+'Chicago, you cannot have American soldiers in Chicago when there is a
+possibility that the chief representative of that city may not believe
+it is his duty to come before the Convention and welcome it.' If these
+placards read, 'American Legion, Chicago _soldiers_ want you in
+November,' our answer might be different. The answer of Massachusetts
+would be different but when your placard reads, 'Chicago wants you in
+November' the answer of Massachusetts is, 'Chicago cannot have us in
+November'--or any other time until Chicago has an American for Mayor
+in an American city.
+
+"The literature circulated through the caucus reads, 'Chicago pledges
+itself to go any other city one better on anything this convention
+requires.' This convention first requires that Chicago shall reach a
+standard different from the standard of being the most despised city
+in America, and when it has reached that standard, it is then in a
+position to say whether it can go one better. It has not yet reached
+par. Until Chicago reaches par, Massachusetts votes no!"
+
+A large poster reading "Chicago bids you Welcome," had been placed
+over the seats directly in the center of the stage; Captain Osborne
+pulled it down. This was the signal for similar action all over the
+house. Chicago banners, dropped from the boxes, were hurled to the
+floor. Other banners which had been on the theater walls just out of
+reach were torn down by men who climbed on the shoulders of their
+fellow delegates in order to reach them. Only during the ovation given
+Colonel Roosevelt, did the cheering reach such intensity.
+
+These men were cheering for Americanism. They wanted one hundred per
+cent. Americanism, untainted and unvarnished by a hyphen or an "ism,"
+especially when the word pacific precedes the latter. Everyone felt
+sorry for the Illinois delegation, for it was realized that Colonel
+Herbert's remarks were intended solely to reflect upon the person he
+specially mentioned and not upon the thousands of soldiers and sailors
+who went from Illinois and Chicago and did more than their part in
+writing glorious history.
+
+Just how this was impressed upon the men from Illinois let the minutes
+show. The chairman recognized "the gentleman from Chicago."
+
+MR. CUMMINGS (of Chicago): "Gentlemen, I don't believe there is a
+single delegate to this caucus who would be so unfair as to impugn the
+patriotism of 650,000 men who rallied to the colors of this country
+by saying: 'Because Chicago had a mayor of which they are all ashamed
+that they are not patriotic.' Had the men who were serving the colors
+in France been in Chicago, they would have had no apology to offer for
+their mayor. (Applause.) He was elected in a three-cornered fight
+where he did not receive a majority vote in Chicago, but had the
+opposition to him been solidified he would have been snowed under, for
+Chicago is patriotic. I consider that an insult has been handed to
+every man in Illinois who rallied to the colors.
+
+"The Tank Corps of which I am a member, and an enlisted man
+originally, gave from Chicago 11,250 enlisted men, volunteers in the
+most hazardous branch of the service. They gave 11,250 men as against
+11,000 which the rest of the country contributed. If that doesn't
+bespeak patriotism for Chicago, I don't know how you are going to
+gauge it. I am saying that in the invitation which was extended to you
+we are speaking for the boys of khaki and blue who rallied to the
+colors from Illinois, and who are here to-day, extending the
+invitation to you notwithstanding the fact that we are cursed by a
+mayor who is not our choice. We would throw him out if we had the
+chance, but we are extending the invitation to you on behalf of
+750,000 men from Illinois and we do not feel that you are going to
+impugn their patriotism, that you are going to insult them by saying
+they are members of an unpatriotic community."
+
+MR. HAWKINS (of Oklahoma): "The great State of Illinois stands
+unchallenged in the patriotism of its soldiers throughout the world. I
+am only sorry that you didn't leave enough patriots at home to elect a
+patriotic mayor of that great city. You are in the embarrassing
+position of having a man who has repudiated the things we went out to
+die for. Either you have got to repudiate us or repudiate him."
+
+"We'll repudiate him next time when the boys get home," shouted
+several of the Illinois crowd.
+
+Then other speakers tried to make it plain that the Legion's attack
+was solely against the municipal head of Chicago, but some of the men
+of Illinois let the incident rankle. How it came out (and it was ended
+happily) will develop. Meantime the attention of the caucus was
+diverted from the Chicago incident by the manifestation of that desire
+which is in every true American's heart, namely to be a booster for
+his own home town. In less time than it takes to tell it, Los Angeles,
+Minneapolis, Atlantic City, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis,
+Kansas City, and Chicago were being voted upon. While the delegates
+were voting, a small body of soldiers and sailors were gathered
+together in a wing of the theater, seriously discussing the incident
+which was developed by Colonel Herbert's speech. They desired that it
+should be made more plain to everyone just what Colonel Herbert meant
+and that the millions of patriotic simon-pure Americans who live in
+Illinois should not take undue umbrage of the incident. Therefore
+while the vote on the convention city was being counted, Colonel Luke
+Lea was recognized by the chairman and asked unanimous consent to
+present for consideration the following resolution:
+
+"RESOLVED, That the action of the caucus of the American Legion in
+refusing to accept the invitation to hold its next convention in
+Chicago is no reflection upon the splendid patriotism of the men and
+women of that great city, who have loyally proved their Americanism by
+supporting our Army and Navy and all war activities.
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That this caucus records its admiration of
+the valor and heroism of the thousands and thousands of Chicago's sons
+whose pure patriotism has been proven on the battlefields of France."
+
+"I would like to say something in support of the motion," Colonel Lea
+said. "It is very proper for me to offer it for I had the privilege of
+serving for three months with the great Thirty-third Division of
+Illinois and I know what wonderful soldiers they are."
+
+The resolution was adopted by unanimous vote.
+
+No booster ever had a better time than had those who attended the St.
+Louis Caucus. Local pride assumed its highest pitch during the vote,
+and at length Minneapolis won it. The date was set for November
+10-11-12th.
+
+Just before adjournment Colonel Herbert arose to a question of
+personal privilege.
+
+"I would like, if possible," he said, "to have the attention for a few
+minutes of every man that is in this theater. Intentionally or
+otherwise, and I think it was otherwise, the soldiers of Illinois have
+felt that I was not just to them in the remarks that I made bearing on
+the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting Place. I meant to say,
+and I believe now that I did say, that if those banners that were hung
+in this theater had read, 'American Legion, Chicago's _soldiers_
+invite you next November.' Massachusetts' answer would have been
+'Yes.' I believe I said that. The men of Illinois believe I did not
+say it. The men of Illinois believe that when I sat down after making
+the few remarks I did, that I had a sardonic smile on my lips and they
+say that I have insulted them to the heart and I say to them: 'If
+there is anything that I can say, anything that I can do, as soldier
+to soldier to remove from your mind, or from the minds of any man who
+may have been in this theater, any belief that there was any feeling
+except of highest admiration, the highest respect, and the deepest
+affection on the part of the soldiers of Massachusetts for the
+soldiers of Illinois, then I want to correct that impression, because
+I want you, the soldiers of Illinois, to know that we recognize in
+Massachusetts that no better soldiers wore the khaki, no better
+sailors wore the blue, than the men of Illinois. My remarks were, as I
+stated, for the purpose of saying Massachusetts would, if no other
+State would, take such action to rebuke the city of Chicago; would say
+to Chicago that if it would have the right to invite Americans to meet
+in that city, first Americanize the City Hall. That was my chief
+purpose of rising to my feet. If Chicago's soldiers, if Illinois'
+soldiers still think that I have not made reparation for what they
+believe was the intention of my remarks, then I say to them that no
+higher respect, no deeper affection exists for them than in the hearts
+of the men of Massachusetts."
+
+
+Colonel Herbert's assault upon Chicago's mayor in itself is only half
+significant. It is only wholly so when its reception is considered.
+Colonel Herbert will have none of Chicago until it has purged itself
+of its municipal leader. He remembered, perhaps, the assertion that it
+is "the sixth largest German city in the world." He might have said as
+much in a newspaper interview as he said on the floor of the caucus
+had he been asked about the Illinois city as a meeting place for
+soldiers, and, perhaps, the editor would have given to it a half
+column of space; in the larger dailies, less. But when men of the
+army, navy, and marine corps, from every battlefield in France, from
+every State in the union, voice their approval so thunderously; when
+they stand on their seats and cheer; when they so positively overrule
+the recommendation of committeemen who have studiously considered the
+matter, presumably from all angles, it means much. No wonder
+Metropolitan dailies devoted columns to it.
+
+Those of you who have become low-spirited over your own particular
+view of the future; those of you who have talked about "the good old
+days"; or, the Spirit of '76, take heart. Take counsel of the Spirit
+of '19, based on the deeds of '17 and '18, on the mistakes of '14,
+'15, and '16. '19 is all right!
+
+Read the constitution of the American Legion to-night just before
+you go to bed. Think of this second day's session when the
+Bolsheviki-tainted organization was thrown out, when the second
+largest city in America was told to "clean house" and redecorate in
+red, white, and blue. Then go to bed and know that all's right with
+the United States.
+
+
+A large number of the delegates attended, on the second evening, a
+dance and supper at Sunset Inn given in honor of the Legion by the
+ladies of St. Louis. For most though, there was work in plenty to do.
+Some of the committees hadn't yet reported and there was an all
+important meeting of the executive committee in the Statler Hotel.
+
+I said _all important_ by design. The caucus had taken up a great deal
+of time with the proceedings already recounted and it was the purpose
+of the executive committee on adjournment-eve to get down to brass
+tacks. It certainly did that. It was agreed to recommend to the caucus
+that the Legion should attempt to help get returning soldiers and
+sailors positions and that a legal department should be established
+which would aid men to get back pay and allotments, while still
+another department would look after their insurance and instruct them
+how to change it to policies of a permanent character. Needless to say
+these conclusions were not arrived at without a great deal of helpful
+discussion.
+
+Then too this executive meeting was all important because it let
+several persons who claimed to be dissatisfied, air their grievances,
+thereby clearing the atmosphere of considerable cloudiness. For the
+most part these malcontents didn't seem at first to distinguish
+between the caucus and the November convention. They didn't seem to
+catch at first hand the spirit of the A.E.F. caucus which positively
+refused to take action on large questions of policy until the Home
+Army could be consulted. The principal leaders of the caucus in St.
+Louis determined upon the same course, as has been previously
+explained, and rightly so. One thing one element wanted to do was to
+elect permanent officers. "How could you do that when more than a
+million men entitled to a vote are still in France?" they were asked.
+They couldn't answer. Another element wanted to go on record against
+universal military training while still others were for endorsing it.
+Someone else wanted this city to be chosen as permanent headquarters
+while another wanted some other town selected. There was some
+grumbling to the effect that the caucus had been too "rowdy." Then,
+too, everybody was more or less tired out and a darker view of things
+was natural.
+
+The silver lining was there, however, as it always is. This time it
+took the rotund form of a preacher from Alabama. Inzer was his name
+and his folks and Colonel Roosevelt's away back five or six
+generations ago in Georgia had been the same people, so let's
+introduce him as Colonel Roosevelt's cousin. Chaplain Inzer had been
+ready to embark at Newport News with his regiment when the Bolsheviki
+menace grew quite serious in the Pacific northwest and he was ordered
+to proceed to Seattle and was there during all the stirring times
+which culminated in making Ole Hanson famous.
+
+It might truthfully be said that the "silver lining" quite properly
+had a silver tongue. When he had spoken just about a hundred words
+even the grouches were holding onto their chairs if they weren't using
+their hands for purposes of applause. And many a man, who thought he'd
+talked his voice silent dug deep down in his vocal chords and brought
+forth something that could easily be labeled a cheer! This preacher
+told everybody who might have the slightest idea of making trouble
+just where to get off. But I am not going to try to remember his
+speech and perhaps improperly quote the chaplain. The speech was so
+good that they made him do it again at the very opening of the caucus
+the next morning, so I'm going to lead off with it in my story of the
+proceedings of the last day, just as the stenographers recorded it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE SILVER LINING
+
+
+Soon after the caucus opened on Saturday morning, May 10, the minutes
+read as follows:
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, before we have the report of the Resolutions
+Committee, I want to say to those who were not of the Executive
+Committee and in its meeting last night, that there seemed to me to be
+there a more splendid crystallization of the real purpose of this
+caucus and a foresight into what it is going to mean, not only to
+these four millions of men but to the people of the United States for
+the next half century, than I have ever heard, and at the request of a
+number of those who were there at that meeting, I am going to ask one
+of them to interpret to you in just a few minutes, as well as he can,
+and he did it wonderfully well last night, the spirit that we believed
+in that meeting is your spirit here to-day and the spirit that is
+going out from this caucus as a slogan to all American citizens and
+through them to the world, indicating the purposes for which we
+fought, and more than that, the purposes for which American manhood
+stands and for which it will fight again, if necessary, the heritage
+we will hand down to our children, and I will ask this gentleman to
+present that thought to you."
+
+CHAPLAIN W. INZER (of Alabama): "Gentlemen, I appreciate this
+opportunity more than I have words to say, and if you will only be as
+sympathetic with me for these minutes as that Executive Committee was
+last night, I will do my best to interpret the spirit and the mind of
+this convention as I see it and as I saw it last night. I never had a
+more sympathetic audience, it seemed to me, or a more psychological
+moment in which to speak than that was last night and I appreciate the
+spirit of the brethren who asked me to come out and make this talk
+this morning and I am going to try my best to interpret it as I saw it
+last night.
+
+"There has been an undercurrent all through this Convention. Somebody
+has been afraid that we are going to do something or pop some lid off
+that will bust the thing and I have been, as I said last night,
+sometimes scared almost to death. I think I could personally say that
+I wanted to make about seventy-four speeches in the two days that I
+have been here. I didn't do it but I was waiting and praying for the
+psychological hour to arrive and I believe that that hour came last
+night when this Executive Committee really got together and got
+something concrete before them, and I think that the whole Convention
+comes together this morning ready to take up matters of importance and
+leave off matters that should not be taken up, and to solidify this
+body in a great spirit of Americanism that shall last for fifty years
+as the greatest organization that the world has ever known."
+(Applause.) "Now the keyword that I want to say in the beginning is,
+at all costs we want to save this organization. We do not want
+anything to arise to-day that will in any way mar the spirit of this
+great assembly and the work that it is going to do in the future.
+While you were deliberating here these past two days some of you
+thought only of this hour and this moment, but, gentlemen, I had an
+eye cast into the future and I was dreaming dreams and seeing visions
+of the years that are to come and the wonderful work, the wonderful
+influence, and the mighty power that this organization is going to
+have and exert upon this nation and upon the whole world, and I want
+you to think of it in these terms. This convention is a baby and we
+must not choke this baby. You can't give a young baby a gallon of
+castor oil the first week. It only requires castoria, that is all the
+first week. It can stand with a little mother's milk, and I want you
+to feel that way about it to-day." (Laughter and Applause.)
+
+"Our first duty is beyond the shadow of a doubt to get this infant on
+its legs, and once we get it on its legs, it will be like the mighty
+Niagara Falls, there isn't anything in the world can dam it up. It
+will be a power that shall be known, and with influence all over
+America and for good all over the world. Let's be quiet and let's be
+sensible to-day until we get this infant on his legs. He's just a
+recruit, a raw recruit, and he has to be trained and we are going to
+do that now.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to say just here, if you can only think about this
+Legion--the chairman spoke of it last night to me--as the jewel of the
+ages. I believe that is the best interpretation I know. I cannot say
+anything greater than this: I believe God raised up America for this
+great hour; I can say that the strong young man of the time is to be
+the American Legion in this country and in the world.
+
+"What the great seers of the past ages have dreamed and what they have
+planned and longed for, the opportunity that they sought, have
+suddenly been placed and in our hands. Are we going to be great men
+and big men? Will we arise to the dignity and be worthy of the
+occasion?
+
+"I believe that we will. Oh, men, if I might make it plain to you
+that it seems to me I stand on the very rim of creation and I am
+speaking there to an angel who has never yet been able to see light. I
+said: 'Angel, what are you doing here?' and he said: 'I was placed
+here when God created this world'; and he said: 'God sent me to look
+down upon this world and report to him at one special time, and that
+one time only,' and I said: 'What was to be the nature of that
+report?' He said: 'God made man in His own image and God Himself is a
+being of knowledge, love, truth, democracy, and peace,' and He said to
+that angel, 'Don't you ever leave that world until you see dawn, until
+you see that man has come up to the place where he will begin to
+measure up to what I expected of him,' and that angel said to me, 'I
+have sat here through all the ages and I have seen times when I
+thought that the sunlight of God's great knowledge and love and truth
+was going to come over the hills and then some being like the Kaiser
+or Alexander or Napoleon or some one that was of a Bolsheviki type
+would rise up and retard it and the sun could never rise,' but he
+said: 'Thank God on April 6, 1917, I reported back to God when America
+entered this war that I had seen the dawn.' (Applause.)
+
+"As little as you dream, maybe when you came here and as little as you
+thought about it in the commitment of time, I believe to-day that we
+stand on the dawn of the realization of the republic of man which is
+nothing short of the Kingdom of God on earth when men shall be men."
+(Applause.)
+
+"So the first thing we are to do to-day is to get a great spirit, men,
+a great spirit that we can carry back. All the other questions will be
+ironed out in due time. Everything will be straightened out when we
+realize that five million men are going to be organized with the same
+spirit of love and loyalty and devotion and sacrifice and democracy
+that characterized their lives on the battlefield. They will never
+rest until they make this whole world bloom in love, democracy, peace
+and prosperity and equality and brotherhood for all mankind. That is
+what we are going to do and that is what this assembly means to-day.
+It is the world's great opportunity and your privilege to share with
+it.
+
+"Now, then, I want to say that the soldier spirit is going to be my
+spirit and I believe it is going to be your spirit. When Wilson and
+the other men called us to the war, I was glad and ready immediately
+to offer my life because of the great principle. I said to those men
+last night in that Executive Committee and I mean it to-day, I'd
+gladly lay down my life to-day if laying down my life meant that this
+Legion should live and fulfill my dreams of its service to the
+country for these next fifty years. (Applause.) So do you think I want
+anything to come up here that would disrupt this body? Never! Do you
+think I want to make a fiery speech about something because it is my
+personal conviction? No, I have a hundred personal convictions that I
+would like to see operating in the United States and this convention,
+but it isn't the time and I am not going to bring them up here. I
+don't want to say anything that will keep all of us from pulling
+together like a military army for the great things that this
+convention in the future is going to stand for. So my final word is
+this: That this day, we get right down to business and that we omit
+everything that we can omit pertaining to the permanent policy of this
+organization that we cannot all immediately agree upon.
+
+"If there is going to be anything discussed here to-day that everybody
+in this convention won't immediately agree upon and would hinder us
+from sending out to the nation word that we stand together and that we
+are going to pull together, that we caught a mighty vision and that we
+have gained the great spirit, then, brethren, let's carry that thing
+over until November when all the boys come home and then we will
+discuss it there. There are many things to-day that we can discuss
+that are important and fundamental and that are urgently needed in
+our nation this hour. Let's take those things up and get down to
+business on it to-day. Every Executive Member from each State pledged
+the chairman last night that he was going to act as a sergeant-at-arms
+in his delegation and hold the convention in order to-day. We are
+going to do the right thing and we won't be 'busted' by anything or by
+anybody, and when anything comes up that isn't the right thing for us
+to do to make a great impression on America, and the world, we will
+say hold that thing over until the baby is strong enough to do it
+right.
+
+"I beg you to do those things. Somebody said: 'What are the things we
+can do to-day?' We mentioned them last night.
+
+"Jack Sullivan has problems out there that we must meet this very day.
+One of those is this Bolsheviki business. We are going to pass
+resolutions this very day, I believe, asking the United States in
+Congress to pass a bill for immediate action of deporting every one of
+those Bolsheviki or I.W.W.'s out yonder." (Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"Gentlemen, I know what I am talking about. You don't know how badly I
+do hate some of those guys. If it hadn't been for them I would have
+gotten on the boat in Newport News in 1918 for France, but because of
+those rotten scamps I was sent to Seattle, Washington, and had to
+stay there for seven months guarding the interest of the shipbuilding
+in the Western States.
+
+"I was naturalization officer for our regiment and that division out
+there and I have had those scamps stand up and say: 'Yes, I have been
+here fourteen years and have lived on the fat of the land, but we
+don't want to fight,' and they would deny citizenship papers or cancel
+their first papers.
+
+"Now that the war is over, they are in lucrative positions and our
+boys haven't got jobs; we've got to say, send those scamps to hell."
+(Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"We can all see this very moment that there is no division on that
+question. We stand together. Somebody said: 'Why, we have been here
+two days and haven't done anything but elect officers and decide on a
+place to meet. But let me tell you, Buddy, while we have been doing
+those things, we have let the world know where we stand for
+Americanism. (Applause.) And we couldn't have done a bigger thing than
+create the impression we did relative to Mayor Thompson of Chicago and
+the I.W.W.'s of Seattle. (Applause.) We can do that. We are agreed on
+that. The baby can do that without any trouble at all and we are not
+going to choke him when we start that kind of thing.
+
+"The other question that we might decide here to-day is what we are
+going to do about jobs for our returned soldiers. In my city we have
+already said: 'Look here, man, you'd better post every job that is
+open and post it in the place where we get employment for returned
+soldiers. And they have gotten down to that. We want to talk about
+that to-day and get down to business--the business of getting jobs for
+our men, and then we want to care for those who come back without
+money. We want to help them get their allotment and get their $60
+bonus, and we want to care for the wounded.
+
+"But these other things--excuse me, I can't help but say brethren,
+because I am a preacher, but you are my brethren, I thank God you are
+and I love you like I love the brethren of my church. There is some
+fellow here who might want to spring something because he knows it
+would be a lot of fun. Oh, brethren, let's not have any fun with the
+baby to-day. (Laughter and Applause.) We have all we can do to-day. We
+have all we can do if we do those things that we are all united upon
+and agreed upon. Those things which may have what they call a nigger
+in the woodpile, when they come up, let's say that is something we are
+going to talk about later when the boys get home in November, when
+everybody is settled down and we have thought it through and talked
+about it in our State organizations and we will come up with
+solidified ideas and the great spirit will have gripped us and we will
+know where we stand and will know our power and strength.
+
+"Brethren, I say let's cut out every last bit of hoodlumism to-day. It
+is the zero hour. Let's stand together. If we don't carry anything
+else home, let's go home and say we are for America, that we caught
+the spirit and the vision and you can't stop us with anything in the
+world. I thank you." (Audience rises and applauds.)
+
+
+That speech has been given in full not only for the reasons which have
+been stated before but because it is archtypical of the deep-seated,
+serious, and high-minded soul of the New American, born of the war.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, it seems that Illinois caught the spirit of the speaker
+who has just seated himself, in advance."
+
+Before the applause over Inzer's speech had ended and before we
+realized it, Mr. Cummings of Illinois had the floor. He said that the
+Illinois delegation had been ungracious in accepting Colonel Herbert's
+explanation of his remarks the previous day.
+
+"We wish to withdraw that implication," Mr. Cummings said. "We wish to
+state to you as a solid Illinois delegation that we give full faith
+and credit to the high, patriotic motive which prompted this gentleman
+in making the speech to you which he did and in bringing before this
+organization the question which he did. We feel on cooler deliberation
+and upon giving the matter the thought which its importance demanded,
+that he is helping us and that he has placed the American Legion in a
+position to help us to move in a body politic, to overcome certain
+things in the State of Illinois and blot out pro-Germanism.
+
+[Illustration: Gaspar Bacon Treasurer]
+
+
+Three State Chairmen
+
+[Illustration: John F.J. Herbert Massachusetts
+  _Photo by Gray, Worcester, Mass_.]
+
+[Illustration: Henry G. Mathewson California]
+
+[Illustration: Cornelius W. Wickersham New York]
+
+"I say that the American Legion is bigger than any man; it is bigger
+than any State; it is bigger than any combination of States; it is the
+unified action of the millions of men who were willing to sacrifice
+their lives, their fortunes, their all on the altar of this country
+for the cause of democracy, to make the world safe for democracy, and
+they are going to help us make Illinois come to the front and clean
+its skirts of the stigma which is attached. We know that you are going
+to help us in it, and with the support of the American Legion, nothing
+will stop us from cleaning our skirts, from washing our dirty linen at
+home. When the next convention of the American Legion is held, as soon
+as we have had an opportunity or the boys in khaki and blue have had
+an opportunity to give an honest expression of views on the question
+of Burgomaster Thompson, we will come through with clean skirts, we
+will stand before you without a question as to the patriotism of the
+great City of Chicago and the State of Illinois. We are for the
+American Legion first, last, and all the time, and I will pledge
+Illinois' seven hundred thousand soldiers who have gone to the front
+for the colors in this organization to a man."
+
+"... and clean its skirts of the stigma which is attached and we know
+you are going to help us in it, for we will have the support of the
+American Legion and with that support when the boys from over there
+get back, nothing will stop us from cleaning our skirts...."
+
+Attention is drawn specifically to that sentence, because it affords
+an excellent opportunity to explain the difference between politics
+and policies. The Legion has policies but it is not political. One
+prime policy is the demand for one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+Whoever or whatever cannot read that mark, be it Chicago's mayor or
+the Seattle Soldier's Council, the Legion's caution is "measure up."
+The Legion, _as the Legion_ will not go into municipal politics in
+Chicago but the members of the various posts in that city like all
+other Legion members stand for one hundred per cent, simon-pure
+patriotism and regardless of party, he who does not "measure up" had
+best beware. The Legion, as the Legion, never will endorse a political
+party or a party's candidate for office. But it will have platforms,
+it will have tenets, it will have principles. These platforms, tenets,
+and principles will be seen, felt, heard, and heeded by the voters of
+the United States. Furthermore, these platforms, tenets, and
+principles will be supported regardless of political party, political
+affiliations, or partisan sponsorship.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+
+The first of the committee reports of the morning was that of the
+Publication Committee. This report is perhaps not so interesting a
+document now as it may be in later years, when, with a circulation of
+millions weekly, the official organ will be a tremendous power for
+Americanism throughout the country, spreading in every home, in every
+vale and hamlet the same dragnet of Americanism as the draft law did,
+having in its tentacles the same power for culture, breadth of
+experience, and abolition of sectionalism.
+
+In view of this, the report possesses tremendous potentialities. Here
+it is:
+
+"The Committee on Publication recommends that this caucus of the
+American Legion inaugurate a national publication which shall be the
+Legion's exponent of Americanism; that this, the sole and only
+publication of the American Legion, be owned and directed by the
+Legion for and in the interest of all Americans; that the Publication
+Committee be continued that it may proceed as organized with the
+details of founding this publication, with the advice and under the
+control of the Executive Committee of the American Legion which shall
+add such specially qualified members to the Publication Committee as
+it may see fit; that this publication shall be a National,
+nonpartisan, non-sectional organ for the service of the American
+people, a champion of Americanism which means independence, security,
+health, education, greater contentment, and progress for every
+patriot, to be the torch, the beacon light thrown into our hands by
+the Americans who fell, and held as a unique and living monument to
+that other legion which did not come back.
+
+  "(Signed) G.P. PUTNAM, _Chairman._
+  "CHARLES D. KELLEY, _Secretary_."
+
+As an aside it may be interesting to say that there were at least half
+a dozen publishers, some with veteran journals already started, in St.
+Louis with the most alluring offers. Each wanted to have his
+publication designated as the official organ. Several other
+propositions were made, one syndicate offering to publish the
+magazine, bear the entire expense, give the Legion fifty per cent. of
+the stock, and allow it to control the editorial policy. All the
+syndicate wanted was the official endorsement. From other quarters
+came the word that a million dollars would be forthcoming, if such a
+large amount was necessary, in order to start the publication, but
+those who would furnish it wanted some return, naturally. However the
+Publication Committee felt, as set forth in the resolutions, that the
+magazine must be entirely owned and solely controlled by the Legion.
+If it was worth a million dollars to anybody else, it certainly was
+worth conserving in every possible way for the Legion.
+
+Again I am going to let the minutes take up the story. Some of the
+details which they give in the next few pages are illustrative of the
+interest and care which the caucus took when it came to important
+matters.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The Committee on Resolutions begs to submit the
+following report:
+
+"'GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND CREED--Recognizing the supreme obligation of
+the citizens to maintain our national honor and integrity, and being
+resolved that the fruits of the Great War shall not die, we who
+participated in the war in order that the principles of justice,
+freedom, and democracy may more completely direct and influence the
+daily lives of America's manhood, do announce our adherence to the
+following principles and purposes:
+
+"'(a) To inculcate the duties and obligations of citizenship.
+
+"'(b) To preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+this war.
+
+"'(c) To cement the ties of comradeship formed in service.
+
+"'(d) To promote, assist, and protect the general welfare of all
+soldiers, sailors, and marines and those dependent upon them.
+
+"'(e) To encourage the maintenance of individual and national
+efficiency to the end that the nation shall never fail in its
+obligations.
+
+"'(f) To maintain the principle that undivided and uncompromising
+support of the constitution of the United States is the true test of
+loyalty.'" (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Do you desire to pass on that as read, gentlemen, or by
+paragraphs?"
+
+MR. JOHNSON (Rhode Island): "I move it be adopted as a whole."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York.
+
+COL. HERBERT (Mass.): "I would like to ask for information: if there
+aren't more eligible to membership in the American Legion than are
+cited--soldiers, sailors, and marines?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The committee understands that covers everything. The
+direct eligibility comes up later."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "But before we adopt this we must know who are eligible
+so it may be inserted there. As I read the qualifications for
+membership the members of the enlisted nurse corps are eligible to
+membership in the American Legion. If they are eligible they must be
+included there. If there are any others they must be included."
+
+MR. FISH (of New York): "I make a motion to the effect that this
+report be laid on the table until the constitution has been adopted.
+There are points in this resolution that conflict with the preamble
+and by-laws of the constitution. I move you, Mr. Chairman, that the
+first paragraph of the resolution as read be laid on the table until
+after the constitution is adopted. I will amend my motion to that
+effect."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "I want to hear that reread."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "What I have read, and what I am about to read again,
+is the first paragraph of the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+There are many other paragraphs. The second one, for instance, is an
+endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan. If you lay the whole report
+on the table we have to wait until later to consider resolutions as a
+whole. The first paragraph is as follows:"
+
+Secretary read first paragraph.
+
+MR. MILLIGAN: "I wish to make a further amendment that the entire
+report be laid on the table until after the constitution has been
+adopted. I don't believe it is the sense of this meeting to hear the
+report of this committee in fragments."
+
+COLONEL LEA (of Tenn.): "If this report, or any part of it, is laid on
+the table it means final disposition of it under the rules of the
+House of Representatives. I don't think we want to do that until the
+report is read. As a substitute for the pending motion and amendment,
+I move that further reading and action of the report be suspended
+until after the report of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The Secretary will now proceed to read the
+resolutions."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.
+
+"'WHEREAS, The Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war, and to
+reestablish the country upon a peace basis, therefore be it
+
+"'RESOLVED that this caucus emphatically endorse the Victory Liberty
+Loan, and urges all Americans to promote the success of the loan in
+every manner possible.'"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "What is your pleasure with regard to that resolution?"
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move the adoption of the resolution."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Wickersham of New York and carried.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Conscientious Objectors.
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States in accordance with the act of Congress of
+May 18, 1917, and who were tried by general court-martial, sentenced
+to prison and later fully pardoned, restored to duty and honorably
+discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them, and as
+condemning further the I.W.W.'s, international socialists, and
+anarchists in their effort to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and be it
+further
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus requests a full and complete
+investigation by Congress of the trial and conviction of these parties
+and of their subsequent pardon." (Applause.)
+
+COLONEL HERBERT (of Mass.): "I move you, sir, that this convention
+substitute the word 'demand' instead of 'request' where it says 'We
+request Congress.' We are a body large enough and representative
+enough and powerful enough to tell Congress what we want (applause),
+not to ask it, and I move the substitution of the word 'demand'
+instead of 'request.'"
+
+Seconded by Luke Lea of Tennessee.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The motion is now for the adoption of the resolution as
+read, substituting the word 'demand' for 'request.'"
+
+ALBERT H. WILSON (of Idaho): "Gentlemen of this convention, before
+this is put to the body of this house, I want to offer a resolution
+that the man who convicted these men at Camp Funston be permitted to
+give the facts of those convictions and the facts of those discharges
+to the body of this house. I refer, gentlemen, to Major Foster, of
+Camp Funston, of the General Staff at Camp Funston, and I offer a
+resolution to that effect. Will you hear him?"
+
+Assent from the audience.
+
+MR. GASTON: "I second that."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It isn't necessary to have a resolution to that effect.
+The discussion would be germane to the question before the house."
+
+MAJOR FOSTER (of Missouri): "Gentlemen, on May 18, 1917, the Congress
+of these United States passed an act defining what should be done in
+regard to conscientious objectors. That act, as you are all probably
+familiar with, says nothing about the I.W.W.--the so-called
+humanitarian, the slacker, and the anarchist, and yet for some unknown
+reason about 135 such cattle were shipped out to Camp Funston,
+segregated, were not required to do military service, were tried for
+disobedience to a lawful order in time of war, duly convicted,
+sentenced to prison, and a large Majority of them pardoned out of the
+penitentiary within two months.
+
+"These men, and I want you to get the importance of this, are not
+ordinary, poor, misguided, fanatical men, but the large number of them
+were college graduates. Take the case of Lundy in Chicago and Berger
+and Greenberg and all of them. Seven of them were cases so serious
+that the court, of which I was a member, sentenced them to death.
+Within three weeks the order came from Washington restoring them to
+honorable duty. These men who were dismissed from Leavenworth and who
+were tried by this court made the statement before the court to prove
+their conscientious scruples that they did not accept pay from the
+Government, nor did they, but when they were dismissed at Fort
+Leavenworth and honorably restored to duty and given discharges with
+honor, they took every dollar and cent that the Government sent or the
+officials in Washington said should be paid to them and they carefully
+counted it and it amounted to between four and six hundred dollars
+each, and they went home with it.
+
+"You all know who is responsible for this condition. You all know that
+this convention should condemn it. And here is one more point I want
+to put before you and I want you to get this carefully. One of the men
+we tried, Worsman, has been pardoned. Here is a letter he sent out. I
+will not read it all.
+
+(The caucus requests him to read it all.)
+
+It is sent out to the press and to everyone. Here is a book that has
+the expressions before the court that all these men made and they
+stand on that as being proper.
+
+"This letter says: 'The committee who sends you this letter are, for
+the most part, near relatives or close friends of young men now
+serving long terms in the disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth
+because of loyalty of principle. Nearly all of them are your fellow
+workers and except for those in what we call the religious
+group,--trade unionists--the public knows little of their unhappy
+fate, even less than the other political or labor prisoners because
+they have been sent to prison by military court-martials and some have
+not even had the hostile publicity of a public trial in court.
+
+"'The war is over; whether these men were right or wrong, they were
+utterly sincere. Even military prejudice has to concede that, and the
+sufferings they have unflinchingly borne prove it many times over, but
+the point for the country to get just now is that right or wrong, they
+cannot now have any adverse effect upon the military policy of the
+Government to keep them in prison.' Here is the dangerous thing--'We
+are trying to educate public opinion, and particularly labor opinion,
+to the point where it will demand the release of these brave and
+sincere young men. We say "labor," because we know when labor really
+demands a thing, it gets done.' There is the dangerous thing,
+gentlemen, the direct connecting up of the I.W.W., the so-called
+international socialists and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and
+later pardoned by our War Department,--the direct connecting up
+between that element and those like the fellow who was sentenced to
+prison and who is sending out this letter, and this great and
+dangerous Bolshevism that is creeping into this country and is, I am
+afraid, more dangerous than many of us realize. I want to see this
+caucus go on record--don't be afraid--as strong as you can against
+this fellow. The officers who served on those courts know what we had
+to endure. We had to treat them respectfully; we were obliged to do
+that. Let me tell you a few things, if you don't know them, about what
+happened in the guardhouse among those men. They would not do a thing;
+they wouldn't make their own beds. They wouldn't flush the toilets in
+the guardhouse, and some red-blooded American soldiers had to go and
+pull the chain for them. I say you can't send out a message to these
+people too strong in condemnation of this type and of the action of
+the War Department or whoever is responsible for the solace and the
+protection that has been thrown around the man who hid under the cloak
+of an act of Congress that was designed to take care of the
+conscientious objectors, and there is no conscientious objector under
+that act except a man whose religious creed forbade him to take part
+in the war in any way. I thank you." (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, the question has been called. All those in
+favor of the motion as amended will vote 'aye.'"
+
+The motion was unanimously carried.
+
+The general comment at the time was that Major Foster's address summed
+up the opinion of the caucus on the War Department's action in regard
+to the objector, conscientious or otherwise.
+
+
+The accusation that the Legion was being formed for political purposes
+has been frequently referred to in this account of the organization
+and there follows an instance which shows very clearly the attitude of
+the delegates toward anything that might tend to give to the caucus a
+political savor. Just after Major Foster's address the chairman held
+up his hand for silence.
+
+"One moment before the next resolution is read," he said: "I am
+informed that one of the newspapers of St. Louis has circulated blanks
+among the delegates asking them to indicate thereon how they intend to
+vote in the next national election in this country. I would point out
+to those who are gathered here that this is a very improper suggestion
+and that the action should be repudiated by the men here filling out
+none of these blanks."
+
+This statement was greeted both with anger and applause, the former at
+the paper's action, the latter because of the chair's suggestion, and
+Mr. Wickersham of New York made a motion that none of the blanks
+should be filled out and that no delegate should take part in such a
+poll. It carried unanimously and with acclamation. The blanks were not
+filled out and the men distributing them were ordered to leave the
+theater, which they did.
+
+This is the nearest approach to a poll that took place at the St.
+Louis Caucus so far as I am able to ascertain. In fact it would have
+been quite impossible to take a poll except in the theater and I have
+been assured by men sitting in widely different parts of the house
+that no such poll was taken. The delegates' living quarters were in
+widely scattered parts of St. Louis and it would have been impossible
+to have got any large number of them together to take a poll except
+during the meeting in the theater.
+
+Despite this fact, despite the motion of Major Wickersham, and its
+passage by acclamation, reports were circulated after the caucus, to
+the effect that a poll had been taken and that it showed so many votes
+for this man and so many votes for that one. The effect of that
+statement, while not doing widespread damage, caused the Legion
+leaders a great deal of embarrassment and a great deal of effort to
+correct the false impression among those not present at St. Louis to
+the effect that the caucus had a political complexion.
+
+Following the refusal to allow a poll to be taken, the secretary read
+the following resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS certain aliens during the emergency of the war sought to
+evade military duty by reason of their status as aliens, and
+
+"WHEREAS, such an act indicates a lack on the part of such aliens of
+the proper spirit of Americanism, therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED that this caucus assembled urge upon the Congress of the
+United States the adoption of such measures that may be necessary to
+bring about the immediate deportation from the United States for all
+time of these aliens."
+
+This resolution covered a subject very near the heart of Sergeant Jack
+Sullivan, the vice-chairman. He was on his feet immediately saying:
+
+"I agree with the gentleman from Massachusetts, Comrade Herbert, that
+this is not the time to urge upon Congress but to demand of Congress
+and I offer you, sir, this as a substitute resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United
+States, July, 1918, known as an amendment to the Selective Service Act
+giving persons within the draft age who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby becoming exempt from service,
+
+"WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards,
+and factories, and
+
+"WHEREAS, in this great World War for Democracy the rank and file of
+the best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed
+themselves in order to uphold the principles upon which this country
+was founded and for which they were willing to give up their life's
+blood, if necessary, to preserve, and
+
+"WHEREAS we, the American Legion assembled are of the opinion that
+these would-be Americans who turned in their first papers to avoid
+service are in our opinion neither fish, flesh, nor fowl and if
+allowed to remain in this country would contaminate the 100% true
+American soldiers and sailors who will return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life. Therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion in convention assembled in St.
+Louis, this 8th, 9th, and 10th day of May, 1919, numbering millions of
+red-blooded Americans, do demand the Congress of these United States
+to immediately enact a law to send these aliens who withdrew their
+first papers and thereby avoided service, back to the country from
+whence they came, for we want them not, neither do we need them. The
+country which we live in and were ready and are now ready and willing
+to fight for is good enough for us and this country, which they live
+in and prospered in, yet were unwilling to fight for, is too damned
+good for them to remain in. Therefore, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED, that a copy of these resolutions be sent to each and every
+member of the House and Senate of our United States and a copy be
+given to the public press."
+
+  "Respectfully presented
+  "(Signed) Sgt. JACK SULLIVAN.
+  "Delegate from Seattle, State of Washington."
+
+"I move you, sir, the adoption of this resolution."
+
+"Now, gentlemen, I have a telegram from Seattle which I will read. It
+is addressed to Jack Sullivan, St. Louis.
+
+"'Executive Board American Legion of Liberty authorizes you to
+advocate before the St. Louis Convention as part of the
+Americanization program, that the organization bring its influence to
+bear throughout the United States to secure enactment by Congress of
+laws making it possible to deport alien slackers who avoided military
+service by renouncing their citizenship and signing affidavits that
+they would return to the country from which they came. A bill
+providing for their deportation introduced by Senator Jones of
+Washington failed to pass the last session of Congress because the
+demand for its passage from the State of Washington was not backed up
+by other States. Demand upon senators and representatives from their
+own constituents that a law should be passed to deport these slackers
+would probably result in action by the special sessions of Congress of
+nearly three hundred aliens who escaped military service in Seattle by
+renouncing their right to become citizens. Twenty-seven per cent, were
+shown to be I.W.W.'s of the thousands who thus escaped military
+service. Throughout the country a large percentage are probably of the
+element which is seeking to undermine American institutions. They
+still remain despite their affidavits that they would leave the
+country and there is no existing law under which they can be deported.
+The first move towards making this country one hundred per cent.
+American should be the elimination of aliens who are opposed to our
+Government and institutions and who poison the minds of others by
+their teachings. Every senator and representative should be urged to
+back legislation for the elimination of this element and we hope that
+this work will be adopted by the convention as part of the national
+program.
+
+  "'(Signed) American Legion of Liberty,
+  "'NORMAN E. COLES, _Secretary_.'"
+
+When Sullivan finished reading, he began one of the most stirring
+addresses made before the convention:
+
+"Now let's not be afraid to put the cards on the table and say to the
+Congress of the United States that we are not afraid to trample on the
+toes of the diplomats of these alleged neutral countries who do not
+want legislation of this kind to pass," Sullivan plead. "We have the
+interest of the man who donned the khaki and the blue and when the
+ships bring the boys from over there, they must take back these alien
+slackers. We would be derelict in our duty to the boys who gave their
+all when they went over the top; we would be untrue to ourselves and
+the institutions and principles for which we fought if we did not see
+to it that these people were sent back.
+
+"I was born in the State of Massachusetts and I was taught that
+citizenship meant something. As a boy I went out West where I learned
+that American citizenship meant something to the people of the West.
+
+"To-day we are here from all parts of the country. We are not from any
+section alone, because we are all Americans, This is an organization
+of Americans. This should be a country of Americans and if our
+citizenship means something, the swine who come from other countries
+should be taught that it means something like what McCrae said:
+
+    '"When from failing hands we throw the torch to you,
+        Be yours to hold it high;
+        If ye break faith with us who die,
+      We shall not sleep though poppies grow in Flanders' field.'
+
+"Let's make this unanimous and do it now and say to the boys in
+Siberia and France that we are going to see to it when they get back
+here that those damned alien slackers are not going to be here, or if
+they are, they are going to be on the dock at Hoboken to go back to
+their own countries because they don't belong here and we are not
+going to allow them to remain."
+
+[Illustration: "Jack" Sullivan of Seattle
+  First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama]
+
+Sullivan was seated amid prolonged cheering; it was his big slap at
+Bolshevism. When Colonel Lindsley restored order Colonel Ralph Cole of
+Ohio was recognized.
+
+"The delegation from Ohio has authorized me to second this motion," he
+said. "This seems to be a unanimous caucus. There is harmony here. The
+most impressive fact in relation to this assembly is the militant
+spirit of Americanism that has been manifested. I chanced to be
+Assistant Adjutant of the 37th Division when the time came for the
+naturalization of aliens who were in the American Army. Thousands and
+thousands of young aliens came up and raised up their right hand and
+pledged fidelity to the American Constitution, and to fight for the
+supremacy of the American flag, but, there was a certain small
+element, a certain small percentage that refused to take the oath of
+allegiance and they appealed to the Constitution and their rights
+under the law and they were exempted from military service. And I say
+to you, gentlemen of this convention, any alien that will appeal to
+the law in order to avoid military duty has no right to the
+opportunity of peace in America." Here there was prolonged applause.
+
+"There was an outbreak in the State of Ohio of Bolshevism a few days
+ago, but I want you gentlemen to know that it was put down. It was hit
+by the soldiers who returned from France, the rank and file of our
+boys.
+
+"Now, as Mr. Sullivan has suggested, let it not be said that when
+these boys that raised their right hand and took the oath of
+allegiance to the American flag return, that these contemptible skunks
+that demanded exemption under the law shall occupy the positions,
+which these truly loyal men should have. Let's give those positions to
+the returning American soldiers and the returning alien soldiers that
+fought for the American flag and helped us win the great victory." The
+applause given Sullivan was repeated.
+
+Then the "Silver Lining," Chaplain Inzer, strode upon the stage. This
+time he was a very stern Silver Lining, and what he had to say he said
+with a vigor which characterized his speeches all during the
+convention.
+
+"I want to offer an amendment," he said. "Mr. Sullivan's resolution
+does not cover the whole ground. As Naturalization Officer of the 14th
+Infantry, I happen to be observing enough to know that there are other
+men that ought to be included in this list. Often we called certain
+foreigners together who had been drafted and said, 'Now, men, we are
+going to go overseas in a short while. How long have you been in this
+country?'
+
+"One said, 'fourteen years.'
+
+"'How long have you been here?' to another.
+
+"'I have been here so and so,' he answered.
+
+"'All right, now,' we said, 'this has been your country. If we hadn't
+gone to war, you would have expected to be here.'
+
+"'But we want to go home now.'
+
+"'If you go home will you fight for your country?'
+
+"'We don't know.'
+
+"And they absolutely refused to take out citizenship papers. How do we
+know them? As Naturalization Officer I marked on every one of those
+papers. 'This man, though he has been here for four years or ten years
+refused naturalization in the hope that he might avoid overseas
+service.' Now, then, I move that we include in that motion that the
+files be gone through and every man who refused citizenship, who was a
+native of any other country, but adopted this country and refused to
+take out the citizenship papers we offered him, after he had been
+brought into the army by the draft, also be deported."
+
+Before the applause began Colonel Luke Lea had the floor. He is tall
+and imposing and a powerful speaker.
+
+"I want to see this made a complete and thorough job, and to that end
+I desire to offer a further amendment," he said. "We further demand
+the immediate deportation of every alien enemy who, during the war,
+was interned, whether such alien enemy be now interned or has been
+paroled. I merely want to say this: That any alien enemy who is too
+dangerous to be at large and bear the burdens of war, is too dangerous
+to be at large and participate in the blessings of peace."
+
+This brought down the house. It was what everybody thought and wanted.
+It was what everybody had hoped for since the very first day during
+the war that the Department of Justice had made its first internments.
+There have been all sorts of stories telling about these interned
+aliens getting rooms with baths, tennis courts, swimming pools, and
+playgrounds, and everyone had consistently hoped that they would all
+be sent back to Germany or Austria at the earliest possible moment
+after the war. The same hope was expressed in regard to certain
+Scandinavians and Hollanders here who were active in behalf of
+Germany. One thing is certain and that is that none of the delegates
+present were opposed to this enemy alien deportation, or if they were
+they didn't or couldn't make themselves heard above the thunderous
+approbation.
+
+Chaplain Inzer at this juncture jumped to his feet and heightened the
+applause by shouting, "There are four million men back of this
+organization. If I were a Bolshevik, I'd pack my grip and beat it."
+
+The culmination of this particular phase of the caucus was most
+dramatic. A wounded soldier on crutches, and bearing two wound stripes
+on his arm, was helped to the stage beside the chairman. "I am Private
+Sossin of Kentucky," he shouted. "I was born and reared in Poland, and
+came to this country and began to enjoy all the freedom of the
+American Constitution when I was thirty-seven years old. I left my
+business and my family to fight for this country. And if any of my
+native countrymen are so despicable as not to want to fight for the
+grandest flag the world has ever seen, the flag which gives freedom to
+all who are oppressed, I say, damn him and kick him out of here so
+that we can show that we despise such slackers."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "All those in favor of the motion as finally amended
+will vote 'Aye."' That "Aye" shook the theater.
+
+The caucus then passed a resolution that every naturalized citizen
+convicted under the Espionage Act should have his citizenship revoked
+and should be deported.
+
+Another telling blow for Americanism!
+
+The caucus next went on record with a resolution calling for the
+protection of the uniform. Those firms and individuals who had used
+the uniform as a method of peddling their wares were scored in the
+resolution and it was the sense of the motion that everything possible
+should be done to prevent panhandlers and peddlers on the streets
+wearing the uniform of the United States.
+
+The caucus also indorsed Secretary Lane's plan for the "Reclamation of
+arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands." The resolution to that effect
+follows in full:
+
+"WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the army and navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and
+
+"WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over
+timber lands:
+
+"NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE RE�MPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+
+We are now coming to the consideration of a subject that was nearer to
+the heart of every delegate than any other. That is the re�mployment
+of one-time service men. This matter is of the most intimate and
+direct concern to the Legion and its leaders and because of its
+importance I believe the details of the discussion are sufficiently
+interesting to permit me to quote them verbatim from the minutes.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The secretary will read the next resolution."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Re�mployment of ex-service men."
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of readjustment and
+reconstruction is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers, and
+
+"WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier, vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment or to a better job, therefore,
+be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its first national caucus
+assembled, declares to the people of the United States that no act can
+be more unpatriotic in these most serious days of readjustment and
+reconstruction than the violation of this principle announced which
+pledges immediate reemployment to the returned soldiers, and be it
+further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its national caucus assembled
+does hereby declare itself as supporting in every proper way the
+efforts of the ex-service men to secure reemployment, and recommends
+that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers or ex-sailors and
+ex-marines be given preference whenever additional men are to be
+employed in any private or public enterprise, and be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to Congress the prompt
+enactment of a program for internal improvement, having in view the
+necessity therefor and as an incident the absorption of the surplus
+labor of the country, giving preference to discharged ex-service men."
+
+MR. WALSH (Pittsburgh): "I move, Mr. Chairman, that we adopt the
+resolution."
+
+The motion was seconded by Colonel Jones, of Washington, D.C.
+
+MR. LEVEREE: "Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention, I desire
+to present to you a substitute for this resolution. As one who has
+been endeavoring to give a post-war service to these men who are
+coming back here and need to be replaced in the industries of this
+country, as a volunteer dollar-a-year man in the United States
+Employment Service and one who has accomplished results in the work to
+the extent that the bulletin of the National Chamber of Commerce has
+commented on the work, I desire to call your attention to the fact
+that the resolution as presented is not concrete. It says nothing. It
+talks in generalities, and I want to present to you a concrete
+proposition based on the experience of the Bureau in New Orleans."
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable both for the welfare of the soldiers,
+sailors, and marines, now rapidly being discharged from the service of
+the United States of America, and for the industrial readjustment of
+the country that the process of returning these men to productive
+occupations in civil life be speeded up as much as possible;
+
+"AND WHEREAS, by reason of the failure of the Congress of the United
+States to appropriate funds for the purpose the said process has been
+retarded and left to private initiative; now, therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in caucus assembled calls upon the
+Congress of the United States to promptly appropriate funds to be
+administered for the benefit of existing coordinated Bureaus for the
+Employment of Returning Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, to the end
+that there may be no interruption in the service now being rendered
+and that it may be broadened and speeded up, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That each local post or organization of the American Legion
+is urged during the period of demobilization to constitute itself a
+committee of the whole, which shall cooperate with the local
+Employment Bureau and shall establish and maintain a liaison between
+such Bureau and every employer in the community through members of the
+local post or organization who are already employed in such
+establishment to the end that it may be made easy for the employer to
+avail himself of the service of the Bureau by communicating with
+someone in his own establishment, and that every soldier, sailor, and
+marine already replaced in industry may have an opportunity to assist
+his comrades to become likewise."
+
+"Gentlemen, this is the crux of that whole business--getting somebody
+close to the employer where you can bring about that liaison which is
+suggested in this substitute motion."
+
+The motion to adopt the substitute resolution was made by Mr. Leveree
+and seconded by Mr. Luss.
+
+MR. DESMOND (of Pennsylvania): "What has been said, in my estimation,
+is not comprehensive enough. In the city of Philadelphia which is
+known as the Cradle of Liberty, when the men who had given up
+positions in the educational system--I mean teachers--returned from
+the service of their country they were not, as promised, given the
+exact positions which they left. Neither were they given positions of
+parallel importance. They were actually demoted in grade so that these
+motions do not cover such circumstances. In many cases, in
+municipalities, men have returned from the service and have been
+forced to take positions not of a parallel grade but positions of a
+lower grade.
+
+"Men, Americanism depends on America's school systems, and if the ones
+who are directing our school systems are so unpatriotic as to demote
+those who go forth to serve their country, what is going to become of
+America and Americanism? And I wish to make an amendment to the effect
+that municipalities and boards of education in those municipalities be
+forced to give men their parallel positions if not positions of better
+grade and that in no instance will they be allowed to demote a man
+because he has gone forth to serve his country. I put that forward as
+an amendment, that the municipal governments and boards of education
+in our municipalities be forced to give men positions of equal grade
+if they cannot give better grade."
+
+MR. SIMINGTON (of Washington): "I speak in opposition to that amended
+resolution. In my State I represent ten thousand organized men. In my
+State the present system has proven a failure. The organization that I
+represent handles an employment bureau that places 350 service men a
+week in permanent positions and 150 in temporary employment, and I say
+to you that that record is far and above the record of the U.S.
+Replacement Bureau. It is a proven failure. Gentlemen, I believe that
+it is 'For George to do'--and we are George.
+
+"The service man wishes to take care of himself and his own. It is for
+the service man to handle his own problems and I suggest as an
+amendment--I am not sure of my being in order in offering an amendment
+to an amended amendment, but I suggest that it be the sense of this
+meeting that Congress assist the American Legion in taking care of its
+own in the matter of employment and that it do not use civilians to do
+the work." (Applause.)
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. HILL (of Pennsylvania): "The original resolution that is before
+the convention, I am frank to say, has been forwarded to me by a
+soldier from Allegheny County, who walked the streets of Pittsburgh
+for eight or nine weeks pleading this principle. A resolution adopted
+by the Mothers of Democracy was sufficient for him to get back his
+job, because he held a position as a county employee of Allegheny
+County and he invoked this principle and vitalized every military
+organization in Allegheny County, and by means of that he got back his
+job and his back salary and his mother's allowance which was cut off
+since January 1, 1918. This resolution was originally presented by me
+as a member of the National Resolutions Committee from the State of
+Pennsylvania. The National Resolutions Committee appointed a
+subcommittee of which I was a member, a committee of three, to
+consider this and refer it back to the National Resolutions Committee.
+That committee passed favorably upon it and the National Resolutions
+Committee passed it.
+
+"Now, if that resolution, as it stands before the house, was
+sufficient to get a job back for him, playing almost a lone hand,
+surely it is sufficient for any man here or for, this American Legion,
+for all it provides for, and all that is necessary to be done is the
+simple patriotism with the American Legion in back of it which can
+place its hands on the shoulder of any substantial employer and say,
+'Do you wish to rectify yourself on this thing called "patriotism?"'
+Do you wish to give the soldier back his job who presents to you a
+meritorious case? We give you a chance. If you do not take it we will
+publish this thing and you will go down to contumely and
+stultification."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Gentlemen, I am speaking on behalf of the Resolutions
+Committee. We spent all day yesterday listening to such requests as
+this. Our final calculated judgment is represented in the resolutions
+as presented. We found in the discussion that there was opposition to
+an endorsement of the United States Federal replacement division.
+(Applause.) And so we determined that the language as adopted covered
+the cast. We proposed to create in this organization a reemployment
+bureau of our own, and the resolution as presented is all the support
+that bureau needs.
+
+"I move you, sir, that all the substitutes for the original resolution
+be laid on the table."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. BENNETT CLARK: "I simply want to call attention to the fact that
+under the rules of the House of Representatives that if you lay all
+amendments on the table it carries the entire proposition to the table
+and I don't believe this convention wants to do that."
+
+MR. KNOX: "I ask a ruling on that, Mr. Chairman. If we lay all these
+substitutes for this resolution on the table will that kill the
+resolution?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Unless you dispense with the rules."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move you, sir, the suspension of the rules
+to a sufficient extent so that we may table the substitutes which have
+been offered to the original resolution offered by the committee."
+
+Motion seconded by Mr. Bond of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The question now comes back to the original
+resolution."
+
+The question was called for and it was adopted.
+
+MR. ACKLEY: "Mr. Chairman, I have another amendment to offer."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It's too late. The secretary will read the next
+resolution."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+
+I feel almost as if the next matter under discussion should have not
+only a special chapter devoted to it but be printed in large type and
+in distinctive ink, for I do not believe that anything so thoroughly
+gave evidence of the utter disregard of self in the Legion as did the
+flat refusal of the delegates to tolerate what has been called in some
+quarters, the "Pay Grab."
+
+The minutes read:
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (Reading): "ADDITIONAL PAY FOR ENLISTED MEN."
+
+"WHEREAS, the financial sacrifice of the enlisted persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States in the world war was
+altogether in excess of that of any other class of our citizenship,
+and
+
+"WHEREAS, the great majority of these persons left lucrative
+employment upon joining the colors, and
+
+"WHEREAS, this direct financial sacrifice was made at a time when
+men, many of them aliens who thrived in safety at home, were enjoying
+the advantages of an exceptionally high war wage, and
+
+"WHEREAS, the service which involved this sacrifice was a Federal
+service in defense of our national honor and national security,
+therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the delegates to this caucus of those who served with
+the colors in the world war urge upon the members of the 66th Congress
+the justice and propriety of appropriating a sufficient sum from the
+National Treasury to pay every person who served in the enlisted
+personnel in the military or naval service for a period of at least
+six months between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, six months
+additional pay at the rate of $30.00 a month, and to those persons who
+served less than six months' in the military or naval service between
+April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, the sum of $15.00 per month for
+each month so served. This bonus to be in addition to any pay or bonus
+previously granted or authorized and to be paid upon and subject to
+the honorable discharge of any such person."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the resolution as
+read."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. MCGRATH (New Jersey): "I served in the navy, and I simply want to
+call attention to the fact that this resolution says that the money
+shall be paid upon the honorable discharge of the soldiers and
+sailors, but in the navy we are only released from active duty and I
+will not be discharged for three years, neither will any of the other
+three hundred thousand naval reserves. I therefore move that the
+resolution be amended to say that so far as the navy is concerned that
+the money shall be paid upon their release from active duty or their
+honorable discharge."
+
+The committee accepted the amendment.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Before I put this motion I want to make this suggestion
+to you, that this is a pretty serious matter that you are considering.
+It is for this caucus, of course, in its wisdom to determine that
+which it wants to do, but up to this time, it has assumed continuously
+a most splendidly high and patriotic and unselfish attitude toward
+this whole question. It has dealt immediately and fairly and
+positively with regard to employment problems, but I suggest to you
+that we ought to consider very carefully whether we want to go on
+record as a caucus, as provided in this resolution, and I would prefer
+not to put the question until you have considered it further."
+
+The action of the caucus was foreshadowed by the applause which it
+gave to Colonel Lindsley's caution. Fully a half dozen men jumped to
+their feet and waved their hands wildly demanding recognition.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt arose from his seat with the New York delegation,
+and Chairman Lindsley recognized him.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to draw your attention to one feature of this
+question," he said. The Colonel spoke very deliberately and very
+distinctly, reminding a great many of his auditors of his father
+because of the way he snapped his words out. "I heartily agree with
+what the chair has said so far. I want you to get this particular
+reaction on the matter and I want to relate to you a little incident
+that happened coming out on the train from New York. One of the
+delegates on the same train with me said that the conductor stopped
+and talked to him and among other things said, 'Young Teddy Roosevelt
+is up ahead. He's going out to St. Louis to try to get some of the
+soldiers together to sandbag something out of the Government!'
+_Sandbag something out of the Government!_" The young Colonel's frame
+shook with emotion as he repeated that sentence. "Do you men get the
+idea of what he thought we were trying to do? We want everything that
+is right for us to have, but we are not going to try to sandbag the
+Government _out_ of anything; primarily we are going to try to put
+something _into_ the Government. In thinking over this resolution
+think of that."
+
+[Illustration: Fred Humphrey of New Mexico
+  A Vice-Chairman.]
+
+[Illustration: Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+  Corps.
+  He is a Vice-Chairman.]
+
+The cheer which greeted this suggestion was so resounding and the
+opinion of the caucus so positive on this question that Mr. Gordon of
+Connecticut, a member of the committee that framed the resolution,
+moved that it should be laid on the table.
+
+The thunderous "Aye" which tabled this resolution might well be
+recorded in letters of gold.
+
+It showed the utter unselfishness of the American doughboy, gob, and
+leatherneck. He had followed Colonel Roosevelt's advice: he refused to
+sandbag the Government out of anything, and this action gives the best
+possible basis for the procedure to put something into the Government.
+
+In view of the action of certain newspapers, organizations, and
+individuals in advocating that six months' pay should be given to the
+returned service man, I wonder if there are not still a great many of
+them who are still puzzled over why the Legion refused to endorse this
+movement. There must be scores of them, dozens of them who were not
+present at the St. Louis Caucus, to catch its spirit and who have not
+carefully considered just what impression such a demand on the part of
+former soldiers, sailors, and marines would create on the rest of the
+country.
+
+Why shouldn't six months' pay be given to every man who did his bit in
+the war with Germany? In the first place, these men who have returned
+from the war have begotten for themselves the utmost respect and
+affection from those who could not go. The civilian forms the majority
+of our people. Because of the esteem before-mentioned, he is willing
+to grant almost anything _within reason_ to the service man who risked
+so much in defense of the country. It is to the interest of the
+service man to make the civilian population feel that he does not want
+to get something for nothing but that, rather, he would still prefer
+to give his best to the country in peaceful times in the same spirit
+that he manifested in war times--an utter disregard of self.
+
+Had the Legion endorsed this resolution, the general consensus would
+have been, "There are the soldiers getting together to make demands.
+Their organization is nothing more or less than an association formed
+to get something out of the Treasury." Therefore, when the service
+men, as a unit, came to demand something vitally necessary for the
+good of the country, it is possible that they might be answered: "We
+have paid you in money and have your receipt and that will be all for
+you."
+
+This Legion can, must, and will be an inspiration and a guiding spirit
+because it is composed of men who have been willing to sacrifice self
+for the good of the country. For that they have obtained the
+affection of their world and just so long as they are willing to
+continue to manifest that spirit will they retain that affection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+
+The next resolution to be passed was that concerning "Disability Pay."
+That resolution, as passed read.
+
+"WHEREAS, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious
+injustice is done to the civilian who entered the military service,
+and as an incident, too, that service is disabled, therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the war with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted personnel who served in
+the military and naval forces of the United States during said war,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army."
+
+Then followed the passage of the War Risk Insurance Resolution. This
+read:
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: 'To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States and those dependent
+upon them,' and,
+
+"WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the
+service, who had not had their rights, privileges, and benefits under
+the War Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men,
+therefore, are losing daily, such rights, privileges, and benefits,
+which may never again be restored, and,
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits, and privileges,
+therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus pledges its most energetic support
+to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to the end
+that the rights, privileges, and benefits under the War Risk Insurance
+Act be conserved and that the men discharged from the service be made
+to realize what are their rights under this act; and that the
+Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes herein
+expressed and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may select
+his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship."
+
+At the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was director of the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau in Washington. In speaking to the motion to pass
+the foregoing resolution, he said that more than a year ago he and
+other officers in France felt that if there were no other reasons for
+an organization such as the Legion, it would be more than worth while
+to create one even though its sole function was to let those who
+served in the war know their rights about government insurance and if
+it saw to it that the general scheme was perpetuated.
+
+"I am speaking particularly of the insurance phase of the situation,"
+he said in part. "The United States Government to-day is the greatest
+insurance institution on earth. Thirty-nine billions of dollars of
+applications have poured in from over four millions of men; an average
+of practically $9000 per man is held throughout the United States and
+abroad, and over 90% of these men are insured. That insurance is the
+best in the world, because the greatest and the best and the richest
+Government on earth says, 'I promise to pay.' It is the cheapest
+insurance in the world and always will be because the Government says,
+'As part of our contribution, we, the people of the United States, in
+this war, as a legitimate expense, will pay all cost of administering
+this Bureau.' So that the men who have this insurance now and those
+who have it hereafter will pay only the net cost. If there is any
+savings, they get it. So that for all time to come they have got the
+insurance cheaper than any other country except the United States can
+give them. I say that without any improper comparison with the
+splendid, properly organized institutions in the United States. It is
+simply this: That the people of the United States pay this cost of
+administration. By June 1st the policies of conversion will be ready
+to be delivered to those who want them. You will be able to cease term
+insurance, if you wish, and have ordinary life, limited payment life,
+or endowment insurance. You can have any kind you please, but the big
+thing, my comrades, is this: To retain every single dollar of this
+insurance that you can afford to carry. Don't be in any particular
+hurry about conversion. If your income isn't good--carry this message
+back to the boys throughout the United States--if their income at this
+time doesn't justify carrying higher priced insurance, retain that
+which they have got and throughout this country tell the men that
+those who have lapsed their insurance because they didn't understand
+its value, because it wasn't properly presented to them at the period
+of demobilization by the Government, for it was not, tell them they
+are going to have every right of reinstatement without physical
+examination.
+
+"There is going to be no snap judgment on any man who served in this
+war who, because he was not able when he went out or didn't have the
+information or because he was careless or for any other reason didn't
+carry on his insurance. I ask you, my friends, and I think it is one
+of the important functions of this great American Legion that is born
+here in St. Louis at this time, to see that the fullest possible
+amount of this government insurance is maintained. Every man that
+holds a government policy is a part of the Government more than ever
+before. I ask you to bear this in mind and it is going to be within
+your power to say yes and no to many of the great problems of the
+United States.
+
+"I ask you to see that this great bureau is kept out of politics and
+that it is administered, in the years to come in the interests of
+those for whom this law was enacted, those who served as soldiers,
+sailors, and marines in this war and their dependents. I thank you for
+this opportunity of presenting this matter to you."
+
+
+"... It is going to be within your power to say yes or no to many of
+the great problems of the United States."
+
+The service men know this but coming from a man like Colonel Lindsley
+it is especially important. How are they going to use this power? What
+sort of a legislative program will the Legion have? The answer isn't
+hard to find by a perusal of the resolutions which were passed and by
+remembering that most important one which did not pass, viz.: the pay
+grab.
+
+The next resolution occupying the attention of the caucus was that one
+relating to disability of soldiers, sailors, and marines. It reads:
+
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several States shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor, and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors, and marines to take advantage of governmental
+assistance, and that every effort be made by the American Legion in
+the several States to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men."
+
+
+The whole work of the Legion as outlined at the caucus is constructive
+and therefore inspiring. The reader will note from the last
+resolution that members of the Legion are to be instructed to
+distribute the literature of the Rehabilitation Department among
+wounded soldiers, sailors, and marines and to show them how to take
+advantage of governmental assistance; and also that every effort will
+be made by the American Legion to stop any attempt to pauperize
+disabled men.
+
+A higher-minded, more gentle resolve than that, can hardly be
+imagined. All of us remember the host of begging cripples who were
+going the rounds of the country even so long as thirty-five or forty
+years after the Civil War. This last resolution means that such will
+not be the case after this war. I think that it would be safe to say
+that in nine cases out of ten, after the Legion gets thoroughly
+started, crippled beggars who pretend to have been wounded in the
+service of their country will be fakers. Mr. Mott of Illinois, in the
+discussion on this question, brought out the fact that there were
+approximately sixty thousand soldiers, sailors, and marines
+permanently disabled as a result of wounds, accidents, and disease
+incurred in the war, while approximately one hundred and forty
+thousand discharged men were only more or less disabled.
+
+The final resolution was that copies of all resolutions passed by the
+caucus were to be forwarded to every member of the United States
+Senate and each representative in Congress.
+
+Louis A. Frothingham, chairman of the Resolutions Committee, made an
+address in which he thanked the people of St. Louis for their
+hospitality and the War Camp Community Service for its aid. The War
+Camp Community Service sent special men to St. Louis under the
+direction of Mr. Frank L. Jones to cooperate with its St. Louis
+leaders in helping to make the delegates comfortable. Arrangements
+were made whereby delegates of small means could get lodging for
+twenty-five cents a night and meals at the same price.
+
+Mr. Foss of Ohio introduced the following resolution of thanks which
+was passed standing:
+
+
+"RESOLVED: That a standing vote of thanks be tendered to the War Camp
+Community Service for its active hospitality to the delegates to this
+St. Louis Caucus of the American Legion, which is in keeping with its
+splendid work through the war in extending community service to our
+American soldiers, sailors, and marines, and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That an engrossed copy of this resolution be
+forwarded to the national secretary of the War Camp Community
+Service."
+
+
+In this connection it might be well to digress a bit and to say that
+War Camp Community Service functioned splendidly for the young men of
+our Army, Navy, and Marine Corps during the war, and as "Community
+Service, Inc." intends to continue caring for not only the doughboys
+and gobs it served so well but for an enlarged patronage. During the
+conflict, War Camp Community Service organized the social and
+recreational resources of six hundred communities which were adjacent
+to training camps, army bases, and naval stations, and also developed
+the same resources in thirty large communities dominated by great war
+industries, of which the industrial centers at Bethlehem, Chester, and
+Erie, Pennsylvania, are types.
+
+I believe it is well worth while for every member of the American
+Legion to know something about War Camp accomplishment, and Community
+Service possibilities for each has a similar aim and goal which may be
+realized by harmonious effort on the part of community service
+branches and legion posts throughout the entire country.
+
+The idea of War Camp Community Service, like all successful
+experiments, was based on sound truth and simple theory and proved to
+be far reaching in results. Communities were not told what to do;
+there was no cut and dried program, but rather each community received
+special treatment suited to its particular needs, temperament, and
+physical characteristics. The basic idea underlying this activity is
+to allow each one to express himself. No person or community has the
+same thoughts, manner of living or thinking, and entire communities,
+like individuals, are affected by their environment and the life which
+circumstances compel them to lead. An iron monger's stalwart frame may
+conceal a poetic-soul, while the frail body of an obscure clerk may
+enclose the spirit of a Cromwell. War Camp has helped a great many
+such men to find themselves. Community Service promises to do the same
+thing, for the war has given ample proof of the need of just this kind
+of service.
+
+With the war gone, with thousands of young men thrown upon their own
+initiative and resources for both work and play, there is going to be
+a great need of proper guidance, companionship, and comradeship,
+unless a great many are to be overtaken by some madness like
+Bolshevism or in a lesser degree--constant and brooding
+dissatisfaction. The American Legion post, with its leaders, is going
+to fill a great need here. It will be some place to go where a man can
+meet his fellows of the better type, and, not only indulge in the
+pleasure of discussing former days but, better still, take an interest
+in present-day movements affecting his country.
+
+Also, I feel that Community Service will have a great place in this
+same scheme: that it can take the former service man, lonely and
+seeking expression, just where the Legion leaves off and, with Legion
+ideals on Americanism and the duties of citizenship as a basis, can
+round him off in the softer, more intimate molds of life, so that
+between the two he may not be only an honor to his country, but to his
+family and to his God as well. Therefore, I believe Community Service
+will fall heir to the goodwill created by War Camp throughout the
+nation, that it will retain the best of the latter's tenets and will
+take its place as one of the great powers for good in the community
+life of this country.
+
+At the final session, Major Caspar G. Bacon was elected treasurer of
+the Legion to serve until November 11th. Delegations appointed State
+chairmen and secretaries to carry on the work of further organization
+for the November convention.
+
+During luncheon time of the last day there had been some fear
+expressed among certain of the delegates that the loyal foreign-born
+element in the United States might not thoroughly understand the Alien
+Slackers Resolution. In order to make that perfectly clear Chaplain
+Inzer, during the last hours of the caucus, called for a cheer for
+every foreign-born citizen who gave loyal service to the United
+States. A rousing one was given.
+
+Then came the unanimous report of the Committee on Constitution and
+By-Laws and declaration of principles. It was passed upon, section by
+section. You will find it printed elsewhere in this volume, and you
+must read it if you would get a true view of the principles underlying
+the Legion. It is as plain as a lesson in a school reader. Any comment
+on it from me would be editorial tautology, so I don't want to say
+anything more than that its framing was one of the cleverest and most
+comprehensive bits of work done since the very beginning of the
+Legion.
+
+On the question of eligibility of Americans who had served in other
+armies, Mr. Palmen of California, announced as a bit of information
+that an Act approved by Congress on October 15, 1918, provided that
+such men must repatriate themselves. "We must go before a judge
+qualified to give citizenship back, taking with us our honorable
+discharge and credentials to show that we were American citizens at
+the time we enlisted," Mr. Palmen declared. Mr. Palmen was with the
+Canadian Army for three and a half years. "This question has been
+debated and the public at large is much confused about it," he
+continued. "I am told all that I must do is to go before a judge and
+that I will immediately be made a citizen again with all the rights
+and privileges which that implies."
+
+There was no "hero stuff" at all at this caucus, no names of heroes,
+as such, were mentioned. The name of the President of the United
+States was not called nor any member of his Cabinet nor was any
+reference made to them either direct or indirect. This was done to
+avoid the appearance of politics. General Pershing's name was
+mentioned once and that was during the discussion of the sixth section
+of the constitution which provides that "no Post may be named for any
+living person."
+
+Major Leonard of the District of Columbia delegation obtained the
+floor and said that his delegation was in an embarrassing position
+because they had already organized a post and named it "Pershing Post
+No. 1." Major Wickersham of New York, stated that a number of posts
+were already in the process of organization in his State and that the
+names of living men had been adopted by them.
+
+After all why not call these posts after living men?
+
+Delegate Harder, of Oklahoma, offered the answer:
+
+"With all due respect to the gentlemen who have already named their
+posts they are subjected, as are we to the action of this caucus," he
+said. "We know positively that in due course of time those names will
+be used, at least to a certain extent, politically. Let us find some
+other way to honor these men and make it impossible for the people of
+this country to get the idea that this is a political organization."
+
+There you have it, the real reason. Delegate Harder was only one of
+the hundreds who not only wanted to keep the Legion out of politics
+now but for all time to come.
+
+Mr. McGrath of New Jersey also took an amusing fling at article six.
+As originally drawn it stipulated that the local unit should be termed
+a billet. "I object to the word billet," he said. "It has too many
+unpleasant associations as those men who slept in them in France will
+testify. A billet meant some place where you lay down and slept as
+long as certain little animals would let you, and the American Legion
+isn't going to do that."
+
+Just about this time the afternoon was drawing to a close. Everybody
+realized that a monumental task had been performed. Sleepless nights
+and nerve-wracking days had been endured. Many pocketbooks were
+running low. Everybody felt it was time to go home.
+
+General Hoffman of Oklahoma obtained recognition from the chair as
+some of the delegates already were rising to leave the theater. "I
+move, Mr. Chairman," shouted the General, "that we extend a vote of
+thanks to Colonel Roosevelt and Colonel Clark and other gentlemen who
+have been associated with them and to the chairman of this association
+and his able assistants who have brought this convention to such a
+happy and successful close."
+
+At the mention of Colonel Roosevelt's name departing delegates tarried
+and when Mr. Weinman of Louisiana moved adjournment, the house stood
+and with one accord began to cry, "We want Teddy," "We want Teddy."
+
+Colonel Roosevelt walked to the center of the stage and raised both
+hands seeking silence.
+
+"I want to say just one thing," he said. "I have never been so much
+impressed in my life as I have been by the actions of this caucus,
+actions of the various committees and in the way this caucus thought
+for itself and acted for itself. For instance it would receive
+resolutions from the Resolutions Committee, would think them over,
+would re-decide on them and would re-decide them right. I want to say
+in closing that the only thing I regret is that my father could not
+have been alive at this moment to see the actions of this body of
+Americans."
+
+Mr. Healey of the New York delegation obtained the attention of the
+chair. "I make a motion," stated Mr. Healey, "that before this great
+caucus adjourns we should remain standing in one minute's silence as a
+tribute to the greatest statesman that this nation has ever
+produced--THEODORE ROOSEVELT."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+
+As I glance back over these pages I am impressed with the fact that
+only the preface of "The Story of the American Legion" has been
+written here. When the reaches of the years shall gather to themselves
+the last of the men of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United
+States during its war against Germany that story may then be
+faithfully told. So the truth of the matter now is that history is in
+the writing so far as the American Legion in its relation to the
+United States of America is concerned. That statement isn't in reality
+as platitudinous as it seems at first thought.
+
+We have arrived at world importance in history. We have come to that
+as the result of our part in the world war. Our isolation is over. We
+are the cynosure of all eyes. Uncle Sam is the dominant world figure;
+his hands control the reins that are driving the world. He has the
+enemies which all the successful have. There are those who had, and
+haven't, and there are those who never had, and want; all desiring,
+all envying the power of the United States of America. This great
+power and position was gained primarily by one motive--unselfishness.
+Just so long as it is our dominant trait will we retain what we have
+gained. Just so long as we remain true to our innate principles, to
+the tenets of our constitution, will we retain world importance and
+world influence.
+
+There is a wolf at the gates of civilized Europe. If he gets inside
+nothing can stop him from ravishing us. This war has bound us so
+closely to Europe that we are, in a sense, one and the same. He who
+strikes our brother strikes us, even though he be so far away that the
+distance is measured by an ocean. We must get over the idea that
+distance makes a difference. The Atlantic ocean has just been crossed
+in sixteen hours. Remember, thought travels even faster.
+
+The wolf that I mentioned is a Mad Thought. He is Bolshevism. He has
+the madness because of hunger, a hunger not only of body but of mind;
+the century-long hunger of the Russian peoples for Freedom. Russia has
+run in a circle. From the autocracy of the classes it has arrived at
+the autocracy of the masses.
+
+Then, too, all our European brothers are war worn; tired, tired nearly
+to death with struggle and sacrifice, and this is not a frame of mind
+calculated to help reseat reason in the world.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+One of our great bankers recently returned from an intimate study of
+affairs abroad. His name is Frank A. Vanderlip. In an address before
+the Economic Club in New York City he said that Europe is paralyzed
+and that our task is to save.
+
+I give the introduction to his address as it appeared in the New York
+_Times_:
+
+"Frank A. Vanderlip, who spoke last night at the Hotel Astor, at a
+dinner of the Economic Club, which was held for the purpose of hearing
+his story of conditions in Europe, whence he has recently returned,
+said that England was on the verge of a revolution, which was narrowly
+averted in February, when he was there, and the conditions on the
+Continent of Europe are appalling beyond anything dreamed of in this
+country.
+
+"He said that the food conditions in Europe would be worse instead of
+better for a year ahead, because of the dislocation of labor and the
+destruction of farm animals, and that the industrial and economic
+outlook, generally, points to a period after the war, which will
+equal, if not exceed the war period in suffering and misery.
+
+"He said that Italy was afraid to disband her army, because she could
+not employ the men and was afraid of idleness. He said that the
+differential, which had kept England pre�minent in international
+trade, was the underpayment of labor, and that this differential was
+now being wiped out, forcing England to face tremendously serious
+problems for the future. He quoted a British minister as saying that
+means would have to be found to send six or seven millions of
+Englishmen out of the British Isles and closer to the sources of food
+production, if continental conditions continued long as at present.
+
+"He said that the best printing presses in the world to-day, except
+those in Washington, were at Petrograd, and that they were turning out
+masses of counterfeited pounds, francs, marks, lira, and pesetas, so
+skillfully made that detection was almost impossible. He said that
+these counterfeits were being spent largely by Germans to foment
+Bolshevist propaganda.
+
+"Spain would, he said, be the most promising country in Europe except
+for the labor situation there, which had brought it to the verge of
+Bolshevism. He said that the most perfect laboratory of Bolshevism in
+Europe outside of Russia was in Barcelona, Spain, which he said was
+ruled absolutely by a mysterious secret council, which had censored
+and fined the newspapers until they quit publication and had enforced
+its will in all matters by assassinations, which no one dared to
+punish.
+
+"He said that America alone could save Europe and that its aid must be
+extended to all countries equally. He said that this was necessary,
+not only to save Europe, but to prevent an invasion of America by the
+forces threatening the social overthrow of Europe."
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+There, at least, is one great reason.
+
+Our men of the army, navy, and marine corps got a schooling in the
+practical Americanism which our military establishment naturally
+teaches. Those who were aliens by birth and those native sons with
+inadequate educational advantages learned a great deal by association
+with men of better types and by travel. These men can and will stem
+the insidious guile of the wolf, and, to aid them in so doing, the
+Legion has an active speakers' bureau under Captain Osborn teaching
+Americanism in every section of the country. These speakers, in
+helping to organize the Legion along the right lines, teach the
+Constitution of the United States and preach that remedial changes in
+this government can be brought about in only one way, and that is,
+constitutionally.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+America is safe from any real danger if she can keep everybody busy.
+Less than two weeks after the caucus, the national executive committee
+had in process of formation a practicable scheme to aid in solving the
+re�mployment problem. As time goes on this department of Legion
+activity will become more and more efficient.
+
+Here is another answer to the question.
+
+All through these pages the reader has found references to this
+question of re�mployment; to anti-Bolshevism; the protection of the
+uniform; the non-partisan and non-political nature of the Legion;
+unselfishness; disability pay for the reserve forces; war risk
+insurance; allotments and back pay; the care of disabled service men;
+one hundred per cent. Americanism, and the deportation of those aliens
+who "bit the hand that fed them." The story has dealt almost entirely
+with these questions because primarily and fundamentally they are The
+American Legion. This program is the most important in the United
+States to-day. It means the betterment of the most stable forces in
+our community life, not only of to-day but for the next forty or fifty
+years. It means the proper extension of the influence of the most
+powerful factor for patriotism in our country--the onetime service
+man. It does not mean patriotism bounded on one side by a brass band
+and on the other by a dressy uniform and a reunion banner. It means
+real patriotism in its broadest sense--a clean body politic; a clean
+national soul and a clean international conscience.
+
+This is the final answer to the question which serves as the title for
+this concluding chapter.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+LIST OF STATE OFFICERS
+
+
+ALABAMA:
+  Chairman: Bibb Graves, Montgomery.
+  Secretary: Leroy Jacobs, Care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+
+ARIZONA:
+  Chairman: E. Power Conway, Noll Bldg., Phoenix.
+  Secretary: Fred B. Townsend, Natl. Bk., Arizona Bldg., Phoenix.
+
+
+ARKANSAS:
+  Chairman: J.J. Harrison, Little Rock.
+  Secretary: Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA:
+  Chairman: Henry G. Mathewson, Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+  Secretary: E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+
+COLORADO:
+  Chairman: H.A. Saidy, Colorado Springs.
+  Secretary: Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT:
+  Chairman: Jas. B. Moody, Jr., 202 Phoenix Bk. Bldg., Hartford.
+  Secretary: Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd., Stamford.
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
+  Chairman: E. Lester Jones, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+  Secretary: Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+
+
+DELAWARE:
+  Chairman: Geo. N. Davis, 909 Market St., Wilmington.
+  Secretary: L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+
+FLORIDA:
+  Chairman: S.L. Lowry, Jr., Citizens Bk. Bldg., Tampa.
+  Secretary: J.T. Wiggington, 818--15th St., Miami.
+
+
+GEORGIA:
+  Chairman: Trammell Scott, 97 E. Merrits Ave., Atlanta.
+  Secretary: Louis H. Bell, c/o Service Record, 208 Flatiron Bldg.,
+               Atlanta.
+
+
+HAWAII:
+  Chairman: Lawrence Judd, c/o T.H. Davies & Co., Ltd., Honolulu.
+  Secretary: J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+
+IDAHO:
+  Chairman: C.M. Booth, Pocatello.
+  Secretary: Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+
+ILLINOIS:
+  Chairman: George G. Seaman, Taylorville.
+  Secretary: Myron E. Adams, 205 Marquette Bldg., 140 S. Dearborn St.,
+               Chicago.
+
+
+INDIANA:
+  Chairman: Raymond S. Springer, Connersville.
+  Secretary: L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg., Indianapolis.
+
+
+IOWA:
+  Chairman: Matthew A. Tinley, Council Bluffs.
+  Secretary: John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+
+KANSAS:
+  Chairman: A. Phares, 519 Sweiter Bldg., Wichita.
+  Secretary: Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+
+KENTUCKY:
+  Chairman: Henry DeHaven Moorman, Hardinsburgh.
+  Secretary: D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+
+LOUISIANA:
+  Chairman: Allison Owen, 1237 State St., New Orleans.
+  Secretary: T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+
+MAINE:
+  Chairman: A.L. Robinson, 85 Exchange St., Portland.
+  Secretary: James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+
+MARYLAND:
+  Chairman: Jas. A. Gary, Jr., Equitable Bldg., Baltimore.
+  Secretary: Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS:
+  Chairman: John F.J. Herbert, 749 Pleasant St., Worcester.
+  Secretary: George P. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+
+MICHIGAN:
+  Chairman: Geo. C. Waldo, Detroit.
+  Secretary: Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+
+MINNESOTA:
+  Chairman: Harrison Fuller, c/o St. Paul Dispatch, St. Paul.
+  Secretary: George G. Chapin, 603 Guardian Life Bldg., St. Paul.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+  Chairman: Alex Fitzhugh, Vicksburgh.
+  Secretary: John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+
+MISSOURI:
+  Chairman:
+  Secretary:
+
+
+MONTANA:
+  Chairman: Chas. L. Sheridan, Bozeman.
+  Secretary: Ben. W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+
+NEBRASKA:
+  Chairman: John G. Maher, Lincoln.
+  Secretary: Allan A. Tukey, 1st Natl. Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+
+NEVADA:
+  Chairman: E.L. Malsbary, Reno.
+  Secretary: J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE:
+  Chairman: Frank Knox, Manchester.
+  Secretary: Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY:
+  Chairman: Hobart Brown, c/o Fireman's Insurance Co., Broad
+              and Market Sts., Newark.
+  Secretary: George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO:
+  Chairman: Charles M. DeBremon, Roswell.
+  Secretary: Harry Howard Dorman, Santa F�.
+
+
+NEW YORK:
+  Chairman: C.W. Wickersham, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+  Secretary: Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: C.K. Burgess, 107 Commercial Bank Bldg., Raleigh.
+  Secretary: Charles N. Hulvey, A.&E. College, Raleigh.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: R.H. Treacy, Bismarck.
+  Secretary: Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+
+OHIO:
+  Chairman: P.C. Galbraith, Cincinnati.
+  Secretary: Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+               Columbus.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA:
+  Chairman: Ross N. Lillard, Oklahoma City.
+  Secretary: F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+
+OREGON:
+  Chairman: E.J. Eivers, 444-1/2 Larrabee St., Portland.
+  Secretary: Dow V. Walker, Care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA:
+  Chairman and Secretary: George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St.,
+                            Philadelphia.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND:
+  Chairman: Alexander H. Johnson, City Hall, Providence.
+  Secretary: James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: John D. Smyser, M.D., 423 South Gargan St., Florence.
+  Secretary: Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: T.R. Johnson, Sioux Falls.
+  Secretary: J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+
+TENNESSEE:
+  Chairman: Roan Waring, Bank of Commerce and Trust Co. Bldg., Memphis.
+  Secretary: W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville, Tenn.
+
+
+TEXAS:
+  Chairman: Claude B. Birkhead, San Antonio.
+  Secretary: J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+
+UTAH:
+  Chairman: Harold R. Smoot, Salt Lake City.
+  Secretary: Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+
+VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Andrew D. Christian, c/o Ruy & Power Bldg., Richmond.
+  Secretary: R.G.M. Ross, 508 1st Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Newport News.
+
+
+VERMONT:
+  Chairman: H. Nelson Jackson, Burlington.
+  Secretary: Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+
+WASHINGTON.
+  Chairman: Harvey A. Moss, Seattle.
+  Secretary: George R. Drever, c/o Adj. Gen. Office, Armory, Seattle.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Jackson Arnold, 111 Court Ave., Weston.
+  Secretary: Chas. McCamic, 904 Nat'l. Bank of West Virginia Bldg.,
+               Wheeling.
+
+
+WISCONSIN:
+  Chairman: E.F. Ackley, 226 First Nat'l. Bk. Bldg., Milwaukee.
+  Secretary: R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+
+WYOMING:
+  Chairman: A.H. Beach, Lusk.
+  Secretary: R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+AS ADOPTED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+May 10, 1919
+
+
+PREAMBLE
+
+
+For God and Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+purposes:
+
+To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America;
+to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per
+cent. Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our
+association in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of individual
+obligation to the community, state, and nation; to combat the
+autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master
+of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and
+transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and
+democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion
+to mutual helpfulness.
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name_
+
+The name of this organization shall be THE AMERICAN LEGION.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Membership_
+
+All persons shall be eligible to membership in this organization who
+were in the military or naval service of the United States during the
+period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates
+inclusive, and all persons who served in the military or naval
+services of any of the governments associated with the United States
+during the World War, provided that they were citizens of the United
+States at the time of their enlistment, and are again citizens at the
+time of application, except those persons who separated from the
+service under terms amounting to dishonorable discharge and except
+also those persons who refused to perform their military duties on the
+ground of conscientious or political obligation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Nature_
+
+While requiring that every member of the organization perform his full
+duty as a citizen according to his own conscience and understanding,
+the organization shall be absolutely non-partisan, and shall not be
+used for the dissemination of partisan principles, or for the
+promotion of the candidacy of any person seeking public office or
+preferment.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Administration_
+
+I. The Legislative Body of the organization shall be a national
+convention, to be held annually at a place and time to be fixed by
+vote of the preceding convention, or in the event that the preceding
+convention does not fix a time and place, then such time and place
+shall be fixed by the Executive Committee, hereinafter provided for.
+
+2. The annual convention shall be composed of delegates and alternates
+from each state, the District of Columbia, and each territory and
+territorial possession of the United States, each of which shall be
+entitled to four delegates and four alternates, and to one additional
+delegate and alternate for each one thousand memberships paid up
+thirty days prior to the date of the national convention. The vote of
+each state, of the District of Columbia, and of each territory or
+territorial possession of the United States shall be equal to the
+total number of delegates to which that state, district, territory, or
+territorial possession is entitled.
+
+3. The delegates to the national convention shall be chosen by each
+state in the manner hereinafter prescribed.
+
+4. The executive power shall be vested in a National Executive
+Committee to be composed of two representatives from each state, the
+District of Columbia, territory and territorial possessions of the
+United States and such other ex-officio members as may be elected by
+the Caucus. The National Executive Committee shall have authority to
+fill any vacancies in its membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_State Organization_
+
+The state organization shall consist of that organization in each
+state, territory, or the District of Columbia whose delegates have
+been seated in the St. Louis Caucus. In those states which are at
+present unorganized the state organization shall consist of an
+Executive Committee to be chosen by a state convention and such other
+officers and committees as said convention may prescribe. The state
+convention in the latter case shall be called by the two members of
+the National Executive Committee in that state, territory, and the
+District of Columbia, and shall choose the delegates to the national
+convention, providing a fair representation for all sections of the
+state or territory. Each state organization shall receive a charter
+from the National Executive Committee.
+
+The officers of the state organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One State Commander.
+  One State Vice Commander.
+  One State Adjutant.
+  One State Finance Officer.
+  One State Historian.
+  One State Master-at-Arms.
+  One State Chaplain.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_The Local Unit_
+
+The local unit shall be termed the Post, which shall have a minimum
+membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into this
+organization until it shall have received a charter. A Post desiring a
+charter shall apply to the State Organization and the charter shall be
+issued by the National Executive Committee whenever recommended by the
+State Organization. The National Executive Committee shall not issue a
+charter in the name of any living person.
+
+The officers of the local organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One Post Commander.
+  One Post Vice Commander.
+  One Post Adjutant.
+  One Post Finance Officer.
+  One Post Historian.
+  One Post Chaplain.
+
+and such appointive officers as may be provided by the State
+Organization.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Dues_
+
+Each state organization shall pay to the National Executive Committee
+or such officer as said committee may designate therefor, the sum of
+twenty-five cents annually, for each individual member in that
+particular state, District of Columbia, territory, or territorial
+possession.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Quorum_
+
+A quorum shall exist at a national convention when there are present
+twenty-five or more states and territories partially or wholly
+represented as herein-before provided.
+
+
+ARTICLE IX
+
+_Rules_
+
+The rules of procedure at the national convention shall be those set
+forth in Roberts' Rules of Order.
+
+
+ARTICLE X
+
+_Amendment_
+
+This Constitution is to be in force until the November Convention,
+when it will be ratified or amended by that Convention.
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS
+PASSED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, AMERICAN LEGION
+
+May 10, 1919.
+
+_1. Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan._
+
+WHEREAS, the Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war and to
+reestablish the country upon a Peace basis; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus emphatically endorses the Victory Liberty
+Loan and urges all Americans to promote the success of the Loan in
+every manner possible.
+
+_2. Conscientious Objectors._
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States, in accordance with the Act of Congress
+of May 18, 1917, and who were tried by General Court Martial,
+sentenced to prison, and later fully pardoned, restored to duty, and
+honorably discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them;
+and as condemning further the I.W.W.'s, International Socialists, and
+Anarchists in their efforts to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That this caucus demand full and complete
+investigation by Congress, of the trial and conviction of these
+parties, and their subsequent pardon.
+
+_3. Protection of the Uniform._
+
+WHEREAS, it is recognized that the uniform of the United States is as
+much a symbol as the flag itself, and thereby entitled to fitting
+respect, and, Whereas, certain unscrupulous firms and individuals have
+taken nefarious advantage of popular sentiment by utilizing men in
+uniforms as peddlers and sales-agents, and,
+
+WHEREAS, certain discharged men have so far forgotten the respect due
+the uniform they wear, as to use it as an aid in peddling goods;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this national caucus go on record as being
+unalterably opposed to such practices, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That each state and local organization here
+represented be urged to do all in its power to put an end to this
+misuse of the uniform, which has always been worn with honor and for
+noble purposes.
+
+_4. Reclamation of Arid, Swamp, and Cut-Over Timber Lands._
+
+WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the Army and Navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and,
+
+WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp and cut-over
+timber lands;
+
+Now, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in Convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.
+
+_5. Re�mployment of Ex-Service Men._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction, is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers and sailors, and,
+
+WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment, or a better job;
+
+BE IT RESOLVED, That the American Legion in national caucus assembled,
+declares to the people of the United States that no act can be more
+unpatriotic in these most serious days of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction than the violation of the principle announced, which
+pledges immediate re�mployment to the returned soldier; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its National
+Caucus assembled does hereby declare itself as supporting in every
+proper way, the efforts of the ex-service men to secure re�mployment,
+and recommends that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers,
+sailors, or marines be given preference whenever additional men are to
+be employed in any private or public enterprise; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to
+Congress the prompt enactment of a program for internal improvement,
+having in view the necessity therefor, and as an incident the
+absorption of the surplus labor of the country, giving preference to
+discharged ex-service men.
+
+_6. Disability Pay._
+
+Whereas, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious injustice
+is done to the civilian who entered the military service, and as an
+incident to that service is disabled; therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this Caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the War with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted men who served in the
+Military and Naval forces of the United States during the War,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.
+
+_7. War Risk Insurance._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: "To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the Military
+and Naval service of the United States, and those dependent upon
+them," and,
+
+WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the service,
+who have not had their rights, privileges and benefits under the War
+Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men, therefore,
+are losing daily, such rights, privileges and benefits, which may
+never again be restored; and,
+
+WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said Act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits and privileges;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the American Legion pledges its most energetic
+support to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to
+the end that the rights, privileges and benefits under the War Risk
+Insurance Act be conserved, and that the men discharged from the
+service, be made to realize what are their rights under this act; and
+that the Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with
+the War Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes
+herein expressed; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this Caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the Act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may
+select his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.
+
+_8. Alien Slackers._
+
+WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United States
+in July, 1918, known as an Amendment to Selective Service Act, giving
+persons within the draft age, who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship, the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby become exempt from service,
+and,
+
+WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards
+and factories; and,
+
+WHEREAS, in the great world war for democracy the rank and file of the
+best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed itself in
+order to uphold the principles upon which this country was founded,
+and for which they were willing to give up their life's blood; and,
+
+WHEREAS, these counterfeit Americans who revoked their citizenship in
+our opinion would contaminate the 100 per cent. true American soldier,
+sailor, or marine who will shortly return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion, do demand the Congress of
+these United States to immediately enact a law to send these aliens,
+who withdrew their first papers, back to the country from which they
+came. The country in which we live, and for which we are willing to
+fight is good enough for us; but this country in which they have lived
+and prospered, yet for which they were unwilling to fight, is too
+good for them, and
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That we demand the immediate deportation of
+every alien enemy who was interned during the war, whether the said
+alien enemy be now interned or has been paroled.
+
+_9. Disabled Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several states shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors and marines, to take advantage of governmental
+assistance and that every effort be made by the American Legion in the
+several states to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.
+
+_10. Espionage Act._
+
+RESOLVED: That every naturalized citizen convicted under the Espionage
+Act shall have his citizenship papers vacated, and when they shall
+have served their sentence they shall be deported to the country from
+which they came.
+
+_11. Resolutions._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to every
+member of the United States Senate and to each Representative in
+Congress.
+
+
+
+LEGION FACTS
+
+
+What has gone before is the story of the American Legion in the
+making. Now it is a going, growing institution.
+
+Because it will be of vital interest and importance to every one of
+the four million Americans who wore the uniform, the following
+information concerning the American Legion, in the form of questions
+and answers, is here given, as follows:
+
+    (1) _What is the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) It is the organization of American veterans of the World
+    War.
+
+
+    (2) _Who is eligible_?
+
+    (a) Any soldier, sailor or marine who served honorably between
+    April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.
+
+
+    (3) _Are women eligible_?
+
+    (a) Yes, those who were regularly enlisted or commissioned in
+    the army, navy or marine corps.
+
+
+    (4) _When was the Legion started_?
+
+    (a) It was first organized in Paris, March 15 to 17, 1919, by a
+    thousand officers and men, delegates from all the units of the
+    American Expeditionary Force to an organization caucus meeting,
+    which adopted a tentative constitution and selected the name
+    "American Legion."
+
+
+    (5) _What has been done in America regarding it_?
+
+    (a) The action of the Paris meeting was confirmed and endorsed
+    by a similar meeting held in St. Louis, May 8 to 10, 1919, when
+    the Legion was formally recognized by the troops who served in
+    the United States.
+
+    (6) _Are the organizations in France and America separate_?
+
+    (a) No. The Paris caucus appointed an Executive Committee of
+    seventeen officers and men to represent the troops in France in
+    the conduct of the Legion. The St. Louis caucus appointed a
+    similar Committee of Seventeen. These two Executive Committees
+    have amalgamated and are now the governing body of the Legion.
+
+    (7) _Who are the officers of this national governing body_?
+
+    (a) Henry D. Lindsley, Texas, Chairman; Bennett C. Clark,
+    Missouri, Vice-Chairman; Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania,
+    Secretary; Gaspar G. Bacon, Massachusetts, Treasurer.
+
+    (8) _Where are the temporary National Headquarters of the
+    Legion_?
+
+    (a) At 19 West 44th Street, New York City.
+
+    (9) _When will the final step in the organization of the Legion
+    take place_?
+
+    (a) November 10, 11 and 12, at Minneapolis, Minn., when a great
+    National Convention will be held.
+
+    (10) _Why were those dates selected_?
+
+    (a) Because by that time practically all of the men of the
+    A.E.F. will be at home and will have been able to participate in
+    the election of their delegates to the Convention.
+
+    (11) _Who were some of the men who initiated the formation of
+    the Legion_?
+
+    (a) Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, of the First Division; Col.
+    Henry D. Lindsley, formerly Mayor of Dallas, Texas; Sgt. "Jack"
+    Sullivan, of Seattle; Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier, of
+    Philadelphia; Ex-Senator Luke Lea, of Tennessee; Lt. Col.
+    Frederick Huedekoper, of Washington, D.C.; Major Redmond C.
+    Stewart, of Baltimore; Wagoner Dale Shaw, of Iowa; Lt. Col.
+    George A. White, of Oregon; "Bill" Donovan, of the "Fighting
+    69th"; Major Thomas R. Gowenlock, of Illinois; Sgt. Alvin C.
+    York, of Tennessee; Colonel John Price Jackson, of the S.O.S.;
+    Lt. Col. "Jack" Greenway, of Arizona; Sgt. Roy C. Haines, of
+    Maine; George Edward Buxton, of Rhode Island; Eric Fisher Wood,
+    of Pennsylvania; Chaplain John W. Inzer, of Alabama; Lt. Col.
+    David M. Goodrich, of Akron; Chief Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,
+    of Chicago; "Tom" Miller, of Delaware; Major Alex. Laughlin,
+    Jr., of Pittsburgh; Major Henry Leonard, of the Marine Corps;
+    Dwight J. Davis, of the 35th Division; Corporal Charles S. Pew,
+    of Montana; General William G. Price, of the 28th Division;
+    Bishop Charles S. Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F.; General
+    O'Ryan, of the 27th Division; Stewart Edward White, of
+    California; Private Jesus M. Baca, of New Mexico; General
+    Charles H. Cole, of the 26th Division; Sgt. E.L. Malsbary, of
+    Nevada; Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr., of New York; Col. Henry L.
+    Stimpson, Ex-Secretary of War; Lt. Col. Charles W. Whittlesey,
+    Commander of the "Lost Battalion"; Leroy Hoffman, of Oklahoma;
+    Lt. Col. A. Piatt Andrew, of the American Ambulance in France;
+    General Harvey J. Moss, of the State of Washington; John
+    MacVicar, Mayor of Des Moines before the War; Sgt. George H.H.
+    Pratt, of New Orleans; Col. F.C. Galbraith, of Cincinnati;
+    Corporal Joseph H. Fountain, of Vermont; Devereux Milburn, of
+    the 78th Division; Lt. Col. Wilbur Smith, of the 89th Division;
+    Sgt. Theodore Myers, of Pennsylvania; Col. Bennett C. Clark, son
+    of Champ Clark; Robert Bacon, Ex-Secretary of State.
+
+
+    (12) _What did the Legion, do at its St. Louis caucus_?
+
+    (a) It demanded investigation of the pardon and subsequent
+    honorable discharge by the War Department of convicted
+    conscientious objectors.
+
+    (b) It condemned the action of the I.W.Ws., the Anarchists, and
+    the International Socialists.
+
+    (c) It protested against certain nefarious business concerns who
+    are employing men in uniform to peddle their wares.
+
+    (d) It recommended that Congress should take steps to reclaim
+    arid, swamp and cut over timber lands and give the work of doing
+    this to ex-service men, and give the land to them when it had
+    been made available for farming purposes.
+
+    (e) It demanded of Congress the same disability pay for men of
+    the National Guard and National Army as now pertains to those in
+    the Regular establishment.
+
+    (f) It initiated a campaign to secure to service men their
+    rights and privileges under the War Risk Insurance Act.
+
+    (g) It demanded that Congress should deport to their own
+    countries those aliens who refused to join the colors at the
+    outbreak of the war, and pleaded their citizenship in other
+    countries to escape the draft.
+
+    (h) It undertook to see that disabled soldiers, sailors and
+    marines should be brought into contact with the Rehabilitation
+    Department of the Government, which department helps them to
+    learn and gain lucrative occupations.
+
+    (i) It authorized the appointment of a competent legislative
+    committee to see that the above recommendations were effectively
+    acted upon by Congress, and that committee has been appointed
+    and is now at work.
+
+    (j) It authorized the establishment of a bureau to aid service
+    men to get re-employment; and of a legal bureau to help them get
+    from the Government their overdue pay and allotments. These two
+    bureaus are being organized at the National Headquarters of the
+    Legion and will be in active operation by July 1st.
+
+    (13) _What else did the St. Louis caucus do_?
+
+    (a) It endorsed all steps taken by the Paris caucus, and adopted
+    a temporary constitution which conformed to the tentative
+    constitution adopted in Paris.
+
+    (14) _What does this Constitution stand for_?
+
+    (a) The preamble answers that question; it reads: "For God and
+    Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+    purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United
+    States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and
+    perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism; to preserve the
+    memories and incidents of our association in the Great War; to
+    inculcate a sense of individual obligations to the community,
+    state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes
+    and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote
+    peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
+    posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to
+    consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to
+    mutual helpfulness."
+
+    (15) _How does the Legion govern itself_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution provides that the legislative body of the
+    organization shall be a national convention, to be held annually
+    ... composed of delegates and alternates from each state, from
+    the District of Columbia and from each territory and territorial
+    possession of the United States.
+
+    (16) _How is the Legion organized_?
+
+    (a) It is composed of State Branches, and these in turn are made
+    up of Local Posts.
+
+    (17) _What is a Local Post_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution states that a Local Post shall have a
+    minimum membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into
+    the Legion until it has received a charter. A Post desiring a
+    charter shall apply for it to the State Branch, and the charter
+    will be issued, upon recommendation of this State Branch, by the
+    National Executive Committee. No Post may be named after any
+    living person.
+
+    (18) _How can I join the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) By filling out the Enrollment Blank on the last page of this
+    booklet and mailing it to the State Secretary of your home
+    state, whose name is listed below. If there is a Local Post in
+    your home town, your name and address will be sent to the Post
+    Commander. If there is no Post in your home town, START ONE,
+    write your State Secretary for the necessary particulars. The
+    State Secretaries are:
+
+    ALABAMA.--Leroy Jacobs, care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+    ARIZONA.--Fred B. Townsend, National Bank, Arizona Bldg.,
+      Phoenix.
+
+    ARKANSAS.--Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+    CALIFORNIA.--E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+    COLORADO.--Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+    CONNECTICUT.--Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd.,
+      Stamford.
+
+    DELAWARE.--L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+    DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg.,
+      Washington.
+
+    FLORIDA.--J.T. Wiggington, 818 15th St., Miami.
+
+    GEORGIA.--Louis H. Bell, care of Service Record, 208 Flatiron
+      Bldg., Atlanta.
+
+    HAWAII.--J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+    IDAHO.--Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+    ILLINOIS.--Name not received yet.
+
+    INDIANA.--L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg.,
+      Indianapolis.
+
+    IOWA.--John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+    KANSAS.--Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+    KENTUCKY.--D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+    LOUISIANA.--T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+    MAINE.--James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+    MARYLAND.--Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+    MASSACHUSETTS.--George F. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+    MICHIGAN.--Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+    MINNESOTA.--Merle E. Eaton, care of Lee & Lewis Grain Co., 200
+      Corn Exchange Bldg., Minneapolis.
+
+    MISSISSIPPI.--John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+    MISSOURI.--Ed. J. Cahill, Service Commission, Jefferson City.
+
+    MONTANA.--Ben W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+    NEBRASKA.--Allan A. Tukey, 1st National Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+    NEVADA.--J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+    NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+    NEW JERSEY.--George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+    NEW MEXICO.--Harry Howard Dorman, Santa F�.
+
+    NEW YORK.--Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St.
+
+    NORTH CAROLINA.--Charles N. Hulvey, A. & E. College, Raleigh.
+
+    NORTH DAKOTA.--Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+    OHIO.--Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+      Columbus.
+
+    OKLAHOMA.--F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+    OREGON.--Dow V. Walker, care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+    PENNSYLVANIA.--George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.
+
+    RHODE ISLAND.--James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+    SOUTH CAROLINA.--Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+    SOUTH DAKOTA.--J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+    TENNESSEE.--W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville.
+
+    TEXAS.--J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+    UTAH.--Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+    VERMONT.--Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+    VIRGINIA.--R.G.M. Ross, 508 First National Bank Bldg., Newport
+      News.
+
+    WASHINGTON.--George R. Drever, care Adj. Gen. Office, Armory,
+      Seattle.
+
+    WEST VIRGINIA.--Chas. McCamic, 904 National Bank of West
+      Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.
+
+    WISCONSIN.--R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+    WYOMING.--R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+
+It is interesting to know what the press of the United States thinks
+of the American Legion. Practically every newspaper in the country
+honored the Legion with comment. In almost every instance it was
+favorable. Selection has been made of some of this comment--as much as
+is feasible to give here. It is of two kinds: first, what the press
+thought of the _idea_ of the Legion, and second, what opinion it had
+of the Legion after it was launched at St. Louis. The first type of
+comment was made prior to the caucus in this country and the second,
+afterwards. Comment on both types was generally favorable.
+
+Lest insincerity be charged let it be said here that there _was_ some
+unfavorable comment. One New England paper was surprised that
+soldiers, sailors and marines were not clever enough to know that the
+American people would perceive their attempt, through this
+organization, to "drive a six mule team through the Treasury" and get
+pension and pay grabs. One Southern paper pictured Colonel Roosevelt
+returning from the St. Louis caucus, a defeated candidate for the
+chairmanship, with all hope of the future blasted, while one in Ohio
+said with equal accuracy and solemnity that "there is no need of such
+an organization at this time, now that the country is entering the era
+of peace."
+
+But here is the comment. It comes from north, east, south, and west,
+and it is typical:
+
+
+    _New York Times_, April 10, 1919.--... It is a pleasure to know
+    that Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, the worthy inheritor
+    of a beloved American name, has called a meeting of soldiers and
+    sailors at St. Louis. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett Clark, son of
+    Mr. Champ Clark, is an associate of Lieutenant Colonel
+    Roosevelt, in the plan for an organization of all our soldiers
+    and sailors as the American Legion. These two gentlemen,
+    associated in a patriotic movement, indicate by their names its
+    common national purpose, apart from politics and partisanship.
+    "A nonpartisan and non-political association is to be formed,"
+    says Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, "an association which will
+    keep alive the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy for
+    which these veterans fought." Justice, freedom, and democracy,
+    without partisanship! The idea is noble. It should prevail.
+
+
+    _Leavenworth_ (Kansas) _Post_, April 30, 1919.--... The
+    character of the men of the American Army who are promoting it
+    [the Legion] and the high ideals which it professes and proposes
+    to maintain are a guaranty that it will be a power for helpful
+    service in the common family of the nation.
+
+    The plan of organization sprang from the desire of serious and
+    able men in the American Army to maintain the high ideals for
+    which all of them have fought, to preserve the soldier
+    comradeship and carry it over into civilian life as an element
+    of broad helpfulness while keeping the record of the army free
+    from the taint of selfish aims. It was also wisely intended to
+    forestall by the creation of one big genuinely representative,
+    nonpartisan and democratic body, the formation of numerous
+    smaller organizations in various places by men intent on
+    exploiting the soldier sentiment and the soldier vote for other
+    than patriotic purposes.
+
+
+    _New York Sun_, April 11, 1919.--... The American Legion will
+    do an indispensable service. We, who have lived up to the past
+    few years in an agitation of protest against the pension grab
+    must now make our minds over sufficiently to realize that in the
+    new situation we run immediately into danger not of
+    over-pensioning the veterans of to-day but of neglecting them.
+
+    The new organization must of course be nonpartisan and
+    non-political. Precedent enough exists in the career of the
+    Grand Army to make that clear. It should include and enjoy the
+    guidance of the most influential military men. Politicians it
+    will have at its service so long as it is well run and organized
+    from within. Despite its proper political limitations, it should
+    serve as the most salutary means to influence returned soldiers
+    to cling to plain old Americanism, shed their martial
+    acquirements and return to plain, praiseworthy citizenship.
+
+
+    _Washington Star_, April 10, 1919.--... The American Legion is
+    to be welcomed as an agency for the promotion of the best in our
+    national life. It will represent, with other things, the majesty
+    of numbers. A great many men will be eligible to membership; and
+    they will be young, and full of hope and purpose. And when they
+    act together in matters within the scope of their organization
+    they will represent a force to be reckoned with in the
+    formulating of public policies.
+
+
+    _Brooklyn Eagle_, April 11, 1919.--Organization of "The American
+    Legion" is going on rapidily in every State in the Union. Vast
+    as was the mass of eligibles on which the Grand Army of the
+    Republic could draw after the Civil War, it did not compare with
+    the Legion's bulk of raw material. There will be a formal caucus
+    on May 8th, at St. Louis, of a real representative character, in
+    which it is said the enlisted men of the army and navy will have
+    a majority. Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson, once Secretary
+    of War, outlines the plan. He believes that this country's
+    future hereafter is in the hands of the men below thirty years
+    of age who fought this war. He trusts that the lesson in
+    practical democracy afforded by military experience and the
+    ideals of democracy emphasized by military enthusiasm may be
+    kept permanently alive.
+
+    That this is the main hope of the more active organizers we have
+    no doubt. Men like Major General O'Ryan, General Charles I.
+    Debevoise, and Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Robert
+    Bacon would never think of making such a body a lever for
+    pension legislation or an agency of politics. Yet the
+    temptation to a divergence from the higher ideals is strong, and
+    the rank and file may not be inclined to resist it.
+
+
+    _St. Louis Globe-Democrat,_ April II, 1919.--... Such
+    societies, it has been proved, are never partisan. They are
+    invariably exponents of broad-gauge patriotism. That they have
+    great political influence in a high national sense is true, but
+    they have never misused it nor ever viewed their mission in a
+    narrow spirit. They preserve the touch of the elbow throughout
+    life, but only as thorough Americans, devoted first, last, and
+    always to our common country.
+
+    St. Louis is proud to be selected as the place for the
+    inauguration of this admirable and undoubtedly perpetual
+    society. All wars are represented by societies formed by their
+    veterans, and all alike have been truly and broadly patriotic.
+    It will be the same with the new order, whose membership will,
+    on the strength of numbers called to the colors, far exceed any
+    former parallel. This event will be a datemark in our patriotic
+    annals and in the progress of the nation.
+
+
+    _Syracuse_ (N.Y.) _Herald_, April 13, 1919.--It has been
+    earnestly stated, as might have been expected, that the American
+    Legion will be strictly nonpartisan. That much might be inferred
+    from the circumstance that one of the leading associates of
+    Roosevelt in organizing the Legion is Lieutenant Colonel Bennett
+    Clark, son of the late Democratic Speaker of the House of
+    Representatives. Colonel Roosevelt is sufficient authority for
+    the assurance that the movement is neither partisan nor
+    political. He calls it "an association which will keep alive the
+    principles of justice, freedom and democracy for which these
+    veterans fought." Viewed in that sentimental, ethical and
+    patriotic light, it is a commendable undertaking. The American
+    people will wish it well, and be glad to see it flourish....
+
+
+    _Norfolk_ (Va.) _Dispatch_, April 9, 1919.--If the American
+    Legion now in process of organization by young Colonel Roosevelt
+    and his associates, clings to the principles of foundation and
+    holds by the purposes proclaimed by its founders, it may become
+    a mighty force for good in the land. It will be composed of
+    several millions of comparatively youthful Americans, a large
+    percentage of whom will be voters, while virtually all will have
+    demonstrated their readiness to fight their country's battles
+    with weapons far deadlier than bullets.... This assumes the
+    legion will fulfill the part it has undertaken to play in the
+    country's life. If it should degenerate into a selfish
+    protective body, it will be worse than useless. But there is
+    little reason to fear it will fall so far below its ideals while
+    there is every reason to hope it will be a powerful factor in
+    helping the country to find itself again.
+
+
+    _New Orleans Item_, April 14, 1919.--The American Legion through
+    the tremendous influence and mighty power of 3,000,000 organized
+    fighting men, is certain to shape and control the destinies of
+    the nation in years to come to an extent of which the wise will
+    refrain from even suggesting a limit. With the announcement by
+    Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt that the "Legion will be
+    interested in policies, but not in politics," the opinion may
+    safely be hazarded that the great political parties of the
+    country are due to have new mentors, from whom they may be
+    forced to look anxiously for their cues.
+
+    Primarily among the announced purposes of the Legion is the
+    perpetuating of those principles of justice, freedom and
+    democracy for which its members either fought or stood ready to
+    fight. On the field in France or in the training camps at home,
+    the millions of America's best manhood have learned intimately
+    and well a new lesson of individual and national responsibility.
+    Such lessons, at the cost they were obtained, are not to be
+    forgotten or lost. The ideals of the fighting men of the states,
+    producing the valor and the power which made the American Army
+    irresistible, and the revelations by fire of new realizations
+    and brotherhood and of world and national citizenship are surely
+    to be felt in the calm, happier times of peace.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Record_, April 10, 1919.--... If, as Colonel
+    Roosevelt predicts, the membership shall eventually comprise
+    4,000,000 men who were in the military and naval service of the
+    United States in the late war, it will have possibilities of
+    power that must be reckoned with. But if, in the long life
+    before it, the American Legion shall have no more to its
+    discredit than is summed up in the history of the G.A.R. whose
+    ranks are now so pathetically thin, it will have been a worthy
+    follower of its fathers.
+
+
+    _Paterson_ (N.J.) _Evening News_, May 7, 1919.--... The new
+    organization starts its career deserving and receiving the good
+    wishes of the entire country. The character of the men of the
+    American army who are promoting it and the high ideals which it
+    professes and proposes to maintain are a guaranty that it will
+    be a power for helpful service in the common family of the
+    nation.
+
+
+    _Duluth_ (Minn.) _Herald_, May 24, 1919.--There is a great field
+    for the American Legion, the organization of American veterans
+    of the World War, and judging by the spirit of the recent
+    convention and by the expressions of the returning delegates as
+    reported in the press of the country, it is going to fill that
+    field.
+
+    And the field that awaits it, and that it seems to intend to
+    fill, is a field of a vigorous and aggressive effort to demand
+    and enforce a strong and coherent and consistent Americanism.
+
+    Not the swashbuckling kind of Americanism--the
+    chip-on-the-shoulder kind--the we-can-lick-the-world kind. These
+    lads of ours are the last in the world to preach that fool kind
+    of Americanism. For they--or at least those of them who crossed
+    the seas and fought for liberty and peace on the other
+    side--have seen in the case of Germany what that kind of
+    nationalism comes to, and they are against it.
+
+    But there is a type of Americanism which is utterly free from
+    the taint of militarism and jingoism, but that yet is even more
+    dangerous to anybody at home or abroad who flaunts the spirit of
+    America and defies its power. And unless the signs fail, the
+    American Legion is going to express and embody and inculcate
+    that type of Americanism.
+
+
+    _Anaconda_ (Mont.) _Standard_, May 24, 1919.--... At St. Louis
+    the members voted down all proposals for obtaining from Congress
+    increases of pay for the soldiers and rejected all efforts to
+    obtain canvasses of the members to ascertain their preference as
+    to parties and as to presidential candidates. Everything was
+    excluded which would tend to committ the organization to any
+    particular party or any particular candidate. Young Colonel
+    Roosevelt, son of the former republican president, and Colonel
+    Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark, former democratic speaker of
+    the house, joined hands in the endeavor to keep partisanship and
+    politics out of the organization.
+
+
+    _Collier's Weekly_, May 31, 1919.--A national convention of
+    American soldiers and sailors in which no grievances were aired,
+    no political axes ground, no special privileges or preferments
+    demanded; where oratorical "bunk" was hooted down; where social
+    discrimination was taboo and military rank counted not at all;
+    where the past glories of war were subordinated to the future
+    glories of peace and where the national interest was placed
+    above all partisanship--that is something new under the sun. It
+    was in such a convention held in St. Louis during the second
+    week in May, that the new spirit of the American army and navy
+    expressed itself articulately for the first time since the
+    armistice was signed. The birth of the American Legion was
+    attended by circumstances having a significance comparable with
+    those surrounding the signing of a certain document in
+    Philadelphia one hundred and forty-three years ago, come July
+    4th.
+
+    A brigadier general arises to "place in nomination the name of a
+    man who--" and is cried down by doughboys with calls of "Name
+    him! Who is he?" A proposal to give extra pay to enlisted men is
+    unanimously defeated because, as Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt
+    put it, "we are not here to sandbag something out of the
+    Government, but to put something into it." The invitation to
+    make Chicago the next meeting place of the Legion is refused
+    because "American soldiers and sailors don't want to go to a
+    city whose mayor would be ashamed to welcome such a convention."
+    A progressive Republican, son of a famous father, refuses the
+    chairmanship to quiet suspicion of personal ambition, and the
+    office goes to a Southern Democrat of whose party the gathering
+    is in complete ignorance.
+
+    One of the convention stenographers said: "This is the funniest
+    convention I have ever attended." We have an idea that there was
+    an element of prophecy in her homely remark--a body representing
+    more than four million American soldiers and sailors that makes
+    so little political noise is likely to be about as funny to the
+    conventionally minded politician as a bombardment of gas shells.
+    This language of restraint in the mouths of organized civilian
+    youth may prove to be a natural companion to the famous battle
+    slogan of the A.E.F.: "Let's go!"
+
+
+    _New York Evening Post_, May 3, 1919.--... The true usefulness
+    of a veterans' organization is not far to seek. Like the G.A.R.,
+    the Legion should maintain and develop the comradeship bred by
+    the war. It can assist the unfortunate in its ranks; it can take
+    care of the widows and orphans of soldiers, in so far as any
+    inadequacy of public provision seems to make care necessary. The
+    Legion can preserve the fame of soldiers and commanders, by
+    erecting monuments, by seeing that histories are written, and by
+    proceedings of its regular reunions. It can foster such a public
+    recollection of the great deeds of the war as well as broaden
+    and deepen American patriotism. Sherman remarked in 1888 that
+    there was some danger that a peace-loving generation in time of
+    crises "would conclude that the wise man stays at home, and
+    leaves the fools to take the buffets and kick of war." This
+    danger can best be met by just such an organization as the
+    G.A.R., with its campfires of song and story. Comradeship,
+    charity and patriotism--these should be the Legion's watchwords.
+
+
+    _New Haven_ (Conn.) _Union_, April 16, 1919.--... Its more
+    immediate task, as its promoters see it, is to help the members
+    and the families of members who maybe in need of assistance. No
+    comrade of the great struggle is to feel that he is forgotten
+    and forsaken by the comrades who served the same great cause.
+    Its large and more permanent duty is to spread the sentiment of
+    patriotism, to set an example of love of country, and unselfish
+    service, to keep blooming always in the soldiers' bosom the
+    flower of sacrifice that springs from every soldier's grave in
+    France.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Press_, April 10, 1919.--The organization of the
+    soldiers of the late war into a permanent body is inevitable and
+    entirely proper.
+
+
+    _Capper's Weekly_, May 24, 1919.--The American Legion organized
+    at St. Louis is the new G.A.R. and through its platforms the
+    views of the soldiers who fought in France will be heard. It is
+    already apparent what the trend of that sentiment is. Whatever
+    military system this nation sets up, if it meets the approval of
+    the two million men who served the nation in the Great War, it
+    will be democratic in spirit and as far as possible in form. It
+    will be an army in which the self-respect of the common soldier
+    will be recognized. The returning soldier has no use for anyone
+    living here who is not wholly American, and is for expelling the
+    unnaturalized alien wherever found. Loyalty to the Nation is
+    fundamental in the soldiers' view.
+
+    The Nation must safeguard itself and make a distinction between
+    citizens who offer themselves and their all, and citizens who,
+    for whatever reason, withhold some part of their allegiance.
+    Brutal treatment of conscientious objectors is neither civilized
+    nor necessary, but a differentiation is created by such
+    residents themselves, and there should be corresponding
+    differentiation in rights and protection. This is one of the
+    subjects that the returned soldiers have at heart.
+
+
+    _Post Intelligencer_, Seattle, Washington, May 21, 1919.--...
+    The American Legion will be a political force in the nation as
+    it has a perfect right to be. No organization of its character
+    is to be held together by the cohesive power of reminiscence.
+    Something more binding is required, and that something will be
+    forthcoming whether anyone outside the Legion likes it or
+    not....
+
+    The American Legion will be made up of intelligent young men who
+    will have a community interest and whose interest can only be
+    furthered by united action. They will know that nothing is more
+    transient than public gratitude, and they will assuredly not
+    rely on it.
+
+
+    _Rochester_ (N.Y.) _Times_, May 23, 1919.--At its first
+    convention held recently in St. Louis, the American Legion
+    unanimously voted down a proposal to seek increased bonus money
+    for the soldiers.
+
+    At that same meeting, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., refused to accept
+    official leadership of the organization because he desired to
+    allow no ground for any charge that he wished to utilize it to
+    further his political career.
+
+    Such action by the Legion and by one of its most prominent
+    members warrant its organizers in working to enroll all the men
+    who served during the great war.
+
+    If this path is followed the American Legion will be a force for
+    good in the country's affairs as well as a bond of fellowship
+    among those who were members of the largest army ever raised by
+    this republic.
+
+
+    _Manchester_ (N. H). _Union_, May 27, 1919.--... In spite of
+    all that has been written and said it appears there still
+    remains some mistaken idea and prejudices concerning this
+    organization. The purposes of the American Legion are:
+
+    1. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of
+    America.
+
+    2. To maintain law and order.
+
+    3. To foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+
+    4. To preserve the memories and incidents of our association in
+    the Great War.
+
+    5. To inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the
+    community, state and nation.
+
+    6. To combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses.
+
+    7. To make right the master of might.
+
+    8. To promote peace and good will on earth.
+
+    9. To safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of
+    justice, freedom and democracy.
+
+    10. To consecrate and sanctify comradeship by devotion to mutual
+    helpfulness.
+
+    This is the program and platform of the wonderful organization
+    whose potential membership is the four million and more men who
+    wore their country's uniform in the war.
+
+    It is big enough and broad enough to admit every man and woman
+    who joined the colors. If, as has been intimated, there are some
+    few ex-service men who think they see in this tremendous
+    movement something personal and partisan, they should take the
+    blinders off, forget their unworthy fears, and come out into the
+    open with their comrades, determined, as every man is who has
+    already joined, that the American Legion will never be made the
+    vehicle of personal ambition nor the creature of partisan
+    purpose; but will be conserved to foster and promote only those
+    high purposes which are so nobly defined in the language which
+    is quoted above, taken bodily from the constitution of the
+    Legion.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Gazette-Times,_ May 29, 1919.--... In contrast
+    with the Grand Army, the American Legion will embrace all
+    sections of our land. Similarly it will be the private soldier's
+    organization. Military honors will not count. Absolute
+    Americanism is to be its dominating principle. With the
+    dwindling ranks of the Grand Army there is need of such an
+    organization. The Grand Army has long been a staunch bulwark of
+    patriotism but time is doing its work. Others must soon take up
+    where the veterans of the Civil War left off. Those of the new
+    organization who saw service overseas possess a new vision of
+    what America means. Because of their good fortune in going
+    abroad they reaped an advantage over those who were denied the
+    privilege, though entitled to no more credit. All who donned the
+    uniform served. With an organization of such possibilities in
+    numbers and all imbued with a patriotic fervor the safety of the
+    Republic against the machinations of those who would tear down
+    is assured.
+
+
+    _Burlington_ (Vt.) _News_, May 29, 1919.--So far as actual
+    results are concerned America gains little from the peace
+    treaty. If, however, the American Legion measures up to the
+    standard we believe it capable of, America will be the greatest
+    gainer of all in the war.
+
+
+    _Bridgeport_ (Conn.) _Standard_, May 28, 1919.--The statement
+    that the American Legion is to let politics alone is good news
+    to the people of this country who are looking toward this fine
+    organization of American fighters to bring to our national life
+    some of the spirit which chased the Fritzies back to the Rhine.
+    The civilian public has a right to ask what are the aims of this
+    new, and sure to be powerful, organization. Four million men are
+    of its potential membership. These four million are to be found
+    scattered in every city, village and hamlet in the country. They
+    are to meet on terms of equality, officers and men. They know
+    how to work together, how to undergo discipline for a worthy
+    objective, and how to go over the top in action. It is good,
+    then, to know that this new four million is not to be a
+    political machine. We want no more of the mawkish of either
+    fearing or catering to the "soldier-vote."
+
+    Only as a nonpartisan organization can the American Legion do
+    its best work. Its able leaders know this. In a day when men are
+    fast deserting unworthy party emblems to stand for what they
+    think right, the soldier organization will have a wide
+    influence.
+
+    We hail the Legion.
+
+    It had to come and it is coming strong and sure.
+
+    Good men are at the head of the column, and better men than
+    those in the ranks exist nowhere in the country.
+
+    They are the pick of the best, physically best, in nerve and in
+    courage, best in point of training, in discipline and best among
+    all the nations who won the great victory.
+
+    There is still a fight in America. Democracy is never safe, only
+    being made safe. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
+    Eternal vigilance without regard to fear or favor is to be the
+    spirit of the American Legion.
+
+
+COMMITTEES
+
+
+EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  D.W.M. Jordan
+  John W. Inzer
+
+ALASKA
+  Edgar T. Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  John C. Greenway
+  E.P. Conway
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Joe S. Harris
+  James J. Harrison
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  H.G. Mathewson
+  C.E. Palmen
+
+COLORADO
+  H.A. Saidy
+  E.R. Myers
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  H.C. Meserve
+  A.M. Phillips, Jr.
+
+DELAWARE
+  George N. Doris
+  George L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  N.C. Turnage
+  E. Lester Jones
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  Louis H. Bell
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  E.C. Booth
+  Frank Esterbrook
+
+ILLINOIS
+  William R. McCauley
+  Marshall Field
+
+INDIANA
+  Robert Morehead
+  C.F. Strodel
+
+IOWA
+  H.H. Polk
+  John MacVicar
+
+KANSAS
+  W.S. Metcalf
+  Sidney Moss
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Henry D. Moorman
+  D.A. Sachs, Jr.
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Allison Owen
+  Ralph Michel
+
+MAINE
+  Albert Greenlaw
+  Arthur L. Robinson
+
+MARYLAND
+  H.F. French
+  Wm.A. Huster
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.G. Bacon
+  J.F.J. Herbert
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Frederick M. Alger
+  A.C. Doyle
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Harrison Fuller
+  A.M. Nelson
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Alex. Fitz-Hugh
+  Fred Sullens
+
+MISSOURI
+  Court P. Allen
+  H. Stattman
+
+MONTANA
+  H.L. Blomquist
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  John G. Maher
+  Ed. P. McDermott
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank Knox
+  Mathew Mahoney
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  D.B. Muliken
+  P.J. Ehrhardt
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  B.M. Cutting
+  O.A. Larrizola, Jr.
+
+NEW YORK
+  Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
+  Louis Burrill
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.M. Hanley
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  J.L. Cochrun
+  H.W. Snodgrass
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Roy Hoffman
+  Ralph H. Berry
+
+OREGON
+  E.J. Eivers
+  W.B. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Franklin D'Olier
+  A. Laughlin, Jr.
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  A. Johnson
+  R.B. Weeden
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+  H.B. Springs
+  M.B. Berkley
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+  Joseph S. Pfeiffer
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Luke Lea
+  Harry S. Berry
+
+TEXAS
+  W.E. Jackson
+  Rolland Bradley
+
+UTAH
+  Baldwin Robertson
+  Royal Douglas
+
+VERMONT
+  H. Nelson Jackson
+  Joseph Fountain
+
+VIRGINIA
+  C. Francis Cooke
+  Andrew S. Christian
+
+WASHINGTON
+  L.L. Thompson
+  Russ Simonton
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  John G. Bond
+  Charles McCamic
+
+WISCONSIN
+  James Ackley
+  G.W. Strampe
+
+WYOMING
+  C.M. June
+  L.A. Miller
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Hayward H. Hillyer
+  William P. Norton
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  G.H.W. Rauschkolb
+  John S. Siebert
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE
+
+ALABAMA
+  Matthew H. Murphy
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Ed. M. Le Baron
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Fred N. Tillman
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.H. Dibble
+
+COLORADO
+  H.A. Saidy
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  F.W. Carroll
+
+DELAWARE
+  George N. Doris
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Charles E. Johnston
+
+FLORIDA
+  Carroll Ford
+
+GEORGIA
+  Eugene Sibert
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  C.M. Booth
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Marshall Kearney
+
+INDIANA
+  A.C. Duddelston
+
+IOWA
+  H.H. Polk
+
+KANSAS
+  W.W. Hollaway
+
+KENTUCKY
+  M.K. Gordon
+
+LOUISIANA
+  John D. Ewing
+
+MAINE
+  Roger A. Greene
+
+MARYLAND
+  H.L. French
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  L.A. Frothingham
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Avery Gilleo
+
+MINNESOTA
+  S.S. Smith
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Alex. Fitz-Hugh
+
+MISSOURI
+  H.C. Clark
+
+MONTANA
+  Sam Abelstein
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Hird. Stryker
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank Knox
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  E.A. Tobin
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Roy H. Flamm
+
+NEW YORK
+  Robert Marsh
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.R. Baker
+
+OHIO
+  E.J. Rummell
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  E.E. Atkins
+
+OREGON
+  B.E. Leonard
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Fred Hill
+
+PHILIPPINES
+  Robert R. Landon
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  W.P. Shunney
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  William G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  G.P. Anderson
+
+TEXAS
+  Charles R. Tips
+
+UTAH
+  R.J. Douglas
+
+VERMONT
+  Guy Varnum
+
+VIRGINIA
+  John J. Wicker, Jr.
+
+WASHINGTON
+  John J. Sullivan
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  John C. Vaughan
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Robert Cunningham
+
+WYOMING
+  L.A. Miller
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Joseph P. McGlinn
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Thomas H. Dempsey
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Bibb Graves
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  John C. Greenway
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Burton S. Kinsworthy
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  H.G. Mathewson
+
+COLORADO
+  R. Dickson
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  W.J. Malone
+
+DELAWARE
+  George W. Davis
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  John Lewis Smith
+
+FLORIDA
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  L.H. Bell
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  C.M. Booth
+
+ILLINOIS
+  C.G. Seeman
+
+INDIANA
+  Scott R. Brewer
+
+IOWA
+  Fred M. Hudson
+
+KANSAS
+  P.R. Johnson
+
+KENTUCKY
+  H.D. Haven Moorman
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Gus Blanchard
+
+MAINE
+  Roy C. Haines
+
+MARYLAND
+  Wm. A. Huster
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  W.H. Howard
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Howard Brink
+
+MINNESOTA
+  E.D. McCarthy
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Fred Sullens
+
+MISSOURI
+  Bennet Clark
+
+MONTANA
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  L.J. McGuire
+
+NEVADA
+  J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank J. Abbott
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Harlan Besson
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  D.H. Wyatt
+
+NEW YORK
+  Hamilton Fish
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  H.Y. Semling
+
+OHIO
+  J.F. Koons
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Horace H. Hagan
+
+OREGON
+  Roderick D. Grant
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  D.G. Foster
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Percy Cantwell
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Ed. Palmer
+
+TEXAS
+  Claud Birkhead
+
+UTAH
+  R.S. McCarthy
+
+VERMONT
+  J. Watson Webb
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Wm. A Stuart
+
+WASHINGTON
+  L.L. Thompson
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Charles W. McCamic
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Elmer Owens
+
+WYOMING
+  R.L. Powers
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Haywood W. Hillyer
+
+
+
+ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE
+
+ALABAMA
+  Cecil Gaston
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Alexander B. Baker
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Ross Mathis
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.E. Bohlen
+
+COLORADO
+  E.R. Meyer
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  P.C. Calhoun
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Henry Leonard
+
+FLORIDA
+  A.H. Blanding
+
+GEORGIA
+  R.L. Wilson, Jr.
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Taylor Cummings
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Frank Harrison
+
+INDIANA
+  J.A. Umpleby
+
+IOWA
+  Maris B. De Wolfe
+
+KANSAS
+  P.C. Stamford
+
+KENTUCKY
+  J.G. Wheeler
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Louis Ginella
+
+MAINE
+  James U. Boyle
+
+MARYLAND
+  Wm. B. Wilmer
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.C. Cutler
+
+MICHIGAN
+  J.F. Young
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Paul McMichael
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  George Hoskin
+
+MISSOURI
+  F.L. Smith
+
+MONTANA
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Geo. H. Holveman
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  George V. Fiske
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  R.P. Schenck
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Don. L. Blevins
+
+NEW YORK
+  Parton Swift
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.P. Williams
+
+OHIO
+  L.J. Campbell
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Hugh Haughery
+
+OREGON
+  J.L. May
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  G.A. Rick
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Alex. Johnson
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnston
+
+TENNESSEE
+  W.A. Shadow
+
+TEXAS
+  Arch C. Allen
+
+UTAH
+  D.E. Rhivers
+
+VERMONT
+  Leonard Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  C. Brook Bollard
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred Redinger
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  M.V. Godfrey
+
+WISCONSIN
+  J.C. Davis
+
+WYOMING
+  Wm. Shortell
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Scott W. Lucas
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Charles S. Watkins
+
+
+
+CREDENTIAL COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Joseph Yates
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  F.P. Bernard
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Ivie Herschel
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.W. Herhart
+
+COLORADO
+  J.W. Gwin
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  F.S. Butterworth
+
+DELAWARE
+  George L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  S.P. Knut
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Peterson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Roger Young
+
+INDIANA
+  J.W. Todd
+
+IOWA
+  P.M. Soper
+
+KANSAS
+  I.E. Lambert
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Richard H. Slack
+
+LOUISIANA
+  G.H.H. Pratt
+
+MAINE
+  Albert Greenlaw
+
+MARYLAND
+  J.S. Davis
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.F. Gilbody
+
+MICHIGAN
+  H.A. O'Dell
+
+MINNESOTA
+  George Chapin
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  John M. Alexander
+
+MISSOURI
+  D.W. Cronkite
+
+MONTANA
+  Doug. McCallum
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Orlando H. Kearney
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  John Santor
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  C.S. Brady
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Jesus M. Baca
+
+NEW YORK
+  J.P. Goerke
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.P. Williams
+
+OHIO
+  H.L. Bimm
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  F.W. Fisher
+
+OREGON
+  C.L. Mullen
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  E.J. Pennell
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  F.B. Thurber
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  J.D. Robertson
+
+TEXAS
+  John S. Hoover
+
+UTAH
+  J.G. Wooley
+
+VERMONT
+  Alexander Smith
+
+VIRGINIA
+  G.R. Poole
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred Fein
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  W.J. Simmons
+
+WISCONSIN
+  M.A. Chybowski
+
+WYOMING
+  D.C. McCarthy
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  John S. Seibert
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON PERMANENT HEADQUARTERS
+
+ALABAMA
+  Beach Chenoweth
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Alex. B. Baker
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wm. Dougherty
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.L. Shuman
+
+COLORADO
+  D.J. Sparr
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  B.R. Mathies
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  L. Clarkson Hines
+
+FLORIDA
+  A.H. Blanding
+
+GEORGIA
+  Eugene Sibert
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  R.R. Wilson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Charles Wham
+
+INDIANA
+  M.H. Thomas
+
+IOWA
+  Thompson L. Brookhart
+
+KANSAS
+  W.A. Phares
+
+KENTUCKY
+  E.H. Marriner
+
+LOUISIANA
+  L.P. Beard
+
+MAINE
+  Roger A. Greene
+
+MARYLAND
+  F.A. Young
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  W.H. Dolan
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Wm. King
+
+MINNESOTA
+  D.R. St. Julian
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Robt. Burnett
+
+MISSOURI
+  A. Field
+
+MONTANA
+  Ben W. Barnett
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Geo. Gilligan
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Arthur Trufant
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  R.F. Ritter
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  O.A. Lorizolla, Jr.
+
+NEW YORK
+  Thos. John Conway
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  J.L. Hall
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Earl McNally
+
+OREGON
+  W.P. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  C.A. Buettner
+
+PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+  Robert Landon
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Walter Sharkey
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  W.G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Ed. Buford
+
+TEXAS
+  Roy A. Jamison
+
+UTAH
+  J.C. Kundson
+
+VERMONT
+  L.H. Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Robt. P. Wallace
+
+WASHINGTON
+  C.B. McDonald
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Geo. S. Houston
+
+WISCONSIN
+  James Pfeil
+
+WYOMING
+  C.M. June
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  R.A. Thompson
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  LeRoy Jacobs
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  M.E. Cassidy
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Roy Penix
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Clair Woolwine
+
+COLORADO
+  W.E. Swink
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  R.C. Vance
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Donald McGregor
+
+FLORIDA
+  Conrad Ford
+
+GEORGIA
+  L.H. Bell
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Peterson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Richard M. O'Connell
+
+INDIANA
+  Robt. Clee
+
+IOWA
+  H.D. Lemley
+
+KANSAS
+  M.B. Musselman
+
+KENTUCKY
+  James G. Juett
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Rudolph Wienan
+
+MAINE
+  Roy C. Haines
+
+MARYLAND
+  A.R. Hagner, Jr.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Donald Green
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Chas. D. Kelley
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Jno. J. Ahern
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Chas. R. Dolbey
+
+MISSOURI
+  Robert Fullerton, Jr.
+
+MONTANA
+  Ben W. Barnett
+
+NEBRASKA
+  A.L. Stuart
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  C. Fred Maher
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Allen L. Eggers
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Jesus M. Baca
+
+NEW YORK
+  Geo. P. Putnam
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Arthur Gorman
+
+OHIO
+  H.M. Bush
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  W.T. Burling
+
+OREGON
+  B.E. Leonard
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Ammon Monroe Aurand, Jr.
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Harry F. McKenna
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  H.H. Corson, Jr.
+
+TEXAS
+  John W. Young
+
+UTAH
+  Leo Meehan
+
+VERMONT
+  L.H. Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  D.D. Nei
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Russ Simonton
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+ Geo. S. Houston
+
+WISCONSIN
+  C.M. Huntley
+
+WYOMING
+  Ralph L. Powers
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  C.P. Dimmitt
+
+
+
+FINANCE COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  B.F. Stoddard
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  M.E. Cassidy
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Garland Hurt
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.H. Dibbley
+
+COLORADO
+  Ed. Krueger
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  James B. Moody
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Howard F. Fiske
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+
+GEORGIA
+
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  John S. Green
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Albert A. Sprague
+
+INDIANA
+  Chester P. Wolfe
+
+IOWA
+  W.R. Hart
+
+KANSAS
+  J.B. Brickell
+
+KENTUCKY
+  R. Ewall
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Levering Moore
+
+MAINE
+  Waldemar P. Adams
+
+MARYLAND
+  Alexander Randall
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  J. Stewart
+
+MICHIGAN
+  George M. Kesl
+
+MINNESOTA
+  O.H. Baldwin
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Paul Chambers
+
+MISSOURI
+  D.G. Hubbard
+
+MONTANA
+  Arthur Barry
+
+NEBRASKA
+  William Richie
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  William E. Sullivan
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Paul De Voise
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  F.B. Humphrey
+
+NEW YORK
+  M.B. Murphy
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  B.J. Hard
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  William Viuer
+
+OREGON
+  C.L. Muffin
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  James W. Gary
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Jas. Elinniskey
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Charles R. Bowman
+
+TEXAS
+  C.C. Beavens
+
+UTAH
+  Harold R. Smoot
+
+VERMONT
+  Pearl T. Clapp
+
+VIRGINIA
+  J.T. Wyatt
+
+WASHINGTON
+  C.S. Sapp
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Clarence Jones
+
+WISCONSIN
+  P.R. Minnahan
+
+WYOMING
+  N.V. Swensen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Louis R. Florin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  G.H.W. Rauschkolb
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Norman J. Reiss
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Roy W. Wood
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Clair Woolwine
+
+COLORADO
+  Robt. G. Allen
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  P.L. Sampsell
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  J. Bentley Mulford
+
+FLORIDA
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  T.A. Feeney
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Thos. Harwood
+
+INDIANA
+  Augustus B. Wilson
+
+IOWA
+  Jackson R. Day
+
+KANSAS
+  P.K. Cubbison
+
+KENTUCKY
+  W.O. Sayers
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Davis McCutcheon
+
+MAINE
+  Waldemar P. Adams
+
+MARYLAND
+  G.H. Tieman
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  J.P. McGrath
+
+MICHIGAN
+  B.B. Bellows
+
+MINNESOTA
+  W.R. Sturtz
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Arthur B. Clark
+
+MISSOURI
+  H.W. Holcomb
+
+MONTANA
+  H.L. Blomquist
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Frank F. Fischer
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  W.J. Murphy
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  G.H. Stratton
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  C.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  E.D. Bunn
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  L.B. Merry
+
+OHIO
+  R.E. Shank
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Robert B. Keenan
+
+OREGON
+  W.B. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  B.L. Houck
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Jos. San Soneitr
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Barton P. Brown
+
+TEXAS
+  Russ D. Langdon
+
+UTAH
+  L.J. Seeley
+
+VERMONT
+  Alexander Smith
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Robt. R. Wallace
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Rob. S. Gordon
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Jas. M. Crockett
+
+WISCONSIN
+  John P. Szultek
+
+WYOMING
+  Maurice Dineen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+SOLDIERS AND SAILORS COUNCIL
+  S.H. Curtin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  John S. Seibert
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  J.F. Gillem
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wendell Robertson
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  V.W. Gerhard
+
+COLORADO
+  M.C. Dameron
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  J.S. Hurley
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+  W.G. Glenn
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Davis
+
+ILLINOIS
+  W.C. Mundt
+
+INDIANA
+  N.J. Buskirk
+
+IOWA
+  A.M. Pond
+
+KANSAS
+  Foss Farar
+
+KENTUCKY
+  H. Reingold
+
+LOUISIANA
+  W.A. Coon
+
+MAINE
+  Frank M. Hume
+
+MARYLAND
+  T.H. Scaffe
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  H.H. Wheelock
+
+MICHIGAN
+  P.W. Nickel
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Conrad Veit
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  W.T. Adams
+
+MISSOURI
+  U.P. Haw
+
+MONTANA
+  Worth C. Almon
+
+NEBRASKA
+  R.J. Webb
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Walter J. Hogan
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  J.M. Pancoast
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  F.B. Humphrey
+
+NEW YORK
+  F.W. Baldwin
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  E.L. King
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  P.A. Fox
+
+OREGON
+  R.D. Grant
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  L.L. Felts
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  F.V. Thurber
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+
+TENNESSEE
+  W.R. Craig, Jr.
+
+TEXAS
+  S.P. Boom
+
+UTAH
+  Charles Parsons
+
+VERMONT
+  Joseph Fontain
+
+VIRGINIA
+  W.R. Trotter
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred. J. Shaw
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Sam. Solins
+
+WISCONSIN
+  L.J. Woodworth
+
+WYOMING
+
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Geo. E. Davis
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  T.R. Smith
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NEXT MEETING PLACE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  F.M. Ladd
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Ed. M. LeBaron
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wm. G. Edgar
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.O. Shuman
+
+COLORADO
+  T.H. Wiles
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  W.D. Copp
+
+DELAWARE
+  Geo. L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Louis P. Clephane
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  R.L. Wilson, Jr.
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Frank Estabrook
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Grover Sexton
+
+INDIANA
+  J.B. Reynolds
+
+IOWA
+  B.R. Finch
+
+KANSAS
+  Charles I. Martin
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Frank Bernhaim
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Clifford Stem
+
+MAINE
+  James L. Boyle
+
+MARYLAND
+  A.C. Solomon
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Marcus Maddern
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Frank J. Tobin
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Loren B. Roberts
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  J.S. Fleming
+
+MISSOURI
+  L.C. Lozier
+
+MONTANA
+  Arthur Barry
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Allan Tukey
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  H.L. Hereaux
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  A.S. Westcott
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  S.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  Fred Gallager
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  Ralph Pearce
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  W.T. Butts
+
+OREGON
+  E.J. Eivers
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  A.I. McRae
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Walter Sharkey
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  G.C. Milligan
+
+TEXAS
+  L. Nicholson
+
+UTAH
+  Fred. Jurgensen
+
+VERMONT
+  J. Watson Webb
+
+VIRGINIA
+  G.R. Poole
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Albert Johnston
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Joseph Jackson
+
+WISCONSIN
+  C.H. Foster
+
+WYOMING
+  Benj. Gregg
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  F.H. Rein
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  J.A. Bernard
+
+
+
+ROSTER
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+  CHENOWETH, BEACH MEAD, Birmingham. U.S.N.
+  GASTON, CECIL D., Birmingham. Med. Corps U.S.A. and A.E.F.
+  GILLEM, JENNINGS F., Birmingham. 320 M.G. Bn.
+  GRAVES, BIBB, Montgomery. 117th F.A.
+  INZER, J.W., Mobile. 14th Inf.
+  JACOBS, LEROY R., Birmingham. 38th Inf.
+  JORDAN, WM. M., Birmingham. Evac. Hosp. No. 11.
+  LADD, FRANK M., JR., Mobile. U.S.N.
+  LONG, F.M., Jasper. 7th Inf. 9th M.G. Bn.
+  LUSSIER, RICHARD F., Birmingham. M.I.D. Gen. Staff.
+  MURPHY, MATTHEW H., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+  REISS, NORMAN J., Mobile. Q.M.C.
+  STODDARD, B.S., Mobile. 49th Inf.
+  YATES, JOSEPH A., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+
+
+ALASKA
+
+  HAWLEY, EDGAR T., Boise, Idaho. U.S.A.
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+
+  BURROW, G.M., Little Rock. 18th Inf.
+  DOHERTY, WILLIAM, Jonesboro. 153d Inf.
+  EDGAR, WM. G., El Dorado. 153d Inf.
+  HAMILTON, SCOTT D., Fayetteville. 346th Inf.
+  HARRIS, JOE S., Monticello. 153d Inf.
+  HARRISON, J.J., Little Rock. Care Pugh Printing Company. Instructor
+    Tr. Camp.
+  HERSCHEL, IVIE, Marion. 154th Inf.
+  HURT, GARLAND, Newport. 162d Inf.
+  JACKSON, THOMAS A., Little Rock. 154th Inf.
+  KINSWORTHY, B.S., Little Rock. Off. Tr. Camps.
+  LLOYD, T.H., Paragould. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MATHIS, Ross, Cotton Plant. 2d Inf.
+  PENIX, WM. ROY, Jonesboro. Kelly Fld., Tex.
+  ROBERTSON, W.A., Ft. Smith. 13th Aero Squad.
+  SMITH, E. ROSS, Little Rock. 141 M.G. Bn.
+  STAFFORD, JOHN L., Springdale. 106th Am. Train 3 1st Div.
+  TAYLOR, R.P., Paragould. Aerial Ob. C.A.C.
+  TILLMAN, FRED A., Fayetteville, 12th F.A.
+  WOOD, ROY W., Little Rock. Naval Aviation.
+
+
+ARIZONA
+
+  BAKER, ALEXANDER B., Phoenix. 28th F.A.
+  BERNARD, E.P., Tucson. 47th M.G. Bn.
+  CASSIDY, M.E., Bisbee. Ad. Gen. Dep.
+  GREENWAY, JOHN C., Warren. 101st Inf.
+  LEBARON, EDWIN M., Mesa. 801st P. Inf.
+  TOWNSEND, FRANK B., Phoenix. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+
+  BOHLEN, E.E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  DIBBLEE, BENJ. H., San Francisco. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  GEARHART, B.W., Fresno. 609th Aero Sq.
+  HAMMOND, LEONARD C., San Francisco, 91st Aero.
+  HOUGHTON, A.D., Los Angeles. Am. Serv. League.
+  KELLY, E.J., Los Angeles. 64th U.S. Inf.
+  MATHEWSON, H.G., Alameda. C.A.C.
+  PALMER, C.E.G., Coalinga. Canadians.
+  SHUMAN, BLAIR S., San Francisco. 363d Inf.
+  SLOW, ASHFIELD E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  WOOLWINE, CLARE W., Los Angeles. 8th Inf. Gen. St.
+
+
+COLORADO
+
+  ALLEN, ROBT. G., Denver. 305th Inf.
+  DAMERON, M.C., Pueblo. Camp Med. Supp. Depot.
+  DAVID, MORTON M., Denver. 20th Inf.
+  DICKSON, RAY, Ft. Collins. 30th Serv. Co.
+  GWIN, JNO. W., Pueblo. 158th Inf.
+  KRUEGER, EDW., JR., Buena Vista. Air Serv.
+  LAWRENCE, C.W., Pueblo. U.S.N.
+  MALONEY, B.F., Pueblo. 815th Pioneer.
+  MYER, E.R., Boulder. 356th Inf.
+  SAIDY, H.A., Colorado Springs. 341st F.A.
+  SPARR, D.J., Denver. 157th Inf.
+  STUBBS, ALBERT L., La Junta. Medical Corps.
+  SWINK, WALTER E., Rocky Ford. U.S.N.
+  WILES, THOS H., Denver. Chaplain.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+
+  BUTTERWORTH, DR. S., New Haven. Chem. War Serv.
+  CALHOUN, PHILO C., Bridgeport. U.S.M.C.
+  CARROLL, FRANCIS W., Waterbury. Presidential Gd. U.S.A.
+  COPP, WEBSTER D., Norwich, 301st M.G. Bn.
+  HURLEY, JAS. S., Waterbury. 73rd Inf.
+  MALONE, WM. J., Bristol. A.S. (A).
+  MATTHIES, BERNARD H., Seymour. 105th Spruce Squad.
+  MESERVO, HARRY C., Stamford. 68th C.A.C.
+  MOODY, JAS. B., JR., Hartford. 301st Supply Train.
+  PHILLIPS, ALFRED N., JR., Stamford. 55th F.A.
+  SAMPSELL, P.L., New London. U.S.N.
+  TILEY, MORTON C., Essex. U.S.A.A.S.
+
+
+DELAWARE
+
+  DORIS, GEO. N., Wilmington. 364th Inf.
+  EVANS, GEO. L., Wilmington. U.S.N.
+  WARNER, IRVING, Wilmington. Cement Mill Co. No. 8.
+
+
+DISTRICT COLUMBIA
+
+  CLEPHANE, LEWIS P., Washington. U.S.N.
+  CONNOLLY, FRANK A., Washington. 312th F.A.
+  FISK, HOWARD S., Washington. U.S.N.
+  GLENN, WM. G., Washington. 103d M.O.R.S.
+  HINES, L.C., Washington. F.H. 165-117.
+  JOHNSTON, CHAS. E., Washington. U.S. Coast Gd.
+  JONES, E. LESTER, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  KRUIT, PRENTISS, Washington. U.S.N.
+  LEONARD, H., Washington. U.S.M.C.
+  MACGREGOR, DONALD, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  MULFORD, J.B. Washington. 165th Field Hosp. Co.
+  SMITH, JNO. L., Washington. Mil. Intell. Div.
+  TURNAGE, M.C., Washington. P.M.G.O.
+
+
+FLORIDA
+
+  FORSTER, DAVIS, New Smyrna. M.C.
+  GIVENS, MORRIS M., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  LOWRY, S.L., JR., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  MCGUCKEN, HAROLD, Tampa. 124th Inf.
+  WIGGINTON, J.T., Miami. 124th Inf.
+
+
+GEORGIA
+
+  BELL, LOUIS H., Atlanta. 20th M.G. Bn.
+  HILLYER, HAYWOOD H., Macon. 49 M.G. Bn.
+  JUETT, J.G., Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  SIEBERT, EUGENE, Atlanta. 437th Det. Eng. Corp.
+  STOCKBRIDGE, BASIL, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  WILSON, ROBT. L., JR., Atlanta. 122d Inf.
+
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+
+  MORGAN, JAS. P., Hawaii. Inf. Replac. Troops Camp Grant, Ill.
+
+
+IDAHO
+
+  BOOM, EUGENE C., Moscow. 18th Eng.
+  BOOTH, C.M., Pocatello. 44th Inf.
+  COLLIER, L.R., Pocatello. 163d Inf.
+  CUMMINS, TAYLOR, Twin Falls. Coast Art.
+  DAVIS, PAUL, Bois�. I.C.O.T.S.
+  ESTABROOK, FRANK, Nampa. 146th M.G. Bn.
+  FEENEY, THOS. A., Lewiston.
+  GREEN, JNO. S., Twin Falls, 1st St. Inf.
+  PETERSON, PAUL T., Idaho Falls. 75th Inf.
+  WILSON, ALBERT H., Clarks Fork. Q.M.C.
+  WILSON, R.R., Pocatello. Inf. (unassigned).
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+  ADAMS, M.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  ADLER, MORRIS, Quincy. 1st O.T. Sch.
+  ALLEN, ROYAL B., Marseilles. Q.M.C.
+  ARNOLD, B.J., Chicago. Air Serv.
+  AYRES, LESTER G., Oak Park. C.A. School.
+  BOLIN, JAS. R., Paris. 2d Div.
+  BOOSE, JOS. I., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BURNETT, GEO., Shelbyville. 130th Inf.
+  BURNS, J.H., Carrollton. 337th F.A.
+  BUSCH, A.H., Cicero. 117th M.G. Bn.
+  CAVE, ROBT. R., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  COLLINS, W.H., Decatur. 119th Inf.
+  CUMMINGS, JNO. P., Chicago. Tank Corps.
+  CURRIER, C.L., La Grange. 25th Eng.
+  DICKERSON, EARL B., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  DUTCHER, EVERETT C., Dixon. 342d Inf.
+  EISENBERG, SAM J., Chicago. 332d F.A.
+  ENGLE, ROBT. H., Freeport. 41st Inf.
+  EVERSON, CHAS. W., Chicago. A.S. Sig. R.C.
+  FAYART, L.E., Springfield, 9th F.A.
+  FIELD, MARSHALL, Chicago. F.A.
+  FLANNERY, FRANK B., Chicago, Beach Hotel, 221st F. Sig. Bn.
+  FLORY, ROGER, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FLOYD, JNO. A., Chicago. 6th Cav.
+  FORMAN, HAROLD, Chicago. 72d F.A.
+  FREID, SAM'L L., Chicago. 50th Inf.
+  GOLDBERG, B.L., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GOREY, THOS. V., Joliet. Q.M.C.
+  GOWENLOCK, THOS. R., Chicago. 1st Div.
+  GREENE, JNO. J., Chicago. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  HANA, LEO G., Peoria. 341st Inf.
+  HARDWOOD, THOS. F., Bloomington. 343d Inf.
+  HARRISON, F.J., Streator. 1st C.O.T.S.
+  HARTFORD, C.E., Marseilles. Ordnance.
+  HARTRICK, GUY R., Urbana. Ordnance.
+  HELFRICH, GEO. R., Chicago. 17th Inf.
+  HINDERT, GEO. C., Minonk. U.S.N.
+  HIPPLER, S.H., Canton. 5th Reg.
+  HIRSTEIN, A.K., Fairbury. 129th Inf.
+  HUGHES, JNO. E., Chicago. A.S.
+  ICKES, FAY, Springfield, 310th F. Sig. Bn.
+  JEFFERSON, E.A., Chicago. 604th Eng.
+  JENKINS, NEWTON, Chicago. 5th Reg.
+  KEARNEY, MARSHALL V., Chicago. 303d Bn. Tank Corps.
+  KELLEY, W.L., Shelbyville. Chem. War Serv.
+  KENDRICK, J.E., Lincoln. 161st Dep. Br.
+  KINGSTON, RAY, Shelbyville. 119th Inf.
+  KRAATZ, C.F., Carbondale. 161st D.B.
+  LAUER, ROBT. J., Chicago. 344th Inf.
+  LEE, HARRY V., Chicago. Signal Corps.
+  LING, WALTER, Evansville. 115th Inf.
+  LYNDE, CORNELIUS, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MACAULAY, IRWIN, Quincy. Ordnance.
+  MARKLEY, H.G., Watseka. 116th Eng.
+  MARSH, A.F., Chicago. Const. Div.
+  MARSHALL, THOS. H., Chicago. Inf.
+  MCCAULEY, W.R., Olney. 308th Bn. Tank Corps.
+  MEIERHOFER, EDW. H., Minonk. 68th Art.
+  MERRICK, MARLOWE M., Chicago. Sig. Corps.
+  MIDDLETON, A.B., Pontiac. M.C., 90th Div.
+  MILES, GRANT M., Pontiac. 339th Inf.
+  MILLER, JNO. S., JR., Winnetka. 33d F.A.
+  MILLER, THOS., Chicago. 49th Inf.
+  MOCK, HARRY E., Chicago. Med. Corps.
+  MUNDT, WM. C., Fairbury. Radio School.
+  O'CONNELL, R.M., Bloomington. U.S.N.R.F.
+  OPPENHEIMER, J., Chicago. 333d F.A.
+  ORR, PONCE B., Joliet. 1st Inf.
+  PACKWOOD, LAWRENCE, Chicago. 521st M.T.C.
+  PADDOCK, GEO. A., Evanston. 342d Inf.
+  PARKER, HOWARD K., Taylorville. 106th F.A.
+  PESAVENTO, A.J., Joliet. R.S. and C.O.T.S.
+  PIETRZAK, MICHAEL, Oglesby. A.S.A.P. 9th Dt.
+  POWELL, WM. J., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  REED, F.N., Evanston. 10th F.A.
+  REEDER, RUSSEL, Canton, 1st Co. C.A.C.
+  RHODES, BEN. S., Bloomington. 345th Inf.
+  ROMINGER, W.E., Shelbyville. 14th M.G.
+  SAYRE, C.B., Canton. 326th F.A.
+  SEAMAN, GEO. G., Taylorville. 17th F.A.
+  SEARCY, EARL B., Springfield. 311th Inf.
+  SEDWEAK, C.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  SEXTON, GROVER F., Chicago. 108th Mil. Pol. Train.
+  SIMONS, J.E., Glen Ellyn. U.S.M.C.
+  SIMPSON, SIDNEY E., Carrollton. 164th Inf.
+  SKUBIC, EDW. P., Chicago. C.O.T.S.
+  SPENCER, R.V., Chicago. 160th D.B.
+  SPRAGUE, A.A., Lake Forest. 341st Inf.
+  STELLO, JNO. H., McLeansboro. 115th M.G. Bn.
+  TAPP, H.F., Quincy. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALSH, MARTIN, Chicago. 1st Repl. Reg.
+  WEBBER, R.W., Urbana. 210th Aero Sq.
+  WERCKMAN, JNO. C., Minonk. 6th Repl. Reg.
+  WERNER, R.L., Peoria. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WHAM, CHAS., Centralia. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  YOUNG, R., Joliet. 41st Inf.
+  ZERWEKH, PAUL W., Alton. Aviation.
+
+
+INDIANA
+
+  ASCH, A.L., Indianapolis. Q.M.C.
+  BREWER, SCOTT R., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  BUSKIRK, N.J., Bloomington. 111th Inf.
+  CASTER, SOLON J., Indianapolis, 150th F.A.
+  CLEE, ROBT. E., Kokimo. 69th F.A.
+  DAVIS, PAUL Y., Bloomfield. 335th Inf.
+  DUDDLESTON, A.C., Terre Haute, 151st Inf.
+  HOGAN, H.G., Ft. Wayne. M.T.C.
+  JOHNSON, F.B., Indianapolis. Adv. Gen.
+  LEVI, MORRIS R., Evansville. 42d and 32d Div.
+  LONN, A.E., Laporte. 167th Brg.
+  MCDONALD, T.M., Princeton. F.A. Repl. Tr.
+  MOORHEAD, R.L., Indianapolis. 139th F.A.
+  NEWGENT, L.R., Indianapolis. U.S.N.
+  PUTT, GEO., Indianapolis. Motor Trans. Corp.
+  REYNOLDS, JNO. B., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  ROYER, S.D., Terre Haute. 349th Inf.
+  ROYZE, JNO. A., Indianapolis. M.T.C.
+  STRODEL, C.F., Huntington. Inf.
+  THOMAS, MARK H., Huntington. Q.M.C.
+  TIMKO, JOS. J., Brazil.
+  TODD, JOE W., Hammond. Air Serv.
+  UMPLEBY, JAY A., Gary. 139th F.A.
+  WALTZ, RALPH H., Noblesville. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  WATTS, ALBERT H., E. Chicago, 139th F.A.
+  WILSON, A.B., Indianapolis. 87th Div.
+  WOLFE, C.P., Indianapolis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  ZIISEL, FRANK F., Elkhart. 159th D. Br.
+
+
+IOWA
+
+  BERGER, P.F., Carroll. 163d Disch. Off.
+  BROOKHART, S.W., Washington. Inf.
+  BROOKHART, T.L., Washington. M.T.C.
+  COLE, J.F., Oelwein. 161st Depot Brig.
+  COOK, DON C., Cedar Rapids. U.S.M.C.
+  CIRCE, WM. L., Bloomfield. 1st Eng.
+  CRONIN, EDW. P., Victor. U.S.N.
+  DAY, J.R., Council Bluffs, 19th Div.
+  DEWOLF, M.E., Spencer, 5th Inf.
+  DORAN, LUCIEN S., Beaver. 339th F.A.
+  FINCH, BUDD R., West Union. 126th F.A.
+  HAHN, F.K., Cedar Rapids. 126th F.A.
+  HAM, Jos. P., Dubuque. 168th Inf.
+  HARKER, FRANK C., Ottumwa. 168th Inf.
+  HART, W.R., Iowa City, 305th B. Tank Corp.
+  HUDSON, FRED M., Pocahontas. 79th A.A. Bn.
+  HUNGERFORD, JNO., JR., Carroll. Air Serv.
+  KELLY, J.H., Sioux City, 99th Inf.
+  KINS, WILL L., Hubbard. 159th Dept. Br.
+  LEMLEY, H.D., Melrose. 109th Eng.
+  MACVICAR, JNO., Des Moines. Q.M.C.
+  MALCOMB, EARL, Laurens. 12th Inf.
+  METZGER, T.M., Council Bluffs. 168th Inf.
+  NEUSTRAND, OSCAR, Red Oak. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NEWELL, FLOYD, Ottumwa. M.C.
+  PATTEE, L.C., Pocahontas. Sig. Corp.
+  PEASE, LIBERTY, Farragut. 168th Inf.
+  PLAISTER, R.M., Dubuque. 163d Inf.
+  POLK, HARRY H., Des Moines. 176th Inf.
+  POND, ALANSON M., Dubuque. Med. Corps.
+  PUSEY, MCGEE, Council Bluffs. 11th Bal. Co.
+  SCHULTZ, E.R., Sioux City. Nav. Res. Fly. Corps.
+  SHAW, ROBT. J., Hayesville. 40th Inf.
+  SMITH, R.A., Council Bluffs. 163d D.B.
+  SOPER, B.M., Nevada. Q.M.C.
+  STROTZ, ROY R., Des Moines. 16th Inf.
+  THOMAS, LEE A., Mondamin. 3d Con. Bn.
+  WELCH, C.J., Denison. 4th Repl. Reg. 16th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+KANSAS
+
+  BARCLAY, JAS. F., Kansas City, 110th Eng.
+  BLY, WM. D., Leavenworth. 365th Inf.
+  BRANAMAN, H.A., Ottawa. 137th Inf.
+  BRICKELL, J.B., Emporia. Med. Corps.
+  BURNETT, R.H., Dodge City. Zone Sup. Of. N.Y.C.
+  CLAUSEN, E.W., Atchison. U.S.N.A.S.
+  CUBBISON, P.K., Kansas City. 354th Inf.
+  EATON, L.R., Neodesha. 8th Eng.
+  ELIAS, C.R., La Crosse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FARRAR, FOSS, Arkansas City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  FOULSTON, S.L., Wichita, 91st Div.
+  GRIEVES, LOREN C., Ft. Leavenworth. G.S. Reg. A.
+  HANTLA, JNO. P., Spearville. 137th Inf.
+  HASTY, LEWIS A., Wichita. 342d Inf.
+  HOLDEN, HARLEY E., Neodesha. P.O. Dept.
+  HOLLOWAY, W.W., Kansas City. P.M.G.O.
+  JOHNSON, PAUL R., Independence. U.S.N.
+  KURTZ, W.P., Columbus. 158th D.B.
+  LAMBERT, I.E., Emporia. Air Serv.
+  LEE, THOS. A., Topeka. 26th Inf.
+  LEEKLEY, R.M., Arkansas City. 338th F.A.
+  MADDEN, JNO., SR., Wichita. Air Serv.
+  MARTIN, CHAS. I., Topeka. 70th Inf. Br.
+  METCALF, W.S., Lawrence. 77th Brig.
+  MOSS, SIDNEY A., Wichita. 125th F.A.
+  MUSSELMAN, N.B., Arkansas City. R.M.A.
+  O'REILLY, H.C., Strong City. 164th Depot Br.
+  ORTMEYER, H.A., Wichita. 326th M.G. Bn.
+  PHAREN, W.A., Wichita. 360th Inf.
+  SNYDER, HARRY E., Council Grove. Med. Det.
+  SPARKS, KEITH L., Greensburg. Med. Dep.
+  STANFORD, F.C., Independence. A.S.S.C.
+  WALKER, H. Jos., La Crosse. 418th Eng.
+  WEED, M.S., Lawrence. 137th Inf.
+  WILLIAMS, JNO. W., Ottawa. Air Serv.
+  WOODS, JAS. A., Arkansas City. 101st Fld. Sig. B.
+  WOODSIDE, L.N., Council Grove. 13th Cav.
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+  BEARD, B.F., Hardensburg. 138th F.A.
+  BELL, ULRIC J., Louisville. Inf.
+  BERNHEIM, FR. D., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  BRONAUGH, ROBT. L., Nicholasville. 164th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., Lebanon. U.S.N.R.F.
+  EWALL, GEO. R., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  FISCHER, A.T., Louisville. A.S.R.C.
+  FRASER, V.C., Wickliffe. 6th Inf.
+  GORDON, M.K., Madisonville. I.G.D.
+  HALL, HERMAN H., Viper. 327th F.A.
+  HILL, J. MURRAY, Bowling Green. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JUETT, J.G., Wickliffe. 18th Inf.
+  MARRINER, E.H., Dayton. 131st Inf.
+  MOORMAN, H.D., Hardinsburg. 10th F.A.
+  MUIR, EDMUND A., Nicholsville. 22d Ret. Co. G.S.
+  RINGGOLD, J.H., JR., Russellville. Air Sq. 260.
+  SACHS, D.A., JR., Louisville. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SLACK, R.H., Owensboro. 1st O.T.S.
+  SOSNIN, M.L., Louisville. Base Hosp. Camp Crane, Luxemberg, Fr.
+  SOYARS, WM. O., Hopkinsville. U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, PHIL. H., Paducah. M.R.C.
+  WHEELER, JAS. G., Paducah. 159th D.B.
+  YOUNG, JNO. S., Glasgow. Med. Corps.
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+
+  BEARD, L.P., New Orleans. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BLANCAND, GUS, New Orleans. Co. 10.
+  COON, WM. A., New Orleans. 73d F.A.
+  DAVIS, EDW., New Orleans, 1st Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  GINELLA, Louis, New Orleans. M.C.
+  MICHEL, F. RALPH, New Orleans. 46th F.A.
+  MOORE, LEVERING, New Orleans. Q.M.C.
+  OWEN, ALLISON, New Orleans. 141st F.A.
+  PRATT, GEO. H.H., New Orleans. Air Serv.
+  STEM, C.H., New Orleans. 2d Eng.
+  WEINMANN, R.J., New Orleans, 151st F.A.
+
+
+MAINE
+
+  ADAMS, W.P., Portland.  54th Ar. C.A.C.
+  BOYLE, JAS. L., Augusta,  101st San. Tr.
+  GREENE, ROGER A., Lewiston.  101st Trench Mort. Bn.
+  GREENLAW, ALBERT, Eastport.  Hdq. 26th Div.
+  HAINES, ROY C., Ellsworth.  334th Tank Corps.
+  HUMER, FRANK M., Houlton.  103d U.S. Inf.
+  MILLIKEN, CARL E., Augusta.
+  NORTON, W.P., Portland.  72d Art. C.A.C.
+  PRESSON, GEO. MCG., Augusta.  Adj. Gen.
+  ROBINSON, A.L., Portland.  7th A.A. Bn.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+
+  FRENCH, FINDLAY H., Baltimore.  S.O. Camp, Greenleaf, Ga.
+  GOOD, STUART S., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  HUSTER, WM. A., Cumberland.  113th Inf.
+  JOHNSON, WILLARD J., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  KNAPP, RALEIGH T., Baltimore,  110th F.A.
+  RANDALL, A., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  SCAFFE, HAROLD, Baltimore.  14th F.A.
+  SOLOMON, ADOLPH C., Baltimore.  U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, DAVIS G., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  TIEMAN, GEORGE H., Baltimore.  Air Service.
+  WILMER, WILLIAM B., Baltimore.  Tank Corps.
+  YOUNG, FRANK A., Cumberland,  115th Inf.
+  YOUNG, HARVEY W., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  BACON, G.G., Jamaica Plains.  316th F.A.
+  BALDWIN, H.L., Malden.
+  BURT, C.E., New Bedford.  121st F.A.
+  CLEARY, JAS. P., Boston.  Personnel Off. Camp Upton.
+  CUTLER, GEO. C., Jr., Boston.  U.S.N.
+  DALTON, EDWARD P., Boston.  A.G.D.
+  DOLAN, W.H., Fitchburg.  26th Div.
+  FOY, F.H., Quincy.  82d Div. Inf.
+  FROTHINGHAM, L.A., N. Easton.  Adj. Gen.
+  GERMAIN, CHAS. F., Wollaston.  234th Eng.
+  GILBODY, GEO. F., Boston.
+  GREEN, DONALD R., Holyoke. 28th F.A.
+  HERBERT, J.P.J., Worcester. 102d F.A.
+  HOWARD, W.J., Whitman. 113th Eng.
+  JACKSON, L.P., Athol. 74th Inf.
+  MADDEN, MARCUS E., 64 N. Beacon St., 71 Art. C.A.C.
+  MANIFF, HARRY, Revere. U.S.N.
+  MARLEY, THOS. J., E. Boston. 104th Inf.
+  MCGRATH, JAS. P., Roslindale. Hdq. 26th Div.
+  MCINNIS, VICTOR A., Roxbury. 301st Inf.
+  MOYNIHAN, NEIL P., Haverhill. C.O.T.S., Camp Lee, Va.
+  NOLAN, DAVID J., Worcester. 52d Inf.
+  O'ROURKE, JNO. J., Lowell, 101st Sup. Tr.
+  PAGE, KENNETH B., Longmeadow. 104th Inf.
+  PEABODY, J.C.R., Boston. Asst. to Dept. Insp., N.E. Dept. I.G. 5th Div.
+    A.E.F.
+  PRYOR, J.H., West Newton  372d Inf.
+  ROSENFELD, JAY C., Pittsfield. 359th Inf.
+  SAFFORD, RALPH K., Springfield. 104th Inf.
+  SCOTT, H.J., Roxbury. 26th Div.
+  SHINNICK, WM. T., Brockton. 55th Reg. C.A.C.
+  SPILLANE, LEO A., Chelsea. Hdq. N.E. Dept.
+  STEWART, H.J., Camp Devens. 36th Mis. Inf.
+  STRANDQUIST, H.W., Newton. 102d M.G. Bn.
+  THOMAS, H.C., Allston. 101st Eng.
+  WHEELOCK, H.H., Fitchburg. 101st Sup. Tr.
+  WILLIAMS, HARRY R., Boston. 101st Am. Tr.
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+
+  ALGER, FREDERICK M., Detroit. 310th Amun. Tr.
+  ALLEN, CARLOS R., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  BALDWIN, PAUL R., Manistique. Air Service.
+  BELLOWS, BENJ. B., Highland Park. Ordnance.
+  BERSEY, JOHN S., Lansing. Adjt. Gen., Michigan.
+  BOWDEN, ISAAC, Port Huron. Base Hosp. No. 73.
+  BRINK, HOWARD C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  BURGESS, FRANK, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  CHRISTIE, J.T.C., U.S.A. Gen. Hop., No. 36, Detroit. Q.M.C.
+  CONWAY, BERTRAM, 33 Cardoma St., Detroit. 367th Inf.
+  DOYLE, A.G., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  ENGLISH, RAND P., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., University Club, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FEHRENBOCHER, CHRISS, 271 Harrison St., Gary, Ind. 10th Inf.
+  GILDERSLEEVE, HOWARD, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GILLEO, AVERY C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  GUELFF, JOHN J., Marquette. 328th F.A.
+  HALL, WILLIAM D., Kalamazoo. 126th Inf.
+  HANSEN, MYRON J., Laurium. S.A.T.C.
+  HARRIS, H.H., Detroit. A.S.S.C. Aviation Training.
+  HENRY, D.D., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  HULLFISH, HENRY G., Washington, D.C. Medical Dept.
+  KELLEY, CHARLES D., West Detroit. 32d Div.
+  KESL, G.M., Port Huron. M.D.
+  KILMER, EDWARD H., Grand Rapids. 10th Inf.
+  KING, WILLIAM, Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  LARSON, WERNER R., Ironwood. Sanitary Squad No. 58.
+  LAWSON, OTTO EMIL C.Y., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  LOCKHART, ARTHUR, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MAINES, GEORGE H., Battle Creek. 338th Inf.
+  MCKEE, MARK T., Mt. Clemens. Chemical Warfare.
+  MCMAHAN, F.V., 322 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MOERISCH, E.L., Escanaba. U.S.N.
+  NICKEL, P.W., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NORTON, ALBERT H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  O'BRIEN, THOMAS, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.
+  O'DELL, H.A., Detroit. Hdg. Chief Engr.
+  QUASIGROCH, LEE J., Highland Park, Ill., Camp Custer.
+  SMITH, GEORGE L., Detroit. 4th Tex. Inf.
+  TABOR, LYLE D., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TARPESTRA, GEORGE, Grand Rapids. 154th Aero Squad.
+  TAYLOR, W.J., Port Huron. Hdq. Det. 14th Div.
+  TOBIN, FRANK J., Jackson. 126th Inf.
+  VELDMAR, EDWIN, Grand Rapids. 26th Inf.
+  WEIR, ORVILLE H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  WILKIN, H.H., Detroit. U.S.N.
+  YOUNG, JAY P., 706 Easterly Ave., 125th Inf.
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+
+  AHERN, JNO. J., St. Paul.  88th Inf.
+  ANDERSON, S.E., Ruthton.  351st Inf.
+  BALDWIN, C.H., Redwood Falls.  87th Inf.
+  CALDWELL, JNO. C., Albert Lea.  127th F.A.
+  CHAPIN, GEO. S., St. Paul.  167th Inf.
+  CLARK, GORDON M., Duluth.  125th F.A.
+  CLIPPER, GEO. A., St. Paul.  Q.M.C.
+  COOK, PAUL B., Lowrny Blg., St. Paul.  Med. Corp.
+  EATON, M.E., Minneapolis.  309th Fld. Sig. Bn.
+  FOWLER, F.J., St. Paul.  Camp McArthur.
+  FULLER, HARRISON, St. Paul.  163d F.A.
+  HALL, LEVI M., Minneapolis. 124th F.A.
+  HENDERSON, R.L., Minneapolis. C.A.
+  KING, S.W., Austin. Motor Mechanic.
+  LEWIS, H.B., Minneapolis. Dunwoody Tr. Det.
+  LOWTHER, GEO., Minneapolis. Sig. Corp.
+  MACMICHAEL, P.R., 119 N. 4th St., Minneapolis. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MAGNUSSON, C.W., Hibbing. 85th F.A.
+  MCCARTHY, E.D., St. Paul. 313th Eng.
+  NELSON, A.M., Fairmont. 68th Inf. Br.
+  NELSON, Roy, Minneapolis. M.G.S.
+  NOLAN, M.C., Grand Meadow. Q.M.C.
+  PAGE, RALPH W., Minneapolis. 303d Cav.
+  PARKS, JNO. J., St. Paul. 101 Aero Squad.
+  PARTRIDGE, C.A., Owatonna. 332d M.G. Bn.
+  ROBERTS, LOREN B., Little Falls. 187 Aero Sq., A.E.F.
+  ROGERS, M.J., St. Paul. 74th Eng.
+  SCHAUB, H.W., St. Paul. 65th Pioneer Inf.
+  SMITH, S.S., Worthington. 164th D. Brig.
+  STROMGREN, E., Center City. Motor Amb. Sup. Dep. Louisville.
+  STURTZ, WM. P., Albert Lea. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TOMELTY, JAS. C., Little Falls. 337th F.A.
+  USTRUCK, W.J., Montevideo. 346th Inf.
+  VANCMA, GEO., Lakefield. 151st Aero Sq.
+  VARNER, C.L., St. Cloud. Naval Aviation.
+  VEIT, CON., 3733 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. 70th Inf.
+  WARNER, LEE F., St. Paul. Chem. Warfare.
+  WILLIAMS, W.A., 621 Byron St., Mankato. 2d Eng.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+
+  ADAMS, WM. T., JR., Corinth, 115th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, JNO. M., Jackson. San. Corp.
+  BURNETT, ROBT., Vicksburg. 334th M.G. Bn.
+  CHAMBERS, PAUL, Jackson. U.S.N.R.F.
+  CLARK, ARTHUR B., Indianola. 79th Div.
+  DALBEY, CHAS. R., Jackson, 115th Inf.
+  DUNN, ARTHUR JNO., Vicksburg. 162d Inf.
+  FITZHUGH, ALEX., 1403 Baum St., Vicksburg. Comp Q.M., Camp Hancock, Ga.
+  FLEMING, JAS. S., JR., Natchez. 52d Ammun. Tr.
+  HOSKINS, GEO. C., Brookhaven. 162d Inf.
+  SULLENS, FREDERICK, Jackson. Mil. Intell. Div. Gen. Staff.
+  WHITING, JNO. S., JR., Farrell. 24th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+MISSOURI
+
+  ALBERT, WILFRED G., St. Louis. 57th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, F., St. Louis. 49th Inf.
+  ALLEN, C.P., Trenton. Field Ord.
+  BARCO, A.U., St. Louis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BENNETT, J.M., Neosho. S.M.A.
+  BERNARD, J.A., St. Louis. 45th U.S. Inf. Medical Corps.
+  BRADBURY, H.C., Jefferson City. U.S.M.C.
+  BRUGGERE, W.H., St. Louis. 342d F.A.
+  CAMBELL, C.W., Sedalia. 314th Eng.
+  CARTER, A., Meadville. 18th Inf.
+  CLARK, BENNETT, Bowling Green. 88th Div.
+  CLARKE, HARVEY C., Jefferson City. 35th Div.
+  CRONKITE, D.W., St. Joseph. Naval Aviation.
+  DALLMEYER, PHIL. A., Jefferson City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  DALY, RICHARD L., St. Louis. 12th F.A.
+  DICKSON, J.T., Warrensburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DIMMITT, C.P., St. Louis. Hosp. Guard.
+  EGGER, E.R., St. Louis. 6th Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  FIELD, ANDREW, Macon. 160th D.B.
+  FOSTER, DICK B., Kansas City. 10th Div.
+  FULLERTON, ROB., Louis, 111. 5th Mo. Inf.
+  GARRETT, RUBY D., Kansas City. Signal Corps.
+  GOOD, H.G., Carthage. 116th Engrs.
+  GRAY, L.H., Carthage. 6th M.G.B. Marines.
+  GREEN, FREDK. WM., St. Louis. 12th Engrs.
+  GRIMSLEY, CLYDE I., Salina. 16th Inf.
+  HAGNER, A.R., Hagerstown. Casual Air Serv.
+  HAW, U.P., Benton. 90th Inf.
+  HOLCOMB, H.W., Moberly. Q.M.C.S.C.
+  HUBBARD, DOUGLAS, G., Versailles. 346th Inf.
+  HUSTON, G.C., Troy. U.S.N.
+  HYDE, L.M., Princeton. 338th Inf.
+  JOHNSTON, GALE, Mexico. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JOHNSTON, W.O., St. Louis. Bat. No. 60 Arty. C.A.C.
+  KEALY, PHILIP J., Kansas City. 138th Inf.
+  KLEMM, K.D., Kansas City. 106th F.A.
+  KRECHEL, HENRY, Floissant. 128th F.A.
+  LAFAYETTE, D. LYTLE, St. Louis. 332d Inf.
+  LAYTON, CHAS. O., St. Louis. Naval Veteran Assn.
+  LEACH, MERTON H., Jefferson Barracks. Q.M.C.
+  LONERGAN, WM. J., St. Louis. 138th Inf.
+  LOZIER, LUE C., Carrollton. 164th D.B.
+  MCKINLEY, C.A., Clinton. 60th Pioneer Inf.
+  MONOVILL, HAROLD P., St. Louis. Naval Overseas Trans. Serv.
+  MONTGOMERY, P.S., St. Louis. 312th Inf.
+  NEE, DAN M., Springfield. O.T.S.
+  NEVILLE, J.H., Springfield. 41st Arty.
+  RAUPP, WILLIAM, Pierce City. 2d Pioneer Inf.
+  RAZOOSKY, JULIUS, St. Louis. Aero. Phot.
+  ROBINETTE, P.J., Hartville. U.S.M.C.
+  ROGERS, GEORGE, Missouri Ath. Assn. A.S. 133d Det.
+  ROSEMANN, HENRY, St. Louis. Tank Corps.
+  ROYAL, THOMAS V., St. Louis.
+  SCHIELDS, GEO., St. Louis. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  TUCKER, PAUL, Lamar. 112th Inf.
+  WANCHTES, GEO., St. Louis.
+  WATKINS, CHARLES, St. Louis. Fort Sheridan.
+  WHELESS, JOSEPH, St. Louis. Judge Adv.
+  WHITE, J.M., St. Louis. Eng.
+  WOODS, JOE, St. Louis. 354th Inf.
+  YOUNT, M.P., Ironton. 3d O.T.L.
+
+
+MONTANA
+
+  ALMON, WORTH C., Helena. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BARNETT, BEN W., Helena. 163d D.B.
+  BARRY, ARTHUR N., Billings. A.S. Dept.
+  BLOMQUIST, H.L., Great Falls.
+  MCCALLUM, D.S., Helena. 163d Inf.
+  PEW, CHAS. E., Helena. 44th Inf.
+  SHERIDAN, CHAS. L., Bozeman. 49th Inf.
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+
+  COAD, RALPH G., Omaha. A.S.M.A.
+  FISCHER, FRANK P., Scotts Bluff. 164th D.B.
+  FITZSIMMONS, L.L., Fremont. M.O.T.C.
+  GILLIGAN, GEO W., Lincoln. 41st Inf.
+  GOODRICH, E.S., Fairbury. 305th Tank Corps.
+  HOLDEMAN, GEO. H., York. 125th F.A.
+  HOWARD, BERT, Tecumseh. U.S.N.
+  KEARNEY, ORLANDO H., Morrill. 13th Inf.
+  MCDERMOTT, ED. P., Kearney. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  MCGUIRE, L.J., Omaha. 3d Inf.
+  MADDEN, RAY J., Omaha, U.S.N.
+  MAHER, JOHN G., Lincoln. Chief Disb. Officer, Paris.
+  MERSINGER, LEON, Plattsmouth. 222d Field Signal Bn.
+  RADEMACHER, R.A., York. Unassigned.
+  RITCHIE, WM., JR., Omaha. 69th Inf.
+  ROBERTSON, HUGH C., Omaha. 356 San. Det.
+  STIRCH, J.A., Lincoln, 350th Inf.
+  STRYKER, HIRD, Omaha. 338th F.A.
+  STUART, A.L., Fremont. 428 Eng., 109 Eng.
+  TUKEY, ALLAN A., Omaha. 26th Inf.
+  VANNESS, CLARENCE, Stanton. A.S.S.C.
+  WEBB, ROBERT J., Omaha. 164th Depot Brig.
+
+
+NEVADA
+
+  MALSBARY, E.L., Reno. 218th Eng.
+  SALTER, J.D., Winnemucca. 2d Co., 3d Bn. I.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  ABBOTT, F.J., Manchester. 103d F.A.
+  DESCHEMS, HOMAR J., East Jaffey. Motor Supply Train.
+  FISKE, GEORGE V., Manchester. 75th Div. San. Tr.
+  HEUREUX, L'HERVE, Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  HOGAN, WALTER J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  KNOX, FRANK, Manchester. 303d Amm. Tr.
+  MAHER, CHARLES F., 612 Main St., Laconia.
+  MAHONEY, MATTHEW J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  MURPHY, WM., 49 Alfred St., 103d Inf.
+  SANTOR, JOHN, Manchester. 104th F.H.
+  SULLIVAN, WM. E., Nashua, 102d Inf.
+  TRUFANT, ARTHUR, Hudson. 103d Inf.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+
+  BESSON, HARLAN, Hoboken. 5th A.C.
+  BRADY, CHARLES S., Weehawken. 322d Sanitary Train.
+  BROMLEY, HERBERT L., 127 Clinton Ave., Clifton. Camp Hdq., Camp Dix.
+  CANGEMI, ANGELO, Newark. U.S. Nitrate Plant, No. 1.
+  DEBEVOISE, PAUL, Elizabeth. 312th Inf.
+  EGGERS, ALAN L., Summit. 107th Inf.
+  EHRHARDT, PHILIP, Jersey City, 111th M.G. Bn.
+  MCGRATH, EDWARD A., Elizabeth. U.S.N.
+  MULLIK, D.B., Leonia. Eng. M.P.
+  PANCOAST, JOHN M., Hancock's Bridge. U.S.N.R.F.
+  RITTER, RALPH F., Rahway. Staff, Ft. Hancock.
+  SCHENCK, R.P., Jersey City. Q.M.C.
+  STRATTON, GERVAS, Vineland. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TISCHBECK, JOHN D., Newark. 112th H.F.A.
+  TOBIN, ED. A., 27 Broadway, Camden. U.S.N.
+  WEED, NEWELL P., 65 Union, Montclair. 344th Ban. Tank Corps.
+  WESCOAT, ABSALOM S., Atlantic City. M.C.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+
+  BACA, HERMAN G., Belen. U.S.N.
+  BACA, JESUS M., Santa Fe. 115th Pv. Hq.
+  BLEVINS, DONALD L., Las Vegas. 82d F.A.
+  CUTTING, B.M., Santa Fe. Mil. Attach�, London.
+  DILLARD, H. WYATT, Roswell. 358th Inf.
+  DOLDWELL, C.S., Albuquerque. Inf. (?)
+  FLAMM, ROY H., Alamogorda. 18th Eng. R.T.C. French Army.
+  HUMPHREYS, FRED, B., Dayton. U.S.N.
+
+
+NEW YORK
+
+  ALLEN, FREEMAN C., Rochester. Q.M.C.
+  BALDWIN, FREDERIC W., Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  BALL, GROSVENOR LOWREY, Lawrence. 306th Inf.
+  BARNHILL, GEORGE B., New York. 820th Aero Squad.
+  BARRETT, WALTER N., Saratoga Springs. U.S.M.C.
+  BARUCK, S.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BEERS, W.H., New York. 601st Eng.
+  BERRY, CHARLES W., Brooklyn. 106th Inf.
+  BLACK, JOHN, Brooklyn. Stars and Stripes Gen. Staff.
+  BODAMER, HAROLD L., Buffalo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BOECKEL, FRED. W., Buffalo. 106th F.A.
+  BOOTH, ROBERT C., Plattsburg. 303d Inf.
+  BOYCE, A.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BRADLEY, GOODYEAR, Buffalo. 106th Regt.
+  BUNN, EARLE D., Newburgh. Train, and Unassign. Duty.
+  BURRILL, Louis D., Syracuse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BUTLER, WILLIAM E., Brooklyn. Ambulance Service.
+  CHURCH, ELIHU C., New York. 117th Eng.
+  COMPTON, GEO. B., New York. 153d Depot Bri. F.A.
+  CONWAY, THOMAS J., Ithaca. U.S. Marines.
+  COOKE, JAMES P., New York. 106th Inf.
+  COSBY, ARTHUR P., New York. A.G.O.
+  DAGGETT, GEO. F., Brooklyn. Military Intell. Div.
+  DAVIES, JULIEN L., New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DEAN, CLARK M., New York. 107th Inf.
+  DECLUCQ, FLOYD L., Cortland. 108th Inf.
+  DECOURSEY, FALES, New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DERBY, RICHARD, New York. 2d Div.
+  DEYO, HARRISON, Yonkers. S.A.T.C. Columbia Univ.
+  DRAPER, WM. H., New York. Co. 2, N.Y. Reg.
+  DUELL, CHARLES H., New York. U.S.N.
+  ECKERT, J.A., New York. 105th F.A.
+  ENGEL, NICHOLAS, New York. 107th Inf.
+  FINELITE, A.C., New York. Q.M.C.
+  FISH, HAMILTON, JR., New York. 369th Inf.
+  FLOYD, CHAS. H., New York. 107th Inf.
+  FOX, E.E., 58 W. 47th St., New York.
+  FRANK, EUGENE, New York. E.O.T.S.
+  GALLAGHER, F.T.C., Oswego. 108th Inf.
+  GOERKE, JAMES P., Brooklyn. U.S.N.
+  HAYES, WADE H., New York. 27th Div.
+  HEALY, Jos. P., New York. U.S.N.
+  HELWIG, A.L., 517 New York Eng. Corp.
+  HUDSON, DONALD, New York. 27th Aero Squadron.
+  HUNT, CLYDE R., Woodhaven. 7th Bt. Hdqrs.
+  INGRAM, LEE, Gloversville. 105th Inf.
+  JAY, DELANCEY K., Westbury. 307th Inf.
+  JENNINGS, ALLEN D., Brooklyn. U.S.N.R.F.
+  KINCAID, J. LESLIE, Syracuse. 27th Div.
+  KITCHEL, LLOYD, Bronxville. 12th F.A.
+  KNOB, FREDERICK J., New York. U.S.M.C.
+  KRUMM, EDWARD DELOS, Rome. 10th Inf.
+  LYONS, WILLIAM M., Brooklyn. 114th Inf.
+  MCADOO, WILLIAM GIBBS, JR., New York. U.S.N. Air Service.
+  MCALPIN, MILO F., New York. 37th Art.
+  MCILVAINE, TOMPKINS, New York. Intell. Service.
+  MCKLAINE, OSCEALA E., New York. 367th Inf.
+  MARSH, ROBERT M.C., New York. 351st F.A.
+  MELA, HARRY F., New York. 152d Depot Bdg.
+  MILLER, LAWRENCE, New York, 305th F.A.
+  MOSLE, C. FRED., New York. 33d Inf.
+  MULLIN, R. JEROME, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  MUNSKE, CHARLES R., Brooklyn. 102d F.A.
+  NICKERSON, HOFFMAN, New York. Ordnance.
+  OKERLIND, MELIN A., Jamestown. U.S.N.T.S.
+  OSBORNE, FAIRFIELD, New York. 351st F.A.
+  PERRY, FRANCIS W., Brooklyn. 77th Div.
+  PRESS, THOMAS C., Bronx. 105th F.A.
+  PUTNAM, G.P., New York. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RACKOFF, IRWIN IRA, New York. 152d Depot Brigade.
+  REID, D. LINCOLN, New York. 369th Inf.
+  RIDDER, JOSEPH E., New York. M.T.C.
+  RIFFE, JAMES, Elmira. 108th Inf.
+  ROBINSON, Fordham Road and Valentine Ave., New York. General Staff.
+  ROBINSON, FRANCIS H., New York. Q.M.C.
+  ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, New York. 20th Inf.
+  SCHMIDT, W.M., Pleasantville. 7th Inf.
+  SELIGMAN, J.L., New York. 27th Div.
+  SMITH, POWERS C., Watertown. 307th F.A.
+  SMITH, THOMAS R., St. Louis. A.S.D.
+  STONE, LAUE K., New York. 34th Aero Squadron.
+  SWIFT, PARTON, Buffalo, 151st F.A. Bri.
+  TAYLOR, H. IRV., New York. C.A.C.
+  TOWNSON, K.C., Rochester. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  VAN BUREN, J.N., Dunkirk. Aviation.
+  WELLS, JOHN, New York. 105th U.S. Inf.
+  WHEAT, GEO. S., New York. U.S.N.
+  WICKERSHAM, C.W., New York. 27th Div.
+  WISEMAN, MARK H., New York. 7th Regt.
+  WOOD, ERIC P., New York. 83d Div.
+  WRIGHT, W.T., New York. 105th F.A.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+
+  BAKER, JULIUS R., Fargo.  6th Corps M.P. Co.
+  FRASER, G.A., Bismarck.  Inf. P.M.G.O.
+  GORMAN, ARTHUR, Fargo.  26th Inf.
+  HANLEY, J.M., Mandan.  148th M.G. Bn.
+  MERRY, LYALL B., W. Dickinson.  116th Supply Train.
+  SEMLING, H.V., Bismarck.  116th Tr. Hdqrs.
+  STERN, WILLIAM, Fargo.  Q.M.C.
+  TREACY, ROBT. H., Bismarck.  339th Inf. 160th Depot Brigade.
+  WILLIAMS, J.P., No. Fargo.  3d Eng.
+
+
+OHIO
+
+  BABCOCK, VEARNE C., Elyria. U.S. Naval Aviation.
+  BETTMAN, GILBERT. 1114 Union Trust Bldg., Military Intell. Div.
+  BIMM, HARRY L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  BLACK, ROBERT L., Cincinnati. 37th Div. Military Intell.
+  BRUML, MAURICE W., Cleveland. Air Serv.
+  BUSH, H.M., Briggsdale. 134th F.A.
+  CAMPBELL, L.J., Youngstown. 309th F.A.
+  COBE, RALPH D., Findlay. 145th Inf.
+  CONKLIN, WM. H., Columbus. Q.M.C.
+  FESS, THOMAS L., Yellow Springs. 394th M.G. Bri.
+  FUNM, NORBERT E., Sandusky. 147th Inf.
+  GERLACK, F.C., Wooster. 146th Inf.
+  HALL, JOSEPH L., Cincinnati, 5th Corps Artillery.
+  HARD, DUDLEY J., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  HORRELL, OLNEY W., Dayton. 134th F.A.
+  HUSTON, C.H., Mansfield, 112th Am. Train.
+  KING, E.L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  KLINE, JOHN H., Dayton. 62d F.A.
+  KOONS, JACK F., Cincinnati. 148th Inf.
+  LEA, ANDREW B., Cleveland. 112th Engrs.
+  MACDOUGAL, HARRY O., Akron. Ordn.
+  MCGILL, DON. R., Nelsonville. 308th Tr. M. Btry.
+  MURRAY, CHAS. J., Elyria. 42d Div.
+  NICKLETT, A.P., Toledo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PERRY, GEORGE W., Youngstown. 1st Army, A.E.F.
+  PHILLIPS, THOMAS A., Dayton. 812th Pio. Inf.
+  PRIDDY, JOHN E., Findlay. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RAMSEY, ANDREW M., Cincinnati. 26th Div.
+  SEGAL, BEN M., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  SONSLEY, HARRY J., Ada. 62d F.A.
+  TURNER, CYRIL B., Columbus. 308th T.M. Btry.
+  WILSON, CHALMERS, R., Columbus, 112th Field Sig. Bn.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+
+  ADKINS, E.S., Muskogee. Hdq. 42d Div.
+  BERRY, RALPH H., Tulsa. 173d Inf.
+  BURLING, WM. T., Sapulpa. I.C.O.T.S.
+  BUTTS, R.B., Muskogee. 162d D.B.
+  CHASE, VAL D., Alva. U.S.N.
+  FISCHER, F.W., Oklahoma City. Q.M.C.
+  FOX, PHILIP A., Tulsa. 23d Engrs.
+  GINGERICH, H.A., Okmulgee. 358th Inf.
+  HAUGHERTY, HUGH, Enid. E.J.B.T.S.
+  HAGAN, HORACE H., Tulsa. C.A.C.
+  HOFFMAN, ROY, Oklahoma City. 93d Div.
+  KEENAN, ROB. B., Sapulpa. 308th Aero Squad.
+  MCNALLY, EARL, Okemah. 111th Amm. Train.
+  MEYER, HOWARD W., U.S.S. Bank Bldg., U.S. Slipping Bd.
+  NILES, ALVA J., Tulsa. 7th Div.
+  NORWOOD, FRANK H., Prague. Ft. Riley.
+  SAMS, VERNETT E., Wewoka. 49th Inf.
+  SHEA, THOMAS J., Buffalo, N.Y. 56th F.A.
+  TAYLOR, MAX A., Pryor. 330th Inf.
+  THOMPSON, N.A., 111 E. Latimer St., Tulsa. 57th Inf.
+  TULLY, B.L., 83d F.A.
+  VIUER, WM., Tulsa. S.O.T.S.
+
+
+OREGON
+
+  CRITCHLOW, HARRY, Portland. 363d Arab. Co.
+  EIVERS, EDW. J., Portland. 162d Inf.
+  FOLLETT, WILL. B., Eugene. 69th F.A.
+  GRANT, RODERICK D., Portland. Air Service.
+  LEONARD, BARGE E., Portland. 63d Inf.
+  MAY, JOHN L., North Portland. 162d Inf.
+  MULLEN, C.L., Portland. U.S. Marines.
+  PARGON, JOSEPH A., Portland. M.C.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  AURAND, AMMON M., JR., Beaver Springs. Q.M.C.
+  BEAMAN, JOSEPH W., Towanda. 140th Tank Corps.
+  BECKER, H.M., Pittsburgh. (?)
+  BIDDLE, CHARLES J., Philadelphia. Air Serv.
+  BLANK, HARRY C., Allentown. C.O.T.S.
+  BODIN, F.S., Wellsboro. B.E.F.
+  BUCK, HOWARD, Philadelphia. 96 Aero Sq.
+  BUETTNER, C.A., Johnstown. Amb. Co.
+  COLLINS, J., East Pittsburgh. 371 Inf.
+  DAVIS, SHANLEY, Pottsville. Aviation.
+  DEARLOVE, CHAS., Philadelphia. 109th Inf.
+  DETRICH, A., Philadelphia. School for A.R. & M.O.
+  DIXON, F.E., Elkins Park. 318th F.A.
+  DOBSON, W.F., 284 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre. U.S.N.R.F.
+  D'OLIER, FRANKLIN, Philadelphia. Q.M.C.
+  DUNKLE, RAY, Dry Runn. 4th D.B.
+  DUNN, STEWART, Pittsburgh. 83d F.A.
+  EGLOFF, JOHN, East Pittsburgh. 8th Trench Mort. Bat.
+  FISCHER, ANDREW, Johnstown. 7th Eng.
+  FLOOD, FRANK, Pittsburgh. Chem. War. Service.
+  FORESTER, I.G.. Philadelphia. 46th Inf.
+  FOSTER, DAVID, Carnegie, 305th Field Sig. Bn.
+  GEARY, JOHN W., Philadelphia. M.I.D.
+  GENTZEL, PAUL, Bellefonte. 314th Inf.
+  GREER, JOHN, New York City. Nat. Cath. War Council.
+  HAUTH, M.L., Meadville. 29th Eng.
+  HECHT, CARL C., c/o West Branch Knitting Co., U.S.M.C.
+  HERBINE, A.P., Berwick. 314th Inf.
+  HILL, FREDERICK, Pittsburgh, 90th Inf.
+  HOEGER, ADELBERT, 1508 Sheffield St., Pittsburgh. 209th Eng.
+  HOOPES, E.S., East End Ave., Beaver. Casual Air Service.
+  HOSACK, GEORGE, 1415 Park Blg., Pittsburgh, 111th Inf.
+  HOUCK, BYRON, Williamsport. 1st Reg. M.T.S.
+  HUDOE, M.J., Uniontown. 306th Tank Corp.
+  HULINGS, NORMAN, Oil City. 22d Aero Sq.
+  HUNSICKER, STANLEY, Collegeville. Q.M.C.
+  IVONY, LEO, East Pittsburgh. I.C.O.T.S.
+  JOHNS, ALEXANDER, Monessen. 2d Eng. Tran. Regiment.
+  JOHNSON, J.E., West Chester. 301st Tank Train.
+  JOHNSON, MILLER A., Lewisburg. 162d Inf.
+  JONES, WARREL, Clearfield. 38th Inf.
+  KATZ, EDWARD, Honesdale. M.T.C.
+  KELLER, OLIVER, Lancaster. Air Service.
+  KNOX, ANDREW, Philadelphia. Med. Corps.
+  KRESALES, KENNETH, Easton. U.S.A.A.S.
+  KRUMBHAAR, EDWARD, Chestnut Hill. Base Hos. No. 10.
+  LAMOND, JAMES, Philadelphia. Avia. A.S.A.
+  LAUGHLIN, ALEX., JR., Sewickley. 88th Div.
+  MCCALL, JOSEPH, Merion. 311th. F.A.
+  MCRAE, A.K., Pittsburgh. M.T.C.T.S.
+  METZ, BENJ., Pittsburgh. 124th Eng.
+  MORGANROTH, C.K., Shamokin. 312th Inf.
+  MUENCH, WILLIAM, JR., Philadelphia. 606th Eng.
+  NEWCOMER, ROBERT, Pittsburgh. 76th Div.
+  NOFER, GEO., 621 Belgrade St. 3d Div. Hdq.
+  O'DONNEL, JAMES, Philadelphia. 315th Inf.
+  PEARSON, ALFRED, JR., Somerset. 6th E.T.R.
+  PENNEL, EDRED J., Norristown. 304th Ammun. Tr.
+  PENNY, JOS. M., Philadelphia. U.S.N.
+  PHELPS, L.M., Erie. 112th Inf.
+  PUTLK, LAWHEND, Clearfield. Base Hosp. No. 4.
+  REASA, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  REHR, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng. Co. C.
+  REIFSENDER, RUSSELL, Pottstown. 182d Aero Sq.
+  RICK, GEO., Reading. 302 Guard and Fire Co.
+  RIGBY, HOWARD, Pittsburgh. O.T.C.
+  SAMSEL, HUGH, Stroudsburg. U.S.N.
+  SAXE, MICHAEL, Philadelphia. 54th Inf.
+  SEMBOWER, GUY, Reading, 114th Ord. Co.
+  SHOEFFER, CLINTON, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  SIMONSON, E.G., Philadelphia. 490 Aero Sq.
+  SINGER, ROBERT, Stroudsburg. 109th Inf.
+  SMYTH, WILLIAM, Philadelphia. Engrs. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  SPANGEL, LYELL, Williamsport. U.S.N.
+  STEVENSON, RICHARD, Chester. Handley Page Training Dept.
+  TYLER, GEORGE, Philadelphia, 311th F.A.
+  WALSH, JOSEPH, Pittsburgh. 4th Eng.
+  WEAR, BYRON, Hazleton. 146th Inf.
+
+
+PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
+
+  LANDON, ROBERT R., Manila. 111th Corps and 2d Army.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+
+  ANGELL, CARL H., Providence. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  CANTWELL, PERCEY, Providence. 351st P.A.
+  ELEONISKEY, JAMES, Main Crompton. Sig. Corps.
+  JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER, Providence. C.A.C.
+  MCKANNAH, F., River Pt. Medical Corps.
+  SAN SONEITR, JOS., 4 Claremont Ave., 103d F.A.
+  SHARKEY, WALTER, Woonsocket. 151st D.B.
+  SHUNNEY, WM. P., Woonsocket. 103d P.A.
+  STURGES, RUSH, Providence. Ord.
+  THURBER, FRED B., c/o Tilden Thurber Co. U.S.N.
+  WEEDER, R.B., Providence. 103d F.A.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  FULTON, ROBERT, Florence. 105th Supply Tr.
+  LACHICOTTE, N.S., Florence. U.S.N.R.F.
+  REED, CHARLES, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  SMYSER, JOHN, Florence. Med. Corps.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+  BUELL, WILLIAM, Rapid City. 335th Inf.
+  DENNISON, JOHN, Vermillion. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  DOUD, F.R., Mobridge. 13th Eng.
+  JOHNSON, T.R., Sioux Falls. 102d F.A.
+  MALONEY, PAUL, Aberdeen. 163d F.A.
+  PFEIFFER, JOSEPH, Rapid City. Ord.
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+
+  ANDERSON, GLENN, Nashville. C.A.C.
+  BERRY, HARRY, Hendersonville. 115th F.A.
+  BOLLING, W.E., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BOWMAN, CHAS., Nashville. 2d Div.
+  BROWN, BARTON, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BUCKNER, ED., Thompson's Station. 114th F.A.
+  BUFORD, NED, Nashville. Air Ser.
+  CASON, WM., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  CORSON, HERBERT, Nashville. U.S.N.
+  GLEASON, JAMES, Knoxville. 114th F.A.
+  GRIFFEN, EUGENE, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  HAGER, RICHARD, Nashville, 115th F.A.
+  HANDLER, WALTER C., Memphis. 55th P.A. Brig.
+  HAYES, JOHN, Memphis. 114th F.A.
+  KLEINE, KENNETH E., Memphis. Unassigned.
+  LASON, WILLIAM, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  LEA, LUKE, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  MERNT, HENRY, Jacksonville, 115th F.A.
+  MILLIGAN, G.C., Chattanooga. 156th Dept. Brig.
+  MILLIKEN, Chattanooga. 81st Div.
+  NAIVE, W.W., Clarkville. U.S.N.
+  OXE, HOWARD, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  PALMER, ED., Nashville. 117th F.A.
+  ROBERTSON, JOHN, Lebanon, 115th F.A.
+  SHADOW, W.A., Winchester. Air Ser.
+  SPENCE, CAREY, Knoxville. 117th Inf.
+  WARNING, ROME, Memphis. 33d Div.
+  WATSON, LAWRENCE, Columbia. 114th F.A.
+  WINFRY, DOUGLAS, Memphis.
+
+
+TEXAS
+
+  ALLEN, ARCH C., Dallas. 132d F.A.
+  BACON, BENJAMIN, Wichita Falls. 360th Inf.
+  BEAGLEY, JOHN, La Porte. Inf.
+  BEAVENS, C., Houston. 357th Inf.
+  BIRKHEAD, CLAUDE, San Antonio, 131st F.A.
+  BOON, S.P., Brady, 111th Sup. Train.
+  BRADLEY, ROLLAND, Houston. 132d F.A.
+  CARREL, ALFRED, Austin. Air Ser.
+  COHN, E.M., Dallas. U.S.M.C.
+  FOY, HUGH, Dallas. Army Tran. Service.
+  GAINES, J.P., Bay City. 26th Inf.
+  GRUBBS, ROSCOE, Paris, 5th M.G. Bn.
+  HOOVER, JOHN, Houston. 143d Inf.
+  JACKSON, W.E., Hillboro. 141st Inf.
+  JOHNSON, W.W., Galveston. U.S.N.
+  KING, JOHN L., Ft. Worth, 111th Am. Train.
+  LANGDON, RUSSELL, Houston. U.S.N.
+  LINDSLEY, HENRY, Dallas. Gen. Staff.
+  NICHOLSON, LE ROY, Ballinger. U.S.N.
+  SMITH, C., Galveston. Inf.
+  TIPS, CHAS., Three Rivers, 90th Div. Inf.
+  VAMESON, ROU A., Marlin. 143d Inf.
+  YOUNG, JOHN, Austin. C.A.C.
+
+
+UTAH
+
+  DOUGLAS, ROYAL, Ogden. 81st Inf.
+  JURGENSEN, FRED, Salt Lake City. Gen.
+  KUNDSON, J.C., Brigham City. 326th Inf.
+  MCCARTY, RAY, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.
+  MEEHAN, LEO, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.F.C.
+  PARSONS, C., Salt Lake City. Sant. Corps.
+  RHIVERS, DONALD, Ogden. 18th Eng.
+  ROBERTSON, BALDWIN, Salt Lake City. 362d Inf.
+  SEELY, L.J., Mt. Pleasant. 814th Aero Sq.
+  SMOOT, H.R., Salt Lake City. P.S.&T.
+  WOOLEY, JAS., Salt Lake City. U.S.M.C.
+
+
+VERMONT
+
+  FOUNTAIN, JOSEPH HARRY, Burlington. 101st Am. Tr.
+  NASON, LEONARD, Norwich University. 76th F.A.
+  VARNUM, GUY, Barre. Ordnance.
+
+
+VIRGINIA
+
+  COCKE, FRANCIS, Roanoke. 217th Aero Sq.
+  ISAID, JAMES, Roanoke. 117th T.H. & M.P.
+  NEI, D.D., Norfolk. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PALLARD, C., Richmond. 30th Eng.
+  POOL, GEORGE, Norfolk, 111th F.A.
+  STUART, WM. A., Big Stone Gap. 44th Art. Brig.
+  THOMPSON, JOHN, Petersburg. 248th Aero Sq.
+  TROTTER, WM., Petersburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALLACE, R.R., Hampton. 11th F.A.
+  WICKER, JOHN, Richmond. 499th Aero Sq.
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+
+  FEIN, FRED, 1131 Pleasant St. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GORDON, R.S., Spokane. 54th F.A.
+  JOHNSON, ALBERT, Aberdeen. M.S.
+  MCDONALD, C.B. Camp Lewis, Signal Corps.
+  MOSS, HARVEY, Seattle. I.G.D.
+  REDINGER, FRED, Aberdeen. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SAPP, C.S., Seattle. Ord.
+  SHAW, FREDERICK, Tacoma. C.A.C.
+  SIMENTON, RUSS, Seattle. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SULLIVAN, JOHN, Seattle. M.I.B.
+  THOMPSON, L.L., Olympia. U.S.N.R.F.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  ALDERSON, FLEMING, Charleston. A.G.O.
+  ARNOLD, JACKSON, Weston. 150th Inf.
+  BOND, JOHN, 317 Michigan Ave. Gen. Staff 38th Div.
+  CROCKETT, JOSEPH, Welch. 315th F.A.
+  DAVIS, RICHARD, Morgantown. A.S.A.
+  FERGUSON, G.E., Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  GODFREY, M.V., Charleston. Med. Corps.
+  JACKSON, JOSEPH, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  JONES, CLARENCE, Hinton. 8th Inf.
+  MCCAMIC, CHARLES, Wheeling. Ordn.
+  REASS, JOS. H., Wheeling. Q.M.C.
+  SHAW, HOUSTON GEO., Wheeling. R.I.C.
+  SIMMONS, W.J., Hinton. 40th Inf.
+  SOLINS, SAMUEL, Welch. M.C.
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+
+  ACKLEY, JAMES, 417 Marston Ave., 168th Inf.
+  BELLIS, NEWMAN, Wausau. 18th Inf.
+  CHYBOWSKI, M.A., Milwaukee. M.O.T.C.
+  CLARKE, ROBERT H., La Crosse. Development Bn.
+  CLOW, WM. K., Milwaukee. U.S.N.
+  CROSBY, H.S., Rhinelander.
+  CUNNINGHAM, ROB., Janesville. Chemical Warfare.
+  DAVIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Train. Cp.
+  DIETERIEN, W.H., Milwaukee. 120th F.A.
+  DUTSCHER, GEO., Milwaukee. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  FERRIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Gen. Staff.
+  FOSTER, CARLTON, Oshkosh. 20th Eng.
+  LACHENMAIER, FRED, 312 Caswel Blk., 100th Div.
+  LEE, WILBUR, Oconto. 127th Inf.
+  LYSTUD, ANDY, N. Hudson. 330th Mach. Gun.
+  MERKEL, GEO., Appleton. 127th Inf.
+  OWENS, ELMER, Milwaukee, 121st F.A.
+  PFEIL, JAMES, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  PRANGE, HERBERT, Baraboo. 128th Inf.
+  SALSMAN, JOHN, Madison. 32d Div.
+  SMITH, B.L., Neenah. 18th Inf.
+  STRAMPE, GEORGE, Janesville.
+  SZULTEK, JOHN, Milwaukee. 121st F.A.
+  WITTERSTAFFER, WALTER, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  WOODWORTH, LEIGH, Janesville.
+
+
+WYOMING
+
+  DINNEEN, M.A., Cheyenne. 116th Amm. Tr.
+  GREGG, BEN, Worland. 49th Reg.
+  JUNE, C.M., Cheyenne. 13th Div.
+  MCCARTHY, D.C.M. Casper. U.S.N.
+  MILLER, L.A., Cheyenne. U.S.M.C.
+  POWERS, RALPH, Tarrington. 40th Inf.
+  SHORTELL, WILLIAM, Buffalo. 116th Am. Tr.
+  SWENSON, NELSY, Douglas, 1st Inf.
+
+
+WORLD'S WAR VETERANS
+
+  C.P. DIMMITT
+  G.H.W. RAUSCHKOLB
+  GEO. E. DAVID
+  JOHN S. SEIBERT
+  THOMAS H. DEMPSEY
+  R.A. THOMPSON
+  F.H. REIN
+  CHARLES S. WATKINS
+
+
+SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' COUNCIL
+
+  S.M. CURTIN
+
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+
+  H.W. HILLYER, 1215 Nat. Bank, Conwell Bldg., St. Louis, Co. B,
+    49 Mo. G.B.
+  LOUIS R. FLORIN
+  T.R. SMITH, 2848 Lyon St., St. Louis, 11th Co. A., S.D., Garden City
+  JOSEPH P. MCGLINN
+  J.A. BERNARD, 706 Pearce Bldg., St. Louis. 45 U.S. Inf.
+  SCOTT W. LUCAS
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of The American Legion
+by George Seay Wheat
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat
+
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+
+Title: The Story of The American Legion
+
+Author: George Seay Wheat
+
+Release Date: December 26, 2004 [EBook #14478]
+[Most recently updated: July 30, 2020]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION ***
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+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Asad Razzaki and the Online Distributed
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+</pre>
+
+<h1>The Story of The American Legion</h1>
+
+<h3>By</h3>
+
+<h2>George Seay Wheat</h2>
+
+<h3>The Birth of the Legion</h3>
+
+<h4>The first of a series to be issued after each<br />
+Annual National Convention</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Illustrated</i></h4>
+
+<h5>G.P. Putnam's Sons<br />
+New York and London<br />
+The Knickerbocker Press<br />
+1919</h5>
+
+<h5>The Knickerbocker Press, New York</h5>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img001.jpg" id="img001"><img src="images/img001.jpg" width="600" height="339" alt="The St. Louis Caucus" title="" />
+</a></div>
+<p class="center">The St. Louis Caucus</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>FOREWORD</h2>
+
+<p>The American Legion was conceived by practically the entire personnel
+of the army, navy, and marine corps! Every man in the military and
+naval establishment did not think of it in just such terms, but most
+of them knew that there would be a veterans' organization of some
+tremendous import, and here it is!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A veterans' organization of some kind will be formed.&quot; I heard that
+identical remark not once, but a dozen times on board a transport en
+route to France as early as September, 1918. In fact, one night in the
+war zone a group of officers were huddled around a small piano trying
+to make the best of a lightless evening, and, having sung every song
+from <i>Keep the Home Fires Burning</i> to <i>You're in the Army Now</i>,
+paused, longingly toyed cigarettes which were taboo by ship's order,
+and then began to spin yarns.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Reminds me of a G.A.R. reunion,&quot; one second lieutenant from Maine
+remarked, after a particularly daring training camp adventure had been
+recounted.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Just think of the lying we'll all do at our reunions when this war is
+over,&quot; chirped a youngster from South Carolina. And then spoke a tall
+major from Illinois:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The organization which you young fellows will join won't be any
+<i>liefest</i>&mdash;at least not for forty years. Don't forget there's some
+saving to do for the United States when this European mess is over. Us
+fellows won't ever get out of Uncle Sam's service.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>How well the Illinois major hit the nail on the head! The incident on
+the transport seems worth recording not only because of the major but
+because it shows the general anticipation of what is now the American
+Legion. Perhaps it was this general anticipation which is responsible
+for the cordial reception that the Legion has had ever since its very
+inception in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>No one can lay claim to originating the idea of a veterans'
+association, because it was a consensus among the men of the armed
+forces of our nation. A certain group of men can take unto themselves
+the credit for starting it, for getting the ball rolling, aiding its
+momentum, and, what is more important, for guiding it in the right
+direction, but no one man or group of men &quot;thought up&quot; the American
+Legion. It was the result of what might be called the &quot;spontaneous
+opinion&quot; of the army, navy, and marine corps caused by a fusing
+together in a common bond of the various elements of the service, just
+as spontaneous combustion is brought about by the joint action of
+certain chemical elements.</p>
+
+<p>Spontaneous opinion, like spontaneous combustion, is dangerous when
+improperly handled and beneficient when rightly directed. That's what
+the organizers of the Legion have been and will be mostly concerned
+with. They have their elements&mdash;these men of the army, navy, and
+marine corps, and the organizers mean to direct this united and
+organized patriotism into such channels as will make for the welfare
+of the United States of America primarily, and, secondarily, for the
+welfare of the service men themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Just how much attention this Legion with four million potential
+members intends to pay to the United States of America, and just how
+much to themselves <i>per se</i>, is basicly important and pertinent as a
+question, nowadays when the Legion is being tried and is on the
+witness stand before public opinion. The answer is most clearly
+indicated by the preamble to the proposed constitution printed
+elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>This preamble stresses <i>Americanism, individual obligation</i> to the
+<i>community, state</i>, and <i>nation; battling with autocracy</i> both of the
+<i>classes</i> and <i>masses; right</i> the <i>master</i> of <i>might; peace</i> and
+<i>good will</i> on <i>earth; justice, freedom</i>, and <i>democracy</i>! Only in the
+last two words of the preamble is mention made of the welfare of the
+men themselves. These two words are <i>mutual helpfulness</i>. But be sure
+and understand the connection in which they are used.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;... <i>we associate ourselves together ... to consecrate and sanctify
+our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This is the way the last purpose of the preamble reads.</p>
+
+<p>The men who framed this constitution certainly did not believe that
+comradeship would be consecrated and sanctified by anything of a
+selfish character under the guise of mutual helpfulness. Certainly not
+the <i>comradeship</i> that made bearable the zero hour in the trenches or
+the watch in a submarine infested sea.</p>
+
+<p>To go a little in advance of the story and speak practically, mutual
+helpfulness has meant so far voting down a pay grab from Congress; a
+get-together spirit to foster the growth of the Legion; a purpose to
+aid in the work of getting jobs for returning soldiers, and the
+establishment of legal departments throughout the country to help
+service men get back pay and allotments. Mutual helpfulness in this
+case would seem to make Uncle Sam as much a partner in it as are the
+Legion members. Because, for every job the Legion gets an unemployed
+man, and for every dollar Legion lawyers help collect for back pay and
+allotments, a better citizen is made. And better citizenship is what
+the Legion most wants.</p>
+
+<p>So here seems to be the place to make the patent observation that
+<i>mutual helpfulness</i> will in future years mean just what it means
+to-day&mdash;doing something for the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time the Legion might be compared to a two-headed
+American eagle&mdash;one looking towards France and the A.E.F., and the
+other homewards to the service men here. The two are a single body
+borne on the same wings and nourished of the same strength. They are
+the same in ideal and purpose but directed for the moment by two
+different committees working together. One committee is the result of
+the caucus at Paris in March, when the A.E.F. started the
+organization, while the other was born this month in St. Louis, Mo.,
+for the men here.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">GEORGE S. WHEAT.</p>
+
+<p>NEW YORK May, 1919.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td align='right'>I.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">Latter War Days in France</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>II.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">The Paris Caucus, March 15-17, 1919</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>III.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Pre-Caucus Days in America</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>IV.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">The Advance Committee</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>V.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">The St. Louis Caucus, May</span> 8, 9, and 10</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>VI.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">The Legion and the Bolsheviki</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>VII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><span class="smcap">The Legion won't Meet at Chicago</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>VIII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">The Silver Lining</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>IX.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><span class="smcap">Objectors&mdash;Conscientious and Otherwise</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>X.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><span class="smcap">The Re&euml;mployment Problem</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>XI.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">The Disregard of Self</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>XII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">The Closing Hours</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>XIII.&mdash;</td><td align='left'><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII"><span class="smcap">Why the American Legion?</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#THE_AMERICAN_LEGION"><span class="smcap">The American Legion</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#CONSTITUTION"><span class="smcap">Constitution of the American Legion</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#RESOLUTIONS"><span class="smcap">Resolutions</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#LEGION_FACTS"><span class="smcap">Legion Facts</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#WHAT_THE_PUBLIC_PRESS_THINKS"><span class="smcap">What the Public Press Thinks</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#COMMITTEES"><span class="smcap">Committees</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'><a href="#ROSTER"><span class="smcap">Roster</span></a></td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations">
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img001"><span class="smcap">The St. Louis Caucus</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img002"><span class="smcap">Henry D. Lindsley</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img003"><span class="smcap">The Paris Caucus</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img004"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img005"><span class="smcap">Group at St. Louis Caucus</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img006"><span class="smcap">Bennett C. Clark</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img007"><span class="smcap">Eric Fisher Wood</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img008"><span class="smcap">Gaspar Bacon</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img009"><span class="smcap">State Chairmen Herbert, Mathewson, and Wickersham</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img012"><span class="smcap">&ldquo;Jack&rdquo; Sullivan</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img013"><span class="smcap">Chaplain J.W. Inzer</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img014"><span class="smcap">Fred Humphrey</span></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#img015"><span class="smcap">P.C. Calhoun</span></a></td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>The Story of the American Legion</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I believe that the army of to-day, when it goes back to citizen
+    thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of so contributing
+    to the commonwealth of the United States as to change the
+    character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="rght">BISHOP BRENT, <i>Senior Chaplain, A.E.F.</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">Paris, March, 1919. &nbsp; </p></div>
+
+<p>On a midsummer morning in 1918, ambulance after ambulance unloaded its
+cargo of wounded humanity at a base hospital in Paris. The wounded
+were being conveyed rapidly from the front and the entire hospital was
+astir with nurses, surgeons, and orderlies. A major, surgeon, almost
+staggered out of an operating room where he had been on duty for
+twenty-two hours and started for his quarters when a colonel arrived
+on an inspection trip.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Pretty busy,&quot; remarked the colonel as he acknowledged the major's
+salute.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Busy? Busy!&quot; replied the major. &quot;Good Lord, the only people about
+here that aren't busy are the dead ones. Even the wounded are busy
+planning to hobble around at conventions when the Big Show is over.
+Already they are talking about how they intend to take a hand in
+things after the war when they get home.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Over across the street a sergeant, limping slightly, stopped under a
+shade tree and leaned against it to rest. He was almost well of his
+wound and eagerly awaited the word that would send him to join his
+regiment, the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry. As he paused under
+the tree another soldier with a mending wound in the knee and just
+able to be about stopped to speak to him. The sergeant's hand rose in
+quick salute for the newcomer was an officer.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Expect to get back soon, sergeant?&quot; said the officer.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes sir,&quot; he replied. &quot;Anxious to go back and get the whole job over,
+sir.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;So am I,&quot; responded the officer. &quot;But what will we all do when the
+Germans really are licked?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Go home and start a veterans' association for the good of the
+country, sir,&quot; the sergeant answered.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then major, was the officer,
+and Sergeant William Patterson, later killed in action, was the
+enlisted man, and the institution was Base Hospital No. 2.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt, who was in the hospital convalescing from a wound
+in his knee caused by a machine gun bullet, told me the story and said
+it was the first time that he had heard the subject of a veterans'
+association mentioned, although he had thought of it frequently
+himself as an organization with boundless possibilities for good. He
+found later that it was being very generally discussed by men in Base
+Hospital No. 2, particularly those who were so badly wounded that they
+could not be sent to the front again and who knew they must further
+serve their country along peaceful lines at home.</p>
+
+<p>This was during war time, remember!</p>
+
+<p>Then came the armistice!</p>
+
+<p>When our victorious armies were wending their way towards the Rhine,
+when men of the navy and the marine corps realized that peace had come
+and that home was again within reach, this thought of a veterans'
+band, which had slumbered far back in the subconscious thoughts of all
+of them, burst into objectivity. An association of some sort was
+widely discussed not only by the men but by the officers as well. But
+how could even the start of it be begun? Those who considered the
+project most seriously were confronted with a difficulty which seemed
+at first to be almost insurmountable: that was the difficulty of
+assembling at one time and in one place a gathering which might at
+least approximately represent the whole army, navy, marine corps, or
+even the A.E.F.</p>
+
+<p>This difficulty tended to narrow what is believed to have been the
+wish of everyone when he first thought of the matter, that is the hope
+that it would be another Grand Army of the Republic, another United
+Confederate Veterans, but greater than either because representative
+of a United Country. Talk started then about all sorts of imagined and
+fancied veteran organizations. Some advocated an officers'
+association. This was believed to be possible because officers had
+more freedom and more financial ability to attend a convention. Others
+thought the enlisted men should perfect organizations by regiments
+first, then divisions, and finally form one great united body.</p>
+
+<p>The present leaders in the movement have since said that they realized
+that all of these schemes must come to naught because no organization
+except one on the broadest possible lines could be effective. They
+believed that all officers and men of the three branches of the
+service and all enlisted women, whether they served at home or abroad,
+should be eligible and urged to join one thoroughly democratic and
+comprehensive organization. They knew that any organization leaving
+out one or more elements composing the military service of the United
+States would be forced to compete constantly with the organization or
+association so discarded. In short, they knew that in union there is
+strength. And they believed, and still believe, that the problems of
+peace after a catastrophe such as was never before witnessed in
+history are so grave that they can be met with safety only by a
+national bulwark composed of the men who won the war, so closely knit,
+so tightly welded together in a common organization for the common
+good of all that no power of external or internal evil or aggression,
+no matter how allied or augmented, could hope even so much as to
+threaten our national existence, ambitions, aspirations, and pursuit
+of happiness, much less aim to destroy them.</p>
+
+<p>Don't forget that the leaders of the movement realized all this, and
+also remember that they include among their number the enlisted man of
+the A.E.F. and home army and the sailor in a shore station and on
+board a destroyer. The realization may not have been in so many words,
+but each knew he wanted to &quot;make the world safe for democracy&quot;&mdash;he had
+fought to do that and had thought out carefully what it meant, that
+is, that it didn't mean anything selfish&mdash;and each knew enough of the
+principle of union and strength to embrace the idea when &quot;organize&quot;
+first began to be mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>But how to do it, that was the problem.</p>
+
+<p>Then kind Fate in the shape of G.H.Q. came to the rescue with what
+proved to be the solution.</p>
+
+<p>G.H.Q. didn't mean to find the solution. There had been a deal of
+dissatisfaction with the way certain things were going in the A.E.F.
+and on February 15, 1919, twenty National Guard and Reserve officers
+serving in the A.E.F., representing the S.O.S., ten infantry
+divisions, and several other organizations, were ordered to report in
+Paris. The purpose of this gathering was to have these officers confer
+with certain others of the Regular Army, including the heads of train
+supply and Intelligence Sections of the General Staff of G.H.Q., in
+regard to the betterment of conditions and development of contentment
+in the army in France.</p>
+
+<p>Included in this number were Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., of the First Division, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin D'Olier of the
+S.O.S., and Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher Wood of the 88th Division.
+All of these officers have since told me that when they left their
+divisions they were distinctively permeated with the desire to form a
+veterans' organization of some comprehensive kind. When they got to
+Paris they immediately went into conference with the other officers
+on the questions involved in their official trip, details of which do
+not concern this story.</p>
+
+<p>What is important is the fact that Colonel Roosevelt, Colonel D'Olier,
+and Colonel Wood each discovered that all of the officers in this
+representative gathering shared with the thousands of other soldiers
+of the American forces the hope and desire that the officers and men
+who were about to return to civilian life, after serving in the great
+war, whether at home or with the combat units or in the S.O.S., might
+sooner or later be united into one permanent national organization,
+similar in certain respects to the Grand Army of the Republic or the
+United Confederate Veterans and composed of all parties, all creeds,
+and all ranks, who wished to perpetuate American ideals and the
+relationship formed while in the military and national service.</p>
+
+<p>When these officers realized what each was thinking they promptly set
+about with the &quot;let's go&quot; spirit of the A.E.F. to avail themselves of
+a God-given opportunity. A dinner was spread in the Allied Officers'
+Club, Rue Faubourg St. Honor&eacute;, on the night of February 16th and
+covers were laid for the following:</p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Francis R. Appleton, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>2d Army.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton,</td><td align='left'>82d Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark, ex 35th Div.,</td><td align='left'>now with 88th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,</td><td align='left'>37th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. D.J. Davis, ex 28th Div.,</td><td align='left'>now att. G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier,</td><td align='left'>Q.M., S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. W.J. Donovan,</td><td align='left'>Rainbow Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. David M. Goodrich,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. T.E. Gowenlock, ex 1st Div.,</td><td align='left'>now with 1st A.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Thorndike Howe,</td><td align='left'>A.P.O. Dept.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,</td><td align='left'>Peace Commission</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. DeLancey Kountze,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,</td><td align='left'>28th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Ogden Mills, ex 6th Div.,</td><td align='left'>now att. G.-2, S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Benjamin Moore,</td><td align='left'>82d Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>1st Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. R.C. Stebbins,</td><td align='left'>3d A.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. R.C. Stewart,</td><td align='left'>1st Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. George A. White, ex 41st Div.,</td><td align='left'>now att. G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, ex 83d Div.,</td><td align='left'>now with 88th Div.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>At that dinner the American Legion was born.</p>
+
+<p>Why not let this gathering&mdash;the most representative in the history of
+the A.E.F.&mdash;consider itself as a temporary committee to launch the
+movement? Why not? everyone asked himself and his neighbor over the
+coffee. All felt that their presence in Paris presented an unusual
+opportunity to initiate the first steps of such a movement, an
+opportunity unlikely to be repeated and one they ought not to let
+slip. Another meeting was suggested to consider the matter. It was
+held. The result was that there were several more conferences and
+every such gathering was more enthusiastic than its predecessor. At
+each of these informal conferences, some one was careful to emphasize
+that these self-appointed committeemen were by no means
+representative enough of the army or navy, nor sufficiently numerous
+to warrant their actually effecting an organization of any character
+whatsoever. Yet it was believed that, nevertheless, the gathering was
+representative enough to act as a temporary committee so functioning
+as to get together from the whole army and navy two caucuses&mdash;one to
+represent the troops in France, and the other those who had remained
+in America and who, through no fault of their own, had been denied the
+privilege of making history on a European battlefield. The temporary
+committee realized that due care must be exercised in getting these
+caucuses started. Every unit in the A.E.F. should be represented, if
+possible, at the Paris caucus, while to the one in the States,
+preferably to be held at St. Louis because of its central location,
+delegates must come from every Congressional District in the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Thereby would be avoided, it was urged, the mistake of giving the
+impression that it was a small gathering of men, unrepresentative or
+serving some special and selfish end.</p>
+
+<p>This was unanimously agreed upon and the temporary committee elected
+Lt. Col. Roosevelt, temporary chairman, Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark,
+temporary vice-chairman, Lt. Col. Wood, temporary secretary.</p>
+
+<p>A sub-committee was appointed to receive from all the members of the
+temporary committee the names of such individuals of combat divisions
+and each section of the S.O.S. of the A.E.F., who were eligible and
+suitable to be delegates to a caucus scheduled for March
+15th-16th-17th in Paris. A similar sub-committee was appointed to
+ascertain the names of men of the home forces in order that they might
+be urged to attend a caucus in America on or about May 8th-9th-10th.</p>
+
+<p>The work of the sub-committee of the A.E.F. was much more difficult
+than would appear at first glance. It was easy enough to get the names
+of leaders in the various outfits, both of officers and men, but to
+get them to Paris! That was the job. Of course it was the ardent
+desire of everyone that the new organization should eventually become
+a society principally devoted to the interests of those who served as
+enlisted men, for they bore the brunt of the fighting and the work and
+were fundamentally responsible for the splendid victory.</p>
+
+<p>But once the names of such men were in the committee's hands the real
+work had not begun. There were mechanical difficulties in securing for
+enlisted men in active duty leave to attend a caucus in Paris. In the
+first place the enlisted men themselves, as indicated by several who
+were consulted, were very diffident about accepting an invitation to
+attend a caucus where they would be required to sit beside and debate
+with and against generals and field officers to whom they owed
+military obedience. Then again, there was the expense of travel in
+France, as well as the high cost of living in Paris. At the outset
+this raised the expense of a trip to the French capital to a sum
+amounting to many months of an enlisted man's pay. Furthermore, the
+sub-committee was face to face with the A.E.F. regulations providing
+that except in the most unusual circumstances an enlisted man would
+not be granted leave except in company with a trainload of his
+fellows, and to a certain specified leave area.</p>
+
+<p>But as has been said before the conclusion had been reached that if
+the organization was really to become pre&euml;minently an enlisted man's
+outfit, it would be absolutely necessary to overcome these
+difficulties and by hook or crook to obtain the attendance of as many
+privates and noncommissioned officers as possible who were leaders.
+So, scarcely had seventeen of the twenty officers returned to their
+commands before they received an urgent appeal to help out the
+sub-committee of three. They were told to get enlisted delegates to
+Paris, never mind how, the method being of small importance provided
+the men were there.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919</h3>
+
+<p>The first delegates began to arrive for the caucus on March 14th.
+After-the-war good fellowship between those who had been commissioned
+officers on the one hand, and enlisted men on the other, was
+foreshadowed in a most interesting and striking manner when they began
+to come into the hotels. A dozen or more officer delegates brought
+with them as orderlies an equal number of delegates from the ranks.
+Thus enlisted personnel, by devious means, were ordered to Paris under
+one guise or another. One sergeant came under orders which stated that
+he was the bearer of important documents. He carried a despatch case
+wadded with waste paper. Another non-com., from a distant S.O.S.
+sector, had orders to report to Paris and obtain a supply of rat
+poison. Several wagoners, farriers, and buck privates acquired
+diseases of so peculiar a character that only Parisian physicians
+could treat them. As one of them said, he hadn't had so much fun since
+his office-boy days when a grandmother made a convenient demise every
+time Mathewson pitched. The expense of the trip was gathered in
+diverse ways. In some divisions the officer delegates took up
+collections to defray the expense of enlisted delegates.</p>
+
+<p>In numerous instances, enlisted men refused such assistance and took
+up their own collections. One amusing story was told by an enlisted
+man. He said that the &quot;buddies&quot; in his regiment had deliberately lost
+money to him in gambling games when he refused to be a delegate
+because he couldn't pay his own expenses. So by various means nearly
+two hundred enlisted delegates were in Paris by late afternoon on
+March 14th. It must not be imagined from the foregoing that all the
+officers arrived on special trains and were themselves in the lap of
+luxury. One second lieutenant who attended has since confided that he
+sold his safety razor and two five-pound boxes of fudge sent from home
+in order to get carfare to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Practically all of the self-appointed, temporary committee, with the
+exception of Colonel Roosevelt, was present. He was Chairman of the
+American Committee and had left France for the purpose of organizing
+that part of the army and navy which did not get abroad or which had
+returned home.</p>
+
+<p>The Paris caucus convened at the American Club near the Place de la
+Concorde on the afternoon of March 15th, Colonel Wood presiding.
+Lieutenant Colonel Bennett C. Clark of the 88th Division was selected
+Chairman of the caucus and Lt. Col. T.W. Miller of Pennsylvania, and
+serving in the 79th Division, was elected Vice-Chairman. When Colonel
+Wood called the meeting to order nearly one thousand delegates
+answered the roll-call and these were of all ranks from private to
+brigadier general; and every combat division and all sections of the
+S.O.S., were represented. Colonel Wood briefly reviewed the
+self-appointment of the temporary committee during the previous month
+and outlined the purposes of the caucus.</p>
+
+<p>A few minutes after Colonel Clark had taken the chair an officer of
+high rank, a colonel to be exact, moved that while in the convention
+hall, the after-war status as fellow civilians be forecast and that
+the stations of rank would there cease to exist. It was agreed that
+they would be resumed with full force and full discipline as soon as
+the delegates crossed the threshold of the convention hall and
+regained the street.</p>
+
+<p>It was the ability of the American officer to do this&mdash;to be friendly
+to a certain extent with his men and yet at the same time to keep them
+perfectly disciplined&mdash;which amazed the officers of the armies of our
+Allies. No more striking example of this was ever given than within
+the confines of the American Club on that 15th day of March. The
+Colonel's motion was unanimously carried and the work of the
+organization began. Then generals forgot their rank, corporals engaged
+in hot debates with colonels, sergeants argued with majors and
+everybody talked with everybody else in a most boylike spirit of
+fraternity and equality.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Ogden Mills of G.H.Q. moved that four caucus committees be
+appointed to draft suggestions and submit them to the caucus, one
+committee to design machinery for convening the winter convention; one
+committee to submit suggestions as to a permanent organization; one
+committee on tentative constitution; and one committee on name. Each
+committee consisted of fifteen members, and was appointed by the
+Chairman.</p>
+
+<p>Here are the committees, appointed by the chair:</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Committee on Convention</span></h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Sherburne,</td><td align='left'>26th Div., Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wagoner Shaw,</td><td align='left'>88th Div., Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Ogden Mills,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colonel Graham,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Prvt. C.W. Ney,</td><td align='left'>1st Army Troops</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain Mahon,</td><td align='left'>77th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Obrecht,</td><td align='left'>1st Army</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Kipling,</td><td align='left'>Troops serving with French</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. J.C. Hendler,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Appleton,</td><td align='left'>2d Army Hq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Gordon,</td><td align='left'>36th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Field Clerk Sowers,</td><td align='left'>Press Section G.H.Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Hungerford,</td><td align='left'>3rd Army Hq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cpl. J.H. Anderson,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Wren,</td><td align='left'>36th Division</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Committee of Permanent Organization</span></h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Colonel Donovan,</td><td align='left'>42d Div., Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Graham,</td><td align='left'>88th Div., Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Boyd,</td><td align='left'>29th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Tip Bliss,</td><td align='left'><i>Stars and Stripes</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Fitzpatrick,</td><td align='left'>35th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Rollo S. Thorpe,</td><td align='left'>88th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Crosby,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. W.L. Thompson,</td><td align='left'>11th R.R. Engineers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Graff,</td><td align='left'>28th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Barry Wright,</td><td align='left'>79th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Rommel,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. V.V. Trout,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Carlstrom,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major R.C. Patterson,</td><td align='left'>Peace Commission</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Smith,</td><td align='left'>89th Division</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Committee On Name</span></h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Robbins,</td><td align='left'>2d Army Hq. Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Goodrich,</td><td align='left'>G.H.Q., Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Dolan,</td><td align='left'>89th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Stebbins,</td><td align='left'>3rd Army Corps</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. H.E. Fleming,</td><td align='left'>35th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major E.S. Haile,</td><td align='left'>77th Div.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colonel Gibbs,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. McElow,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Horace Rumsey,</td><td align='left'>35th Division</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. C.E. Sommers,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major D.D. Drain,</td><td align='left'>3d Army</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. G.F. Fleming,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Markoe,</td><td align='left'>2d Army</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Dwight,</td><td align='left'>S.O.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Barnard,</td><td align='left'>Paris Command</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The names of these committees are given because they are more than
+just names. They show the first bubbles of the melting pot into which
+all rank and titles in the American Army have been cast and out of
+which comes the one word &quot;Comrade.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There were three outstanding features of the Paris caucus which were
+evident by midnight of March 15th. The first was the desire to get
+together and form an organization quickly and a willingness to forego
+personal prejudice and opinion to arrive at that end. The second was
+the determination to make the man who didn't get across as much a
+component part of the legion as his more fortunate brother-in-arms;
+while the third was the avowed intention to take no action at the
+caucus which could be deferred until the winter convention in America,
+when the home brother and the navy could be jointly represented and a
+permanent organization could be effected. I say that these things were
+evident by midnight of March 15th for those who have attended many
+conventions know that from the casual word heard here and there, the
+whispered conference of a few leaders, and from the general tenor of
+discussions carried on by delegates gathered together in little
+groups, the spirit of the body politic is most perceptible.</p>
+
+<p>After the adjournment of the afternoon session on that day, members
+of the committees closeted themselves and started work on their
+special functions, while those who were to pass on the committee's
+actions, the &quot;hoi polloi&quot; were here and there in groups, in the &quot;Y&quot;
+huts or in boulevard cafes discussing the real meaning of the
+gathering. A colonel in the Officers' Club said there must be no
+disagreement on this or that question; a private in the Bal Tabarin
+told his buddies the same thing.</p>
+
+<p>And so it came to pass that on the following day in the Cirque de
+Paris, where the final meetings were held, the delegates formally
+gathered, sensed the gossip of the clubs and boulevards, and acted
+accordingly. One of the things done was to endorse the action of the
+temporary committee in appointing itself and in calling the caucus.
+Another was to adopt a tentative constitution. It is in reality little
+more than a preamble, but it gave a working basis, expressing enough
+and yet not too much.</p>
+
+<p>Newspaper men have told me that the Sermon on the Mount is the finest
+bit of reporting in the history of writing because it tells a long
+story succinctly. Lieutenant Colonel Buxton and his committee on
+constitutions are certainly entitled to credit of the same type&mdash;for
+they tell a great deal in a few lines.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img002.jpg" id="img002"><img src="images/img002.jpg" width="600" height="462" alt="Henry D. Lindsley
+Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Henry D. Lindsley<br />
+Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img003.jpg" id="img003"><img src="images/img003.jpg" width="600" height="348" alt="The Paris Caucus This gathering had no time for
+official photographers. A half hour before a session began one slipped
+in and took this picture with more than half the caucus delegates
+absent" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">The Paris Caucus<br />This gathering had no time for
+official photographers. A half hour before a session began one slipped
+in and took this picture with more than half the caucus delegates
+absent</p>
+
+<p>Here's the tentative constitution under which the Legion worked&mdash;it
+was read by Lieutenant Colonel Bolles:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We, the members of the Military and Naval Service of the United
+States of America in the great war, desiring to perpetuate the
+principles of Justice, Freedom, and Democracy for which we have
+fought, to inculcate the duty and obligation of the citizen to the
+State; to preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+the war; and to cement the ties of comradeship formed in service, do
+propose to found and establish an association for the furtherance of
+the foregoing purposes:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Those eligible to membership shall be: All officers and enlisted
+personnel in the Military and Naval Services of the United States of
+America at any time during the period from April 6, 1917, to November
+11, 1918, inclusive; excepting however, persons leaving the service
+without an honorable discharge or persons who having been called into
+the service refused, failed, or attempted to evade the full
+performance of such service.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The society shall consist of a national organization with subsidiary
+branches; one for each State, territory, and foreign possession of the
+United States as well as one in each foreign country where members of
+the national society may be resident and who desire to associate
+themselves together.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The officers of the society shall be a President, one or more
+Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a Board of Directors,
+which shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, together
+with the chief executive of each subsidiary branch.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The subsidiary branches shall organize and govern themselves in such
+manner as the membership of such subsidiary organizations shall
+determine upon except that the requirements and purposes of the
+permanent national constitution as adopted shall be complied with.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The representation shall be on the basis of the actual enrollment in
+the subsidiary branches at all conventions after the adoption of a
+permanent constitution.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Members present at the meeting of this committee as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain">
+<li>&quot;Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton, Jr., Chairman</li>
+<li>&quot;Lt. Col. T.W. Miller, Secretary</li>
+<li>&quot;Major Redmond C. Stewart</li>
+<li>&quot;Col. E.A. Gibbs</li>
+<li>&quot;Lt. Col. W.H. Curtiss</li>
+<li>&quot;Major J. Hall</li>
+<li>&quot;Col. C.L. Ristine.&quot;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>There were many, many men in the A.E.F. respected and beloved, but
+none perhaps more than he who seconded a motion made by a private from
+S.O.S. base section, No. 4, that the constitution be adopted. The
+seconder asked to speak on the question. When he began he got the rapt
+attention which Bishop Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F., always
+won whether he talked to buck privates knee deep in trench water or
+the King in Buckingham Palace.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It was a great soldier who said that the army has not merely a body
+but a soul and a conscience as well,&quot; he began. &quot;I believe the
+conscience of the army is speaking in this committee's report. I
+believe the army's soul is speaking in it. I was present on Saturday,
+at the beginning of this caucus and I will tell you frankly that I was
+fearful at that moment lest you should create a great mechanism
+without adequate purposes. My fears have been wholly allayed and I see
+in the report of your committee the ideals not only of the army but of
+the nation adequately expressed and I wish to tell you gentlemen that
+so far as I have any ability to promote this great movement I give you
+my most hearty support. I believe that the army of to-day, when it
+goes back to citizen thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of
+contributing to the commonwealth of the United States so as to change
+the character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane
+of political, industrial, and religious life. I happen to be at this
+moment leading in a movement in the army to promote the various ends
+that are so well expressed in the committee's report, in what is known
+as the 'Comrades in Service.' There are two ways of creating an
+organization; one is by forming the principles and leaving the body to
+take its own shape; the other by creating a machinery without stating
+your end and reach that end through the machinery. According to our
+democratic conception we have adopted the former or idealistic method.
+We are prepared to contribute to this army wide organization which is
+now brought into existence, all that we have to contribute. We are
+entirely loyal to your principles and methods of approach and we are
+quite willing to forego any attempt to make an organization which
+might become a rival to you. Between now and the time of
+demobilization there is a great opportunity for us to promote the
+principles which actuate you. We have already a temporary and
+provisional organization for the promotion of such principles; the
+creation of better citizenship along the lines so well expressed. We
+would like everyone who can to give support to that which we are
+endeavoring to do, while we ask all who come in with us to be prepared
+to throw in their lot with this organization when it is perfected in
+the United States.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The creation of better citizenship,&quot; Bishop Brent says. He wants
+every one who can, to give support to that; to &quot;what we are trying to
+do.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>If everyone could see just that in the Legion, if everyone will work
+for just that&mdash;better citizenship&mdash;the Legion's aim will be realized
+in its deepest and truest sense. Bishop Brent has a knack of hitting
+the nail on the head with such force that the sparks fly and by their
+light comes insight&mdash;ask anyone from out Manila-way if it isn't so.
+The short address was greeted with thunderous applause. The newly born
+Legion knew it had a champion and a worker in the Bishop.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Wm. J. Donovan of the 165th Infantry, Forty-second Division
+headed the committee of fifteen which gave the final report on
+resolutions and organization. This report is reproduced here in full
+because it presaged the action of the American caucus and brought
+about the form of the Legion Government until November.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That an Executive Committee shall be selected, two
+    (2) from each unit (as recognized in this caucus) and eight (8)
+    to be selected by the Executive Committee; the two members, one
+    officer and one enlisted man, to be selected from each unit to
+    be named by the respective delegations attending this caucus.
+    Each unit shall present the names of committeemen who shall as
+    far as possible represent, in point of residence, each State,
+    Territory and possession of the United States and the District
+    of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This Executive Committee shall have general power to represent
+    the units now in foreign service, to determine its own quorum,
+    to confer with committees from a similar caucus in the United
+    States, to secure one general convention of persons entitled to
+    membership under the tentative constitution, to elect its
+    officers and appoint such sub-committees and give them such
+    powers as may be proper and necessary.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This Executive Committee acting in conjunction with the
+    committee of the United States is specifically charged with the
+    duty of fixing a date and place for holding a national
+    convention, issuing a call for the holding of county and State
+    conventions and providing a unit of representation and method of
+    selection of delegates to the national convention, by the State
+    conventions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The powers of this committee shall expire upon the organization
+    of the permanent national convention.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The committee is further charged with the duty of making known
+    the existence and purpose of this organization, of stimulating
+    interest in it, and of inviting the support of all those
+    entitled to membership.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No policy except in furtherance of the creation of a permanent
+    organization having in mind the desirability of unity of action
+    in organizing all the American forces shall be adopted or
+    carried out by the committees.</p>
+
+<p>    A meeting for the temporary and preliminary organization of the
+    Executive Committee shall be held at this place immediately upon
+    the adjournment of this caucus.</p>
+
+<p>    The Executive Committee may receive and add to its number two
+    representatives from any division or equivalent unit not
+    represented at this caucus.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>As the result of the passage of this report it is interesting to note
+the personnel of the Executive Committee which the delegates selected
+and which is controlling the American Legion of the A.E.F., observing
+especially the large number of enlisted men; large in view of the
+difficulties experienced in getting such men to Paris.</p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Capt. Arthur S. Hyde</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col Harold C. Snyder</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>26th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Wheaton Freeman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>26th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Wm. J. Keville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>27th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Edward E. Gauche, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>27th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Samuel A. Ritchie, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>28th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Brig Gen. Wm. G. Brice, Jr., Penn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>28th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Ted Myers, Penn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>29th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Orison M. Hurd, N.J.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>29th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Color Sgt. Andreas Z. Holley, Maryland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>31st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Captain Leon Schwarz, Ala.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>33d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Milton A. Foreman, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>35th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. B.C. Clark, Mo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>35th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Fred Heney, Kans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>36th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Chas. W. Nimon, Texas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>36th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Mjr. L.H. Evridge, Texas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>41st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Frank White, N. Dak.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>42d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Col. Henry J. Reilly, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>42d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Rowe, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>77th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Major Duncan Harris</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>77th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Lawrence Miller, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>79th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Stuart S. Janney, Md.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>79th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Benjamin R. Kauffman, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>80th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Capt. Arthur F. Shaw, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>81st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Major Theodore G. Tilghman, N.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>81st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Wm. S. Beam, N.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>82d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Capt. Frank S. Williams, Fla.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>82d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Alvin T. York, Tenn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>83d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Wayman C. Lawrence, Jr., W. Va.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>83d Div.,</td><td align='left'>Cpl. Thoyer</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>86th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Major John H. Smale, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>88th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. George C. Parsons, Minn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>88th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Wagoner Dale J. Shaw, Iowa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>89th Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Frank Wilbur Smith, Pa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>91st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Guy Strohm, Oregon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>91st Div.,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Mjr. Hercovitz, Calif.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S.O.S. Hq.,</td><td align='left'>Col. James H. Graham, Conn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Adv. Sec., S.O.S. Capt.</td><td align='left'>David A. Uaurier, Wash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 1, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Pvt. W.L. Thompson, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 3, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Carle Abrams, Oregon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 5, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Major Orlin Hudson, Kans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Base Sec. No. 6, S.O.S.,</td><td align='left'>Major Arthur S. Dwight, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Troops with French,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. L.K. Flynt, Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Troops with French,</td><td align='left'>Capt. A.W. Kipling, Paris, France</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paris Command,</td><td align='left'>Pvt. Harold W. Ross, Calif.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paris Command,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Price Jackson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>G.H.Q.,</td><td align='left'>Bishop Charles H. Brent, N.Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Army Corps,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Lemuel L. Bolles, Wash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Army Corps,</td><td align='left'>Sgt. Mjr. Race</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2d Army Hq.,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Burke H. Sinclair, Colo.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The tentative name of this organization was not adopted without a
+great deal of discussion. All sorts of titles were suggested to the
+committee which considered the matter. Some of them were:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain" ><li>  Comrades of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Veterans of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Liberty League</li>
+<li>  Army of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Legion of the Great War</li>
+<li>  Great War Legion</li>
+<li>  The Legion</li>
+<li>  The American Comrades of the Great War</li>
+<li>  The Great Legion</li>
+<li>  The American Legion</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The last was tentatively decided upon as the best name although there
+was considerable discussion on it. This discussion waxed particularly
+warm between a colonel and a corporal and it came to an end only when
+some hungry enlisted delegate braved the officer's rising ire to move
+an adjournment for lunch. The motion carried immediately and, true to
+the understanding made at the outset in regard to rank, the corporal
+clicked his heels together, stood at attention and saluted the
+colonel, when the latter passed him on the sidewalk exactly five
+minutes after he had been telling the colonel precisely what he
+thought of him and his opinions&mdash;at least as far as the name of the
+Veteran's Organization was concerned. I might add that this colonel
+was well under thirty-five years of age and that the corporal was only
+twenty-one.</p>
+
+<p>And this brings to mind another striking feature of this most unusual
+gathering, which was the comparative youth of its membership. For
+instance the two individuals who have taken from the beginning the
+leading parts in the movement, Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark and a
+Lieutenant Colonel of infantry, and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., son of
+the ex-president and also a Colonel of infantry. They are respectively
+twenty-nine and thirty-one years of age, and one of the most brilliant
+speeches in the caucus was made by a captain of twenty-six.</p>
+
+<p>It must not be understood from this rather dry recital of what took
+place at the Paris Caucus, this record of minutes and resolutions,
+that it was an entirely sedate and dignified gathering. On the
+contrary, Young America was there and quite often the impression which
+one gathered was that a dozen or so Big Brothers had been turned loose
+at once. A great many wild speeches were made and all sorts of
+ticklish questions were brought up. Chairman Clark broke two gavels
+and three times overturned his table. Everyone there was young. Peace
+was young. Few knew exactly, like Bishop Brent, just what was wanted.
+The whole project was new. Dozens of delegates wanted to speak; it was
+their first chance since April 6, 1917. In fact one man made two very
+violent speeches on the same subject, one in direct opposition to the
+other. He realized he was making a heated argument for both sides and
+finally sat down laughing about it. Who was he? Who was the colonel
+who got wrought up over the proposed name? Who were the lieutenants,
+and who were any of these privates, captains, and sergeants?</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I don't know.&quot; Nobody knows.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless they have themselves forgotten what they said. No verbatim
+records are available now. In fact I am told that no record could have
+been kept, for many times two or three were speaking at once and the
+chairman was breaking the third commandment with his gavel. But this
+much everyone wanted, &quot;A Veteran's Organization.&quot; This much everyone
+swore he would have, one that was neither political nor partisan, one
+that would perpetuate righteousness, insure &quot;honor, faith, and a sure
+intent,&quot; and despite whatever bickering there might have been, despite
+whatever differences of opinion arose, when, with a tremendous &quot;Aye,&quot;
+the motion to adjourn was carried, this Paris Caucus had accomplished
+a body politic and a soul of the type which Bishop Brent so clearly
+described.</p>
+
+<p>To resume the story of actual accomplishment. The Executive Committee
+was given general power to represent the units in France, to confer
+with committees or representatives of the American Caucus as soon as
+these should be appointed, and, in conjunction with the latter, to
+issue a call for the holding of county and State conventions and
+providing a unit of representation and method of selection of
+delegates to one general convention for the autumn of 1919, preferably
+November 11th, or Armistice Day.</p>
+
+<p>The Executive Committee met immediately after the adjournment of the
+caucus and elected Colonel Foreman of the Thirty-third Division,
+Chairman; Lt. Colonel George A. White, Forty-first Division, Secretary
+and Major R.C. Patterson, Paris Command, Assistant Secretary. Lt. Col.
+White, Col. Wood, Major R.C. Patterson, and Lt. L.R. Farrell were
+elected permanent members at large of the Executive Committee.</p>
+
+<p>Then from this executive committee a committee of fifteen was chosen
+for the purpose of expediting the work which had been assigned to the
+larger committee, it being easier to assemble fifteen men than the
+larger number. The committee of fifteen elected Col. Bennett Clark as
+its chairman.</p>
+
+<p>At the first meeting of the committee of fifteen a hope was expressed
+that the caucus in America would take similar action in the
+appointment of an executive committee, which would in turn delegate
+its authority to a smaller committee for working purposes. Just
+exactly how this worked out, is later described.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA.</h3>
+
+<p>Once home again it didn't take a Solomon to tell Colonel Roosevelt
+that he had a man's size job on his hands in starting the American
+Legion on its way in the United States. Dispatches more or less
+accurate had told the service men on this side something about the
+Legion activities of the A.E.F. in France. As late as mid-April,
+however, a great many men in this country knew nothing whatever about
+the American Legion, while the majority of those who did were not at
+all sure it was to be <i>The Veteran's Organization</i>. What I have said
+previously about the &quot;spontaneous opinion&quot; of the men in France on the
+question of a veteran's organization proved to be equally true among
+service men on this side of the water. Consequently, it wasn't long
+after the armistice before several veteran's organizations and
+associations were in the process of formation. As it was a pertinent
+news topic, the newspapers gave a great deal of prominence in their
+columns to several of these organizations. They were of various types
+and characters. One was for enlisted men only. Another was for
+officers only. There was an organization for officers who had fought
+in France, Italy, or Russia and there was one or more organizations
+which had the breadth of vision to see that men of all ranks and all
+branches of the military and naval establishments must be eligible.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the situation confronting Colonel Roosevelt when he arrived
+home to help start the American Legion in its own country. The fact of
+his arrival and his announced intention to aid in the organization of
+the Legion was duly heralded in the press of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>At first the army and navy men were inclined to say, &quot;Here is another
+of those mushroom Veteran's Associations bobbing up.&quot; In fact I heard
+one officer make just that remark, but another was quick to correct
+him by saying, &quot;Its bound to be a straight and honest organization or
+a Roosevelt wouldn't stand for it.&quot; That was the crux of the initial
+success of the Legion, because just that was true. Every man who wore
+the uniform had known Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., and although he may not
+have agreed with him in all of his political opinions still he knew
+that neither he nor any member of his family would back any
+organization or proposition that was not morally sterling.</p>
+
+<p>There were those who did not like the American Legion. There were
+those who were willing to let a past political prejudice deter them
+from aiding in the most important movement in American life to-day.
+There were those who stated that Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was
+prominent in organizing the American Legion for his own political
+advancement. The answer to that misapprehension will develop later and
+will prove one of the most striking incidents in this story.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt has a peculiarly happy faculty of keeping those who
+work with him cheerful and optimistic. He gathered around him, to
+launch the movement in America, a set of cheerful, competent
+optimists, prominent among whom were Colonel Richard Derby, Colonel
+Franklin D'Olier, who figured in the Paris Caucus, Major Cornelius W.
+Wickersham, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Twenty-seventh Division,
+Captain Henry Fairfield Osborne, Lieutenant Colonel Granville Clark,
+Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Kincaide, Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher
+Wood and Captain H.B. Beers. One of Colonel Roosevelt's first duties
+as temporary chairman of the Legion over here was to create the nation
+wide organization. He needed committeemen in every State to work the
+State organization up, and to start the machinery for the election of
+delegates to the St. Louis Caucus, for it had been decided that the
+representation in St. Louis must be by duly elected representatives
+from congressional districts in so far as that was possible. Each such
+district was awarded double its congressional representation, in
+addition to the delegates at large. It was no easy task to pick these
+committeemen. The decision of the Paris gathering that the
+organization must be non-partisan and non-political had to be adhered
+to in its fullest sense. There were soldiers and sailors enough in all
+the States who would have been willing to have started the
+organization in their respective localities, but how <i>not</i> to get
+politicians of the lower order, men who would gladly prostitute the
+Legion, its aims and ambitions to their own selfish advantage&mdash;that
+was the problem which faced the temporary committee in America.</p>
+
+<p>About three weeks before the St. Louis Caucus the following names were
+chosen from the various States as committeemen:</p>
+
+<h4>OFFICERS</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., New York, Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Bennett Clark, Missouri, Vice-Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania, Secretary.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Alabama</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. H.M. Badham, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Birmingham</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. W.M. Cosby, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Birmingham</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Edwin Robertson,</td><td align='left'>Birmingham</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Arizona</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Ned Bernard,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Tucson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. J.C. Greenway,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bisbee</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Arkansas</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. P.R. Graybill, Democ. Pub. Co.</td><td align='left'>Little Rock</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major J.J. Harrison,</td><td align='left'>Little Rock</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Walter J. Wilkins,</td><td align='left'>Pine Bluff</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">California</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. L.P. Adams,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Chas. A. Beck,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Dibblee,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chaplain Joseph D. McQuade,</td><td align='left'>San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Stewart Edward White,</td><td align='left'>Santa Barbara</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Colorado</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. G.W. Cutting,</td><td align='left'>Florence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. C.C. Neil,</td><td align='left'>Greeley</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major H.A. Saidy,</td><td align='left'>Colorado Springs</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Phil. G. Thompson,</td><td align='left'>Denver</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Connecticut</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Morgan G. Bulkeley,</td><td align='left'>Hartford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jas. L. Howard,</td><td align='left'>Hartford</td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">District of Columbia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. L. Clarkson Hines,</td><td align='left'>Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. E. Lester Jones,</td><td align='left'>Washington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Delaware</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Thomas W. Miller,</td><td align='left'>Wilmington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. John P. Nields,</td><td align='left'>Wilmington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Florida</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig Gen A.H. Blanding,</td><td align='left'>Bartow</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Georgia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Alexander R. Lawton, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Savannah</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Landon Thomas,</td><td align='left'>Augusta</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Idaho</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major C.M. Booth,</td><td align='left'>Pocatello</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. John Green,</td><td align='left'>Twin Falls</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Hawley, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Bois&eacute;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. D.H. Holt,</td><td align='left'>Caldwell</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Illinois</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Chf. Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Owsley Brown,</td><td align='left'>Springfield</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett,</td><td align='left'>Great Lakes</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. Edw. J. Czuj,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Thomas Gowenlock,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. Hy. Hickman Harris,</td><td align='left'>Champaign</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. Geo. Kendall Hooton,</td><td align='left'>Danville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign Allen M. Loeb,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Clark Nixon,</td><td align='left'>East St. Louis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. John Callan O'Laughlin,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Joseph Medill Patterson,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Cl. Pvt. C.J. Schatz,</td><td align='left'>Wheaton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Robt. E. Wood,</td><td align='left'>Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. David S. Wright,</td><td align='left'>Oak Park</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Indiana</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Solon J. Carter,</td><td align='left'>Indianapolis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign Win. L. Hutcheson,</td><td align='left'>Indianapolis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. R.J. Leeds,</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">iowa</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Chas. A. Doxsee,</td><td align='left'>Monticello</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major H.H. Polk,</td><td align='left'>Des Moines</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Kansas</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Gen. Chas. I. Martin,</td><td align='left'>Topeka</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gen. Wilder S. Metcalf,</td><td align='left'>Lawrence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Fred C. Stanford,</td><td align='left'>Independence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Mahlon S. Weed,</td><td align='left'>Lawrence</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Kentucky</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Samuel J. Culbertson,</td><td align='left'>Louisville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. W.C. Dabney,</td><td align='left'>Louisville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Shelby Harbison,</td><td align='left'>Lexington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major James Wheeler,</td><td align='left'>Paducah</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Louisiana</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Allen Cook,</td><td align='left'>New Orleans</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. John M. Parker, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>New Orleans</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Maine</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Arthur Ashworth,</td><td align='left'>Bangor</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Frank W. Hume,</td><td align='left'>103d Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. A.L. Robinson,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Daniel J. Smart,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Wm. H. Whalen,</td><td align='left'>103d Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Freeman Wheaton,</td><td align='left'>107th Inf.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Maryland</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. James A. Gary, Jr.</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Alexander Randall,</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Redmond Stewart,</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. W.S. Thayer,</td><td align='left'>Baltimore</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Charles H. Cole,</td><td align='left'>Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Edw. J. Creed,</td><td align='left'>101st Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Ernest H. Eastman,</td><td align='left'>104th Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major J.W. Farley,</td><td align='left'>Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Louis Frothingham,</td><td align='left'>Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Geo. Gilbody,</td><td align='left'>101st Inf.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Daniel J. Nolan,</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Michigan</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Fredk. M. Alger,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Rand F. English,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Sgt. Wm. King,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Commander Truman H. Newberry,</td><td align='left'>Detroit</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Minnesota</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Gordon Clark,</td><td align='left'>Duluth</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Paul B. Cook,</td><td align='left'>St. Paul</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Wm. D. Mitchell,</td><td align='left'>St. Paul</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. W. Bissell Thomas,</td><td align='left'>Minneapolis</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Mississippi</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. John N. Alexander,</td><td align='left'>Jackson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Maj. C.J. Craggs,</td><td align='left'>Greenville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Alex. Fitzhugh,</td><td align='left'>Vicksburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Isador A. Frank,</td><td align='left'>Clarksdale</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Elmer Price,</td><td align='left'>McComb</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Missouri</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. H.C. Clarke,</td><td align='left'>Jefferson City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. David R. Francis, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>St. Louis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Sestus J. Wade, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>St. Louis</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Montana</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. J.J. McGuiness,</td><td align='left'>Helena</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Chas. S. Pew,</td><td align='left'>Helena</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Nebraska</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major P.F. Cosgrove,</td><td align='left'>Lincoln</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. T.T. McGuire,</td><td align='left'>Omaha</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. R. Scott,</td><td align='left'>Imperial</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Allan A. Tukey,</td><td align='left'>Omaha</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Nevada</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. E.L. Malsbary,</td><td align='left'>Reno</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jas. G. Scrugham,</td><td align='left'>Reno</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Herve L'Heureaux,</td><td align='left'>Manchester</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Frank Knox,</td><td align='left'>Manchester</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New Jersey</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Hobart Brown,</td><td align='left'>Newark</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Allan Eggers,</td><td align='left'>Summit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1st Lt. Geo. W.C. McCarter,</td><td align='left'>Newark</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corp. Roger Young,</td><td align='left'>Newark</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New Mexico</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Bronson M. Cutting,</td><td align='left'>Santa F&eacute;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Debjemond,</td><td align='left'>Roswell</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Canuto Trujillo,</td><td align='left'>Chimayo</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">New York</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Robert Bacon,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Grenville Clark,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Chas. I. Debevoise,</td><td align='left'>Brooklyn</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Meade C. Dobson,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Wm. J. Donovan,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seaman Jos. F. Healey,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chaplain Francis A. Kelley,</td><td align='left'>Albany</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. J. Leslie Kincaid,</td><td align='left'>Syracuse</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign Jerome H. Larger,</td><td align='left'>Brooklyn</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign W.G. McAdoo, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Major Howard H. McLellan,</td><td align='left'>Yonkers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ensign R.H. Mitchell,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major General John F. O'Ryan,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. D. Lincoln Reed,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Henry L. Stimson,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Chas. W. Whittlesey,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Cornelius W. Wickersham,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Clarence E. Williams,</td><td align='left'>New York</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">North Carolina</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. R.W. Glenn,</td><td align='left'>Greensboro</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Cyrus D. Hogue,</td><td align='left'>Wilmington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">NORTH DAKOTA</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Matthew Murphy,</td><td align='left'>Fargo</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Ohio</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Jas. K. Campbell,</td><td align='left'>Shreve</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jas. R. Cochran,</td><td align='left'>Columbus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,</td><td align='left'>Columbus or Findlay</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Isadore H. Duke,</td><td align='left'>Cincinnati</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Oklahoma</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Eugene Atkins,</td><td align='left'>Muskogee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Roy Hoffman,</td><td align='left'>Oklahoma City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Oregon</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Harry Critchlow,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Carl B. Fenton,</td><td align='left'>Dallas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Geo. Kelley,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. F.W. Leadbetter,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Geo. A. White,</td><td align='left'>Portland</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Chas. J. Biddle,</td><td align='left'>Philadelphia</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Joseph F. Frayne,</td><td align='left'>Scranton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Robt. E. Glendinning,</td><td align='left'>Philadelphia</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,</td><td align='left'>Harrisburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. George Jones,</td><td align='left'>Scranton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maj. Alexander Laughlin, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Pittsburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Asher Miner,</td><td align='left'>Wilkes-Barre</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. John R. Sproul,</td><td align='left'>Chester</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Bernard J. Voll,</td><td align='left'>Philadelphia</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major Geo. E. Buxton, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>Providence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Everitte St. J. Chaffee,</td><td align='left'>Providence</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. W.C. Kendrick,</td><td align='left'>Pawtucket</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">South Carolina</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. W.C. Coward,</td><td align='left'>Cheraw</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Chas. C. Pinckney,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>C.T. Trenholm,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major W.D. Workman,</td><td align='left'>Greenville</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">South Dakota</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Lawrence R. Bates,</td><td align='left'>Sioux Falls</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Royal C. Johnson,</td><td align='left'>Aberdeen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Ruble Lavery,</td><td align='left'>Vermilion</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Jos. F. Pfeiffer,</td><td align='left'>Rapid City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Tennessee</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. James A. Gleason,</td><td align='left'>Knoxville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Major Keith J. Harris,</td><td align='left'>Chattanooga</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. John Hays,</td><td align='left'>Memphis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Luke Lea,</td><td align='left'>Nashville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major T.C. Thompson, Jr.</td><td align='left'>Chattanooga</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. C.W. Tomlinson,</td><td align='left'>Chattanooga</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Texas</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Stanley E. Kempner,</td><td align='left'>Galveston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. H.D. Lindsley,</td><td align='left'>Dallas</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. H.B. Moore,</td><td align='left'>Texas City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Utah</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Maj. H.H. McCartney,</td><td align='left'>Salt Lake City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gen. R.W. Young,</td><td align='left'>Salt Lake City</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Virginia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Frank G. Christian,</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. C. Francis Cocke,</td><td align='left'>Roanoke</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Stuart McGuire,</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Vermont</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. Donald J. Emery,</td><td align='left'>Newport</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Eugene V. Finn,</td><td align='left'>St. Albans</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major H. Nelson Jackson,</td><td align='left'>Burlington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Redfield Proctor,</td><td align='left'>Burlington</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Washington</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,</td><td align='left'>Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major P.P. Marion,</td><td align='left'>Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brig. Gen. Harvey J. Moss,</td><td align='left'>Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. John J. Sullivan,</td><td align='left'>N. Seattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Major R.H. Winsor,</td><td align='left'>Tacoma</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">West Virginia</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capt. Fleming W. Alderson,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Walter S. Moore,</td><td align='left'>Huntington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Thomas Schofield,</td><td align='left'>Wheeling</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lt. Col. Jackson A. Weston,</td><td align='left'>Charleston</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Wisconsin</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Edward F. Ackley,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. David Bloodgood,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Elmer S. Owens,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. Gilbert E. Seaman,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. John P. Szulcek,</td><td align='left'>Milwaukee</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bld"><span class="smcap">Wyoming</span></p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Major A.S. Beach,</td><td align='left'>Lusk</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sgt. Morris A. Dinneen,</td><td align='left'>Cheyenne</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pvt. I.H. Larom,</td><td align='left'>Valley Ranch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&nbsp; </p>
+
+<table class="lft" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>United American War Veterans,</td><td align='left'>Warren S. Fischer, Commander-in-Chief</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Comrades in Service,</td><td align='left'>Bishop Brent, President,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>National Legion of America,</td><td align='left'>Major Elihu Church,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>American Army Association,</td><td align='left'>Lt. Haywood Hillyer, General Secretary.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Just about this time it became most necessary to properly present the
+Legion to those men who had remained at home and who had gotten out of
+the Service, and to those who were incoming from France and rapidily
+being demobilized, as it was upon them that the success of the Legion
+depended. Furthermore, their opinions were the soil upon which the
+various State organizations had to work, and at that particular time
+it was vital that the Legion should be widely known and thoroughly
+understood; that its aims and ambitions should not be misconstrued
+either willfully or unintentionally, nor its precepts perverted. To
+this end the temporary Chairman proceeded to publicize it in the most
+thorough fashion. One-page bulletins briefly outlining the Legion's
+aims and ambitions were distributed in every center where soldiers and
+seamen gathered. Such places as Y.M.C.A. and K. of C. huts and War
+Camp Community recreation centers were thoroughly informed, and
+bulletins also were sent to every ship in the navy with the request
+that they be placed on the ship's bulletin board.</p>
+
+<p>Literature about the Legion was placed on transports when they left
+empty for France so that the men might read it in their leisure hours
+returning home. In order to make sure that every soldier and sailor
+would have the opportunity to know about the Legion this literature
+was again placed on the transports as they arrived in New York harbor.
+Various demobilization camps throughout the country were widely
+placarded and in each instance the names of the Temporary State
+Secretaries were given, and service men were invited to write to the
+Secretaries in their particular States. Camp publications, newspapers,
+and periodicals published for service men throughout the country were
+bountifully supplied with Legion information and scores of them
+carried special stories in regard to it. Bulletins and pamphlets were
+distributed in hospitals, placed on bulletin boards, and given to the
+patients. Every mayor of a town or city with a population above nine
+hundred got a letter containing literature about the Legion with a
+request that it be given publicity in the local press and then turned
+over to the Chairman of the Welcome Home Committee. Certain national
+magazines devoted a great deal of space to special articles explaining
+the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>Three or four times a week the Foreign Press Bureau of the United
+States Government sent stories about the Legion and its activities by
+wireless to the ships on sea and to the men of the A.E.F. in
+connection with its &quot;Home News Service.&quot; In addition to the foregoing,
+articles appeared almost daily in the press throughout the entire
+country, and by the time the convention was ready to meet those who
+ran and cared to read were fully informed that the American Legion was
+an organization for veterans of the army, navy, and marine corp; that
+it was non-partisan and non-political; that it stood for law and
+order, decent living, decent thinking, and true Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>The wide publicity given to the Legion and its aims brought into the
+Temporary Committee many amusing letters. Scores of them complained of
+the published statement that it was non-partisan and non-political.
+&quot;Damn it all, we want it to be political and partisan,&quot; one angry
+Westerner wrote. Another correspondent insisted that in view of the
+fact that sons of Theodore Roosevelt, and Speaker Champ Clark were
+interested, the Legion must be bi-partisan and bi-political. But most
+of the letters were of a highly commendatory character, expressing the
+deepest and widest possible interest. I recall that one of them came
+from Junction City, Kansas, another from Old Town, Maine; one from
+Delray, Texas, and others from Wolf Creek, Montana, Orlando, Florida,
+and Ray's Crossing, Indiana, while a postal card making frantic
+inquiries was dated Nome, Alaska, and arrived a week after the caucus
+at St. Louis. I have mentioned these towns and localities because they
+indicate how widespread and deep is the interest in the Legion. No
+matter where a man came from to go into the army, the Legion will go
+to him in his home now. Its members will range from fishermen on the
+Florida Keys to the mail carriers on the Tanana in Alaska, from the
+mill hands of New England to the cotton planters of the Mississippi
+delta. All who wore the uniform may enroll just so long as the word
+<i>Americanism</i> was inscribed in their hearts between April 6, 1917, and
+November 11, 1918.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h3>THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p>When the St. Louisian puffed its way into the big smoke-begrimed
+station in Missouri's largest city I looked about me for Bill, who was
+going to meet me at the station. We had not met since our prep. school
+and college days when Bill had been a thin, wizened little fellow, so
+hollow-chested that he had to be sent to Colorado for almost two years
+for his health. He came back to school looking better but before his
+diploma was handed to him announcing to the world that he was a
+full-fledged Bachelor of Arts, he had fallen apparently permanently
+into the rut of ill-health. In fact I wondered, when we all sang <i>Auld
+Lang Syne</i> in the fraternity house at the close of college, if I'd
+ever see Bill again.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time I had heard from him in the years that followed, and
+one day in the summer of 1917 he wrote me that he was on the way to
+France.</p>
+
+<p>While I gazed up and down the smoke-laden platform, I got a slap on
+the shoulder that sent me spinning, and there was the once emaciated
+Bill, who seemed to have grown three inches and to have put on
+seventy-five pounds.</p>
+
+<p>As we walked toward the taxicab stand I began to realize that instead
+of an old friend, a stranger was beside me. True enough, he had the
+same name and the same colored eyes, and his hair hadn't changed. But
+the rather dreamy eye had cleared, the pale face of old was tanned,
+and Bill's chest&mdash;the one he had gone to Colorado for&mdash;was bulging out
+as he carried my two heavy suit cases like a pouter pigeon's at a
+poultry show.</p>
+
+<p>What had happened to Bill? The little, quiet, timid youth of the past
+was now a big, burly, strong-bodied, clear-minded man. As we entered
+the taxi he was telling me that he &quot;intended to raise hell if they
+didn't take some action against this blank Bolshevism, and furthermore
+that this new Legion was going to be the most tremendous organization
+that the U.S.A. had ever seen.&quot; If he had told me that Swinburne's
+<i>Faustine</i> was written in iambic hexameter it would have sounded more
+like old times. But here was a new man, strong and virile, intensely
+interested in the future of his nation.</p>
+
+<p>What had happened to Bill? Eighteen months in the army was the answer.</p>
+
+<p>The advanced delegation began to arrive in St. Louis, the afternoon of
+May 5th. The Statler and Jefferson Hotels were packed because there
+were two other conventions in progress. But our delegates needed no
+badge to be distinguished from the others; there was a difference
+between them and the other conventionites. There was the same
+difference between the two as between the old Bill and the new Bill.
+They too had had eighteen months in the army, and a coat of tan on
+each one's face, his ruddy frame, and general atmosphere of a healthy
+mind and a healthy body were unmistakable emblems.</p>
+
+<p>This advanced delegation, two from each State, had been requested to
+come beforehand to meet on the morning of Tuesday, May 6th, so as to
+formulate a working order of business on which the caucus might
+proceed as soon as it assembled. There was another reason for this
+meeting also. The temporary committee wanted to avoid any appearance
+of having &quot;framed up the caucus.&quot; By this it is meant that the
+committee wanted to be able to say to the caucus that its working
+procedure had been determined by a thoroughly representative body, a
+democratic, advanced delegation composed of men from every State in
+the Union. There were those critics of the Legion, who, had the
+temporary committee formulated the caucus procedure, would have been
+only too glad to have attempted to make trouble by saying it was a
+controlled and made-to-order caucus&mdash;controlled and made-to-order by
+the men who had taken the lead in it. In fact, during the early
+morning of the first day the advanced committee met one delegation
+arrived with blood in its eyes determined to wage a fight against
+universal military training. One of the stories circulated at the time
+was to the effect that the entire Legion was nothing but a blind
+whereby a mysterious &quot;Military Clique&quot; was to gain supreme power over
+the Legion's policies. It took but a very short while to convince the
+would-be obstreperous delegation that the caucus was not the
+convention and was empowered solely to organize a veterans'
+association and not to adopt policies.</p>
+
+<p>The temporary committee in America determined at the very beginning
+that no policies would be adopted at the caucus, that the Legion at
+this time should follow in the footsteps of its comrades abroad in
+stating that neither the men here nor the men there could, as
+different units, adopt broad policies until a convention could be held
+truly representing all men who had fought in the Great War.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt called the advanced committee to order a little
+after two o'clock in the afternoon, in a small and very noisy parlor
+in the Hotel Statler. The gavel which he used was made from wood from
+the rudder of Admiral Peary's North Pole steamship <i>The Roosevelt</i>,
+which had been presented to him by Colonel E. Lester Jones of
+Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The idea underlying the formation of the American Legion is the
+feeling among the great mass of the men who served in the forces of
+this country during the war, that the impulse of patriotism which
+prompted their efforts and sacrifices should be so preserved that it
+might become a strong force in the future for true Americanism and
+better citizenship,&quot; Colonel Roosevelt said. He spoke very slowly and
+measured his words carefully but emphasized them in a tone of deepest
+conviction. &quot;We will be facing troublous times in the coming years,&quot;
+he continued &quot;and to my mind no greater safeguard could be devised
+than those soldiers, sailors, and marines formed in their own
+association, in such manner that they could make themselves felt for
+law and order, decent living and thinking, and truer 'nationalism.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In this opening sentence, Colonel Roosevelt foreshadowed the spirit of
+the entire caucus. These service men wanted an organization not for
+their own special benefit, not that they might obtain pensions or
+offices, but that they might become a power for truer Americanism and
+better citizenship!</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Wood, the secretary, explained in greater detail the purpose
+of the proposed Legion. He broached the subject of the reemployment
+for soldiers, a legal department for the handling of insurance claims,
+allotments, etc., and sketched the fundamental principles of the
+organization as follows:</p>
+
+<p>First, its non-partisanship.</p>
+
+<p>Second, that this society should be equally for those whose duty
+called them overseas and for those who were held by circumstances on
+this side.</p>
+
+<p>Third, that it is fundamentally a civilian organization, one in which
+all ranks, be they private or general, admiral or seaman, should have
+an equal share and participation.</p>
+
+<p>Then the advance committeemen began themselves to talk. Each one, no
+matter on what subject and regardless of the side he took upon it, was
+permitted to air his feelings to the full satisfaction of himself at
+least. Like the Paris Caucus, the discussion grew heated at times and
+every now and then the chair was forced to remind overly fervid
+orators that this was an advanced meeting of the caucus and not the
+convention. There were those present who wanted to obligate the caucus
+to go on record for or against universal military training, woman
+suffrage, prohibition, permanent headquarters, and to elect permanent
+officers, and each of these had to be shown that it would be unfair to
+the men still in the A.E.F. to take such pre&euml;minently vital steps
+without consulting them. Then there were those present who wanted to
+exclude members of the regular army and navy from the Legion; that is,
+to limit eligibility in the organization to those who could show
+discharge papers from either the army, navy, or marine corps. This
+measure was voted down and it was given as the sense of the advanced
+committee meeting that those who served in the Great War would have
+perfect liberty to join regardless of whether their service continued
+in the military establishment after the armistice or after peace was
+formally declared.</p>
+
+<p>The advanced committee outlined the order of business upon which the
+caucus could proceed, named the various committees to be organized,
+and discussed the resolutions which were deemed wise and expedient
+topics for discussion.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday afternoon, delegates from every district in the country
+began to arrive, almost one thousand new Bills, husky of frame, some
+still in uniform with the red discharge chevron on their left sleeves;
+others who had manifestly tried to get the new Bill into the old
+Bill's 1916 suit of clothes, and still others in new bib and tucker,
+looking exceedingly comfortable after almost two years in putties,
+heavy shoes, and tight blouses.</p>
+
+<p>Every man came with one deep-rooted determination and that was to see
+that no one &quot;put anything over&quot; which might make an organization so
+embryonically useful take a fatal or selfish step. Each came, perhaps
+imbued to a certain extent with his own particular ideas on how
+everything should be conducted; but the radicalism, sectionalism, and
+partisanship which would have marked a gathering of these same men
+three years before was not present. The men who had thought that
+nothing good could come except from south of the Mason and Dixon line
+had fought side by side with woodsmen from Maine. The man who had
+thought the East effete had done duty on a destroyer with a boy from
+Harlem. Everybody realized full well that sectionalism must be
+abandoned whenever it clashed with nationalism; and abandoned it was,
+with right good will.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting of the advance committeemen justified itself as a very
+wise and judicious action on the part of the temporary committee. Any
+suspicion of a particular delegation that anything was &quot;framed&quot; was
+quickly allayed after a conference with its advance committeemen. If a
+man from Pennsylvania suspected that anything was on foot not to the
+liking of the Keystone State he had only to ask his advance
+committeeman, Colonel D'Olier, about it. Incidentally the personnel of
+the advance committee was not so numerous that everybody couldn't know
+what everybody else was doing. As a matter of fact, everybody did know
+what everybody else was doing. One of the most peculiar facts of this
+most interesting caucus was that when it came to &quot;<i>pussy footing</i>&quot;
+pussy seemed to foot it on piano keys so far as secrecy was concerned
+and in such a fashion that usually the <i>Star Spangled Banner</i> was
+played. I know that the night and the morning before the caucus met
+that there were many and various powwows and conferences, a great many
+of which I attended, but there wasn't a one that I knew of or ever
+heard about, the full details of which could not have been printed in
+bold-faced type on the front page of every St. Louis newspaper and
+have reflected credit on the powwowers as well as on the American
+Legion.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h3>THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, AND 10</h3>
+
+<p>All during the morning of May 8th that delegation was constantly
+getting together with this delegation; this leader conferring with
+that one; was this question going to come up, and what would be done
+if that question was tabled? Everybody interested, everybody excited,
+everybody waiting to see the other fellow's hand at the show-down,
+which was scheduled for the Shubert-Jefferson Theater at half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon. Of course, everybody had found out the
+previous evening that every card in the pack was red, white, and blue,
+and that, from the very beginning of the game, an attempt had been
+made to keep the knaves out. As a matter of fact, they'd never been
+in, but the new Bills who made up the delegations to this caucus were
+going to look everybody over mighty carefully before any serious
+playing was done.</p>
+
+<p>Suppressed excitement doesn't describe at all the half-hour preceding
+the opening of the caucus, because the excitement was not suppressed
+in the least. Eager, shining, tanned faces, eyes alert, heads erect,
+straight-bodied and straight-talking men one by one took seats which
+were assigned to them by delegations.</p>
+
+<p>A flashlight photograph of the gathering was made, but this caucus was
+not one that could be pictured by the camera at all accurately. The
+outstanding feature of this great get together was the spirit of the
+men, and that no camera could catch.</p>
+
+<p>Three large wooden tiers of seats, the kind the circus has under
+canvas, were built in a sort of semicircular fashion around the large
+stage. The New York delegation occupied one of these tiers; the
+Ohioans another, while the third was built for distinguished guests.
+If any distinguished guests came they were entirely put out of the
+limelight by the audience, for this was one show which was enacted
+before the footlights rather than behind them, and, with one or two
+exceptions the star performing took place where the spectators usually
+sit. In fact, the only spectators that I saw were the newspaper men,
+seated at tables within the corral formed by the tiers. All of them
+had been in the army or navy or had seen the big show abroad as war
+correspondents.</p>
+
+<p>When Theodore Roosevelt, as temporary chairman jammed that gaveled
+bit of the rudder of the North Pole ship down hard on the table and
+called the meeting to order he got what he had never received while in
+the army: that is, direct disobedience. He commanded order, and there
+was utter disorder. It was rank insubordination, distinctly requiring
+court-martial of everyone present, from a military point of view&mdash;but
+the American Legion isn't military! And so the delegates howled
+joyously. Roosevelt, demanding order at this time, had just about as
+much chance of getting it as the Kaiser has of making Prince Joachim
+King of the Bronx. Somebody started a cheer, and the crowd didn't stop
+yelling for two minutes and a half.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Young Teddy,&quot; as they called him, was manifestly surprised at the
+ovation and tried repeatedly to get the crowd quiet. He wanted to be
+pleasant and yet he wanted order and so between knocks with his gavel
+he smiled. And a very engaging smile it was, too.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen,&quot; he pleaded. &quot;Gentlemen, a little order.&quot; Finally there
+was comparative quiet. &quot;Now let's proceed to the business of the
+meeting. The floor is open for nominations for permanent chairman of
+this caucus.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Jack Sullivan of the State of Washington got the floor.
+Sergeant Jack is a husky northwesterner who did his bit in the
+intelligence section in Seattle and has seen a lot of the Bolsheviki
+out there.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In behalf of the State of Washington and representing the men of the
+rank and file of the Pacific Northwest, it gives me pleasure at this
+time to place for your consideration the name of a sterling patriot,&quot;
+he shouted. &quot;The man I am going to place in nomination proved himself
+to be a one hundred per cent. true blooded American when his country's
+honor was assailed. He was among the first who placed himself in the
+front-line trenches, he was wounded twice, he was ready and willing to
+make the supreme sacrifice in order that this world might be made safe
+for democracy. I deem it an honor and a privilege, and the Pacific
+Northwest deems it an honor and a privilege to place in nomination the
+worthy son of a worthy sire&mdash;Theodore Roosevelt.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The crowd seemed to know all along who Jack meant and it held its
+enthusiasm in tether as best it could. But when Sullivan got to the
+word Theodore, the Roosevelt was drowned out in the mightiest cheer
+that is possible for eight or nine hundred throats to utter. The
+second to the motion, made by Colonel Luke Lea of Tennessee, wasn't
+heard at all. This time it took Colonel Roosevelt more than two
+minutes to get order.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I want to speak on that now,&quot; he shouted and during a
+lull in the cheering managed to make himself heard. &quot;I wish to say
+that I want to withdraw my name from nomination&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But the &quot;gang wouldn't hear to it.&quot; Somebody raised the old cry:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We want Teddy!&quot; &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; they chanted in
+unison. Bedlam broke loose at that. Men stood on their seats and waved
+their hats and handkerchiefs; some took their collars and neckties
+off; some wept, some cursed for sheer joy and others&mdash;I believe that
+when Gabriel blows his horn and all the dead arise that some of the
+men who attended that caucus will try to make a speech! These speeches
+were going on four and five at a time during the entire hullabaloo. It
+didn't seem to matter in the least to the speakers that they weren't
+being heard. They couldn't hear themselves. They added a little to the
+noise and that satisfied the crowd and seemed to satisfy them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Please, please let me talk,&quot; pleaded Colonel Roosevelt. He finally
+got his plea over by means of the sign language.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to withdraw my name for a number of reasons,&quot; he continued.
+&quot;The first is that I want the country at large to get the correct
+impression of this meeting here. We are gathered together for a very
+high purpose. I want every American through the length and breadth of
+this land to realize that there isn't a man in this convention who is
+seeking anything for himself personally; that all of us are working
+simply for the good of the entire country. I believe, furthermore,
+that what we want here is someone who has been connected with the
+movement only since it started on this side of the water, someone who
+originates from the convention.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The din started again.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No, no, gentlemen,&quot; shouted the Colonel. &quot;I want to withdraw. It is
+my earnest wish. It is my absolute determination.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But the caucus seemed equally determined. &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; &quot;We're
+going to have Teddy!&quot; &quot;You got this thing going, you ought to run it.&quot;
+Colonel Roosevelt paced up and down the stage, trying his best to
+silence them. Then, during the din, one by one some of his oldest
+friends went to him and begged him to accede to the crowd's wish.
+&quot;Take it Ted,&quot; they urged. &quot;Take it.&quot; That underslung jaw of the young
+Colonel's became rigid.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I won't do it. I can't do it,&quot; he answered.</p>
+
+<p>Then someone managed to make a motion that the nomination of Colonel
+Roosevelt be made unanimous. It was seconded and made extremely
+<i>unanimous</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img004.jpg" id="img004"><img src="images/img004.jpg" width="375" height="500" alt="Theodore Roosevelt, Jr." title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img005.jpg" id="img005"><img src="images/img005.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Then, gentlemen, I accept and I resign,&quot; Colonel Roosevelt said. &quot;I
+want quiet for a moment here on this situation. This is something that
+I have thought about and have given my most earnest consideration. I
+am positive I am right on it. We must not have creep into this
+situation, in which we all believe from the bottom of our hearts, the
+slightest suspicion in the country at large. I don't think there is
+any suspicion among us that anyone is trying to use it for his
+personal advancement. But it is absolutely essential that this spirit
+be proven. I am going to stick by this from the beginning down to the
+very end because, in my opinion, we have got to create to-day the
+impression all over the country on which this organization will carry
+on and serve a great purpose for years to come.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Again there were outbursts of applause for the Colonel. &quot;We want
+Teddy!&quot; &quot;We want Teddy!&quot; the crowd cried again and again. Men ran to
+the stage from the orchestra seats and even from the second balcony.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Take it, Colonel. You ought to take it,&quot; they urged.</p>
+
+<p>What the Colonel answered couldn't be heard but the jaw was working
+and the head was shaking vigorously.</p>
+
+<p>A couple of newspaper men dashed up to him.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You oughtn't to take it, Colonel,&quot; one of them whispered. &quot;If you
+don't, it will give the lie to those who are saying the Legion is
+being conducted for your special political benefit.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I haven't the slightest intention of taking it,&quot; he answered back.</p>
+
+<p>He didn't take it and he nailed the lie that the Legion was started to
+further his own selfish ends.</p>
+
+<p>On motion of Colonel E. Lester Jones of the District of Columbia the
+nominations were reopened again.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Haines of Maine put up the name of Colonel Henry D. Lindsley,
+a banker of Dallas, Texas, and a prominent Southern Democrat, for
+permanent chairman. Think of it! A man from Maine nominating a
+Southern Democrat! One of the Ohio delegation seconded the nomination.
+Think of that too! Colonel Claud Birkhead of San Antonio, Texas,
+leader of the Texas delegation &quot;thirded&quot; the nomination. He told
+Colonel Lindsley's record. The Colonel had been Mayor of his home
+city, and during the war had served his country so well in France that
+he had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. He and Major
+Willard Straight, now dead, had started the War Risk Insurance Bureau
+abroad and, at the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was the head
+of the Bureau under the Treasury Department in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Minutes of a meeting usually are dry but here I am going to quote
+directly from them because they tell the story in the most vivid way.
+Fancy between the lines, please, dozens of cheers, a couple of rebel
+yells, a great deal of talking and shouting for &quot;T.R.!&quot; &quot;T.R.!&quot; and a
+Babelous babble that ebbed or flowed according to the strength Colonel
+Roosevelt used in wielding his gavel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Jones</span> (of Washington, D.C.): &quot;Mr. Chairman, I personally feel,
+and I think I voice the unanimous sentiment of this organization, that
+your withdrawal is a mistake. We are not only sincere, but we are
+telling you what is in the bottom of our hearts. We are weighing also
+the sincerity which you have expressed, and in deference to your
+wishes, which I know have not arisen spontaneously but which you have
+talked about for some time, regarding the chairmanship of this
+committee, I think we should not embarrass you further. I have one in
+mind who I feel is going to be a man who will do credit to this
+organization&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Abbott </span>(of Ohio): &quot;Gentlemen of the caucus, I think we are wasting
+time around here. I can't see why we can't have for the permanent
+chairman of this convention the man who will be elected in November.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, can't you see how it is? I can't possibly
+change my convictions. I can't go back on what I have told you without
+everybody, who doesn't understand the situation here, feeling that I
+have just come out here to make a grandstand play. I am right. I am
+absolutely sincere and right.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A motion was made that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt temporarily yield
+the chair to Colonel Bennett Clark.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;It is very evident what the desire of this
+convention is. I know that Colonel Lindsley of Texas was only put in
+nomination in response to the express wishes and repeated
+determination of Colonel Roosevelt. I think that that explanation
+should be made in justice to Colonel Lindsley. I think that Colonel
+Roosevelt should take this chairmanship or if he doesn't want to take
+it he should be made to take it. (Applause.) The chair will recognize
+a motion to that effect.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Captain Boyce</span> (of New York shouting to a yelling audience): &quot;What is
+the use of our acting like a lot of kids? Just one minute; only one
+man can talk at a time and get anywhere. Colonel Roosevelt will not
+take it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;The chair will recognize nobody until the
+convention is in order. It has been moved and seconded that Colonel
+Roosevelt be elected chairman of this convention by acclamation.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Cries of approval from the audience and a request for the question.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;On that the chair will take the responsibility
+of ordering a roll call. (Applause.) The Secretary will call the
+roll.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;The motion is that Colonel Roosevelt be nominated by
+acclamation. The chairman has directed me to call the roll by States.
+Alabama&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A call for a point of order.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Delegate</span>: &quot;After nominations have been made and closed a roll call
+cannot be taken.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;The chair was fully aware that he was proceeding
+outside of parliamentary law because it was the unanimous wish of the
+convention.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sullivan</span>: &quot;I move that a roll call be made on the original
+nominations.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;Colonel Roosevelt has expressed to me his absolute
+desire that that not be done. He refuses to enter into a contest with
+Colonel Lindsley in any way.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Jones</span> (Washington, D.C.): &quot;Mr. Chairman, the nominations were
+reopened.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;The chair is informed that while he was on the way up
+here a motion was carried to reopen nominations after the resignation
+of Colonel Roosevelt. Now nominations are again in order.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Samuel D. Royce</span> (Indiana): &quot;On behalf of the State of Indiana, I
+nominate Colonel Theodore Roosevelt.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Clark</span>: &quot;The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Here I must inject my story into the minutes again. Colonel Roosevelt
+saw the convention was &quot;getting away to a Roosevelt finish&quot; again, to
+use a racing term, and he sent a hurry call to the Arizona delegation
+for Colonel Jack Greenway.</p>
+
+<p>Jack Greenway followed the elder Roosevelt up San Juan hill. He wears
+underneath his civilian coat to-day, but right over his heart, a
+Distinguished Service Cross won at Cantigny.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Jack, for Heaven's sake, tell them I won't take it,&quot; Colonel
+Roosevelt plead.</p>
+
+<p>It was just at this moment that Colonel Clark, the acting chairman,
+was saying: &quot;The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet....&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Jack waving one arm at the chairman and another at the
+audience strode to the center of the stage.</p>
+
+<p>The minutes read:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Jack Greenway</span>: &quot;Will you give me the floor? I won't keep you
+five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My name is Greenway but that doesn't mean anything to you. Gentlemen,
+Colonel Roosevelt has said that he is not going to take the nomination
+of the caucus and you can take it from me that he is not going to do
+it. Now wait a minute. Whoa! Quit yelling! I know this Roosevelt
+outfit and when they say something they mean it. I followed his daddy
+through Cuba and I know. I saw this boy in the first division at
+Cantigny and on the Toul Front and I know that he means he is not
+going to take the chairmanship of this temporary caucus. There is a
+big misunderstanding about what you are trying to do. I have just
+talked to Colonel Roosevelt and he says that he will not be a
+candidate for the temporary caucus, but if, after all the boys come
+home at the convention in November, it is still the desire of that
+body as a whole, he will give the matter reconsideration.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt resumes the chairmanship.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Mr. Lindsley, the gentleman of Texas is in nomination
+for chairman. I mean absolutely what I say. I can't do it. I won't
+serve if elected. What you have done will always be a great memory to
+my family. (Applause.) I mean that, gentlemen! I mean that! Now is
+there anybody else you want to put in nomination? I absolutely mean
+that for the good of the cause; you have got to do what I say on that.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I believe the nominations were reopened.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Now I must again put the minutes by for a moment, for Bill has come to
+the stage and what he says doesn't get into the minutes, although I
+wish his remarks were there:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That was pretty fine in him,&quot; Bill said, pointing to Colonel
+Roosevelt. I nodded only, for somehow this whole thing had got to me
+pretty strong and I felt like crying for some unaccountable reason.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;And then he gives his family the credit for all this yelling,&quot; Bill
+was saying. &quot;We like his family all right, but say, this wasn't to
+compliment his family, not by a darn sight. Why, you know that young
+Colonel's got a h&mdash;&mdash; of a fine record himself&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But somebody within an inch of my ear was letting out a warwhoop for
+Jack Sullivan who had just been nominated for permanent chairman and
+I didn't hear the last of Bill's remark.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Sullivan got up and tried to withdraw in favor of Colonel
+Lindsley, and Colonel Lindsley did the same thing and each was refused
+the opportunity. Colonel Lindsley then took the floor. &quot;Comrades,&quot; he
+said, &quot;I want you to know that I came here for one man for the
+chairman of this caucus, and that man was Theodore Roosevelt. He has
+refused it absolutely. I appreciate the support that has been given to
+my name. If honored with the chairmanship I shall be glad to serve,
+but it is important that we get to business immediately. I am certain
+that Mr. Sullivan will make an excellent presiding officer. If I had
+the right, I should be glad to withdraw my name in his favor. But the
+point is, gentlemen, let's get to business. This is the greatest
+meeting that has ever gathered in the United States, and it is not so
+material who is chairman of the meeting as it is to proceed to
+business.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>While the roll is being called let's glance around the theater again.
+Most of the men in uniform are enlisted men. It is difficult to tell
+at a glance just what rank or rating the majority of those present
+held in the army or navy because in civilian clothing the officer and
+the man are indistinguishable. I mean to say that our army was
+different from most other military establishments. Being primarily a
+citizen affair it was really representative. It was the desire of the
+temporary committee that sixty per cent. of the delegates should be
+enlisted men and when the call for the caucus was issued that was set
+forth most plainly. No one seems to have taken the trouble to check
+the thing up at the caucus. Anyone desiring to do so can find the
+information in this volume. I was interested at the opening of the
+caucus to know just what the percentage was, but after it got into
+swing it didn't make any difference. No one cared. There was talk
+(among officers) of making an enlisted man permanent chairman. The
+only persons that I heard objecting to such a procedure were the
+enlisted men themselves.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We've forgotten all that stuff about rank. If the officers insist on
+an enlisted man they'll make a mistake. We want the best man and
+because we're in the majority in the organization we don't want to
+discriminate against the officer. Taken as a whole, he was a mighty
+fine sort.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This from Sergeant Laverne Collier of the Idaho delegation when I
+asked him what he thought of the enlisted man idea. While we were
+talking about it the vote was being cast on Lindsley and Sullivan. As
+if to reecho Collier's sentiments, Sullivan got up and demanded that
+Lindsley's election should be made unanimous, and so it was.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt promptly put Sullivan's name in nomination for
+vice-chairman. Mr. Abbott of Ohio seconded it and further moved that
+the sergeant's election be made unanimous. Sergeant Jack Sullivan was
+elected by acclamation. Then Colonel Wood was chosen secretary, the
+rules of the House of Representatives were decided upon to govern the
+procedure, and debate was limited to five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Insistence on that point was unnecessary. Our new American back from
+the wars has been too accustomed to action to like words that aren't
+concise and aimed right at the heart of the point. There was a good
+deal of noise and talk at this particular juncture and someone moved
+the appointment of a sergeant at arms. Captain A.L. Boyce of Boyce's
+Tigers (those young men who drilled so persistently in Central Park in
+New York preparing for the war) was picked. While this guardian of the
+peace was being appointed at least five gentlemen from as many
+delegations started to speak at once, perhaps against the five-minute
+debate rule, and in the confusion a delegate, whom Checkers might have
+described as carrying a load he should have made three trips with,
+took the platform and began something that sounded about as
+intelligible as Cicero's oration against Catiline in the original.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Do I understand, Mr. Chairman, that a sergeant at arms has been
+appointed?&quot; shouted Mr. J.L. Walsh of the Pennsylvania delegation.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That's right,&quot; answered the chairman.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Then let's have him get busy,&quot; rejoined Mr. Walsh. &quot;We didn't come
+down here for a vaudeville show or to be entertained by some boob,
+because we've got boobs back home.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After this remark, the minutes read &quot;Laughter and applause&quot; but that
+doesn't half describe it.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Boyce &quot;got busy&quot; and if the minutes could record the result of
+his actions they would probably read &quot;Order restored&mdash;almost. Quieter,
+for a time.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsley made a splendid presiding officer. None could have
+done better, but as the stenographer who took the minutes remarked
+(and she was convention-worn because she had attended so many): &quot;This
+is the funnest meeting I ever wrote up.&quot; Right. It was the funniest
+meeting&mdash;funny being used in the sense of unusual as the stenographer
+meant it&mdash;that anyone ever saw. In fact it was unique; absolutely the
+only one of its kind. Because the delegates were unique. There never
+was anything like them in all the history of the country. They had
+gone into training camps like Bill, very tired, an&aelig;mic, with a shop
+and office pallor; and they came out of the war like Bill,&mdash;new,
+virile, interested, placing a value on themselves which would have
+been unthinkable prior to April 6, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>But they placed a greater value on this organization which was so near
+the heart of all of them. No better proof of it can be shown than the
+incident which has just been described, viz., the refusal of Theodore
+Roosevelt to be the permanent chairman. Although I do not pretend to
+be able to explain the processes of thought and reasoning which led
+Colonel Roosevelt to take the action he did, still I do know this
+much! There are very few young men who would have been so deaf to the
+plaudits of the multitude, to the advice of old friends and to the
+still small voice of personal ambition as he was in refusing. I
+maintain that this refusal was by no means altogether prompted by
+anything of an hereditary nature but, rather, by the experiences and
+environment which had been Colonel Roosevelt's during the war. It took
+more than an under-slung jaw and a rugged Rooseveltian determination
+to refuse this great honor. It took <i>discipline</i>, and Colonel
+Roosevelt knew how to inflict that upon himself just as he did upon
+his troops whenever it was wise and necessary.</p>
+
+<p>In much smaller, but no less important matters, did I see other men
+practice discipline upon themselves. I saw men forego the discussion
+of subjects in which they believed with all their hearts and with all
+their minds solely for the purpose of doing nothing that would tend to
+disrupt the Caucus or give the impression throughout the United States
+that the men who had stuck together so closely in times of daring and
+danger could not still stick and face, as a band of brothers in the
+American Legion, any perils or pitfalls which peace might hold for
+this country. Therefore, it seems to me that Colonel Roosevelt's
+action was more than a manifestation of his own sterling determination
+to do nothing which might hurt the Legion. It was archtypical.</p>
+
+<p>Major Hamilton Fish of New York called attention to the fact that the
+navy was unrepresented in the offices of the caucus and moved that a
+second vice-chairman should be appointed from that branch of the
+service. A delegate from Missouri seconded the motion and amended it
+to read that a third vice-chairman should be appointed from the marine
+corps.</p>
+
+<p>During the election of these officers enthusiasm reached a high pitch
+and in no more striking manner did the new American reveal his new
+character.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen,&quot; said one dignified delegate (I don't know who let him in,
+because just from the way he said &quot;gentlemen&quot; we all knew that once in
+his life he had practiced oratory before the bureau mirror), &quot;I want
+to place in nomination the name of a man who is true blue&mdash;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Name him,&quot; shouted the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He is not only true blue but he is thoroughly everything he ought to
+be in addition&mdash;&quot; continued the orator, coldly trying to squelch the
+crowd.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Name him.&quot; &quot;Shut up.&quot; &quot;Aw, sit down.&quot; &quot;Who wants to listen to such
+'bull' as that?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Each of those sentences was roared by a different man.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This gentleman is one of whom I am sure you will be proud&mdash;&quot;
+persisted the orator, but at this direct violation of its edict the
+crowd began to scream its maledictions and Captain Boyce could not
+have stopped them with all his Tigers if the gentleman orator hadn't
+taken his seat in a most dignified manner, never to rise
+again&mdash;doubtless as a rebuke for the gang, but one which was
+thoroughly appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the way of orators in the caucus!</p>
+
+<p>The navy men who were nominated consisted of Goerke of New York;
+Goldberg, Illinois; Chenoweth, Alabama; Almon, Montana; Humphrey, New
+Mexico; McGrath, New Jersey; and Evans of Kentucky. The secretary took
+the vote by delegations. When Goerke got a vote the New York crowd
+yelled itself hoarse; New Mexico did the same for Humphrey; Alabama
+cheered like mad for Chenoweth and it wasn't long before everybody
+picked out his candidate and yelled furiously every time he got a
+vote. The New Mexico delegation occupied a proscenium box but Humphrey
+wasn't prominent enough there to suit his delegation. Before anyone
+thoroughly realized what was happening, Seaman Humphrey appeared on
+the stage, borne on the shoulders of two colonels! Two men who had
+eagles on their shoulders, U.S. on their collars, and gold chevrons on
+their left sleeves carried on their shoulders a &quot;gob,&quot; a sailorman, a
+deck-swabbing bluejacket, as he called himself.</p>
+
+<p>It was the beginning of a cavalcade of noise that fairly made ear
+drums ache, and, incidentally, proved a signal for the backers of
+other candidates. Goerke soon was lifted aloft by a half dozen New
+Yorkers; Chenoweth was exhibited to the general view from the section
+of the orchestra occupied by his delegation, while Illinois paraded
+up and down the aisles with Goldberg. Colonel Lindsley hammered the
+speaker's table almost to pieces in an attempt to get order and then
+gave it up for a few minutes as a bad job. Captain Boyce succeeded in
+getting a semblance of it, when everybody got tired of carrying the
+candidates and of shouting. Then the secretary again started taking
+the vote by delegations. No one of the candidates received a majority
+of the votes which was necessary under the procedure adopted at the
+beginning of the caucus. Then began the withdrawals. This State
+withdrew its vote from Goerke and cast it for Humphrey; Chenoweth
+withdrew from the race and his vote went to Goerke, et cetera. A
+similar situation resulted on the second count and finally Goerke
+withdrew in favor of Humphrey. When Evans took the same action,
+Humphrey (first name Fred), described as the &quot;rough-riding sailor from
+New Mexico,&quot; was elected.</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey's speech of acceptance delighted the hearts of those who had
+forced the would-be orator to sit down at the beginning of the
+nominations.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Chairman, gobs, soldiers, and marines,&quot; Humphrey said: &quot;I am most
+glad and gracious to accept this honorary position and I will do
+everything that a deck-swabbing sailorman can do to fill it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The first day's session closed with the appointment by the various
+States of representatives on the following committees: Executive
+Committee; Credentials; Temporary Name of Organization; Organization;
+Resolutions; Constitution and By-Laws and Declaration of Principles;
+Next Meeting Place and Time; Publication; Emblem; Permanent
+Headquarters, and Finance.</p>
+
+<p>The personnel of these committees will be found elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Thursday evening and Friday morning were devoted largely to committee
+meetings and different sections of the country came together to
+discuss matters of particular interest to special localities. For
+instance, the Western delegations discussed the question of
+Bolshevism, because the symptoms of this mad disease had been more
+apparent in that section of the country than in any other. The
+question of color was practically decided in a meeting of the
+Executive Committee and was ratified later by various delegations
+representing the Southern States. Everybody was pleased. An attempt
+was made by the leaders of each delegation to keep such questions as
+might be &quot;<i>loaded with dynamite</i>&quot; off the actual floor of the caucus
+so that those lacking in discretion might not have the opportunity to
+throw the caucus into an uproar.</p>
+
+<p>In fact it was this spirit&mdash;the desire on everybody's part to give in
+to a certain extent on any mooted question for the sake of general
+harmony that was a marked feature of the gathering. In the committee
+meetings were found delegates with radically different opinions on
+almost every question. It was not an uncommon thing, however, to see a
+delegate very heatedly advocate a certain side of an issue; listen to
+the opposing side, rise, and with equal heat and fervency advocate the
+opposite point of view.</p>
+
+<p>This spirit is highly significant. It will be one of the Legion's
+greatest powers. It was and is due to the fact that these new
+Americans are not cursed with fixed ideas. They have seen too much,
+lived through too much in their comparatively short lives to be
+narrow-minded. Over in the A.E.F. the former hod-carrier often turned
+out to be too good as a construction manager for any officer to
+despise his opinions. One noticeable characteristic of the American
+Legion delegate was the respect which he had for the other man's views
+and his willingness to admit outright that he was wrong in a thing or
+to go at least halfway with the opponent of his particular ideas. This
+was the saving grace of the caucus and this will be the saving grace
+of the Legion for the spirit which was manifested there is the spirit
+which will prevail at Minneapolis, and for always, because the
+American sailor and soldier will not change.</p>
+
+<p>It was interesting to see these modern American soldiers side by side
+with the veterans of the Civil War. The Grand Army of the Republic
+Post, the local Bivouac of the United Confederate Veterans, and the
+Spanish War Veterans gave a joint reception for the delegates at the
+Missouri Athletic Club which included a smoker and a vaudeville
+entertainment furnished by the War Camp Community Service.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI</h3>
+
+<p>The second session of the caucus began at half past two o'clock Friday
+afternoon. Like its predecessor it started with a bang. Nominations
+were made for the third vice-chairman who was to be selected from the
+marine corps. The first nomination was a wounded man, at the time in
+the Walter Reed Hospital at Washington and who had won the
+Distinguished Service Cross at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry. Then came the name of
+Sergeant Woolley of Utah, quickly followed by the name of P.C. Calhoun
+of Connecticut, put up by Mr. Black of Louisiana; the name of Major
+Leonard of the District of Columbia also was put in nomination and
+then the slate was closed.</p>
+
+<p>True to the spirit of the previous meeting the caucus was soon in an
+uproar of applause for each of the four candidates, three of whom were
+marched to the stage. Calhoun was elected, with the result that his
+ardent brother delegates from Connecticut treated him like a football
+hero by placing him on their shoulders and performing a snake dance.
+Marines are no more garrulous than sailor men, for Calhoun's speech of
+acceptance was just about as long as Humphrey's. While Calhoun was
+being bombed by flashlight cameras Mr. Smoot of Utah moved that a vote
+of thanks should be tendered to Colonel Roosevelt and other Legion
+members who had been active in the preliminary work which insured the
+success of the caucus and this was seconded by Major Wickersham of New
+York. One of the most rousing ayes of the entire caucus carried the
+motion.</p>
+
+<p>Cries of &quot;speech&quot; brought Colonel Roosevelt before the footlights. His
+remarks were just about as long as Humphrey's and Calhoun's. To be
+specific he said: &quot;Gentlemen, it is going to be a short speech because
+I think we have got a lot of business to do. Thank you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Just about this time the committee reports began to come in, the first
+of which, that of the Credential Committee, brought the question of
+Bolshevism to the floor of the caucus. The report read as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We recommend that all delegates to the American Legion selected and
+now functioning from the various States, districts, and territories,
+be seated and accredited with full vote, and that all organizations
+organized and having delegates here be allowed one vote with the
+exception of the Soldiers and Sailors Council, which delegation the
+Credential Committee recommends shall be excluded from the caucus.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>S.H. Curtin, the representative of the Soldiers and Sailors Council of
+Seattle, pending the action of the Credential Committee, had been
+accorded a vote at the previous session on all questions that came up
+before it. The fact that Colonel Wood, the Secretary, took this action
+was in line with the general spirit of fair play, which was the
+keynote of the caucus. The Credential Committee's report elicited
+shouts of approval. Chairman Lindsley after bringing the house to
+order again said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I understand that the delegate from the Soldiers and Sailors Council
+is here and asks to be heard. Gentlemen, the members of the Committee,
+I assume, had full knowledge of facts which warranted that report, but
+there are men here who have not that knowledge. Shall we hear him?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This statement aroused mixed emotions but Mr. Curtin came to the
+platform. Word having spread through the theater that he represented
+the &quot;real Bolshevik outfit&quot; in Seattle, a great many of the delegates
+began to hoot, jeer, and make cat calls.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Give me a square deal, give me a hearing,&quot; Curtin shouted.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Give the man a hearing,&quot; echoed Colonel Roosevelt, who sat with the
+New York delegation. &quot;Yes, give him a hearing.&quot; shouted the majority
+of the delegates and when the chair had procured order, Curtin made
+his plea.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I wish to say, by way of introduction, that though I come from the
+State of Washington, I am not a member of the Washington Delegation,&quot;
+he said, &quot;I say that out of deference to the members from that State
+for the reason that I wish to prejudice nobody here against the
+Washington Delegation. I am not an I.W.W. I never have been and I
+never intend to be I never have shown any Bolshevik tendency and I
+defy any man present to prove to the contrary. If you've got proof
+that Sherman H. Curtin ever was an I.W.W. or made a Bolshevik
+statement, say so?&quot; He paused here but none answered him to the
+contrary</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It is true that the organization which I represent has had in the
+past some I.W.W.'s, and it is true that there are some I.W.W.'s in it
+now,&quot; he continued; &quot;but I am in that organization for the purpose of
+throwing those I.W.W.'s out. I got in there for the purpose of kicking
+them out and I want your help.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Here he was interrupted by applause.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;At the present time, we (when I say we, I mean the particular
+conservative element which I represent in that organization) have
+control of the Board and practically all except one office of the
+organization. We are doing everything in our power to make that a one
+hundred per cent. American organization, and one of the things that I
+came down here for was to see that the Legion had in its constitution
+as a preamble that we pledge ourselves to the principles of democracy
+as set forth in the constitution of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I, personally, was the man who rewrote the constitution of the
+Soldiers and Sailors Council. It was written wrong when I got in there
+so I changed it. I want you men to stand behind me and help me make
+this fight. My organization did not give me permission to come here
+and join this, just as I presume some of your organizations did not
+give you permission, for the reason that they did not know what this
+was going to be; but I can see from the spirit that this organization
+has, that so far, it is on the right path and I am with it and I want
+you with me.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am already only and wholly for the purpose of doing what good we
+can for the elimination of I. W.W.'s and Bolsheviki. If you are
+against that, I am with you and if you are with me, I am with you.</p>
+
+<p>George Pratt of Louisiana rose.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;With your permission,&quot; he said to the chairman, &quot;I would like to ask
+the gentleman one question.&quot; &quot;Sir,&quot; turning to Curtin, &quot;is it or is it
+not true that you re-wrote the constitution now in effect for your
+organization, and is it not true that it is so worded that American
+Army and Naval officers or former army and navy and marine officers of
+the United States are not eligible? Is that true?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I will answer that question and I will answer it in a fair way,&quot; Mr.
+Curtin replied.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Say yes or no. Is it true?&quot; Mr. Pratt demanded.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; shouted the crowd. &quot;Say yes or no. Is it true?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then pandemonium broke loose in the meeting. The cat calls and boos
+were renewed. &quot;Put him out!&quot; &quot;Put him out!&quot; &quot;Shut him up!&quot; the crowd
+demanded. And here I want to pause a moment to say that the enlisted
+men present gave a mighty concrete sign of the approval of their
+officers by this denunciation of the constitution of Curtin's outfit.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am not here for the purpose of being persecuted,&quot; Mr. Curtin
+shouted. &quot;I am not asking no or yes to anything. But I will say to the
+gentleman who questioned me that while it is true in letter it is not
+true in spirit.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At this juncture Mr. Simon, of the Washington delegation, said that in
+all fairness to Sergeant Curtin he wanted to say that during the
+recent demonstration of Bolshevism in Seattle, Curtin commanded a
+machine gun company on the side of right and law and order.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I do not speak for his organization,&quot; Simon said, &quot;but I speak for a
+clique in it, headed by Sergeant Curtin, who went into that
+organization to clean it up, to make it a fair and square one hundred
+per cent. American organization.&quot; The applause of Simon's remarks had
+scarcely died down when General Moss succeeded in gaining the floor.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to say to the members of this delegation,&quot; he said, &quot;that I
+led the fight against the soldiers' and sailors' organization before
+the Credential Committee, and I want to say to you gentlemen that we
+didn't lead a fight personally against this man, but against his
+organization.' We know the outfit in our country and we do not want
+that organization in unless the Americans in it come in as
+individuals. I want to say that we are to be organized here on a basis
+of one hundred per cent, true Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I asked Curtin in the presence of the committee if he represented a
+minority or a majority in his outfit and he admitted that he
+represented the minority.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But we can lick a majority,&quot; Curtin shouted back. &quot;I want Captain
+McDonald who had charge of the Intelligence Department at Camp Lewis
+to say a word on this subject. He knows the history of my organization
+and I would like to have him give it to you.&quot; But if Curtin counted on
+McDonald to help him he reckoned without his host.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McDonald rose and speaking with great deliberation said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have been an American soldier for thirty years. I was a regular
+telegraph officer at the time of the Bolshevik trouble. I established
+stations at Seattle and Camp Lewis and this man represents the real
+element that we are all working against. Personally he is all right
+but he is backing that organization because he wants to represent it.
+If he desires to be admitted into the Legion let him get loose from
+that outfit and come in by himself.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Captain McDonald's statement was greeted with enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Are you ready for the question?&quot; demanded the chairman.</p>
+
+<p>The caucus certainly was.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Those favoring the adoption of the credentials report vote aye,&quot; he
+cried.</p>
+
+<p>That aye could almost have been heard in Seattle itself.</p>
+
+<p>That aye answered the question of what the American soldier thinks of
+Bolshevism or anything tainted with it. That aye answered the lying
+statement that our troops abroad had been inoculated with the germ of
+the world's greatest mental madness.</p>
+
+<p>That aye marked the distinction between a grouch caused by a
+cootie-lined bunk and a desire to place a bomb under the Capitol at
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>I have intimated that the chief aim of each delegate was to see that
+no one &quot;put anything over&quot; at this caucus. I think that the only other
+determination which might rival that in intensity was most apparent at
+the mention of anything that pertained to or bordered on Bolshevism.
+This incident of ousting Curtin's organization was not the only
+manifestation of it by any means, although it was perhaps the most
+striking on the floor of the caucus. But, outside the caucus, in the
+hotel lobbies, and in the various committee rooms, whenever the
+subject came up these soldier and sailor men, in almost every
+instance, got mad&mdash;damn mad.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The trouble with these people who talk Bolshevism is that they don't
+know anything about our country,&quot; I heard one of them say.</p>
+
+<p>Another quickly interrupted him with, &quot;The big thing the Legion's got
+to teach is Americanism and let those crack-brained fools know just
+what this country stands for.&quot; While still another injected, &quot;The
+average 'long-beard' has been so crazed by persecution in Russia that
+he would mistake Peacock Alley in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York for
+a Siberian coal mine.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This last remark brought forth a laugh, and though it was whimsically
+made it illuminated the matter under discussion very well, I thought.
+In fact, the whole conversation made clear to me one of the
+fundamental missions the Legion must perform.</p>
+
+<p>The seeds of Americanism which Legion members sow to-day will be
+reaped, not only to-day but in the generations of to-morrow. The
+Soldiers and Sailors Council, Seattle, was thrown out and its
+representative knew why. But, if Jack Sullivan and his red, white, and
+blue colleagues in the State of Washington preach in the future what
+they did at this caucus, the children of those northwestern Bolsheviki
+will not only salute the Stars and Stripes, but will know <i>why</i> they
+do so. They will know what their fathers don't&mdash;that the constitution
+means Americanism and that Americanism means &quot;life, liberty, and
+pursuit of happiness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In most conventions the reports of committees are invariably adopted.
+There are many reasons for this, the particular one being the theory
+that when a set of men are placed on a task they will study the
+situation in all its angles, in all its ramifications, in all its
+different phases and that its report should therefore be adopted
+because of this expert thought and study on the matters under
+consideration. I say that most conventions do this. Once as a
+newspaper man, I attended an undertakers' convention. It always did
+so. And at another time I attended a manufacturers' gathering where
+this procedure was invariably followed out. But how about at St.
+Louis? Not on your life! The delegates of the American Legion were
+neither like undertakers nor manufacturers nor like any-other business
+men that I ever saw during ten years on a Metropolitan newspaper. The
+new American doesn't do business that way.</p>
+
+<p>Witness the report of the Committee on Name. This report read:
+&quot;We, your Committee on Name, unanimously make the following
+recommendation&mdash;that the name of this organization be the American
+Legion of World War Veterans.&quot; The chairman had scarcely finished
+asking: &quot;What is your pleasure gentlemen&quot; when Major Wickersham got
+the floor and moved an amendment that the name be &quot;The American
+Legion.&quot; This was seconded by Mr. Cochrane of Ohio and then came the
+argument about it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Shank of Ohio, thought that the American Legion did not convey a
+sufficient meaning to the average civilians. &quot;The American Legion
+might be an organization of street cleaners, it doesn't signify
+soldiers. It isn't comprehensive enough,&quot; he said. Mr. Larry of
+Florida countered with, &quot;Go ahead and call it American Legion, we will
+soon show them what it means.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Walsh of Pennsylvania, suggested that the A.E.F. knew what it was
+doing when they called it the American Legion. &quot;Let us honor them and
+respect them by calling it the American Legion,&quot; he urged. Colonel E.
+Lester Jones, of Washington, stated the name had been considered by
+the committee most carefully and&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>But why go into all the arguments. The motion to call it the American
+Legion was carried amid cheering and as such the name will go down
+into the history of things well done for America.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO</h3>
+
+<p>We have arrived at what is the most significant event of this session
+of the caucus, if not of the entire gathering. The caucus has already
+shown its spirit in ousting the Soldiers and Sailors Council because,
+in its opinion, it could not measure up to one hundred per cent.
+Americanism, and now we shall see what the same simon-pure brand of
+red, white, and blueism is demanded of the second largest city in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>It came about in the most dry, matter-of-fact way. Let the minutes of
+the meeting form the introduction for it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Next is the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting
+Place and Time.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span> (reading): &quot;From the Committee on Next Meeting Place
+and Time, to the Chairman of the American Legion; action of the
+Committee.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Meeting called to order at 10:30 A.M. this day at the Shubert
+Jefferson Theater.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Charles S. Caldwell, of New Mexico, unanimously elected chairman.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Frank M. Ladd, Jr., of Alabama, Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The majority of the States being represented as per attached list
+voted unanimously for Chicago as next meeting place. Date being set as
+November 10, 11, and 12, 1919.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;Respectfully submitted,</p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;CHARLES S. CALDWELL, <i>Chairman</i>,</p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;FRANK M. LADD, JR., <i>Secretary</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sexton</span> (of Illinois): &quot;When you consider your place for your next
+convention tell Chicago what you want, and in response to that Chicago
+will answer you. 'We will give you whatever you want.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then the excitement started. Mr. Dietrick of Pennsylvania moved to
+amend the report of the committee. &quot;By striking out the word Chicago
+and substituting therefore the city from the State which furnished
+more soldiers than another state&mdash;the city of Pittsburgh.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This elicited great applause&mdash;especially from the Pennsylvania
+delegation. Mr. Stems of Louisiana got the floor&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to tell you what took place in that committee,&quot; he said. &quot;The
+committee selected a place to the best interest of this organization
+and not to the best interest of any one specific locality, and the
+question was argued in a very quiet, organized, gentlemanly manner. A
+number of the delegates put up towns that did not get enough support
+to get the meeting, so they withdrew their names. It was all to the
+interest of the organization so it was unanimously adopted by that
+committee, without any dissenting vote, that Chicago be unanimously
+adopted as the place for the next convention for the best of all
+interests concerned. I am from New Orleans, Louisiana, which is a
+convention city and I will not offer my city to you as a convention
+city at this time because I do not think it is to the best interest of
+your country.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img006.jpg" id="img006"><img src="images/img006.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="Bennett C. Clark
+Who presided at the Paris Caucus" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Bennett C. Clark<br />
+Who presided at the Paris Caucus</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img007.jpg" id="img007"><img src="images/img007.jpg" width="341" height="500" alt="Eric Fisher Wood Secretary" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Eric Fisher Wood<br />Secretary</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Stem took his seat at least a dozen delegates clamored for
+recognition from the chair. Colonel J.F.J. Herbert succeeded in
+getting it. It was he who then fired the gun which, if not heard
+around the world at least made Chicago's ear drums rattle.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Chairman,&quot; he began&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsley rapped for order.</p>
+
+<p>A man near me whispered, &quot;There's Herbert of Massachusetts. I think
+Boston is too far east for this convention, at least for the first
+one.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsley got order, and you could have heard a pin drop,
+while the following statement was made by the Massachusetts leader:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As the spokesman for my delegation on this question of next meeting
+place I want to say that if no other body and if no other party of
+this caucus wants or believes it is its duty to rebuke any city or the
+representative of any city for Un-Americanism during the time when the
+soldiers of that city were offering their lives in defense of the
+world, then Massachusetts stands ready to offer that rebuke.
+Massachusetts will not agree willingly to having a convention of
+soldiers and sailors in the Great War, go to a city that has as its
+first citizen, by vote, one who can not measure up in any small part
+when the test is one hundred per cent. Americanism.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>When Colonel Herbert reached this point one delegate with a big voice
+from a big State (Texas) let out a loud yell of approval. This was the
+signal for blast after blast of vocal vociferousness which fairly
+raised the roof. Men stood on their seats, and cheered. &quot;You're dead
+right&quot; and &quot;Get a new mayor, Chicago,&quot; while others began to point at
+placards advertising Chicago which had been placed on the walls of the
+theater by members of the Illinois delegation. Colonel Herbert stood
+for fully five minutes before order was sufficiently restored for him
+to proceed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The hall has been placarded with invitations, reading, 'The American
+Legion, Chicago wants you in November,'&quot; he said. &quot;I believe that this
+convention, this convention of soldiers and sailors should say,
+'Chicago, you cannot have American soldiers in Chicago when there is a
+possibility that the chief representative of that city may not believe
+it is his duty to come before the Convention and welcome it.' If these
+placards read, 'American Legion, Chicago <i>soldiers</i> want you in
+November,' our answer might be different. The answer of Massachusetts
+would be different but when your placard reads, 'Chicago wants you in
+November' the answer of Massachusetts is, 'Chicago cannot have us in
+November'&mdash;or any other time until Chicago has an American for Mayor
+in an American city.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The literature circulated through the caucus reads, 'Chicago pledges
+itself to go any other city one better on anything this convention
+requires.' This convention first requires that Chicago shall reach a
+standard different from the standard of being the most despised city
+in America, and when it has reached that standard, it is then in a
+position to say whether it can go one better. It has not yet reached
+par. Until Chicago reaches par, Massachusetts votes no!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A large poster reading &quot;Chicago bids you Welcome,&quot; had been placed
+over the seats directly in the center of the stage; Captain Osborne
+pulled it down. This was the signal for similar action all over the
+house. Chicago banners, dropped from the boxes, were hurled to the
+floor. Other banners which had been on the theater walls just out of
+reach were torn down by men who climbed on the shoulders of their
+fellow delegates in order to reach them. Only during the ovation given
+Colonel Roosevelt, did the cheering reach such intensity.</p>
+
+<p>These men were cheering for Americanism. They wanted one hundred per
+cent. Americanism, untainted and unvarnished by a hyphen or an &quot;ism,&quot;
+especially when the word pacific precedes the latter. Everyone felt
+sorry for the Illinois delegation, for it was realized that Colonel
+Herbert's remarks were intended solely to reflect upon the person he
+specially mentioned and not upon the thousands of soldiers and sailors
+who went from Illinois and Chicago and did more than their part in
+writing glorious history.</p>
+
+<p>Just how this was impressed upon the men from Illinois let the minutes
+show. The chairman recognized &quot;the gentleman from Chicago.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Cummings</span> (of Chicago): &quot;Gentlemen, I don't believe there is a
+single delegate to this caucus who would be so unfair as to impugn the
+patriotism of 650,000 men who rallied to the colors of this country
+by saying: 'Because Chicago had a mayor of which they are all ashamed
+that they are not patriotic.' Had the men who were serving the colors
+in France been in Chicago, they would have had no apology to offer for
+their mayor. (Applause.) He was elected in a three-cornered fight
+where he did not receive a majority vote in Chicago, but had the
+opposition to him been solidified he would have been snowed under, for
+Chicago is patriotic. I consider that an insult has been handed to
+every man in Illinois who rallied to the colors.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Tank Corps of which I am a member, and an enlisted man
+originally, gave from Chicago 11,250 enlisted men, volunteers in the
+most hazardous branch of the service. They gave 11,250 men as against
+11,000 which the rest of the country contributed. If that doesn't
+bespeak patriotism for Chicago, I don't know how you are going to
+gauge it. I am saying that in the invitation which was extended to you
+we are speaking for the boys of khaki and blue who rallied to the
+colors from Illinois, and who are here to-day, extending the
+invitation to you notwithstanding the fact that we are cursed by a
+mayor who is not our choice. We would throw him out if we had the
+chance, but we are extending the invitation to you on behalf of
+750,000 men from Illinois and we do not feel that you are going to
+impugn their patriotism, that you are going to insult them by saying
+they are members of an unpatriotic community.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hawkins</span> (of Oklahoma): &quot;The great State of Illinois stands
+unchallenged in the patriotism of its soldiers throughout the world. I
+am only sorry that you didn't leave enough patriots at home to elect a
+patriotic mayor of that great city. You are in the embarrassing
+position of having a man who has repudiated the things we went out to
+die for. Either you have got to repudiate us or repudiate him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We'll repudiate him next time when the boys get home,&quot; shouted
+several of the Illinois crowd.</p>
+
+<p>Then other speakers tried to make it plain that the Legion's attack
+was solely against the municipal head of Chicago, but some of the men
+of Illinois let the incident rankle. How it came out (and it was ended
+happily) will develop. Meantime the attention of the caucus was
+diverted from the Chicago incident by the manifestation of that desire
+which is in every true American's heart, namely to be a booster for
+his own home town. In less time than it takes to tell it, Los Angeles,
+Minneapolis, Atlantic City, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis,
+Kansas City, and Chicago were being voted upon. While the delegates
+were voting, a small body of soldiers and sailors were gathered
+together in a wing of the theater, seriously discussing the incident
+which was developed by Colonel Herbert's speech. They desired that it
+should be made more plain to everyone just what Colonel Herbert meant
+and that the millions of patriotic simon-pure Americans who live in
+Illinois should not take undue umbrage of the incident. Therefore
+while the vote on the convention city was being counted, Colonel Luke
+Lea was recognized by the chairman and asked unanimous consent to
+present for consideration the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That the action of the caucus of the American Legion in
+refusing to accept the invitation to hold its next convention in
+Chicago is no reflection upon the splendid patriotism of the men and
+women of that great city, who have loyally proved their Americanism by
+supporting our Army and Navy and all war activities.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>, That this caucus records its admiration of
+the valor and heroism of the thousands and thousands of Chicago's sons
+whose pure patriotism has been proven on the battlefields of France.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I would like to say something in support of the motion,&quot; Colonel Lea
+said. &quot;It is very proper for me to offer it for I had the privilege of
+serving for three months with the great Thirty-third Division of
+Illinois and I know what wonderful soldiers they are.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The resolution was adopted by unanimous vote.</p>
+
+<p>No booster ever had a better time than had those who attended the St.
+Louis Caucus. Local pride assumed its highest pitch during the vote,
+and at length Minneapolis won it. The date was set for November
+10-11-12th.</p>
+
+<p>Just before adjournment Colonel Herbert arose to a question of
+personal privilege.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I would like, if possible,&quot; he said, &quot;to have the attention for a few
+minutes of every man that is in this theater. Intentionally or
+otherwise, and I think it was otherwise, the soldiers of Illinois have
+felt that I was not just to them in the remarks that I made bearing on
+the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting Place. I meant to say,
+and I believe now that I did say, that if those banners that were hung
+in this theater had read, 'American Legion, Chicago's <i>soldiers</i>
+invite you next November.' Massachusetts' answer would have been
+'Yes.' I believe I said that. The men of Illinois believe I did not
+say it. The men of Illinois believe that when I sat down after making
+the few remarks I did, that I had a sardonic smile on my lips and they
+say that I have insulted them to the heart and I say to them: 'If
+there is anything that I can say, anything that I can do, as soldier
+to soldier to remove from your mind, or from the minds of any man who
+may have been in this theater, any belief that there was any feeling
+except of highest admiration, the highest respect, and the deepest
+affection on the part of the soldiers of Massachusetts for the
+soldiers of Illinois, then I want to correct that impression, because
+I want you, the soldiers of Illinois, to know that we recognize in
+Massachusetts that no better soldiers wore the khaki, no better
+sailors wore the blue, than the men of Illinois. My remarks were, as I
+stated, for the purpose of saying Massachusetts would, if no other
+State would, take such action to rebuke the city of Chicago; would say
+to Chicago that if it would have the right to invite Americans to meet
+in that city, first Americanize the City Hall. That was my chief
+purpose of rising to my feet. If Chicago's soldiers, if Illinois'
+soldiers still think that I have not made reparation for what they
+believe was the intention of my remarks, then I say to them that no
+higher respect, no deeper affection exists for them than in the hearts
+of the men of Massachusetts.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Herbert's assault upon Chicago's mayor in itself is only half
+significant. It is only wholly so when its reception is considered.
+Colonel Herbert will have none of Chicago until it has purged itself
+of its municipal leader. He remembered, perhaps, the assertion that it
+is &quot;the sixth largest German city in the world.&quot; He might have said as
+much in a newspaper interview as he said on the floor of the caucus
+had he been asked about the Illinois city as a meeting place for
+soldiers, and, perhaps, the editor would have given to it a half
+column of space; in the larger dailies, less. But when men of the
+army, navy, and marine corps, from every battlefield in France, from
+every State in the union, voice their approval so thunderously; when
+they stand on their seats and cheer; when they so positively overrule
+the recommendation of committeemen who have studiously considered the
+matter, presumably from all angles, it means much. No wonder
+Metropolitan dailies devoted columns to it.</p>
+
+<p>Those of you who have become low-spirited over your own particular
+view of the future; those of you who have talked about &quot;the good old
+days&quot;; or, the Spirit of '76, take heart. Take counsel of the Spirit
+of '19, based on the deeds of '17 and '18, on the mistakes of '14,
+'15, and '16. '19 is all right!</p>
+
+<p>Read the constitution of the American Legion to-night just before
+you go to bed. Think of this second day's session when the
+Bolsheviki-tainted organization was thrown out, when the second
+largest city in America was told to &quot;clean house&quot; and redecorate in
+red, white, and blue. Then go to bed and know that all's right with
+the United States.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of the delegates attended, on the second evening, a
+dance and supper at Sunset Inn given in honor of the Legion by the
+ladies of St. Louis. For most though, there was work in plenty to do.
+Some of the committees hadn't yet reported and there was an all
+important meeting of the executive committee in the Statler Hotel.</p>
+
+<p>I said <i>all important</i> by design. The caucus had taken up a great deal
+of time with the proceedings already recounted and it was the purpose
+of the executive committee on adjournment-eve to get down to brass
+tacks. It certainly did that. It was agreed to recommend to the caucus
+that the Legion should attempt to help get returning soldiers and
+sailors positions and that a legal department should be established
+which would aid men to get back pay and allotments, while still
+another department would look after their insurance and instruct them
+how to change it to policies of a permanent character. Needless to say
+these conclusions were not arrived at without a great deal of helpful
+discussion.</p>
+
+<p>Then too this executive meeting was all important because it let
+several persons who claimed to be dissatisfied, air their grievances,
+thereby clearing the atmosphere of considerable cloudiness. For the
+most part these malcontents didn't seem at first to distinguish
+between the caucus and the November convention. They didn't seem to
+catch at first hand the spirit of the A.E.F. caucus which positively
+refused to take action on large questions of policy until the Home
+Army could be consulted. The principal leaders of the caucus in St.
+Louis determined upon the same course, as has been previously
+explained, and rightly so. One thing one element wanted to do was to
+elect permanent officers. &quot;How could you do that when more than a
+million men entitled to a vote are still in France?&quot; they were asked.
+They couldn't answer. Another element wanted to go on record against
+universal military training while still others were for endorsing it.
+Someone else wanted this city to be chosen as permanent headquarters
+while another wanted some other town selected. There was some
+grumbling to the effect that the caucus had been too &quot;rowdy.&quot; Then,
+too, everybody was more or less tired out and a darker view of things
+was natural.</p>
+
+<p>The silver lining was there, however, as it always is. This time it
+took the rotund form of a preacher from Alabama. Inzer was his name
+and his folks and Colonel Roosevelt's away back five or six
+generations ago in Georgia had been the same people, so let's
+introduce him as Colonel Roosevelt's cousin. Chaplain Inzer had been
+ready to embark at Newport News with his regiment when the Bolsheviki
+menace grew quite serious in the Pacific northwest and he was ordered
+to proceed to Seattle and was there during all the stirring times
+which culminated in making Ole Hanson famous.</p>
+
+<p>It might truthfully be said that the &quot;silver lining&quot; quite properly
+had a silver tongue. When he had spoken just about a hundred words
+even the grouches were holding onto their chairs if they weren't using
+their hands for purposes of applause. And many a man, who thought he'd
+talked his voice silent dug deep down in his vocal chords and brought
+forth something that could easily be labeled a cheer! This preacher
+told everybody who might have the slightest idea of making trouble
+just where to get off. But I am not going to try to remember his
+speech and perhaps improperly quote the chaplain. The speech was so
+good that they made him do it again at the very opening of the caucus
+the next morning, so I'm going to lead off with it in my story of the
+proceedings of the last day, just as the stenographers recorded it.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE SILVER LINING</h3>
+
+<p>Soon after the caucus opened on Saturday morning, May 10, the minutes
+read as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, before we have the report of the Resolutions
+Committee, I want to say to those who were not of the Executive
+Committee and in its meeting last night, that there seemed to me to be
+there a more splendid crystallization of the real purpose of this
+caucus and a foresight into what it is going to mean, not only to
+these four millions of men but to the people of the United States for
+the next half century, than I have ever heard, and at the request of a
+number of those who were there at that meeting, I am going to ask one
+of them to interpret to you in just a few minutes, as well as he can,
+and he did it wonderfully well last night, the spirit that we believed
+in that meeting is your spirit here to-day and the spirit that is
+going out from this caucus as a slogan to all American citizens and
+through them to the world, indicating the purposes for which we
+fought, and more than that, the purposes for which American manhood
+stands and for which it will fight again, if necessary, the heritage
+we will hand down to our children, and I will ask this gentleman to
+present that thought to you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chaplain W. Inzer</span> (of Alabama): &quot;Gentlemen, I appreciate this
+opportunity more than I have words to say, and if you will only be as
+sympathetic with me for these minutes as that Executive Committee was
+last night, I will do my best to interpret the spirit and the mind of
+this convention as I see it and as I saw it last night. I never had a
+more sympathetic audience, it seemed to me, or a more psychological
+moment in which to speak than that was last night and I appreciate the
+spirit of the brethren who asked me to come out and make this talk
+this morning and I am going to try my best to interpret it as I saw it
+last night.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There has been an undercurrent all through this Convention. Somebody
+has been afraid that we are going to do something or pop some lid off
+that will bust the thing and I have been, as I said last night,
+sometimes scared almost to death. I think I could personally say that
+I wanted to make about seventy-four speeches in the two days that I
+have been here. I didn't do it but I was waiting and praying for the
+psychological hour to arrive and I believe that that hour came last
+night when this Executive Committee really got together and got
+something concrete before them, and I think that the whole Convention
+comes together this morning ready to take up matters of importance and
+leave off matters that should not be taken up, and to solidify this
+body in a great spirit of Americanism that shall last for fifty years
+as the greatest organization that the world has ever known.&quot;
+(Applause.) &quot;Now the keyword that I want to say in the beginning is,
+at all costs we want to save this organization. We do not want
+anything to arise to-day that will in any way mar the spirit of this
+great assembly and the work that it is going to do in the future.
+While you were deliberating here these past two days some of you
+thought only of this hour and this moment, but, gentlemen, I had an
+eye cast into the future and I was dreaming dreams and seeing visions
+of the years that are to come and the wonderful work, the wonderful
+influence, and the mighty power that this organization is going to
+have and exert upon this nation and upon the whole world, and I want
+you to think of it in these terms. This convention is a baby and we
+must not choke this baby. You can't give a young baby a gallon of
+castor oil the first week. It only requires castoria, that is all the
+first week. It can stand with a little mother's milk, and I want you
+to feel that way about it to-day.&quot; (Laughter and Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Our first duty is beyond the shadow of a doubt to get this infant on
+its legs, and once we get it on its legs, it will be like the mighty
+Niagara Falls, there isn't anything in the world can dam it up. It
+will be a power that shall be known, and with influence all over
+America and for good all over the world. Let's be quiet and let's be
+sensible to-day until we get this infant on his legs. He's just a
+recruit, a raw recruit, and he has to be trained and we are going to
+do that now.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I want to say just here, if you can only think about this
+Legion&mdash;the chairman spoke of it last night to me&mdash;as the jewel of the
+ages. I believe that is the best interpretation I know. I cannot say
+anything greater than this: I believe God raised up America for this
+great hour; I can say that the strong young man of the time is to be
+the American Legion in this country and in the world.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What the great seers of the past ages have dreamed and what they have
+planned and longed for, the opportunity that they sought, have
+suddenly been placed and in our hands. Are we going to be great men
+and big men? Will we arise to the dignity and be worthy of the
+occasion?</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I believe that we will. Oh, men, if I might make it plain to you
+that it seems to me I stand on the very rim of creation and I am
+speaking there to an angel who has never yet been able to see light. I
+said: 'Angel, what are you doing here?' and he said: 'I was placed
+here when God created this world'; and he said: 'God sent me to look
+down upon this world and report to him at one special time, and that
+one time only,' and I said: 'What was to be the nature of that
+report?' He said: 'God made man in His own image and God Himself is a
+being of knowledge, love, truth, democracy, and peace,' and He said to
+that angel, 'Don't you ever leave that world until you see dawn, until
+you see that man has come up to the place where he will begin to
+measure up to what I expected of him,' and that angel said to me, 'I
+have sat here through all the ages and I have seen times when I
+thought that the sunlight of God's great knowledge and love and truth
+was going to come over the hills and then some being like the Kaiser
+or Alexander or Napoleon or some one that was of a Bolsheviki type
+would rise up and retard it and the sun could never rise,' but he
+said: 'Thank God on April 6, 1917, I reported back to God when America
+entered this war that I had seen the dawn.' (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As little as you dream, maybe when you came here and as little as you
+thought about it in the commitment of time, I believe to-day that we
+stand on the dawn of the realization of the republic of man which is
+nothing short of the Kingdom of God on earth when men shall be men.&quot;
+(Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;So the first thing we are to do to-day is to get a great spirit, men,
+a great spirit that we can carry back. All the other questions will be
+ironed out in due time. Everything will be straightened out when we
+realize that five million men are going to be organized with the same
+spirit of love and loyalty and devotion and sacrifice and democracy
+that characterized their lives on the battlefield. They will never
+rest until they make this whole world bloom in love, democracy, peace
+and prosperity and equality and brotherhood for all mankind. That is
+what we are going to do and that is what this assembly means to-day.
+It is the world's great opportunity and your privilege to share with
+it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, then, I want to say that the soldier spirit is going to be my
+spirit and I believe it is going to be your spirit. When Wilson and
+the other men called us to the war, I was glad and ready immediately
+to offer my life because of the great principle. I said to those men
+last night in that Executive Committee and I mean it to-day, I'd
+gladly lay down my life to-day if laying down my life meant that this
+Legion should live and fulfill my dreams of its service to the
+country for these next fifty years. (Applause.) So do you think I want
+anything to come up here that would disrupt this body? Never! Do you
+think I want to make a fiery speech about something because it is my
+personal conviction? No, I have a hundred personal convictions that I
+would like to see operating in the United States and this convention,
+but it isn't the time and I am not going to bring them up here. I
+don't want to say anything that will keep all of us from pulling
+together like a military army for the great things that this
+convention in the future is going to stand for. So my final word is
+this: That this day, we get right down to business and that we omit
+everything that we can omit pertaining to the permanent policy of this
+organization that we cannot all immediately agree upon.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If there is going to be anything discussed here to-day that everybody
+in this convention won't immediately agree upon and would hinder us
+from sending out to the nation word that we stand together and that we
+are going to pull together, that we caught a mighty vision and that we
+have gained the great spirit, then, brethren, let's carry that thing
+over until November when all the boys come home and then we will
+discuss it there. There are many things to-day that we can discuss
+that are important and fundamental and that are urgently needed in
+our nation this hour. Let's take those things up and get down to
+business on it to-day. Every Executive Member from each State pledged
+the chairman last night that he was going to act as a sergeant-at-arms
+in his delegation and hold the convention in order to-day. We are
+going to do the right thing and we won't be 'busted' by anything or by
+anybody, and when anything comes up that isn't the right thing for us
+to do to make a great impression on America, and the world, we will
+say hold that thing over until the baby is strong enough to do it
+right.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I beg you to do those things. Somebody said: 'What are the things we
+can do to-day?' We mentioned them last night.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Jack Sullivan has problems out there that we must meet this very day.
+One of those is this Bolsheviki business. We are going to pass
+resolutions this very day, I believe, asking the United States in
+Congress to pass a bill for immediate action of deporting every one of
+those Bolsheviki or I.W.W.'s out yonder.&quot; (Prolonged Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I know what I am talking about. You don't know how badly I
+do hate some of those guys. If it hadn't been for them I would have
+gotten on the boat in Newport News in 1918 for France, but because of
+those rotten scamps I was sent to Seattle, Washington, and had to
+stay there for seven months guarding the interest of the shipbuilding
+in the Western States.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I was naturalization officer for our regiment and that division out
+there and I have had those scamps stand up and say: 'Yes, I have been
+here fourteen years and have lived on the fat of the land, but we
+don't want to fight,' and they would deny citizenship papers or cancel
+their first papers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now that the war is over, they are in lucrative positions and our
+boys haven't got jobs; we've got to say, send those scamps to hell.&quot;
+(Prolonged Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We can all see this very moment that there is no division on that
+question. We stand together. Somebody said: 'Why, we have been here
+two days and haven't done anything but elect officers and decide on a
+place to meet. But let me tell you, Buddy, while we have been doing
+those things, we have let the world know where we stand for
+Americanism. (Applause.) And we couldn't have done a bigger thing than
+create the impression we did relative to Mayor Thompson of Chicago and
+the I.W.W.'s of Seattle. (Applause.) We can do that. We are agreed on
+that. The baby can do that without any trouble at all and we are not
+going to choke him when we start that kind of thing.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The other question that we might decide here to-day is what we are
+going to do about jobs for our returned soldiers. In my city we have
+already said: 'Look here, man, you'd better post every job that is
+open and post it in the place where we get employment for returned
+soldiers. And they have gotten down to that. We want to talk about
+that to-day and get down to business&mdash;the business of getting jobs for
+our men, and then we want to care for those who come back without
+money. We want to help them get their allotment and get their $60
+bonus, and we want to care for the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But these other things&mdash;excuse me, I can't help but say brethren,
+because I am a preacher, but you are my brethren, I thank God you are
+and I love you like I love the brethren of my church. There is some
+fellow here who might want to spring something because he knows it
+would be a lot of fun. Oh, brethren, let's not have any fun with the
+baby to-day. (Laughter and Applause.) We have all we can do to-day. We
+have all we can do if we do those things that we are all united upon
+and agreed upon. Those things which may have what they call a nigger
+in the woodpile, when they come up, let's say that is something we are
+going to talk about later when the boys get home in November, when
+everybody is settled down and we have thought it through and talked
+about it in our State organizations and we will come up with
+solidified ideas and the great spirit will have gripped us and we will
+know where we stand and will know our power and strength.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Brethren, I say let's cut out every last bit of hoodlumism to-day. It
+is the zero hour. Let's stand together. If we don't carry anything
+else home, let's go home and say we are for America, that we caught
+the spirit and the vision and you can't stop us with anything in the
+world. I thank you.&quot; (Audience rises and applauds.)</p>
+
+<p>That speech has been given in full not only for the reasons which have
+been stated before but because it is archtypical of the deep-seated,
+serious, and high-minded soul of the New American, born of the war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Chairman, it seems that Illinois caught the spirit of the speaker
+who has just seated himself, in advance.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Before the applause over Inzer's speech had ended and before we
+realized it, Mr. Cummings of Illinois had the floor. He said that the
+Illinois delegation had been ungracious in accepting Colonel Herbert's
+explanation of his remarks the previous day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We wish to withdraw that implication,&quot; Mr. Cummings said. &quot;We wish to
+state to you as a solid Illinois delegation that we give full faith
+and credit to the high, patriotic motive which prompted this gentleman
+in making the speech to you which he did and in bringing before this
+organization the question which he did. We feel on cooler deliberation
+and upon giving the matter the thought which its importance demanded,
+that he is helping us and that he has placed the American Legion in a
+position to help us to move in a body politic, to overcome certain
+things in the State of Illinois and blot out pro-Germanism.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img008.jpg" id="img008"><img src="images/img008.jpg" width="378" height="500" alt="Gaspar Bacon Treasurer" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Gaspar Bacon<br />
+Treasurer</p>
+
+<h4>Three State Chairmen</h4>
+
+<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img009.jpg" id="img009"><img src="images/img009.jpg" width="93" height="127" alt="John F.J. Herbert
+Massachusetts" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">John F.J. Herbert<br />
+Massachusetts</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img010.jpg">
+<img src="images/img010.jpg" width="94" height="127" alt="Henry G. Mathewson
+California" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Henry G. Mathewson<br />
+California</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img011.jpg">
+<img src="images/img011.jpg" width="98" height="132" alt="Cornelius W. Wickersham
+New York" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Cornelius W. Wickersham<br />
+New York</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&quot;I say that the American Legion is bigger than any man; it is bigger
+than any State; it is bigger than any combination of States; it is the
+unified action of the millions of men who were willing to sacrifice
+their lives, their fortunes, their all on the altar of this country
+for the cause of democracy, to make the world safe for democracy, and
+they are going to help us make Illinois come to the front and clean
+its skirts of the stigma which is attached. We know that you are going
+to help us in it, and with the support of the American Legion, nothing
+will stop us from cleaning our skirts, from washing our dirty linen at
+home. When the next convention of the American Legion is held, as soon
+as we have had an opportunity or the boys in khaki and blue have had
+an opportunity to give an honest expression of views on the question
+of Burgomaster Thompson, we will come through with clean skirts, we
+will stand before you without a question as to the patriotism of the
+great City of Chicago and the State of Illinois. We are for the
+American Legion first, last, and all the time, and I will pledge
+Illinois' seven hundred thousand soldiers who have gone to the front
+for the colors in this organization to a man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;... and clean its skirts of the stigma which is attached and we know
+you are going to help us in it, for we will have the support of the
+American Legion and with that support when the boys from over there
+get back, nothing will stop us from cleaning our skirts....&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Attention is drawn specifically to that sentence, because it affords
+an excellent opportunity to explain the difference between politics
+and policies. The Legion has policies but it is not political. One
+prime policy is the demand for one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+Whoever or whatever cannot read that mark, be it Chicago's mayor or
+the Seattle Soldier's Council, the Legion's caution is &quot;measure up.&quot;
+The Legion, <i>as the Legion</i> will not go into municipal politics in
+Chicago but the members of the various posts in that city like all
+other Legion members stand for one hundred per cent, simon-pure
+patriotism and regardless of party, he who does not &quot;measure up&quot; had
+best beware. The Legion, as the Legion, never will endorse a political
+party or a party's candidate for office. But it will have platforms,
+it will have tenets, it will have principles. These platforms, tenets,
+and principles will be seen, felt, heard, and heeded by the voters of
+the United States. Furthermore, these platforms, tenets, and
+principles will be supported regardless of political party, political
+affiliations, or partisan sponsorship.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h3>OBJECTORS&mdash;CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE</h3>
+
+<p>The first of the committee reports of the morning was that of the
+Publication Committee. This report is perhaps not so interesting a
+document now as it may be in later years, when, with a circulation of
+millions weekly, the official organ will be a tremendous power for
+Americanism throughout the country, spreading in every home, in every
+vale and hamlet the same dragnet of Americanism as the draft law did,
+having in its tentacles the same power for culture, breadth of
+experience, and abolition of sectionalism.</p>
+
+<p>In view of this, the report possesses tremendous potentialities. Here
+it is:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Committee on Publication recommends that this caucus of the
+American Legion inaugurate a national publication which shall be the
+Legion's exponent of Americanism; that this, the sole and only
+publication of the American Legion, be owned and directed by the
+Legion for and in the interest of all Americans; that the Publication
+Committee be continued that it may proceed as organized with the
+details of founding this publication, with the advice and under the
+control of the Executive Committee of the American Legion which shall
+add such specially qualified members to the Publication Committee as
+it may see fit; that this publication shall be a National,
+nonpartisan, non-sectional organ for the service of the American
+people, a champion of Americanism which means independence, security,
+health, education, greater contentment, and progress for every
+patriot, to be the torch, the beacon light thrown into our hands by
+the Americans who fell, and held as a unique and living monument to
+that other legion which did not come back.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;(Signed) <span class="smcap">G.P. Putnam</span>, <i>Chairman.</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;<span class="smcap">Charles D. Kelley</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.&quot; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p>As an aside it may be interesting to say that there were at least half
+a dozen publishers, some with veteran journals already started, in St.
+Louis with the most alluring offers. Each wanted to have his
+publication designated as the official organ. Several other
+propositions were made, one syndicate offering to publish the
+magazine, bear the entire expense, give the Legion fifty per cent. of
+the stock, and allow it to control the editorial policy. All the
+syndicate wanted was the official endorsement. From other quarters
+came the word that a million dollars would be forthcoming, if such a
+large amount was necessary, in order to start the publication, but
+those who would furnish it wanted some return, naturally. However the
+Publication Committee felt, as set forth in the resolutions, that the
+magazine must be entirely owned and solely controlled by the Legion.
+If it was worth a million dollars to anybody else, it certainly was
+worth conserving in every possible way for the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>Again I am going to let the minutes take up the story. Some of the
+details which they give in the next few pages are illustrative of the
+interest and care which the caucus took when it came to important
+matters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;The Committee on Resolutions begs to submit the
+following report:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">General Principles and Creed</span>&mdash;Recognizing the supreme obligation of
+the citizens to maintain our national honor and integrity, and being
+resolved that the fruits of the Great War shall not die, we who
+participated in the war in order that the principles of justice,
+freedom, and democracy may more completely direct and influence the
+daily lives of America's manhood, do announce our adherence to the
+following principles and purposes:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(a) To inculcate the duties and obligations of citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(b) To preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+this war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(c) To cement the ties of comradeship formed in service.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(d) To promote, assist, and protect the general welfare of all
+soldiers, sailors, and marines and those dependent upon them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(e) To encourage the maintenance of individual and national
+efficiency to the end that the nation shall never fail in its
+obligations.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'(f) To maintain the principle that undivided and uncompromising
+support of the constitution of the United States is the true test of
+loyalty.'&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Do you desire to pass on that as read, gentlemen, or by
+paragraphs?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Johnson</span> (Rhode Island): &quot;I move it be adopted as a whole.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Mr. Black of New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Herbert</span> (Mass.): &quot;I would like to ask for information: if there
+aren't more eligible to membership in the American Legion than are
+cited&mdash;soldiers, sailors, and marines?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The committee understands that covers everything. The
+direct eligibility comes up later.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Herbert</span>: &quot;But before we adopt this we must know who are eligible
+so it may be inserted there. As I read the qualifications for
+membership the members of the enlisted nurse corps are eligible to
+membership in the American Legion. If they are eligible they must be
+included there. If there are any others they must be included.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Fish</span> (of New York): &quot;I make a motion to the effect that this
+report be laid on the table until the constitution has been adopted.
+There are points in this resolution that conflict with the preamble
+and by-laws of the constitution. I move you, Mr. Chairman, that the
+first paragraph of the resolution as read be laid on the table until
+after the constitution is adopted. I will amend my motion to that
+effect.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Herbert</span>: &quot;I want to hear that reread.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;What I have read, and what I am about to read again,
+is the first paragraph of the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+There are many other paragraphs. The second one, for instance, is an
+endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan. If you lay the whole report
+on the table we have to wait until later to consider resolutions as a
+whole. The first paragraph is as follows:&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Secretary read first paragraph.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Milligan</span>: &quot;I wish to make a further amendment that the entire
+report be laid on the table until after the constitution has been
+adopted. I don't believe it is the sense of this meeting to hear the
+report of this committee in fragments.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Lea</span> (of Tenn.): &quot;If this report, or any part of it, is laid on
+the table it means final disposition of it under the rules of the
+House of Representatives. I don't think we want to do that until the
+report is read. As a substitute for the pending motion and amendment,
+I move that further reading and action of the report be suspended
+until after the report of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Mr. Black of New York and carried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The Secretary will now proceed to read the
+resolutions.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war, and to
+reestablish the country upon a peace basis, therefore be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Resolved</span> that this caucus emphatically endorse the Victory Liberty
+Loan, and urges all Americans to promote the success of the loan in
+every manner possible.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;What is your pleasure with regard to that resolution?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sullivan</span>: &quot;I move the adoption of the resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Mr. Wickersham of New York and carried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;Conscientious Objectors.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, that this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States in accordance with the act of Congress of
+May 18, 1917, and who were tried by general court-martial, sentenced
+to prison and later fully pardoned, restored to duty and honorably
+discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them, and as
+condemning further the I.W.W.'s, international socialists, and
+anarchists in their effort to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and be it
+further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, that this caucus requests a full and complete
+investigation by Congress of the trial and conviction of these parties
+and of their subsequent pardon.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Herbert</span> (of Mass.): &quot;I move you, sir, that this convention
+substitute the word 'demand' instead of 'request' where it says 'We
+request Congress.' We are a body large enough and representative
+enough and powerful enough to tell Congress what we want (applause),
+not to ask it, and I move the substitution of the word 'demand'
+instead of 'request.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Luke Lea of Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The motion is now for the adoption of the resolution as
+read, substituting the word 'demand' for 'request.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albert H. Wilson</span> (of Idaho): &quot;Gentlemen of this convention, before
+this is put to the body of this house, I want to offer a resolution
+that the man who convicted these men at Camp Funston be permitted to
+give the facts of those convictions and the facts of those discharges
+to the body of this house. I refer, gentlemen, to Major Foster, of
+Camp Funston, of the General Staff at Camp Funston, and I offer a
+resolution to that effect. Will you hear him?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Assent from the audience.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Gaston</span>: &quot;I second that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;It isn't necessary to have a resolution to that effect.
+The discussion would be germane to the question before the house.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major Foster</span> (of Missouri): &quot;Gentlemen, on May 18, 1917, the Congress
+of these United States passed an act defining what should be done in
+regard to conscientious objectors. That act, as you are all probably
+familiar with, says nothing about the I.W.W.&mdash;the so-called
+humanitarian, the slacker, and the anarchist, and yet for some unknown
+reason about 135 such cattle were shipped out to Camp Funston,
+segregated, were not required to do military service, were tried for
+disobedience to a lawful order in time of war, duly convicted,
+sentenced to prison, and a large Majority of them pardoned out of the
+penitentiary within two months.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;These men, and I want you to get the importance of this, are not
+ordinary, poor, misguided, fanatical men, but the large number of them
+were college graduates. Take the case of Lundy in Chicago and Berger
+and Greenberg and all of them. Seven of them were cases so serious
+that the court, of which I was a member, sentenced them to death.
+Within three weeks the order came from Washington restoring them to
+honorable duty. These men who were dismissed from Leavenworth and who
+were tried by this court made the statement before the court to prove
+their conscientious scruples that they did not accept pay from the
+Government, nor did they, but when they were dismissed at Fort
+Leavenworth and honorably restored to duty and given discharges with
+honor, they took every dollar and cent that the Government sent or the
+officials in Washington said should be paid to them and they carefully
+counted it and it amounted to between four and six hundred dollars
+each, and they went home with it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You all know who is responsible for this condition. You all know that
+this convention should condemn it. And here is one more point I want
+to put before you and I want you to get this carefully. One of the men
+we tried, Worsman, has been pardoned. Here is a letter he sent out. I
+will not read it all.</p>
+
+<p>(The caucus requests him to read it all.)</p>
+
+<p>It is sent out to the press and to everyone. Here is a book that has
+the expressions before the court that all these men made and they
+stand on that as being proper.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This letter says: 'The committee who sends you this letter are, for
+the most part, near relatives or close friends of young men now
+serving long terms in the disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth
+because of loyalty of principle. Nearly all of them are your fellow
+workers and except for those in what we call the religious
+group,&mdash;trade unionists&mdash;the public knows little of their unhappy
+fate, even less than the other political or labor prisoners because
+they have been sent to prison by military court-martials and some have
+not even had the hostile publicity of a public trial in court.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'The war is over; whether these men were right or wrong, they were
+utterly sincere. Even military prejudice has to concede that, and the
+sufferings they have unflinchingly borne prove it many times over, but
+the point for the country to get just now is that right or wrong, they
+cannot now have any adverse effect upon the military policy of the
+Government to keep them in prison.' Here is the dangerous thing&mdash;'We
+are trying to educate public opinion, and particularly labor opinion,
+to the point where it will demand the release of these brave and
+sincere young men. We say &quot;labor,&quot; because we know when labor really
+demands a thing, it gets done.' There is the dangerous thing,
+gentlemen, the direct connecting up of the I.W.W., the so-called
+international socialists and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and
+later pardoned by our War Department,&mdash;the direct connecting up
+between that element and those like the fellow who was sentenced to
+prison and who is sending out this letter, and this great and
+dangerous Bolshevism that is creeping into this country and is, I am
+afraid, more dangerous than many of us realize. I want to see this
+caucus go on record&mdash;don't be afraid&mdash;as strong as you can against
+this fellow. The officers who served on those courts know what we had
+to endure. We had to treat them respectfully; we were obliged to do
+that. Let me tell you a few things, if you don't know them, about what
+happened in the guardhouse among those men. They would not do a thing;
+they wouldn't make their own beds. They wouldn't flush the toilets in
+the guardhouse, and some red-blooded American soldiers had to go and
+pull the chain for them. I say you can't send out a message to these
+people too strong in condemnation of this type and of the action of
+the War Department or whoever is responsible for the solace and the
+protection that has been thrown around the man who hid under the cloak
+of an act of Congress that was designed to take care of the
+conscientious objectors, and there is no conscientious objector under
+that act except a man whose religious creed forbade him to take part
+in the war in any way. I thank you.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, the question has been called. All those in
+favor of the motion as amended will vote 'aye.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was unanimously carried.</p>
+
+<p>The general comment at the time was that Major Foster's address summed
+up the opinion of the caucus on the War Department's action in regard
+to the objector, conscientious or otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>The accusation that the Legion was being formed for political purposes
+has been frequently referred to in this account of the organization
+and there follows an instance which shows very clearly the attitude of
+the delegates toward anything that might tend to give to the caucus a
+political savor. Just after Major Foster's address the chairman held
+up his hand for silence.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One moment before the next resolution is read,&quot; he said: &quot;I am
+informed that one of the newspapers of St. Louis has circulated blanks
+among the delegates asking them to indicate thereon how they intend to
+vote in the next national election in this country. I would point out
+to those who are gathered here that this is a very improper suggestion
+and that the action should be repudiated by the men here filling out
+none of these blanks.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This statement was greeted both with anger and applause, the former at
+the paper's action, the latter because of the chair's suggestion, and
+Mr. Wickersham of New York made a motion that none of the blanks
+should be filled out and that no delegate should take part in such a
+poll. It carried unanimously and with acclamation. The blanks were not
+filled out and the men distributing them were ordered to leave the
+theater, which they did.</p>
+
+<p>This is the nearest approach to a poll that took place at the St.
+Louis Caucus so far as I am able to ascertain. In fact it would have
+been quite impossible to take a poll except in the theater and I have
+been assured by men sitting in widely different parts of the house
+that no such poll was taken. The delegates' living quarters were in
+widely scattered parts of St. Louis and it would have been impossible
+to have got any large number of them together to take a poll except
+during the meeting in the theater.</p>
+
+<p>Despite this fact, despite the motion of Major Wickersham, and its
+passage by acclamation, reports were circulated after the caucus, to
+the effect that a poll had been taken and that it showed so many votes
+for this man and so many votes for that one. The effect of that
+statement, while not doing widespread damage, caused the Legion
+leaders a great deal of embarrassment and a great deal of effort to
+correct the false impression among those not present at St. Louis to
+the effect that the caucus had a political complexion.</p>
+
+<p>Following the refusal to allow a poll to be taken, the secretary read
+the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span> certain aliens during the emergency of the war sought to
+evade military duty by reason of their status as aliens, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, such an act indicates a lack on the part of such aliens of
+the proper spirit of Americanism, therefore be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span> that this caucus assembled urge upon the Congress of the
+United States the adoption of such measures that may be necessary to
+bring about the immediate deportation from the United States for all
+time of these aliens.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This resolution covered a subject very near the heart of Sergeant Jack
+Sullivan, the vice-chairman. He was on his feet immediately saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I agree with the gentleman from Massachusetts, Comrade Herbert, that
+this is not the time to urge upon Congress but to demand of Congress
+and I offer you, sir, this as a substitute resolution:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United
+States, July, 1918, known as an amendment to the Selective Service Act
+giving persons within the draft age who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby becoming exempt from service,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards,
+and factories, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, in this great World War for Democracy the rank and file of
+the best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed
+themselves in order to uphold the principles upon which this country
+was founded and for which they were willing to give up their life's
+blood, if necessary, to preserve, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span> we, the American Legion assembled are of the opinion that
+these would-be Americans who turned in their first papers to avoid
+service are in our opinion neither fish, flesh, nor fowl and if
+allowed to remain in this country would contaminate the 100% true
+American soldiers and sailors who will return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life. Therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That we, the American Legion in convention assembled in St.
+Louis, this 8th, 9th, and 10th day of May, 1919, numbering millions of
+red-blooded Americans, do demand the Congress of these United States
+to immediately enact a law to send these aliens who withdrew their
+first papers and thereby avoided service, back to the country from
+whence they came, for we want them not, neither do we need them. The
+country which we live in and were ready and are now ready and willing
+to fight for is good enough for us and this country, which they live
+in and prospered in, yet were unwilling to fight for, is too damned
+good for them to remain in. Therefore, be it further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, that a copy of these resolutions be sent to each and every
+member of the House and Senate of our United States and a copy be
+given to the public press.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;Respectfully presented &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;(Signed) Sgt. <span class="smcap">Jack Sullivan</span>. &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;Delegate from Seattle, State of Washington.&quot; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p>&quot;I move you, sir, the adoption of this resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, gentlemen, I have a telegram from Seattle which I will read. It
+is addressed to Jack Sullivan, St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Executive Board American Legion of Liberty authorizes you to
+advocate before the St. Louis Convention as part of the
+Americanization program, that the organization bring its influence to
+bear throughout the United States to secure enactment by Congress of
+laws making it possible to deport alien slackers who avoided military
+service by renouncing their citizenship and signing affidavits that
+they would return to the country from which they came. A bill
+providing for their deportation introduced by Senator Jones of
+Washington failed to pass the last session of Congress because the
+demand for its passage from the State of Washington was not backed up
+by other States. Demand upon senators and representatives from their
+own constituents that a law should be passed to deport these slackers
+would probably result in action by the special sessions of Congress of
+nearly three hundred aliens who escaped military service in Seattle by
+renouncing their right to become citizens. Twenty-seven per cent, were
+shown to be I.W.W.'s of the thousands who thus escaped military
+service. Throughout the country a large percentage are probably of the
+element which is seeking to undermine American institutions. They
+still remain despite their affidavits that they would leave the
+country and there is no existing law under which they can be deported.
+The first move towards making this country one hundred per cent.
+American should be the elimination of aliens who are opposed to our
+Government and institutions and who poison the minds of others by
+their teachings. Every senator and representative should be urged to
+back legislation for the elimination of this element and we hope that
+this work will be adopted by the convention as part of the national
+program.</p>
+
+<p class="rght">&quot;'(Signed) American Legion of Liberty, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+<p class="rght">&quot;'<span class="smcap">Norman E. Coles</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.'&quot; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p>When Sullivan finished reading, he began one of the most stirring
+addresses made before the convention:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now let's not be afraid to put the cards on the table and say to the
+Congress of the United States that we are not afraid to trample on the
+toes of the diplomats of these alleged neutral countries who do not
+want legislation of this kind to pass,&quot; Sullivan plead. &quot;We have the
+interest of the man who donned the khaki and the blue and when the
+ships bring the boys from over there, they must take back these alien
+slackers. We would be derelict in our duty to the boys who gave their
+all when they went over the top; we would be untrue to ourselves and
+the institutions and principles for which we fought if we did not see
+to it that these people were sent back.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I was born in the State of Massachusetts and I was taught that
+citizenship meant something. As a boy I went out West where I learned
+that American citizenship meant something to the people of the West.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To-day we are here from all parts of the country. We are not from any
+section alone, because we are all Americans, This is an organization
+of Americans. This should be a country of Americans and if our
+citizenship means something, the swine who come from other countries
+should be taught that it means something like what McCrae said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span>'&quot;When from failing hands we throw the torch to you,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Be yours to hold it high;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">If ye break faith with us who die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We shall not sleep though poppies grow in Flanders' field.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&quot;Let's make this unanimous and do it now and say to the boys in
+Siberia and France that we are going to see to it when they get back
+here that those damned alien slackers are not going to be here, or if
+they are, they are going to be on the dock at Hoboken to go back to
+their own countries because they don't belong here and we are not
+going to allow them to remain.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img012.jpg" id="img012"><img src="images/img012.jpg" width="329" height="500" alt="“Jack” Sullivan of Seattle
+First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">&ldquo;Jack&rdquo; Sullivan of Seattle<br />
+First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img013.jpg" id="img013"><img src="images/img013.jpg" width="246" height="500" alt="Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama" title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama</p>
+
+<p>Sullivan was seated amid prolonged cheering; it was his big slap at
+Bolshevism. When Colonel Lindsley restored order Colonel Ralph Cole of
+Ohio was recognized.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The delegation from Ohio has authorized me to second this motion,&quot; he
+said. &quot;This seems to be a unanimous caucus. There is harmony here. The
+most impressive fact in relation to this assembly is the militant
+spirit of Americanism that has been manifested. I chanced to be
+Assistant Adjutant of the 37th Division when the time came for the
+naturalization of aliens who were in the American Army. Thousands and
+thousands of young aliens came up and raised up their right hand and
+pledged fidelity to the American Constitution, and to fight for the
+supremacy of the American flag, but, there was a certain small
+element, a certain small percentage that refused to take the oath of
+allegiance and they appealed to the Constitution and their rights
+under the law and they were exempted from military service. And I say
+to you, gentlemen of this convention, any alien that will appeal to
+the law in order to avoid military duty has no right to the
+opportunity of peace in America.&quot; Here there was prolonged applause.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There was an outbreak in the State of Ohio of Bolshevism a few days
+ago, but I want you gentlemen to know that it was put down. It was hit
+by the soldiers who returned from France, the rank and file of our
+boys.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, as Mr. Sullivan has suggested, let it not be said that when
+these boys that raised their right hand and took the oath of
+allegiance to the American flag return, that these contemptible skunks
+that demanded exemption under the law shall occupy the positions,
+which these truly loyal men should have. Let's give those positions to
+the returning American soldiers and the returning alien soldiers that
+fought for the American flag and helped us win the great victory.&quot; The
+applause given Sullivan was repeated.</p>
+
+<p>Then the &quot;Silver Lining,&quot; Chaplain Inzer, strode upon the stage. This
+time he was a very stern Silver Lining, and what he had to say he said
+with a vigor which characterized his speeches all during the
+convention.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to offer an amendment,&quot; he said. &quot;Mr. Sullivan's resolution
+does not cover the whole ground. As Naturalization Officer of the 14th
+Infantry, I happen to be observing enough to know that there are other
+men that ought to be included in this list. Often we called certain
+foreigners together who had been drafted and said, 'Now, men, we are
+going to go overseas in a short while. How long have you been in this
+country?'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One said, 'fourteen years.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'How long have you been here?' to another.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'I have been here so and so,' he answered.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'All right, now,' we said, 'this has been your country. If we hadn't
+gone to war, you would have expected to be here.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'But we want to go home now.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'If you go home will you fight for your country?'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'We don't know.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;And they absolutely refused to take out citizenship papers. How do we
+know them? As Naturalization Officer I marked on every one of those
+papers. 'This man, though he has been here for four years or ten years
+refused naturalization in the hope that he might avoid overseas
+service.' Now, then, I move that we include in that motion that the
+files be gone through and every man who refused citizenship, who was a
+native of any other country, but adopted this country and refused to
+take out the citizenship papers we offered him, after he had been
+brought into the army by the draft, also be deported.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Before the applause began Colonel Luke Lea had the floor. He is tall
+and imposing and a powerful speaker.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to see this made a complete and thorough job, and to that end
+I desire to offer a further amendment,&quot; he said. &quot;We further demand
+the immediate deportation of every alien enemy who, during the war,
+was interned, whether such alien enemy be now interned or has been
+paroled. I merely want to say this: That any alien enemy who is too
+dangerous to be at large and bear the burdens of war, is too dangerous
+to be at large and participate in the blessings of peace.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This brought down the house. It was what everybody thought and wanted.
+It was what everybody had hoped for since the very first day during
+the war that the Department of Justice had made its first internments.
+There have been all sorts of stories telling about these interned
+aliens getting rooms with baths, tennis courts, swimming pools, and
+playgrounds, and everyone had consistently hoped that they would all
+be sent back to Germany or Austria at the earliest possible moment
+after the war. The same hope was expressed in regard to certain
+Scandinavians and Hollanders here who were active in behalf of
+Germany. One thing is certain and that is that none of the delegates
+present were opposed to this enemy alien deportation, or if they were
+they didn't or couldn't make themselves heard above the thunderous
+approbation.</p>
+
+<p>Chaplain Inzer at this juncture jumped to his feet and heightened the
+applause by shouting, &quot;There are four million men back of this
+organization. If I were a Bolshevik, I'd pack my grip and beat it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The culmination of this particular phase of the caucus was most
+dramatic. A wounded soldier on crutches, and bearing two wound stripes
+on his arm, was helped to the stage beside the chairman. &quot;I am Private
+Sossin of Kentucky,&quot; he shouted. &quot;I was born and reared in Poland, and
+came to this country and began to enjoy all the freedom of the
+American Constitution when I was thirty-seven years old. I left my
+business and my family to fight for this country. And if any of my
+native countrymen are so despicable as not to want to fight for the
+grandest flag the world has ever seen, the flag which gives freedom to
+all who are oppressed, I say, damn him and kick him out of here so
+that we can show that we despise such slackers.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;All those in favor of the motion as finally amended
+will vote 'Aye.&quot;' That &quot;Aye&quot; shook the theater.</p>
+
+<p>The caucus then passed a resolution that every naturalized citizen
+convicted under the Espionage Act should have his citizenship revoked
+and should be deported.</p>
+
+<p>Another telling blow for Americanism!</p>
+
+<p>The caucus next went on record with a resolution calling for the
+protection of the uniform. Those firms and individuals who had used
+the uniform as a method of peddling their wares were scored in the
+resolution and it was the sense of the motion that everything possible
+should be done to prevent panhandlers and peddlers on the streets
+wearing the uniform of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The caucus also indorsed Secretary Lane's plan for the &quot;Reclamation of
+arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands.&quot; The resolution to that effect
+follows in full:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the army and navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over
+timber lands:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Now, Therefore, Be It Resolved</span>: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h3>THE REËMPLOYMENT PROBLEM</h3>
+
+<p>We are now coming to the consideration of a subject that was nearer to
+the heart of every delegate than any other. That is the re&euml;mployment
+of one-time service men. This matter is of the most intimate and
+direct concern to the Legion and its leaders and because of its
+importance I believe the details of the discussion are sufficiently
+interesting to permit me to quote them verbatim from the minutes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The secretary will read the next resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span>: &quot;Re&euml;mployment of ex-service men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the most important questions of readjustment and
+reconstruction is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier, vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment or to a better job, therefore,
+be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in its first national caucus
+assembled, declares to the people of the United States that no act can
+be more unpatriotic in these most serious days of readjustment and
+reconstruction than the violation of this principle announced which
+pledges immediate reemployment to the returned soldiers, and be it
+further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in its national caucus assembled
+does hereby declare itself as supporting in every proper way the
+efforts of the ex-service men to secure reemployment, and recommends
+that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers or ex-sailors and
+ex-marines be given preference whenever additional men are to be
+employed in any private or public enterprise, and be it further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion recommends to Congress the prompt
+enactment of a program for internal improvement, having in view the
+necessity therefor and as an incident the absorption of the surplus
+labor of the country, giving preference to discharged ex-service men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Walsh</span> (Pittsburgh): &quot;I move, Mr. Chairman, that we adopt the
+resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded by Colonel Jones, of Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Leveree</span>: &quot;Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention, I desire
+to present to you a substitute for this resolution. As one who has
+been endeavoring to give a post-war service to these men who are
+coming back here and need to be replaced in the industries of this
+country, as a volunteer dollar-a-year man in the United States
+Employment Service and one who has accomplished results in the work to
+the extent that the bulletin of the National Chamber of Commerce has
+commented on the work, I desire to call your attention to the fact
+that the resolution as presented is not concrete. It says nothing. It
+talks in generalities, and I want to present to you a concrete
+proposition based on the experience of the Bureau in New Orleans.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is desirable both for the welfare of the soldiers,
+sailors, and marines, now rapidly being discharged from the service of
+the United States of America, and for the industrial readjustment of
+the country that the process of returning these men to productive
+occupations in civil life be speeded up as much as possible;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">And Whereas</span>, by reason of the failure of the Congress of the United
+States to appropriate funds for the purpose the said process has been
+retarded and left to private initiative; now, therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in caucus assembled calls upon the
+Congress of the United States to promptly appropriate funds to be
+administered for the benefit of existing coordinated Bureaus for the
+Employment of Returning Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, to the end
+that there may be no interruption in the service now being rendered
+and that it may be broadened and speeded up, be it further</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That each local post or organization of the American Legion
+is urged during the period of demobilization to constitute itself a
+committee of the whole, which shall cooperate with the local
+Employment Bureau and shall establish and maintain a liaison between
+such Bureau and every employer in the community through members of the
+local post or organization who are already employed in such
+establishment to the end that it may be made easy for the employer to
+avail himself of the service of the Bureau by communicating with
+someone in his own establishment, and that every soldier, sailor, and
+marine already replaced in industry may have an opportunity to assist
+his comrades to become likewise.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, this is the crux of that whole business&mdash;getting somebody
+close to the employer where you can bring about that liaison which is
+suggested in this substitute motion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion to adopt the substitute resolution was made by Mr. Leveree
+and seconded by Mr. Luss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Desmond</span> (of Pennsylvania): &quot;What has been said, in my estimation,
+is not comprehensive enough. In the city of Philadelphia which is
+known as the Cradle of Liberty, when the men who had given up
+positions in the educational system&mdash;I mean teachers&mdash;returned from
+the service of their country they were not, as promised, given the
+exact positions which they left. Neither were they given positions of
+parallel importance. They were actually demoted in grade so that these
+motions do not cover such circumstances. In many cases, in
+municipalities, men have returned from the service and have been
+forced to take positions not of a parallel grade but positions of a
+lower grade.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Men, Americanism depends on America's school systems, and if the ones
+who are directing our school systems are so unpatriotic as to demote
+those who go forth to serve their country, what is going to become of
+America and Americanism? And I wish to make an amendment to the effect
+that municipalities and boards of education in those municipalities be
+forced to give men their parallel positions if not positions of better
+grade and that in no instance will they be allowed to demote a man
+because he has gone forth to serve his country. I put that forward as
+an amendment, that the municipal governments and boards of education
+in our municipalities be forced to give men positions of equal grade
+if they cannot give better grade.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Simington</span> (of Washington): &quot;I speak in opposition to that amended
+resolution. In my State I represent ten thousand organized men. In my
+State the present system has proven a failure. The organization that I
+represent handles an employment bureau that places 350 service men a
+week in permanent positions and 150 in temporary employment, and I say
+to you that that record is far and above the record of the U.S.
+Replacement Bureau. It is a proven failure. Gentlemen, I believe that
+it is 'For George to do'&mdash;and we are George.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The service man wishes to take care of himself and his own. It is for
+the service man to handle his own problems and I suggest as an
+amendment&mdash;I am not sure of my being in order in offering an amendment
+to an amended amendment, but I suggest that it be the sense of this
+meeting that Congress assist the American Legion in taking care of its
+own in the matter of employment and that it do not use civilians to do
+the work.&quot; (Applause.)</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hill</span> (of Pennsylvania): &quot;The original resolution that is before
+the convention, I am frank to say, has been forwarded to me by a
+soldier from Allegheny County, who walked the streets of Pittsburgh
+for eight or nine weeks pleading this principle. A resolution adopted
+by the Mothers of Democracy was sufficient for him to get back his
+job, because he held a position as a county employee of Allegheny
+County and he invoked this principle and vitalized every military
+organization in Allegheny County, and by means of that he got back his
+job and his back salary and his mother's allowance which was cut off
+since January 1, 1918. This resolution was originally presented by me
+as a member of the National Resolutions Committee from the State of
+Pennsylvania. The National Resolutions Committee appointed a
+subcommittee of which I was a member, a committee of three, to
+consider this and refer it back to the National Resolutions Committee.
+That committee passed favorably upon it and the National Resolutions
+Committee passed it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, if that resolution, as it stands before the house, was
+sufficient to get a job back for him, playing almost a lone hand,
+surely it is sufficient for any man here or for, this American Legion,
+for all it provides for, and all that is necessary to be done is the
+simple patriotism with the American Legion in back of it which can
+place its hands on the shoulder of any substantial employer and say,
+'Do you wish to rectify yourself on this thing called &quot;patriotism?&quot;'
+Do you wish to give the soldier back his job who presents to you a
+meritorious case? We give you a chance. If you do not take it we will
+publish this thing and you will go down to contumely and
+stultification.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Knox</span>: &quot;Gentlemen, I am speaking on behalf of the Resolutions
+Committee. We spent all day yesterday listening to such requests as
+this. Our final calculated judgment is represented in the resolutions
+as presented. We found in the discussion that there was opposition to
+an endorsement of the United States Federal replacement division.
+(Applause.) And so we determined that the language as adopted covered
+the cast. We proposed to create in this organization a reemployment
+bureau of our own, and the resolution as presented is all the support
+that bureau needs.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I move you, sir, that all the substitutes for the original resolution
+be laid on the table.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bennett Clark</span>: &quot;I simply want to call attention to the fact that
+under the rules of the House of Representatives that if you lay all
+amendments on the table it carries the entire proposition to the table
+and I don't believe this convention wants to do that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Knox</span>: &quot;I ask a ruling on that, Mr. Chairman. If we lay all these
+substitutes for this resolution on the table will that kill the
+resolution?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Unless you dispense with the rules.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>MR. KNOX: &quot;Mr. Chairman, I move you, sir, the suspension of the rules
+to a sufficient extent so that we may table the substitutes which have
+been offered to the original resolution offered by the committee.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Motion seconded by Mr. Bond of New York and carried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;The question now comes back to the original
+resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The question was called for and it was adopted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Ackley</span>: &quot;Mr. Chairman, I have another amendment to offer.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;It's too late. The secretary will read the next
+resolution.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE DISREGARD OF SELF</h3>
+
+<p>I feel almost as if the next matter under discussion should have not
+only a special chapter devoted to it but be printed in large type and
+in distinctive ink, for I do not believe that anything so thoroughly
+gave evidence of the utter disregard of self in the Legion as did the
+flat refusal of the delegates to tolerate what has been called in some
+quarters, the &quot;Pay Grab.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The minutes read:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary Wood</span> (Reading): &quot;ADDITIONAL PAY FOR ENLISTED MEN.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the financial sacrifice of the enlisted persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States in the world war was
+altogether in excess of that of any other class of our citizenship,
+and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the great majority of these persons left lucrative
+employment upon joining the colors, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, this direct financial sacrifice was made at a time when
+men, many of them aliens who thrived in safety at home, were enjoying
+the advantages of an exceptionally high war wage, and</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the service which involved this sacrifice was a Federal
+service in defense of our national honor and national security,
+therefore be it</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the delegates to this caucus of those who served with
+the colors in the world war urge upon the members of the 66th Congress
+the justice and propriety of appropriating a sufficient sum from the
+National Treasury to pay every person who served in the enlisted
+personnel in the military or naval service for a period of at least
+six months between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, six months
+additional pay at the rate of $30.00 a month, and to those persons who
+served less than six months' in the military or naval service between
+April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, the sum of $15.00 per month for
+each month so served. This bonus to be in addition to any pay or bonus
+previously granted or authorized and to be paid upon and subject to
+the honorable discharge of any such person.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Knox</span>: &quot;Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the resolution as
+read.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The motion was seconded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mcgrath</span> (New Jersey): &quot;I served in the navy, and I simply want to
+call attention to the fact that this resolution says that the money
+shall be paid upon the honorable discharge of the soldiers and
+sailors, but in the navy we are only released from active duty and I
+will not be discharged for three years, neither will any of the other
+three hundred thousand naval reserves. I therefore move that the
+resolution be amended to say that so far as the navy is concerned that
+the money shall be paid upon their release from active duty or their
+honorable discharge.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The committee accepted the amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chairman</span>: &quot;Before I put this motion I want to make this suggestion
+to you, that this is a pretty serious matter that you are considering.
+It is for this caucus, of course, in its wisdom to determine that
+which it wants to do, but up to this time, it has assumed continuously
+a most splendidly high and patriotic and unselfish attitude toward
+this whole question. It has dealt immediately and fairly and
+positively with regard to employment problems, but I suggest to you
+that we ought to consider very carefully whether we want to go on
+record as a caucus, as provided in this resolution, and I would prefer
+not to put the question until you have considered it further.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The action of the caucus was foreshadowed by the applause which it
+gave to Colonel Lindsley's caution. Fully a half dozen men jumped to
+their feet and waved their hands wildly demanding recognition.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt arose from his seat with the New York delegation,
+and Chairman Lindsley recognized him.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, I want to draw your attention to one feature of this
+question,&quot; he said. The Colonel spoke very deliberately and very
+distinctly, reminding a great many of his auditors of his father
+because of the way he snapped his words out. &quot;I heartily agree with
+what the chair has said so far. I want you to get this particular
+reaction on the matter and I want to relate to you a little incident
+that happened coming out on the train from New York. One of the
+delegates on the same train with me said that the conductor stopped
+and talked to him and among other things said, 'Young Teddy Roosevelt
+is up ahead. He's going out to St. Louis to try to get some of the
+soldiers together to sandbag something out of the Government!'
+<i>Sandbag something out of the Government!</i>&quot; The young Colonel's frame
+shook with emotion as he repeated that sentence. &quot;Do you men get the
+idea of what he thought we were trying to do? We want everything that
+is right for us to have, but we are not going to try to sandbag the
+Government <i>out</i> of anything; primarily we are going to try to put
+something <i>into</i> the Government. In thinking over this resolution
+think of that.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img014.jpg" id="img014"><img src="images/img014.jpg" width="261" height="500" alt="Fred Humphrey of New Mexico, A Vice-Chairman." title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Fred Humphrey of New Mexico<br />
+A Vice-Chairman.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/img015.jpg" id="img015"><img src="images/img015.jpg" width="291" height="500" alt="Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+Corps. He is a Vice-Chairman." title="" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="center">Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+Corps<br />
+He is a Vice-Chairman.</p>
+
+<p>The cheer which greeted this suggestion was so resounding and the
+opinion of the caucus so positive on this question that Mr. Gordon of
+Connecticut, a member of the committee that framed the resolution,
+moved that it should be laid on the table.</p>
+
+<p>The thunderous &quot;Aye&quot; which tabled this resolution might well be
+recorded in letters of gold.</p>
+
+<p>It showed the utter unselfishness of the American doughboy, gob, and
+leatherneck. He had followed Colonel Roosevelt's advice: he refused to
+sandbag the Government out of anything, and this action gives the best
+possible basis for the procedure to put something into the Government.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the action of certain newspapers, organizations, and
+individuals in advocating that six months' pay should be given to the
+returned service man, I wonder if there are not still a great many of
+them who are still puzzled over why the Legion refused to endorse this
+movement. There must be scores of them, dozens of them who were not
+present at the St. Louis Caucus, to catch its spirit and who have not
+carefully considered just what impression such a demand on the part of
+former soldiers, sailors, and marines would create on the rest of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Why shouldn't six months' pay be given to every man who did his bit in
+the war with Germany? In the first place, these men who have returned
+from the war have begotten for themselves the utmost respect and
+affection from those who could not go. The civilian forms the majority
+of our people. Because of the esteem before-mentioned, he is willing
+to grant almost anything <i>within reason</i> to the service man who risked
+so much in defense of the country. It is to the interest of the
+service man to make the civilian population feel that he does not want
+to get something for nothing but that, rather, he would still prefer
+to give his best to the country in peaceful times in the same spirit
+that he manifested in war times&mdash;an utter disregard of self.</p>
+
+<p>Had the Legion endorsed this resolution, the general consensus would
+have been, &quot;There are the soldiers getting together to make demands.
+Their organization is nothing more or less than an association formed
+to get something out of the Treasury.&quot; Therefore, when the service
+men, as a unit, came to demand something vitally necessary for the
+good of the country, it is possible that they might be answered: &quot;We
+have paid you in money and have your receipt and that will be all for
+you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This Legion can, must, and will be an inspiration and a guiding spirit
+because it is composed of men who have been willing to sacrifice self
+for the good of the country. For that they have obtained the
+affection of their world and just so long as they are willing to
+continue to manifest that spirit will they retain that affection.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CLOSING HOURS</h3>
+
+<p>The next resolution to be passed was that concerning &quot;Disability Pay.&quot;
+That resolution, as passed read.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious
+injustice is done to the civilian who entered the military service,
+and as an incident, too, that service is disabled, therefore,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;BE IT <span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That this caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the war with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted personnel who served in
+the military and naval forces of the United States during said war,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then followed the passage of the War Risk Insurance Resolution. This
+read:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes of this organization is: 'To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States and those dependent
+upon them,' and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the
+service, who had not had their rights, privileges, and benefits under
+the War Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men,
+therefore, are losing daily, such rights, privileges, and benefits,
+which may never again be restored, and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits, and privileges,
+therefore,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That this caucus pledges its most energetic support
+to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to the end
+that the rights, privileges, and benefits under the War Risk Insurance
+Act be conserved and that the men discharged from the service be made
+to realize what are their rights under this act; and that the
+Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes herein
+expressed and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That it is the sense of this caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may select
+his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was director of the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau in Washington. In speaking to the motion to pass
+the foregoing resolution, he said that more than a year ago he and
+other officers in France felt that if there were no other reasons for
+an organization such as the Legion, it would be more than worth while
+to create one even though its sole function was to let those who
+served in the war know their rights about government insurance and if
+it saw to it that the general scheme was perpetuated.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am speaking particularly of the insurance phase of the situation,&quot;
+he said in part. &quot;The United States Government to-day is the greatest
+insurance institution on earth. Thirty-nine billions of dollars of
+applications have poured in from over four millions of men; an average
+of practically $9000 per man is held throughout the United States and
+abroad, and over 90% of these men are insured. That insurance is the
+best in the world, because the greatest and the best and the richest
+Government on earth says, 'I promise to pay.' It is the cheapest
+insurance in the world and always will be because the Government says,
+'As part of our contribution, we, the people of the United States, in
+this war, as a legitimate expense, will pay all cost of administering
+this Bureau.' So that the men who have this insurance now and those
+who have it hereafter will pay only the net cost. If there is any
+savings, they get it. So that for all time to come they have got the
+insurance cheaper than any other country except the United States can
+give them. I say that without any improper comparison with the
+splendid, properly organized institutions in the United States. It is
+simply this: That the people of the United States pay this cost of
+administration. By June 1st the policies of conversion will be ready
+to be delivered to those who want them. You will be able to cease term
+insurance, if you wish, and have ordinary life, limited payment life,
+or endowment insurance. You can have any kind you please, but the big
+thing, my comrades, is this: To retain every single dollar of this
+insurance that you can afford to carry. Don't be in any particular
+hurry about conversion. If your income isn't good&mdash;carry this message
+back to the boys throughout the United States&mdash;if their income at this
+time doesn't justify carrying higher priced insurance, retain that
+which they have got and throughout this country tell the men that
+those who have lapsed their insurance because they didn't understand
+its value, because it wasn't properly presented to them at the period
+of demobilization by the Government, for it was not, tell them they
+are going to have every right of reinstatement without physical
+examination.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There is going to be no snap judgment on any man who served in this
+war who, because he was not able when he went out or didn't have the
+information or because he was careless or for any other reason didn't
+carry on his insurance. I ask you, my friends, and I think it is one
+of the important functions of this great American Legion that is born
+here in St. Louis at this time, to see that the fullest possible
+amount of this government insurance is maintained. Every man that
+holds a government policy is a part of the Government more than ever
+before. I ask you to bear this in mind and it is going to be within
+your power to say yes and no to many of the great problems of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I ask you to see that this great bureau is kept out of politics and
+that it is administered, in the years to come in the interests of
+those for whom this law was enacted, those who served as soldiers,
+sailors, and marines in this war and their dependents. I thank you for
+this opportunity of presenting this matter to you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;... It is going to be within your power to say yes or no to many of
+the great problems of the United States.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The service men know this but coming from a man like Colonel Lindsley
+it is especially important. How are they going to use this power? What
+sort of a legislative program will the Legion have? The answer isn't
+hard to find by a perusal of the resolutions which were passed and by
+remembering that most important one which did not pass, viz.: the pay
+grab.</p>
+
+<p>The next resolution occupying the attention of the caucus was that one
+relating to disability of soldiers, sailors, and marines. It reads:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That the delegates from the several States shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor, and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors, and marines to take advantage of governmental
+assistance, and that every effort be made by the American Legion in
+the several States to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The whole work of the Legion as outlined at the caucus is constructive
+and therefore inspiring. The reader will note from the last
+resolution that members of the Legion are to be instructed to
+distribute the literature of the Rehabilitation Department among
+wounded soldiers, sailors, and marines and to show them how to take
+advantage of governmental assistance; and also that every effort will
+be made by the American Legion to stop any attempt to pauperize
+disabled men.</p>
+
+<p>A higher-minded, more gentle resolve than that, can hardly be
+imagined. All of us remember the host of begging cripples who were
+going the rounds of the country even so long as thirty-five or forty
+years after the Civil War. This last resolution means that such will
+not be the case after this war. I think that it would be safe to say
+that in nine cases out of ten, after the Legion gets thoroughly
+started, crippled beggars who pretend to have been wounded in the
+service of their country will be fakers. Mr. Mott of Illinois, in the
+discussion on this question, brought out the fact that there were
+approximately sixty thousand soldiers, sailors, and marines
+permanently disabled as a result of wounds, accidents, and disease
+incurred in the war, while approximately one hundred and forty
+thousand discharged men were only more or less disabled.</p>
+
+<p>The final resolution was that copies of all resolutions passed by the
+caucus were to be forwarded to every member of the United States
+Senate and each representative in Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Louis A. Frothingham, chairman of the Resolutions Committee, made an
+address in which he thanked the people of St. Louis for their
+hospitality and the War Camp Community Service for its aid. The War
+Camp Community Service sent special men to St. Louis under the
+direction of Mr. Frank L. Jones to cooperate with its St. Louis
+leaders in helping to make the delegates comfortable. Arrangements
+were made whereby delegates of small means could get lodging for
+twenty-five cents a night and meals at the same price.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Foss of Ohio introduced the following resolution of thanks which
+was passed standing:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That a standing vote of thanks be tendered to the War Camp
+Community Service for its active hospitality to the delegates to this
+St. Louis Caucus of the American Legion, which is in keeping with its
+splendid work through the war in extending community service to our
+American soldiers, sailors, and marines, and,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That an engrossed copy of this resolution be
+forwarded to the national secretary of the War Camp Community
+Service.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In this connection it might be well to digress a bit and to say that
+War Camp Community Service functioned splendidly for the young men of
+our Army, Navy, and Marine Corps during the war, and as &quot;Community
+Service, Inc.&quot; intends to continue caring for not only the doughboys
+and gobs it served so well but for an enlarged patronage. During the
+conflict, War Camp Community Service organized the social and
+recreational resources of six hundred communities which were adjacent
+to training camps, army bases, and naval stations, and also developed
+the same resources in thirty large communities dominated by great war
+industries, of which the industrial centers at Bethlehem, Chester, and
+Erie, Pennsylvania, are types.</p>
+
+<p>I believe it is well worth while for every member of the American
+Legion to know something about War Camp accomplishment, and Community
+Service possibilities for each has a similar aim and goal which may be
+realized by harmonious effort on the part of community service
+branches and legion posts throughout the entire country.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of War Camp Community Service, like all successful
+experiments, was based on sound truth and simple theory and proved to
+be far reaching in results. Communities were not told what to do;
+there was no cut and dried program, but rather each community received
+special treatment suited to its particular needs, temperament, and
+physical characteristics. The basic idea underlying this activity is
+to allow each one to express himself. No person or community has the
+same thoughts, manner of living or thinking, and entire communities,
+like individuals, are affected by their environment and the life which
+circumstances compel them to lead. An iron monger's stalwart frame may
+conceal a poetic-soul, while the frail body of an obscure clerk may
+enclose the spirit of a Cromwell. War Camp has helped a great many
+such men to find themselves. Community Service promises to do the same
+thing, for the war has given ample proof of the need of just this kind
+of service.</p>
+
+<p>With the war gone, with thousands of young men thrown upon their own
+initiative and resources for both work and play, there is going to be
+a great need of proper guidance, companionship, and comradeship,
+unless a great many are to be overtaken by some madness like
+Bolshevism or in a lesser degree&mdash;constant and brooding
+dissatisfaction. The American Legion post, with its leaders, is going
+to fill a great need here. It will be some place to go where a man can
+meet his fellows of the better type, and, not only indulge in the
+pleasure of discussing former days but, better still, take an interest
+in present-day movements affecting his country.</p>
+
+<p>Also, I feel that Community Service will have a great place in this
+same scheme: that it can take the former service man, lonely and
+seeking expression, just where the Legion leaves off and, with Legion
+ideals on Americanism and the duties of citizenship as a basis, can
+round him off in the softer, more intimate molds of life, so that
+between the two he may not be only an honor to his country, but to his
+family and to his God as well. Therefore, I believe Community Service
+will fall heir to the goodwill created by War Camp throughout the
+nation, that it will retain the best of the latter's tenets and will
+take its place as one of the great powers for good in the community
+life of this country.</p>
+
+<p>At the final session, Major Caspar G. Bacon was elected treasurer of
+the Legion to serve until November 11th. Delegations appointed State
+chairmen and secretaries to carry on the work of further organization
+for the November convention.</p>
+
+<p>During luncheon time of the last day there had been some fear
+expressed among certain of the delegates that the loyal foreign-born
+element in the United States might not thoroughly understand the Alien
+Slackers Resolution. In order to make that perfectly clear Chaplain
+Inzer, during the last hours of the caucus, called for a cheer for
+every foreign-born citizen who gave loyal service to the United
+States. A rousing one was given.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the unanimous report of the Committee on Constitution and
+By-Laws and declaration of principles. It was passed upon, section by
+section. You will find it printed elsewhere in this volume, and you
+must read it if you would get a true view of the principles underlying
+the Legion. It is as plain as a lesson in a school reader. Any comment
+on it from me would be editorial tautology, so I don't want to say
+anything more than that its framing was one of the cleverest and most
+comprehensive bits of work done since the very beginning of the
+Legion.</p>
+
+<p>On the question of eligibility of Americans who had served in other
+armies, Mr. Palmen of California, announced as a bit of information
+that an Act approved by Congress on October 15, 1918, provided that
+such men must repatriate themselves. &quot;We must go before a judge
+qualified to give citizenship back, taking with us our honorable
+discharge and credentials to show that we were American citizens at
+the time we enlisted,&quot; Mr. Palmen declared. Mr. Palmen was with the
+Canadian Army for three and a half years. &quot;This question has been
+debated and the public at large is much confused about it,&quot; he
+continued. &quot;I am told all that I must do is to go before a judge and
+that I will immediately be made a citizen again with all the rights
+and privileges which that implies.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was no &quot;hero stuff&quot; at all at this caucus, no names of heroes,
+as such, were mentioned. The name of the President of the United
+States was not called nor any member of his Cabinet nor was any
+reference made to them either direct or indirect. This was done to
+avoid the appearance of politics. General Pershing's name was
+mentioned once and that was during the discussion of the sixth section
+of the constitution which provides that &quot;no Post may be named for any
+living person.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Major Leonard of the District of Columbia delegation obtained the
+floor and said that his delegation was in an embarrassing position
+because they had already organized a post and named it &quot;Pershing Post
+No. 1.&quot; Major Wickersham of New York, stated that a number of posts
+were already in the process of organization in his State and that the
+names of living men had been adopted by them.</p>
+
+<p>After all why not call these posts after living men?</p>
+
+<p>Delegate Harder, of Oklahoma, offered the answer:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;With all due respect to the gentlemen who have already named their
+posts they are subjected, as are we to the action of this caucus,&quot; he
+said. &quot;We know positively that in due course of time those names will
+be used, at least to a certain extent, politically. Let us find some
+other way to honor these men and make it impossible for the people of
+this country to get the idea that this is a political organization.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There you have it, the real reason. Delegate Harder was only one of
+the hundreds who not only wanted to keep the Legion out of politics
+now but for all time to come.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McGrath of New Jersey also took an amusing fling at article six.
+As originally drawn it stipulated that the local unit should be termed
+a billet. &quot;I object to the word billet,&quot; he said. &quot;It has too many
+unpleasant associations as those men who slept in them in France will
+testify. A billet meant some place where you lay down and slept as
+long as certain little animals would let you, and the American Legion
+isn't going to do that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Just about this time the afternoon was drawing to a close. Everybody
+realized that a monumental task had been performed. Sleepless nights
+and nerve-wracking days had been endured. Many pocketbooks were
+running low. Everybody felt it was time to go home.</p>
+
+<p>General Hoffman of Oklahoma obtained recognition from the chair as
+some of the delegates already were rising to leave the theater. &quot;I
+move, Mr. Chairman,&quot; shouted the General, &quot;that we extend a vote of
+thanks to Colonel Roosevelt and Colonel Clark and other gentlemen who
+have been associated with them and to the chairman of this association
+and his able assistants who have brought this convention to such a
+happy and successful close.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the mention of Colonel Roosevelt's name departing delegates tarried
+and when Mr. Weinman of Louisiana moved adjournment, the house stood
+and with one accord began to cry, &quot;We want Teddy,&quot; &quot;We want Teddy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Roosevelt walked to the center of the stage and raised both
+hands seeking silence.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I want to say just one thing,&quot; he said. &quot;I have never been so much
+impressed in my life as I have been by the actions of this caucus,
+actions of the various committees and in the way this caucus thought
+for itself and acted for itself. For instance it would receive
+resolutions from the Resolutions Committee, would think them over,
+would re-decide on them and would re-decide them right. I want to say
+in closing that the only thing I regret is that my father could not
+have been alive at this moment to see the actions of this body of
+Americans.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Healey of the New York delegation obtained the attention of the
+chair. &quot;I make a motion,&quot; stated Mr. Healey, &quot;that before this great
+caucus adjourns we should remain standing in one minute's silence as a
+tribute to the greatest statesman that this nation has ever
+produced&mdash;THEODORE ROOSEVELT.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?</h3>
+
+<p>As I glance back over these pages I am impressed with the fact that
+only the preface of &quot;The Story of the American Legion&quot; has been
+written here. When the reaches of the years shall gather to themselves
+the last of the men of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United
+States during its war against Germany that story may then be
+faithfully told. So the truth of the matter now is that history is in
+the writing so far as the American Legion in its relation to the
+United States of America is concerned. That statement isn't in reality
+as platitudinous as it seems at first thought.</p>
+
+<p>We have arrived at world importance in history. We have come to that
+as the result of our part in the world war. Our isolation is over. We
+are the cynosure of all eyes. Uncle Sam is the dominant world figure;
+his hands control the reins that are driving the world. He has the
+enemies which all the successful have. There are those who had, and
+haven't, and there are those who never had, and want; all desiring,
+all envying the power of the United States of America. This great
+power and position was gained primarily by one motive&mdash;unselfishness.
+Just so long as it is our dominant trait will we retain what we have
+gained. Just so long as we remain true to our innate principles, to
+the tenets of our constitution, will we retain world importance and
+world influence.</p>
+
+<p>There is a wolf at the gates of civilized Europe. If he gets inside
+nothing can stop him from ravishing us. This war has bound us so
+closely to Europe that we are, in a sense, one and the same. He who
+strikes our brother strikes us, even though he be so far away that the
+distance is measured by an ocean. We must get over the idea that
+distance makes a difference. The Atlantic ocean has just been crossed
+in sixteen hours. Remember, thought travels even faster.</p>
+
+<p>The wolf that I mentioned is a Mad Thought. He is Bolshevism. He has
+the madness because of hunger, a hunger not only of body but of mind;
+the century-long hunger of the Russian peoples for Freedom. Russia has
+run in a circle. From the autocracy of the classes it has arrived at
+the autocracy of the masses.</p>
+
+<p>Then, too, all our European brothers are war worn; tired, tired nearly
+to death with struggle and sacrifice, and this is not a frame of mind
+calculated to help reseat reason in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Why the American Legion?</p>
+
+<p>One of our great bankers recently returned from an intimate study of
+affairs abroad. His name is Frank A. Vanderlip. In an address before
+the Economic Club in New York City he said that Europe is paralyzed
+and that our task is to save.</p>
+
+<p>I give the introduction to his address as it appeared in the New York
+<i>Times</i>:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Frank A. Vanderlip, who spoke last night at the Hotel Astor, at a
+dinner of the Economic Club, which was held for the purpose of hearing
+his story of conditions in Europe, whence he has recently returned,
+said that England was on the verge of a revolution, which was narrowly
+averted in February, when he was there, and the conditions on the
+Continent of Europe are appalling beyond anything dreamed of in this
+country.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that the food conditions in Europe would be worse instead of
+better for a year ahead, because of the dislocation of labor and the
+destruction of farm animals, and that the industrial and economic
+outlook, generally, points to a period after the war, which will
+equal, if not exceed the war period in suffering and misery.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that Italy was afraid to disband her army, because she could
+not employ the men and was afraid of idleness. He said that the
+differential, which had kept England pre&euml;minent in international
+trade, was the underpayment of labor, and that this differential was
+now being wiped out, forcing England to face tremendously serious
+problems for the future. He quoted a British minister as saying that
+means would have to be found to send six or seven millions of
+Englishmen out of the British Isles and closer to the sources of food
+production, if continental conditions continued long as at present.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that the best printing presses in the world to-day, except
+those in Washington, were at Petrograd, and that they were turning out
+masses of counterfeited pounds, francs, marks, lira, and pesetas, so
+skillfully made that detection was almost impossible. He said that
+these counterfeits were being spent largely by Germans to foment
+Bolshevist propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Spain would, he said, be the most promising country in Europe except
+for the labor situation there, which had brought it to the verge of
+Bolshevism. He said that the most perfect laboratory of Bolshevism in
+Europe outside of Russia was in Barcelona, Spain, which he said was
+ruled absolutely by a mysterious secret council, which had censored
+and fined the newspapers until they quit publication and had enforced
+its will in all matters by assassinations, which no one dared to
+punish.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He said that America alone could save Europe and that its aid must be
+extended to all countries equally. He said that this was necessary,
+not only to save Europe, but to prevent an invasion of America by the
+forces threatening the social overthrow of Europe.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Why the American Legion?</p>
+
+<p>There, at least, is one great reason.</p>
+
+<p>Our men of the army, navy, and marine corps got a schooling in the
+practical Americanism which our military establishment naturally
+teaches. Those who were aliens by birth and those native sons with
+inadequate educational advantages learned a great deal by association
+with men of better types and by travel. These men can and will stem
+the insidious guile of the wolf, and, to aid them in so doing, the
+Legion has an active speakers' bureau under Captain Osborn teaching
+Americanism in every section of the country. These speakers, in
+helping to organize the Legion along the right lines, teach the
+Constitution of the United States and preach that remedial changes in
+this government can be brought about in only one way, and that is,
+constitutionally.</p>
+
+<p>Why the American Legion?</p>
+
+<p>America is safe from any real danger if she can keep everybody busy.
+Less than two weeks after the caucus, the national executive committee
+had in process of formation a practicable scheme to aid in solving the
+re&euml;mployment problem. As time goes on this department of Legion
+activity will become more and more efficient.</p>
+
+<p>Here is another answer to the question.</p>
+
+<p>All through these pages the reader has found references to this
+question of re&euml;mployment; to anti-Bolshevism; the protection of the
+uniform; the non-partisan and non-political nature of the Legion;
+unselfishness; disability pay for the reserve forces; war risk
+insurance; allotments and back pay; the care of disabled service men;
+one hundred per cent. Americanism, and the deportation of those aliens
+who &quot;bit the hand that fed them.&quot; The story has dealt almost entirely
+with these questions because primarily and fundamentally they are The
+American Legion. This program is the most important in the United
+States to-day. It means the betterment of the most stable forces in
+our community life, not only of to-day but for the next forty or fifty
+years. It means the proper extension of the influence of the most
+powerful factor for patriotism in our country&mdash;the onetime service
+man. It does not mean patriotism bounded on one side by a brass band
+and on the other by a dressy uniform and a reunion banner. It means
+real patriotism in its broadest sense&mdash;a clean body politic; a clean
+national soul and a clean international conscience.</p>
+
+<p>This is the final answer to the question which serves as the title for
+this concluding chapter.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_AMERICAN_LEGION" id="THE_AMERICAN_LEGION"></a>THE AMERICAN LEGION</h2>
+
+<h3>LIST OF STATE OFFICERS</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama:</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li>  Chairman: Bibb Graves, Montgomery.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Leroy Jacobs, Care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E. Power Conway, Noll Bldg., Phoenix.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Fred B. Townsend, Natl. Bk., Arizona Bldg., Phoenix.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: J.J. Harrison, Little Rock.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Granville Burrow, Little Rock.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Henry G. Mathewson, Flood Bldg., San Francisco.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: H.A. Saidy, Colorado Springs.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Jas. B. Moody, Jr., 202 Phoenix Bk. Bldg., Hartford.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd., Stamford.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District Of Columbia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E. Lester Jones, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Geo. N. Davis, 909 Market St., Wilmington.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: S.L. Lowry, Jr., Citizens Bk. Bldg., Tampa.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.T. Wiggington, 818&mdash;15th St., Miami.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Trammell Scott, 97 E. Merrits Ave., Atlanta.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Louis H. Bell, c/o Service Record, 208 Flatiron Bldg., Atlanta.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Lawrence Judd, c/o T.H. Davies &amp; Co., Ltd., Honolulu.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: C.M. Booth, Pocatello.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Laverne Collier, Pocatello.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: George G. Seaman, Taylorville.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Myron E. Adams, 205 Marquette Bldg., 140 S. Dearborn St., Chicago.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Raymond S. Springer, Connersville.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg., Indianapolis.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Matthew A. Tinley, Council Bluffs.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: A. Phares, 519 Sweiter Bldg., Wichita.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ike Lambert, Emporia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Henry DeHaven Moorman, Hardinsburgh.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: D.A. Sachs, Louisville.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Allison Owen, 1237 State St., New Orleans.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: A.L. Robinson, 85 Exchange St., Portland.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Jas. A. Gary, Jr., Equitable Bldg., Baltimore.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: John F.J. Herbert, 749 Pleasant St., Worcester.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George P. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Geo. C. Waldo, Detroit.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Harrison Fuller, c/o St. Paul Dispatch, St. Paul.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George G. Chapin, 603 Guardian Life Bldg., St. Paul.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Alex Fitzhugh, Vicksburgh.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: John M. Alexander, Jackson.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman:</li>
+<li>  Secretary:</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Chas. L. Sheridan, Bozeman.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ben. W. Barnett, Helena.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: John G. Maher, Lincoln.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Allan A. Tukey, 1st Natl. Bank Bldg., Omaha.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E.L. Malsbary, Reno.</li>
+
+<li>  Secretary: J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Frank Knox, Manchester.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Hobart Brown, c/o Fireman's Insurance Co., Broad and Market Sts., Newark.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Charles M. DeBremon, Roswell.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Harry Howard Dorman, Santa F&eacute;.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: C.W. Wickersham, 140 Nassau St., New York City.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St., New York City.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: C.K. Burgess, 107 Commercial Bank Bldg., Raleigh.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Charles N. Hulvey, A.&amp;E. College, Raleigh.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: R.H. Treacy, Bismarck.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: P.C. Galbraith, Cincinnati.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House, Columbus.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Ross N. Lillard, Oklahoma City.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E.J. Eivers, 444-1/2 Larrabee St., Portland.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Dow V. Walker, Care Multnomah Club, Portland.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman and Secretary: George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Alexander H. Johnson, City Hall, Providence.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: John D. Smyser, M.D., 423 South Gargan St., Florence.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: T.R. Johnson, Sioux Falls.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.C. Denison, Vermillion.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Roan Waring, Bank of Commerce and Trust Co. Bldg., Memphis.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville, Tenn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Claude B. Birkhead, San Antonio.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: J.A. Belzer, Austin.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Harold R. Smoot, Salt Lake City.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Andrew D. Christian, c/o Ruy &amp; Power Bldg., Richmond.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: R.G.M. Ross, 508 1st Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Newport News.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: H. Nelson Jackson, Burlington.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington.</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Harvey A. Moss, Seattle.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: George R. Drever, c/o Adj. Gen. Office, Armory, Seattle.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: Jackson Arnold, 111 Court Ave., Weston.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: Chas. McCamic, 904 Nat'l. Bank of West Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: E.F. Ackley, 226 First Nat'l. Bk. Bldg., Milwaukee.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming:</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>  Chairman: A.H. Beach, Lusk.</li>
+<li>  Secretary: R.H. Nichols, Casper.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION" id="CONSTITUTION"></a>CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION</h2>
+<h4>AS ADOPTED BY</h4>
+<h2>THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS</h2>
+
+<h4>May 10, 1919</h4>
+
+<h3>PREAMBLE</h3>
+
+<p>For God and Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+purposes:</p>
+
+<p>To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America;
+to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per
+cent. Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our
+association in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of individual
+obligation to the community, state, and nation; to combat the
+autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master
+of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and
+transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and
+democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion
+to mutual helpfulness.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE I</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Name</i></h4>
+
+<p>The name of this organization shall be <span class="smcap">The American Legion</span>.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE II</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Membership</i></h4>
+
+<p>All persons shall be eligible to membership in this organization who
+were in the military or naval service of the United States during the
+period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates
+inclusive, and all persons who served in the military or naval
+services of any of the governments associated with the United States
+during the World War, provided that they were citizens of the United
+States at the time of their enlistment, and are again citizens at the
+time of application, except those persons who separated from the
+service under terms amounting to dishonorable discharge and except
+also those persons who refused to perform their military duties on the
+ground of conscientious or political obligation.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE III</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Nature</i></h4>
+
+<p>While requiring that every member of the organization perform his full
+duty as a citizen according to his own conscience and understanding,
+the organization shall be absolutely non-partisan, and shall not be
+used for the dissemination of partisan principles, or for the
+promotion of the candidacy of any person seeking public office or
+preferment.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE IV</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Administration</i></h4>
+
+<p>I. The Legislative Body of the organization shall be a national
+convention, to be held annually at a place and time to be fixed by
+vote of the preceding convention, or in the event that the preceding
+convention does not fix a time and place, then such time and place
+shall be fixed by the Executive Committee, hereinafter provided for.</p>
+
+<p>2. The annual convention shall be composed of delegates and alternates
+from each state, the District of Columbia, and each territory and
+territorial possession of the United States, each of which shall be
+entitled to four delegates and four alternates, and to one additional
+delegate and alternate for each one thousand memberships paid up
+thirty days prior to the date of the national convention. The vote of
+each state, of the District of Columbia, and of each territory or
+territorial possession of the United States shall be equal to the
+total number of delegates to which that state, district, territory, or
+territorial possession is entitled.</p>
+
+<p>3. The delegates to the national convention shall be chosen by each
+state in the manner hereinafter prescribed.</p>
+
+<p>4. The executive power shall be vested in a National Executive
+Committee to be composed of two representatives from each state, the
+District of Columbia, territory and territorial possessions of the
+United States and such other ex-officio members as may be elected by
+the Caucus. The National Executive Committee shall have authority to
+fill any vacancies in its membership.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE V</h4>
+
+<h4><i>State Organization</i></h4>
+
+<p>The state organization shall consist of that organization in each
+state, territory, or the District of Columbia whose delegates have
+been seated in the St. Louis Caucus. In those states which are at
+present unorganized the state organization shall consist of an
+Executive Committee to be chosen by a state convention and such other
+officers and committees as said convention may prescribe. The state
+convention in the latter case shall be called by the two members of
+the National Executive Committee in that state, territory, and the
+District of Columbia, and shall choose the delegates to the national
+convention, providing a fair representation for all sections of the
+state or territory. Each state organization shall receive a charter
+from the National Executive Committee.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the state organization shall be as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>  One State Commander.</li>
+<li>One State Vice Commander.</li>
+<li>One State Adjutant.</li>
+<li>One State Finance Officer.</li>
+<li>One State Historian.</li>
+<li>One State Master-at-Arms.</li>
+<li>One State Chaplain.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VI</h4>
+
+<h4><i>The Local Unit</i></h4>
+
+<p>The local unit shall be termed the Post, which shall have a minimum
+membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into this
+organization until it shall have received a charter. A Post desiring a
+charter shall apply to the State Organization and the charter shall be
+issued by the National Executive Committee whenever recommended by the
+State Organization. The National Executive Committee shall not issue a
+charter in the name of any living person.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the local organization shall be as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>  One Post Commander.</li>
+<li>  One Post Vice Commander.</li>
+<li>  One Post Adjutant.</li>
+<li>  One Post Finance Officer.</li>
+<li>  One Post Historian.</li>
+<li>  One Post Chaplain.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>and such appointive officers as may be provided by the State
+Organization.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VII</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Dues</i></h4>
+
+<p>Each state organization shall pay to the National Executive Committee
+or such officer as said committee may designate therefor, the sum of
+twenty-five cents annually, for each individual member in that
+particular state, District of Columbia, territory, or territorial
+possession.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VIII</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Quorum</i></h4>
+
+<p>A quorum shall exist at a national convention when there are present
+twenty-five or more states and territories partially or wholly
+represented as herein-before provided.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE IX</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Rules</i></h4>
+
+<p>The rules of procedure at the national convention shall be those set
+forth in Roberts' Rules of Order.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE X</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Amendment</i></h4>
+
+<p>This Constitution is to be in force until the November Convention,
+when it will be ratified or amended by that Convention.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="RESOLUTIONS" id="RESOLUTIONS"></a>RESOLUTIONS</h2>
+<h4>PASSED BY</h4>
+<h2>THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, AMERICAN LEGION</h2>
+
+<h2>May 10, 1919.</h2>
+
+<p><i>1. Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war and to
+reestablish the country upon a Peace basis; therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That this caucus emphatically endorses the Victory Liberty
+Loan and urges all Americans to promote the success of the Loan in
+every manner possible.</p>
+
+<p><i>2. Conscientious Objectors.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States, in accordance with the Act of Congress
+of May 18, 1917, and who were tried by General Court Martial,
+sentenced to prison, and later fully pardoned, restored to duty, and
+honorably discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them;
+and as condemning further the I.W.W.'s, International Socialists, and
+Anarchists in their efforts to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That this caucus demand full and complete
+investigation by Congress, of the trial and conviction of these
+parties, and their subsequent pardon.</p>
+
+<p><i>3. Protection of the Uniform.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is recognized that the uniform of the United States is as
+much a symbol as the flag itself, and thereby entitled to fitting
+respect, and, Whereas, certain unscrupulous firms and individuals have
+taken nefarious advantage of popular sentiment by utilizing men in
+uniforms as peddlers and sales-agents, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, certain discharged men have so far forgotten the respect due
+the uniform they wear, as to use it as an aid in peddling goods;
+therefore,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That this national caucus go on record as being
+unalterably opposed to such practices, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That each state and local organization here
+represented be urged to do all in its power to put an end to this
+misuse of the uniform, which has always been worn with honor and for
+noble purposes.</p>
+
+<p><i>4. Reclamation of Arid, Swamp, and Cut-Over Timber Lands.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the Army and Navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp and cut-over
+timber lands;</p>
+
+<p>Now, <span class="smcap">Therefore, Be It Resolved</span>: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in Convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.</p>
+
+<p><i>5. Re&euml;mployment of Ex-Service Men.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the most important questions of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction, is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers and sailors, and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment, or a better job;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>, That the American Legion in national caucus assembled,
+declares to the people of the United States that no act can be more
+unpatriotic in these most serious days of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction than the violation of the principle announced, which
+pledges immediate re&euml;mployment to the returned soldier; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the American Legion in its National
+Caucus assembled does hereby declare itself as supporting in every
+proper way, the efforts of the ex-service men to secure re&euml;mployment,
+and recommends that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers,
+sailors, or marines be given preference whenever additional men are to
+be employed in any private or public enterprise; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the American Legion recommends to
+Congress the prompt enactment of a program for internal improvement,
+having in view the necessity therefor, and as an incident the
+absorption of the surplus labor of the country, giving preference to
+discharged ex-service men.</p>
+
+<p><i>6. Disability Pay.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious injustice
+is done to the civilian who entered the military service, and as an
+incident to that service is disabled; therefore,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That this Caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the War with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted men who served in the
+Military and Naval forces of the United States during the War,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.</p>
+
+<p><i>7. War Risk Insurance.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, one of the purposes of this organization is: &quot;To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the Military
+and Naval service of the United States, and those dependent upon
+them,&quot; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the service,
+who have not had their rights, privileges and benefits under the War
+Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men, therefore,
+are losing daily, such rights, privileges and benefits, which may
+never again be restored; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said Act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits and privileges;
+therefore,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That the American Legion pledges its most energetic
+support to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to
+the end that the rights, privileges and benefits under the War Risk
+Insurance Act be conserved, and that the men discharged from the
+service, be made to realize what are their rights under this act; and
+that the Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with
+the War Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes
+herein expressed; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That it is the sense of this Caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the Act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may
+select his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.</p>
+
+<p><i>8. Alien Slackers.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United States
+in July, 1918, known as an Amendment to Selective Service Act, giving
+persons within the draft age, who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship, the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby become exempt from service,
+and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards
+and factories; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, in the great world war for democracy the rank and file of the
+best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed itself in
+order to uphold the principles upon which this country was founded,
+and for which they were willing to give up their life's blood; and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, these counterfeit Americans who revoked their citizenship in
+our opinion would contaminate the 100 per cent. true American soldier,
+sailor, or marine who will shortly return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life; therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That we, the American Legion, do demand the Congress of
+these United States to immediately enact a law to send these aliens,
+who withdrew their first papers, back to the country from which they
+came. The country in which we live, and for which we are willing to
+fight is good enough for us; but this country in which they have lived
+and prospered, yet for which they were unwilling to fight, is too
+good for them, and</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That we demand the immediate deportation of
+every alien enemy who was interned during the war, whether the said
+alien enemy be now interned or has been paroled.</p>
+
+<p><i>9. Disabled Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That the delegates from the several states shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Further Resolved</span>: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors and marines, to take advantage of governmental
+assistance and that every effort be made by the American Legion in the
+several states to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.</p>
+
+<p><i>10. Espionage Act.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That every naturalized citizen convicted under the Espionage
+Act shall have his citizenship papers vacated, and when they shall
+have served their sentence they shall be deported to the country from
+which they came.</p>
+
+<p><i>11. Resolutions.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Be It Resolved</span>: That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to every
+member of the United States Senate and to each Representative in
+Congress.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="LEGION_FACTS" id="LEGION_FACTS"></a>LEGION FACTS</h2>
+
+<p>What has gone before is the story of the American Legion in the
+making. Now it is a going, growing institution.</p>
+
+<p>Because it will be of vital interest and importance to every one of
+the four million Americans who wore the uniform, the following
+information concerning the American Legion, in the form of questions
+and answers, is here given, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(1) <i>What is the American Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It is the organization of American veterans of the World
+    War.</p>
+
+<p>    (2) <i>Who is eligible</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Any soldier, sailor or marine who served honorably between
+    April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.</p>
+
+<p>    (3) <i>Are women eligible</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Yes, those who were regularly enlisted or commissioned in
+    the army, navy or marine corps.</p>
+
+<p>    (4) <i>When was the Legion started</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It was first organized in Paris, March 15 to 17, 1919, by a
+    thousand officers and men, delegates from all the units of the
+    American Expeditionary Force to an organization caucus meeting,
+    which adopted a tentative constitution and selected the name
+    &quot;American Legion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    (5) <i>What has been done in America regarding it</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The action of the Paris meeting was confirmed and endorsed
+    by a similar meeting held in St. Louis, May 8 to 10, 1919, when
+    the Legion was formally recognized by the troops who served in
+    the United States.</p>
+
+<p>    (6) <i>Are the organizations in France and America separate</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) No. The Paris caucus appointed an Executive Committee of
+    seventeen officers and men to represent the troops in France in
+    the conduct of the Legion. The St. Louis caucus appointed a
+    similar Committee of Seventeen. These two Executive Committees
+    have amalgamated and are now the governing body of the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>    (7) <i>Who are the officers of this national governing body</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Henry D. Lindsley, Texas, Chairman; Bennett C. Clark,
+    Missouri, Vice-Chairman; Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania,
+    Secretary; Gaspar G. Bacon, Massachusetts, Treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>    (8) <i>Where are the temporary National Headquarters of the
+    Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) At 19 West 44th Street, New York City.</p>
+
+<p>    (9) <i>When will the final step in the organization of the Legion
+    take place</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) November 10, 11 and 12, at Minneapolis, Minn., when a great
+    National Convention will be held.</p>
+
+<p>    (10) <i>Why were those dates selected</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Because by that time practically all of the men of the
+    A.E.F. will be at home and will have been able to participate in
+    the election of their delegates to the Convention.</p>
+
+<p>    (11) <i>Who were some of the men who initiated the formation of
+    the Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, of the First Division; Col.
+    Henry D. Lindsley, formerly Mayor of Dallas, Texas; Sgt. &quot;Jack&quot;
+    Sullivan, of Seattle; Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier, of
+    Philadelphia; Ex-Senator Luke Lea, of Tennessee; Lt. Col.
+    Frederick Huedekoper, of Washington, D.C.; Major Redmond C.
+    Stewart, of Baltimore; Wagoner Dale Shaw, of Iowa; Lt. Col.
+    George A. White, of Oregon; &quot;Bill&quot; Donovan, of the &quot;Fighting
+    69th&quot;; Major Thomas R. Gowenlock, of Illinois; Sgt. Alvin C.
+    York, of Tennessee; Colonel John Price Jackson, of the S.O.S.;
+    Lt. Col. &quot;Jack&quot; Greenway, of Arizona; Sgt. Roy C. Haines, of
+    Maine; George Edward Buxton, of Rhode Island; Eric Fisher Wood,
+    of Pennsylvania; Chaplain John W. Inzer, of Alabama; Lt. Col.
+    David M. Goodrich, of Akron; Chief Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,
+    of Chicago; &quot;Tom&quot; Miller, of Delaware; Major Alex. Laughlin,
+    Jr., of Pittsburgh; Major Henry Leonard, of the Marine Corps;
+    Dwight J. Davis, of the 35th Division; Corporal Charles S. Pew,
+    of Montana; General William G. Price, of the 28th Division;
+    Bishop Charles S. Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F.; General
+    O'Ryan, of the 27th Division; Stewart Edward White, of
+    California; Private Jesus M. Baca, of New Mexico; General
+    Charles H. Cole, of the 26th Division; Sgt. E.L. Malsbary, of
+    Nevada; Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr., of New York; Col. Henry L.
+    Stimpson, Ex-Secretary of War; Lt. Col. Charles W. Whittlesey,
+    Commander of the &quot;Lost Battalion&quot;; Leroy Hoffman, of Oklahoma;
+    Lt. Col. A. Piatt Andrew, of the American Ambulance in France;
+    General Harvey J. Moss, of the State of Washington; John
+    MacVicar, Mayor of Des Moines before the War; Sgt. George H.H.
+    Pratt, of New Orleans; Col. F.C. Galbraith, of Cincinnati;
+    Corporal Joseph H. Fountain, of Vermont; Devereux Milburn, of
+    the 78th Division; Lt. Col. Wilbur Smith, of the 89th Division;
+    Sgt. Theodore Myers, of Pennsylvania; Col. Bennett C. Clark, son
+    of Champ Clark; Robert Bacon, Ex-Secretary of State.</p>
+
+<p>    (12) <i>What did the Legion, do at its St. Louis caucus</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It demanded investigation of the pardon and subsequent
+    honorable discharge by the War Department of convicted
+    conscientious objectors.</p>
+
+<p>    (b) It condemned the action of the I.W.Ws., the Anarchists, and
+    the International Socialists.</p>
+
+<p>    (c) It protested against certain nefarious business concerns who
+    are employing men in uniform to peddle their wares.</p>
+
+<p>    (d) It recommended that Congress should take steps to reclaim
+    arid, swamp and cut over timber lands and give the work of doing
+    this to ex-service men, and give the land to them when it had
+    been made available for farming purposes.</p>
+
+<p>    (e) It demanded of Congress the same disability pay for men of
+    the National Guard and National Army as now pertains to those in
+    the Regular establishment.</p>
+
+<p>    (f) It initiated a campaign to secure to service men their
+    rights and privileges under the War Risk Insurance Act.</p>
+
+<p>    (g) It demanded that Congress should deport to their own
+    countries those aliens who refused to join the colors at the
+    outbreak of the war, and pleaded their citizenship in other
+    countries to escape the draft.</p>
+
+<p>    (h) It undertook to see that disabled soldiers, sailors and
+    marines should be brought into contact with the Rehabilitation
+    Department of the Government, which department helps them to
+    learn and gain lucrative occupations.</p>
+
+<p>    (i) It authorized the appointment of a competent legislative
+    committee to see that the above recommendations were effectively
+    acted upon by Congress, and that committee has been appointed
+    and is now at work.</p>
+
+<p>    (j) It authorized the establishment of a bureau to aid service
+    men to get re-employment; and of a legal bureau to help them get
+    from the Government their overdue pay and allotments. These two
+    bureaus are being organized at the National Headquarters of the
+    Legion and will be in active operation by July 1st.</p>
+
+<p>    (13) <i>What else did the St. Louis caucus do</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It endorsed all steps taken by the Paris caucus, and adopted
+    a temporary constitution which conformed to the tentative
+    constitution adopted in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>    (14) <i>What does this Constitution stand for</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The preamble answers that question; it reads: &quot;For God and
+    Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+    purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United
+    States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and
+    perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism; to preserve the
+    memories and incidents of our association in the Great War; to
+    inculcate a sense of individual obligations to the community,
+    state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes
+    and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote
+    peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
+    posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to
+    consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to
+    mutual helpfulness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    (15) <i>How does the Legion govern itself</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The Constitution provides that the legislative body of the
+    organization shall be a national convention, to be held annually
+    ... composed of delegates and alternates from each state, from
+    the District of Columbia and from each territory and territorial
+    possession of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>    (16) <i>How is the Legion organized</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) It is composed of State Branches, and these in turn are made
+    up of Local Posts.</p>
+
+<p>    (17) <i>What is a Local Post</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) The Constitution states that a Local Post shall have a
+    minimum membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into
+    the Legion until it has received a charter. A Post desiring a
+    charter shall apply for it to the State Branch, and the charter
+    will be issued, upon recommendation of this State Branch, by the
+    National Executive Committee. No Post may be named after any
+    living person.</p>
+
+<p>    (18) <i>How can I join the American Legion</i>?</p>
+
+<p>    (a) By filling out the Enrollment Blank on the last page of this
+    booklet and mailing it to the State Secretary of your home
+    state, whose name is listed below. If there is a Local Post in
+    your home town, your name and address will be sent to the Post
+    Commander. If there is no Post in your home town, START ONE,
+    write your State Secretary for the necessary particulars. The
+    State Secretaries are:</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Alabama</span>.&mdash;Leroy Jacobs, care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Arizona</span>.&mdash;Fred B. Townsend, National Bank, Arizona Bldg.,
+      Phoenix.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Arkansas</span>.&mdash;Granville Burrow, Little Rock.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">California</span>.&mdash;E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Colorado</span>.&mdash;Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Connecticut</span>.&mdash;Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd.,
+      Stamford.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Delaware</span>.&mdash;L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">District Of Columbia</span>.&mdash;Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg.,
+      Washington.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Florida</span>.&mdash;J.T. Wiggington, 818 15th St., Miami.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Georgia</span>.&mdash;Louis H. Bell, care of Service Record, 208 Flatiron
+      Bldg., Atlanta.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Hawaii</span>.&mdash;J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Idaho</span>.&mdash;Laverne Collier, Pocatello.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Illinois</span>.&mdash;Name not received yet.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Indiana</span>.&mdash;L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg.,
+      Indianapolis.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Iowa</span>.&mdash;John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Kansas</span>.&mdash;Ike Lambert, Emporia.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Kentucky</span>.&mdash;D.A. Sachs, Louisville.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Louisiana</span>.&mdash;T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Maine</span>.&mdash;James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Maryland</span>.&mdash;Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span>.&mdash;George F. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Michigan</span>.&mdash;Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Minnesota</span>.&mdash;Merle E. Eaton, care of Lee &amp; Lewis Grain Co., 200
+      Corn Exchange Bldg., Minneapolis.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>.&mdash;John M. Alexander, Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Missouri</span>.&mdash;Ed. J. Cahill, Service Commission, Jefferson City.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Montana</span>.&mdash;Ben W. Barnett, Helena.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Nebraska</span>.&mdash;Allan A. Tukey, 1st National Bank Bldg., Omaha.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Nevada</span>.&mdash;J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span>.&mdash;Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>.&mdash;George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>.&mdash;Harry Howard Dorman, Santa F&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">New York</span>.&mdash;Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>.&mdash;Charles N. Hulvey, A. &amp; E. College, Raleigh.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">North Dakota</span>.&mdash;Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Ohio</span>.&mdash;Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+      Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Oklahoma</span>.&mdash;F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Oregon</span>.&mdash;Dow V. Walker, care Multnomah Club, Portland.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>.&mdash;George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>.&mdash;James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">South Carolina</span>.&mdash;Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">South Dakota</span>.&mdash;J.C. Denison, Vermillion.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Tennessee</span>.&mdash;W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Texas</span>.&mdash;J.A. Belzer, Austin.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Utah</span>.&mdash;Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Vermont</span>.&mdash;Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Virginia</span>.&mdash;R.G.M. Ross, 508 First National Bank Bldg., Newport
+      News.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Washington</span>.&mdash;George R. Drever, care Adj. Gen. Office, Armory,
+      Seattle.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">West Virginia</span>.&mdash;Chas. McCamic, 904 National Bank of West
+      Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Wisconsin</span>.&mdash;R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.</p>
+
+<p>    <span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>.&mdash;R.H. Nichols, Casper.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="WHAT_THE_PUBLIC_PRESS_THINKS" id="WHAT_THE_PUBLIC_PRESS_THINKS"></a>WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS</h2>
+
+<p>It is interesting to know what the press of the United States thinks
+of the American Legion. Practically every newspaper in the country
+
+honored the Legion with comment. In almost every instance it was
+favorable. Selection has been made of some of this comment&mdash;as much as
+is feasible to give here. It is of two kinds: first, what the press
+thought of the <i>idea</i> of the Legion, and second, what opinion it had
+of the Legion after it was launched at St. Louis. The first type of
+comment was made prior to the caucus in this country and the second,
+afterwards. Comment on both types was generally favorable.</p>
+
+<p>Lest insincerity be charged let it be said here that there <i>was</i> some
+unfavorable comment. One New England paper was surprised that
+soldiers, sailors and marines were not clever enough to know that the
+American people would perceive their attempt, through this
+organization, to &quot;drive a six mule team through the Treasury&quot; and get
+pension and pay grabs. One Southern paper pictured Colonel Roosevelt
+returning from the St. Louis caucus, a defeated candidate for the
+chairmanship, with all hope of the future blasted, while one in Ohio
+said with equal accuracy and solemnity that &quot;there is no need of such
+an organization at this time, now that the country is entering the era
+of peace.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But here is the comment. It comes from north, east, south, and west,
+and it is typical:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>New York Times</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;... It is a pleasure to know
+    that Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, the worthy inheritor
+    of a beloved American name, has called a meeting of soldiers and
+    sailors at St. Louis. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett Clark, son of
+    Mr. Champ Clark, is an associate of Lieutenant Colonel
+    Roosevelt, in the plan for an organization of all our soldiers
+    and sailors as the American Legion. These two gentlemen,
+    associated in a patriotic movement, indicate by their names its
+    common national purpose, apart from politics and partisanship.
+    &quot;A nonpartisan and non-political association is to be formed,&quot;
+    says Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, &quot;an association which will
+    keep alive the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy for
+    which these veterans fought.&quot; Justice, freedom, and democracy,
+    without partisanship! The idea is noble. It should prevail.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Leavenworth</i> (Kansas) <i>Post</i>, April 30, 1919.&mdash;... The
+    character of the men of the American Army who are promoting it
+    [the Legion] and the high ideals which it professes and proposes
+    to maintain are a guaranty that it will be a power for helpful
+    service in the common family of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>    The plan of organization sprang from the desire of serious and
+    able men in the American Army to maintain the high ideals for
+    which all of them have fought, to preserve the soldier
+    comradeship and carry it over into civilian life as an element
+    of broad helpfulness while keeping the record of the army free
+    from the taint of selfish aims. It was also wisely intended to
+    forestall by the creation of one big genuinely representative,
+    nonpartisan and democratic body, the formation of numerous
+    smaller organizations in various places by men intent on
+    exploiting the soldier sentiment and the soldier vote for other
+    than patriotic purposes.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New York Sun</i>, April 11, 1919.&mdash;... The American Legion will
+    do an indispensable service. We, who have lived up to the past
+    few years in an agitation of protest against the pension grab
+    must now make our minds over sufficiently to realize that in the
+    new situation we run immediately into danger not of
+    over-pensioning the veterans of to-day but of neglecting them.</p>
+
+<p>    The new organization must of course be nonpartisan and
+    non-political. Precedent enough exists in the career of the
+    Grand Army to make that clear. It should include and enjoy the
+    guidance of the most influential military men. Politicians it
+    will have at its service so long as it is well run and organized
+    from within. Despite its proper political limitations, it should
+    serve as the most salutary means to influence returned soldiers
+    to cling to plain old Americanism, shed their martial
+    acquirements and return to plain, praiseworthy citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Washington Star</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;... The American Legion is
+    to be welcomed as an agency for the promotion of the best in our
+    national life. It will represent, with other things, the majesty
+    of numbers. A great many men will be eligible to membership; and
+    they will be young, and full of hope and purpose. And when they
+    act together in matters within the scope of their organization
+    they will represent a force to be reckoned with in the
+    formulating of public policies.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>, April 11, 1919.&mdash;Organization of &quot;The American
+    Legion&quot; is going on rapidily in every State in the Union. Vast
+    as was the mass of eligibles on which the Grand Army of the
+    Republic could draw after the Civil War, it did not compare with
+    the Legion's bulk of raw material. There will be a formal caucus
+    on May 8th, at St. Louis, of a real representative character, in
+    which it is said the enlisted men of the army and navy will have
+    a majority. Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson, once Secretary
+    of War, outlines the plan. He believes that this country's
+    future hereafter is in the hands of the men below thirty years
+    of age who fought this war. He trusts that the lesson in
+    practical democracy afforded by military experience and the
+    ideals of democracy emphasized by military enthusiasm may be
+    kept permanently alive.</p>
+
+<p>    That this is the main hope of the more active organizers we have
+    no doubt. Men like Major General O'Ryan, General Charles I.
+    Debevoise, and Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Robert
+    Bacon would never think of making such a body a lever for
+    pension legislation or an agency of politics. Yet the
+    temptation to a divergence from the higher ideals is strong, and
+    the rank and file may not be inclined to resist it.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>St. Louis Globe-Democrat,</i> April II, 1919.&mdash;... Such
+    societies, it has been proved, are never partisan. They are
+    invariably exponents of broad-gauge patriotism. That they have
+    great political influence in a high national sense is true, but
+    they have never misused it nor ever viewed their mission in a
+    narrow spirit. They preserve the touch of the elbow throughout
+    life, but only as thorough Americans, devoted first, last, and
+    always to our common country.</p>
+
+<p>    St. Louis is proud to be selected as the place for the
+    inauguration of this admirable and undoubtedly perpetual
+    society. All wars are represented by societies formed by their
+    veterans, and all alike have been truly and broadly patriotic.
+    It will be the same with the new order, whose membership will,
+    on the strength of numbers called to the colors, far exceed any
+    former parallel. This event will be a datemark in our patriotic
+    annals and in the progress of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Syracuse</i> (N.Y.) <i>Herald</i>, April 13, 1919.&mdash;It has been
+    earnestly stated, as might have been expected, that the American
+    Legion will be strictly nonpartisan. That much might be inferred
+    from the circumstance that one of the leading associates of
+    Roosevelt in organizing the Legion is Lieutenant Colonel Bennett
+    Clark, son of the late Democratic Speaker of the House of
+    Representatives. Colonel Roosevelt is sufficient authority for
+    the assurance that the movement is neither partisan nor
+    political. He calls it &quot;an association which will keep alive the
+    principles of justice, freedom and democracy for which these
+    veterans fought.&quot; Viewed in that sentimental, ethical and
+    patriotic light, it is a commendable undertaking. The American
+    people will wish it well, and be glad to see it flourish....</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Norfolk</i> (Va.) <i>Dispatch</i>, April 9, 1919.&mdash;If the American
+    Legion now in process of organization by young Colonel Roosevelt
+    and his associates, clings to the principles of foundation and
+    holds by the purposes proclaimed by its founders, it may become
+    a mighty force for good in the land. It will be composed of
+    several millions of comparatively youthful Americans, a large
+    percentage of whom will be voters, while virtually all will have
+    demonstrated their readiness to fight their country's battles
+    with weapons far deadlier than bullets.... This assumes the
+    legion will fulfill the part it has undertaken to play in the
+    country's life. If it should degenerate into a selfish
+    protective body, it will be worse than useless. But there is
+    little reason to fear it will fall so far below its ideals while
+    there is every reason to hope it will be a powerful factor in
+    helping the country to find itself again.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New Orleans Item</i>, April 14, 1919.&mdash;The American Legion through
+    the tremendous influence and mighty power of 3,000,000 organized
+    fighting men, is certain to shape and control the destinies of
+    the nation in years to come to an extent of which the wise will
+    refrain from even suggesting a limit. With the announcement by
+    Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt that the &quot;Legion will be
+    interested in policies, but not in politics,&quot; the opinion may
+    safely be hazarded that the great political parties of the
+    country are due to have new mentors, from whom they may be
+    forced to look anxiously for their cues.</p>
+
+<p>    Primarily among the announced purposes of the Legion is the
+    perpetuating of those principles of justice, freedom and
+    democracy for which its members either fought or stood ready to
+    fight. On the field in France or in the training camps at home,
+    the millions of America's best manhood have learned intimately
+    and well a new lesson of individual and national responsibility.
+    Such lessons, at the cost they were obtained, are not to be
+    forgotten or lost. The ideals of the fighting men of the states,
+    producing the valor and the power which made the American Army
+    irresistible, and the revelations by fire of new realizations
+    and brotherhood and of world and national citizenship are surely
+    to be felt in the calm, happier times of peace.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Philadelphia Record</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;... If, as Colonel
+    Roosevelt predicts, the membership shall eventually comprise
+    4,000,000 men who were in the military and naval service of the
+    United States in the late war, it will have possibilities of
+    power that must be reckoned with. But if, in the long life
+    before it, the American Legion shall have no more to its
+    discredit than is summed up in the history of the G.A.R. whose
+    ranks are now so pathetically thin, it will have been a worthy
+    follower of its fathers.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Paterson</i> (N.J.) <i>Evening News</i>, May 7, 1919.&mdash;... The new
+    organization starts its career deserving and receiving the good
+    wishes of the entire country. The character of the men of the
+    American army who are promoting it and the high ideals which it
+    professes and proposes to maintain are a guaranty that it will
+    be a power for helpful service in the common family of the
+    nation.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Duluth</i> (Minn.) <i>Herald</i>, May 24, 1919.&mdash;There is a great field
+    for the American Legion, the organization of American veterans
+    of the World War, and judging by the spirit of the recent
+    convention and by the expressions of the returning delegates as
+    reported in the press of the country, it is going to fill that
+    field.</p>
+
+<p>    And the field that awaits it, and that it seems to intend to
+    fill, is a field of a vigorous and aggressive effort to demand
+    and enforce a strong and coherent and consistent Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>    Not the swashbuckling kind of Americanism&mdash;the
+    chip-on-the-shoulder kind&mdash;the we-can-lick-the-world kind. These
+    lads of ours are the last in the world to preach that fool kind
+    of Americanism. For they&mdash;or at least those of them who crossed
+    the seas and fought for liberty and peace on the other
+    side&mdash;have seen in the case of Germany what that kind of
+    nationalism comes to, and they are against it.</p>
+
+<p>    But there is a type of Americanism which is utterly free from
+    the taint of militarism and jingoism, but that yet is even more
+    dangerous to anybody at home or abroad who flaunts the spirit of
+    America and defies its power. And unless the signs fail, the
+    American Legion is going to express and embody and inculcate
+    that type of Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Anaconda</i> (Mont.) <i>Standard</i>, May 24, 1919.&mdash;... At St. Louis
+    the members voted down all proposals for obtaining from Congress
+    increases of pay for the soldiers and rejected all efforts to
+    obtain canvasses of the members to ascertain their preference as
+    to parties and as to presidential candidates. Everything was
+    excluded which would tend to committ the organization to any
+    particular party or any particular candidate. Young Colonel
+    Roosevelt, son of the former republican president, and Colonel
+    Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark, former democratic speaker of
+    the house, joined hands in the endeavor to keep partisanship and
+    politics out of the organization.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Collier's Weekly</i>, May 31, 1919.&mdash;A national convention of
+    American soldiers and sailors in which no grievances were aired,
+    no political axes ground, no special privileges or preferments
+    demanded; where oratorical &quot;bunk&quot; was hooted down; where social
+    discrimination was taboo and military rank counted not at all;
+    where the past glories of war were subordinated to the future
+    glories of peace and where the national interest was placed
+    above all partisanship&mdash;that is something new under the sun. It
+    was in such a convention held in St. Louis during the second
+    week in May, that the new spirit of the American army and navy
+    expressed itself articulately for the first time since the
+    armistice was signed. The birth of the American Legion was
+    attended by circumstances having a significance comparable with
+    those surrounding the signing of a certain document in
+    Philadelphia one hundred and forty-three years ago, come July
+    4th.</p>
+
+<p>    A brigadier general arises to &quot;place in nomination the name of a
+    man who&mdash;&quot; and is cried down by doughboys with calls of &quot;Name
+    him! Who is he?&quot; A proposal to give extra pay to enlisted men is
+    unanimously defeated because, as Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt
+    put it, &quot;we are not here to sandbag something out of the
+    Government, but to put something into it.&quot; The invitation to
+    make Chicago the next meeting place of the Legion is refused
+    because &quot;American soldiers and sailors don't want to go to a
+    city whose mayor would be ashamed to welcome such a convention.&quot;
+    A progressive Republican, son of a famous father, refuses the
+    chairmanship to quiet suspicion of personal ambition, and the
+    office goes to a Southern Democrat of whose party the gathering
+    is in complete ignorance.</p>
+
+<p>    One of the convention stenographers said: &quot;This is the funniest
+    convention I have ever attended.&quot; We have an idea that there was
+    an element of prophecy in her homely remark&mdash;a body representing
+    more than four million American soldiers and sailors that makes
+    so little political noise is likely to be about as funny to the
+    conventionally minded politician as a bombardment of gas shells.
+    This language of restraint in the mouths of organized civilian
+    youth may prove to be a natural companion to the famous battle
+    slogan of the A.E.F.: &quot;Let's go!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New York Evening Post</i>, May 3, 1919.&mdash;... The true usefulness
+    of a veterans' organization is not far to seek. Like the G.A.R.,
+    the Legion should maintain and develop the comradeship bred by
+    the war. It can assist the unfortunate in its ranks; it can take
+    care of the widows and orphans of soldiers, in so far as any
+    inadequacy of public provision seems to make care necessary. The
+    Legion can preserve the fame of soldiers and commanders, by
+    erecting monuments, by seeing that histories are written, and by
+    proceedings of its regular reunions. It can foster such a public
+    recollection of the great deeds of the war as well as broaden
+    and deepen American patriotism. Sherman remarked in 1888 that
+    there was some danger that a peace-loving generation in time of
+    crises &quot;would conclude that the wise man stays at home, and
+    leaves the fools to take the buffets and kick of war.&quot; This
+    danger can best be met by just such an organization as the
+    G.A.R., with its campfires of song and story. Comradeship,
+    charity and patriotism&mdash;these should be the Legion's watchwords.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>New Haven</i> (Conn.) <i>Union</i>, April 16, 1919.&mdash;... Its more
+    immediate task, as its promoters see it, is to help the members
+    and the families of members who maybe in need of assistance. No
+    comrade of the great struggle is to feel that he is forgotten
+    and forsaken by the comrades who served the same great cause.
+    Its large and more permanent duty is to spread the sentiment of
+    patriotism, to set an example of love of country, and unselfish
+    service, to keep blooming always in the soldiers' bosom the
+    flower of sacrifice that springs from every soldier's grave in
+    France.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Philadelphia Press</i>, April 10, 1919.&mdash;The organization of the
+    soldiers of the late war into a permanent body is inevitable and
+    entirely proper.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Capper's Weekly</i>, May 24, 1919.&mdash;The American Legion organized
+    at St. Louis is the new G.A.R. and through its platforms the
+    views of the soldiers who fought in France will be heard. It is
+    already apparent what the trend of that sentiment is. Whatever
+    military system this nation sets up, if it meets the approval of
+    the two million men who served the nation in the Great War, it
+    will be democratic in spirit and as far as possible in form. It
+    will be an army in which the self-respect of the common soldier
+    will be recognized. The returning soldier has no use for anyone
+    living here who is not wholly American, and is for expelling the
+    unnaturalized alien wherever found. Loyalty to the Nation is
+    fundamental in the soldiers' view.</p>
+
+<p>    The Nation must safeguard itself and make a distinction between
+    citizens who offer themselves and their all, and citizens who,
+    for whatever reason, withhold some part of their allegiance.
+    Brutal treatment of conscientious objectors is neither civilized
+    nor necessary, but a differentiation is created by such
+    residents themselves, and there should be corresponding
+    differentiation in rights and protection. This is one of the
+    subjects that the returned soldiers have at heart.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Post Intelligencer</i>, Seattle, Washington, May 21, 1919.&mdash;...
+    The American Legion will be a political force in the nation as
+    it has a perfect right to be. No organization of its character
+    is to be held together by the cohesive power of reminiscence.
+    Something more binding is required, and that something will be
+    forthcoming whether anyone outside the Legion likes it or
+    not....</p>
+
+<p>    The American Legion will be made up of intelligent young men who
+    will have a community interest and whose interest can only be
+    furthered by united action. They will know that nothing is more
+    transient than public gratitude, and they will assuredly not
+    rely on it.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Rochester</i> (N.Y.) <i>Times</i>, May 23, 1919.&mdash;At its first
+    convention held recently in St. Louis, the American Legion
+    unanimously voted down a proposal to seek increased bonus money
+    for the soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>    At that same meeting, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., refused to accept
+    official leadership of the organization because he desired to
+    allow no ground for any charge that he wished to utilize it to
+    further his political career.</p>
+
+<p>    Such action by the Legion and by one of its most prominent
+    members warrant its organizers in working to enroll all the men
+    who served during the great war.</p>
+
+<p>    If this path is followed the American Legion will be a force for
+    good in the country's affairs as well as a bond of fellowship
+    among those who were members of the largest army ever raised by
+    this republic.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Manchester</i> (N. H). <i>Union</i>, May 27, 1919.&mdash;... In spite of
+    all that has been written and said it appears there still
+    remains some mistaken idea and prejudices concerning this
+    organization. The purposes of the American Legion are:</p>
+
+<p>    1. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of
+    America.</p>
+
+<p>    2. To maintain law and order.</p>
+
+<p>    3. To foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>    4. To preserve the memories and incidents of our association in
+    the Great War.</p>
+
+<p>    5. To inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the
+    community, state and nation.</p>
+
+<p>    6. To combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses.</p>
+
+<p>    7. To make right the master of might.</p>
+
+<p>    8. To promote peace and good will on earth.</p>
+
+<p>    9. To safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of
+    justice, freedom and democracy.</p>
+
+<p>    10. To consecrate and sanctify comradeship by devotion to mutual
+    helpfulness.</p>
+
+<p>    This is the program and platform of the wonderful organization
+    whose potential membership is the four million and more men who
+    wore their country's uniform in the war.</p>
+
+<p>    It is big enough and broad enough to admit every man and woman
+    who joined the colors. If, as has been intimated, there are some
+    few ex-service men who think they see in this tremendous
+    movement something personal and partisan, they should take the
+    blinders off, forget their unworthy fears, and come out into the
+    open with their comrades, determined, as every man is who has
+    already joined, that the American Legion will never be made the
+    vehicle of personal ambition nor the creature of partisan
+    purpose; but will be conserved to foster and promote only those
+    high purposes which are so nobly defined in the language which
+    is quoted above, taken bodily from the constitution of the
+    Legion.</p>
+
+<p>    PITTSBURGH, <i>Gazette-Times,</i> May 29, 1919.&mdash;... In contrast
+    with the Grand Army, the American Legion will embrace all
+    sections of our land. Similarly it will be the private soldier's
+    organization. Military honors will not count. Absolute
+    Americanism is to be its dominating principle. With the
+    dwindling ranks of the Grand Army there is need of such an
+    organization. The Grand Army has long been a staunch bulwark of
+    patriotism but time is doing its work. Others must soon take up
+    where the veterans of the Civil War left off. Those of the new
+    organization who saw service overseas possess a new vision of
+    what America means. Because of their good fortune in going
+    abroad they reaped an advantage over those who were denied the
+    privilege, though entitled to no more credit. All who donned the
+    uniform served. With an organization of such possibilities in
+    numbers and all imbued with a patriotic fervor the safety of the
+    Republic against the machinations of those who would tear down
+    is assured.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Burlington</i> (Vt.) <i>News</i>, May 29, 1919.&mdash;So far as actual
+    results are concerned America gains little from the peace
+    treaty. If, however, the American Legion measures up to the
+    standard we believe it capable of, America will be the greatest
+    gainer of all in the war.</p>
+
+<p>    <i>Bridgeport</i> (Conn.) <i>Standard</i>, May 28, 1919.&mdash;The statement
+    that the American Legion is to let politics alone is good news
+    to the people of this country who are looking toward this fine
+    organization of American fighters to bring to our national life
+    some of the spirit which chased the Fritzies back to the Rhine.
+    The civilian public has a right to ask what are the aims of this
+    new, and sure to be powerful, organization. Four million men are
+    of its potential membership. These four million are to be found
+    scattered in every city, village and hamlet in the country. They
+    are to meet on terms of equality, officers and men. They know
+    how to work together, how to undergo discipline for a worthy
+    objective, and how to go over the top in action. It is good,
+    then, to know that this new four million is not to be a
+    political machine. We want no more of the mawkish of either
+    fearing or catering to the &quot;soldier-vote.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Only as a nonpartisan organization can the American Legion do
+    its best work. Its able leaders know this. In a day when men are
+    fast deserting unworthy party emblems to stand for what they
+    think right, the soldier organization will have a wide
+    influence.</p>
+
+<p>    We hail the Legion.</p>
+
+<p>    It had to come and it is coming strong and sure.</p>
+
+<p>    Good men are at the head of the column, and better men than
+    those in the ranks exist nowhere in the country.</p>
+
+<p>    They are the pick of the best, physically best, in nerve and in
+    courage, best in point of training, in discipline and best among
+    all the nations who won the great victory.</p>
+
+<p>    There is still a fight in America. Democracy is never safe, only
+    being made safe. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
+    Eternal vigilance without regard to fear or favor is to be the
+    spirit of the American Legion.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="COMMITTEES" id="COMMITTEES"></a>COMMITTEES</h2>
+
+<h3>EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE</h3>
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.W.M. Jordan</li>
+<li>John W. Inzer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Edgar T. Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John C. Greenway</li>
+<li>E.P. Conway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joe S. Harris</li>
+<li>James J. Harrison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.G. Mathewson</li>
+<li>C.E. Palmen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.A. Saidy</li>
+<li>E.R. Myers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.C. Meserve</li>
+<li>A.M. Phillips, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George N. Doris</li>
+<li>George L. Evans</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>N.C. Turnage</li>
+<li>E. Lester Jones</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis Forster</li>
+<li>J.T. Wigginton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis H. Bell</li>
+<li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.C. Booth</li>
+<li>Frank Esterbrook</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William R. McCauley</li>
+<li>Marshall Field</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Morehead</li>
+<li>C.F. Strodel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Polk</li>
+<li>John MacVicar</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.S. Metcalf</li>
+<li>Sidney Moss</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Henry D. Moorman</li>
+<li>D.A. Sachs, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Allison Owen</li>
+<li>Ralph Michel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert Greenlaw</li>
+<li>Arthur L. Robinson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.F. French</li>
+<li>Wm.A. Huster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.G. Bacon</li>
+<li>J.F.J. Herbert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frederick M. Alger</li>
+<li>A.C. Doyle</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harrison Fuller</li>
+<li>A.M. Nelson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. Fitz-Hugh</li>
+<li>Fred Sullens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Court P. Allen</li>
+<li>H. Stattman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Blomquist</li>
+<li>C.E. Pew</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John G. Maher</li>
+<li>Ed. P. McDermott</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li>
+<li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Knox</li>
+<li>Mathew Mahoney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.B. Muliken</li>
+<li>P.J. Ehrhardt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.M. Cutting</li>
+<li>O.A. Larrizola, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</li>
+<li>Louis Burrill</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.M. Hanley</li>
+<li>G.A. Fraser</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.L. Cochrun</li>
+<li>H.W. Snodgrass</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy Hoffman</li>
+<li>Ralph H. Berry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Eivers</li>
+<li>W.B. Follett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Franklin D'Olier</li>
+<li>A. Laughlin, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A. Johnson</li>
+<li>R.B. Weeden</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.B. Springs</li>
+<li>M.B. Berkley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Denison</li>
+<li>Joseph S. Pfeiffer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Luke Lea</li>
+<li>Harry S. Berry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.E. Jackson</li>
+<li>Rolland Bradley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Baldwin Robertson</li>
+<li>Royal Douglas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H. Nelson Jackson</li>
+<li>Joseph Fountain</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C. Francis Cooke</li>
+<li>Andrew S. Christian</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.L. Thompson</li>
+<li>Russ Simonton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John G. Bond</li>
+<li>Charles McCamic</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Ackley</li>
+<li>G.W. Strampe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. June</li>
+<li>L.A. Miller</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hayward H. Hillyer</li>
+<li>William P. Norton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H.W. Rauschkolb</li>
+<li>John S. Siebert</li></ul>
+
+<h3>RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Matthew H. Murphy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. M. Le Baron</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred N. Tillman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Dibble</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.A. Saidy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.W. Carroll</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George N. Doris</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles E. Johnston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Carroll Ford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Eugene Sibert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. Booth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Marshall Kearney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.C. Duddelston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Polk</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.W. Hollaway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.K. Gordon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John D. Ewing</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roger A. Greene</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. French</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.A. Frothingham</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Avery Gilleo</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.S. Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. Fitz-Hugh</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.C. Clark</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Sam Abelstein</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hird. Stryker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Knox</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.A. Tobin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy H. Flamm</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Marsh</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.R. Baker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Rummell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.E. Atkins</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.E. Leonard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Hill</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Philippines</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert R. Landon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.P. Shunney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.P. Anderson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles R. Tips</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.J. Douglas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Guy Varnum</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John J. Wicker, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John J. Sullivan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John C. Vaughan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Cunningham</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.A. Miller</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph P. McGlinn</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thomas H. Dempsey</li></ul>
+
+<h3>CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Bibb Graves</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John C. Greenway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Burton S. Kinsworthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.G. Mathewson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R. Dickson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.J. Malone</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George W. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John Lewis Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.T. Wigginton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. Booth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.G. Seeman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Scott R. Brewer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred M. Hudson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.D. Haven Moorman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Gus Blanchard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy C. Haines</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. A. Huster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.H. Howard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Howard Brink</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.D. McCarthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Sullens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Bennet Clark</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.E. Pew</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. McGuire</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank J. Abbott</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harlan Besson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.H. Wyatt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hamilton Fish</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.Y. Semling</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.F. Koons</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Horace H. Hagan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roderick D. Grant</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.G. Foster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Percy Cantwell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. Palmer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Claud Birkhead</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.S. McCarthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Watson Webb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. A Stuart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.L. Thompson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles W. McCamic</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Elmer Owens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.L. Powers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Haywood W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<h3>ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Cecil Gaston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander B. Baker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ross Mathis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.E. Bohlen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.R. Meyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.C. Calhoun</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Irving Warner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Henry Leonard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.H. Blanding</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.L. Wilson, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Taylor Cummings</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Harrison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.A. Umpleby</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Maris B. De Wolfe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.C. Stamford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Wheeler</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis Ginella</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James U. Boyle</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. B. Wilmer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.C. Cutler</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.F. Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul McMichael</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George Hoskin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.L. Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.E. Pew</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. H. Holveman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George V. Fiske</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.P. Schenck</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Don. L. Blevins</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Parton Swift</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Williams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. Campbell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Hugh Haughery</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.L. May</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.A. Rick</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.A. Shadow</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arch C. Allen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.E. Rhivers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Leonard Nason</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C. Brook Bollard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Redinger</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.V. Godfrey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Shortell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Scott W. Lucas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles S. Watkins</li></ul>
+
+<h3>CREDENTIAL COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph Yates</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.P. Bernard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ivie Herschel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.W. Herhart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.W. Gwin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.S. Butterworth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George L. Evans</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.P. Knut</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis Forster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Peterson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roger Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.W. Todd</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.M. Soper</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>I.E. Lambert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Richard H. Slack</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H.H. Pratt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert Greenlaw</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.S. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.F. Gilbody</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.A. O'Dell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George Chapin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John M. Alexander</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.W. Cronkite</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Doug. McCallum</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Orlando H. Kearney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John Santor</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.S. Brady</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jesus M. Baca</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Goerke</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Williams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Bimm</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.W. Fisher</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.L. Mullen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Pennell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.B. Thurber</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.D. Robertson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Hoover</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Wooley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.R. Poole</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Fein</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.J. Simmons</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.A. Chybowski</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.C. McCarthy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Seibert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON PERMANENT HEADQUARTERS</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Beach Chenoweth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alex. B. Baker</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Dougherty</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.L. Shuman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.J. Sparr</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.R. Mathies</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Kane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L. Clarkson Hines</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.H. Blanding</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Eugene Sibert</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.R. Wilson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles Wham</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.H. Thomas</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thompson L. Brookhart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.A. Phares</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Marriner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.P. Beard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roger A. Greene</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.A. Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.H. Dolan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. King</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.R. St. Julian</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. Burnett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A. Field</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ben W. Barnett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. Gilligan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Trufant</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.F. Ritter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>O.A. Lorizolla, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thos. John Conway</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.A. Fraser</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.L. Hall</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Earl McNally</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.P. Follett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.A. Buettner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Philippine Islands.</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Landon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Walter Sharkey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. Buford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy A. Jamison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Kundson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Nason</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. P. Wallace</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.B. McDonald</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. S. Houston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Pfeil</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. June</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.A. Thompson</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>LeRoy Jacobs</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.E. Cassidy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy Penix</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clair Woolwine</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.E. Swink</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.C. Vance</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Irving Warner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Donald McGregor</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Conrad Ford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Peterson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Richard M. O'Connell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. Clee</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.D. Lemley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.B. Musselman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Rudolph Wienan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy C. Haines</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.R. Hagner, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Donald Green</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Chas. D. Kelley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jno. J. Ahern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Chas. R. Dolbey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert Fullerton, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ben W. Barnett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.L. Stuart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C. Fred Maher</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Allen L. Eggers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jesus M. Baca</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. P. Putnam</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Gorman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.M. Bush</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.T. Burling</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.E. Leonard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ammon Monroe Aurand, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harry F. McKenna</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Corson, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John W. Young</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Leo Meehan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.H. Nason</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.D. Nei</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Russ Simonton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. S. Houston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.M. Huntley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ralph L. Powers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.P. Dimmitt</li></ul>
+
+<h3>FINANCE COMMITTEE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.F. Stoddard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.E. Cassidy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Garland Hurt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Dibbley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. Krueger</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James B. Moody</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Irving Warner</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Howard F. Fiske</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis Forster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Green</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert A. Sprague</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Chester P. Wolfe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Hart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.B. Brickell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R. Ewall</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Levering Moore</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Waldemar P. Adams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander Randall</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Stewart</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>George M. Kesl</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>O.H. Baldwin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Chambers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>D.G. Hubbard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Barry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William Richie</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William E. Sullivan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul De Voise</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.B. Humphrey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.B. Murphy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.A. Fraser</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.J. Hard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>William Viuer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.L. Muffin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James W. Gary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jas. Elinniskey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Denison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles R. Bowman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.C. Beavens</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Harold R. Smoot</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Pearl T. Clapp</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.T. Wyatt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.S. Sapp</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clarence Jones</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.R. Minnahan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>N.V. Swensen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis R. Florin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H.W. Rauschkolb</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON NAME</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Norman J. Reiss</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred B. Townsend</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Roy W. Wood</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clair Woolwine</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. G. Allen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.L. Sampsell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Kane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Bentley Mulford</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.T. Wigginton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.A. Feeney</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Thos. Harwood</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Augustus B. Wilson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jackson R. Day</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.K. Cubbison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.O. Sayers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Davis McCutcheon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Waldemar P. Adams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H. Tieman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. McGrath</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.B. Bellows</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Sturtz</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur B. Clark</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Holcomb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Blomquist</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank F. Fischer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.J. Murphy</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.H. Stratton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.S. Caldwell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.D. Bunn</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.B. Merry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.E. Shank</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robert B. Keenan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.B. Follett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.L. Houck</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jos. San Soneitr</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Johnson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Barton P. Brown</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Russ D. Langdon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. Seeley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Alexander Smith</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Robt. R. Wallace</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Rob. S. Gordon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Jas. M. Crockett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John P. Szultek</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Maurice Dineen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.W. Hillyer</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">SOLDIERS AND SAILORS COUNCIL</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.H. Curtin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>John S. Seibert</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.F. Gillem</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred B. Townsend</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wendell Robertson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>V.W. Gerhard</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>M.C. Dameron</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.S. Hurley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.H. Kane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia.</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.G. Glenn</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Mr. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.G. Juett</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaii</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Paul Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.C. Mundt</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>N.J. Buskirk</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.M. Pond</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Foss Farar</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H. Reingold</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.A. Coon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank M. Hume</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.H. Scaffe</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.H. Wheelock</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.W. Nickel</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Conrad Veit</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.T. Adams</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>U.P. Haw</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Worth C. Almon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.J. Webb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.J.D. Salter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Walter J. Hogan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.M. Pancoast</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.B. Humphrey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.W. Baldwin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Stern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. King</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>P.A. Fox</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.D. Grant</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.L. Felts</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.V. Thurber</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.C. Denison</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Craig, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.P. Boom</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles Parsons</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph Fontain</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.R. Trotter</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred. J. Shaw</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Sam. Solins</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.J. Woodworth</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. E. Davis</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.R. Smith</li></ul>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE ON NEXT MEETING PLACE</h3>
+
+<p class="lh">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.M. Ladd</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James Hawley</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ed. M. LeBaron</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. G. Edgar</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">California</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.O. Shuman</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>T.H. Wiles</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.D. Copp</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Geo. L. Evans</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Louis P. Clephane</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Mr. Bell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>R.L. Wilson, Jr.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.P. Morgan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Estabrook</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Grover Sexton</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.B. Reynolds</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>B.R. Finch</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Charles I. Martin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank Bernhaim</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Clifford Stem</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>James L. Boyle</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.C. Solomon</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Massachusetts</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>Marcus Maddern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Frank J. Tobin</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Loren B. Roberts</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.S. Fleming</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L.C. Lozier</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Arthur Barry</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Allan Tukey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.L. Malsbary</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>H.L. Hereaux</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.S. Westcott</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>S.S. Caldwell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred Gallager</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">North Carolina</p>
+
+<p class="lh">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. Stern</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Ralph Pearce</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>W.T. Butts</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>E.J. Eivers</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>A.I. McRae</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Walter Sharkey</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Wm. G. Buell</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.C. Milligan</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>L. Nicholson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Fred. Jurgensen</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J. Watson Webb</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>G.R. Poole</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Albert Johnston</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Joseph Jackson</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wisconsin</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>C.H. Foster</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>Benj. Gregg</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">World War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>F.H. Rein</li></ul>
+
+<p class="lh">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain"><li>J.A. Bernard</li></ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="ROSTER" id="ROSTER"></a>ROSTER</h2>
+
+<p class="smcap">Alabama</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Chenoweth, Beach Mead</span>, Birmingham. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gaston, Cecil D.</span>, Birmingham. Med. Corps U.S.A. and A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gillem, Jennings F.</span>, Birmingham. 320 M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Graves, Bibb</span>, Montgomery. 117th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Inzer, J.W.</span>, Mobile. 14th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jacobs, Leroy R.</span>, Birmingham. 38th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jordan, Wm.M.</span>, Birmingham. Evac. Hosp. No. 11.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ladd, Frank M., Jr.</span>, Mobile. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Long, F.M.</span>, Jasper. 7th Inf. 9th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lussier, Richard F.</span>, Birmingham. M.I.D. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Murphy, Matthew H.</span>, Birmingham, 117th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reiss, Norman J.</span>, Mobile. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stoddard, B.S.</span>, Mobile. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Yates, Joseph A.</span>, Birmingham, 117th F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Alaska</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Hawley, Edgar T.</span>, Boise, Idaho. U.S.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Arkansas</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Burrow, G.M.</span>, Little Rock. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doherty, William</span>, Jonesboro. 153d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Edgar, Wm.G.</span>, El Dorado. 153d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hamilton, Scott D.</span>, Fayetteville. 346th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harris, Joe S.</span>, Monticello. 153d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harrison, J.J.</span>, Little Rock. Care Pugh Printing Company. Instructor Tr. Camp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Herschel, Ivie</span>, Marion. 154th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hurt, Garland</span>, Newport. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, Thomas A.</span>, Little Rock. 154th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kinsworthy, B.S.</span>, Little Rock. Off. Tr. Camps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lloyd, T.H.</span>, Paragould. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mathis, Ross</span>, Cotton Plant. 2d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Penix, Wm. Roy</span>, Jonesboro. Kelly Fld., Tex.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, W.A.</span>, Ft. Smith. 13th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, E. Ross</span>, Little Rock. 141 M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stafford, John L.</span>, Springdale. 106th Am. Train 3 1st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, R.P.</span>, Paragould. Aerial Ob. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tillman, Fred A.</span>, Fayetteville, 12th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wood, Roy W.</span>, Little Rock. Naval Aviation.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Arizona</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Baker, Alexander B.</span>, Phoenix. 28th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bernard, E.P.</span>, Tucson. 47th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cassidy, M.E.</span>, Bisbee. Ad. Gen. Dep.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greenway, John C.</span>, Warren. 101st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lebaron, Edwin M.</span>, Mesa. 801st P. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Townsend, Frank B.</span>, Phoenix. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">California</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Bohlen, E.E.</span>, San Francisco. 347th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dibblee, Benj.H.</span>, San Francisco. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gearhart, B.W.</span>, Fresno. 609th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hammond, Leonard C.</span>, San Francisco, 91st Aero.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Houghton, A.D.</span>, Los Angeles. Am. Serv. League.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelly, E.J.</span>, Los Angeles. 64th U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mathewson, H.G.</span>, Alameda. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Palmer, C.E.G.</span>, Coalinga. Canadians.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shuman, Blair S.</span>, San Francisco. 363d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Slow, Ashfield E.</span>, San Francisco. 347th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woolwine, Clare W.</span>, Los Angeles. 8th Inf. Gen. St.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Colorado</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Robt. G.</span>, Denver. 305th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dameron, M.C.</span>, Pueblo. Camp Med. Supp. Depot.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">David, Morton M.</span>, Denver. 20th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dickson, Ray</span>, Ft. Collins. 30th Serv. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gwin, Jno. W.</span>, Pueblo. 158th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krueger, Edw., Jr.</span>, Buena Vista. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lawrence, C.W.</span>, Pueblo. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maloney, B.F.</span>, Pueblo. 815th Pioneer.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Myer, E.R.</span>, Boulder. 356th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Saidy, H.A.</span>, Colorado Springs. 341st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sparr, D.J.</span>, Denver. 157th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stubbs, Albert L.</span>, La Junta. Medical Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Swink, Walter E.</span>, Rocky Ford. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wiles, Thos H.</span>, Denver. Chaplain.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Connecticut</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Butterworth, Dr. S.</span>, New Haven. Chem. War Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Calhoun, Philo C.</span>, Bridgeport. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Carroll, Francis W.</span>, Waterbury. Presidential Gd. U.S.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Copp, Webster D.</span>, Norwich, 301st M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hurley, Jas. S.</span>, Waterbury. 73rd Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Malone, Wm. J.</span>, Bristol. A.S. (A).</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Matthies, Bernard H.</span>, Seymour. 105th Spruce Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meservo, Harry C.</span>, Stamford. 68th C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moody, Jas. B., Jr.</span>, Hartford. 301st Supply Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Phillips, Alfred N., Jr.</span>, Stamford. 55th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sampsell, P.L.</span>, New London. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tiley, Morton C.</span>, Essex. U.S.A.A.S.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Delaware</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Doris, Geo. N.</span>, Wilmington. 364th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Evans, Geo. L.</span>, Wilmington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Warner, Irving</span>, Wilmington. Cement Mill Co. No. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">District of Columbia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Clephane, Lewis P.</span>, Washington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Connolly, Frank A.</span>, Washington. 312th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fisk, Howard S.</span>, Washington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Glenn, Wm. G.</span>, Washington. 103d M.O.R.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hines, L.C.</span>, Washington. F.H. 165-117.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, Chas. E.</span>, Washington. U.S. Coast Gd.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jones, E. Lester</span>, Washington. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kruit, Prentiss</span>, Washington. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leonard, H.</span>, Washington. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macgregor, Donald</span>, Washington. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mulford, J.B.</span>, Washington. 165th Field Hosp. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, Jno. L.</span>, Washington. Mil. Intell. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Turnage, M.C.</span>, Washington. P.M.G.O.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Florida</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Forster, Davis</span>, New Smyrna. M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Givens, Morris M.</span>, Tampa. 31st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lowry, S.L., Jr.</span>, Tampa. 31st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mcgucken, Harold</span>, Tampa. 124th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wigginton, J.T.</span>, Miami. 124th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Georgia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Bell, Louis H.</span>, Atlanta. 20th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hillyer, Haywood H.</span>, Macon. 49 M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Juett, J.G.</span>, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Siebert, Eugene</span>, Atlanta. 437th Det. Eng. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stockbridge, Basil</span>, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, Robt. L., Jr.</span>, Atlanta. 122d Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Hawaiian Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Morgan, Jas. P.</span>, Hawaii. Inf. Replac. Troops Camp Grant, Ill.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Idaho</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Boom, Eugene C.</span>, Moscow. 18th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Booth, C.M.</span>, Pocatello. 44th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Collier, L.R.</span>, Pocatello. 163d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cummins, Taylor</span>, Twin Falls. Coast Art.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Paul</span>, Bois&eacute;. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Estabrook, Frank</span>, Nampa. 146th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Feeney, Thos. A.</span>, Lewiston.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Green, Jno. S.</span>, Twin Falls, 1st St. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Peterson, Paul T.</span>, Idaho Falls. 75th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, Albert H.</span>, Clarks Fork. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, R.R.</span>, Pocatello. Inf. (unassigned).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Illinois</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adams, M.E.</span>, Chicago. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Adler, Morris</span>, Quincy. 1st O.T. Sch.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Royal B.</span>, Marseilles. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Arnold, B.J.</span>, Chicago. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ayres, Lester G.</span>, Oak Park. C.A. School.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bolin, Jas. R.</span>, Paris. 2d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boose, Jos. I.</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burnett, Geo.</span>, Shelbyville. 130th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burns, J.H.</span>, Carrollton. 337th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Busch, A.H.</span>, Cicero. 117th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cave, Robt. R.</span>, Chicago. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Collins, W.H.</span>, Decatur. 119th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cummings, Jno. P.</span>, Chicago. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Currier, C.L.</span>, La Grange. 25th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dickerson, Earl B.</span>, Chicago. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dutcher, Everett C.</span>, Dixon. 342d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eisenberg, Sam J.</span>, Chicago. 332d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Engle, Robt. H.</span>, Freeport. 41st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Everson, Chas. W.</span>, Chicago. A.S. Sig. R.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fayart, L.E.</span>, Springfield, 9th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Field, Marshall</span>, Chicago. F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flannery, Frank B.</span>, Chicago, Beach Hotel, 221st F. Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flory, Roger</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Floyd, Jno. A.</span>, Chicago. 6th Cav.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Forman, Harold</span>, Chicago. 72d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Freid, Sam'l L.</span>, Chicago. 50th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Goldberg, B.L.</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gorey, Thos. V.</span>, Joliet. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gowenlock, Thos. R.</span>, Chicago. 1st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greene, Jno. J.</span>, Chicago. C.M.G.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hana, Leo G.</span>, Peoria. 341st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hardwood, Thos. F.</span>, Bloomington. 343d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harrison, F.J.</span>, Streator. 1st C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hartford, C.E.</span>, Marseilles. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hartrick, Guy R.</span>, Urbana. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Helfrich, Geo. R.</span>, Chicago. 17th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hindert, Geo. C.</span>, Minonk. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hippler, S.H.</span>, Canton. 5th Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hirstein, A.K.</span>, Fairbury. 129th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hughes, Jno. E.</span>, Chicago. A.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ickes, Fay</span>, Springfield, 310th F. Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jefferson, E.A.</span>, Chicago. 604th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jenkins, Newton</span>, Chicago. 5th Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kearney, Marshall V.</span>, Chicago. 303d Bn. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelley, W.L.</span>, Shelbyville. Chem. War Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kendrick, J.E.</span>, Lincoln. 161st Dep. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kingston, Ray</span>, Shelbyville. 119th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kraatz, C.F.</span>, Carbondale. 161st D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lauer, Robt. J.</span>, Chicago. 344th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lee, Harry V.</span>, Chicago. Signal Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ling, Walter</span>, Evansville. 115th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lynde, Cornelius</span>, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macaulay, Irwin</span>, Quincy. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Markley, H.G.</span>, Watseka. 116th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marsh, A.F.</span>, Chicago. Const. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marshall, Thos. H.</span>, Chicago. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCauley, W.R.</span>, Olney. 308th Bn. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meierhofer, Edw. H.</span>, Minonk. 68th Art.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Merrick, Marlowe M.</span>, Chicago. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Middleton, A.B.</span>, Pontiac. M.C., 90th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miles, Grant M.</span>, Pontiac. 339th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, Jno. S., Jr.</span>, Winnetka. 33d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, Thos.</span>, Chicago. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mock, Harry E.</span>, Chicago. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mundt, Wm. C.</span>, Fairbury. Radio School.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Connell, R.M.</span>, Bloomington. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Oppenheimer, J.</span>, Chicago. 333d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Orr, Ponce B.</span>, Joliet. 1st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Packwood, Lawrence</span>, Chicago. 521st M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Paddock, Geo. A.</span>, Evanston. 342d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Parker, Howard K.</span>, Taylorville. 106th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pesavento, A.J.</span>, Joliet. R.S. and C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pietrzak, Michael</span>, Oglesby. A.S.A.P. 9th Dt.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Powell, Wm. J.</span>, Chicago. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reed, F.N.</span>, Evanston. 10th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reeder, Russel</span>, Canton, 1st Co. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rhodes, Ben. S.</span>, Bloomington. 345th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rominger, W.E.</span>, Shelbyville. 14th M.G.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sayre, C.B.</span>, Canton. 326th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Seaman, Geo. G.</span>, Taylorville. 17th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Searcy, Earl B.</span>, Springfield. 311th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sedweak, C.E.</span>, Chicago. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sexton, Grover F.</span>, Chicago. 108th Mil. Pol. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simons, J.E.</span>, Glen Ellyn. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simpson, Sidney E.</span>, Carrollton. 164th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Skubic, Edw. P.</span>, Chicago. C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spencer, R.V.</span>, Chicago. 160th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sprague, A.A.</span>, Lake Forest. 341st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stello, Jno. H.</span>, McLeansboro. 115th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tapp, H.F.</span>, Quincy. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Walsh, Martin</span>, Chicago. 1st Repl. Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Webber, R.W.</span>, Urbana. 210th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Werckman, Jno. C.</span>, Minonk. 6th Repl. Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Werner, R.L.</span>, Peoria. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wham, Chas.</span>, Centralia. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, R.</span>, Joliet. 41st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Zerwekh, Paul W.</span>, Alton. Aviation.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Indiana</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Asch, A.L.</span>, Indianapolis. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brewer, Scott R.</span>, Indianapolis. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buskirk, N.J.</span>, Bloomington. 111th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Caster, Solon J.</span>, Indianapolis, 150th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clee, Robt. E.</span>, Kokimo. 69th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Paul Y.</span>, Bloomfield. 335th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Duddleston, A.C.</span>, Terre Haute, 151st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hogan, H.G.</span>, Ft. Wayne. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, F.B.</span>, Indianapolis. Adv. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Levi, Morris R.</span>, Evansville. 42d and 32d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lonn, A.E.</span>, Laporte. 167th Brg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mcdonald, T.M.</span>, Princeton. F.A. Repl. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moorhead, R.L.</span>, Indianapolis. 139th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Newgent, L.R.</span>, Indianapolis. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Putt, Geo.</span>, Indianapolis. Motor Trans. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reynolds, Jno. B.</span>, Indianapolis. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Royer, S.D.</span>, Terre Haute. 349th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Royze, Jno. A.</span>, Indianapolis. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strodel, C.F.</span>, Huntington. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas, Mark H.</span>, Huntington. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Timko, Jos. J.</span>, Brazil.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Todd, Joe W.</span>, Hammond. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Umpleby, Jay A.</span>, Gary. 139th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Waltz, Ralph H.</span>, Noblesville. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Watts, Albert H.</span>, E. Chicago, 139th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, A.B.</span>, Indianapolis. 87th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wolfe, C.P.</span>, Indianapolis. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ziisel, Frank F.</span>, Elkhart. 159th D. Br.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Iowa</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Berger, P.F.</span>, Carroll. 163d Disch. Off.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brookhart, S.W.</span>, Washington. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brookhart, T.L.</span>, Washington. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cole, J.F.</span>, Oelwein. 161st Depot Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cook, Don C.</span>, Cedar Rapids. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Circe, Wm. L.</span>, Bloomfield. 1st Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cronin, Edw. P.</span>, Victor. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Day, J.R.</span>, Council Bluffs, 19th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dewolf, M.E.</span>, Spencer, 5th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doran, Lucien S.</span>, Beaver. 339th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Finch, Budd R.</span>, West Union. 126th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hahn, F.K.</span>, Cedar Rapids. 126th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ham, Jos. P.</span>, Dubuque. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harker, Frank C.</span>, Ottumwa. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hart, W.R.</span>, Iowa City, 305th B. Tank Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hudson, Fred M.</span>, Pocahontas. 79th A.A. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hungerford, Jno., Jr.</span>, Carroll. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelly, J.H.</span>, Sioux City, 99th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kins, Will L.</span>, Hubbard. 159th Dept. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lemley, H.D.</span>, Melrose. 109th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macvicar, Jno.</span>, Des Moines. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Malcomb, Earl</span>, Laurens. 12th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Metzger, T.M.</span>, Council Bluffs. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Neustrand, Oscar</span>, Red Oak. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Newell, Floyd</span>, Ottumwa. M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pattee, L.C.</span>, Pocahontas. Sig. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pease, Liberty</span>, Farragut. 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Plaister, R.M.</span>, Dubuque. 163d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Polk, Harry H.</span>, Des Moines. 176th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pond, Alanson M.</span>, Dubuque. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pusey, McGee</span>, Council Bluffs. 11th Bal. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schultz, E.R.</span>, Sioux City. Nav. Res. Fly. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shaw, Robt. J.</span>, Hayesville. 40th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, R.A.</span>, Council Bluffs. 163d D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Soper, B.M.</span>, Nevada. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strotz, Roy R.</span>, Des Moines. 16th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas, Lee A.</span>, Mondamin. 3d Con. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Welch, C.J.</span>, Denison. 4th Repl. Reg. 16th Co. C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Kansas</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Barclay, Jas. F.</span>, Kansas City, 110th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bly, Wm. D.</span>, Leavenworth. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Branaman, H.A.</span>, Ottawa. 137th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brickell, J.B.</span>, Emporia. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burnett, R.H.</span>, Dodge City. Zone Sup. Of. N.Y.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clausen, E.W.</span>, Atchison. U.S.N.A.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cubbison, P.K.</span>, Kansas City. 354th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eaton, L.R.</span>, Neodesha. 8th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Elias, C.R.</span>, La Crosse. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Farrar, Foss</span>, Arkansas City. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foulston, S.L.</span>, Wichita, 91st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grieves, Loren C.</span>, Ft. Leavenworth. G.S. Reg. A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hantla, Jno. P.</span>, Spearville. 137th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hasty, Lewis A.</span>, Wichita. 342d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holden, Harley E.</span>, Neodesha. P.O. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holloway, W.W.</span>, Kansas City. P.M.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Paul R.</span>, Independence. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kurtz, W.P.</span>, Columbus. 158th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lambert, I.E.</span>, Emporia. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lee, Thos. A.</span>, Topeka. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leekley, R.M.</span>, Arkansas City. 338th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Madden, Jno., Sr.</span>, Wichita. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Martin, Chas. I.</span>, Topeka. 70th Inf. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Metcalf, W.S.</span>, Lawrence. 77th Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moss, Sidney A.</span>, Wichita. 125th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Musselman, N.B.</span>, Arkansas City. R.M.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Reilly, H.C.</span>, Strong City. 164th Depot Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ortmeyer, H.A.</span>, Wichita. 326th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pharen, W.A.</span>, Wichita. 360th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Snyder, Harry E.</span>, Council Grove. Med. Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sparks, Keith L.</span>, Greensburg. Med. Dep.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stanford, F.C.</span>, Independence. A.S.S.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Walker, H. Jos.</span>, La Crosse. 418th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weed, M.S.</span>, Lawrence. 137th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, Jno. W.</span>, Ottawa. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woods, Jas. A.</span>, Arkansas City. 101st Fld. Sig. B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woodside, L.N.</span>, Council Grove. 13th Cav.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Kentucky</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Beard, B.F.</span>, Hardensburg. 138th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bell, Ulric J.</span>, Louisville. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bernheim, Fr. D.</span>, Louisville. 159th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bronaugh, Robt. L.</span>, Nicholasville. 164th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Evans, Lynn B.</span>, Lebanon. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ewall, Geo. R.</span>, Louisville. 159th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, A.T.</span>, Louisville. A.S.R.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fraser, V.C.</span>, Wickliffe. 6th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gordon, M.K.</span>, Madisonville. I.G.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, Herman H.</span>, Viper. 327th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hill, J. Murray</span>, Bowling Green. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Juett, J.G.</span>, Wickliffe. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marriner, E.H.</span>, Dayton. 131st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moorman, H.D.</span>, Hardinsburg. 10th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Muir, Edmund A.</span>, Nicholsville. 22d Ret. Co. G.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ringgold, J.H., Jr.</span>, Russellville. Air Sq. 260.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sachs, D.A., Jr.</span>, Louisville. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Slack, R.H.</span>, Owensboro. 1st O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sosnin, M.L.</span>, Louisville. Base Hosp. Camp Crane, Luxemberg, Fr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Soyars, Wm. O.</span>, Hopkinsville. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stewart, Phil. H.</span>, Paducah. M.R.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheeler, Jas. G.</span>, Paducah. 159th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Jno. S.</span>, Glasgow. Med. Corps.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Louisiana</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Beard, L.P.</span>, New Orleans. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blancand, Gus</span>, New Orleans. Co. 10.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Coon, Wm. A.</span>, New Orleans. 73d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Edw.</span>, New Orleans, 1st Reg. F.A.R.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ginella</span>, Louis, New Orleans. M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Michel, F. Ralph</span>, New Orleans. 46th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moore, Levering</span>, New Orleans. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Owen, Allison</span>, New Orleans. 141st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pratt, Geo. H.H.</span>, New Orleans. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stem, C.H.</span>, New Orleans. 2d Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weinmann, R.J.</span>, New Orleans, 151st F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Maine</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adams, W.P.</span>, Portland.&nbsp; 54th Ar. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boyle, Jas. L.</span>, Augusta,&nbsp; 101st San. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greene, Roger A.</span>, Lewiston.&nbsp; 101st Trench Mort. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greenlaw, Albert</span>, Eastport.&nbsp; Hdq. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Haines, Roy C.</span>, Ellsworth.&nbsp; 334th Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Humer, Frank M.</span>, Houlton.&nbsp; 103d U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Milliken, Carl E.</span>, Augusta.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Norton, W.P.</span>, Portland.&nbsp; 72d Art. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Presson, Geo. Mcg.</span>, Augusta.&nbsp; Adj. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinson, A.L.</span>, Portland.&nbsp; 7th A.A. Bn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Maryland</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">French, Findlay H.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; S.O. Camp, Greenleaf, Ga.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Good, Stuart S.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 110th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Huster, Wm. A.</span>, Cumberland.&nbsp; 113th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Willard J.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knapp, Raleigh T.</span>, Baltimore,&nbsp; 110th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Randall, A.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 110th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Scaffe, Harold</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 14th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Solomon, Adolph C.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stewart, Davis G.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tieman, George H.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilmer, William B.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Frank A.</span>, Cumberland,&nbsp; 115th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Harvey W.</span>, Baltimore.&nbsp; 351st F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Massachusetts</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Bacon, G.G.</span>, Jamaica Plains.&nbsp; 316th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, H.L.</span>, Malden.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burt, C.E.</span>, New Bedford.&nbsp; 121st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cleary, Jas. P.</span>, Boston.&nbsp; Personnel Off. Camp Upton.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cutler, Geo. C., Jr.</span>, Boston.&nbsp; U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dalton, Edward P.</span>, Boston.&nbsp; A.G.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dolan, W.H.</span>, Fitchburg.&nbsp; 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foy, F.H.</span>, Quincy.&nbsp; 82d Div. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Frothingham, L.A.</span>, N. Easton.&nbsp; Adj. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Germain, Chas. F.</span>, Wollaston.&nbsp; 234th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gilbody, Geo. F.</span>, Boston.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Green, Donald R.</span>, Holyoke. 28th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Herbert, J.P.J.</span>, Worcester. 102d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Howard, W.J.</span>, Whitman. 113th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, L.P.</span>, Athol. 74th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Madden, Marcus E.</span>, 64 N. Beacon St., 71 Art. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maniff, Harry</span>, Revere. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marley, Thos. J.</span>, E. Boston. 104th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McGrath, Jas. P.</span>, Roslindale. Hdq. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McInnis, Victor A.</span>, Roxbury. 301st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moynihan, Neil P.</span>, Haverhill. C.O.T.S., Camp Lee, Va.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nolan, David J.</span>, Worcester. 52d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Rourke, Jno. J.</span>, Lowell, 101st Sup. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Page, Kenneth B.</span>, Longmeadow. 104th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Peabody, J.C.R.</span>, Boston. Asst. to Dept. Insp., N.E. Dept. I.G. 5th Div. A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pryor, J.H.</span>, West Newton&nbsp; 372d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rosenfeld, Jay C.</span>, Pittsfield. 359th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Safford, Ralph K.</span>, Springfield. 104th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Scott, H.J.</span>, Roxbury. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shinnick, Wm. T.</span>, Brockton. 55th Reg. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spillane, Leo A.</span>, Chelsea. Hdq. N.E. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stewart, H.J.</span>, Camp Devens. 36th Mis. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strandquist, H.W.</span>, Newton. 102d M.G.Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas, H.C.</span>, Allston. 101st Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheelock, H.H.</span>, Fitchburg. 101st Sup. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, Harry R.</span>, Boston. 101st Am. Tr.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Michigan</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Alger, Frederick M.</span>, Detroit. 310th Amun. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Carlos R.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, Paul R.</span>, Manistique. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bellows, Benj. B.</span>, Highland Park. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bersey, John S.</span>, Lansing. Adjt. Gen., Michigan.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bowden, Isaac</span>, Port Huron. Base Hosp. No. 73.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brink, Howard C.</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burgess, Frank</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Christie, J.T.C.</span>, U.S.A. Gen. Hop., No. 36, Detroit. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Conway, Bertram</span>, 33 Cardoma St., Detroit. 367th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doyle, A.G.</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">English, Rand P.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Evans, Lynn B.</span>, University Club, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fehrenbocher, Chriss</span>, 271 Harrison St., Gary, Ind. 10th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gildersleeve, Howard</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gilleo, Avery C.</span>, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Guelff, John J.</span>, Marquette. 328th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, William D.</span>, Kalamazoo. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hansen, Myron J.</span>, Laurium. S.A.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Harris, H.H.</span>, Detroit. A.S.S.C. Aviation Training.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Henry, D.D.</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hullfish, Henry G.</span>, Washington, D.C. Medical Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kelley, Charles D.</span>, West Detroit. 32d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kesl, G.M.</span>, Port Huron. M.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kilmer, Edward H.</span>, Grand Rapids. 10th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, William</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Larson, Werner R.</span>, Ironwood. Sanitary Squad No. 58.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lawson, Otto Emil C.Y.</span>, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lockhart, Arthur</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maines, George H.</span>, Battle Creek. 338th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKee, Mark T.</span>, Mt. Clemens. Chemical Warfare.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McMahan, F.V.</span>, 322 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moerisch, E.L.</span>, Escanaba. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nickel, P.W.</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Norton, Albert H.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Brien, Thomas</span>, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Dell, H.A.</span>, Detroit. Hdg. Chief Engr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Quasigroch, Lee J.</span>, Highland Park, Ill., Camp Custer.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, George L.</span>, Detroit. 4th Tex. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tabor, Lyle D.</span>, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tarpestra, George</span>, Grand Rapids. 154th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, W.J.</span>, Port Huron. Hdq. Det. 14th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tobin, Frank J.</span>, Jackson. 126th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Veldmar, Edwin</span>, Grand Rapids. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weir, Orville H.</span>, Detroit. 125th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilkin, H.H.</span>, Detroit. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, Jay P.</span>, 706 Easterly Ave., 125th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Minnesota</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Ahern, Jno. J.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; 88th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Anderson, S.E.</span>, Ruthton.&nbsp; 351st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, C.H.</span>, Redwood Falls.&nbsp; 87th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Caldwell, Jno. C.</span>, Albert Lea.&nbsp; 127th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chapin, Geo. S.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; 167th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clark, Gordon M.</span>, Duluth.&nbsp; 125th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clipper, Geo. A.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cook, Paul B.</span>, Lowrny Blg., St. Paul.&nbsp; Med. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eaton, M.E.</span>, Minneapolis.&nbsp; 309th Fld. Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fowler, F.J.</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; Camp McArthur.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fuller, Harrison</span>, St. Paul.&nbsp; 163d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, Levi M.</span>, Minneapolis. 124th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Henderson, R.L.</span>, Minneapolis. C.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, S.W.</span>, Austin. Motor Mechanic.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lewis, H.B.</span>, Minneapolis. Dunwoody Tr. Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lowther, Geo.</span>, Minneapolis. Sig. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macmichael, P.R.</span>, 119 N. 4th St., Minneapolis. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Magnusson, C.W.</span>, Hibbing. 85th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCarthy, E.D.</span>, St. Paul. 313th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nelson, A.M.</span>, Fairmont. 68th Inf. Br.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nelson, Roy</span>, Minneapolis. M.G.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nolan, M.C.</span>, Grand Meadow. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Page, Ralph W.</span>, Minneapolis. 303d Cav.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Parks, Jno. J.</span>, St. Paul. 101 Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Partridge, C.A.</span>, Owatonna. 332d M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Roberts, Loren B.</span>, Little Falls. 187 Aero Sq., A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rogers, M.J.</span>, St. Paul. 74th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schaub, H.W.</span>, St. Paul. 65th Pioneer Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, S.S.</span>, Worthington. 164th D. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stromgren, E.</span>, Center City. Motor Amb. Sup. Dep. Louisville.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sturtz, Wm. P.</span>, Albert Lea. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tomelty, Jas. C.</span>, Little Falls. 337th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ustruck, W.J.</span>, Montevideo. 346th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Vancma, Geo.</span>, Lakefield. 151st Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Varner, C.L.</span>, St. Cloud. Naval Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Veit, Con.</span>, 3733 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. 70th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Warner, Lee F.</span>, St. Paul. Chem. Warfare.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, W.A.</span>, 621 Byron St., Mankato. 2d Eng.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Mississippi</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adams, Wm. T., Jr.</span>, Corinth, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Alexander, Jno. M.</span>, Jackson. San. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burnett, Robt.</span>, Vicksburg. 334th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chambers, Paul</span>, Jackson. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clark, Arthur B.</span>, Indianola. 79th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dalbey, Chas. R.</span>, Jackson, 115th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dunn, Arthur Jno.</span>, Vicksburg. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fitzhugh, Alex.</span>, 1403 Baum St., Vicksburg. Comp Q.M., Camp Hancock, Ga.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fleming, Jas. S., Jr.</span>, Natchez. 52d Ammun. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoskins, Geo. C.</span>, Brookhaven. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sullens, Frederick</span>, Jackson. Mil. Intell. Div. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Whiting, Jno. S., Jr.</span>, Farrell. 24th Co. C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Missouri</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Albert, Wilfred G.</span>, St. Louis. 57th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Alexander, F.</span>, St. Louis. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, C.P.</span>, Trenton. Field Ord.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barco, A.U.</span>, St. Louis. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bennett, J.M.</span>, Neosho. S.M.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bernard, J.A.</span>, St. Louis. 45th U.S. Inf. Medical Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bradbury, H.C.</span>, Jefferson City. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bruggere, W.H.</span>, St. Louis. 342d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cambell, C.W.</span>, Sedalia. 314th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Carter, A.</span>, Meadville. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clark, Bennett</span>, Bowling Green. 88th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clarke, Harvey C.</span>, Jefferson City. 35th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cronkite, D.W.</span>, St. Joseph. Naval Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dallmeyer, Phil. A.</span>, Jefferson City. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Daly, Richard L.</span>, St. Louis. 12th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dickson, J.T.</span>, Warrensburg. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dimmitt, C.P.</span>, St. Louis. Hosp. Guard.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Egger, E.R.</span>, St. Louis. 6th Reg. F.A.R.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Field, Andrew</span>, Macon. 160th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foster, Dick B.</span>, Kansas City. 10th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fullerton, Rob.</span>, Louis, 111. 5th Mo. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Garrett, Ruby D.</span>, Kansas City. Signal Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Good, H.G.</span>, Carthage. 116th Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gray, L.H.</span>, Carthage. 6th M.G.B. Marines.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Green, Fredk. Wm.</span>, St. Louis. 12th Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grimsley, Clyde I.</span>, Salina. 16th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hagner, A.R.</span>, Hagerstown. Casual Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Haw, U.P.</span>, Benton. 90th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holcomb, H.W.</span>, Moberly. Q.M.C.S.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hubbard, Douglas, G.</span>, Versailles. 346th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Huston, G.C.</span>, Troy. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hyde, L.M.</span>, Princeton. 338th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, Gale</span>, Mexico. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, W.O.</span>, St. Louis. Bat. No. 60 Arty. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kealy, Philip J.</span>, Kansas City. 138th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Klemm, K.D.</span>, Kansas City. 106th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krechel, Henry</span>, Floissant. 128th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lafayette, D. Lytle</span>, St. Louis. 332d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Layton, Chas. O.</span>, St. Louis. Naval Veteran Assn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leach, Merton H.</span>, Jefferson Barracks. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lonergan, Wm. J.</span>, St. Louis. 138th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lozier, Lue C.</span>, Carrollton. 164th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKinley, C.A.</span>, Clinton. 60th Pioneer Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Monovill, Harold P.</span>, St. Louis. Naval Overseas Trans. Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Montgomery, P.S.</span>, St. Louis. 312th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nee, Dan M.</span>, Springfield. O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Neville, J.H.</span>, Springfield. 41st Arty.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Raupp, William</span>, Pierce City. 2d Pioneer Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Razoosky, Julius</span>, St. Louis. Aero. Phot.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinette, P.J.</span>, Hartville. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rogers, George</span>, Missouri Ath. Assn. A.S. 133d Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rosemann, Henry</span>, St. Louis. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Royal, Thomas V.</span>, St. Louis.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schields, Geo.</span>, St. Louis. Adj. Gen. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tucker, Paul</span>, Lamar. 112th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wanchtes, Geo.</span>, St. Louis.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Watkins, Charles</span>, St. Louis. Fort Sheridan.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheless, Joseph</span>, St. Louis. Judge Adv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">White, J.M.</span>, St. Louis. Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woods, Joe</span>, St. Louis. 354th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Yount, M.P.</span>, Ironton. 3d O.T.L.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Montana</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Almon, Worth C.</span>, Helena. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barnett, Ben W.</span>, Helena. 163d D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barry, Arthur N.</span>, Billings. A.S. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blomquist, H.L.</span>, Great Falls.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCallum, D.S.</span>, Helena. 163d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pew, Chas. E.</span>, Helena. 44th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sheridan, Chas. L.</span>, Bozeman. 49th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Nebraska</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Coad, Ralph G.</span>, Omaha. A.S.M.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, Frank P.</span>, Scotts Bluff. 164th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fitzsimmons, L.L.</span>, Fremont. M.O.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gilligan, Geo W.</span>, Lincoln. 41st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Goodrich, E.S.</span>, Fairbury. 305th Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Holdeman, Geo. H.</span>, York. 125th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Howard, Bert</span>, Tecumseh. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kearney, Orlando H.</span>, Morrill. 13th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McDermott, Ed. P.</span>, Kearney. C.M.G.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McGuire, L.J.</span>, Omaha. 3d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Madden, Ray J.</span>, Omaha, U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maher, John G.</span>, Lincoln. Chief Disb. Officer, Paris.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mersinger, Leon</span>, Plattsmouth. 222d Field Signal Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rademacher, R.A.</span>, York. Unassigned.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ritchie, Wm., Jr.</span>, Omaha. 69th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, Hugh C.</span>, Omaha. 356 San. Det.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stirch, J.A.</span>, Lincoln, 350th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stryker, Hird</span>, Omaha. 338th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stuart, A.L.</span>, Fremont. 428 Eng., 109 Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tukey, Allan A.</span>, Omaha. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Vanness, Clarence</span>, Stanton. A.S.S.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Webb, Robert J.</span>, Omaha. 164th Depot Brig.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Nevada</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Malsbary, E.L.</span>, Reno. 218th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Salter, J.D.</span>, Winnemucca. 2d Co., 3d Bn. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New Hampshire</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Abbott, F.J.</span>, Manchester. 103d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Deschems, Homar J.</span>, East Jaffey. Motor Supply Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fiske, George V.</span>, Manchester. 75th Div. San. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Heureux, L'Herve</span>, Manchester. 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hogan, Walter J.</span>, Manchester. 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knox, Frank</span>, Manchester. 303d Amm. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maher, Charles F.</span>, 612 Main St., Laconia.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mahoney, Matthew J.</span>, Manchester. 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Murphy, Wm.</span>, 49 Alfred St., 103d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Santor, John</span>, Manchester. 104th F.H.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sullivan, Wm. E.</span>, Nashua, 102d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Trufant, Arthur</span>, Hudson. 103d Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New Jersey</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Besson, Harlan</span>, Hoboken. 5th A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brady, Charles S.</span>, Weehawken. 322d Sanitary Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bromley, Herbert L.</span>, 127 Clinton Ave., Clifton. Camp Hdq., Camp Dix.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cangemi, Angelo</span>, Newark. U.S. Nitrate Plant, No. 1.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Debevoise, Paul</span>, Elizabeth. 312th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eggers, Alan L.</span>, Summit. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ehrhardt, Philip</span>, Jersey City, 111th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McGrath, Edward A.</span>, Elizabeth. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mullik, D.B.</span>, Leonia. Eng. M.P.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pancoast, John M.</span>, Hancock's Bridge. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ritter, Ralph F.</span>, Rahway. Staff, Ft. Hancock.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schenck, R.P.</span>, Jersey City. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stratton, Gervas</span>, Vineland. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tischbeck, John D</span>., Newark. 112th H.F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tobin, Ed. A.</span>, 27 Broadway, Camden. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weed, Newell P.</span>, 65 Union, Montclair. 344th Ban. Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wescoat, Absalom S.</span>, Atlantic City. M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New Mexico</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Baca, Herman G.</span>, Belen. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baca, Jesus M.</span>, Santa Fe. 115th Pv. Hq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blevins, Donald L.</span>, Las Vegas. 82d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cutting, B.M.</span>, Santa Fe. Mil. Attach&eacute;, London.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dillard, H. Wyatt</span>, Roswell. 358th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doldwell, C.S.</span>, Albuquerque. Inf. (?)</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flamm, Roy H.</span>, Alamogorda. 18th Eng. R.T.C. French Army.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Humphreys, Fred. B.</span>, Dayton. U.S.N.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">New York</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Freeman C.</span>, Rochester. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baldwin, Frederic W.</span>, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ball, Grosvenor Lowrey</span>, Lawrence. 306th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barnhill, George B.</span>, New York. 820th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barrett, Walter N.</span>, Saratoga Springs. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baruck, S.L.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beers, W.H.</span>, New York. 601st Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Berry, Charles W.</span>, Brooklyn. 106th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Black, John</span>, Brooklyn. Stars and Stripes Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bodamer, Harold L.</span>, Buffalo. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boeckel, Fred. W.</span>, Buffalo. 106th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Booth, Robert C.</span>, Plattsburg. 303d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boyce, A.L.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bradley, Goodyear</span>, Buffalo. 106th Regt.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bunn, Earle D.</span>, Newburgh. Train, and Unassign. Duty.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burrill, Louis D.</span>, Syracuse. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Butler, William E.</span>, Brooklyn. Ambulance Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Church, Elihu C.</span>, New York. 117th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Compton, Geo. B.</span>, New York. 153d Depot Bri. F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Conway, Thomas J.</span>, Ithaca. U.S. Marines.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cooke, James P.</span>, New York. 106th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cosby, Arthur P.</span>, New York. A.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Daggett, Geo. F.</span>, Brooklyn. Military Intell. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davies, Julien L.</span>, New York. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dean, Clark M.</span>, New York. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Declucq, Floyd L.</span>, Cortland. 108th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Decoursey, Fales</span>, New York. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Derby, Richard</span>, New York. 2d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Deyo, Harrison</span>, Yonkers. S.A.T.C. Columbia Univ.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Draper, Wm. H.</span>, New York. Co. 2, N.Y. Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Duell, Charles H.</span>, New York. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eckert, J.A.</span>, New York. 105th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Engel, Nicholas</span>, New York. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Finelite, A.C.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fish, Hamilton, Jr.</span>, New York. 369th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Floyd, Chas. H.</span>, New York. 107th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fox, E.E.</span>, 58 W. 47th St., New York.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Frank, Eugene</span>, New York. E.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gallagher, F.T.C.</span>, Oswego. 108th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Goerke, James P.</span>, Brooklyn. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hayes, Wade H.</span>, New York. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Healy, Jos. P.</span>, New York. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Helwig, A.L.</span>, 517 New York Eng. Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hudson, Donald</span>, New York. 27th Aero Squadron.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hunt, Clyde R.</span>, Woodhaven. 7th Bt. Hdqrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ingram, Lee</span>, Gloversville. 105th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jay, Delancey K.</span>, Westbury. 307th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jennings, Allen D.</span>, Brooklyn. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kincaid, J. Leslie</span>, Syracuse. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kitchel, Lloyd</span>, Bronxville. 12th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knob, Frederick J.</span>, New York. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krumm, Edward Delos</span>, Rome. 10th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lyons, William M.</span>, Brooklyn. 114th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McAdoo, William Gibbs, Jr.</span>, New York. U.S.N. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McAlpin, Milo F.</span>, New York. 37th Art.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McIlvaine, Tompkins</span>, New York. Intell. Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKlaine, Osceala E.</span>, New York. 367th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Marsh, Robert M.C.</span>, New York. 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mela, Harry F.</span>, New York. 152d Depot Bdg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, Lawrence</span>, New York, 305th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mosle, C. Fred.</span>, New York. 33d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mullin, R. Jerome</span>, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Munske, Charles R.</span>, Brooklyn. 102d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nickerson, Hoffman</span>, New York. Ordnance.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Okerlind, Melin A.</span>, Jamestown. U.S.N.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Osborne, Fairfield</span>, New York. 351st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Perry, Francis W.</span>, Brooklyn. 77th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Press, Thomas C.</span>, Bronx. 105th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Putnam, G.P.</span>, New York. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rackoff, Irwin Ira</span>, New York. 152d Depot Brigade.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reid, D. Lincoln</span>, New York. 369th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ridder, Joseph E.</span>, New York. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Riffe, James</span>, Elmira. 108th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinson</span>, Fordham Road and Valentine Ave., New York. General Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robinson, Francis H.</span>, New York. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Roosevelt, Theodore</span>, New York. 20th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Schmidt, W.M.</span>, Pleasantville. 7th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Seligman, J.L.</span>, New York. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, Powers C.</span>, Watertown. 307th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, Thomas R.</span>, St. Louis. A.S.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stone, Laue K.</span>, New York. 34th Aero Squadron.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Swift, Parton</span>, Buffalo, 151st F.A. Bri.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, H. Irv.</span>, New York. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Townson, K.C.</span>, Rochester. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Van Buren, J.N.</span>, Dunkirk. Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wells, John</span>, New York. 105th U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wheat, Geo. S.</span>, New York. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wickersham, C.W.</span>, New York. 27th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wiseman, Mark H.</span>, New York. 7th Regt.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wood, Eric P.</span>, New York. 83d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wright, W.T.</span>, New York. 105th F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">North Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Baker, Julius R.</span>, Fargo.&nbsp; 6th Corps M.P. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fraser, G.A.</span>, Bismarck.&nbsp; Inf. P.M.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gorman, Arthur</span>, Fargo.&nbsp; 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hanley, J.M.</span>, Mandan.&nbsp; 148th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Merry, Lyall B.</span>, W. Dickinson.&nbsp; 116th Supply Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Semling, H.V.</span>, Bismarck.&nbsp; 116th Tr. Hdqrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stern, William</span>, Fargo.&nbsp; Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Treacy, Robt. H.</span>, Bismarck.&nbsp; 339th Inf. 160th Depot Brigade.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Williams, J.P.</span>, No. Fargo.&nbsp; 3d Eng.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Ohio</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Babcock, Vearne C.</span>, Elyria. U.S. Naval Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bettman, Gilbert</span>, 1114 Union Trust Bldg., Military Intell. Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bimm, Harry L.</span>, Dayton. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Black, Robert L.</span>, Cincinnati. 37th Div. Military Intell.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bruml, Maurice W.</span>, Cleveland. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bush, H.M.</span>, Briggsdale. 134th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Campbell, L.J.</span>, Youngstown. 309th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cobe, Ralph D.</span>, Findlay. 145th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Conklin, Wm. H.</span>, Columbus. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fess, Thomas L.</span>, Yellow Springs. 394th M.G. Bri.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Funm, Norbert E.</span>, Sandusky. 147th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gerlack, F.C.</span>, Wooster. 146th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall, Joseph L.</span>, Cincinnati, 5th Corps Artillery.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hard, Dudley J.</span>, Cleveland. 135th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Horrell, Olney W.</span>, Dayton. 134th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Huston, C.H.</span>, Mansfield, 112th Am. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, E.L.</span>, Dayton. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kline, John H.</span>, Dayton. 62d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Koons, Jack F.</span>, Cincinnati. 148th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lea, Andrew B.</span>, Cleveland. 112th Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Macdougal, Harry O.</span>, Akron. Ordn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mcgill, Don. R.</span>, Nelsonville. 308th Tr. M. Btry.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Murray, Chas. J.</span>, Elyria. 42d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nicklett, A.P.</span>, Toledo. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Perry, George W.</span>, Youngstown. 1st Army, A.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Phillips, Thomas A.</span>, Dayton. 812th Pio. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Priddy, John E.</span>, Findlay. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ramsey, Andrew M.</span>, Cincinnati. 26th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Segal, Ben M.</span>, Cleveland. 135th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sonsley, Harry J.</span>, Ada. 62d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Turner, Cyril B.</span>, Columbus. 308th T.M. Btry.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilson, Chalmers, R.</span>, Columbus, 112th Field Sig. Bn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Oklahoma</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Adkins, E.S.</span>, Muskogee. Hdq. 42d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Berry, Ralph H.</span>, Tulsa. 173d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Burling, Wm. T.</span>, Sapulpa. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Butts, R.B.</span>, Muskogee. 162d D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chase, Val D.</span>, Alva. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, F.W.</span>, Oklahoma City. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fox, Philip A.</span>, Tulsa. 23d Engrs.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gingerich, H.A.</span>, Okmulgee. 358th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Haugherty, Hugh</span>, Enid. E.J.B.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hagan, Horace H.</span>, Tulsa. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoffman, Roy</span>, Oklahoma City. 93d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Keenan, Rob. B.</span>, Sapulpa. 308th Aero Squad.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McNally, Earl</span>, Okemah. 111th Amm. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meyer, Howard W.</span>, U.S.S. Bank Bldg., U.S. Slipping Bd.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Niles, Alva J.</span>, Tulsa. 7th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Norwood, Frank H.</span>, Prague. Ft. Riley.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sams, Vernett E.</span>, Wewoka. 49th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shea, Thomas J.</span>, Buffalo, N.Y. 56th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Taylor, Max A.</span>, Pryor. 330th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thompson, N.A.</span>, 111 E. Latimer St., Tulsa. 57th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tully, B.L.</span>, 83d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Viuer, Wm.</span>, Tulsa. S.O.T.S.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Oregon</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Critchlow, Harry</span>, Portland. 363d Arab. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eivers, Edw. J.</span>, Portland. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Follett, Will. B.</span>, Eugene. 69th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grant, Roderick D.</span>, Portland. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leonard, Barge E.</span>, Portland. 63d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">May, John L.</span>, North Portland. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mullen, C.L.</span>, Portland. U.S. Marines.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pargon, Joseph A.</span>, Portland. M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Pennsylvania</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Aurand, Ammon M., Jr.</span>, Beaver Springs. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beaman, Joseph W.</span>, Towanda. 140th Tank Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Becker, H.M.</span>, Pittsburgh. (?)</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Biddle, Charles J.</span>, Philadelphia. Air Serv.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Blank, Harry C.</span>, Allentown. C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bodin, F.S.</span>, Wellsboro. B.E.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buck, Howard</span>, Philadelphia. 96 Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buettner, C.A.</span>, Johnstown. Amb. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Collins, J.</span>, East Pittsburgh. 371 Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Shanley</span>, Pottsville. Aviation.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dearlove, Chas.</span>, Philadelphia. 109th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Detrich, A.</span>, Philadelphia. School for A.R. &amp; M.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dixon, F.E.</span>, Elkins Park. 318th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dobson, W.F.</span>, 284 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">D'Olier, Franklin</span>, Philadelphia. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dunkle, Ray</span>, Dry Runn. 4th D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dunn, Stewart</span>, Pittsburgh. 83d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Egloff, John</span>, East Pittsburgh. 8th Trench Mort. Bat.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fischer, Andrew</span>, Johnstown. 7th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Flood, Frank</span>, Pittsburgh. Chem. War. Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Forester, I.G.</span>, Philadelphia. 46th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foster, David</span>, Carnegie, 305th Field Sig. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Geary, John W.</span>, Philadelphia. M.I.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gentzel, Paul</span>, Bellefonte. 314th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Greer, John</span>, New York City. Nat. Cath. War Council.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hauth, M.L.</span>, Meadville. 29th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hecht, Carl C.</span>, c/o West Branch Knitting Co., U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Herbine, A.P.</span>, Berwick. 314th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hill, Frederick</span>, Pittsburgh, 90th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoeger, Adelbert</span>, 1508 Sheffield St., Pittsburgh. 209th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoopes, E.S.</span>, East End Ave., Beaver. Casual Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hosack, George</span>, 1415 Park Blg., Pittsburgh, 111th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Houck, Byron</span>, Williamsport. 1st Reg. M.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hudoe, M.J.</span>, Uniontown. 306th Tank Corp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hulings, Norman</span>, Oil City. 22d Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hunsicker, Stanley</span>, Collegeville. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ivony, Leo</span>, East Pittsburgh. I.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johns, Alexander</span>, Monessen. 2d Eng. Tran. Regiment.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, J.E.</span>, West Chester. 301st Tank Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Miller A.</span>, Lewisburg. 162d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jones, Warrel</span>, Clearfield. 38th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Katz, Edward</span>, Honesdale. M.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Keller, Oliver</span>, Lancaster. Air Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Knox, Andrew</span>, Philadelphia. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kresales, Kenneth</span>, Easton. U.S.A.A.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Krumbhaar, Edward</span>, Chestnut Hill. Base Hos. No. 10.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lamond, James</span>, Philadelphia. Avia. A.S.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Laughlin, Alex., Jr.</span>, Sewickley. 88th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCall, Joseph</span>, Merion. 311th. F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McRae, A.K.</span>, Pittsburgh. M.T.C.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Metz, Benj.</span>, Pittsburgh. 124th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Morganroth, C.K.</span>, Shamokin. 312th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Muench, William, Jr.</span>, Philadelphia. 606th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Newcomer, Robert</span>, Pittsburgh. 76th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nofer, Geo.</span>, 621 Belgrade St. 3d Div. Hdq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">O'Donnel, James</span>, Philadelphia. 315th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pearson, Alfred, Jr.</span>, Somerset. 6th E.T.R.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pennel, Edred J.</span>, Norristown. 304th Ammun. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Penny, Jos. M.</span>, Philadelphia. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Phelps, L.M.</span>, Erie. 112th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Putlk, Lawhend</span>, Clearfield. Base Hosp. No. 4.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reasa, Thomas</span>, Pottsville. 103d Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rehr, Thomas</span>, Pottsville. 103d Eng. Co. C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reifsender, Russell</span>, Pottstown. 182d Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rick, Geo.</span>, Reading. 302 Guard and Fire Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rigby, Howard</span>, Pittsburgh. O.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Samsel, Hugh</span>, Stroudsburg. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Saxe, Michael</span>, Philadelphia. 54th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sembower, Guy</span>, Reading, 114th Ord. Co.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shoeffer, Clinton</span>, Pottsville. 103d Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simonson, E.G.</span>, Philadelphia. 490 Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Singer, Robert</span>, Stroudsburg. 109th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smyth, William</span>, Philadelphia. Engrs. Adj. Gen. Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spangel, Lyell</span>, Williamsport. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stevenson, Richard</span>, Chester. Handley Page Training Dept.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tyler, George</span>, Philadelphia, 311th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Walsh, Joseph</span>, Pittsburgh. 4th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wear, Byron</span>, Hazleton. 146th Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Philippine Islands</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Landon, Robert R.</span>, Manila. 111th Corps and 2d Army.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Rhode Island</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Angell, Carl H.</span>, Providence. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cantwell, Percey</span>, Providence. 351st P.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Eleoniskey, James</span>, Main Crompton. Sig. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnston, Alexander</span>, Providence. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McKannah, F.</span>, River Pt. Medical Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">San Soneitr, Jos.</span>, 4 Claremont Ave., 103d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sharkey, Walter</span>, Woonsocket. 151st D.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shunney, Wm. P.</span>, Woonsocket. 103d P.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sturges, Rush</span>, Providence. Ord.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thurber, Fred B.</span>, c/o Tilden Thurber Co. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Weeder, R.B.</span>, Providence. 103d F.A.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">South Carolina</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Fulton, Robert</span>, Florence. 105th Supply Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lachicotte, N.S.</span>, Florence. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reed, Charles</span>, Charleston. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smyser, John</span>, Florence. Med. Corps.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">South Dakota</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Buell, William</span>, Rapid City. 335th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dennison, John</span>, Vermillion. C.M.G.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Doud, F.R.</span>, Mobridge. 13th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, T.R.</span>, Sioux Falls. 102d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Maloney, Paul</span>, Aberdeen. 163d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pfeiffer, Joseph</span>, Rapid City. Ord.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Tennessee</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Anderson, Glenn</span>, Nashville. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Berry, Harry</span>, Hendersonville. 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bolling, W.E.</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bowman, Chas.</span>, Nashville. 2d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Brown, Barton</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buckner, Ed.</span>, Thompson's Station. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Buford, Ned</span>, Nashville. Air Ser.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cason, Wm.</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Corson, Herbert</span>, Nashville. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gleason, James</span>, Knoxville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Griffen, Eugene</span>, Nashville, 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hager, Richard</span>, Nashville, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Handler, Walter C.</span>, Memphis. 55th P.A. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hayes, John</span>, Memphis. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kleine, Kenneth E.</span>, Memphis. Unassigned.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lason, William</span>, Nashville, 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lea, Luke</span>, Nashville. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mernt, Henry</span>, Jacksonville, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Milligan, G.C.</span>, Chattanooga. 156th Dept. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Milliken</span>, Chattanooga. 81st Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Naive, W.W.</span>, Clarkville. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Oxe, Howard</span>, Nashville, 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Palmer, Ed.</span>, Nashville. 117th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, John</span>, Lebanon, 115th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shadow, W.A.</span>, Winchester. Air Ser.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spence, Carey</span>, Knoxville. 117th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Warning, Rome</span>, Memphis. 33d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Watson, Lawrence</span>, Columbia. 114th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Winfry, Douglas</span>, Memphis.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Texas</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Allen, Arch C.</span>, Dallas. 132d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bacon, Benjamin</span>, Wichita Falls. 360th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beagley, John</span>, La Porte. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Beavens, C.</span>, Houston. 357th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Birkhead, Claude</span>, San Antonio, 131st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Boon, S.P.</span>, Brady, 111th Sup. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bradley, Rolland</span>, Houston. 132d F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Carrel, Alfred</span>, Austin. Air Ser.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cohn, E.M.</span>, Dallas. U.S.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foy, Hugh</span>, Dallas. Army Tran. Service.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gaines, J.P.</span>, Bay City. 26th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grubbs, Roscoe</span>, Paris, 5th M.G. Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hoover, John</span>, Houston. 143d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, W.E.</span>, Hillboro. 141st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, W.W.</span>, Galveston. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">King, John L.</span>, Ft. Worth, 111th Am. Train.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Langdon, Russell</span>, Houston. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lindsley, Henry</span>, Dallas. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nicholson, Le Roy</span>, Ballinger. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, C.</span>, Galveston. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tips, Chas.</span>, Three Rivers, 90th Div. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Vameson, Rou A.</span>, Marlin. 143d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Young, John</span>, Austin. C.A.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Utah</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Douglas, Royal</span>, Ogden. 81st Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jurgensen, Fred</span>, Salt Lake City. Gen.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kundson, J.C.</span>, Brigham City. 326th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCarty, Ray</span>, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Meehan, Leo</span>, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.F.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Parsons, C.</span>, Salt Lake City. Sant. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rhivers, Donald</span>, Ogden. 18th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Robertson, Baldwin</span>, Salt Lake City. 362d Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Seely, L.J.</span>, Mt. Pleasant. 814th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smoot, H.R.</span>, Salt Lake City. P.S.&amp;T.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wooley, Jas.</span>, Salt Lake City. U.S.M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Vermont</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Fountain, Joseph Harry</span>, Burlington. 101st Am. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nason, Leonard</span>, Norwich University. 76th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Varnum, Guy</span>, Barre. Ordnance.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Cocke, Francis</span>, Roanoke. 217th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Isaid, James</span>, Roanoke. 117th T.H. &amp; M.P.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nei, D.D.</span>, Norfolk. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pallard, C.</span>, Richmond. 30th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pool, George</span>, Norfolk, 111th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stuart, Wm. A.</span>, Big Stone Gap. 44th Art. Brig.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thompson, John</span>, Petersburg. 248th Aero Sq.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Trotter, Wm.</span>, Petersburg. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wallace, R.R.</span>, Hampton. 11th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wicker, John</span>, Richmond. 499th Aero Sq.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Washington</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Fein, Fred</span>, 1131 Pleasant St. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gordon, R.S.</span>, Spokane. 54th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, Albert</span>, Aberdeen. M.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McDonald, C.B.</span>, Camp Lewis, Signal Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moss, Harvey</span>, Seattle. I.G.D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Redinger, Fred</span>, Aberdeen. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sapp, C.S.</span>, Seattle. Ord.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shaw, Frederick</span>, Tacoma. C.A.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simenton, Russ</span>, Seattle. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sullivan, John</span>, Seattle. M.I.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thompson, L.L.</span>, Olympia. U.S.N.R.F.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">West Virginia</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Alderson, Fleming</span>, Charleston. A.G.O.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Arnold, Jackson</span>, Weston. 150th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bond, John</span>, 317 Michigan Ave. Gen. Staff 38th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Crockett, Joseph</span>, Welch. 315th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Richard</span>, Morgantown. A.S.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ferguson, G.E.</span>, Charleston. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Godfrey, M.V.</span>, Charleston. Med. Corps.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson, Joseph</span>, Charleston. 365th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jones, Clarence</span>, Hinton. 8th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCamic, Charles</span>, Wheeling. Ordn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reass, Jos. H.</span>, Wheeling. Q.M.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shaw, Houston Geo.</span>, Wheeling. R.I.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Simmons, W.J.</span>, Hinton. 40th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Solins, Samuel</span>, Welch. M.C.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Wisconsin</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Ackley, James</span>, 417 Marston Ave., 168th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bellis, Newman</span>, Wausau. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chybowski, M.A.</span>, Milwaukee. M.O.T.C.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clarke, Robert H.</span>, La Crosse. Development Bn.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Clow, Wm. K.</span>, Milwaukee. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Crosby, H.S.</span>, Rhinelander.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cunningham, Rob.</span>, Janesville. Chemical Warfare.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, John</span>, Milwaukee. Train. Cp.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dieterien, W.H.</span>, Milwaukee. 120th F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dutscher, Geo.</span>, Milwaukee. F.A.C.O.T.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ferris, John</span>, Milwaukee. Gen. Staff.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foster, Carlton</span>, Oshkosh. 20th Eng.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lachenmaier, Fred</span>, 312 Caswel Blk., 100th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lee, Wilbur</span>, Oconto. 127th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lystud, Andy</span>, N. Hudson. 330th Mach. Gun.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Merkel, Geo.</span>, Appleton. 127th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Owens, Elmer</span>, Milwaukee, 121st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pfeil, James</span>, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Prange, Herbert</span>, Baraboo. 128th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Salsman, John</span>, Madison. 32d Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Smith, B.L.</span>, Neenah. 18th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Strampe, George</span>, Janesville.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Szultek, John</span>, Milwaukee. 121st F.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Witterstaffer, Walter</span>, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Woodworth, Leigh</span>, Janesville.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Wyoming</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">Dinneen, M.A.</span>, Cheyenne. 116th Amm. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gregg, Ben</span>, Worland. 49th Reg.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">June, C.M.</span>, Cheyenne. 13th Div.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">McCarthy, D.C.M.</span>, Casper. U.S.N.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miller, L.A.</span>, Cheyenne. U.S.M.C.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Powers, Ralph</span>, Tarrington. 40th Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shortell, William</span>, Buffalo. 116th Am. Tr.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Swenson, Nelsy</span>, Douglas, 1st Inf.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">World's War Veterans</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">C.P. Dimmitt</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">G.H.W. Rauschkolb</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Geo. E. David</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">John S. Seibert</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Thomas H. Dempsey</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">R.A. Thompson</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">F.H. Rein</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Charles S. Watkins</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Soldiers' And Sailors' Council</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">S.M. Curtin</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">American Army Association</p>
+<ul class="plain">
+<li><span class="smcap">H.W. Hillyer</span>, 1215 Nat. Bank, Conwell Bldg., St. Louis, Co. B, 49 Mo. G.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Louis R. Florin</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">T.R. Smith</span>, 2848 Lyon St., St. Louis, 11th Co. A., S.D., Garden City</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Joseph P. McGlinn</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">J.A. Bernard</span>, 706 Pearce Bldg., St. Louis. 45 U.S. Inf.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Scott W. Lucas</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Story of The American Legion, by George Seay Wheat
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of The American Legion
+
+Author: George Seay Wheat
+
+Release Date: December 26, 2004 [EBook #14478]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Asad Razzaki and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Story of The American Legion
+
+By
+
+George Seay Wheat
+
+
+The Birth of the Legion
+
+The first of a series to be issued after each
+Annual National Convention
+
+
+_Illustrated_
+
+[Illustration: The St. Louis Caucus]
+
+
+G.P. Putnam's Sons
+New York and London
+The Knickerbocker Press
+1919
+
+
+The Knickerbocker Press, New York
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+The American Legion was conceived by practically the entire personnel
+of the army, navy, and marine corps! Every man in the military and
+naval establishment did not think of it in just such terms, but most
+of them knew that there would be a veterans' organization of some
+tremendous import, and here it is!
+
+"A veterans' organization of some kind will be formed." I heard that
+identical remark not once, but a dozen times on board a transport en
+route to France as early as September, 1918. In fact, one night in the
+war zone a group of officers were huddled around a small piano trying
+to make the best of a lightless evening, and, having sung every song
+from _Keep the Home Fires Burning_ to _You're in the Army Now_,
+paused, longingly toyed cigarettes which were taboo by ship's order,
+and then began to spin yarns.
+
+"Reminds me of a G.A.R. reunion," one second lieutenant from Maine
+remarked, after a particularly daring training camp adventure had been
+recounted.
+
+"Just think of the lying we'll all do at our reunions when this war is
+over," chirped a youngster from South Carolina. And then spoke a tall
+major from Illinois:
+
+"The organization which you young fellows will join won't be any
+_liefest_--at least not for forty years. Don't forget there's some
+saving to do for the United States when this European mess is over. Us
+fellows won't ever get out of Uncle Sam's service."
+
+How well the Illinois major hit the nail on the head! The incident on
+the transport seems worth recording not only because of the major but
+because it shows the general anticipation of what is now the American
+Legion. Perhaps it was this general anticipation which is responsible
+for the cordial reception that the Legion has had ever since its very
+inception in Paris.
+
+No one can lay claim to originating the idea of a veterans'
+association, because it was a consensus among the men of the armed
+forces of our nation. A certain group of men can take unto themselves
+the credit for starting it, for getting the ball rolling, aiding its
+momentum, and, what is more important, for guiding it in the right
+direction, but no one man or group of men "thought up" the American
+Legion. It was the result of what might be called the "spontaneous
+opinion" of the army, navy, and marine corps caused by a fusing
+together in a common bond of the various elements of the service, just
+as spontaneous combustion is brought about by the joint action of
+certain chemical elements.
+
+Spontaneous opinion, like spontaneous combustion, is dangerous when
+improperly handled and beneficient when rightly directed. That's what
+the organizers of the Legion have been and will be mostly concerned
+with. They have their elements--these men of the army, navy, and
+marine corps, and the organizers mean to direct this united and
+organized patriotism into such channels as will make for the welfare
+of the United States of America primarily, and, secondarily, for the
+welfare of the service men themselves.
+
+Just how much attention this Legion with four million potential
+members intends to pay to the United States of America, and just how
+much to themselves _per se_, is basicly important and pertinent as a
+question, nowadays when the Legion is being tried and is on the
+witness stand before public opinion. The answer is most clearly
+indicated by the preamble to the proposed constitution printed
+elsewhere.
+
+This preamble stresses _Americanism, individual obligation_ to the
+_community, state_, and _nation; battling with autocracy_ both of the
+_classes_ and _masses; right_ the _master_ of _might; peace_ and
+_good will_ on _earth; justice, freedom_, and _democracy_! Only in the
+last two words of the preamble is mention made of the welfare of the
+men themselves. These two words are _mutual helpfulness_. But be sure
+and understand the connection in which they are used.
+
+"... _we associate ourselves together ... to consecrate and sanctify
+our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness_."
+
+This is the way the last purpose of the preamble reads.
+
+The men who framed this constitution certainly did not believe that
+comradeship would be consecrated and sanctified by anything of a
+selfish character under the guise of mutual helpfulness. Certainly not
+the _comradeship_ that made bearable the zero hour in the trenches or
+the watch in a submarine infested sea.
+
+To go a little in advance of the story and speak practically, mutual
+helpfulness has meant so far voting down a pay grab from Congress; a
+get-together spirit to foster the growth of the Legion; a purpose to
+aid in the work of getting jobs for returning soldiers, and the
+establishment of legal departments throughout the country to help
+service men get back pay and allotments. Mutual helpfulness in this
+case would seem to make Uncle Sam as much a partner in it as are the
+Legion members. Because, for every job the Legion gets an unemployed
+man, and for every dollar Legion lawyers help collect for back pay and
+allotments, a better citizen is made. And better citizenship is what
+the Legion most wants.
+
+So here seems to be the place to make the patent observation that
+_mutual helpfulness_ will in future years mean just what it means
+to-day--doing something for the United States of America.
+
+At the present time the Legion might be compared to a two-headed
+American eagle--one looking towards France and the A.E.F., and the
+other homewards to the service men here. The two are a single body
+borne on the same wings and nourished of the same strength. They are
+the same in ideal and purpose but directed for the moment by two
+different committees working together. One committee is the result of
+the caucus at Paris in March, when the A.E.F. started the
+organization, while the other was born this month in St. Louis, Mo.,
+for the men here.
+
+  GEORGE S. WHEAT.
+  NEW YORK May, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   I.--LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+  II.--THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+ III.--PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA
+
+  IV.--THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+   V.--THE ST. Louis CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, and 10
+
+  VI.--THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+ VII.--THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+VIII.--THE SILVER LINING
+
+  IX.--OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+   X.--THE REEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+  XI.--THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+ XII.--THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+XIII.--WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+       THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+       RESOLUTIONS
+
+       LEGION FACTS
+
+       WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+       COMMITTEES
+
+       ROSTER
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+HENRY D. LINDSLEY
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS
+
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR.
+
+GROUP AT ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+BENNETT C. CLARK
+
+ERIC FISHER WOOD
+
+CASPAR BACON
+
+STATE CHAIRMEN HERBERT,[A] MATHEWSON, AND WICKERSHAM
+
+"JACK" SULLIVAN
+
+CHAPLAIN J.W. INZER
+
+FRED HUMPHREY
+
+P.C. CALHOUN
+
+  [Footnote A: Photo by Gray, Worcester, Mass.]
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+LATTER WAR DAYS IN FRANCE
+
+
+    I believe that the army of to-day, when it goes back to citizen
+    thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of so contributing
+    to the commonwealth of the United States as to change the
+    character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane.
+
+    BISHOP BRENT, _Senior Chaplain, A.E.F_.
+      Paris, March, 1919.
+
+On a midsummer morning in 1918, ambulance after ambulance unloaded its
+cargo of wounded humanity at a base hospital in Paris. The wounded
+were being conveyed rapidly from the front and the entire hospital was
+astir with nurses, surgeons, and orderlies. A major, surgeon, almost
+staggered out of an operating room where he had been on duty for
+twenty-two hours and started for his quarters when a colonel arrived
+on an inspection trip.
+
+"Pretty busy," remarked the colonel as he acknowledged the major's
+salute.
+
+"Busy? Busy!" replied the major. "Good Lord, the only people about
+here that aren't busy are the dead ones. Even the wounded are busy
+planning to hobble around at conventions when the Big Show is over.
+Already they are talking about how they intend to take a hand in
+things after the war when they get home."
+
+Over across the street a sergeant, limping slightly, stopped under a
+shade tree and leaned against it to rest. He was almost well of his
+wound and eagerly awaited the word that would send him to join his
+regiment, the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry. As he paused under
+the tree another soldier with a mending wound in the knee and just
+able to be about stopped to speak to him. The sergeant's hand rose in
+quick salute for the newcomer was an officer.
+
+"Expect to get back soon, sergeant?" said the officer.
+
+"Yes sir," he replied. "Anxious to go back and get the whole job over,
+sir."
+
+"So am I," responded the officer. "But what will we all do when the
+Germans really are licked?"
+
+"Go home and start a veterans' association for the good of the
+country, sir," the sergeant answered.
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then major, was the officer,
+and Sergeant William Patterson, later killed in action, was the
+enlisted man, and the institution was Base Hospital No. 2.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt, who was in the hospital convalescing from a wound
+in his knee caused by a machine gun bullet, told me the story and said
+it was the first time that he had heard the subject of a veterans'
+association mentioned, although he had thought of it frequently
+himself as an organization with boundless possibilities for good. He
+found later that it was being very generally discussed by men in Base
+Hospital No. 2, particularly those who were so badly wounded that they
+could not be sent to the front again and who knew they must further
+serve their country along peaceful lines at home.
+
+This was during war time, remember!
+
+Then came the armistice!
+
+When our victorious armies were wending their way towards the Rhine,
+when men of the navy and the marine corps realized that peace had come
+and that home was again within reach, this thought of a veterans'
+band, which had slumbered far back in the subconscious thoughts of all
+of them, burst into objectivity. An association of some sort was
+widely discussed not only by the men but by the officers as well. But
+how could even the start of it be begun? Those who considered the
+project most seriously were confronted with a difficulty which seemed
+at first to be almost insurmountable: that was the difficulty of
+assembling at one time and in one place a gathering which might at
+least approximately represent the whole army, navy, marine corps, or
+even the A.E.F.
+
+This difficulty tended to narrow what is believed to have been the
+wish of everyone when he first thought of the matter, that is the hope
+that it would be another Grand Army of the Republic, another United
+Confederate Veterans, but greater than either because representative
+of a United Country. Talk started then about all sorts of imagined and
+fancied veteran organizations. Some advocated an officers'
+association. This was believed to be possible because officers had
+more freedom and more financial ability to attend a convention. Others
+thought the enlisted men should perfect organizations by regiments
+first, then divisions, and finally form one great united body.
+
+The present leaders in the movement have since said that they realized
+that all of these schemes must come to naught because no organization
+except one on the broadest possible lines could be effective. They
+believed that all officers and men of the three branches of the
+service and all enlisted women, whether they served at home or abroad,
+should be eligible and urged to join one thoroughly democratic and
+comprehensive organization. They knew that any organization leaving
+out one or more elements composing the military service of the United
+States would be forced to compete constantly with the organization or
+association so discarded. In short, they knew that in union there is
+strength. And they believed, and still believe, that the problems of
+peace after a catastrophe such as was never before witnessed in
+history are so grave that they can be met with safety only by a
+national bulwark composed of the men who won the war, so closely knit,
+so tightly welded together in a common organization for the common
+good of all that no power of external or internal evil or aggression,
+no matter how allied or augmented, could hope even so much as to
+threaten our national existence, ambitions, aspirations, and pursuit
+of happiness, much less aim to destroy them.
+
+Don't forget that the leaders of the movement realized all this, and
+also remember that they include among their number the enlisted man of
+the A.E.F. and home army and the sailor in a shore station and on
+board a destroyer. The realization may not have been in so many words,
+but each knew he wanted to "make the world safe for democracy"--he had
+fought to do that and had thought out carefully what it meant, that
+is, that it didn't mean anything selfish--and each knew enough of the
+principle of union and strength to embrace the idea when "organize"
+first began to be mentioned.
+
+But how to do it, that was the problem.
+
+Then kind Fate in the shape of G.H.Q. came to the rescue with what
+proved to be the solution.
+
+G.H.Q. didn't mean to find the solution. There had been a deal of
+dissatisfaction with the way certain things were going in the A.E.F.
+and on February 15, 1919, twenty National Guard and Reserve officers
+serving in the A.E.F., representing the S.O.S., ten infantry
+divisions, and several other organizations, were ordered to report in
+Paris. The purpose of this gathering was to have these officers confer
+with certain others of the Regular Army, including the heads of train
+supply and Intelligence Sections of the General Staff of G.H.Q., in
+regard to the betterment of conditions and development of contentment
+in the army in France.
+
+Included in this number were Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., of the First Division, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin D'Olier of the
+S.O.S., and Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher Wood of the 88th Division.
+All of these officers have since told me that when they left their
+divisions they were distinctively permeated with the desire to form a
+veterans' organization of some comprehensive kind. When they got to
+Paris they immediately went into conference with the other officers
+on the questions involved in their official trip, details of which do
+not concern this story.
+
+What is important is the fact that Colonel Roosevelt, Colonel D'Olier,
+and Colonel Wood each discovered that all of the officers in this
+representative gathering shared with the thousands of other soldiers
+of the American forces the hope and desire that the officers and men
+who were about to return to civilian life, after serving in the great
+war, whether at home or with the combat units or in the S.O.S., might
+sooner or later be united into one permanent national organization,
+similar in certain respects to the Grand Army of the Republic or the
+United Confederate Veterans and composed of all parties, all creeds,
+and all ranks, who wished to perpetuate American ideals and the
+relationship formed while in the military and national service.
+
+When these officers realized what each was thinking they promptly set
+about with the "let's go" spirit of the A.E.F. to avail themselves of
+a God-given opportunity. A dinner was spread in the Allied Officers'
+Club, Rue Faubourg St. Honore, on the night of February 16th and
+covers were laid for the following:
+
+  Lt. Col. Francis R. Appleton, Jr.,       2d Army.
+  Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton,               82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark, ex 35th Div., now with 88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,                  37th Div.
+  Lt. Col. D.J. Davis, ex 28th Div.,       now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier,               Q.M., S.O.S.
+  Col. W.J. Donovan,                       Rainbow Div.
+  Lt. Col. David M. Goodrich,              G.H.Q.
+  Maj. T.E. Gowenlock, ex 1st Div.,        now with 1st A.C.
+  Col. Thorndike Howe,                     A.P.O. Dept.
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,             Peace Commission
+  Maj. DeLancey Kountze,                   G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,                 28th Div.
+  Capt. Ogden Mills, ex 6th Div.,          now att. G.-2, S.O.S.
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin Moore,                 82d Div.
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.,        1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. R.C. Stebbins,                  3d A.C.
+  Maj. R.C. Stewart,                       1st Div.
+  Lt. Col. George A. White, ex 41st Div.,  now att. G.H.Q.
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, ex 83d Div.,  now with 88th Div.
+
+
+At that dinner the American Legion was born.
+
+Why not let this gathering--the most representative in the history of
+the A.E.F.--consider itself as a temporary committee to launch the
+movement? Why not? everyone asked himself and his neighbor over the
+coffee. All felt that their presence in Paris presented an unusual
+opportunity to initiate the first steps of such a movement, an
+opportunity unlikely to be repeated and one they ought not to let
+slip. Another meeting was suggested to consider the matter. It was
+held. The result was that there were several more conferences and
+every such gathering was more enthusiastic than its predecessor. At
+each of these informal conferences, some one was careful to emphasize
+that these self-appointed committeemen were by no means
+representative enough of the army or navy, nor sufficiently numerous
+to warrant their actually effecting an organization of any character
+whatsoever. Yet it was believed that, nevertheless, the gathering was
+representative enough to act as a temporary committee so functioning
+as to get together from the whole army and navy two caucuses--one to
+represent the troops in France, and the other those who had remained
+in America and who, through no fault of their own, had been denied the
+privilege of making history on a European battlefield. The temporary
+committee realized that due care must be exercised in getting these
+caucuses started. Every unit in the A.E.F. should be represented, if
+possible, at the Paris caucus, while to the one in the States,
+preferably to be held at St. Louis because of its central location,
+delegates must come from every Congressional District in the Union.
+
+Thereby would be avoided, it was urged, the mistake of giving the
+impression that it was a small gathering of men, unrepresentative or
+serving some special and selfish end.
+
+This was unanimously agreed upon and the temporary committee elected
+Lt. Col. Roosevelt, temporary chairman, Lt. Col. Bennett C. Clark,
+temporary vice-chairman, Lt. Col. Wood, temporary secretary.
+
+A sub-committee was appointed to receive from all the members of the
+temporary committee the names of such individuals of combat divisions
+and each section of the S.O.S. of the A.E.F., who were eligible and
+suitable to be delegates to a caucus scheduled for March
+15th-16th-17th in Paris. A similar sub-committee was appointed to
+ascertain the names of men of the home forces in order that they might
+be urged to attend a caucus in America on or about May 8th-9th-10th.
+
+The work of the sub-committee of the A.E.F. was much more difficult
+than would appear at first glance. It was easy enough to get the names
+of leaders in the various outfits, both of officers and men, but to
+get them to Paris! That was the job. Of course it was the ardent
+desire of everyone that the new organization should eventually become
+a society principally devoted to the interests of those who served as
+enlisted men, for they bore the brunt of the fighting and the work and
+were fundamentally responsible for the splendid victory.
+
+But once the names of such men were in the committee's hands the real
+work had not begun. There were mechanical difficulties in securing for
+enlisted men in active duty leave to attend a caucus in Paris. In the
+first place the enlisted men themselves, as indicated by several who
+were consulted, were very diffident about accepting an invitation to
+attend a caucus where they would be required to sit beside and debate
+with and against generals and field officers to whom they owed
+military obedience. Then again, there was the expense of travel in
+France, as well as the high cost of living in Paris. At the outset
+this raised the expense of a trip to the French capital to a sum
+amounting to many months of an enlisted man's pay. Furthermore, the
+sub-committee was face to face with the A.E.F. regulations providing
+that except in the most unusual circumstances an enlisted man would
+not be granted leave except in company with a trainload of his
+fellows, and to a certain specified leave area.
+
+But as has been said before the conclusion had been reached that if
+the organization was really to become preeminently an enlisted man's
+outfit, it would be absolutely necessary to overcome these
+difficulties and by hook or crook to obtain the attendance of as many
+privates and noncommissioned officers as possible who were leaders.
+So, scarcely had seventeen of the twenty officers returned to their
+commands before they received an urgent appeal to help out the
+sub-committee of three. They were told to get enlisted delegates to
+Paris, never mind how, the method being of small importance provided
+the men were there.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE PARIS CAUCUS, MARCH 15-17, 1919
+
+
+The first delegates began to arrive for the caucus on March 14th.
+After-the-war good fellowship between those who had been commissioned
+officers on the one hand, and enlisted men on the other, was
+foreshadowed in a most interesting and striking manner when they began
+to come into the hotels. A dozen or more officer delegates brought
+with them as orderlies an equal number of delegates from the ranks.
+Thus enlisted personnel, by devious means, were ordered to Paris under
+one guise or another. One sergeant came under orders which stated that
+he was the bearer of important documents. He carried a despatch case
+wadded with waste paper. Another non-com., from a distant S.O.S.
+sector, had orders to report to Paris and obtain a supply of rat
+poison. Several wagoners, farriers, and buck privates acquired
+diseases of so peculiar a character that only Parisian physicians
+could treat them. As one of them said, he hadn't had so much fun since
+his office-boy days when a grandmother made a convenient demise every
+time Mathewson pitched. The expense of the trip was gathered in
+diverse ways. In some divisions the officer delegates took up
+collections to defray the expense of enlisted delegates.
+
+In numerous instances, enlisted men refused such assistance and took
+up their own collections. One amusing story was told by an enlisted
+man. He said that the "buddies" in his regiment had deliberately lost
+money to him in gambling games when he refused to be a delegate
+because he couldn't pay his own expenses. So by various means nearly
+two hundred enlisted delegates were in Paris by late afternoon on
+March 14th. It must not be imagined from the foregoing that all the
+officers arrived on special trains and were themselves in the lap of
+luxury. One second lieutenant who attended has since confided that he
+sold his safety razor and two five-pound boxes of fudge sent from home
+in order to get carfare to Paris.
+
+Practically all of the self-appointed, temporary committee, with the
+exception of Colonel Roosevelt, was present. He was Chairman of the
+American Committee and had left France for the purpose of organizing
+that part of the army and navy which did not get abroad or which had
+returned home.
+
+The Paris caucus convened at the American Club near the Place de la
+Concorde on the afternoon of March 15th, Colonel Wood presiding.
+Lieutenant Colonel Bennett C. Clark of the 88th Division was selected
+Chairman of the caucus and Lt. Col. T.W. Miller of Pennsylvania, and
+serving in the 79th Division, was elected Vice-Chairman. When Colonel
+Wood called the meeting to order nearly one thousand delegates
+answered the roll-call and these were of all ranks from private to
+brigadier general; and every combat division and all sections of the
+S.O.S., were represented. Colonel Wood briefly reviewed the
+self-appointment of the temporary committee during the previous month
+and outlined the purposes of the caucus.
+
+A few minutes after Colonel Clark had taken the chair an officer of
+high rank, a colonel to be exact, moved that while in the convention
+hall, the after-war status as fellow civilians be forecast and that
+the stations of rank would there cease to exist. It was agreed that
+they would be resumed with full force and full discipline as soon as
+the delegates crossed the threshold of the convention hall and
+regained the street.
+
+It was the ability of the American officer to do this--to be friendly
+to a certain extent with his men and yet at the same time to keep them
+perfectly disciplined--which amazed the officers of the armies of our
+Allies. No more striking example of this was ever given than within
+the confines of the American Club on that 15th day of March. The
+Colonel's motion was unanimously carried and the work of the
+organization began. Then generals forgot their rank, corporals engaged
+in hot debates with colonels, sergeants argued with majors and
+everybody talked with everybody else in a most boylike spirit of
+fraternity and equality.
+
+Captain Ogden Mills of G.H.Q. moved that four caucus committees be
+appointed to draft suggestions and submit them to the caucus, one
+committee to design machinery for convening the winter convention; one
+committee to submit suggestions as to a permanent organization; one
+committee on tentative constitution; and one committee on name. Each
+committee consisted of fifteen members, and was appointed by the
+Chairman.
+
+Here are the committees, appointed by the chair:
+
+COMMITTEE ON CONVENTION
+
+  Brig. Gen. Sherburne, 26th Div., Chairman
+  Wagoner Shaw,         88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Ogden Mills,    G.H.Q.
+  Colonel Graham,       S.O.S.
+  Prvt. C.W. Ney,       1st Army Troops
+  Captain Mahon,        77th Div.
+  Sgt. Obrecht,         1st Army
+  Capt. Kipling,        Troops serving with French
+  Sgt. J.C. Hendler,    Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Appleton,    2d Army Hq.
+  Major Gordon,         36th Div.
+  Field Clerk Sowers,   Press Section G.H.Q.
+  Major Hungerford,     3rd Army Hq.
+  Cpl. J.H. Anderson,   Paris Command
+  Lt. Col. Wren,        36th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE OF PERMANENT ORGANIZATION
+
+  Colonel Donovan,           42d Div., Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Graham,           88th Div., Vice-Chairman
+  Capt. Boyd,                29th Division
+  Sgt. Tip Bliss,            _Stars and Stripes_
+  Lt. Col. Fitzpatrick,      35th Division
+  Sgt. Rollo S. Thorpe,      88th Div.
+  Lt. Col. Crosby,           S.O.S.
+  Pvt. W.L. Thompson,        11th R.R. Engineers
+  Major Graff,               28th Division
+  Major Barry Wright,        79th Division
+  Sgt. Rommel,               Paris Command
+  Sgt. V.V. Trout,           Paris Command
+  Capt. Carlstrom,           S.O.S.
+  Major R.C. Patterson,      Peace Commission
+  Lt. Col. Smith,            89th Division
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+  Lt. Col. Robbins,          2d Army Hq. Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Goodrich,         G.H.Q., Vice-Chairman
+  Sgt. Dolan,                89th Division
+  Lt. Col. Stebbins,         3rd Army Corps
+  Sgt. H.E. Fleming,         35th Division
+  Major E.S. Haile,          77th Div.
+  Colonel Gibbs,             S.O.S.
+  Sgt. McElow,               Paris Command
+  Major Horace Rumsey,       35th Division
+  Sgt. C.E. Sommers,         Paris Command
+  Major D.D. Drain,          3d Army
+  Sgt. G.F. Fleming,         Paris Command
+  Lt. Markoe,                2d Army
+  Major Dwight,              S.O.S.
+  Sgt. Barnard,              Paris Command
+
+The names of these committees are given because they are more than
+just names. They show the first bubbles of the melting pot into which
+all rank and titles in the American Army have been cast and out of
+which comes the one word "Comrade."
+
+There were three outstanding features of the Paris caucus which were
+evident by midnight of March 15th. The first was the desire to get
+together and form an organization quickly and a willingness to forego
+personal prejudice and opinion to arrive at that end. The second was
+the determination to make the man who didn't get across as much a
+component part of the legion as his more fortunate brother-in-arms;
+while the third was the avowed intention to take no action at the
+caucus which could be deferred until the winter convention in America,
+when the home brother and the navy could be jointly represented and a
+permanent organization could be effected. I say that these things were
+evident by midnight of March 15th for those who have attended many
+conventions know that from the casual word heard here and there, the
+whispered conference of a few leaders, and from the general tenor of
+discussions carried on by delegates gathered together in little
+groups, the spirit of the body politic is most perceptible.
+
+After the adjournment of the afternoon session on that day, members
+of the committees closeted themselves and started work on their
+special functions, while those who were to pass on the committee's
+actions, the "hoi polloi" were here and there in groups, in the "Y"
+huts or in boulevard cafes discussing the real meaning of the
+gathering. A colonel in the Officers' Club said there must be no
+disagreement on this or that question; a private in the Bal Tabarin
+told his buddies the same thing.
+
+And so it came to pass that on the following day in the Cirque de
+Paris, where the final meetings were held, the delegates formally
+gathered, sensed the gossip of the clubs and boulevards, and acted
+accordingly. One of the things done was to endorse the action of the
+temporary committee in appointing itself and in calling the caucus.
+Another was to adopt a tentative constitution. It is in reality little
+more than a preamble, but it gave a working basis, expressing enough
+and yet not too much.
+
+Newspaper men have told me that the Sermon on the Mount is the finest
+bit of reporting in the history of writing because it tells a long
+story succinctly. Lieutenant Colonel Buxton and his committee on
+constitutions are certainly entitled to credit of the same type--for
+they tell a great deal in a few lines.
+
+[Illustration: Henry D. Lindsley
+  Temporary Chairman, who presided at St. Louis]
+
+[Illustration: The Paris Caucus
+  This gathering had no time for official photographers. A half hour
+  before a session began one slipped in and took this picture with more
+  than half the caucus delegates absent]
+
+Here's the tentative constitution under which the Legion worked--it
+was read by Lieutenant Colonel Bolles:
+
+"We, the members of the Military and Naval Service of the United
+States of America in the great war, desiring to perpetuate the
+principles of Justice, Freedom, and Democracy for which we have
+fought, to inculcate the duty and obligation of the citizen to the
+State; to preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+the war; and to cement the ties of comradeship formed in service, do
+propose to found and establish an association for the furtherance of
+the foregoing purposes:
+
+"Those eligible to membership shall be: All officers and enlisted
+personnel in the Military and Naval Services of the United States of
+America at any time during the period from April 6, 1917, to November
+11, 1918, inclusive; excepting however, persons leaving the service
+without an honorable discharge or persons who having been called into
+the service refused, failed, or attempted to evade the full
+performance of such service.
+
+"The society shall consist of a national organization with subsidiary
+branches; one for each State, territory, and foreign possession of the
+United States as well as one in each foreign country where members of
+the national society may be resident and who desire to associate
+themselves together.
+
+"The officers of the society shall be a President, one or more
+Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a Board of Directors,
+which shall consist of the President, the Vice-Presidents, together
+with the chief executive of each subsidiary branch.
+
+"The subsidiary branches shall organize and govern themselves in such
+manner as the membership of such subsidiary organizations shall
+determine upon except that the requirements and purposes of the
+permanent national constitution as adopted shall be complied with.
+
+"The representation shall be on the basis of the actual enrollment in
+the subsidiary branches at all conventions after the adoption of a
+permanent constitution.
+
+"Members present at the meeting of this committee as follows:
+
+  "Lt. Col. G. Edward Buxton, Jr., Chairman
+  "Lt. Col. T.W. Miller, Secretary
+  "Major Redmond C. Stewart
+  "Col. E.A. Gibbs
+  "Lt. Col. W.H. Curtiss
+  "Major J. Hall
+  "Col. C.L. Ristine."
+
+There were many, many men in the A.E.F. respected and beloved, but
+none perhaps more than he who seconded a motion made by a private from
+S.O.S. base section, No. 4, that the constitution be adopted. The
+seconder asked to speak on the question. When he began he got the rapt
+attention which Bishop Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F., always
+won whether he talked to buck privates knee deep in trench water or
+the King in Buckingham Palace.
+
+"It was a great soldier who said that the army has not merely a body
+but a soul and a conscience as well," he began. "I believe the
+conscience of the army is speaking in this committee's report. I
+believe the army's soul is speaking in it. I was present on Saturday,
+at the beginning of this caucus and I will tell you frankly that I was
+fearful at that moment lest you should create a great mechanism
+without adequate purposes. My fears have been wholly allayed and I see
+in the report of your committee the ideals not only of the army but of
+the nation adequately expressed and I wish to tell you gentlemen that
+so far as I have any ability to promote this great movement I give you
+my most hearty support. I believe that the army of to-day, when it
+goes back to citizen thinking and citizen acting, will be capable of
+contributing to the commonwealth of the United States so as to change
+the character of the whole country and lift it up to a higher plane
+of political, industrial, and religious life. I happen to be at this
+moment leading in a movement in the army to promote the various ends
+that are so well expressed in the committee's report, in what is known
+as the 'Comrades in Service.' There are two ways of creating an
+organization; one is by forming the principles and leaving the body to
+take its own shape; the other by creating a machinery without stating
+your end and reach that end through the machinery. According to our
+democratic conception we have adopted the former or idealistic method.
+We are prepared to contribute to this army wide organization which is
+now brought into existence, all that we have to contribute. We are
+entirely loyal to your principles and methods of approach and we are
+quite willing to forego any attempt to make an organization which
+might become a rival to you. Between now and the time of
+demobilization there is a great opportunity for us to promote the
+principles which actuate you. We have already a temporary and
+provisional organization for the promotion of such principles; the
+creation of better citizenship along the lines so well expressed. We
+would like everyone who can to give support to that which we are
+endeavoring to do, while we ask all who come in with us to be prepared
+to throw in their lot with this organization when it is perfected in
+the United States."
+
+"The creation of better citizenship," Bishop Brent says. He wants
+every one who can, to give support to that; to "what we are trying to
+do."
+
+If everyone could see just that in the Legion, if everyone will work
+for just that--better citizenship--the Legion's aim will be realized
+in its deepest and truest sense. Bishop Brent has a knack of hitting
+the nail on the head with such force that the sparks fly and by their
+light comes insight--ask anyone from out Manila-way if it isn't so.
+The short address was greeted with thunderous applause. The newly born
+Legion knew it had a champion and a worker in the Bishop.
+
+Col. Wm. J. Donovan of the 165th Infantry, Forty-second Division
+headed the committee of fifteen which gave the final report on
+resolutions and organization. This report is reproduced here in full
+because it presaged the action of the American caucus and brought
+about the form of the Legion Government until November.
+
+
+    "RESOLVED: That an Executive Committee shall be selected, two
+    (2) from each unit (as recognized in this caucus) and eight (8)
+    to be selected by the Executive Committee; the two members, one
+    officer and one enlisted man, to be selected from each unit to
+    be named by the respective delegations attending this caucus.
+    Each unit shall present the names of committeemen who shall as
+    far as possible represent, in point of residence, each State,
+    Territory and possession of the United States and the District
+    of Columbia.
+
+    "This Executive Committee shall have general power to represent
+    the units now in foreign service, to determine its own quorum,
+    to confer with committees from a similar caucus in the United
+    States, to secure one general convention of persons entitled to
+    membership under the tentative constitution, to elect its
+    officers and appoint such sub-committees and give them such
+    powers as may be proper and necessary.
+
+    "This Executive Committee acting in conjunction with the
+    committee of the United States is specifically charged with the
+    duty of fixing a date and place for holding a national
+    convention, issuing a call for the holding of county and State
+    conventions and providing a unit of representation and method of
+    selection of delegates to the national convention, by the State
+    conventions.
+
+    "The powers of this committee shall expire upon the organization
+    of the permanent national convention.
+
+    "The committee is further charged with the duty of making known
+    the existence and purpose of this organization, of stimulating
+    interest in it, and of inviting the support of all those
+    entitled to membership.
+
+    "No policy except in furtherance of the creation of a permanent
+    organization having in mind the desirability of unity of action
+    in organizing all the American forces shall be adopted or
+    carried out by the committees.
+
+    A meeting for the temporary and preliminary organization of the
+    Executive Committee shall be held at this place immediately upon
+    the adjournment of this caucus.
+
+    The Executive Committee may receive and add to its number two
+    representatives from any division or equivalent unit not
+    represented at this caucus."
+
+As the result of the passage of this report it is interesting to note
+the personnel of the Executive Committee which the delegates selected
+and which is controlling the American Legion of the A.E.F., observing
+especially the large number of enlisted men; large in view of the
+difficulties experienced in getting such men to Paris.
+
+
+  1st Div.,                 Capt. Arthur S. Hyde
+  2d Div.,                  Lt. Col Harold C. Snyder
+  26th Div.,                Sgt. Wheaton Freeman
+  26th Div.,                Lt. Col. Wm. J. Keville
+  27th Div.,                Lt. Col. Edward E. Gauche, N.Y.
+  27th Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Samuel A. Ritchie, N.Y.
+  28th Div.,                Brig Gen. Wm. G. Brice, Jr., Penn.
+  28th Div.,                Sgt. Ted Myers, Penn.
+  29th Div.,                Lt. Col. Orison M. Hurd, N.J.
+  29th Div.,                Color Sgt. Andreas Z. Holley, Maryland
+  31st Div.,                Captain Leon Schwarz, Ala.
+  33d Div.,                 Col. Milton A. Foreman, Ill.
+  35th Div.,                Lt. Col. B.C. Clark, Mo.
+  35th Div.,                Sgt. Fred Heney, Kans.
+  36th Div.,                Col. Chas. W. Nimon, Texas
+  36th Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. L.H. Evridge, Texas
+  41st Div.,                Col. Frank White, N. Dak.
+  42d Div.,                 Col. Henry J. Reilly, Ill.
+  42d Div.,                 Sgt. Rowe, Iowa
+  77th Div.,                Major Duncan Harris
+  77th Div.,                Sgt. Lawrence Miller, N.Y.
+  79th Div.,                Lt. Col. Stuart S. Janney, Md.
+  79th Div.,                Sgt. Benjamin R. Kauffman, Pa.
+  80th Div.,                Capt. Arthur F. Shaw, Mich.
+  81st Div.,                Major Theodore G. Tilghman, N.C.
+  81st Div.,                Reg. Sgt. Mjr. Wm. S. Beam, N.C.
+  82d Div.,                 Capt. Frank S. Williams, Fla.
+  82d Div.,                 Sgt. Alvin T. York, Tenn.
+  83d Div.,                 Lt. Col. Wayman C. Lawrence, Jr., W. Va.
+  83d Div.,                 Cpl. Thoyer
+  86th Div.,                Major John H. Smale, Ill.
+  88th Div.,                Lt. Col. George C. Parsons, Minn.
+  88th Div.,                Wagoner Dale J. Shaw, Iowa.
+  89th Div.,                Lt. Col. Frank Wilbur Smith, Pa.
+  91st Div.,                Lt. Col. John Guy Strohm, Oregon
+  91st Div.,                Sgt. Mjr. Hercovitz, Calif.
+  S.O.S. Hq.,               Col. James H. Graham, Conn.
+  Adv. Sec., S.O.S. Capt.   David A. Uaurier, Wash.
+  Base Sec. No. 1, S.O.S.,  Pvt. W.L. Thompson, N.Y.
+  Base Sec. No. 3, S.O.S.,  Lt. Col. Carle Abrams, Oregon
+  Base Sec. No. 5, S.O.S.,  Major Orlin Hudson, Kans.
+  Base Sec. No. 6, S.O.S.,  Major Arthur S. Dwight, N.Y.
+  Troops with French,       Sgt. L.K. Flynt, Mass.
+  Troops with French,       Capt. A.W. Kipling, Paris, France
+  Paris Command,            Pvt. Harold W. Ross, Calif.
+  Paris Command,            Lt. Col. John Price Jackson
+  G.H.Q.,                   Bishop Charles H. Brent, N.Y.
+  1st Army Corps,           Lt. Col. Lemuel L. Bolles, Wash.
+  1st Army Corps,           Sgt. Mjr. Race
+  2d Army Hq.,              Lt. Col. Burke H. Sinclair, Colo.
+
+
+The tentative name of this organization was not adopted without a
+great deal of discussion. All sorts of titles were suggested to the
+committee which considered the matter. Some of them were:
+
+  Comrades of the Great War
+  Veterans of the Great War
+  Liberty League
+  Army of the Great War
+  Legion of the Great War
+  Great War Legion
+  The Legion
+  The American Comrades of the Great War
+  The Great Legion
+  The American Legion
+
+The last was tentatively decided upon as the best name although there
+was considerable discussion on it. This discussion waxed particularly
+warm between a colonel and a corporal and it came to an end only when
+some hungry enlisted delegate braved the officer's rising ire to move
+an adjournment for lunch. The motion carried immediately and, true to
+the understanding made at the outset in regard to rank, the corporal
+clicked his heels together, stood at attention and saluted the
+colonel, when the latter passed him on the sidewalk exactly five
+minutes after he had been telling the colonel precisely what he
+thought of him and his opinions--at least as far as the name of the
+Veteran's Organization was concerned. I might add that this colonel
+was well under thirty-five years of age and that the corporal was only
+twenty-one.
+
+And this brings to mind another striking feature of this most unusual
+gathering, which was the comparative youth of its membership. For
+instance the two individuals who have taken from the beginning the
+leading parts in the movement, Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark and a
+Lieutenant Colonel of infantry, and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., son of
+the ex-president and also a Colonel of infantry. They are respectively
+twenty-nine and thirty-one years of age, and one of the most brilliant
+speeches in the caucus was made by a captain of twenty-six.
+
+It must not be understood from this rather dry recital of what took
+place at the Paris Caucus, this record of minutes and resolutions,
+that it was an entirely sedate and dignified gathering. On the
+contrary, Young America was there and quite often the impression which
+one gathered was that a dozen or so Big Brothers had been turned loose
+at once. A great many wild speeches were made and all sorts of
+ticklish questions were brought up. Chairman Clark broke two gavels
+and three times overturned his table. Everyone there was young. Peace
+was young. Few knew exactly, like Bishop Brent, just what was wanted.
+The whole project was new. Dozens of delegates wanted to speak; it was
+their first chance since April 6, 1917. In fact one man made two very
+violent speeches on the same subject, one in direct opposition to the
+other. He realized he was making a heated argument for both sides and
+finally sat down laughing about it. Who was he? Who was the colonel
+who got wrought up over the proposed name? Who were the lieutenants,
+and who were any of these privates, captains, and sergeants?
+
+"I don't know." Nobody knows.
+
+Doubtless they have themselves forgotten what they said. No verbatim
+records are available now. In fact I am told that no record could have
+been kept, for many times two or three were speaking at once and the
+chairman was breaking the third commandment with his gavel. But this
+much everyone wanted, "A Veteran's Organization." This much everyone
+swore he would have, one that was neither political nor partisan, one
+that would perpetuate righteousness, insure "honor, faith, and a sure
+intent," and despite whatever bickering there might have been, despite
+whatever differences of opinion arose, when, with a tremendous "Aye,"
+the motion to adjourn was carried, this Paris Caucus had accomplished
+a body politic and a soul of the type which Bishop Brent so clearly
+described.
+
+To resume the story of actual accomplishment. The Executive Committee
+was given general power to represent the units in France, to confer
+with committees or representatives of the American Caucus as soon as
+these should be appointed, and, in conjunction with the latter, to
+issue a call for the holding of county and State conventions and
+providing a unit of representation and method of selection of
+delegates to one general convention for the autumn of 1919, preferably
+November 11th, or Armistice Day.
+
+The Executive Committee met immediately after the adjournment of the
+caucus and elected Colonel Foreman of the Thirty-third Division,
+Chairman; Lt. Colonel George A. White, Forty-first Division, Secretary
+and Major R.C. Patterson, Paris Command, Assistant Secretary. Lt. Col.
+White, Col. Wood, Major R.C. Patterson, and Lt. L.R. Farrell were
+elected permanent members at large of the Executive Committee.
+
+Then from this executive committee a committee of fifteen was chosen
+for the purpose of expediting the work which had been assigned to the
+larger committee, it being easier to assemble fifteen men than the
+larger number. The committee of fifteen elected Col. Bennett Clark as
+its chairman.
+
+At the first meeting of the committee of fifteen a hope was expressed
+that the caucus in America would take similar action in the
+appointment of an executive committee, which would in turn delegate
+its authority to a smaller committee for working purposes. Just
+exactly how this worked out, is later described.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRE-CAUCUS DAYS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+Once home again it didn't take a Solomon to tell Colonel Roosevelt
+that he had a man's size job on his hands in starting the American
+Legion on its way in the United States. Dispatches more or less
+accurate had told the service men on this side something about the
+Legion activities of the A.E.F. in France. As late as mid-April,
+however, a great many men in this country knew nothing whatever about
+the American Legion, while the majority of those who did were not at
+all sure it was to be _The Veteran's Organization_. What I have said
+previously about the "spontaneous opinion" of the men in France on the
+question of a veteran's organization proved to be equally true among
+service men on this side of the water. Consequently, it wasn't long
+after the armistice before several veteran's organizations and
+associations were in the process of formation. As it was a pertinent
+news topic, the newspapers gave a great deal of prominence in their
+columns to several of these organizations. They were of various types
+and characters. One was for enlisted men only. Another was for
+officers only. There was an organization for officers who had fought
+in France, Italy, or Russia and there was one or more organizations
+which had the breadth of vision to see that men of all ranks and all
+branches of the military and naval establishments must be eligible.
+
+Such was the situation confronting Colonel Roosevelt when he arrived
+home to help start the American Legion in its own country. The fact of
+his arrival and his announced intention to aid in the organization of
+the Legion was duly heralded in the press of the United States.
+
+At first the army and navy men were inclined to say, "Here is another
+of those mushroom Veteran's Associations bobbing up." In fact I heard
+one officer make just that remark, but another was quick to correct
+him by saying, "Its bound to be a straight and honest organization or
+a Roosevelt wouldn't stand for it." That was the crux of the initial
+success of the Legion, because just that was true. Every man who wore
+the uniform had known Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., and although he may not
+have agreed with him in all of his political opinions still he knew
+that neither he nor any member of his family would back any
+organization or proposition that was not morally sterling.
+
+There were those who did not like the American Legion. There were
+those who were willing to let a past political prejudice deter them
+from aiding in the most important movement in American life to-day.
+There were those who stated that Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was
+prominent in organizing the American Legion for his own political
+advancement. The answer to that misapprehension will develop later and
+will prove one of the most striking incidents in this story.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt has a peculiarly happy faculty of keeping those who
+work with him cheerful and optimistic. He gathered around him, to
+launch the movement in America, a set of cheerful, competent
+optimists, prominent among whom were Colonel Richard Derby, Colonel
+Franklin D'Olier, who figured in the Paris Caucus, Major Cornelius W.
+Wickersham, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Twenty-seventh Division,
+Captain Henry Fairfield Osborne, Lieutenant Colonel Granville Clark,
+Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Kincaide, Lieutenant Colonel Eric Fisher
+Wood and Captain H.B. Beers. One of Colonel Roosevelt's first duties
+as temporary chairman of the Legion over here was to create the nation
+wide organization. He needed committeemen in every State to work the
+State organization up, and to start the machinery for the election of
+delegates to the St. Louis Caucus, for it had been decided that the
+representation in St. Louis must be by duly elected representatives
+from congressional districts in so far as that was possible. Each such
+district was awarded double its congressional representation, in
+addition to the delegates at large. It was no easy task to pick these
+committeemen. The decision of the Paris gathering that the
+organization must be non-partisan and non-political had to be adhered
+to in its fullest sense. There were soldiers and sailors enough in all
+the States who would have been willing to have started the
+organization in their respective localities, but how _not_ to get
+politicians of the lower order, men who would gladly prostitute the
+Legion, its aims and ambitions to their own selfish advantage--that
+was the problem which faced the temporary committee in America.
+
+About three weeks before the St. Louis Caucus the following names were
+chosen from the various States as committeemen:
+
+
+OFFICERS
+  Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., New York, Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Bennett Clark, Missouri, Vice-Chairman
+  Lt. Col. Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania, Secretary.
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Lt. H.M. Badham, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Pvt. W.M. Cosby, Jr.,      Birmingham
+  Sgt. Edwin Robertson,      Birmingham
+
+
+ARIZONA
+  Pvt. Ned Bernard,            Tucson
+  Lt. Col. J.C. Greenway,      Bisbee
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Pvt. P.R. Graybill, Democ. Pub. Co.     Little Rock
+  Major J.J. Harrison,                    Little Rock
+  Pvt. Walter J. Wilkins,                 Pine Bluff
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Sgt. L.P. Adams,                    San Francisco
+  Corp. Chas. A. Beck,                San Francisco
+  Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Dibblee,       San Francisco
+  Chaplain Joseph D. McQuade,         San Francisco
+  Major Stewart Edward White,         Santa Barbara
+
+
+COLORADO
+  Lt. G.W. Cutting,            Florence
+  Sgt. C.C. Neil,              Greeley
+  Major H.A. Saidy,            Colorado Springs
+  Sgt. Phil. G. Thompson,      Denver
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  Maj. Morgan G. Bulkeley,      Hartford
+  Lt. Col. Jas. L. Howard,      Hartford
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Pvt. L. Clarkson Hines,      Washington
+  Col. E. Lester Jones,        Washington
+
+
+DELAWARE
+  Major Thomas W. Miller,      Wilmington
+  Capt. John P. Nields,        Wilmington
+
+
+FLORIDA
+  Brig Gen A.H. Blanding,      Bartow
+
+
+GEORGIA
+  Col. Alexander R. Lawton, Jr.,      Savannah
+  Capt. Landon Thomas,                Augusta
+
+
+IDAHO
+  Major C.M. Booth,       Pocatello
+  Pvt. John Green,        Twin Falls
+  Major Hawley, Jr.,      Boise
+  Pvt. D.H. Holt,         Caldwell
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Chf. Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,    Chicago
+  Maj. Owsley Brown,                   Springfield
+  Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett,   Great Lakes
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Edw. J. Czuj,           Chicago
+  Maj. Thomas Gowenlock,               Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Hy. Hickman Harris,     Champaign
+  1st Cl. Pvt. Geo. Kendall Hooton,    Danville
+  Ensign Allen M. Loeb,                Chicago
+  Capt. Clark Nixon,                   East St. Louis
+  Maj. John Callan O'Laughlin,         Chicago
+  Capt. Joseph Medill Patterson,       Chicago
+  1st Cl. Pvt. C.J. Schatz,            Wheaton
+  Brig. Gen. Robt. E. Wood,            Chicago
+  Sgt. David S. Wright,                Oak Park
+
+
+INDIANA
+  Col. Solon J. Carter,         Indianapolis
+  Ensign Win. L. Hutcheson,     Indianapolis
+  Sgt. R.J. Leeds,              Richmond
+
+
+IOWA
+  Sgt. Chas. A. Doxsee,      Monticello
+  Major H.H. Polk,           Des Moines
+
+
+KANSAS
+  Gen. Chas. I. Martin,        Topeka
+  Gen. Wilder S. Metcalf,      Lawrence
+  Sgt. Fred C. Stanford,       Independence
+  Sgt. Mahlon S. Weed,         Lawrence
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Pvt. Samuel J. Culbertson,      Louisville
+  Lt. W.C. Dabney,                Louisville
+  Capt. Shelby Harbison,          Lexington
+  Major James Wheeler,            Paducah
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Capt. Allen Cook,             New Orleans
+  Lt. John M. Parker, Jr.,      New Orleans
+
+
+MAINE
+  Lt. Col. Arthur Ashworth,      Bangor
+  Col. Frank W. Hume,            103d Inf.
+  Capt. A.L. Robinson,           Portland
+  Pvt. Daniel J. Smart,
+  Sgt. Wm. H. Whalen,            103d Inf.
+  Sgt. Freeman Wheaton,          107th Inf.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+  Lt. James A. Gary, Jr.         Baltimore
+  Sgt. Alexander Randall,        Baltimore
+  Major Redmond Stewart,         Baltimore
+  Brig. Gen. W.S. Thayer,        Baltimore
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Brig. Gen. Charles H. Cole,      Boston
+  Sgt. Edw. J. Creed,              101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Ernest H. Eastman,          104th Inf.
+  Major J.W. Farley,               Boston
+  Lt. Col. Louis Frothingham,      Boston
+  Sgt. Geo. Gilbody,               101st Inf.
+  Sgt. Daniel J. Nolan,
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Lt. Col. Fredk. M. Alger,          Detroit
+  Sgt. Rand F. English,              Detroit
+  1st Sgt. Wm. King,                 Detroit
+  Lt. Commander Truman H. Newberry,  Detroit
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Pvt. Gordon Clark,           Duluth
+  Major Paul B. Cook,          St. Paul
+  Pvt. Wm. D. Mitchell,        St. Paul
+  Pvt. W. Bissell Thomas,      Minneapolis
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Lt. John N. Alexander,       Jackson
+  Sgt. Maj. C.J. Craggs,       Greenville
+  Major Alex. Fitzhugh,        Vicksburg
+  Corp. Isador A. Frank,       Clarksdale
+  Sgt. Elmer Price,            McComb
+
+
+MISSOURI
+  Brig. Gen. H.C. Clarke,          Jefferson City
+  Pvt. David R. Francis, Jr.,      St. Louis
+  Corp. Sestus J. Wade, Jr.,       St. Louis
+
+
+MONTANA
+  Col. J.J. McGuiness,      Helena
+  Corp. Chas. S. Pew,       Helena
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Major P.F. Cosgrove,      Lincoln
+  Pvt. T.T. McGuire,        Omaha
+  Sgt. R. Scott,            Imperial
+  Lt. Allan A. Tukey,       Omaha
+
+
+NEVADA
+  Sgt. E.L. Malsbary,             Reno
+  Lt. Col. Jas. G. Scrugham,      Reno
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Sgt. Herve L'Heureaux,      Manchester
+  Major Frank Knox,           Manchester
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Col. Hobart Brown,               Newark
+  Sgt. Allan Eggers,               Summit
+  1st Lt. Geo. W.C. McCarter,      Newark
+  Corp. Roger Young,               Newark
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Capt. Bronson M. Cutting,      Santa Fe
+  Col. Debjemond,                Roswell
+  Pvt. Canuto Trujillo,          Chimayo
+
+
+NEW YORK
+  Lt. Col. Robert Bacon,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Grenville Clark,         New York
+  Brig. Gen. Chas. I. Debevoise,    Brooklyn
+  Pvt. Meade C. Dobson,             New York
+  Col. Wm. J. Donovan,              New York
+  Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr.,          New York
+  Seaman Jos. F. Healey,            New York
+  Chaplain Francis A. Kelley,       Albany
+  Lt. Col. J. Leslie Kincaid,       Syracuse
+  Ensign Jerome H. Larger,          Brooklyn
+  Ensign W.G. McAdoo, Jr.,          New York
+  Sgt. Major Howard H. McLellan,    Yonkers
+  Ensign R.H. Mitchell,             New York
+  Major General John F. O'Ryan,     New York
+  Lt. D. Lincoln Reed,              New York
+  Col. Henry L. Stimson,            New York
+  Lt. Col. Chas. W. Whittlesey,     New York
+  Major Cornelius W. Wickersham,    New York
+  Sgt. Clarence E. Williams,        New York
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+  Lt. R.W. Glenn,          Greensboro
+  Lt. Cyrus D. Hogue,      Wilmington
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Matthew Murphy,      Fargo
+
+
+OHIO
+  Sgt. Jas. K. Campbell,         Shreve
+  Lt. Col. Jas. R. Cochran,      Columbus
+  Lt. Col. Ralph D. Cole,        Columbus or Findlay
+  Lt. Col. Isadore H. Duke,      Cincinnati
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Sgt. Eugene Atkins,          Muskogee
+  Brig. Gen. Roy Hoffman,      Oklahoma City
+
+
+OREGON
+  Pvt. Harry Critchlow,        Portland
+  Sgt. Carl B. Fenton,         Dallas
+  Lt. Col. Geo. Kelley,        Portland
+  Col. F.W. Leadbetter,        Portland
+  Lt. Col. Geo. A. White,      Portland
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Major Chas. J. Biddle,              Philadelphia
+  Lt. Joseph F. Frayne,               Scranton
+  Lt. Col. Robt. E. Glendinning,      Philadelphia
+  Lt. Col. John Price Jackson,        Harrisburg
+  Pvt. George Jones,                  Scranton
+  Maj. Alexander Laughlin, Jr.,       Pittsburg
+  Col. Asher Miner,                   Wilkes-Barre
+  Lt. John R. Sproul,                 Chester
+  Lt. Bernard J. Voll,                Philadelphia
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Major Geo. E. Buxton, Jr.,         Providence
+  Col. Everitte St. J. Chaffee,      Providence
+  Sgt. W.C. Kendrick,                Pawtucket
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Sgt. W.C. Coward,           Cheraw
+  Lt. Chas. C. Pinckney,      Charleston
+  C.T. Trenholm,              Charleston
+  Major W.D. Workman,         Greenville
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Capt. Lawrence R. Bates,      Sioux Falls
+  Capt. Royal C. Johnson,       Aberdeen
+  Sgt. Ruble Lavery,            Vermilion
+  Sgt. Jos. F. Pfeiffer,        Rapid City
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Col. James A. Gleason,         Knoxville
+  Sgt. Major Keith J. Harris,    Chattanooga
+  Sgt. John Hays,                Memphis
+  Col. Luke Lea,                 Nashville
+  Major T.C. Thompson, Jr.       Chattanooga
+  Pvt. C.W. Tomlinson,           Chattanooga
+
+TEXAS
+  Capt. Stanley E. Kempner,      Galveston
+  Col. H.D. Lindsley,            Dallas
+  Col. H.B. Moore,               Texas City
+
+UTAH
+  Sgt. Maj. H.H. McCartney,      Salt Lake City
+  Gen. R.W. Young,               Salt Lake City
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Pvt. Frank G. Christian,       Richmond
+  Lt. C. Francis Cocke,          Roanoke
+  Col. Stuart McGuire,           Richmond
+
+VERMONT
+  Pvt. Donald J. Emery,          Newport
+  Sgt. Eugene V. Finn,           St. Albans
+  Major H. Nelson Jackson,       Burlington
+  Capt. Redfield Proctor,        Burlington
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Lt. Col. R.W. Llewellen,       Seattle
+  Major P.P. Marion,             Seattle
+  Brig. Gen. Harvey J. Moss,     Seattle
+  Sgt. John J. Sullivan,         N. Seattle
+  Sgt. Major R.H. Winsor,        Tacoma
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Capt. Fleming W. Alderson,     Charleston
+  Sgt. Walter S. Moore,          Huntington
+  Sgt. Thomas Schofield,         Wheeling
+  Lt. Col. Jackson A. Weston,    Charleston
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Edward F. Ackley,              Milwaukee
+  Pvt. David Bloodgood,          Milwaukee
+  Sgt. Elmer S. Owens,           Milwaukee
+  Col. Gilbert E. Seaman,        Milwaukee
+  Pvt. John P. Szulcek,          Milwaukee
+
+WYOMING
+  Major A.S. Beach,              Lusk
+  Sgt. Morris A. Dinneen,        Cheyenne
+  Pvt. I.H. Larom,               Valley Ranch
+
+
+United American War Veterans,  Warren S. Fischer, Commander-in-Chief
+Comrades in Service,           Bishop Brent, President,
+National Legion of America,    Major Elihu Church,
+American Army Association,     Lt. Haywood Hillyer, General Secretary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just about this time it became most necessary to properly present the
+Legion to those men who had remained at home and who had gotten out of
+the Service, and to those who were incoming from France and rapidily
+being demobilized, as it was upon them that the success of the Legion
+depended. Furthermore, their opinions were the soil upon which the
+various State organizations had to work, and at that particular time
+it was vital that the Legion should be widely known and thoroughly
+understood; that its aims and ambitions should not be misconstrued
+either willfully or unintentionally, nor its precepts perverted. To
+this end the temporary Chairman proceeded to publicize it in the most
+thorough fashion. One-page bulletins briefly outlining the Legion's
+aims and ambitions were distributed in every center where soldiers and
+seamen gathered. Such places as Y.M.C.A. and K. of C. huts and War
+Camp Community recreation centers were thoroughly informed, and
+bulletins also were sent to every ship in the navy with the request
+that they be placed on the ship's bulletin board.
+
+Literature about the Legion was placed on transports when they left
+empty for France so that the men might read it in their leisure hours
+returning home. In order to make sure that every soldier and sailor
+would have the opportunity to know about the Legion this literature
+was again placed on the transports as they arrived in New York harbor.
+Various demobilization camps throughout the country were widely
+placarded and in each instance the names of the Temporary State
+Secretaries were given, and service men were invited to write to the
+Secretaries in their particular States. Camp publications, newspapers,
+and periodicals published for service men throughout the country were
+bountifully supplied with Legion information and scores of them
+carried special stories in regard to it. Bulletins and pamphlets were
+distributed in hospitals, placed on bulletin boards, and given to the
+patients. Every mayor of a town or city with a population above nine
+hundred got a letter containing literature about the Legion with a
+request that it be given publicity in the local press and then turned
+over to the Chairman of the Welcome Home Committee. Certain national
+magazines devoted a great deal of space to special articles explaining
+the Legion.
+
+Three or four times a week the Foreign Press Bureau of the United
+States Government sent stories about the Legion and its activities by
+wireless to the ships on sea and to the men of the A.E.F. in
+connection with its "Home News Service." In addition to the foregoing,
+articles appeared almost daily in the press throughout the entire
+country, and by the time the convention was ready to meet those who
+ran and cared to read were fully informed that the American Legion was
+an organization for veterans of the army, navy, and marine corp; that
+it was non-partisan and non-political; that it stood for law and
+order, decent living, decent thinking, and true Americanism.
+
+The wide publicity given to the Legion and its aims brought into the
+Temporary Committee many amusing letters. Scores of them complained of
+the published statement that it was non-partisan and non-political.
+"Damn it all, we want it to be political and partisan," one angry
+Westerner wrote. Another correspondent insisted that in view of the
+fact that sons of Theodore Roosevelt, and Speaker Champ Clark were
+interested, the Legion must be bi-partisan and bi-political. But most
+of the letters were of a highly commendatory character, expressing the
+deepest and widest possible interest. I recall that one of them came
+from Junction City, Kansas, another from Old Town, Maine; one from
+Delray, Texas, and others from Wolf Creek, Montana, Orlando, Florida,
+and Ray's Crossing, Indiana, while a postal card making frantic
+inquiries was dated Nome, Alaska, and arrived a week after the caucus
+at St. Louis. I have mentioned these towns and localities because they
+indicate how widespread and deep is the interest in the Legion. No
+matter where a man came from to go into the army, the Legion will go
+to him in his home now. Its members will range from fishermen on the
+Florida Keys to the mail carriers on the Tanana in Alaska, from the
+mill hands of New England to the cotton planters of the Mississippi
+delta. All who wore the uniform may enroll just so long as the word
+_Americanism_ was inscribed in their hearts between April 6, 1917, and
+November 11, 1918.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE ADVANCE COMMITTEE
+
+
+When the St. Louisian puffed its way into the big smoke-begrimed
+station in Missouri's largest city I looked about me for Bill, who was
+going to meet me at the station. We had not met since our prep. school
+and college days when Bill had been a thin, wizened little fellow, so
+hollow-chested that he had to be sent to Colorado for almost two years
+for his health. He came back to school looking better but before his
+diploma was handed to him announcing to the world that he was a
+full-fledged Bachelor of Arts, he had fallen apparently permanently
+into the rut of ill-health. In fact I wondered, when we all sang _Auld
+Lang Syne_ in the fraternity house at the close of college, if I'd
+ever see Bill again.
+
+From time to time I had heard from him in the years that followed, and
+one day in the summer of 1917 he wrote me that he was on the way to
+France.
+
+While I gazed up and down the smoke-laden platform, I got a slap on
+the shoulder that sent me spinning, and there was the once emaciated
+Bill, who seemed to have grown three inches and to have put on
+seventy-five pounds.
+
+As we walked toward the taxicab stand I began to realize that instead
+of an old friend, a stranger was beside me. True enough, he had the
+same name and the same colored eyes, and his hair hadn't changed. But
+the rather dreamy eye had cleared, the pale face of old was tanned,
+and Bill's chest--the one he had gone to Colorado for--was bulging out
+as he carried my two heavy suit cases like a pouter pigeon's at a
+poultry show.
+
+What had happened to Bill? The little, quiet, timid youth of the past
+was now a big, burly, strong-bodied, clear-minded man. As we entered
+the taxi he was telling me that he "intended to raise hell if they
+didn't take some action against this blank Bolshevism, and furthermore
+that this new Legion was going to be the most tremendous organization
+that the U.S.A. had ever seen." If he had told me that Swinburne's
+_Faustine_ was written in iambic hexameter it would have sounded more
+like old times. But here was a new man, strong and virile, intensely
+interested in the future of his nation.
+
+What had happened to Bill? Eighteen months in the army was the answer.
+
+The advanced delegation began to arrive in St. Louis, the afternoon of
+May 5th. The Statler and Jefferson Hotels were packed because there
+were two other conventions in progress. But our delegates needed no
+badge to be distinguished from the others; there was a difference
+between them and the other conventionites. There was the same
+difference between the two as between the old Bill and the new Bill.
+They too had had eighteen months in the army, and a coat of tan on
+each one's face, his ruddy frame, and general atmosphere of a healthy
+mind and a healthy body were unmistakable emblems.
+
+This advanced delegation, two from each State, had been requested to
+come beforehand to meet on the morning of Tuesday, May 6th, so as to
+formulate a working order of business on which the caucus might
+proceed as soon as it assembled. There was another reason for this
+meeting also. The temporary committee wanted to avoid any appearance
+of having "framed up the caucus." By this it is meant that the
+committee wanted to be able to say to the caucus that its working
+procedure had been determined by a thoroughly representative body, a
+democratic, advanced delegation composed of men from every State in
+the Union. There were those critics of the Legion, who, had the
+temporary committee formulated the caucus procedure, would have been
+only too glad to have attempted to make trouble by saying it was a
+controlled and made-to-order caucus--controlled and made-to-order by
+the men who had taken the lead in it. In fact, during the early
+morning of the first day the advanced committee met one delegation
+arrived with blood in its eyes determined to wage a fight against
+universal military training. One of the stories circulated at the time
+was to the effect that the entire Legion was nothing but a blind
+whereby a mysterious "Military Clique" was to gain supreme power over
+the Legion's policies. It took but a very short while to convince the
+would-be obstreperous delegation that the caucus was not the
+convention and was empowered solely to organize a veterans'
+association and not to adopt policies.
+
+The temporary committee in America determined at the very beginning
+that no policies would be adopted at the caucus, that the Legion at
+this time should follow in the footsteps of its comrades abroad in
+stating that neither the men here nor the men there could, as
+different units, adopt broad policies until a convention could be held
+truly representing all men who had fought in the Great War.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt called the advanced committee to order a little
+after two o'clock in the afternoon, in a small and very noisy parlor
+in the Hotel Statler. The gavel which he used was made from wood from
+the rudder of Admiral Peary's North Pole steamship _The Roosevelt_,
+which had been presented to him by Colonel E. Lester Jones of
+Washington, D.C.
+
+"The idea underlying the formation of the American Legion is the
+feeling among the great mass of the men who served in the forces of
+this country during the war, that the impulse of patriotism which
+prompted their efforts and sacrifices should be so preserved that it
+might become a strong force in the future for true Americanism and
+better citizenship," Colonel Roosevelt said. He spoke very slowly and
+measured his words carefully but emphasized them in a tone of deepest
+conviction. "We will be facing troublous times in the coming years,"
+he continued "and to my mind no greater safeguard could be devised
+than those soldiers, sailors, and marines formed in their own
+association, in such manner that they could make themselves felt for
+law and order, decent living and thinking, and truer 'nationalism.'"
+
+In this opening sentence, Colonel Roosevelt foreshadowed the spirit of
+the entire caucus. These service men wanted an organization not for
+their own special benefit, not that they might obtain pensions or
+offices, but that they might become a power for truer Americanism and
+better citizenship!
+
+Colonel Wood, the secretary, explained in greater detail the purpose
+of the proposed Legion. He broached the subject of the reemployment
+for soldiers, a legal department for the handling of insurance claims,
+allotments, etc., and sketched the fundamental principles of the
+organization as follows:
+
+First, its non-partisanship.
+
+Second, that this society should be equally for those whose duty
+called them overseas and for those who were held by circumstances on
+this side.
+
+Third, that it is fundamentally a civilian organization, one in which
+all ranks, be they private or general, admiral or seaman, should have
+an equal share and participation.
+
+Then the advance committeemen began themselves to talk. Each one, no
+matter on what subject and regardless of the side he took upon it, was
+permitted to air his feelings to the full satisfaction of himself at
+least. Like the Paris Caucus, the discussion grew heated at times and
+every now and then the chair was forced to remind overly fervid
+orators that this was an advanced meeting of the caucus and not the
+convention. There were those present who wanted to obligate the caucus
+to go on record for or against universal military training, woman
+suffrage, prohibition, permanent headquarters, and to elect permanent
+officers, and each of these had to be shown that it would be unfair to
+the men still in the A.E.F. to take such preeminently vital steps
+without consulting them. Then there were those present who wanted to
+exclude members of the regular army and navy from the Legion; that is,
+to limit eligibility in the organization to those who could show
+discharge papers from either the army, navy, or marine corps. This
+measure was voted down and it was given as the sense of the advanced
+committee meeting that those who served in the Great War would have
+perfect liberty to join regardless of whether their service continued
+in the military establishment after the armistice or after peace was
+formally declared.
+
+The advanced committee outlined the order of business upon which the
+caucus could proceed, named the various committees to be organized,
+and discussed the resolutions which were deemed wise and expedient
+topics for discussion.
+
+On Wednesday afternoon, delegates from every district in the country
+began to arrive, almost one thousand new Bills, husky of frame, some
+still in uniform with the red discharge chevron on their left sleeves;
+others who had manifestly tried to get the new Bill into the old
+Bill's 1916 suit of clothes, and still others in new bib and tucker,
+looking exceedingly comfortable after almost two years in putties,
+heavy shoes, and tight blouses.
+
+Every man came with one deep-rooted determination and that was to see
+that no one "put anything over" which might make an organization so
+embryonically useful take a fatal or selfish step. Each came, perhaps
+imbued to a certain extent with his own particular ideas on how
+everything should be conducted; but the radicalism, sectionalism, and
+partisanship which would have marked a gathering of these same men
+three years before was not present. The men who had thought that
+nothing good could come except from south of the Mason and Dixon line
+had fought side by side with woodsmen from Maine. The man who had
+thought the East effete had done duty on a destroyer with a boy from
+Harlem. Everybody realized full well that sectionalism must be
+abandoned whenever it clashed with nationalism; and abandoned it was,
+with right good will.
+
+The meeting of the advance committeemen justified itself as a very
+wise and judicious action on the part of the temporary committee. Any
+suspicion of a particular delegation that anything was "framed" was
+quickly allayed after a conference with its advance committeemen. If a
+man from Pennsylvania suspected that anything was on foot not to the
+liking of the Keystone State he had only to ask his advance
+committeeman, Colonel D'Olier, about it. Incidentally the personnel of
+the advance committee was not so numerous that everybody couldn't know
+what everybody else was doing. As a matter of fact, everybody did know
+what everybody else was doing. One of the most peculiar facts of this
+most interesting caucus was that when it came to "_pussy footing_"
+pussy seemed to foot it on piano keys so far as secrecy was concerned
+and in such a fashion that usually the _Star Spangled Banner_ was
+played. I know that the night and the morning before the caucus met
+that there were many and various powwows and conferences, a great many
+of which I attended, but there wasn't a one that I knew of or ever
+heard about, the full details of which could not have been printed in
+bold-faced type on the front page of every St. Louis newspaper and
+have reflected credit on the powwowers as well as on the American
+Legion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, MAY 8, 9, AND 10
+
+
+All during the morning of May 8th that delegation was constantly
+getting together with this delegation; this leader conferring with
+that one; was this question going to come up, and what would be done
+if that question was tabled? Everybody interested, everybody excited,
+everybody waiting to see the other fellow's hand at the show-down,
+which was scheduled for the Shubert-Jefferson Theater at half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon. Of course, everybody had found out the
+previous evening that every card in the pack was red, white, and blue,
+and that, from the very beginning of the game, an attempt had been
+made to keep the knaves out. As a matter of fact, they'd never been
+in, but the new Bills who made up the delegations to this caucus were
+going to look everybody over mighty carefully before any serious
+playing was done.
+
+Suppressed excitement doesn't describe at all the half-hour preceding
+the opening of the caucus, because the excitement was not suppressed
+in the least. Eager, shining, tanned faces, eyes alert, heads erect,
+straight-bodied and straight-talking men one by one took seats which
+were assigned to them by delegations.
+
+A flashlight photograph of the gathering was made, but this caucus was
+not one that could be pictured by the camera at all accurately. The
+outstanding feature of this great get together was the spirit of the
+men, and that no camera could catch.
+
+Three large wooden tiers of seats, the kind the circus has under
+canvas, were built in a sort of semicircular fashion around the large
+stage. The New York delegation occupied one of these tiers; the
+Ohioans another, while the third was built for distinguished guests.
+If any distinguished guests came they were entirely put out of the
+limelight by the audience, for this was one show which was enacted
+before the footlights rather than behind them, and, with one or two
+exceptions the star performing took place where the spectators usually
+sit. In fact, the only spectators that I saw were the newspaper men,
+seated at tables within the corral formed by the tiers. All of them
+had been in the army or navy or had seen the big show abroad as war
+correspondents.
+
+When Theodore Roosevelt, as temporary chairman jammed that gaveled
+bit of the rudder of the North Pole ship down hard on the table and
+called the meeting to order he got what he had never received while in
+the army: that is, direct disobedience. He commanded order, and there
+was utter disorder. It was rank insubordination, distinctly requiring
+court-martial of everyone present, from a military point of view--but
+the American Legion isn't military! And so the delegates howled
+joyously. Roosevelt, demanding order at this time, had just about as
+much chance of getting it as the Kaiser has of making Prince Joachim
+King of the Bronx. Somebody started a cheer, and the crowd didn't stop
+yelling for two minutes and a half.
+
+"Young Teddy," as they called him, was manifestly surprised at the
+ovation and tried repeatedly to get the crowd quiet. He wanted to be
+pleasant and yet he wanted order and so between knocks with his gavel
+he smiled. And a very engaging smile it was, too.
+
+"Gentlemen," he pleaded. "Gentlemen, a little order." Finally there
+was comparative quiet. "Now let's proceed to the business of the
+meeting. The floor is open for nominations for permanent chairman of
+this caucus."
+
+Sergeant Jack Sullivan of the State of Washington got the floor.
+Sergeant Jack is a husky northwesterner who did his bit in the
+intelligence section in Seattle and has seen a lot of the Bolsheviki
+out there.
+
+"In behalf of the State of Washington and representing the men of the
+rank and file of the Pacific Northwest, it gives me pleasure at this
+time to place for your consideration the name of a sterling patriot,"
+he shouted. "The man I am going to place in nomination proved himself
+to be a one hundred per cent. true blooded American when his country's
+honor was assailed. He was among the first who placed himself in the
+front-line trenches, he was wounded twice, he was ready and willing to
+make the supreme sacrifice in order that this world might be made safe
+for democracy. I deem it an honor and a privilege, and the Pacific
+Northwest deems it an honor and a privilege to place in nomination the
+worthy son of a worthy sire--Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The crowd seemed to know all along who Jack meant and it held its
+enthusiasm in tether as best it could. But when Sullivan got to the
+word Theodore, the Roosevelt was drowned out in the mightiest cheer
+that is possible for eight or nine hundred throats to utter. The
+second to the motion, made by Colonel Luke Lea of Tennessee, wasn't
+heard at all. This time it took Colonel Roosevelt more than two
+minutes to get order.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to speak on that now," he shouted and during a
+lull in the cheering managed to make himself heard. "I wish to say
+that I want to withdraw my name from nomination--"
+
+But the "gang wouldn't hear to it." Somebody raised the old cry:
+
+"We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" they chanted in
+unison. Bedlam broke loose at that. Men stood on their seats and waved
+their hats and handkerchiefs; some took their collars and neckties
+off; some wept, some cursed for sheer joy and others--I believe that
+when Gabriel blows his horn and all the dead arise that some of the
+men who attended that caucus will try to make a speech! These speeches
+were going on four and five at a time during the entire hullabaloo. It
+didn't seem to matter in the least to the speakers that they weren't
+being heard. They couldn't hear themselves. They added a little to the
+noise and that satisfied the crowd and seemed to satisfy them.
+
+"Please, please let me talk," pleaded Colonel Roosevelt. He finally
+got his plea over by means of the sign language.
+
+"I want to withdraw my name for a number of reasons," he continued.
+"The first is that I want the country at large to get the correct
+impression of this meeting here. We are gathered together for a very
+high purpose. I want every American through the length and breadth of
+this land to realize that there isn't a man in this convention who is
+seeking anything for himself personally; that all of us are working
+simply for the good of the entire country. I believe, furthermore,
+that what we want here is someone who has been connected with the
+movement only since it started on this side of the water, someone who
+originates from the convention."
+
+The din started again.
+
+"No, no, gentlemen," shouted the Colonel. "I want to withdraw. It is
+my earnest wish. It is my absolute determination."
+
+But the caucus seemed equally determined. "We want Teddy!" "We're
+going to have Teddy!" "You got this thing going, you ought to run it."
+Colonel Roosevelt paced up and down the stage, trying his best to
+silence them. Then, during the din, one by one some of his oldest
+friends went to him and begged him to accede to the crowd's wish.
+"Take it Ted," they urged. "Take it." That underslung jaw of the young
+Colonel's became rigid.
+
+"I won't do it. I can't do it," he answered.
+
+Then someone managed to make a motion that the nomination of Colonel
+Roosevelt be made unanimous. It was seconded and made extremely
+_unanimous_.
+
+[Illustration: Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.]
+
+[Illustration: Group on the Stage at St. Louis Caucus]
+
+"Then, gentlemen, I accept and I resign," Colonel Roosevelt said. "I
+want quiet for a moment here on this situation. This is something that
+I have thought about and have given my most earnest consideration. I
+am positive I am right on it. We must not have creep into this
+situation, in which we all believe from the bottom of our hearts, the
+slightest suspicion in the country at large. I don't think there is
+any suspicion among us that anyone is trying to use it for his
+personal advancement. But it is absolutely essential that this spirit
+be proven. I am going to stick by this from the beginning down to the
+very end because, in my opinion, we have got to create to-day the
+impression all over the country on which this organization will carry
+on and serve a great purpose for years to come."
+
+Again there were outbursts of applause for the Colonel. "We want
+Teddy!" "We want Teddy!" the crowd cried again and again. Men ran to
+the stage from the orchestra seats and even from the second balcony.
+
+"Take it, Colonel. You ought to take it," they urged.
+
+What the Colonel answered couldn't be heard but the jaw was working
+and the head was shaking vigorously.
+
+A couple of newspaper men dashed up to him.
+
+"You oughtn't to take it, Colonel," one of them whispered. "If you
+don't, it will give the lie to those who are saying the Legion is
+being conducted for your special political benefit."
+
+"I haven't the slightest intention of taking it," he answered back.
+
+He didn't take it and he nailed the lie that the Legion was started to
+further his own selfish ends.
+
+On motion of Colonel E. Lester Jones of the District of Columbia the
+nominations were reopened again.
+
+Sergeant Haines of Maine put up the name of Colonel Henry D. Lindsley,
+a banker of Dallas, Texas, and a prominent Southern Democrat, for
+permanent chairman. Think of it! A man from Maine nominating a
+Southern Democrat! One of the Ohio delegation seconded the nomination.
+Think of that too! Colonel Claud Birkhead of San Antonio, Texas,
+leader of the Texas delegation "thirded" the nomination. He told
+Colonel Lindsley's record. The Colonel had been Mayor of his home
+city, and during the war had served his country so well in France that
+he had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. He and Major
+Willard Straight, now dead, had started the War Risk Insurance Bureau
+abroad and, at the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was the head
+of the Bureau under the Treasury Department in Washington.
+
+Minutes of a meeting usually are dry but here I am going to quote
+directly from them because they tell the story in the most vivid way.
+Fancy between the lines, please, dozens of cheers, a couple of rebel
+yells, a great deal of talking and shouting for "T.R.!" "T.R.!" and a
+Babelous babble that ebbed or flowed according to the strength Colonel
+Roosevelt used in wielding his gavel.
+
+COLONEL JONES (of Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, I personally feel,
+and I think I voice the unanimous sentiment of this organization, that
+your withdrawal is a mistake. We are not only sincere, but we are
+telling you what is in the bottom of our hearts. We are weighing also
+the sincerity which you have expressed, and in deference to your
+wishes, which I know have not arisen spontaneously but which you have
+talked about for some time, regarding the chairmanship of this
+committee, I think we should not embarrass you further. I have one in
+mind who I feel is going to be a man who will do credit to this
+organization--"
+
+MR. ABBOTT (of Ohio): "Gentlemen of the caucus, I think we are wasting
+time around here. I can't see why we can't have for the permanent
+chairman of this convention the man who will be elected in November."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, can't you see how it is? I can't possibly
+change my convictions. I can't go back on what I have told you without
+everybody, who doesn't understand the situation here, feeling that I
+have just come out here to make a grandstand play. I am right. I am
+absolutely sincere and right."
+
+A motion was made that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt temporarily yield
+the chair to Colonel Bennett Clark.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "It is very evident what the desire of this
+convention is. I know that Colonel Lindsley of Texas was only put in
+nomination in response to the express wishes and repeated
+determination of Colonel Roosevelt. I think that that explanation
+should be made in justice to Colonel Lindsley. I think that Colonel
+Roosevelt should take this chairmanship or if he doesn't want to take
+it he should be made to take it. (Applause.) The chair will recognize
+a motion to that effect."
+
+CAPTAIN BOYCE (of New York shouting to a yelling audience): "What is
+the use of our acting like a lot of kids? Just one minute; only one
+man can talk at a time and get anywhere. Colonel Roosevelt will not
+take it."
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "The chair will recognize nobody until the
+convention is in order. It has been moved and seconded that Colonel
+Roosevelt be elected chairman of this convention by acclamation."
+
+Cries of approval from the audience and a request for the question.
+
+COLONEL BENNETT CLARK: "On that the chair will take the responsibility
+of ordering a roll call. (Applause.) The Secretary will call the
+roll."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The motion is that Colonel Roosevelt be nominated by
+acclamation. The chairman has directed me to call the roll by States.
+Alabama--"
+
+A call for a point of order.
+
+DELEGATE: "After nominations have been made and closed a roll call
+cannot be taken."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair was fully aware that he was proceeding
+outside of parliamentary law because it was the unanimous wish of the
+convention."
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move that a roll call be made on the original
+nominations."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "Colonel Roosevelt has expressed to me his absolute
+desire that that not be done. He refuses to enter into a contest with
+Colonel Lindsley in any way."
+
+COLONEL JONES (Washington, D.C.): "Mr. Chairman, the nominations were
+reopened."
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The chair is informed that while he was on the way up
+here a motion was carried to reopen nominations after the resignation
+of Colonel Roosevelt. Now nominations are again in order."
+
+MAJOR SAMUEL D. ROYCE (Indiana): "On behalf of the State of Indiana, I
+nominate Colonel Theodore Roosevelt."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+COLONEL CLARK: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet."
+
+Here I must inject my story into the minutes again. Colonel Roosevelt
+saw the convention was "getting away to a Roosevelt finish" again, to
+use a racing term, and he sent a hurry call to the Arizona delegation
+for Colonel Jack Greenway.
+
+Jack Greenway followed the elder Roosevelt up San Juan hill. He wears
+underneath his civilian coat to-day, but right over his heart, a
+Distinguished Service Cross won at Cantigny.
+
+"Jack, for Heaven's sake, tell them I won't take it," Colonel
+Roosevelt plead.
+
+It was just at this moment that Colonel Clark, the acting chairman,
+was saying: "The gentleman from the District of Columbia has the
+floor. Others please be quiet...."
+
+Colonel Jack waving one arm at the chairman and another at the
+audience strode to the center of the stage.
+
+The minutes read:
+
+COLONEL JACK GREENWAY: "Will you give me the floor? I won't keep you
+five minutes.
+
+"My name is Greenway but that doesn't mean anything to you. Gentlemen,
+Colonel Roosevelt has said that he is not going to take the nomination
+of the caucus and you can take it from me that he is not going to do
+it. Now wait a minute. Whoa! Quit yelling! I know this Roosevelt
+outfit and when they say something they mean it. I followed his daddy
+through Cuba and I know. I saw this boy in the first division at
+Cantigny and on the Toul Front and I know that he means he is not
+going to take the chairmanship of this temporary caucus. There is a
+big misunderstanding about what you are trying to do. I have just
+talked to Colonel Roosevelt and he says that he will not be a
+candidate for the temporary caucus, but if, after all the boys come
+home at the convention in November, it is still the desire of that
+body as a whole, he will give the matter reconsideration." (Applause.)
+
+Colonel Roosevelt resumes the chairmanship.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Mr. Lindsley, the gentleman of Texas is in nomination
+for chairman. I mean absolutely what I say. I can't do it. I won't
+serve if elected. What you have done will always be a great memory to
+my family. (Applause.) I mean that, gentlemen! I mean that! Now is
+there anybody else you want to put in nomination? I absolutely mean
+that for the good of the cause; you have got to do what I say on that.
+
+"Gentlemen, I believe the nominations were reopened."
+
+Now I must again put the minutes by for a moment, for Bill has come to
+the stage and what he says doesn't get into the minutes, although I
+wish his remarks were there:
+
+"That was pretty fine in him," Bill said, pointing to Colonel
+Roosevelt. I nodded only, for somehow this whole thing had got to me
+pretty strong and I felt like crying for some unaccountable reason.
+
+"And then he gives his family the credit for all this yelling," Bill
+was saying. "We like his family all right, but say, this wasn't to
+compliment his family, not by a darn sight. Why, you know that young
+Colonel's got a h---- of a fine record himself--"
+
+But somebody within an inch of my ear was letting out a warwhoop for
+Jack Sullivan who had just been nominated for permanent chairman and
+I didn't hear the last of Bill's remark.
+
+Sergeant Sullivan got up and tried to withdraw in favor of Colonel
+Lindsley, and Colonel Lindsley did the same thing and each was refused
+the opportunity. Colonel Lindsley then took the floor. "Comrades," he
+said, "I want you to know that I came here for one man for the
+chairman of this caucus, and that man was Theodore Roosevelt. He has
+refused it absolutely. I appreciate the support that has been given to
+my name. If honored with the chairmanship I shall be glad to serve,
+but it is important that we get to business immediately. I am certain
+that Mr. Sullivan will make an excellent presiding officer. If I had
+the right, I should be glad to withdraw my name in his favor. But the
+point is, gentlemen, let's get to business. This is the greatest
+meeting that has ever gathered in the United States, and it is not so
+material who is chairman of the meeting as it is to proceed to
+business."
+
+While the roll is being called let's glance around the theater again.
+Most of the men in uniform are enlisted men. It is difficult to tell
+at a glance just what rank or rating the majority of those present
+held in the army or navy because in civilian clothing the officer and
+the man are indistinguishable. I mean to say that our army was
+different from most other military establishments. Being primarily a
+citizen affair it was really representative. It was the desire of the
+temporary committee that sixty per cent. of the delegates should be
+enlisted men and when the call for the caucus was issued that was set
+forth most plainly. No one seems to have taken the trouble to check
+the thing up at the caucus. Anyone desiring to do so can find the
+information in this volume. I was interested at the opening of the
+caucus to know just what the percentage was, but after it got into
+swing it didn't make any difference. No one cared. There was talk
+(among officers) of making an enlisted man permanent chairman. The
+only persons that I heard objecting to such a procedure were the
+enlisted men themselves.
+
+"We've forgotten all that stuff about rank. If the officers insist on
+an enlisted man they'll make a mistake. We want the best man and
+because we're in the majority in the organization we don't want to
+discriminate against the officer. Taken as a whole, he was a mighty
+fine sort."
+
+This from Sergeant Laverne Collier of the Idaho delegation when I
+asked him what he thought of the enlisted man idea. While we were
+talking about it the vote was being cast on Lindsley and Sullivan. As
+if to reecho Collier's sentiments, Sullivan got up and demanded that
+Lindsley's election should be made unanimous, and so it was.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt promptly put Sullivan's name in nomination for
+vice-chairman. Mr. Abbott of Ohio seconded it and further moved that
+the sergeant's election be made unanimous. Sergeant Jack Sullivan was
+elected by acclamation. Then Colonel Wood was chosen secretary, the
+rules of the House of Representatives were decided upon to govern the
+procedure, and debate was limited to five minutes.
+
+Insistence on that point was unnecessary. Our new American back from
+the wars has been too accustomed to action to like words that aren't
+concise and aimed right at the heart of the point. There was a good
+deal of noise and talk at this particular juncture and someone moved
+the appointment of a sergeant at arms. Captain A.L. Boyce of Boyce's
+Tigers (those young men who drilled so persistently in Central Park in
+New York preparing for the war) was picked. While this guardian of the
+peace was being appointed at least five gentlemen from as many
+delegations started to speak at once, perhaps against the five-minute
+debate rule, and in the confusion a delegate, whom Checkers might have
+described as carrying a load he should have made three trips with,
+took the platform and began something that sounded about as
+intelligible as Cicero's oration against Catiline in the original.
+
+"Do I understand, Mr. Chairman, that a sergeant at arms has been
+appointed?" shouted Mr. J.L. Walsh of the Pennsylvania delegation.
+
+"That's right," answered the chairman.
+
+"Then let's have him get busy," rejoined Mr. Walsh. "We didn't come
+down here for a vaudeville show or to be entertained by some boob,
+because we've got boobs back home."
+
+After this remark, the minutes read "Laughter and applause" but that
+doesn't half describe it.
+
+Captain Boyce "got busy" and if the minutes could record the result of
+his actions they would probably read "Order restored--almost. Quieter,
+for a time."
+
+Colonel Lindsley made a splendid presiding officer. None could have
+done better, but as the stenographer who took the minutes remarked
+(and she was convention-worn because she had attended so many): "This
+is the funnest meeting I ever wrote up." Right. It was the funniest
+meeting--funny being used in the sense of unusual as the stenographer
+meant it--that anyone ever saw. In fact it was unique; absolutely the
+only one of its kind. Because the delegates were unique. There never
+was anything like them in all the history of the country. They had
+gone into training camps like Bill, very tired, anaemic, with a shop
+and office pallor; and they came out of the war like Bill,--new,
+virile, interested, placing a value on themselves which would have
+been unthinkable prior to April 6, 1917.
+
+But they placed a greater value on this organization which was so near
+the heart of all of them. No better proof of it can be shown than the
+incident which has just been described, viz., the refusal of Theodore
+Roosevelt to be the permanent chairman. Although I do not pretend to
+be able to explain the processes of thought and reasoning which led
+Colonel Roosevelt to take the action he did, still I do know this
+much! There are very few young men who would have been so deaf to the
+plaudits of the multitude, to the advice of old friends and to the
+still small voice of personal ambition as he was in refusing. I
+maintain that this refusal was by no means altogether prompted by
+anything of an hereditary nature but, rather, by the experiences and
+environment which had been Colonel Roosevelt's during the war. It took
+more than an under-slung jaw and a rugged Rooseveltian determination
+to refuse this great honor. It took _discipline_, and Colonel
+Roosevelt knew how to inflict that upon himself just as he did upon
+his troops whenever it was wise and necessary.
+
+In much smaller, but no less important matters, did I see other men
+practice discipline upon themselves. I saw men forego the discussion
+of subjects in which they believed with all their hearts and with all
+their minds solely for the purpose of doing nothing that would tend to
+disrupt the Caucus or give the impression throughout the United States
+that the men who had stuck together so closely in times of daring and
+danger could not still stick and face, as a band of brothers in the
+American Legion, any perils or pitfalls which peace might hold for
+this country. Therefore, it seems to me that Colonel Roosevelt's
+action was more than a manifestation of his own sterling determination
+to do nothing which might hurt the Legion. It was archtypical.
+
+
+Major Hamilton Fish of New York called attention to the fact that the
+navy was unrepresented in the offices of the caucus and moved that a
+second vice-chairman should be appointed from that branch of the
+service. A delegate from Missouri seconded the motion and amended it
+to read that a third vice-chairman should be appointed from the marine
+corps.
+
+During the election of these officers enthusiasm reached a high pitch
+and in no more striking manner did the new American reveal his new
+character.
+
+"Gentlemen," said one dignified delegate (I don't know who let him in,
+because just from the way he said "gentlemen" we all knew that once in
+his life he had practiced oratory before the bureau mirror), "I want
+to place in nomination the name of a man who is true blue--"
+
+"Name him," shouted the crowd.
+
+"He is not only true blue but he is thoroughly everything he ought to
+be in addition--" continued the orator, coldly trying to squelch the
+crowd.
+
+"Name him." "Shut up." "Aw, sit down." "Who wants to listen to such
+'bull' as that?"
+
+Each of those sentences was roared by a different man.
+
+"This gentleman is one of whom I am sure you will be proud--"
+persisted the orator, but at this direct violation of its edict the
+crowd began to scream its maledictions and Captain Boyce could not
+have stopped them with all his Tigers if the gentleman orator hadn't
+taken his seat in a most dignified manner, never to rise
+again--doubtless as a rebuke for the gang, but one which was
+thoroughly appreciated.
+
+Thus the way of orators in the caucus!
+
+The navy men who were nominated consisted of Goerke of New York;
+Goldberg, Illinois; Chenoweth, Alabama; Almon, Montana; Humphrey, New
+Mexico; McGrath, New Jersey; and Evans of Kentucky. The secretary took
+the vote by delegations. When Goerke got a vote the New York crowd
+yelled itself hoarse; New Mexico did the same for Humphrey; Alabama
+cheered like mad for Chenoweth and it wasn't long before everybody
+picked out his candidate and yelled furiously every time he got a
+vote. The New Mexico delegation occupied a proscenium box but Humphrey
+wasn't prominent enough there to suit his delegation. Before anyone
+thoroughly realized what was happening, Seaman Humphrey appeared on
+the stage, borne on the shoulders of two colonels! Two men who had
+eagles on their shoulders, U.S. on their collars, and gold chevrons on
+their left sleeves carried on their shoulders a "gob," a sailorman, a
+deck-swabbing bluejacket, as he called himself.
+
+It was the beginning of a cavalcade of noise that fairly made ear
+drums ache, and, incidentally, proved a signal for the backers of
+other candidates. Goerke soon was lifted aloft by a half dozen New
+Yorkers; Chenoweth was exhibited to the general view from the section
+of the orchestra occupied by his delegation, while Illinois paraded
+up and down the aisles with Goldberg. Colonel Lindsley hammered the
+speaker's table almost to pieces in an attempt to get order and then
+gave it up for a few minutes as a bad job. Captain Boyce succeeded in
+getting a semblance of it, when everybody got tired of carrying the
+candidates and of shouting. Then the secretary again started taking
+the vote by delegations. No one of the candidates received a majority
+of the votes which was necessary under the procedure adopted at the
+beginning of the caucus. Then began the withdrawals. This State
+withdrew its vote from Goerke and cast it for Humphrey; Chenoweth
+withdrew from the race and his vote went to Goerke, et cetera. A
+similar situation resulted on the second count and finally Goerke
+withdrew in favor of Humphrey. When Evans took the same action,
+Humphrey (first name Fred), described as the "rough-riding sailor from
+New Mexico," was elected.
+
+Humphrey's speech of acceptance delighted the hearts of those who had
+forced the would-be orator to sit down at the beginning of the
+nominations.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, gobs, soldiers, and marines," Humphrey said: "I am most
+glad and gracious to accept this honorary position and I will do
+everything that a deck-swabbing sailorman can do to fill it."
+
+The first day's session closed with the appointment by the various
+States of representatives on the following committees: Executive
+Committee; Credentials; Temporary Name of Organization; Organization;
+Resolutions; Constitution and By-Laws and Declaration of Principles;
+Next Meeting Place and Time; Publication; Emblem; Permanent
+Headquarters, and Finance.
+
+The personnel of these committees will be found elsewhere.
+
+
+Thursday evening and Friday morning were devoted largely to committee
+meetings and different sections of the country came together to
+discuss matters of particular interest to special localities. For
+instance, the Western delegations discussed the question of
+Bolshevism, because the symptoms of this mad disease had been more
+apparent in that section of the country than in any other. The
+question of color was practically decided in a meeting of the
+Executive Committee and was ratified later by various delegations
+representing the Southern States. Everybody was pleased. An attempt
+was made by the leaders of each delegation to keep such questions as
+might be "_loaded with dynamite_" off the actual floor of the caucus
+so that those lacking in discretion might not have the opportunity to
+throw the caucus into an uproar.
+
+In fact it was this spirit--the desire on everybody's part to give in
+to a certain extent on any mooted question for the sake of general
+harmony that was a marked feature of the gathering. In the committee
+meetings were found delegates with radically different opinions on
+almost every question. It was not an uncommon thing, however, to see a
+delegate very heatedly advocate a certain side of an issue; listen to
+the opposing side, rise, and with equal heat and fervency advocate the
+opposite point of view.
+
+This spirit is highly significant. It will be one of the Legion's
+greatest powers. It was and is due to the fact that these new
+Americans are not cursed with fixed ideas. They have seen too much,
+lived through too much in their comparatively short lives to be
+narrow-minded. Over in the A.E.F. the former hod-carrier often turned
+out to be too good as a construction manager for any officer to
+despise his opinions. One noticeable characteristic of the American
+Legion delegate was the respect which he had for the other man's views
+and his willingness to admit outright that he was wrong in a thing or
+to go at least halfway with the opponent of his particular ideas. This
+was the saving grace of the caucus and this will be the saving grace
+of the Legion for the spirit which was manifested there is the spirit
+which will prevail at Minneapolis, and for always, because the
+American sailor and soldier will not change.
+
+It was interesting to see these modern American soldiers side by side
+with the veterans of the Civil War. The Grand Army of the Republic
+Post, the local Bivouac of the United Confederate Veterans, and the
+Spanish War Veterans gave a joint reception for the delegates at the
+Missouri Athletic Club which included a smoker and a vaudeville
+entertainment furnished by the War Camp Community Service.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE LEGION AND THE BOLSHEVIKI
+
+
+The second session of the caucus began at half past two o'clock Friday
+afternoon. Like its predecessor it started with a bang. Nominations
+were made for the third vice-chairman who was to be selected from the
+marine corps. The first nomination was a wounded man, at the time in
+the Walter Reed Hospital at Washington and who had won the
+Distinguished Service Cross at Chateau-Thierry. Then came the name of
+Sergeant Woolley of Utah, quickly followed by the name of P.C. Calhoun
+of Connecticut, put up by Mr. Black of Louisiana; the name of Major
+Leonard of the District of Columbia also was put in nomination and
+then the slate was closed.
+
+True to the spirit of the previous meeting the caucus was soon in an
+uproar of applause for each of the four candidates, three of whom were
+marched to the stage. Calhoun was elected, with the result that his
+ardent brother delegates from Connecticut treated him like a football
+hero by placing him on their shoulders and performing a snake dance.
+Marines are no more garrulous than sailor men, for Calhoun's speech of
+acceptance was just about as long as Humphrey's. While Calhoun was
+being bombed by flashlight cameras Mr. Smoot of Utah moved that a vote
+of thanks should be tendered to Colonel Roosevelt and other Legion
+members who had been active in the preliminary work which insured the
+success of the caucus and this was seconded by Major Wickersham of New
+York. One of the most rousing ayes of the entire caucus carried the
+motion.
+
+Cries of "speech" brought Colonel Roosevelt before the footlights. His
+remarks were just about as long as Humphrey's and Calhoun's. To be
+specific he said: "Gentlemen, it is going to be a short speech because
+I think we have got a lot of business to do. Thank you."
+
+Just about this time the committee reports began to come in, the first
+of which, that of the Credential Committee, brought the question of
+Bolshevism to the floor of the caucus. The report read as follows:
+
+"We recommend that all delegates to the American Legion selected and
+now functioning from the various States, districts, and territories,
+be seated and accredited with full vote, and that all organizations
+organized and having delegates here be allowed one vote with the
+exception of the Soldiers and Sailors Council, which delegation the
+Credential Committee recommends shall be excluded from the caucus."
+
+S.H. Curtin, the representative of the Soldiers and Sailors Council of
+Seattle, pending the action of the Credential Committee, had been
+accorded a vote at the previous session on all questions that came up
+before it. The fact that Colonel Wood, the Secretary, took this action
+was in line with the general spirit of fair play, which was the
+keynote of the caucus. The Credential Committee's report elicited
+shouts of approval. Chairman Lindsley after bringing the house to
+order again said:
+
+"I understand that the delegate from the Soldiers and Sailors Council
+is here and asks to be heard. Gentlemen, the members of the Committee,
+I assume, had full knowledge of facts which warranted that report, but
+there are men here who have not that knowledge. Shall we hear him?"
+
+This statement aroused mixed emotions but Mr. Curtin came to the
+platform. Word having spread through the theater that he represented
+the "real Bolshevik outfit" in Seattle, a great many of the delegates
+began to hoot, jeer, and make cat calls.
+
+"Give me a square deal, give me a hearing," Curtin shouted.
+
+"Give the man a hearing," echoed Colonel Roosevelt, who sat with the
+New York delegation. "Yes, give him a hearing." shouted the majority
+of the delegates and when the chair had procured order, Curtin made
+his plea.
+
+"I wish to say, by way of introduction, that though I come from the
+State of Washington, I am not a member of the Washington Delegation,"
+he said, "I say that out of deference to the members from that State
+for the reason that I wish to prejudice nobody here against the
+Washington Delegation. I am not an I.W.W. I never have been and I
+never intend to be I never have shown any Bolshevik tendency and I
+defy any man present to prove to the contrary. If you've got proof
+that Sherman H. Curtin ever was an I.W.W. or made a Bolshevik
+statement, say so?" He paused here but none answered him to the
+contrary
+
+"It is true that the organization which I represent has had in the
+past some I.W.W.'s, and it is true that there are some I.W.W.'s in it
+now," he continued; "but I am in that organization for the purpose of
+throwing those I.W.W.'s out. I got in there for the purpose of kicking
+them out and I want your help."
+
+Here he was interrupted by applause.
+
+"At the present time, we (when I say we, I mean the particular
+conservative element which I represent in that organization) have
+control of the Board and practically all except one office of the
+organization. We are doing everything in our power to make that a one
+hundred per cent. American organization, and one of the things that I
+came down here for was to see that the Legion had in its constitution
+as a preamble that we pledge ourselves to the principles of democracy
+as set forth in the constitution of the United States of America.
+
+"I, personally, was the man who rewrote the constitution of the
+Soldiers and Sailors Council. It was written wrong when I got in there
+so I changed it. I want you men to stand behind me and help me make
+this fight. My organization did not give me permission to come here
+and join this, just as I presume some of your organizations did not
+give you permission, for the reason that they did not know what this
+was going to be; but I can see from the spirit that this organization
+has, that so far, it is on the right path and I am with it and I want
+you with me.
+
+"I am already only and wholly for the purpose of doing what good we
+can for the elimination of I.W.W.'s and Bolsheviki. If you are
+against that, I am with you and if you are with me, I am with you.
+
+George Pratt of Louisiana rose.
+
+"With your permission," he said to the chairman, "I would like to ask
+the gentleman one question." "Sir," turning to Curtin, "is it or is it
+not true that you re-wrote the constitution now in effect for your
+organization, and is it not true that it is so worded that American
+Army and Naval officers or former army and navy and marine officers of
+the United States are not eligible? Is that true?"
+
+"I will answer that question and I will answer it in a fair way," Mr.
+Curtin replied.
+
+"Say yes or no. Is it true?" Mr. Pratt demanded.
+
+"Yes," shouted the crowd. "Say yes or no. Is it true?"
+
+Then pandemonium broke loose in the meeting. The cat calls and boos
+were renewed. "Put him out!" "Put him out!" "Shut him up!" the crowd
+demanded. And here I want to pause a moment to say that the enlisted
+men present gave a mighty concrete sign of the approval of their
+officers by this denunciation of the constitution of Curtin's outfit.
+
+"I am not here for the purpose of being persecuted," Mr. Curtin
+shouted. "I am not asking no or yes to anything. But I will say to the
+gentleman who questioned me that while it is true in letter it is not
+true in spirit."
+
+At this juncture Mr. Simon, of the Washington delegation, said that in
+all fairness to Sergeant Curtin he wanted to say that during the
+recent demonstration of Bolshevism in Seattle, Curtin commanded a
+machine gun company on the side of right and law and order.
+
+"I do not speak for his organization," Simon said, "but I speak for a
+clique in it, headed by Sergeant Curtin, who went into that
+organization to clean it up, to make it a fair and square one hundred
+per cent. American organization." The applause of Simon's remarks had
+scarcely died down when General Moss succeeded in gaining the floor.
+
+"I want to say to the members of this delegation," he said, "that I
+led the fight against the soldiers' and sailors' organization before
+the Credential Committee, and I want to say to you gentlemen that we
+didn't lead a fight personally against this man, but against his
+organization.' We know the outfit in our country and we do not want
+that organization in unless the Americans in it come in as
+individuals. I want to say that we are to be organized here on a basis
+of one hundred per cent, true Americanism.
+
+"I asked Curtin in the presence of the committee if he represented a
+minority or a majority in his outfit and he admitted that he
+represented the minority."
+
+"But we can lick a majority," Curtin shouted back. "I want Captain
+McDonald who had charge of the Intelligence Department at Camp Lewis
+to say a word on this subject. He knows the history of my organization
+and I would like to have him give it to you." But if Curtin counted on
+McDonald to help him he reckoned without his host.
+
+Captain McDonald rose and speaking with great deliberation said:
+
+"I have been an American soldier for thirty years. I was a regular
+telegraph officer at the time of the Bolshevik trouble. I established
+stations at Seattle and Camp Lewis and this man represents the real
+element that we are all working against. Personally he is all right
+but he is backing that organization because he wants to represent it.
+If he desires to be admitted into the Legion let him get loose from
+that outfit and come in by himself."
+
+Captain McDonald's statement was greeted with enthusiasm.
+
+"Are you ready for the question?" demanded the chairman.
+
+The caucus certainly was.
+
+"Those favoring the adoption of the credentials report vote aye," he
+cried.
+
+That aye could almost have been heard in Seattle itself.
+
+That aye answered the question of what the American soldier thinks of
+Bolshevism or anything tainted with it. That aye answered the lying
+statement that our troops abroad had been inoculated with the germ of
+the world's greatest mental madness.
+
+That aye marked the distinction between a grouch caused by a
+cootie-lined bunk and a desire to place a bomb under the Capitol at
+Washington.
+
+I have intimated that the chief aim of each delegate was to see that
+no one "put anything over" at this caucus. I think that the only other
+determination which might rival that in intensity was most apparent at
+the mention of anything that pertained to or bordered on Bolshevism.
+This incident of ousting Curtin's organization was not the only
+manifestation of it by any means, although it was perhaps the most
+striking on the floor of the caucus. But, outside the caucus, in the
+hotel lobbies, and in the various committee rooms, whenever the
+subject came up these soldier and sailor men, in almost every
+instance, got mad--damn mad.
+
+"The trouble with these people who talk Bolshevism is that they don't
+know anything about our country," I heard one of them say.
+
+Another quickly interrupted him with, "The big thing the Legion's got
+to teach is Americanism and let those crack-brained fools know just
+what this country stands for." While still another injected, "The
+average 'long-beard' has been so crazed by persecution in Russia that
+he would mistake Peacock Alley in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York for
+a Siberian coal mine."
+
+This last remark brought forth a laugh, and though it was whimsically
+made it illuminated the matter under discussion very well, I thought.
+In fact, the whole conversation made clear to me one of the
+fundamental missions the Legion must perform.
+
+The seeds of Americanism which Legion members sow to-day will be
+reaped, not only to-day but in the generations of to-morrow. The
+Soldiers and Sailors Council, Seattle, was thrown out and its
+representative knew why. But, if Jack Sullivan and his red, white, and
+blue colleagues in the State of Washington preach in the future what
+they did at this caucus, the children of those northwestern Bolsheviki
+will not only salute the Stars and Stripes, but will know _why_ they
+do so. They will know what their fathers don't--that the constitution
+means Americanism and that Americanism means "life, liberty, and
+pursuit of happiness."
+
+In most conventions the reports of committees are invariably adopted.
+There are many reasons for this, the particular one being the theory
+that when a set of men are placed on a task they will study the
+situation in all its angles, in all its ramifications, in all its
+different phases and that its report should therefore be adopted
+because of this expert thought and study on the matters under
+consideration. I say that most conventions do this. Once as a
+newspaper man, I attended an undertakers' convention. It always did
+so. And at another time I attended a manufacturers' gathering where
+this procedure was invariably followed out. But how about at St.
+Louis? Not on your life! The delegates of the American Legion were
+neither like undertakers nor manufacturers nor like any-other business
+men that I ever saw during ten years on a Metropolitan newspaper. The
+new American doesn't do business that way.
+
+Witness the report of the Committee on Name. This report read:
+"We, your Committee on Name, unanimously make the following
+recommendation--that the name of this organization be the American
+Legion of World War Veterans." The chairman had scarcely finished
+asking: "What is your pleasure gentlemen" when Major Wickersham got
+the floor and moved an amendment that the name be "The American
+Legion." This was seconded by Mr. Cochrane of Ohio and then came the
+argument about it.
+
+Mr. Shank of Ohio, thought that the American Legion did not convey a
+sufficient meaning to the average civilians. "The American Legion
+might be an organization of street cleaners, it doesn't signify
+soldiers. It isn't comprehensive enough," he said. Mr. Larry of
+Florida countered with, "Go ahead and call it American Legion, we will
+soon show them what it means."
+
+Mr. Walsh of Pennsylvania, suggested that the A.E.F. knew what it was
+doing when they called it the American Legion. "Let us honor them and
+respect them by calling it the American Legion," he urged. Colonel E.
+Lester Jones, of Washington, stated the name had been considered by
+the committee most carefully and--
+
+But why go into all the arguments. The motion to call it the American
+Legion was carried amid cheering and as such the name will go down
+into the history of things well done for America.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE LEGION WON'T MEET AT CHICAGO
+
+
+We have arrived at what is the most significant event of this session
+of the caucus, if not of the entire gathering. The caucus has already
+shown its spirit in ousting the Soldiers and Sailors Council because,
+in its opinion, it could not measure up to one hundred per cent.
+Americanism, and now we shall see what the same simon-pure brand of
+red, white, and blueism is demanded of the second largest city in the
+United States.
+
+It came about in the most dry, matter-of-fact way. Let the minutes of
+the meeting form the introduction for it.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Next is the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting
+Place and Time."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (reading): "From the Committee on Next Meeting Place
+and Time, to the Chairman of the American Legion; action of the
+Committee.
+
+"Meeting called to order at 10:30 A.M. this day at the Shubert
+Jefferson Theater.
+
+"Charles S. Caldwell, of New Mexico, unanimously elected chairman.
+
+"Frank M. Ladd, Jr., of Alabama, Secretary.
+
+"The majority of the States being represented as per attached list
+voted unanimously for Chicago as next meeting place. Date being set as
+November 10, 11, and 12, 1919.
+
+  "Respectfully submitted,
+  "CHARLES S. CALDWELL, _Chairman_,
+  "FRANK M. LADD, JR., _Secretary_."
+
+MR. SEXTON (of Illinois): "When you consider your place for your next
+convention tell Chicago what you want, and in response to that Chicago
+will answer you. 'We will give you whatever you want.'"
+
+Then the excitement started. Mr. Dietrick of Pennsylvania moved to
+amend the report of the committee. "By striking out the word Chicago
+and substituting therefore the city from the State which furnished
+more soldiers than another state--the city of Pittsburgh."
+
+This elicited great applause--especially from the Pennsylvania
+delegation. Mr. Stems of Louisiana got the floor--
+
+"I want to tell you what took place in that committee," he said. "The
+committee selected a place to the best interest of this organization
+and not to the best interest of any one specific locality, and the
+question was argued in a very quiet, organized, gentlemanly manner. A
+number of the delegates put up towns that did not get enough support
+to get the meeting, so they withdrew their names. It was all to the
+interest of the organization so it was unanimously adopted by that
+committee, without any dissenting vote, that Chicago be unanimously
+adopted as the place for the next convention for the best of all
+interests concerned. I am from New Orleans, Louisiana, which is a
+convention city and I will not offer my city to you as a convention
+city at this time because I do not think it is to the best interest of
+your country."
+
+[Illustration: Bennett C. Clark
+  Who presided at the Paris Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Eric Fisher Wood Secretary]
+
+When Mr. Stem took his seat at least a dozen delegates clamored for
+recognition from the chair. Colonel J.F.J. Herbert succeeded in
+getting it. It was he who then fired the gun which, if not heard
+around the world at least made Chicago's ear drums rattle.
+
+"Mr. Chairman," he began--
+
+Colonel Lindsley rapped for order.
+
+A man near me whispered, "There's Herbert of Massachusetts. I think
+Boston is too far east for this convention, at least for the first
+one."
+
+Colonel Lindsley got order, and you could have heard a pin drop,
+while the following statement was made by the Massachusetts leader:
+
+"As the spokesman for my delegation on this question of next meeting
+place I want to say that if no other body and if no other party of
+this caucus wants or believes it is its duty to rebuke any city or the
+representative of any city for Un-Americanism during the time when the
+soldiers of that city were offering their lives in defense of the
+world, then Massachusetts stands ready to offer that rebuke.
+Massachusetts will not agree willingly to having a convention of
+soldiers and sailors in the Great War, go to a city that has as its
+first citizen, by vote, one who can not measure up in any small part
+when the test is one hundred per cent. Americanism."
+
+When Colonel Herbert reached this point one delegate with a big voice
+from a big State (Texas) let out a loud yell of approval. This was the
+signal for blast after blast of vocal vociferousness which fairly
+raised the roof. Men stood on their seats, and cheered. "You're dead
+right" and "Get a new mayor, Chicago," while others began to point at
+placards advertising Chicago which had been placed on the walls of the
+theater by members of the Illinois delegation. Colonel Herbert stood
+for fully five minutes before order was sufficiently restored for him
+to proceed.
+
+"The hall has been placarded with invitations, reading, 'The American
+Legion, Chicago wants you in November,'" he said. "I believe that this
+convention, this convention of soldiers and sailors should say,
+'Chicago, you cannot have American soldiers in Chicago when there is a
+possibility that the chief representative of that city may not believe
+it is his duty to come before the Convention and welcome it.' If these
+placards read, 'American Legion, Chicago _soldiers_ want you in
+November,' our answer might be different. The answer of Massachusetts
+would be different but when your placard reads, 'Chicago wants you in
+November' the answer of Massachusetts is, 'Chicago cannot have us in
+November'--or any other time until Chicago has an American for Mayor
+in an American city.
+
+"The literature circulated through the caucus reads, 'Chicago pledges
+itself to go any other city one better on anything this convention
+requires.' This convention first requires that Chicago shall reach a
+standard different from the standard of being the most despised city
+in America, and when it has reached that standard, it is then in a
+position to say whether it can go one better. It has not yet reached
+par. Until Chicago reaches par, Massachusetts votes no!"
+
+A large poster reading "Chicago bids you Welcome," had been placed
+over the seats directly in the center of the stage; Captain Osborne
+pulled it down. This was the signal for similar action all over the
+house. Chicago banners, dropped from the boxes, were hurled to the
+floor. Other banners which had been on the theater walls just out of
+reach were torn down by men who climbed on the shoulders of their
+fellow delegates in order to reach them. Only during the ovation given
+Colonel Roosevelt, did the cheering reach such intensity.
+
+These men were cheering for Americanism. They wanted one hundred per
+cent. Americanism, untainted and unvarnished by a hyphen or an "ism,"
+especially when the word pacific precedes the latter. Everyone felt
+sorry for the Illinois delegation, for it was realized that Colonel
+Herbert's remarks were intended solely to reflect upon the person he
+specially mentioned and not upon the thousands of soldiers and sailors
+who went from Illinois and Chicago and did more than their part in
+writing glorious history.
+
+Just how this was impressed upon the men from Illinois let the minutes
+show. The chairman recognized "the gentleman from Chicago."
+
+MR. CUMMINGS (of Chicago): "Gentlemen, I don't believe there is a
+single delegate to this caucus who would be so unfair as to impugn the
+patriotism of 650,000 men who rallied to the colors of this country
+by saying: 'Because Chicago had a mayor of which they are all ashamed
+that they are not patriotic.' Had the men who were serving the colors
+in France been in Chicago, they would have had no apology to offer for
+their mayor. (Applause.) He was elected in a three-cornered fight
+where he did not receive a majority vote in Chicago, but had the
+opposition to him been solidified he would have been snowed under, for
+Chicago is patriotic. I consider that an insult has been handed to
+every man in Illinois who rallied to the colors.
+
+"The Tank Corps of which I am a member, and an enlisted man
+originally, gave from Chicago 11,250 enlisted men, volunteers in the
+most hazardous branch of the service. They gave 11,250 men as against
+11,000 which the rest of the country contributed. If that doesn't
+bespeak patriotism for Chicago, I don't know how you are going to
+gauge it. I am saying that in the invitation which was extended to you
+we are speaking for the boys of khaki and blue who rallied to the
+colors from Illinois, and who are here to-day, extending the
+invitation to you notwithstanding the fact that we are cursed by a
+mayor who is not our choice. We would throw him out if we had the
+chance, but we are extending the invitation to you on behalf of
+750,000 men from Illinois and we do not feel that you are going to
+impugn their patriotism, that you are going to insult them by saying
+they are members of an unpatriotic community."
+
+MR. HAWKINS (of Oklahoma): "The great State of Illinois stands
+unchallenged in the patriotism of its soldiers throughout the world. I
+am only sorry that you didn't leave enough patriots at home to elect a
+patriotic mayor of that great city. You are in the embarrassing
+position of having a man who has repudiated the things we went out to
+die for. Either you have got to repudiate us or repudiate him."
+
+"We'll repudiate him next time when the boys get home," shouted
+several of the Illinois crowd.
+
+Then other speakers tried to make it plain that the Legion's attack
+was solely against the municipal head of Chicago, but some of the men
+of Illinois let the incident rankle. How it came out (and it was ended
+happily) will develop. Meantime the attention of the caucus was
+diverted from the Chicago incident by the manifestation of that desire
+which is in every true American's heart, namely to be a booster for
+his own home town. In less time than it takes to tell it, Los Angeles,
+Minneapolis, Atlantic City, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis,
+Kansas City, and Chicago were being voted upon. While the delegates
+were voting, a small body of soldiers and sailors were gathered
+together in a wing of the theater, seriously discussing the incident
+which was developed by Colonel Herbert's speech. They desired that it
+should be made more plain to everyone just what Colonel Herbert meant
+and that the millions of patriotic simon-pure Americans who live in
+Illinois should not take undue umbrage of the incident. Therefore
+while the vote on the convention city was being counted, Colonel Luke
+Lea was recognized by the chairman and asked unanimous consent to
+present for consideration the following resolution:
+
+"RESOLVED, That the action of the caucus of the American Legion in
+refusing to accept the invitation to hold its next convention in
+Chicago is no reflection upon the splendid patriotism of the men and
+women of that great city, who have loyally proved their Americanism by
+supporting our Army and Navy and all war activities.
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That this caucus records its admiration of
+the valor and heroism of the thousands and thousands of Chicago's sons
+whose pure patriotism has been proven on the battlefields of France."
+
+"I would like to say something in support of the motion," Colonel Lea
+said. "It is very proper for me to offer it for I had the privilege of
+serving for three months with the great Thirty-third Division of
+Illinois and I know what wonderful soldiers they are."
+
+The resolution was adopted by unanimous vote.
+
+No booster ever had a better time than had those who attended the St.
+Louis Caucus. Local pride assumed its highest pitch during the vote,
+and at length Minneapolis won it. The date was set for November
+10-11-12th.
+
+Just before adjournment Colonel Herbert arose to a question of
+personal privilege.
+
+"I would like, if possible," he said, "to have the attention for a few
+minutes of every man that is in this theater. Intentionally or
+otherwise, and I think it was otherwise, the soldiers of Illinois have
+felt that I was not just to them in the remarks that I made bearing on
+the report of the Committee on the Next Meeting Place. I meant to say,
+and I believe now that I did say, that if those banners that were hung
+in this theater had read, 'American Legion, Chicago's _soldiers_
+invite you next November.' Massachusetts' answer would have been
+'Yes.' I believe I said that. The men of Illinois believe I did not
+say it. The men of Illinois believe that when I sat down after making
+the few remarks I did, that I had a sardonic smile on my lips and they
+say that I have insulted them to the heart and I say to them: 'If
+there is anything that I can say, anything that I can do, as soldier
+to soldier to remove from your mind, or from the minds of any man who
+may have been in this theater, any belief that there was any feeling
+except of highest admiration, the highest respect, and the deepest
+affection on the part of the soldiers of Massachusetts for the
+soldiers of Illinois, then I want to correct that impression, because
+I want you, the soldiers of Illinois, to know that we recognize in
+Massachusetts that no better soldiers wore the khaki, no better
+sailors wore the blue, than the men of Illinois. My remarks were, as I
+stated, for the purpose of saying Massachusetts would, if no other
+State would, take such action to rebuke the city of Chicago; would say
+to Chicago that if it would have the right to invite Americans to meet
+in that city, first Americanize the City Hall. That was my chief
+purpose of rising to my feet. If Chicago's soldiers, if Illinois'
+soldiers still think that I have not made reparation for what they
+believe was the intention of my remarks, then I say to them that no
+higher respect, no deeper affection exists for them than in the hearts
+of the men of Massachusetts."
+
+
+Colonel Herbert's assault upon Chicago's mayor in itself is only half
+significant. It is only wholly so when its reception is considered.
+Colonel Herbert will have none of Chicago until it has purged itself
+of its municipal leader. He remembered, perhaps, the assertion that it
+is "the sixth largest German city in the world." He might have said as
+much in a newspaper interview as he said on the floor of the caucus
+had he been asked about the Illinois city as a meeting place for
+soldiers, and, perhaps, the editor would have given to it a half
+column of space; in the larger dailies, less. But when men of the
+army, navy, and marine corps, from every battlefield in France, from
+every State in the union, voice their approval so thunderously; when
+they stand on their seats and cheer; when they so positively overrule
+the recommendation of committeemen who have studiously considered the
+matter, presumably from all angles, it means much. No wonder
+Metropolitan dailies devoted columns to it.
+
+Those of you who have become low-spirited over your own particular
+view of the future; those of you who have talked about "the good old
+days"; or, the Spirit of '76, take heart. Take counsel of the Spirit
+of '19, based on the deeds of '17 and '18, on the mistakes of '14,
+'15, and '16. '19 is all right!
+
+Read the constitution of the American Legion to-night just before
+you go to bed. Think of this second day's session when the
+Bolsheviki-tainted organization was thrown out, when the second
+largest city in America was told to "clean house" and redecorate in
+red, white, and blue. Then go to bed and know that all's right with
+the United States.
+
+
+A large number of the delegates attended, on the second evening, a
+dance and supper at Sunset Inn given in honor of the Legion by the
+ladies of St. Louis. For most though, there was work in plenty to do.
+Some of the committees hadn't yet reported and there was an all
+important meeting of the executive committee in the Statler Hotel.
+
+I said _all important_ by design. The caucus had taken up a great deal
+of time with the proceedings already recounted and it was the purpose
+of the executive committee on adjournment-eve to get down to brass
+tacks. It certainly did that. It was agreed to recommend to the caucus
+that the Legion should attempt to help get returning soldiers and
+sailors positions and that a legal department should be established
+which would aid men to get back pay and allotments, while still
+another department would look after their insurance and instruct them
+how to change it to policies of a permanent character. Needless to say
+these conclusions were not arrived at without a great deal of helpful
+discussion.
+
+Then too this executive meeting was all important because it let
+several persons who claimed to be dissatisfied, air their grievances,
+thereby clearing the atmosphere of considerable cloudiness. For the
+most part these malcontents didn't seem at first to distinguish
+between the caucus and the November convention. They didn't seem to
+catch at first hand the spirit of the A.E.F. caucus which positively
+refused to take action on large questions of policy until the Home
+Army could be consulted. The principal leaders of the caucus in St.
+Louis determined upon the same course, as has been previously
+explained, and rightly so. One thing one element wanted to do was to
+elect permanent officers. "How could you do that when more than a
+million men entitled to a vote are still in France?" they were asked.
+They couldn't answer. Another element wanted to go on record against
+universal military training while still others were for endorsing it.
+Someone else wanted this city to be chosen as permanent headquarters
+while another wanted some other town selected. There was some
+grumbling to the effect that the caucus had been too "rowdy." Then,
+too, everybody was more or less tired out and a darker view of things
+was natural.
+
+The silver lining was there, however, as it always is. This time it
+took the rotund form of a preacher from Alabama. Inzer was his name
+and his folks and Colonel Roosevelt's away back five or six
+generations ago in Georgia had been the same people, so let's
+introduce him as Colonel Roosevelt's cousin. Chaplain Inzer had been
+ready to embark at Newport News with his regiment when the Bolsheviki
+menace grew quite serious in the Pacific northwest and he was ordered
+to proceed to Seattle and was there during all the stirring times
+which culminated in making Ole Hanson famous.
+
+It might truthfully be said that the "silver lining" quite properly
+had a silver tongue. When he had spoken just about a hundred words
+even the grouches were holding onto their chairs if they weren't using
+their hands for purposes of applause. And many a man, who thought he'd
+talked his voice silent dug deep down in his vocal chords and brought
+forth something that could easily be labeled a cheer! This preacher
+told everybody who might have the slightest idea of making trouble
+just where to get off. But I am not going to try to remember his
+speech and perhaps improperly quote the chaplain. The speech was so
+good that they made him do it again at the very opening of the caucus
+the next morning, so I'm going to lead off with it in my story of the
+proceedings of the last day, just as the stenographers recorded it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE SILVER LINING
+
+
+Soon after the caucus opened on Saturday morning, May 10, the minutes
+read as follows:
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, before we have the report of the Resolutions
+Committee, I want to say to those who were not of the Executive
+Committee and in its meeting last night, that there seemed to me to be
+there a more splendid crystallization of the real purpose of this
+caucus and a foresight into what it is going to mean, not only to
+these four millions of men but to the people of the United States for
+the next half century, than I have ever heard, and at the request of a
+number of those who were there at that meeting, I am going to ask one
+of them to interpret to you in just a few minutes, as well as he can,
+and he did it wonderfully well last night, the spirit that we believed
+in that meeting is your spirit here to-day and the spirit that is
+going out from this caucus as a slogan to all American citizens and
+through them to the world, indicating the purposes for which we
+fought, and more than that, the purposes for which American manhood
+stands and for which it will fight again, if necessary, the heritage
+we will hand down to our children, and I will ask this gentleman to
+present that thought to you."
+
+CHAPLAIN W. INZER (of Alabama): "Gentlemen, I appreciate this
+opportunity more than I have words to say, and if you will only be as
+sympathetic with me for these minutes as that Executive Committee was
+last night, I will do my best to interpret the spirit and the mind of
+this convention as I see it and as I saw it last night. I never had a
+more sympathetic audience, it seemed to me, or a more psychological
+moment in which to speak than that was last night and I appreciate the
+spirit of the brethren who asked me to come out and make this talk
+this morning and I am going to try my best to interpret it as I saw it
+last night.
+
+"There has been an undercurrent all through this Convention. Somebody
+has been afraid that we are going to do something or pop some lid off
+that will bust the thing and I have been, as I said last night,
+sometimes scared almost to death. I think I could personally say that
+I wanted to make about seventy-four speeches in the two days that I
+have been here. I didn't do it but I was waiting and praying for the
+psychological hour to arrive and I believe that that hour came last
+night when this Executive Committee really got together and got
+something concrete before them, and I think that the whole Convention
+comes together this morning ready to take up matters of importance and
+leave off matters that should not be taken up, and to solidify this
+body in a great spirit of Americanism that shall last for fifty years
+as the greatest organization that the world has ever known."
+(Applause.) "Now the keyword that I want to say in the beginning is,
+at all costs we want to save this organization. We do not want
+anything to arise to-day that will in any way mar the spirit of this
+great assembly and the work that it is going to do in the future.
+While you were deliberating here these past two days some of you
+thought only of this hour and this moment, but, gentlemen, I had an
+eye cast into the future and I was dreaming dreams and seeing visions
+of the years that are to come and the wonderful work, the wonderful
+influence, and the mighty power that this organization is going to
+have and exert upon this nation and upon the whole world, and I want
+you to think of it in these terms. This convention is a baby and we
+must not choke this baby. You can't give a young baby a gallon of
+castor oil the first week. It only requires castoria, that is all the
+first week. It can stand with a little mother's milk, and I want you
+to feel that way about it to-day." (Laughter and Applause.)
+
+"Our first duty is beyond the shadow of a doubt to get this infant on
+its legs, and once we get it on its legs, it will be like the mighty
+Niagara Falls, there isn't anything in the world can dam it up. It
+will be a power that shall be known, and with influence all over
+America and for good all over the world. Let's be quiet and let's be
+sensible to-day until we get this infant on his legs. He's just a
+recruit, a raw recruit, and he has to be trained and we are going to
+do that now.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to say just here, if you can only think about this
+Legion--the chairman spoke of it last night to me--as the jewel of the
+ages. I believe that is the best interpretation I know. I cannot say
+anything greater than this: I believe God raised up America for this
+great hour; I can say that the strong young man of the time is to be
+the American Legion in this country and in the world.
+
+"What the great seers of the past ages have dreamed and what they have
+planned and longed for, the opportunity that they sought, have
+suddenly been placed and in our hands. Are we going to be great men
+and big men? Will we arise to the dignity and be worthy of the
+occasion?
+
+"I believe that we will. Oh, men, if I might make it plain to you
+that it seems to me I stand on the very rim of creation and I am
+speaking there to an angel who has never yet been able to see light. I
+said: 'Angel, what are you doing here?' and he said: 'I was placed
+here when God created this world'; and he said: 'God sent me to look
+down upon this world and report to him at one special time, and that
+one time only,' and I said: 'What was to be the nature of that
+report?' He said: 'God made man in His own image and God Himself is a
+being of knowledge, love, truth, democracy, and peace,' and He said to
+that angel, 'Don't you ever leave that world until you see dawn, until
+you see that man has come up to the place where he will begin to
+measure up to what I expected of him,' and that angel said to me, 'I
+have sat here through all the ages and I have seen times when I
+thought that the sunlight of God's great knowledge and love and truth
+was going to come over the hills and then some being like the Kaiser
+or Alexander or Napoleon or some one that was of a Bolsheviki type
+would rise up and retard it and the sun could never rise,' but he
+said: 'Thank God on April 6, 1917, I reported back to God when America
+entered this war that I had seen the dawn.' (Applause.)
+
+"As little as you dream, maybe when you came here and as little as you
+thought about it in the commitment of time, I believe to-day that we
+stand on the dawn of the realization of the republic of man which is
+nothing short of the Kingdom of God on earth when men shall be men."
+(Applause.)
+
+"So the first thing we are to do to-day is to get a great spirit, men,
+a great spirit that we can carry back. All the other questions will be
+ironed out in due time. Everything will be straightened out when we
+realize that five million men are going to be organized with the same
+spirit of love and loyalty and devotion and sacrifice and democracy
+that characterized their lives on the battlefield. They will never
+rest until they make this whole world bloom in love, democracy, peace
+and prosperity and equality and brotherhood for all mankind. That is
+what we are going to do and that is what this assembly means to-day.
+It is the world's great opportunity and your privilege to share with
+it.
+
+"Now, then, I want to say that the soldier spirit is going to be my
+spirit and I believe it is going to be your spirit. When Wilson and
+the other men called us to the war, I was glad and ready immediately
+to offer my life because of the great principle. I said to those men
+last night in that Executive Committee and I mean it to-day, I'd
+gladly lay down my life to-day if laying down my life meant that this
+Legion should live and fulfill my dreams of its service to the
+country for these next fifty years. (Applause.) So do you think I want
+anything to come up here that would disrupt this body? Never! Do you
+think I want to make a fiery speech about something because it is my
+personal conviction? No, I have a hundred personal convictions that I
+would like to see operating in the United States and this convention,
+but it isn't the time and I am not going to bring them up here. I
+don't want to say anything that will keep all of us from pulling
+together like a military army for the great things that this
+convention in the future is going to stand for. So my final word is
+this: That this day, we get right down to business and that we omit
+everything that we can omit pertaining to the permanent policy of this
+organization that we cannot all immediately agree upon.
+
+"If there is going to be anything discussed here to-day that everybody
+in this convention won't immediately agree upon and would hinder us
+from sending out to the nation word that we stand together and that we
+are going to pull together, that we caught a mighty vision and that we
+have gained the great spirit, then, brethren, let's carry that thing
+over until November when all the boys come home and then we will
+discuss it there. There are many things to-day that we can discuss
+that are important and fundamental and that are urgently needed in
+our nation this hour. Let's take those things up and get down to
+business on it to-day. Every Executive Member from each State pledged
+the chairman last night that he was going to act as a sergeant-at-arms
+in his delegation and hold the convention in order to-day. We are
+going to do the right thing and we won't be 'busted' by anything or by
+anybody, and when anything comes up that isn't the right thing for us
+to do to make a great impression on America, and the world, we will
+say hold that thing over until the baby is strong enough to do it
+right.
+
+"I beg you to do those things. Somebody said: 'What are the things we
+can do to-day?' We mentioned them last night.
+
+"Jack Sullivan has problems out there that we must meet this very day.
+One of those is this Bolsheviki business. We are going to pass
+resolutions this very day, I believe, asking the United States in
+Congress to pass a bill for immediate action of deporting every one of
+those Bolsheviki or I.W.W.'s out yonder." (Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"Gentlemen, I know what I am talking about. You don't know how badly I
+do hate some of those guys. If it hadn't been for them I would have
+gotten on the boat in Newport News in 1918 for France, but because of
+those rotten scamps I was sent to Seattle, Washington, and had to
+stay there for seven months guarding the interest of the shipbuilding
+in the Western States.
+
+"I was naturalization officer for our regiment and that division out
+there and I have had those scamps stand up and say: 'Yes, I have been
+here fourteen years and have lived on the fat of the land, but we
+don't want to fight,' and they would deny citizenship papers or cancel
+their first papers.
+
+"Now that the war is over, they are in lucrative positions and our
+boys haven't got jobs; we've got to say, send those scamps to hell."
+(Prolonged Applause.)
+
+"We can all see this very moment that there is no division on that
+question. We stand together. Somebody said: 'Why, we have been here
+two days and haven't done anything but elect officers and decide on a
+place to meet. But let me tell you, Buddy, while we have been doing
+those things, we have let the world know where we stand for
+Americanism. (Applause.) And we couldn't have done a bigger thing than
+create the impression we did relative to Mayor Thompson of Chicago and
+the I.W.W.'s of Seattle. (Applause.) We can do that. We are agreed on
+that. The baby can do that without any trouble at all and we are not
+going to choke him when we start that kind of thing.
+
+"The other question that we might decide here to-day is what we are
+going to do about jobs for our returned soldiers. In my city we have
+already said: 'Look here, man, you'd better post every job that is
+open and post it in the place where we get employment for returned
+soldiers. And they have gotten down to that. We want to talk about
+that to-day and get down to business--the business of getting jobs for
+our men, and then we want to care for those who come back without
+money. We want to help them get their allotment and get their $60
+bonus, and we want to care for the wounded.
+
+"But these other things--excuse me, I can't help but say brethren,
+because I am a preacher, but you are my brethren, I thank God you are
+and I love you like I love the brethren of my church. There is some
+fellow here who might want to spring something because he knows it
+would be a lot of fun. Oh, brethren, let's not have any fun with the
+baby to-day. (Laughter and Applause.) We have all we can do to-day. We
+have all we can do if we do those things that we are all united upon
+and agreed upon. Those things which may have what they call a nigger
+in the woodpile, when they come up, let's say that is something we are
+going to talk about later when the boys get home in November, when
+everybody is settled down and we have thought it through and talked
+about it in our State organizations and we will come up with
+solidified ideas and the great spirit will have gripped us and we will
+know where we stand and will know our power and strength.
+
+"Brethren, I say let's cut out every last bit of hoodlumism to-day. It
+is the zero hour. Let's stand together. If we don't carry anything
+else home, let's go home and say we are for America, that we caught
+the spirit and the vision and you can't stop us with anything in the
+world. I thank you." (Audience rises and applauds.)
+
+
+That speech has been given in full not only for the reasons which have
+been stated before but because it is archtypical of the deep-seated,
+serious, and high-minded soul of the New American, born of the war.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, it seems that Illinois caught the spirit of the speaker
+who has just seated himself, in advance."
+
+Before the applause over Inzer's speech had ended and before we
+realized it, Mr. Cummings of Illinois had the floor. He said that the
+Illinois delegation had been ungracious in accepting Colonel Herbert's
+explanation of his remarks the previous day.
+
+"We wish to withdraw that implication," Mr. Cummings said. "We wish to
+state to you as a solid Illinois delegation that we give full faith
+and credit to the high, patriotic motive which prompted this gentleman
+in making the speech to you which he did and in bringing before this
+organization the question which he did. We feel on cooler deliberation
+and upon giving the matter the thought which its importance demanded,
+that he is helping us and that he has placed the American Legion in a
+position to help us to move in a body politic, to overcome certain
+things in the State of Illinois and blot out pro-Germanism.
+
+[Illustration: Gaspar Bacon Treasurer]
+
+
+Three State Chairmen
+
+[Illustration: John F.J. Herbert Massachusetts
+  _Photo by Gray, Worcester, Mass_.]
+
+[Illustration: Henry G. Mathewson California]
+
+[Illustration: Cornelius W. Wickersham New York]
+
+"I say that the American Legion is bigger than any man; it is bigger
+than any State; it is bigger than any combination of States; it is the
+unified action of the millions of men who were willing to sacrifice
+their lives, their fortunes, their all on the altar of this country
+for the cause of democracy, to make the world safe for democracy, and
+they are going to help us make Illinois come to the front and clean
+its skirts of the stigma which is attached. We know that you are going
+to help us in it, and with the support of the American Legion, nothing
+will stop us from cleaning our skirts, from washing our dirty linen at
+home. When the next convention of the American Legion is held, as soon
+as we have had an opportunity or the boys in khaki and blue have had
+an opportunity to give an honest expression of views on the question
+of Burgomaster Thompson, we will come through with clean skirts, we
+will stand before you without a question as to the patriotism of the
+great City of Chicago and the State of Illinois. We are for the
+American Legion first, last, and all the time, and I will pledge
+Illinois' seven hundred thousand soldiers who have gone to the front
+for the colors in this organization to a man."
+
+"... and clean its skirts of the stigma which is attached and we know
+you are going to help us in it, for we will have the support of the
+American Legion and with that support when the boys from over there
+get back, nothing will stop us from cleaning our skirts...."
+
+Attention is drawn specifically to that sentence, because it affords
+an excellent opportunity to explain the difference between politics
+and policies. The Legion has policies but it is not political. One
+prime policy is the demand for one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+Whoever or whatever cannot read that mark, be it Chicago's mayor or
+the Seattle Soldier's Council, the Legion's caution is "measure up."
+The Legion, _as the Legion_ will not go into municipal politics in
+Chicago but the members of the various posts in that city like all
+other Legion members stand for one hundred per cent, simon-pure
+patriotism and regardless of party, he who does not "measure up" had
+best beware. The Legion, as the Legion, never will endorse a political
+party or a party's candidate for office. But it will have platforms,
+it will have tenets, it will have principles. These platforms, tenets,
+and principles will be seen, felt, heard, and heeded by the voters of
+the United States. Furthermore, these platforms, tenets, and
+principles will be supported regardless of political party, political
+affiliations, or partisan sponsorship.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+OBJECTORS--CONSCIENTIOUS AND OTHERWISE
+
+
+The first of the committee reports of the morning was that of the
+Publication Committee. This report is perhaps not so interesting a
+document now as it may be in later years, when, with a circulation of
+millions weekly, the official organ will be a tremendous power for
+Americanism throughout the country, spreading in every home, in every
+vale and hamlet the same dragnet of Americanism as the draft law did,
+having in its tentacles the same power for culture, breadth of
+experience, and abolition of sectionalism.
+
+In view of this, the report possesses tremendous potentialities. Here
+it is:
+
+"The Committee on Publication recommends that this caucus of the
+American Legion inaugurate a national publication which shall be the
+Legion's exponent of Americanism; that this, the sole and only
+publication of the American Legion, be owned and directed by the
+Legion for and in the interest of all Americans; that the Publication
+Committee be continued that it may proceed as organized with the
+details of founding this publication, with the advice and under the
+control of the Executive Committee of the American Legion which shall
+add such specially qualified members to the Publication Committee as
+it may see fit; that this publication shall be a National,
+nonpartisan, non-sectional organ for the service of the American
+people, a champion of Americanism which means independence, security,
+health, education, greater contentment, and progress for every
+patriot, to be the torch, the beacon light thrown into our hands by
+the Americans who fell, and held as a unique and living monument to
+that other legion which did not come back.
+
+  "(Signed) G.P. PUTNAM, _Chairman._
+  "CHARLES D. KELLEY, _Secretary_."
+
+As an aside it may be interesting to say that there were at least half
+a dozen publishers, some with veteran journals already started, in St.
+Louis with the most alluring offers. Each wanted to have his
+publication designated as the official organ. Several other
+propositions were made, one syndicate offering to publish the
+magazine, bear the entire expense, give the Legion fifty per cent. of
+the stock, and allow it to control the editorial policy. All the
+syndicate wanted was the official endorsement. From other quarters
+came the word that a million dollars would be forthcoming, if such a
+large amount was necessary, in order to start the publication, but
+those who would furnish it wanted some return, naturally. However the
+Publication Committee felt, as set forth in the resolutions, that the
+magazine must be entirely owned and solely controlled by the Legion.
+If it was worth a million dollars to anybody else, it certainly was
+worth conserving in every possible way for the Legion.
+
+Again I am going to let the minutes take up the story. Some of the
+details which they give in the next few pages are illustrative of the
+interest and care which the caucus took when it came to important
+matters.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "The Committee on Resolutions begs to submit the
+following report:
+
+"'GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND CREED--Recognizing the supreme obligation of
+the citizens to maintain our national honor and integrity, and being
+resolved that the fruits of the Great War shall not die, we who
+participated in the war in order that the principles of justice,
+freedom, and democracy may more completely direct and influence the
+daily lives of America's manhood, do announce our adherence to the
+following principles and purposes:
+
+"'(a) To inculcate the duties and obligations of citizenship.
+
+"'(b) To preserve the history and incidents of our participation in
+this war.
+
+"'(c) To cement the ties of comradeship formed in service.
+
+"'(d) To promote, assist, and protect the general welfare of all
+soldiers, sailors, and marines and those dependent upon them.
+
+"'(e) To encourage the maintenance of individual and national
+efficiency to the end that the nation shall never fail in its
+obligations.
+
+"'(f) To maintain the principle that undivided and uncompromising
+support of the constitution of the United States is the true test of
+loyalty.'" (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Do you desire to pass on that as read, gentlemen, or by
+paragraphs?"
+
+MR. JOHNSON (Rhode Island): "I move it be adopted as a whole."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York.
+
+COL. HERBERT (Mass.): "I would like to ask for information: if there
+aren't more eligible to membership in the American Legion than are
+cited--soldiers, sailors, and marines?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The committee understands that covers everything. The
+direct eligibility comes up later."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "But before we adopt this we must know who are eligible
+so it may be inserted there. As I read the qualifications for
+membership the members of the enlisted nurse corps are eligible to
+membership in the American Legion. If they are eligible they must be
+included there. If there are any others they must be included."
+
+MR. FISH (of New York): "I make a motion to the effect that this
+report be laid on the table until the constitution has been adopted.
+There are points in this resolution that conflict with the preamble
+and by-laws of the constitution. I move you, Mr. Chairman, that the
+first paragraph of the resolution as read be laid on the table until
+after the constitution is adopted. I will amend my motion to that
+effect."
+
+COL. HERBERT: "I want to hear that reread."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "What I have read, and what I am about to read again,
+is the first paragraph of the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+There are many other paragraphs. The second one, for instance, is an
+endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan. If you lay the whole report
+on the table we have to wait until later to consider resolutions as a
+whole. The first paragraph is as follows:"
+
+Secretary read first paragraph.
+
+MR. MILLIGAN: "I wish to make a further amendment that the entire
+report be laid on the table until after the constitution has been
+adopted. I don't believe it is the sense of this meeting to hear the
+report of this committee in fragments."
+
+COLONEL LEA (of Tenn.): "If this report, or any part of it, is laid on
+the table it means final disposition of it under the rules of the
+House of Representatives. I don't think we want to do that until the
+report is read. As a substitute for the pending motion and amendment,
+I move that further reading and action of the report be suspended
+until after the report of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Black of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The Secretary will now proceed to read the
+resolutions."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan.
+
+"'WHEREAS, The Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war, and to
+reestablish the country upon a peace basis, therefore be it
+
+"'RESOLVED that this caucus emphatically endorse the Victory Liberty
+Loan, and urges all Americans to promote the success of the loan in
+every manner possible.'"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "What is your pleasure with regard to that resolution?"
+
+MR. SULLIVAN: "I move the adoption of the resolution."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Wickersham of New York and carried.
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Conscientious Objectors.
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States in accordance with the act of Congress of
+May 18, 1917, and who were tried by general court-martial, sentenced
+to prison and later fully pardoned, restored to duty and honorably
+discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them, and as
+condemning further the I.W.W.'s, international socialists, and
+anarchists in their effort to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and be it
+further
+
+"'RESOLVED, that this caucus requests a full and complete
+investigation by Congress of the trial and conviction of these parties
+and of their subsequent pardon." (Applause.)
+
+COLONEL HERBERT (of Mass.): "I move you, sir, that this convention
+substitute the word 'demand' instead of 'request' where it says 'We
+request Congress.' We are a body large enough and representative
+enough and powerful enough to tell Congress what we want (applause),
+not to ask it, and I move the substitution of the word 'demand'
+instead of 'request.'"
+
+Seconded by Luke Lea of Tennessee.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The motion is now for the adoption of the resolution as
+read, substituting the word 'demand' for 'request.'"
+
+ALBERT H. WILSON (of Idaho): "Gentlemen of this convention, before
+this is put to the body of this house, I want to offer a resolution
+that the man who convicted these men at Camp Funston be permitted to
+give the facts of those convictions and the facts of those discharges
+to the body of this house. I refer, gentlemen, to Major Foster, of
+Camp Funston, of the General Staff at Camp Funston, and I offer a
+resolution to that effect. Will you hear him?"
+
+Assent from the audience.
+
+MR. GASTON: "I second that."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It isn't necessary to have a resolution to that effect.
+The discussion would be germane to the question before the house."
+
+MAJOR FOSTER (of Missouri): "Gentlemen, on May 18, 1917, the Congress
+of these United States passed an act defining what should be done in
+regard to conscientious objectors. That act, as you are all probably
+familiar with, says nothing about the I.W.W.--the so-called
+humanitarian, the slacker, and the anarchist, and yet for some unknown
+reason about 135 such cattle were shipped out to Camp Funston,
+segregated, were not required to do military service, were tried for
+disobedience to a lawful order in time of war, duly convicted,
+sentenced to prison, and a large Majority of them pardoned out of the
+penitentiary within two months.
+
+"These men, and I want you to get the importance of this, are not
+ordinary, poor, misguided, fanatical men, but the large number of them
+were college graduates. Take the case of Lundy in Chicago and Berger
+and Greenberg and all of them. Seven of them were cases so serious
+that the court, of which I was a member, sentenced them to death.
+Within three weeks the order came from Washington restoring them to
+honorable duty. These men who were dismissed from Leavenworth and who
+were tried by this court made the statement before the court to prove
+their conscientious scruples that they did not accept pay from the
+Government, nor did they, but when they were dismissed at Fort
+Leavenworth and honorably restored to duty and given discharges with
+honor, they took every dollar and cent that the Government sent or the
+officials in Washington said should be paid to them and they carefully
+counted it and it amounted to between four and six hundred dollars
+each, and they went home with it.
+
+"You all know who is responsible for this condition. You all know that
+this convention should condemn it. And here is one more point I want
+to put before you and I want you to get this carefully. One of the men
+we tried, Worsman, has been pardoned. Here is a letter he sent out. I
+will not read it all.
+
+(The caucus requests him to read it all.)
+
+It is sent out to the press and to everyone. Here is a book that has
+the expressions before the court that all these men made and they
+stand on that as being proper.
+
+"This letter says: 'The committee who sends you this letter are, for
+the most part, near relatives or close friends of young men now
+serving long terms in the disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth
+because of loyalty of principle. Nearly all of them are your fellow
+workers and except for those in what we call the religious
+group,--trade unionists--the public knows little of their unhappy
+fate, even less than the other political or labor prisoners because
+they have been sent to prison by military court-martials and some have
+not even had the hostile publicity of a public trial in court.
+
+"'The war is over; whether these men were right or wrong, they were
+utterly sincere. Even military prejudice has to concede that, and the
+sufferings they have unflinchingly borne prove it many times over, but
+the point for the country to get just now is that right or wrong, they
+cannot now have any adverse effect upon the military policy of the
+Government to keep them in prison.' Here is the dangerous thing--'We
+are trying to educate public opinion, and particularly labor opinion,
+to the point where it will demand the release of these brave and
+sincere young men. We say "labor," because we know when labor really
+demands a thing, it gets done.' There is the dangerous thing,
+gentlemen, the direct connecting up of the I.W.W., the so-called
+international socialists and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and
+later pardoned by our War Department,--the direct connecting up
+between that element and those like the fellow who was sentenced to
+prison and who is sending out this letter, and this great and
+dangerous Bolshevism that is creeping into this country and is, I am
+afraid, more dangerous than many of us realize. I want to see this
+caucus go on record--don't be afraid--as strong as you can against
+this fellow. The officers who served on those courts know what we had
+to endure. We had to treat them respectfully; we were obliged to do
+that. Let me tell you a few things, if you don't know them, about what
+happened in the guardhouse among those men. They would not do a thing;
+they wouldn't make their own beds. They wouldn't flush the toilets in
+the guardhouse, and some red-blooded American soldiers had to go and
+pull the chain for them. I say you can't send out a message to these
+people too strong in condemnation of this type and of the action of
+the War Department or whoever is responsible for the solace and the
+protection that has been thrown around the man who hid under the cloak
+of an act of Congress that was designed to take care of the
+conscientious objectors, and there is no conscientious objector under
+that act except a man whose religious creed forbade him to take part
+in the war in any way. I thank you." (Applause.)
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Gentlemen, the question has been called. All those in
+favor of the motion as amended will vote 'aye.'"
+
+The motion was unanimously carried.
+
+The general comment at the time was that Major Foster's address summed
+up the opinion of the caucus on the War Department's action in regard
+to the objector, conscientious or otherwise.
+
+
+The accusation that the Legion was being formed for political purposes
+has been frequently referred to in this account of the organization
+and there follows an instance which shows very clearly the attitude of
+the delegates toward anything that might tend to give to the caucus a
+political savor. Just after Major Foster's address the chairman held
+up his hand for silence.
+
+"One moment before the next resolution is read," he said: "I am
+informed that one of the newspapers of St. Louis has circulated blanks
+among the delegates asking them to indicate thereon how they intend to
+vote in the next national election in this country. I would point out
+to those who are gathered here that this is a very improper suggestion
+and that the action should be repudiated by the men here filling out
+none of these blanks."
+
+This statement was greeted both with anger and applause, the former at
+the paper's action, the latter because of the chair's suggestion, and
+Mr. Wickersham of New York made a motion that none of the blanks
+should be filled out and that no delegate should take part in such a
+poll. It carried unanimously and with acclamation. The blanks were not
+filled out and the men distributing them were ordered to leave the
+theater, which they did.
+
+This is the nearest approach to a poll that took place at the St.
+Louis Caucus so far as I am able to ascertain. In fact it would have
+been quite impossible to take a poll except in the theater and I have
+been assured by men sitting in widely different parts of the house
+that no such poll was taken. The delegates' living quarters were in
+widely scattered parts of St. Louis and it would have been impossible
+to have got any large number of them together to take a poll except
+during the meeting in the theater.
+
+Despite this fact, despite the motion of Major Wickersham, and its
+passage by acclamation, reports were circulated after the caucus, to
+the effect that a poll had been taken and that it showed so many votes
+for this man and so many votes for that one. The effect of that
+statement, while not doing widespread damage, caused the Legion
+leaders a great deal of embarrassment and a great deal of effort to
+correct the false impression among those not present at St. Louis to
+the effect that the caucus had a political complexion.
+
+Following the refusal to allow a poll to be taken, the secretary read
+the following resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS certain aliens during the emergency of the war sought to
+evade military duty by reason of their status as aliens, and
+
+"WHEREAS, such an act indicates a lack on the part of such aliens of
+the proper spirit of Americanism, therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED that this caucus assembled urge upon the Congress of the
+United States the adoption of such measures that may be necessary to
+bring about the immediate deportation from the United States for all
+time of these aliens."
+
+This resolution covered a subject very near the heart of Sergeant Jack
+Sullivan, the vice-chairman. He was on his feet immediately saying:
+
+"I agree with the gentleman from Massachusetts, Comrade Herbert, that
+this is not the time to urge upon Congress but to demand of Congress
+and I offer you, sir, this as a substitute resolution:
+
+"WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United
+States, July, 1918, known as an amendment to the Selective Service Act
+giving persons within the draft age who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby becoming exempt from service,
+
+"WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards,
+and factories, and
+
+"WHEREAS, in this great World War for Democracy the rank and file of
+the best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed
+themselves in order to uphold the principles upon which this country
+was founded and for which they were willing to give up their life's
+blood, if necessary, to preserve, and
+
+"WHEREAS we, the American Legion assembled are of the opinion that
+these would-be Americans who turned in their first papers to avoid
+service are in our opinion neither fish, flesh, nor fowl and if
+allowed to remain in this country would contaminate the 100% true
+American soldiers and sailors who will return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life. Therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion in convention assembled in St.
+Louis, this 8th, 9th, and 10th day of May, 1919, numbering millions of
+red-blooded Americans, do demand the Congress of these United States
+to immediately enact a law to send these aliens who withdrew their
+first papers and thereby avoided service, back to the country from
+whence they came, for we want them not, neither do we need them. The
+country which we live in and were ready and are now ready and willing
+to fight for is good enough for us and this country, which they live
+in and prospered in, yet were unwilling to fight for, is too damned
+good for them to remain in. Therefore, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED, that a copy of these resolutions be sent to each and every
+member of the House and Senate of our United States and a copy be
+given to the public press."
+
+  "Respectfully presented
+  "(Signed) Sgt. JACK SULLIVAN.
+  "Delegate from Seattle, State of Washington."
+
+"I move you, sir, the adoption of this resolution."
+
+"Now, gentlemen, I have a telegram from Seattle which I will read. It
+is addressed to Jack Sullivan, St. Louis.
+
+"'Executive Board American Legion of Liberty authorizes you to
+advocate before the St. Louis Convention as part of the
+Americanization program, that the organization bring its influence to
+bear throughout the United States to secure enactment by Congress of
+laws making it possible to deport alien slackers who avoided military
+service by renouncing their citizenship and signing affidavits that
+they would return to the country from which they came. A bill
+providing for their deportation introduced by Senator Jones of
+Washington failed to pass the last session of Congress because the
+demand for its passage from the State of Washington was not backed up
+by other States. Demand upon senators and representatives from their
+own constituents that a law should be passed to deport these slackers
+would probably result in action by the special sessions of Congress of
+nearly three hundred aliens who escaped military service in Seattle by
+renouncing their right to become citizens. Twenty-seven per cent, were
+shown to be I.W.W.'s of the thousands who thus escaped military
+service. Throughout the country a large percentage are probably of the
+element which is seeking to undermine American institutions. They
+still remain despite their affidavits that they would leave the
+country and there is no existing law under which they can be deported.
+The first move towards making this country one hundred per cent.
+American should be the elimination of aliens who are opposed to our
+Government and institutions and who poison the minds of others by
+their teachings. Every senator and representative should be urged to
+back legislation for the elimination of this element and we hope that
+this work will be adopted by the convention as part of the national
+program.
+
+  "'(Signed) American Legion of Liberty,
+  "'NORMAN E. COLES, _Secretary_.'"
+
+When Sullivan finished reading, he began one of the most stirring
+addresses made before the convention:
+
+"Now let's not be afraid to put the cards on the table and say to the
+Congress of the United States that we are not afraid to trample on the
+toes of the diplomats of these alleged neutral countries who do not
+want legislation of this kind to pass," Sullivan plead. "We have the
+interest of the man who donned the khaki and the blue and when the
+ships bring the boys from over there, they must take back these alien
+slackers. We would be derelict in our duty to the boys who gave their
+all when they went over the top; we would be untrue to ourselves and
+the institutions and principles for which we fought if we did not see
+to it that these people were sent back.
+
+"I was born in the State of Massachusetts and I was taught that
+citizenship meant something. As a boy I went out West where I learned
+that American citizenship meant something to the people of the West.
+
+"To-day we are here from all parts of the country. We are not from any
+section alone, because we are all Americans, This is an organization
+of Americans. This should be a country of Americans and if our
+citizenship means something, the swine who come from other countries
+should be taught that it means something like what McCrae said:
+
+    '"When from failing hands we throw the torch to you,
+        Be yours to hold it high;
+        If ye break faith with us who die,
+      We shall not sleep though poppies grow in Flanders' field.'
+
+"Let's make this unanimous and do it now and say to the boys in
+Siberia and France that we are going to see to it when they get back
+here that those damned alien slackers are not going to be here, or if
+they are, they are going to be on the dock at Hoboken to go back to
+their own countries because they don't belong here and we are not
+going to allow them to remain."
+
+[Illustration: "Jack" Sullivan of Seattle
+  First Vice-Chairman of the St. Louis Caucus]
+
+[Illustration: Chaplain J.W. Inzer of Alabama]
+
+Sullivan was seated amid prolonged cheering; it was his big slap at
+Bolshevism. When Colonel Lindsley restored order Colonel Ralph Cole of
+Ohio was recognized.
+
+"The delegation from Ohio has authorized me to second this motion," he
+said. "This seems to be a unanimous caucus. There is harmony here. The
+most impressive fact in relation to this assembly is the militant
+spirit of Americanism that has been manifested. I chanced to be
+Assistant Adjutant of the 37th Division when the time came for the
+naturalization of aliens who were in the American Army. Thousands and
+thousands of young aliens came up and raised up their right hand and
+pledged fidelity to the American Constitution, and to fight for the
+supremacy of the American flag, but, there was a certain small
+element, a certain small percentage that refused to take the oath of
+allegiance and they appealed to the Constitution and their rights
+under the law and they were exempted from military service. And I say
+to you, gentlemen of this convention, any alien that will appeal to
+the law in order to avoid military duty has no right to the
+opportunity of peace in America." Here there was prolonged applause.
+
+"There was an outbreak in the State of Ohio of Bolshevism a few days
+ago, but I want you gentlemen to know that it was put down. It was hit
+by the soldiers who returned from France, the rank and file of our
+boys.
+
+"Now, as Mr. Sullivan has suggested, let it not be said that when
+these boys that raised their right hand and took the oath of
+allegiance to the American flag return, that these contemptible skunks
+that demanded exemption under the law shall occupy the positions,
+which these truly loyal men should have. Let's give those positions to
+the returning American soldiers and the returning alien soldiers that
+fought for the American flag and helped us win the great victory." The
+applause given Sullivan was repeated.
+
+Then the "Silver Lining," Chaplain Inzer, strode upon the stage. This
+time he was a very stern Silver Lining, and what he had to say he said
+with a vigor which characterized his speeches all during the
+convention.
+
+"I want to offer an amendment," he said. "Mr. Sullivan's resolution
+does not cover the whole ground. As Naturalization Officer of the 14th
+Infantry, I happen to be observing enough to know that there are other
+men that ought to be included in this list. Often we called certain
+foreigners together who had been drafted and said, 'Now, men, we are
+going to go overseas in a short while. How long have you been in this
+country?'
+
+"One said, 'fourteen years.'
+
+"'How long have you been here?' to another.
+
+"'I have been here so and so,' he answered.
+
+"'All right, now,' we said, 'this has been your country. If we hadn't
+gone to war, you would have expected to be here.'
+
+"'But we want to go home now.'
+
+"'If you go home will you fight for your country?'
+
+"'We don't know.'
+
+"And they absolutely refused to take out citizenship papers. How do we
+know them? As Naturalization Officer I marked on every one of those
+papers. 'This man, though he has been here for four years or ten years
+refused naturalization in the hope that he might avoid overseas
+service.' Now, then, I move that we include in that motion that the
+files be gone through and every man who refused citizenship, who was a
+native of any other country, but adopted this country and refused to
+take out the citizenship papers we offered him, after he had been
+brought into the army by the draft, also be deported."
+
+Before the applause began Colonel Luke Lea had the floor. He is tall
+and imposing and a powerful speaker.
+
+"I want to see this made a complete and thorough job, and to that end
+I desire to offer a further amendment," he said. "We further demand
+the immediate deportation of every alien enemy who, during the war,
+was interned, whether such alien enemy be now interned or has been
+paroled. I merely want to say this: That any alien enemy who is too
+dangerous to be at large and bear the burdens of war, is too dangerous
+to be at large and participate in the blessings of peace."
+
+This brought down the house. It was what everybody thought and wanted.
+It was what everybody had hoped for since the very first day during
+the war that the Department of Justice had made its first internments.
+There have been all sorts of stories telling about these interned
+aliens getting rooms with baths, tennis courts, swimming pools, and
+playgrounds, and everyone had consistently hoped that they would all
+be sent back to Germany or Austria at the earliest possible moment
+after the war. The same hope was expressed in regard to certain
+Scandinavians and Hollanders here who were active in behalf of
+Germany. One thing is certain and that is that none of the delegates
+present were opposed to this enemy alien deportation, or if they were
+they didn't or couldn't make themselves heard above the thunderous
+approbation.
+
+Chaplain Inzer at this juncture jumped to his feet and heightened the
+applause by shouting, "There are four million men back of this
+organization. If I were a Bolshevik, I'd pack my grip and beat it."
+
+The culmination of this particular phase of the caucus was most
+dramatic. A wounded soldier on crutches, and bearing two wound stripes
+on his arm, was helped to the stage beside the chairman. "I am Private
+Sossin of Kentucky," he shouted. "I was born and reared in Poland, and
+came to this country and began to enjoy all the freedom of the
+American Constitution when I was thirty-seven years old. I left my
+business and my family to fight for this country. And if any of my
+native countrymen are so despicable as not to want to fight for the
+grandest flag the world has ever seen, the flag which gives freedom to
+all who are oppressed, I say, damn him and kick him out of here so
+that we can show that we despise such slackers."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "All those in favor of the motion as finally amended
+will vote 'Aye."' That "Aye" shook the theater.
+
+The caucus then passed a resolution that every naturalized citizen
+convicted under the Espionage Act should have his citizenship revoked
+and should be deported.
+
+Another telling blow for Americanism!
+
+The caucus next went on record with a resolution calling for the
+protection of the uniform. Those firms and individuals who had used
+the uniform as a method of peddling their wares were scored in the
+resolution and it was the sense of the motion that everything possible
+should be done to prevent panhandlers and peddlers on the streets
+wearing the uniform of the United States.
+
+The caucus also indorsed Secretary Lane's plan for the "Reclamation of
+arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands." The resolution to that effect
+follows in full:
+
+"WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the army and navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and
+
+"WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over
+timber lands:
+
+"NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE REEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM
+
+
+We are now coming to the consideration of a subject that was nearer to
+the heart of every delegate than any other. That is the reemployment
+of one-time service men. This matter is of the most intimate and
+direct concern to the Legion and its leaders and because of its
+importance I believe the details of the discussion are sufficiently
+interesting to permit me to quote them verbatim from the minutes.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The secretary will read the next resolution."
+
+SECRETARY WOOD: "Reemployment of ex-service men."
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of readjustment and
+reconstruction is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers, and
+
+"WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier, vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment or to a better job, therefore,
+be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its first national caucus
+assembled, declares to the people of the United States that no act can
+be more unpatriotic in these most serious days of readjustment and
+reconstruction than the violation of this principle announced which
+pledges immediate reemployment to the returned soldiers, and be it
+further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its national caucus assembled
+does hereby declare itself as supporting in every proper way the
+efforts of the ex-service men to secure reemployment, and recommends
+that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers or ex-sailors and
+ex-marines be given preference whenever additional men are to be
+employed in any private or public enterprise, and be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to Congress the prompt
+enactment of a program for internal improvement, having in view the
+necessity therefor and as an incident the absorption of the surplus
+labor of the country, giving preference to discharged ex-service men."
+
+MR. WALSH (Pittsburgh): "I move, Mr. Chairman, that we adopt the
+resolution."
+
+The motion was seconded by Colonel Jones, of Washington, D.C.
+
+MR. LEVEREE: "Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention, I desire
+to present to you a substitute for this resolution. As one who has
+been endeavoring to give a post-war service to these men who are
+coming back here and need to be replaced in the industries of this
+country, as a volunteer dollar-a-year man in the United States
+Employment Service and one who has accomplished results in the work to
+the extent that the bulletin of the National Chamber of Commerce has
+commented on the work, I desire to call your attention to the fact
+that the resolution as presented is not concrete. It says nothing. It
+talks in generalities, and I want to present to you a concrete
+proposition based on the experience of the Bureau in New Orleans."
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable both for the welfare of the soldiers,
+sailors, and marines, now rapidly being discharged from the service of
+the United States of America, and for the industrial readjustment of
+the country that the process of returning these men to productive
+occupations in civil life be speeded up as much as possible;
+
+"AND WHEREAS, by reason of the failure of the Congress of the United
+States to appropriate funds for the purpose the said process has been
+retarded and left to private initiative; now, therefore, be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the American Legion in caucus assembled calls upon the
+Congress of the United States to promptly appropriate funds to be
+administered for the benefit of existing coordinated Bureaus for the
+Employment of Returning Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, to the end
+that there may be no interruption in the service now being rendered
+and that it may be broadened and speeded up, be it further
+
+"RESOLVED: That each local post or organization of the American Legion
+is urged during the period of demobilization to constitute itself a
+committee of the whole, which shall cooperate with the local
+Employment Bureau and shall establish and maintain a liaison between
+such Bureau and every employer in the community through members of the
+local post or organization who are already employed in such
+establishment to the end that it may be made easy for the employer to
+avail himself of the service of the Bureau by communicating with
+someone in his own establishment, and that every soldier, sailor, and
+marine already replaced in industry may have an opportunity to assist
+his comrades to become likewise."
+
+"Gentlemen, this is the crux of that whole business--getting somebody
+close to the employer where you can bring about that liaison which is
+suggested in this substitute motion."
+
+The motion to adopt the substitute resolution was made by Mr. Leveree
+and seconded by Mr. Luss.
+
+MR. DESMOND (of Pennsylvania): "What has been said, in my estimation,
+is not comprehensive enough. In the city of Philadelphia which is
+known as the Cradle of Liberty, when the men who had given up
+positions in the educational system--I mean teachers--returned from
+the service of their country they were not, as promised, given the
+exact positions which they left. Neither were they given positions of
+parallel importance. They were actually demoted in grade so that these
+motions do not cover such circumstances. In many cases, in
+municipalities, men have returned from the service and have been
+forced to take positions not of a parallel grade but positions of a
+lower grade.
+
+"Men, Americanism depends on America's school systems, and if the ones
+who are directing our school systems are so unpatriotic as to demote
+those who go forth to serve their country, what is going to become of
+America and Americanism? And I wish to make an amendment to the effect
+that municipalities and boards of education in those municipalities be
+forced to give men their parallel positions if not positions of better
+grade and that in no instance will they be allowed to demote a man
+because he has gone forth to serve his country. I put that forward as
+an amendment, that the municipal governments and boards of education
+in our municipalities be forced to give men positions of equal grade
+if they cannot give better grade."
+
+MR. SIMINGTON (of Washington): "I speak in opposition to that amended
+resolution. In my State I represent ten thousand organized men. In my
+State the present system has proven a failure. The organization that I
+represent handles an employment bureau that places 350 service men a
+week in permanent positions and 150 in temporary employment, and I say
+to you that that record is far and above the record of the U.S.
+Replacement Bureau. It is a proven failure. Gentlemen, I believe that
+it is 'For George to do'--and we are George.
+
+"The service man wishes to take care of himself and his own. It is for
+the service man to handle his own problems and I suggest as an
+amendment--I am not sure of my being in order in offering an amendment
+to an amended amendment, but I suggest that it be the sense of this
+meeting that Congress assist the American Legion in taking care of its
+own in the matter of employment and that it do not use civilians to do
+the work." (Applause.)
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. HILL (of Pennsylvania): "The original resolution that is before
+the convention, I am frank to say, has been forwarded to me by a
+soldier from Allegheny County, who walked the streets of Pittsburgh
+for eight or nine weeks pleading this principle. A resolution adopted
+by the Mothers of Democracy was sufficient for him to get back his
+job, because he held a position as a county employee of Allegheny
+County and he invoked this principle and vitalized every military
+organization in Allegheny County, and by means of that he got back his
+job and his back salary and his mother's allowance which was cut off
+since January 1, 1918. This resolution was originally presented by me
+as a member of the National Resolutions Committee from the State of
+Pennsylvania. The National Resolutions Committee appointed a
+subcommittee of which I was a member, a committee of three, to
+consider this and refer it back to the National Resolutions Committee.
+That committee passed favorably upon it and the National Resolutions
+Committee passed it.
+
+"Now, if that resolution, as it stands before the house, was
+sufficient to get a job back for him, playing almost a lone hand,
+surely it is sufficient for any man here or for, this American Legion,
+for all it provides for, and all that is necessary to be done is the
+simple patriotism with the American Legion in back of it which can
+place its hands on the shoulder of any substantial employer and say,
+'Do you wish to rectify yourself on this thing called "patriotism?"'
+Do you wish to give the soldier back his job who presents to you a
+meritorious case? We give you a chance. If you do not take it we will
+publish this thing and you will go down to contumely and
+stultification."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Gentlemen, I am speaking on behalf of the Resolutions
+Committee. We spent all day yesterday listening to such requests as
+this. Our final calculated judgment is represented in the resolutions
+as presented. We found in the discussion that there was opposition to
+an endorsement of the United States Federal replacement division.
+(Applause.) And so we determined that the language as adopted covered
+the cast. We proposed to create in this organization a reemployment
+bureau of our own, and the resolution as presented is all the support
+that bureau needs.
+
+"I move you, sir, that all the substitutes for the original resolution
+be laid on the table."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. BENNETT CLARK: "I simply want to call attention to the fact that
+under the rules of the House of Representatives that if you lay all
+amendments on the table it carries the entire proposition to the table
+and I don't believe this convention wants to do that."
+
+MR. KNOX: "I ask a ruling on that, Mr. Chairman. If we lay all these
+substitutes for this resolution on the table will that kill the
+resolution?"
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Unless you dispense with the rules."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move you, sir, the suspension of the rules
+to a sufficient extent so that we may table the substitutes which have
+been offered to the original resolution offered by the committee."
+
+Motion seconded by Mr. Bond of New York and carried.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "The question now comes back to the original
+resolution."
+
+The question was called for and it was adopted.
+
+MR. ACKLEY: "Mr. Chairman, I have another amendment to offer."
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "It's too late. The secretary will read the next
+resolution."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE DISREGARD OF SELF
+
+
+I feel almost as if the next matter under discussion should have not
+only a special chapter devoted to it but be printed in large type and
+in distinctive ink, for I do not believe that anything so thoroughly
+gave evidence of the utter disregard of self in the Legion as did the
+flat refusal of the delegates to tolerate what has been called in some
+quarters, the "Pay Grab."
+
+The minutes read:
+
+SECRETARY WOOD (Reading): "ADDITIONAL PAY FOR ENLISTED MEN."
+
+"WHEREAS, the financial sacrifice of the enlisted persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States in the world war was
+altogether in excess of that of any other class of our citizenship,
+and
+
+"WHEREAS, the great majority of these persons left lucrative
+employment upon joining the colors, and
+
+"WHEREAS, this direct financial sacrifice was made at a time when
+men, many of them aliens who thrived in safety at home, were enjoying
+the advantages of an exceptionally high war wage, and
+
+"WHEREAS, the service which involved this sacrifice was a Federal
+service in defense of our national honor and national security,
+therefore be it
+
+"RESOLVED: That the delegates to this caucus of those who served with
+the colors in the world war urge upon the members of the 66th Congress
+the justice and propriety of appropriating a sufficient sum from the
+National Treasury to pay every person who served in the enlisted
+personnel in the military or naval service for a period of at least
+six months between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, six months
+additional pay at the rate of $30.00 a month, and to those persons who
+served less than six months' in the military or naval service between
+April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, the sum of $15.00 per month for
+each month so served. This bonus to be in addition to any pay or bonus
+previously granted or authorized and to be paid upon and subject to
+the honorable discharge of any such person."
+
+MR. KNOX: "Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the resolution as
+read."
+
+The motion was seconded.
+
+MR. MCGRATH (New Jersey): "I served in the navy, and I simply want to
+call attention to the fact that this resolution says that the money
+shall be paid upon the honorable discharge of the soldiers and
+sailors, but in the navy we are only released from active duty and I
+will not be discharged for three years, neither will any of the other
+three hundred thousand naval reserves. I therefore move that the
+resolution be amended to say that so far as the navy is concerned that
+the money shall be paid upon their release from active duty or their
+honorable discharge."
+
+The committee accepted the amendment.
+
+THE CHAIRMAN: "Before I put this motion I want to make this suggestion
+to you, that this is a pretty serious matter that you are considering.
+It is for this caucus, of course, in its wisdom to determine that
+which it wants to do, but up to this time, it has assumed continuously
+a most splendidly high and patriotic and unselfish attitude toward
+this whole question. It has dealt immediately and fairly and
+positively with regard to employment problems, but I suggest to you
+that we ought to consider very carefully whether we want to go on
+record as a caucus, as provided in this resolution, and I would prefer
+not to put the question until you have considered it further."
+
+The action of the caucus was foreshadowed by the applause which it
+gave to Colonel Lindsley's caution. Fully a half dozen men jumped to
+their feet and waved their hands wildly demanding recognition.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt arose from his seat with the New York delegation,
+and Chairman Lindsley recognized him.
+
+"Gentlemen, I want to draw your attention to one feature of this
+question," he said. The Colonel spoke very deliberately and very
+distinctly, reminding a great many of his auditors of his father
+because of the way he snapped his words out. "I heartily agree with
+what the chair has said so far. I want you to get this particular
+reaction on the matter and I want to relate to you a little incident
+that happened coming out on the train from New York. One of the
+delegates on the same train with me said that the conductor stopped
+and talked to him and among other things said, 'Young Teddy Roosevelt
+is up ahead. He's going out to St. Louis to try to get some of the
+soldiers together to sandbag something out of the Government!'
+_Sandbag something out of the Government!_" The young Colonel's frame
+shook with emotion as he repeated that sentence. "Do you men get the
+idea of what he thought we were trying to do? We want everything that
+is right for us to have, but we are not going to try to sandbag the
+Government _out_ of anything; primarily we are going to try to put
+something _into_ the Government. In thinking over this resolution
+think of that."
+
+[Illustration: Fred Humphrey of New Mexico
+  A Vice-Chairman.]
+
+[Illustration: Private V.C. Calhoun, of Connecticut and the Marine
+  Corps.
+  He is a Vice-Chairman.]
+
+The cheer which greeted this suggestion was so resounding and the
+opinion of the caucus so positive on this question that Mr. Gordon of
+Connecticut, a member of the committee that framed the resolution,
+moved that it should be laid on the table.
+
+The thunderous "Aye" which tabled this resolution might well be
+recorded in letters of gold.
+
+It showed the utter unselfishness of the American doughboy, gob, and
+leatherneck. He had followed Colonel Roosevelt's advice: he refused to
+sandbag the Government out of anything, and this action gives the best
+possible basis for the procedure to put something into the Government.
+
+In view of the action of certain newspapers, organizations, and
+individuals in advocating that six months' pay should be given to the
+returned service man, I wonder if there are not still a great many of
+them who are still puzzled over why the Legion refused to endorse this
+movement. There must be scores of them, dozens of them who were not
+present at the St. Louis Caucus, to catch its spirit and who have not
+carefully considered just what impression such a demand on the part of
+former soldiers, sailors, and marines would create on the rest of the
+country.
+
+Why shouldn't six months' pay be given to every man who did his bit in
+the war with Germany? In the first place, these men who have returned
+from the war have begotten for themselves the utmost respect and
+affection from those who could not go. The civilian forms the majority
+of our people. Because of the esteem before-mentioned, he is willing
+to grant almost anything _within reason_ to the service man who risked
+so much in defense of the country. It is to the interest of the
+service man to make the civilian population feel that he does not want
+to get something for nothing but that, rather, he would still prefer
+to give his best to the country in peaceful times in the same spirit
+that he manifested in war times--an utter disregard of self.
+
+Had the Legion endorsed this resolution, the general consensus would
+have been, "There are the soldiers getting together to make demands.
+Their organization is nothing more or less than an association formed
+to get something out of the Treasury." Therefore, when the service
+men, as a unit, came to demand something vitally necessary for the
+good of the country, it is possible that they might be answered: "We
+have paid you in money and have your receipt and that will be all for
+you."
+
+This Legion can, must, and will be an inspiration and a guiding spirit
+because it is composed of men who have been willing to sacrifice self
+for the good of the country. For that they have obtained the
+affection of their world and just so long as they are willing to
+continue to manifest that spirit will they retain that affection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CLOSING HOURS
+
+
+The next resolution to be passed was that concerning "Disability Pay."
+That resolution, as passed read.
+
+"WHEREAS, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious
+injustice is done to the civilian who entered the military service,
+and as an incident, too, that service is disabled, therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the war with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted personnel who served in
+the military and naval forces of the United States during said war,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army."
+
+Then followed the passage of the War Risk Insurance Resolution. This
+read:
+
+"WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: 'To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the
+military and naval service of the United States and those dependent
+upon them,' and,
+
+"WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the
+service, who had not had their rights, privileges, and benefits under
+the War Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men,
+therefore, are losing daily, such rights, privileges, and benefits,
+which may never again be restored, and,
+
+"WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits, and privileges,
+therefore,
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That this caucus pledges its most energetic support
+to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to the end
+that the rights, privileges, and benefits under the War Risk Insurance
+Act be conserved and that the men discharged from the service be made
+to realize what are their rights under this act; and that the
+Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes herein
+expressed and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may select
+his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship."
+
+At the time of the caucus, Colonel Lindsley was director of the War
+Risk Insurance Bureau in Washington. In speaking to the motion to pass
+the foregoing resolution, he said that more than a year ago he and
+other officers in France felt that if there were no other reasons for
+an organization such as the Legion, it would be more than worth while
+to create one even though its sole function was to let those who
+served in the war know their rights about government insurance and if
+it saw to it that the general scheme was perpetuated.
+
+"I am speaking particularly of the insurance phase of the situation,"
+he said in part. "The United States Government to-day is the greatest
+insurance institution on earth. Thirty-nine billions of dollars of
+applications have poured in from over four millions of men; an average
+of practically $9000 per man is held throughout the United States and
+abroad, and over 90% of these men are insured. That insurance is the
+best in the world, because the greatest and the best and the richest
+Government on earth says, 'I promise to pay.' It is the cheapest
+insurance in the world and always will be because the Government says,
+'As part of our contribution, we, the people of the United States, in
+this war, as a legitimate expense, will pay all cost of administering
+this Bureau.' So that the men who have this insurance now and those
+who have it hereafter will pay only the net cost. If there is any
+savings, they get it. So that for all time to come they have got the
+insurance cheaper than any other country except the United States can
+give them. I say that without any improper comparison with the
+splendid, properly organized institutions in the United States. It is
+simply this: That the people of the United States pay this cost of
+administration. By June 1st the policies of conversion will be ready
+to be delivered to those who want them. You will be able to cease term
+insurance, if you wish, and have ordinary life, limited payment life,
+or endowment insurance. You can have any kind you please, but the big
+thing, my comrades, is this: To retain every single dollar of this
+insurance that you can afford to carry. Don't be in any particular
+hurry about conversion. If your income isn't good--carry this message
+back to the boys throughout the United States--if their income at this
+time doesn't justify carrying higher priced insurance, retain that
+which they have got and throughout this country tell the men that
+those who have lapsed their insurance because they didn't understand
+its value, because it wasn't properly presented to them at the period
+of demobilization by the Government, for it was not, tell them they
+are going to have every right of reinstatement without physical
+examination.
+
+"There is going to be no snap judgment on any man who served in this
+war who, because he was not able when he went out or didn't have the
+information or because he was careless or for any other reason didn't
+carry on his insurance. I ask you, my friends, and I think it is one
+of the important functions of this great American Legion that is born
+here in St. Louis at this time, to see that the fullest possible
+amount of this government insurance is maintained. Every man that
+holds a government policy is a part of the Government more than ever
+before. I ask you to bear this in mind and it is going to be within
+your power to say yes and no to many of the great problems of the
+United States.
+
+"I ask you to see that this great bureau is kept out of politics and
+that it is administered, in the years to come in the interests of
+those for whom this law was enacted, those who served as soldiers,
+sailors, and marines in this war and their dependents. I thank you for
+this opportunity of presenting this matter to you."
+
+
+"... It is going to be within your power to say yes or no to many of
+the great problems of the United States."
+
+The service men know this but coming from a man like Colonel Lindsley
+it is especially important. How are they going to use this power? What
+sort of a legislative program will the Legion have? The answer isn't
+hard to find by a perusal of the resolutions which were passed and by
+remembering that most important one which did not pass, viz.: the pay
+grab.
+
+The next resolution occupying the attention of the caucus was that one
+relating to disability of soldiers, sailors, and marines. It reads:
+
+
+"BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several States shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor, and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors, and marines to take advantage of governmental
+assistance, and that every effort be made by the American Legion in
+the several States to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men."
+
+
+The whole work of the Legion as outlined at the caucus is constructive
+and therefore inspiring. The reader will note from the last
+resolution that members of the Legion are to be instructed to
+distribute the literature of the Rehabilitation Department among
+wounded soldiers, sailors, and marines and to show them how to take
+advantage of governmental assistance; and also that every effort will
+be made by the American Legion to stop any attempt to pauperize
+disabled men.
+
+A higher-minded, more gentle resolve than that, can hardly be
+imagined. All of us remember the host of begging cripples who were
+going the rounds of the country even so long as thirty-five or forty
+years after the Civil War. This last resolution means that such will
+not be the case after this war. I think that it would be safe to say
+that in nine cases out of ten, after the Legion gets thoroughly
+started, crippled beggars who pretend to have been wounded in the
+service of their country will be fakers. Mr. Mott of Illinois, in the
+discussion on this question, brought out the fact that there were
+approximately sixty thousand soldiers, sailors, and marines
+permanently disabled as a result of wounds, accidents, and disease
+incurred in the war, while approximately one hundred and forty
+thousand discharged men were only more or less disabled.
+
+The final resolution was that copies of all resolutions passed by the
+caucus were to be forwarded to every member of the United States
+Senate and each representative in Congress.
+
+Louis A. Frothingham, chairman of the Resolutions Committee, made an
+address in which he thanked the people of St. Louis for their
+hospitality and the War Camp Community Service for its aid. The War
+Camp Community Service sent special men to St. Louis under the
+direction of Mr. Frank L. Jones to cooperate with its St. Louis
+leaders in helping to make the delegates comfortable. Arrangements
+were made whereby delegates of small means could get lodging for
+twenty-five cents a night and meals at the same price.
+
+Mr. Foss of Ohio introduced the following resolution of thanks which
+was passed standing:
+
+
+"RESOLVED: That a standing vote of thanks be tendered to the War Camp
+Community Service for its active hospitality to the delegates to this
+St. Louis Caucus of the American Legion, which is in keeping with its
+splendid work through the war in extending community service to our
+American soldiers, sailors, and marines, and,
+
+"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That an engrossed copy of this resolution be
+forwarded to the national secretary of the War Camp Community
+Service."
+
+
+In this connection it might be well to digress a bit and to say that
+War Camp Community Service functioned splendidly for the young men of
+our Army, Navy, and Marine Corps during the war, and as "Community
+Service, Inc." intends to continue caring for not only the doughboys
+and gobs it served so well but for an enlarged patronage. During the
+conflict, War Camp Community Service organized the social and
+recreational resources of six hundred communities which were adjacent
+to training camps, army bases, and naval stations, and also developed
+the same resources in thirty large communities dominated by great war
+industries, of which the industrial centers at Bethlehem, Chester, and
+Erie, Pennsylvania, are types.
+
+I believe it is well worth while for every member of the American
+Legion to know something about War Camp accomplishment, and Community
+Service possibilities for each has a similar aim and goal which may be
+realized by harmonious effort on the part of community service
+branches and legion posts throughout the entire country.
+
+The idea of War Camp Community Service, like all successful
+experiments, was based on sound truth and simple theory and proved to
+be far reaching in results. Communities were not told what to do;
+there was no cut and dried program, but rather each community received
+special treatment suited to its particular needs, temperament, and
+physical characteristics. The basic idea underlying this activity is
+to allow each one to express himself. No person or community has the
+same thoughts, manner of living or thinking, and entire communities,
+like individuals, are affected by their environment and the life which
+circumstances compel them to lead. An iron monger's stalwart frame may
+conceal a poetic-soul, while the frail body of an obscure clerk may
+enclose the spirit of a Cromwell. War Camp has helped a great many
+such men to find themselves. Community Service promises to do the same
+thing, for the war has given ample proof of the need of just this kind
+of service.
+
+With the war gone, with thousands of young men thrown upon their own
+initiative and resources for both work and play, there is going to be
+a great need of proper guidance, companionship, and comradeship,
+unless a great many are to be overtaken by some madness like
+Bolshevism or in a lesser degree--constant and brooding
+dissatisfaction. The American Legion post, with its leaders, is going
+to fill a great need here. It will be some place to go where a man can
+meet his fellows of the better type, and, not only indulge in the
+pleasure of discussing former days but, better still, take an interest
+in present-day movements affecting his country.
+
+Also, I feel that Community Service will have a great place in this
+same scheme: that it can take the former service man, lonely and
+seeking expression, just where the Legion leaves off and, with Legion
+ideals on Americanism and the duties of citizenship as a basis, can
+round him off in the softer, more intimate molds of life, so that
+between the two he may not be only an honor to his country, but to his
+family and to his God as well. Therefore, I believe Community Service
+will fall heir to the goodwill created by War Camp throughout the
+nation, that it will retain the best of the latter's tenets and will
+take its place as one of the great powers for good in the community
+life of this country.
+
+At the final session, Major Caspar G. Bacon was elected treasurer of
+the Legion to serve until November 11th. Delegations appointed State
+chairmen and secretaries to carry on the work of further organization
+for the November convention.
+
+During luncheon time of the last day there had been some fear
+expressed among certain of the delegates that the loyal foreign-born
+element in the United States might not thoroughly understand the Alien
+Slackers Resolution. In order to make that perfectly clear Chaplain
+Inzer, during the last hours of the caucus, called for a cheer for
+every foreign-born citizen who gave loyal service to the United
+States. A rousing one was given.
+
+Then came the unanimous report of the Committee on Constitution and
+By-Laws and declaration of principles. It was passed upon, section by
+section. You will find it printed elsewhere in this volume, and you
+must read it if you would get a true view of the principles underlying
+the Legion. It is as plain as a lesson in a school reader. Any comment
+on it from me would be editorial tautology, so I don't want to say
+anything more than that its framing was one of the cleverest and most
+comprehensive bits of work done since the very beginning of the
+Legion.
+
+On the question of eligibility of Americans who had served in other
+armies, Mr. Palmen of California, announced as a bit of information
+that an Act approved by Congress on October 15, 1918, provided that
+such men must repatriate themselves. "We must go before a judge
+qualified to give citizenship back, taking with us our honorable
+discharge and credentials to show that we were American citizens at
+the time we enlisted," Mr. Palmen declared. Mr. Palmen was with the
+Canadian Army for three and a half years. "This question has been
+debated and the public at large is much confused about it," he
+continued. "I am told all that I must do is to go before a judge and
+that I will immediately be made a citizen again with all the rights
+and privileges which that implies."
+
+There was no "hero stuff" at all at this caucus, no names of heroes,
+as such, were mentioned. The name of the President of the United
+States was not called nor any member of his Cabinet nor was any
+reference made to them either direct or indirect. This was done to
+avoid the appearance of politics. General Pershing's name was
+mentioned once and that was during the discussion of the sixth section
+of the constitution which provides that "no Post may be named for any
+living person."
+
+Major Leonard of the District of Columbia delegation obtained the
+floor and said that his delegation was in an embarrassing position
+because they had already organized a post and named it "Pershing Post
+No. 1." Major Wickersham of New York, stated that a number of posts
+were already in the process of organization in his State and that the
+names of living men had been adopted by them.
+
+After all why not call these posts after living men?
+
+Delegate Harder, of Oklahoma, offered the answer:
+
+"With all due respect to the gentlemen who have already named their
+posts they are subjected, as are we to the action of this caucus," he
+said. "We know positively that in due course of time those names will
+be used, at least to a certain extent, politically. Let us find some
+other way to honor these men and make it impossible for the people of
+this country to get the idea that this is a political organization."
+
+There you have it, the real reason. Delegate Harder was only one of
+the hundreds who not only wanted to keep the Legion out of politics
+now but for all time to come.
+
+Mr. McGrath of New Jersey also took an amusing fling at article six.
+As originally drawn it stipulated that the local unit should be termed
+a billet. "I object to the word billet," he said. "It has too many
+unpleasant associations as those men who slept in them in France will
+testify. A billet meant some place where you lay down and slept as
+long as certain little animals would let you, and the American Legion
+isn't going to do that."
+
+Just about this time the afternoon was drawing to a close. Everybody
+realized that a monumental task had been performed. Sleepless nights
+and nerve-wracking days had been endured. Many pocketbooks were
+running low. Everybody felt it was time to go home.
+
+General Hoffman of Oklahoma obtained recognition from the chair as
+some of the delegates already were rising to leave the theater. "I
+move, Mr. Chairman," shouted the General, "that we extend a vote of
+thanks to Colonel Roosevelt and Colonel Clark and other gentlemen who
+have been associated with them and to the chairman of this association
+and his able assistants who have brought this convention to such a
+happy and successful close."
+
+At the mention of Colonel Roosevelt's name departing delegates tarried
+and when Mr. Weinman of Louisiana moved adjournment, the house stood
+and with one accord began to cry, "We want Teddy," "We want Teddy."
+
+Colonel Roosevelt walked to the center of the stage and raised both
+hands seeking silence.
+
+"I want to say just one thing," he said. "I have never been so much
+impressed in my life as I have been by the actions of this caucus,
+actions of the various committees and in the way this caucus thought
+for itself and acted for itself. For instance it would receive
+resolutions from the Resolutions Committee, would think them over,
+would re-decide on them and would re-decide them right. I want to say
+in closing that the only thing I regret is that my father could not
+have been alive at this moment to see the actions of this body of
+Americans."
+
+Mr. Healey of the New York delegation obtained the attention of the
+chair. "I make a motion," stated Mr. Healey, "that before this great
+caucus adjourns we should remain standing in one minute's silence as a
+tribute to the greatest statesman that this nation has ever
+produced--THEODORE ROOSEVELT."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+WHY THE AMERICAN LEGION?
+
+
+As I glance back over these pages I am impressed with the fact that
+only the preface of "The Story of the American Legion" has been
+written here. When the reaches of the years shall gather to themselves
+the last of the men of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United
+States during its war against Germany that story may then be
+faithfully told. So the truth of the matter now is that history is in
+the writing so far as the American Legion in its relation to the
+United States of America is concerned. That statement isn't in reality
+as platitudinous as it seems at first thought.
+
+We have arrived at world importance in history. We have come to that
+as the result of our part in the world war. Our isolation is over. We
+are the cynosure of all eyes. Uncle Sam is the dominant world figure;
+his hands control the reins that are driving the world. He has the
+enemies which all the successful have. There are those who had, and
+haven't, and there are those who never had, and want; all desiring,
+all envying the power of the United States of America. This great
+power and position was gained primarily by one motive--unselfishness.
+Just so long as it is our dominant trait will we retain what we have
+gained. Just so long as we remain true to our innate principles, to
+the tenets of our constitution, will we retain world importance and
+world influence.
+
+There is a wolf at the gates of civilized Europe. If he gets inside
+nothing can stop him from ravishing us. This war has bound us so
+closely to Europe that we are, in a sense, one and the same. He who
+strikes our brother strikes us, even though he be so far away that the
+distance is measured by an ocean. We must get over the idea that
+distance makes a difference. The Atlantic ocean has just been crossed
+in sixteen hours. Remember, thought travels even faster.
+
+The wolf that I mentioned is a Mad Thought. He is Bolshevism. He has
+the madness because of hunger, a hunger not only of body but of mind;
+the century-long hunger of the Russian peoples for Freedom. Russia has
+run in a circle. From the autocracy of the classes it has arrived at
+the autocracy of the masses.
+
+Then, too, all our European brothers are war worn; tired, tired nearly
+to death with struggle and sacrifice, and this is not a frame of mind
+calculated to help reseat reason in the world.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+One of our great bankers recently returned from an intimate study of
+affairs abroad. His name is Frank A. Vanderlip. In an address before
+the Economic Club in New York City he said that Europe is paralyzed
+and that our task is to save.
+
+I give the introduction to his address as it appeared in the New York
+_Times_:
+
+"Frank A. Vanderlip, who spoke last night at the Hotel Astor, at a
+dinner of the Economic Club, which was held for the purpose of hearing
+his story of conditions in Europe, whence he has recently returned,
+said that England was on the verge of a revolution, which was narrowly
+averted in February, when he was there, and the conditions on the
+Continent of Europe are appalling beyond anything dreamed of in this
+country.
+
+"He said that the food conditions in Europe would be worse instead of
+better for a year ahead, because of the dislocation of labor and the
+destruction of farm animals, and that the industrial and economic
+outlook, generally, points to a period after the war, which will
+equal, if not exceed the war period in suffering and misery.
+
+"He said that Italy was afraid to disband her army, because she could
+not employ the men and was afraid of idleness. He said that the
+differential, which had kept England preeminent in international
+trade, was the underpayment of labor, and that this differential was
+now being wiped out, forcing England to face tremendously serious
+problems for the future. He quoted a British minister as saying that
+means would have to be found to send six or seven millions of
+Englishmen out of the British Isles and closer to the sources of food
+production, if continental conditions continued long as at present.
+
+"He said that the best printing presses in the world to-day, except
+those in Washington, were at Petrograd, and that they were turning out
+masses of counterfeited pounds, francs, marks, lira, and pesetas, so
+skillfully made that detection was almost impossible. He said that
+these counterfeits were being spent largely by Germans to foment
+Bolshevist propaganda.
+
+"Spain would, he said, be the most promising country in Europe except
+for the labor situation there, which had brought it to the verge of
+Bolshevism. He said that the most perfect laboratory of Bolshevism in
+Europe outside of Russia was in Barcelona, Spain, which he said was
+ruled absolutely by a mysterious secret council, which had censored
+and fined the newspapers until they quit publication and had enforced
+its will in all matters by assassinations, which no one dared to
+punish.
+
+"He said that America alone could save Europe and that its aid must be
+extended to all countries equally. He said that this was necessary,
+not only to save Europe, but to prevent an invasion of America by the
+forces threatening the social overthrow of Europe."
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+There, at least, is one great reason.
+
+Our men of the army, navy, and marine corps got a schooling in the
+practical Americanism which our military establishment naturally
+teaches. Those who were aliens by birth and those native sons with
+inadequate educational advantages learned a great deal by association
+with men of better types and by travel. These men can and will stem
+the insidious guile of the wolf, and, to aid them in so doing, the
+Legion has an active speakers' bureau under Captain Osborn teaching
+Americanism in every section of the country. These speakers, in
+helping to organize the Legion along the right lines, teach the
+Constitution of the United States and preach that remedial changes in
+this government can be brought about in only one way, and that is,
+constitutionally.
+
+Why the American Legion?
+
+America is safe from any real danger if she can keep everybody busy.
+Less than two weeks after the caucus, the national executive committee
+had in process of formation a practicable scheme to aid in solving the
+reemployment problem. As time goes on this department of Legion
+activity will become more and more efficient.
+
+Here is another answer to the question.
+
+All through these pages the reader has found references to this
+question of reemployment; to anti-Bolshevism; the protection of the
+uniform; the non-partisan and non-political nature of the Legion;
+unselfishness; disability pay for the reserve forces; war risk
+insurance; allotments and back pay; the care of disabled service men;
+one hundred per cent. Americanism, and the deportation of those aliens
+who "bit the hand that fed them." The story has dealt almost entirely
+with these questions because primarily and fundamentally they are The
+American Legion. This program is the most important in the United
+States to-day. It means the betterment of the most stable forces in
+our community life, not only of to-day but for the next forty or fifty
+years. It means the proper extension of the influence of the most
+powerful factor for patriotism in our country--the onetime service
+man. It does not mean patriotism bounded on one side by a brass band
+and on the other by a dressy uniform and a reunion banner. It means
+real patriotism in its broadest sense--a clean body politic; a clean
+national soul and a clean international conscience.
+
+This is the final answer to the question which serves as the title for
+this concluding chapter.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMERICAN LEGION
+
+LIST OF STATE OFFICERS
+
+
+ALABAMA:
+  Chairman: Bibb Graves, Montgomery.
+  Secretary: Leroy Jacobs, Care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+
+ARIZONA:
+  Chairman: E. Power Conway, Noll Bldg., Phoenix.
+  Secretary: Fred B. Townsend, Natl. Bk., Arizona Bldg., Phoenix.
+
+
+ARKANSAS:
+  Chairman: J.J. Harrison, Little Rock.
+  Secretary: Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA:
+  Chairman: Henry G. Mathewson, Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+  Secretary: E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+
+COLORADO:
+  Chairman: H.A. Saidy, Colorado Springs.
+  Secretary: Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT:
+  Chairman: Jas. B. Moody, Jr., 202 Phoenix Bk. Bldg., Hartford.
+  Secretary: Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd., Stamford.
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
+  Chairman: E. Lester Jones, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+  Secretary: Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg., Washington.
+
+
+DELAWARE:
+  Chairman: Geo. N. Davis, 909 Market St., Wilmington.
+  Secretary: L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+
+FLORIDA:
+  Chairman: S.L. Lowry, Jr., Citizens Bk. Bldg., Tampa.
+  Secretary: J.T. Wiggington, 818--15th St., Miami.
+
+
+GEORGIA:
+  Chairman: Trammell Scott, 97 E. Merrits Ave., Atlanta.
+  Secretary: Louis H. Bell, c/o Service Record, 208 Flatiron Bldg.,
+               Atlanta.
+
+
+HAWAII:
+  Chairman: Lawrence Judd, c/o T.H. Davies & Co., Ltd., Honolulu.
+  Secretary: J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+
+IDAHO:
+  Chairman: C.M. Booth, Pocatello.
+  Secretary: Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+
+ILLINOIS:
+  Chairman: George G. Seaman, Taylorville.
+  Secretary: Myron E. Adams, 205 Marquette Bldg., 140 S. Dearborn St.,
+               Chicago.
+
+
+INDIANA:
+  Chairman: Raymond S. Springer, Connersville.
+  Secretary: L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg., Indianapolis.
+
+
+IOWA:
+  Chairman: Matthew A. Tinley, Council Bluffs.
+  Secretary: John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+
+KANSAS:
+  Chairman: A. Phares, 519 Sweiter Bldg., Wichita.
+  Secretary: Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+
+KENTUCKY:
+  Chairman: Henry DeHaven Moorman, Hardinsburgh.
+  Secretary: D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+
+LOUISIANA:
+  Chairman: Allison Owen, 1237 State St., New Orleans.
+  Secretary: T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+
+MAINE:
+  Chairman: A.L. Robinson, 85 Exchange St., Portland.
+  Secretary: James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+
+MARYLAND:
+  Chairman: Jas. A. Gary, Jr., Equitable Bldg., Baltimore.
+  Secretary: Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS:
+  Chairman: John F.J. Herbert, 749 Pleasant St., Worcester.
+  Secretary: George P. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+
+MICHIGAN:
+  Chairman: Geo. C. Waldo, Detroit.
+  Secretary: Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+
+MINNESOTA:
+  Chairman: Harrison Fuller, c/o St. Paul Dispatch, St. Paul.
+  Secretary: George G. Chapin, 603 Guardian Life Bldg., St. Paul.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+  Chairman: Alex Fitzhugh, Vicksburgh.
+  Secretary: John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+
+MISSOURI:
+  Chairman:
+  Secretary:
+
+
+MONTANA:
+  Chairman: Chas. L. Sheridan, Bozeman.
+  Secretary: Ben. W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+
+NEBRASKA:
+  Chairman: John G. Maher, Lincoln.
+  Secretary: Allan A. Tukey, 1st Natl. Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+
+NEVADA:
+  Chairman: E.L. Malsbary, Reno.
+  Secretary: J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE:
+  Chairman: Frank Knox, Manchester.
+  Secretary: Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY:
+  Chairman: Hobart Brown, c/o Fireman's Insurance Co., Broad
+              and Market Sts., Newark.
+  Secretary: George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO:
+  Chairman: Charles M. DeBremon, Roswell.
+  Secretary: Harry Howard Dorman, Santa Fe.
+
+
+NEW YORK:
+  Chairman: C.W. Wickersham, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+  Secretary: Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St., New York City.
+
+
+NORTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: C.K. Burgess, 107 Commercial Bank Bldg., Raleigh.
+  Secretary: Charles N. Hulvey, A.&E. College, Raleigh.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: R.H. Treacy, Bismarck.
+  Secretary: Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+
+OHIO:
+  Chairman: P.C. Galbraith, Cincinnati.
+  Secretary: Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+               Columbus.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA:
+  Chairman: Ross N. Lillard, Oklahoma City.
+  Secretary: F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+
+OREGON:
+  Chairman: E.J. Eivers, 444-1/2 Larrabee St., Portland.
+  Secretary: Dow V. Walker, Care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA:
+  Chairman and Secretary: George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St.,
+                            Philadelphia.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND:
+  Chairman: Alexander H. Johnson, City Hall, Providence.
+  Secretary: James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA:
+  Chairman: John D. Smyser, M.D., 423 South Gargan St., Florence.
+  Secretary: Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA:
+  Chairman: T.R. Johnson, Sioux Falls.
+  Secretary: J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+
+TENNESSEE:
+  Chairman: Roan Waring, Bank of Commerce and Trust Co. Bldg., Memphis.
+  Secretary: W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville, Tenn.
+
+
+TEXAS:
+  Chairman: Claude B. Birkhead, San Antonio.
+  Secretary: J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+
+UTAH:
+  Chairman: Harold R. Smoot, Salt Lake City.
+  Secretary: Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+
+VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Andrew D. Christian, c/o Ruy & Power Bldg., Richmond.
+  Secretary: R.G.M. Ross, 508 1st Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Newport News.
+
+
+VERMONT:
+  Chairman: H. Nelson Jackson, Burlington.
+  Secretary: Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+
+WASHINGTON.
+  Chairman: Harvey A. Moss, Seattle.
+  Secretary: George R. Drever, c/o Adj. Gen. Office, Armory, Seattle.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA:
+  Chairman: Jackson Arnold, 111 Court Ave., Weston.
+  Secretary: Chas. McCamic, 904 Nat'l. Bank of West Virginia Bldg.,
+               Wheeling.
+
+
+WISCONSIN:
+  Chairman: E.F. Ackley, 226 First Nat'l. Bk. Bldg., Milwaukee.
+  Secretary: R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+
+WYOMING:
+  Chairman: A.H. Beach, Lusk.
+  Secretary: R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION
+AS ADOPTED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS
+
+May 10, 1919
+
+
+PREAMBLE
+
+
+For God and Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+purposes:
+
+To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America;
+to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per
+cent. Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our
+association in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of individual
+obligation to the community, state, and nation; to combat the
+autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master
+of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and
+transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and
+democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion
+to mutual helpfulness.
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name_
+
+The name of this organization shall be THE AMERICAN LEGION.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Membership_
+
+All persons shall be eligible to membership in this organization who
+were in the military or naval service of the United States during the
+period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates
+inclusive, and all persons who served in the military or naval
+services of any of the governments associated with the United States
+during the World War, provided that they were citizens of the United
+States at the time of their enlistment, and are again citizens at the
+time of application, except those persons who separated from the
+service under terms amounting to dishonorable discharge and except
+also those persons who refused to perform their military duties on the
+ground of conscientious or political obligation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Nature_
+
+While requiring that every member of the organization perform his full
+duty as a citizen according to his own conscience and understanding,
+the organization shall be absolutely non-partisan, and shall not be
+used for the dissemination of partisan principles, or for the
+promotion of the candidacy of any person seeking public office or
+preferment.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Administration_
+
+I. The Legislative Body of the organization shall be a national
+convention, to be held annually at a place and time to be fixed by
+vote of the preceding convention, or in the event that the preceding
+convention does not fix a time and place, then such time and place
+shall be fixed by the Executive Committee, hereinafter provided for.
+
+2. The annual convention shall be composed of delegates and alternates
+from each state, the District of Columbia, and each territory and
+territorial possession of the United States, each of which shall be
+entitled to four delegates and four alternates, and to one additional
+delegate and alternate for each one thousand memberships paid up
+thirty days prior to the date of the national convention. The vote of
+each state, of the District of Columbia, and of each territory or
+territorial possession of the United States shall be equal to the
+total number of delegates to which that state, district, territory, or
+territorial possession is entitled.
+
+3. The delegates to the national convention shall be chosen by each
+state in the manner hereinafter prescribed.
+
+4. The executive power shall be vested in a National Executive
+Committee to be composed of two representatives from each state, the
+District of Columbia, territory and territorial possessions of the
+United States and such other ex-officio members as may be elected by
+the Caucus. The National Executive Committee shall have authority to
+fill any vacancies in its membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_State Organization_
+
+The state organization shall consist of that organization in each
+state, territory, or the District of Columbia whose delegates have
+been seated in the St. Louis Caucus. In those states which are at
+present unorganized the state organization shall consist of an
+Executive Committee to be chosen by a state convention and such other
+officers and committees as said convention may prescribe. The state
+convention in the latter case shall be called by the two members of
+the National Executive Committee in that state, territory, and the
+District of Columbia, and shall choose the delegates to the national
+convention, providing a fair representation for all sections of the
+state or territory. Each state organization shall receive a charter
+from the National Executive Committee.
+
+The officers of the state organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One State Commander.
+  One State Vice Commander.
+  One State Adjutant.
+  One State Finance Officer.
+  One State Historian.
+  One State Master-at-Arms.
+  One State Chaplain.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_The Local Unit_
+
+The local unit shall be termed the Post, which shall have a minimum
+membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into this
+organization until it shall have received a charter. A Post desiring a
+charter shall apply to the State Organization and the charter shall be
+issued by the National Executive Committee whenever recommended by the
+State Organization. The National Executive Committee shall not issue a
+charter in the name of any living person.
+
+The officers of the local organization shall be as follows:
+
+  One Post Commander.
+  One Post Vice Commander.
+  One Post Adjutant.
+  One Post Finance Officer.
+  One Post Historian.
+  One Post Chaplain.
+
+and such appointive officers as may be provided by the State
+Organization.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Dues_
+
+Each state organization shall pay to the National Executive Committee
+or such officer as said committee may designate therefor, the sum of
+twenty-five cents annually, for each individual member in that
+particular state, District of Columbia, territory, or territorial
+possession.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Quorum_
+
+A quorum shall exist at a national convention when there are present
+twenty-five or more states and territories partially or wholly
+represented as herein-before provided.
+
+
+ARTICLE IX
+
+_Rules_
+
+The rules of procedure at the national convention shall be those set
+forth in Roberts' Rules of Order.
+
+
+ARTICLE X
+
+_Amendment_
+
+This Constitution is to be in force until the November Convention,
+when it will be ratified or amended by that Convention.
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS
+PASSED BY
+THE ST. LOUIS CAUCUS, AMERICAN LEGION
+
+May 10, 1919.
+
+_1. Endorsement of the Victory Liberty Loan._
+
+WHEREAS, the Government of the United States has appealed to the
+country for financial support in order to provide the funds for
+expenditures made necessary in the prosecution of the war and to
+reestablish the country upon a Peace basis; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus emphatically endorses the Victory Liberty
+Loan and urges all Americans to promote the success of the Loan in
+every manner possible.
+
+_2. Conscientious Objectors._
+
+RESOLVED: That this caucus go on record as condemning the action of
+those responsible for protecting the men who refused full military
+service to the United States, in accordance with the Act of Congress
+of May 18, 1917, and who were tried by General Court Martial,
+sentenced to prison, and later fully pardoned, restored to duty, and
+honorably discharged, with all back pay and allowances given them;
+and as condemning further the I.W.W.'s, International Socialists, and
+Anarchists in their efforts to secure the release of these men already
+pardoned, and those still in prison, serving sentence, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That this caucus demand full and complete
+investigation by Congress, of the trial and conviction of these
+parties, and their subsequent pardon.
+
+_3. Protection of the Uniform._
+
+WHEREAS, it is recognized that the uniform of the United States is as
+much a symbol as the flag itself, and thereby entitled to fitting
+respect, and, Whereas, certain unscrupulous firms and individuals have
+taken nefarious advantage of popular sentiment by utilizing men in
+uniforms as peddlers and sales-agents, and,
+
+WHEREAS, certain discharged men have so far forgotten the respect due
+the uniform they wear, as to use it as an aid in peddling goods;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this national caucus go on record as being
+unalterably opposed to such practices, and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That each state and local organization here
+represented be urged to do all in its power to put an end to this
+misuse of the uniform, which has always been worn with honor and for
+noble purposes.
+
+_4. Reclamation of Arid, Swamp, and Cut-Over Timber Lands._
+
+WHEREAS, the reclamation of arid, swamp, and cut-over timber lands is
+one of the great constructive problems of immediate interest to the
+nation; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the questions for immediate consideration is that of
+presenting to discharged soldiers and sailors an opportunity to
+establish homes and create for themselves a place in the field of
+constructive effort; and,
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes for which the formation of the American
+Legion is contemplated is to take an energetic interest in all
+constructive measures designed to promote the happiness and
+contentment of the people, and to actively encourage all proper
+movements of a general nature to assist the men of the Army and Navy
+in solving the problems of wholesome existence; and,
+
+WHEREAS, the Department of the Interior and the Reclamation Service
+have been engaged in formulating and presenting to the country broad,
+constructive plans for the reclamation of arid, swamp and cut-over
+timber lands;
+
+Now, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: By the caucus of delegates of the
+American Legion in Convention assembled, in the City of Saint Louis,
+Missouri, that we endorse the efforts heretofore made for the
+reclamation of lands, and we respectfully urge upon the Congress of
+the United States the adoption at an early date of broad and
+comprehensive legislation for economic reclamation of all lands
+susceptible of reclamation and production.
+
+_5. Reemployment of Ex-Service Men._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the most important questions of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction, is the question of employment of the returning and
+returned soldiers and sailors, and,
+
+WHEREAS, no principle is more sound than that growing out of the
+general patriotic attitude toward the returning soldier vouchsafing
+to him return to his former employment, or a better job;
+
+BE IT RESOLVED, That the American Legion in national caucus assembled,
+declares to the people of the United States that no act can be more
+unpatriotic in these most serious days of Readjustment and
+Reconstruction than the violation of the principle announced, which
+pledges immediate reemployment to the returned soldier; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion in its National
+Caucus assembled does hereby declare itself as supporting in every
+proper way, the efforts of the ex-service men to secure reemployment,
+and recommends that simple patriotism requires that ex-soldiers,
+sailors, or marines be given preference whenever additional men are to
+be employed in any private or public enterprise; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the American Legion recommends to
+Congress the prompt enactment of a program for internal improvement,
+having in view the necessity therefor, and as an incident the
+absorption of the surplus labor of the country, giving preference to
+discharged ex-service men.
+
+_6. Disability Pay._
+
+Whereas, under the provisions of the existing law an obvious injustice
+is done to the civilian who entered the military service, and as an
+incident to that service is disabled; therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That this Caucus urge upon Congress the enactment of
+legislation, which will place upon an equal basis as to retirement for
+disability incurred in active service during the War with the Central
+Powers of Europe, all officers and enlisted men who served in the
+Military and Naval forces of the United States during the War,
+irrespective of whether they happened to serve in the Regular Army, or
+in the National Guard or National Army.
+
+_7. War Risk Insurance._
+
+WHEREAS, one of the purposes of this organization is: "To protect,
+assist, and promote the general welfare of all persons in the Military
+and Naval service of the United States, and those dependent upon
+them," and,
+
+WHEREAS, owing to the speedy demobilization of the men in the service,
+who have not had their rights, privileges and benefits under the War
+Risk Insurance Act fully explained to them, and these men, therefore,
+are losing daily, such rights, privileges and benefits, which may
+never again be restored; and,
+
+WHEREAS, it is desirable that every means be pursued to acquaint the
+men of their full rights, privileges, and benefits under the said Act,
+and to prevent the loss of the said rights, benefits and privileges;
+therefore,
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the American Legion pledges its most energetic
+support to a campaign of sound education and widespread activity, to
+the end that the rights, privileges and benefits under the War Risk
+Insurance Act be conserved, and that the men discharged from the
+service, be made to realize what are their rights under this act; and
+that the Executive Committee be empowered and directed to confer with
+the War Risk Insurance Bureau, that it may carry out the purposes
+herein expressed; and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That it is the sense of this Caucus that the
+War Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that the insured, under
+the Act, may be allowed to elect whether his insurance, upon maturity,
+shall be paid as an annuity, or in one payment; and that he may
+select his beneficiaries regardless of family relationship.
+
+_8. Alien Slackers._
+
+WHEREAS, there was a law passed by the Congress of these United States
+in July, 1918, known as an Amendment to Selective Service Act, giving
+persons within the draft age, who had taken out first papers for
+American citizenship, the privilege of turning in said first papers to
+their local exemption board and thereby become exempt from service,
+and,
+
+WHEREAS, thousands of men within draft age who had been in this
+country for many years and had signified their intention to become
+citizens, took advantage of this law and thereby became exempted from
+military service, or were discharged from military service by reason
+thereof, and have taken lucrative positions in the mills, shipyards
+and factories; and,
+
+WHEREAS, in the great world war for democracy the rank and file of the
+best of our American manhood have suffered and sacrificed itself in
+order to uphold the principles upon which this country was founded,
+and for which they were willing to give up their life's blood; and,
+
+WHEREAS, these counterfeit Americans who revoked their citizenship in
+our opinion would contaminate the 100 per cent. true American soldier,
+sailor, or marine who will shortly return to again engage in the
+gainful pursuits of life; therefore, be it
+
+RESOLVED: That we, the American Legion, do demand the Congress of
+these United States to immediately enact a law to send these aliens,
+who withdrew their first papers, back to the country from which they
+came. The country in which we live, and for which we are willing to
+fight is good enough for us; but this country in which they have lived
+and prospered, yet for which they were unwilling to fight, is too
+good for them, and
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That we demand the immediate deportation of
+every alien enemy who was interned during the war, whether the said
+alien enemy be now interned or has been paroled.
+
+_9. Disabled Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That the delegates from the several states shall
+instruct their respective organizations to see that every disabled
+soldier, sailor and marine be brought into contact with the
+Rehabilitation Department of the Federal Board at Washington, D.C.,
+and,
+
+BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the secretaries of the various states be
+instructed to write to the Federal Board for literature as to what it
+offers to disabled men, and that the members of the Legion be
+instructed to distribute this literature and to aid the wounded
+soldiers, sailors and marines, to take advantage of governmental
+assistance and that every effort be made by the American Legion in the
+several states to stop any attempt to pauperize disabled men.
+
+_10. Espionage Act._
+
+RESOLVED: That every naturalized citizen convicted under the Espionage
+Act shall have his citizenship papers vacated, and when they shall
+have served their sentence they shall be deported to the country from
+which they came.
+
+_11. Resolutions._
+
+BE IT RESOLVED: That copies of these resolutions be forwarded to every
+member of the United States Senate and to each Representative in
+Congress.
+
+
+
+LEGION FACTS
+
+
+What has gone before is the story of the American Legion in the
+making. Now it is a going, growing institution.
+
+Because it will be of vital interest and importance to every one of
+the four million Americans who wore the uniform, the following
+information concerning the American Legion, in the form of questions
+and answers, is here given, as follows:
+
+    (1) _What is the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) It is the organization of American veterans of the World
+    War.
+
+
+    (2) _Who is eligible_?
+
+    (a) Any soldier, sailor or marine who served honorably between
+    April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.
+
+
+    (3) _Are women eligible_?
+
+    (a) Yes, those who were regularly enlisted or commissioned in
+    the army, navy or marine corps.
+
+
+    (4) _When was the Legion started_?
+
+    (a) It was first organized in Paris, March 15 to 17, 1919, by a
+    thousand officers and men, delegates from all the units of the
+    American Expeditionary Force to an organization caucus meeting,
+    which adopted a tentative constitution and selected the name
+    "American Legion."
+
+
+    (5) _What has been done in America regarding it_?
+
+    (a) The action of the Paris meeting was confirmed and endorsed
+    by a similar meeting held in St. Louis, May 8 to 10, 1919, when
+    the Legion was formally recognized by the troops who served in
+    the United States.
+
+    (6) _Are the organizations in France and America separate_?
+
+    (a) No. The Paris caucus appointed an Executive Committee of
+    seventeen officers and men to represent the troops in France in
+    the conduct of the Legion. The St. Louis caucus appointed a
+    similar Committee of Seventeen. These two Executive Committees
+    have amalgamated and are now the governing body of the Legion.
+
+    (7) _Who are the officers of this national governing body_?
+
+    (a) Henry D. Lindsley, Texas, Chairman; Bennett C. Clark,
+    Missouri, Vice-Chairman; Eric Fisher Wood, Pennsylvania,
+    Secretary; Gaspar G. Bacon, Massachusetts, Treasurer.
+
+    (8) _Where are the temporary National Headquarters of the
+    Legion_?
+
+    (a) At 19 West 44th Street, New York City.
+
+    (9) _When will the final step in the organization of the Legion
+    take place_?
+
+    (a) November 10, 11 and 12, at Minneapolis, Minn., when a great
+    National Convention will be held.
+
+    (10) _Why were those dates selected_?
+
+    (a) Because by that time practically all of the men of the
+    A.E.F. will be at home and will have been able to participate in
+    the election of their delegates to the Convention.
+
+    (11) _Who were some of the men who initiated the formation of
+    the Legion_?
+
+    (a) Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, of the First Division; Col.
+    Henry D. Lindsley, formerly Mayor of Dallas, Texas; Sgt. "Jack"
+    Sullivan, of Seattle; Lt. Col. Franklin D'Olier, of
+    Philadelphia; Ex-Senator Luke Lea, of Tennessee; Lt. Col.
+    Frederick Huedekoper, of Washington, D.C.; Major Redmond C.
+    Stewart, of Baltimore; Wagoner Dale Shaw, of Iowa; Lt. Col.
+    George A. White, of Oregon; "Bill" Donovan, of the "Fighting
+    69th"; Major Thomas R. Gowenlock, of Illinois; Sgt. Alvin C.
+    York, of Tennessee; Colonel John Price Jackson, of the S.O.S.;
+    Lt. Col. "Jack" Greenway, of Arizona; Sgt. Roy C. Haines, of
+    Maine; George Edward Buxton, of Rhode Island; Eric Fisher Wood,
+    of Pennsylvania; Chaplain John W. Inzer, of Alabama; Lt. Col.
+    David M. Goodrich, of Akron; Chief Petty Officer B.J. Goldberg,
+    of Chicago; "Tom" Miller, of Delaware; Major Alex. Laughlin,
+    Jr., of Pittsburgh; Major Henry Leonard, of the Marine Corps;
+    Dwight J. Davis, of the 35th Division; Corporal Charles S. Pew,
+    of Montana; General William G. Price, of the 28th Division;
+    Bishop Charles S. Brent, Senior Chaplain of the A.E.F.; General
+    O'Ryan, of the 27th Division; Stewart Edward White, of
+    California; Private Jesus M. Baca, of New Mexico; General
+    Charles H. Cole, of the 26th Division; Sgt. E.L. Malsbary, of
+    Nevada; Lt. Samuel Gompers, Jr., of New York; Col. Henry L.
+    Stimpson, Ex-Secretary of War; Lt. Col. Charles W. Whittlesey,
+    Commander of the "Lost Battalion"; Leroy Hoffman, of Oklahoma;
+    Lt. Col. A. Piatt Andrew, of the American Ambulance in France;
+    General Harvey J. Moss, of the State of Washington; John
+    MacVicar, Mayor of Des Moines before the War; Sgt. George H.H.
+    Pratt, of New Orleans; Col. F.C. Galbraith, of Cincinnati;
+    Corporal Joseph H. Fountain, of Vermont; Devereux Milburn, of
+    the 78th Division; Lt. Col. Wilbur Smith, of the 89th Division;
+    Sgt. Theodore Myers, of Pennsylvania; Col. Bennett C. Clark, son
+    of Champ Clark; Robert Bacon, Ex-Secretary of State.
+
+
+    (12) _What did the Legion, do at its St. Louis caucus_?
+
+    (a) It demanded investigation of the pardon and subsequent
+    honorable discharge by the War Department of convicted
+    conscientious objectors.
+
+    (b) It condemned the action of the I.W.Ws., the Anarchists, and
+    the International Socialists.
+
+    (c) It protested against certain nefarious business concerns who
+    are employing men in uniform to peddle their wares.
+
+    (d) It recommended that Congress should take steps to reclaim
+    arid, swamp and cut over timber lands and give the work of doing
+    this to ex-service men, and give the land to them when it had
+    been made available for farming purposes.
+
+    (e) It demanded of Congress the same disability pay for men of
+    the National Guard and National Army as now pertains to those in
+    the Regular establishment.
+
+    (f) It initiated a campaign to secure to service men their
+    rights and privileges under the War Risk Insurance Act.
+
+    (g) It demanded that Congress should deport to their own
+    countries those aliens who refused to join the colors at the
+    outbreak of the war, and pleaded their citizenship in other
+    countries to escape the draft.
+
+    (h) It undertook to see that disabled soldiers, sailors and
+    marines should be brought into contact with the Rehabilitation
+    Department of the Government, which department helps them to
+    learn and gain lucrative occupations.
+
+    (i) It authorized the appointment of a competent legislative
+    committee to see that the above recommendations were effectively
+    acted upon by Congress, and that committee has been appointed
+    and is now at work.
+
+    (j) It authorized the establishment of a bureau to aid service
+    men to get re-employment; and of a legal bureau to help them get
+    from the Government their overdue pay and allotments. These two
+    bureaus are being organized at the National Headquarters of the
+    Legion and will be in active operation by July 1st.
+
+    (13) _What else did the St. Louis caucus do_?
+
+    (a) It endorsed all steps taken by the Paris caucus, and adopted
+    a temporary constitution which conformed to the tentative
+    constitution adopted in Paris.
+
+    (14) _What does this Constitution stand for_?
+
+    (a) The preamble answers that question; it reads: "For God and
+    Country we associate ourselves together for the following
+    purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United
+    States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and
+    perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism; to preserve the
+    memories and incidents of our association in the Great War; to
+    inculcate a sense of individual obligations to the community,
+    state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes
+    and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote
+    peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to
+    posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to
+    consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to
+    mutual helpfulness."
+
+    (15) _How does the Legion govern itself_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution provides that the legislative body of the
+    organization shall be a national convention, to be held annually
+    ... composed of delegates and alternates from each state, from
+    the District of Columbia and from each territory and territorial
+    possession of the United States.
+
+    (16) _How is the Legion organized_?
+
+    (a) It is composed of State Branches, and these in turn are made
+    up of Local Posts.
+
+    (17) _What is a Local Post_?
+
+    (a) The Constitution states that a Local Post shall have a
+    minimum membership of fifteen. No Post shall be received into
+    the Legion until it has received a charter. A Post desiring a
+    charter shall apply for it to the State Branch, and the charter
+    will be issued, upon recommendation of this State Branch, by the
+    National Executive Committee. No Post may be named after any
+    living person.
+
+    (18) _How can I join the American Legion_?
+
+    (a) By filling out the Enrollment Blank on the last page of this
+    booklet and mailing it to the State Secretary of your home
+    state, whose name is listed below. If there is a Local Post in
+    your home town, your name and address will be sent to the Post
+    Commander. If there is no Post in your home town, START ONE,
+    write your State Secretary for the necessary particulars. The
+    State Secretaries are:
+
+    ALABAMA.--Leroy Jacobs, care Jacobs Furniture Co., Birmingham.
+
+    ARIZONA.--Fred B. Townsend, National Bank, Arizona Bldg.,
+      Phoenix.
+
+    ARKANSAS.--Granville Burrow, Little Rock.
+
+    CALIFORNIA.--E.E. Bohlen, 926 Flood Bldg., San Francisco.
+
+    COLORADO.--Morton M. David, 401 Empire Bldg., Denver.
+
+    CONNECTICUT.--Alfred A. Phillips, Jr., 110 Glenbrook Rd.,
+      Stamford.
+
+    DELAWARE.--L.K. Carpenter, Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington.
+
+    DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Howard Fisk, 833 Southern Bldg.,
+      Washington.
+
+    FLORIDA.--J.T. Wiggington, 818 15th St., Miami.
+
+    GEORGIA.--Louis H. Bell, care of Service Record, 208 Flatiron
+      Bldg., Atlanta.
+
+    HAWAII.--J.P. Morgan, Box 188, Honolulu.
+
+    IDAHO.--Laverne Collier, Pocatello.
+
+    ILLINOIS.--Name not received yet.
+
+    INDIANA.--L. Russell Newgent, 518 Hume Monsur Bldg.,
+      Indianapolis.
+
+    IOWA.--John MacVicar, 336 Hubbell Bldg., Des Moines.
+
+    KANSAS.--Ike Lambert, Emporia.
+
+    KENTUCKY.--D.A. Sachs, Louisville.
+
+    LOUISIANA.--T.H.H. Pratt, 721 Hibernia Bank, New Orleans.
+
+    MAINE.--James L. Boyle, 184 Water St., Augusta.
+
+    MARYLAND.--Alex. Randall, 12 West Chase St., Baltimore.
+
+    MASSACHUSETTS.--George F. Gilbody, 3 Van Winkle St., Boston.
+
+    MICHIGAN.--Ryle D. Tabor, 312 Moffatt Bldg., Detroit.
+
+    MINNESOTA.--Merle E. Eaton, care of Lee & Lewis Grain Co., 200
+      Corn Exchange Bldg., Minneapolis.
+
+    MISSISSIPPI.--John M. Alexander, Jackson.
+
+    MISSOURI.--Ed. J. Cahill, Service Commission, Jefferson City.
+
+    MONTANA.--Ben W. Barnett, Helena.
+
+    NEBRASKA.--Allan A. Tukey, 1st National Bank Bldg., Omaha.
+
+    NEVADA.--J.D. Salter, Winnimucca.
+
+    NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Frank J. Abbott, Manchester.
+
+    NEW JERSEY.--George W.C. McCarter, 765 Broad St., Newark.
+
+    NEW MEXICO.--Harry Howard Dorman, Santa Fe.
+
+    NEW YORK.--Wade H. Hayes, 140 Nassau St.
+
+    NORTH CAROLINA.--Charles N. Hulvey, A. & E. College, Raleigh.
+
+    NORTH DAKOTA.--Ed. E. Gearey, Fargo.
+
+    OHIO.--Chalmers R. Wilson, Adj. Gen. Office, State House,
+      Columbus.
+
+    OKLAHOMA.--F.W. Fisher, Oklahoma City.
+
+    OREGON.--Dow V. Walker, care Multnomah Club, Portland.
+
+    PENNSYLVANIA.--George F. Tyler, 121 S. 5th St., Philadelphia.
+
+    RHODE ISLAND.--James E. Cummiskey, Crompton.
+
+    SOUTH CAROLINA.--Ben. D. Fulton, 32 West Evans St., Florence.
+
+    SOUTH DAKOTA.--J.C. Denison, Vermillion.
+
+    TENNESSEE.--W.R. Craig, Nat. Life and Accident Co., Nashville.
+
+    TEXAS.--J.A. Belzer, Austin.
+
+    UTAH.--Baldwin Robertson, 409 Ten Boston Bldg., Salt Lake City.
+
+    VERMONT.--Joseph H. Fountain, 138 Colchester Ave., Burlington.
+
+    VIRGINIA.--R.G.M. Ross, 508 First National Bank Bldg., Newport
+      News.
+
+    WASHINGTON.--George R. Drever, care Adj. Gen. Office, Armory,
+      Seattle.
+
+    WEST VIRGINIA.--Chas. McCamic, 904 National Bank of West
+      Virginia Bldg., Wheeling.
+
+    WISCONSIN.--R.N. Gibson, Grand Rapids.
+
+    WYOMING.--R.H. Nichols, Casper.
+
+
+
+
+WHAT THE PUBLIC PRESS THINKS
+
+
+It is interesting to know what the press of the United States thinks
+of the American Legion. Practically every newspaper in the country
+honored the Legion with comment. In almost every instance it was
+favorable. Selection has been made of some of this comment--as much as
+is feasible to give here. It is of two kinds: first, what the press
+thought of the _idea_ of the Legion, and second, what opinion it had
+of the Legion after it was launched at St. Louis. The first type of
+comment was made prior to the caucus in this country and the second,
+afterwards. Comment on both types was generally favorable.
+
+Lest insincerity be charged let it be said here that there _was_ some
+unfavorable comment. One New England paper was surprised that
+soldiers, sailors and marines were not clever enough to know that the
+American people would perceive their attempt, through this
+organization, to "drive a six mule team through the Treasury" and get
+pension and pay grabs. One Southern paper pictured Colonel Roosevelt
+returning from the St. Louis caucus, a defeated candidate for the
+chairmanship, with all hope of the future blasted, while one in Ohio
+said with equal accuracy and solemnity that "there is no need of such
+an organization at this time, now that the country is entering the era
+of peace."
+
+But here is the comment. It comes from north, east, south, and west,
+and it is typical:
+
+
+    _New York Times_, April 10, 1919.--... It is a pleasure to know
+    that Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, the worthy inheritor
+    of a beloved American name, has called a meeting of soldiers and
+    sailors at St. Louis. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett Clark, son of
+    Mr. Champ Clark, is an associate of Lieutenant Colonel
+    Roosevelt, in the plan for an organization of all our soldiers
+    and sailors as the American Legion. These two gentlemen,
+    associated in a patriotic movement, indicate by their names its
+    common national purpose, apart from politics and partisanship.
+    "A nonpartisan and non-political association is to be formed,"
+    says Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, "an association which will
+    keep alive the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy for
+    which these veterans fought." Justice, freedom, and democracy,
+    without partisanship! The idea is noble. It should prevail.
+
+
+    _Leavenworth_ (Kansas) _Post_, April 30, 1919.--... The
+    character of the men of the American Army who are promoting it
+    [the Legion] and the high ideals which it professes and proposes
+    to maintain are a guaranty that it will be a power for helpful
+    service in the common family of the nation.
+
+    The plan of organization sprang from the desire of serious and
+    able men in the American Army to maintain the high ideals for
+    which all of them have fought, to preserve the soldier
+    comradeship and carry it over into civilian life as an element
+    of broad helpfulness while keeping the record of the army free
+    from the taint of selfish aims. It was also wisely intended to
+    forestall by the creation of one big genuinely representative,
+    nonpartisan and democratic body, the formation of numerous
+    smaller organizations in various places by men intent on
+    exploiting the soldier sentiment and the soldier vote for other
+    than patriotic purposes.
+
+
+    _New York Sun_, April 11, 1919.--... The American Legion will
+    do an indispensable service. We, who have lived up to the past
+    few years in an agitation of protest against the pension grab
+    must now make our minds over sufficiently to realize that in the
+    new situation we run immediately into danger not of
+    over-pensioning the veterans of to-day but of neglecting them.
+
+    The new organization must of course be nonpartisan and
+    non-political. Precedent enough exists in the career of the
+    Grand Army to make that clear. It should include and enjoy the
+    guidance of the most influential military men. Politicians it
+    will have at its service so long as it is well run and organized
+    from within. Despite its proper political limitations, it should
+    serve as the most salutary means to influence returned soldiers
+    to cling to plain old Americanism, shed their martial
+    acquirements and return to plain, praiseworthy citizenship.
+
+
+    _Washington Star_, April 10, 1919.--... The American Legion is
+    to be welcomed as an agency for the promotion of the best in our
+    national life. It will represent, with other things, the majesty
+    of numbers. A great many men will be eligible to membership; and
+    they will be young, and full of hope and purpose. And when they
+    act together in matters within the scope of their organization
+    they will represent a force to be reckoned with in the
+    formulating of public policies.
+
+
+    _Brooklyn Eagle_, April 11, 1919.--Organization of "The American
+    Legion" is going on rapidily in every State in the Union. Vast
+    as was the mass of eligibles on which the Grand Army of the
+    Republic could draw after the Civil War, it did not compare with
+    the Legion's bulk of raw material. There will be a formal caucus
+    on May 8th, at St. Louis, of a real representative character, in
+    which it is said the enlisted men of the army and navy will have
+    a majority. Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson, once Secretary
+    of War, outlines the plan. He believes that this country's
+    future hereafter is in the hands of the men below thirty years
+    of age who fought this war. He trusts that the lesson in
+    practical democracy afforded by military experience and the
+    ideals of democracy emphasized by military enthusiasm may be
+    kept permanently alive.
+
+    That this is the main hope of the more active organizers we have
+    no doubt. Men like Major General O'Ryan, General Charles I.
+    Debevoise, and Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Robert
+    Bacon would never think of making such a body a lever for
+    pension legislation or an agency of politics. Yet the
+    temptation to a divergence from the higher ideals is strong, and
+    the rank and file may not be inclined to resist it.
+
+
+    _St. Louis Globe-Democrat,_ April II, 1919.--... Such
+    societies, it has been proved, are never partisan. They are
+    invariably exponents of broad-gauge patriotism. That they have
+    great political influence in a high national sense is true, but
+    they have never misused it nor ever viewed their mission in a
+    narrow spirit. They preserve the touch of the elbow throughout
+    life, but only as thorough Americans, devoted first, last, and
+    always to our common country.
+
+    St. Louis is proud to be selected as the place for the
+    inauguration of this admirable and undoubtedly perpetual
+    society. All wars are represented by societies formed by their
+    veterans, and all alike have been truly and broadly patriotic.
+    It will be the same with the new order, whose membership will,
+    on the strength of numbers called to the colors, far exceed any
+    former parallel. This event will be a datemark in our patriotic
+    annals and in the progress of the nation.
+
+
+    _Syracuse_ (N.Y.) _Herald_, April 13, 1919.--It has been
+    earnestly stated, as might have been expected, that the American
+    Legion will be strictly nonpartisan. That much might be inferred
+    from the circumstance that one of the leading associates of
+    Roosevelt in organizing the Legion is Lieutenant Colonel Bennett
+    Clark, son of the late Democratic Speaker of the House of
+    Representatives. Colonel Roosevelt is sufficient authority for
+    the assurance that the movement is neither partisan nor
+    political. He calls it "an association which will keep alive the
+    principles of justice, freedom and democracy for which these
+    veterans fought." Viewed in that sentimental, ethical and
+    patriotic light, it is a commendable undertaking. The American
+    people will wish it well, and be glad to see it flourish....
+
+
+    _Norfolk_ (Va.) _Dispatch_, April 9, 1919.--If the American
+    Legion now in process of organization by young Colonel Roosevelt
+    and his associates, clings to the principles of foundation and
+    holds by the purposes proclaimed by its founders, it may become
+    a mighty force for good in the land. It will be composed of
+    several millions of comparatively youthful Americans, a large
+    percentage of whom will be voters, while virtually all will have
+    demonstrated their readiness to fight their country's battles
+    with weapons far deadlier than bullets.... This assumes the
+    legion will fulfill the part it has undertaken to play in the
+    country's life. If it should degenerate into a selfish
+    protective body, it will be worse than useless. But there is
+    little reason to fear it will fall so far below its ideals while
+    there is every reason to hope it will be a powerful factor in
+    helping the country to find itself again.
+
+
+    _New Orleans Item_, April 14, 1919.--The American Legion through
+    the tremendous influence and mighty power of 3,000,000 organized
+    fighting men, is certain to shape and control the destinies of
+    the nation in years to come to an extent of which the wise will
+    refrain from even suggesting a limit. With the announcement by
+    Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt that the "Legion will be
+    interested in policies, but not in politics," the opinion may
+    safely be hazarded that the great political parties of the
+    country are due to have new mentors, from whom they may be
+    forced to look anxiously for their cues.
+
+    Primarily among the announced purposes of the Legion is the
+    perpetuating of those principles of justice, freedom and
+    democracy for which its members either fought or stood ready to
+    fight. On the field in France or in the training camps at home,
+    the millions of America's best manhood have learned intimately
+    and well a new lesson of individual and national responsibility.
+    Such lessons, at the cost they were obtained, are not to be
+    forgotten or lost. The ideals of the fighting men of the states,
+    producing the valor and the power which made the American Army
+    irresistible, and the revelations by fire of new realizations
+    and brotherhood and of world and national citizenship are surely
+    to be felt in the calm, happier times of peace.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Record_, April 10, 1919.--... If, as Colonel
+    Roosevelt predicts, the membership shall eventually comprise
+    4,000,000 men who were in the military and naval service of the
+    United States in the late war, it will have possibilities of
+    power that must be reckoned with. But if, in the long life
+    before it, the American Legion shall have no more to its
+    discredit than is summed up in the history of the G.A.R. whose
+    ranks are now so pathetically thin, it will have been a worthy
+    follower of its fathers.
+
+
+    _Paterson_ (N.J.) _Evening News_, May 7, 1919.--... The new
+    organization starts its career deserving and receiving the good
+    wishes of the entire country. The character of the men of the
+    American army who are promoting it and the high ideals which it
+    professes and proposes to maintain are a guaranty that it will
+    be a power for helpful service in the common family of the
+    nation.
+
+
+    _Duluth_ (Minn.) _Herald_, May 24, 1919.--There is a great field
+    for the American Legion, the organization of American veterans
+    of the World War, and judging by the spirit of the recent
+    convention and by the expressions of the returning delegates as
+    reported in the press of the country, it is going to fill that
+    field.
+
+    And the field that awaits it, and that it seems to intend to
+    fill, is a field of a vigorous and aggressive effort to demand
+    and enforce a strong and coherent and consistent Americanism.
+
+    Not the swashbuckling kind of Americanism--the
+    chip-on-the-shoulder kind--the we-can-lick-the-world kind. These
+    lads of ours are the last in the world to preach that fool kind
+    of Americanism. For they--or at least those of them who crossed
+    the seas and fought for liberty and peace on the other
+    side--have seen in the case of Germany what that kind of
+    nationalism comes to, and they are against it.
+
+    But there is a type of Americanism which is utterly free from
+    the taint of militarism and jingoism, but that yet is even more
+    dangerous to anybody at home or abroad who flaunts the spirit of
+    America and defies its power. And unless the signs fail, the
+    American Legion is going to express and embody and inculcate
+    that type of Americanism.
+
+
+    _Anaconda_ (Mont.) _Standard_, May 24, 1919.--... At St. Louis
+    the members voted down all proposals for obtaining from Congress
+    increases of pay for the soldiers and rejected all efforts to
+    obtain canvasses of the members to ascertain their preference as
+    to parties and as to presidential candidates. Everything was
+    excluded which would tend to committ the organization to any
+    particular party or any particular candidate. Young Colonel
+    Roosevelt, son of the former republican president, and Colonel
+    Bennett Clark, son of Champ Clark, former democratic speaker of
+    the house, joined hands in the endeavor to keep partisanship and
+    politics out of the organization.
+
+
+    _Collier's Weekly_, May 31, 1919.--A national convention of
+    American soldiers and sailors in which no grievances were aired,
+    no political axes ground, no special privileges or preferments
+    demanded; where oratorical "bunk" was hooted down; where social
+    discrimination was taboo and military rank counted not at all;
+    where the past glories of war were subordinated to the future
+    glories of peace and where the national interest was placed
+    above all partisanship--that is something new under the sun. It
+    was in such a convention held in St. Louis during the second
+    week in May, that the new spirit of the American army and navy
+    expressed itself articulately for the first time since the
+    armistice was signed. The birth of the American Legion was
+    attended by circumstances having a significance comparable with
+    those surrounding the signing of a certain document in
+    Philadelphia one hundred and forty-three years ago, come July
+    4th.
+
+    A brigadier general arises to "place in nomination the name of a
+    man who--" and is cried down by doughboys with calls of "Name
+    him! Who is he?" A proposal to give extra pay to enlisted men is
+    unanimously defeated because, as Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt
+    put it, "we are not here to sandbag something out of the
+    Government, but to put something into it." The invitation to
+    make Chicago the next meeting place of the Legion is refused
+    because "American soldiers and sailors don't want to go to a
+    city whose mayor would be ashamed to welcome such a convention."
+    A progressive Republican, son of a famous father, refuses the
+    chairmanship to quiet suspicion of personal ambition, and the
+    office goes to a Southern Democrat of whose party the gathering
+    is in complete ignorance.
+
+    One of the convention stenographers said: "This is the funniest
+    convention I have ever attended." We have an idea that there was
+    an element of prophecy in her homely remark--a body representing
+    more than four million American soldiers and sailors that makes
+    so little political noise is likely to be about as funny to the
+    conventionally minded politician as a bombardment of gas shells.
+    This language of restraint in the mouths of organized civilian
+    youth may prove to be a natural companion to the famous battle
+    slogan of the A.E.F.: "Let's go!"
+
+
+    _New York Evening Post_, May 3, 1919.--... The true usefulness
+    of a veterans' organization is not far to seek. Like the G.A.R.,
+    the Legion should maintain and develop the comradeship bred by
+    the war. It can assist the unfortunate in its ranks; it can take
+    care of the widows and orphans of soldiers, in so far as any
+    inadequacy of public provision seems to make care necessary. The
+    Legion can preserve the fame of soldiers and commanders, by
+    erecting monuments, by seeing that histories are written, and by
+    proceedings of its regular reunions. It can foster such a public
+    recollection of the great deeds of the war as well as broaden
+    and deepen American patriotism. Sherman remarked in 1888 that
+    there was some danger that a peace-loving generation in time of
+    crises "would conclude that the wise man stays at home, and
+    leaves the fools to take the buffets and kick of war." This
+    danger can best be met by just such an organization as the
+    G.A.R., with its campfires of song and story. Comradeship,
+    charity and patriotism--these should be the Legion's watchwords.
+
+
+    _New Haven_ (Conn.) _Union_, April 16, 1919.--... Its more
+    immediate task, as its promoters see it, is to help the members
+    and the families of members who maybe in need of assistance. No
+    comrade of the great struggle is to feel that he is forgotten
+    and forsaken by the comrades who served the same great cause.
+    Its large and more permanent duty is to spread the sentiment of
+    patriotism, to set an example of love of country, and unselfish
+    service, to keep blooming always in the soldiers' bosom the
+    flower of sacrifice that springs from every soldier's grave in
+    France.
+
+
+    _Philadelphia Press_, April 10, 1919.--The organization of the
+    soldiers of the late war into a permanent body is inevitable and
+    entirely proper.
+
+
+    _Capper's Weekly_, May 24, 1919.--The American Legion organized
+    at St. Louis is the new G.A.R. and through its platforms the
+    views of the soldiers who fought in France will be heard. It is
+    already apparent what the trend of that sentiment is. Whatever
+    military system this nation sets up, if it meets the approval of
+    the two million men who served the nation in the Great War, it
+    will be democratic in spirit and as far as possible in form. It
+    will be an army in which the self-respect of the common soldier
+    will be recognized. The returning soldier has no use for anyone
+    living here who is not wholly American, and is for expelling the
+    unnaturalized alien wherever found. Loyalty to the Nation is
+    fundamental in the soldiers' view.
+
+    The Nation must safeguard itself and make a distinction between
+    citizens who offer themselves and their all, and citizens who,
+    for whatever reason, withhold some part of their allegiance.
+    Brutal treatment of conscientious objectors is neither civilized
+    nor necessary, but a differentiation is created by such
+    residents themselves, and there should be corresponding
+    differentiation in rights and protection. This is one of the
+    subjects that the returned soldiers have at heart.
+
+
+    _Post Intelligencer_, Seattle, Washington, May 21, 1919.--...
+    The American Legion will be a political force in the nation as
+    it has a perfect right to be. No organization of its character
+    is to be held together by the cohesive power of reminiscence.
+    Something more binding is required, and that something will be
+    forthcoming whether anyone outside the Legion likes it or
+    not....
+
+    The American Legion will be made up of intelligent young men who
+    will have a community interest and whose interest can only be
+    furthered by united action. They will know that nothing is more
+    transient than public gratitude, and they will assuredly not
+    rely on it.
+
+
+    _Rochester_ (N.Y.) _Times_, May 23, 1919.--At its first
+    convention held recently in St. Louis, the American Legion
+    unanimously voted down a proposal to seek increased bonus money
+    for the soldiers.
+
+    At that same meeting, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., refused to accept
+    official leadership of the organization because he desired to
+    allow no ground for any charge that he wished to utilize it to
+    further his political career.
+
+    Such action by the Legion and by one of its most prominent
+    members warrant its organizers in working to enroll all the men
+    who served during the great war.
+
+    If this path is followed the American Legion will be a force for
+    good in the country's affairs as well as a bond of fellowship
+    among those who were members of the largest army ever raised by
+    this republic.
+
+
+    _Manchester_ (N. H). _Union_, May 27, 1919.--... In spite of
+    all that has been written and said it appears there still
+    remains some mistaken idea and prejudices concerning this
+    organization. The purposes of the American Legion are:
+
+    1. To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of
+    America.
+
+    2. To maintain law and order.
+
+    3. To foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent. Americanism.
+
+    4. To preserve the memories and incidents of our association in
+    the Great War.
+
+    5. To inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the
+    community, state and nation.
+
+    6. To combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses.
+
+    7. To make right the master of might.
+
+    8. To promote peace and good will on earth.
+
+    9. To safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of
+    justice, freedom and democracy.
+
+    10. To consecrate and sanctify comradeship by devotion to mutual
+    helpfulness.
+
+    This is the program and platform of the wonderful organization
+    whose potential membership is the four million and more men who
+    wore their country's uniform in the war.
+
+    It is big enough and broad enough to admit every man and woman
+    who joined the colors. If, as has been intimated, there are some
+    few ex-service men who think they see in this tremendous
+    movement something personal and partisan, they should take the
+    blinders off, forget their unworthy fears, and come out into the
+    open with their comrades, determined, as every man is who has
+    already joined, that the American Legion will never be made the
+    vehicle of personal ambition nor the creature of partisan
+    purpose; but will be conserved to foster and promote only those
+    high purposes which are so nobly defined in the language which
+    is quoted above, taken bodily from the constitution of the
+    Legion.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Gazette-Times,_ May 29, 1919.--... In contrast
+    with the Grand Army, the American Legion will embrace all
+    sections of our land. Similarly it will be the private soldier's
+    organization. Military honors will not count. Absolute
+    Americanism is to be its dominating principle. With the
+    dwindling ranks of the Grand Army there is need of such an
+    organization. The Grand Army has long been a staunch bulwark of
+    patriotism but time is doing its work. Others must soon take up
+    where the veterans of the Civil War left off. Those of the new
+    organization who saw service overseas possess a new vision of
+    what America means. Because of their good fortune in going
+    abroad they reaped an advantage over those who were denied the
+    privilege, though entitled to no more credit. All who donned the
+    uniform served. With an organization of such possibilities in
+    numbers and all imbued with a patriotic fervor the safety of the
+    Republic against the machinations of those who would tear down
+    is assured.
+
+
+    _Burlington_ (Vt.) _News_, May 29, 1919.--So far as actual
+    results are concerned America gains little from the peace
+    treaty. If, however, the American Legion measures up to the
+    standard we believe it capable of, America will be the greatest
+    gainer of all in the war.
+
+
+    _Bridgeport_ (Conn.) _Standard_, May 28, 1919.--The statement
+    that the American Legion is to let politics alone is good news
+    to the people of this country who are looking toward this fine
+    organization of American fighters to bring to our national life
+    some of the spirit which chased the Fritzies back to the Rhine.
+    The civilian public has a right to ask what are the aims of this
+    new, and sure to be powerful, organization. Four million men are
+    of its potential membership. These four million are to be found
+    scattered in every city, village and hamlet in the country. They
+    are to meet on terms of equality, officers and men. They know
+    how to work together, how to undergo discipline for a worthy
+    objective, and how to go over the top in action. It is good,
+    then, to know that this new four million is not to be a
+    political machine. We want no more of the mawkish of either
+    fearing or catering to the "soldier-vote."
+
+    Only as a nonpartisan organization can the American Legion do
+    its best work. Its able leaders know this. In a day when men are
+    fast deserting unworthy party emblems to stand for what they
+    think right, the soldier organization will have a wide
+    influence.
+
+    We hail the Legion.
+
+    It had to come and it is coming strong and sure.
+
+    Good men are at the head of the column, and better men than
+    those in the ranks exist nowhere in the country.
+
+    They are the pick of the best, physically best, in nerve and in
+    courage, best in point of training, in discipline and best among
+    all the nations who won the great victory.
+
+    There is still a fight in America. Democracy is never safe, only
+    being made safe. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
+    Eternal vigilance without regard to fear or favor is to be the
+    spirit of the American Legion.
+
+
+COMMITTEES
+
+
+EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  D.W.M. Jordan
+  John W. Inzer
+
+ALASKA
+  Edgar T. Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  John C. Greenway
+  E.P. Conway
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Joe S. Harris
+  James J. Harrison
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  H.G. Mathewson
+  C.E. Palmen
+
+COLORADO
+  H.A. Saidy
+  E.R. Myers
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  H.C. Meserve
+  A.M. Phillips, Jr.
+
+DELAWARE
+  George N. Doris
+  George L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  N.C. Turnage
+  E. Lester Jones
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  Louis H. Bell
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  E.C. Booth
+  Frank Esterbrook
+
+ILLINOIS
+  William R. McCauley
+  Marshall Field
+
+INDIANA
+  Robert Morehead
+  C.F. Strodel
+
+IOWA
+  H.H. Polk
+  John MacVicar
+
+KANSAS
+  W.S. Metcalf
+  Sidney Moss
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Henry D. Moorman
+  D.A. Sachs, Jr.
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Allison Owen
+  Ralph Michel
+
+MAINE
+  Albert Greenlaw
+  Arthur L. Robinson
+
+MARYLAND
+  H.F. French
+  Wm.A. Huster
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.G. Bacon
+  J.F.J. Herbert
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Frederick M. Alger
+  A.C. Doyle
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Harrison Fuller
+  A.M. Nelson
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Alex. Fitz-Hugh
+  Fred Sullens
+
+MISSOURI
+  Court P. Allen
+  H. Stattman
+
+MONTANA
+  H.L. Blomquist
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  John G. Maher
+  Ed. P. McDermott
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank Knox
+  Mathew Mahoney
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  D.B. Muliken
+  P.J. Ehrhardt
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  B.M. Cutting
+  O.A. Larrizola, Jr.
+
+NEW YORK
+  Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
+  Louis Burrill
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.M. Hanley
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  J.L. Cochrun
+  H.W. Snodgrass
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Roy Hoffman
+  Ralph H. Berry
+
+OREGON
+  E.J. Eivers
+  W.B. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Franklin D'Olier
+  A. Laughlin, Jr.
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  A. Johnson
+  R.B. Weeden
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+  H.B. Springs
+  M.B. Berkley
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+  Joseph S. Pfeiffer
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Luke Lea
+  Harry S. Berry
+
+TEXAS
+  W.E. Jackson
+  Rolland Bradley
+
+UTAH
+  Baldwin Robertson
+  Royal Douglas
+
+VERMONT
+  H. Nelson Jackson
+  Joseph Fountain
+
+VIRGINIA
+  C. Francis Cooke
+  Andrew S. Christian
+
+WASHINGTON
+  L.L. Thompson
+  Russ Simonton
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  John G. Bond
+  Charles McCamic
+
+WISCONSIN
+  James Ackley
+  G.W. Strampe
+
+WYOMING
+  C.M. June
+  L.A. Miller
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Hayward H. Hillyer
+  William P. Norton
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  G.H.W. Rauschkolb
+  John S. Siebert
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE
+
+ALABAMA
+  Matthew H. Murphy
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Ed. M. Le Baron
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Fred N. Tillman
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.H. Dibble
+
+COLORADO
+  H.A. Saidy
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  F.W. Carroll
+
+DELAWARE
+  George N. Doris
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Charles E. Johnston
+
+FLORIDA
+  Carroll Ford
+
+GEORGIA
+  Eugene Sibert
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  C.M. Booth
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Marshall Kearney
+
+INDIANA
+  A.C. Duddelston
+
+IOWA
+  H.H. Polk
+
+KANSAS
+  W.W. Hollaway
+
+KENTUCKY
+  M.K. Gordon
+
+LOUISIANA
+  John D. Ewing
+
+MAINE
+  Roger A. Greene
+
+MARYLAND
+  H.L. French
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  L.A. Frothingham
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Avery Gilleo
+
+MINNESOTA
+  S.S. Smith
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Alex. Fitz-Hugh
+
+MISSOURI
+  H.C. Clark
+
+MONTANA
+  Sam Abelstein
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Hird. Stryker
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank Knox
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  E.A. Tobin
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Roy H. Flamm
+
+NEW YORK
+  Robert Marsh
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.R. Baker
+
+OHIO
+  E.J. Rummell
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  E.E. Atkins
+
+OREGON
+  B.E. Leonard
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Fred Hill
+
+PHILIPPINES
+  Robert R. Landon
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  W.P. Shunney
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  William G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  G.P. Anderson
+
+TEXAS
+  Charles R. Tips
+
+UTAH
+  R.J. Douglas
+
+VERMONT
+  Guy Varnum
+
+VIRGINIA
+  John J. Wicker, Jr.
+
+WASHINGTON
+  John J. Sullivan
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  John C. Vaughan
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Robert Cunningham
+
+WYOMING
+  L.A. Miller
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Joseph P. McGlinn
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Thomas H. Dempsey
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Bibb Graves
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  John C. Greenway
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Burton S. Kinsworthy
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  H.G. Mathewson
+
+COLORADO
+  R. Dickson
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  W.J. Malone
+
+DELAWARE
+  George W. Davis
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  John Lewis Smith
+
+FLORIDA
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  L.H. Bell
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  C.M. Booth
+
+ILLINOIS
+  C.G. Seeman
+
+INDIANA
+  Scott R. Brewer
+
+IOWA
+  Fred M. Hudson
+
+KANSAS
+  P.R. Johnson
+
+KENTUCKY
+  H.D. Haven Moorman
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Gus Blanchard
+
+MAINE
+  Roy C. Haines
+
+MARYLAND
+  Wm. A. Huster
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  W.H. Howard
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Howard Brink
+
+MINNESOTA
+  E.D. McCarthy
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Fred Sullens
+
+MISSOURI
+  Bennet Clark
+
+MONTANA
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  L.J. McGuire
+
+NEVADA
+  J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Frank J. Abbott
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Harlan Besson
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  D.H. Wyatt
+
+NEW YORK
+  Hamilton Fish
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  H.Y. Semling
+
+OHIO
+  J.F. Koons
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Horace H. Hagan
+
+OREGON
+  Roderick D. Grant
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  D.G. Foster
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Percy Cantwell
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Ed. Palmer
+
+TEXAS
+  Claud Birkhead
+
+UTAH
+  R.S. McCarthy
+
+VERMONT
+  J. Watson Webb
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Wm. A Stuart
+
+WASHINGTON
+  L.L. Thompson
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Charles W. McCamic
+
+WISCONSIN
+  Elmer Owens
+
+WYOMING
+  R.L. Powers
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Haywood W. Hillyer
+
+
+
+ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE
+
+ALABAMA
+  Cecil Gaston
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Alexander B. Baker
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Ross Mathis
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.E. Bohlen
+
+COLORADO
+  E.R. Meyer
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  P.C. Calhoun
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Henry Leonard
+
+FLORIDA
+  A.H. Blanding
+
+GEORGIA
+  R.L. Wilson, Jr.
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Taylor Cummings
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Frank Harrison
+
+INDIANA
+  J.A. Umpleby
+
+IOWA
+  Maris B. De Wolfe
+
+KANSAS
+  P.C. Stamford
+
+KENTUCKY
+  J.G. Wheeler
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Louis Ginella
+
+MAINE
+  James U. Boyle
+
+MARYLAND
+  Wm. B. Wilmer
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.C. Cutler
+
+MICHIGAN
+  J.F. Young
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Paul McMichael
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  George Hoskin
+
+MISSOURI
+  F.L. Smith
+
+MONTANA
+  C.E. Pew
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Geo. H. Holveman
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  George V. Fiske
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  R.P. Schenck
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Don. L. Blevins
+
+NEW YORK
+  Parton Swift
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.P. Williams
+
+OHIO
+  L.J. Campbell
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Hugh Haughery
+
+OREGON
+  J.L. May
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  G.A. Rick
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Alex. Johnson
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnston
+
+TENNESSEE
+  W.A. Shadow
+
+TEXAS
+  Arch C. Allen
+
+UTAH
+  D.E. Rhivers
+
+VERMONT
+  Leonard Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  C. Brook Bollard
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred Redinger
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  M.V. Godfrey
+
+WISCONSIN
+  J.C. Davis
+
+WYOMING
+  Wm. Shortell
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Scott W. Lucas
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Charles S. Watkins
+
+
+
+CREDENTIAL COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Joseph Yates
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  F.P. Bernard
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Ivie Herschel
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.W. Herhart
+
+COLORADO
+  J.W. Gwin
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  F.S. Butterworth
+
+DELAWARE
+  George L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  S.P. Knut
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Peterson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Roger Young
+
+INDIANA
+  J.W. Todd
+
+IOWA
+  P.M. Soper
+
+KANSAS
+  I.E. Lambert
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Richard H. Slack
+
+LOUISIANA
+  G.H.H. Pratt
+
+MAINE
+  Albert Greenlaw
+
+MARYLAND
+  J.S. Davis
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  G.F. Gilbody
+
+MICHIGAN
+  H.A. O'Dell
+
+MINNESOTA
+  George Chapin
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  John M. Alexander
+
+MISSOURI
+  D.W. Cronkite
+
+MONTANA
+  Doug. McCallum
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Orlando H. Kearney
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  John Santor
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  C.S. Brady
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Jesus M. Baca
+
+NEW YORK
+  J.P. Goerke
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  J.P. Williams
+
+OHIO
+  H.L. Bimm
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  F.W. Fisher
+
+OREGON
+  C.L. Mullen
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  E.J. Pennell
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  F.B. Thurber
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  J.D. Robertson
+
+TEXAS
+  John S. Hoover
+
+UTAH
+  J.G. Wooley
+
+VERMONT
+  Alexander Smith
+
+VIRGINIA
+  G.R. Poole
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred Fein
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  W.J. Simmons
+
+WISCONSIN
+  M.A. Chybowski
+
+WYOMING
+  D.C. McCarthy
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  John S. Seibert
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON PERMANENT HEADQUARTERS
+
+ALABAMA
+  Beach Chenoweth
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Alex. B. Baker
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wm. Dougherty
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.L. Shuman
+
+COLORADO
+  D.J. Sparr
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  B.R. Mathies
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  L. Clarkson Hines
+
+FLORIDA
+  A.H. Blanding
+
+GEORGIA
+  Eugene Sibert
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  R.R. Wilson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Charles Wham
+
+INDIANA
+  M.H. Thomas
+
+IOWA
+  Thompson L. Brookhart
+
+KANSAS
+  W.A. Phares
+
+KENTUCKY
+  E.H. Marriner
+
+LOUISIANA
+  L.P. Beard
+
+MAINE
+  Roger A. Greene
+
+MARYLAND
+  F.A. Young
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  W.H. Dolan
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Wm. King
+
+MINNESOTA
+  D.R. St. Julian
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Robt. Burnett
+
+MISSOURI
+  A. Field
+
+MONTANA
+  Ben W. Barnett
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Geo. Gilligan
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Arthur Trufant
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  R.F. Ritter
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  O.A. Lorizolla, Jr.
+
+NEW YORK
+  Thos. John Conway
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  J.L. Hall
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Earl McNally
+
+OREGON
+  W.P. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  C.A. Buettner
+
+PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+  Robert Landon
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Walter Sharkey
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  W.G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Ed. Buford
+
+TEXAS
+  Roy A. Jamison
+
+UTAH
+  J.C. Kundson
+
+VERMONT
+  L.H. Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Robt. P. Wallace
+
+WASHINGTON
+  C.B. McDonald
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Geo. S. Houston
+
+WISCONSIN
+  James Pfeil
+
+WYOMING
+  C.M. June
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  R.A. Thompson
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  LeRoy Jacobs
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  M.E. Cassidy
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Roy Penix
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Clair Woolwine
+
+COLORADO
+  W.E. Swink
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  R.C. Vance
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Donald McGregor
+
+FLORIDA
+  Conrad Ford
+
+GEORGIA
+  L.H. Bell
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Peterson
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Richard M. O'Connell
+
+INDIANA
+  Robt. Clee
+
+IOWA
+  H.D. Lemley
+
+KANSAS
+  M.B. Musselman
+
+KENTUCKY
+  James G. Juett
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Rudolph Wienan
+
+MAINE
+  Roy C. Haines
+
+MARYLAND
+  A.R. Hagner, Jr.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Donald Green
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Chas. D. Kelley
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Jno. J. Ahern
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Chas. R. Dolbey
+
+MISSOURI
+  Robert Fullerton, Jr.
+
+MONTANA
+  Ben W. Barnett
+
+NEBRASKA
+  A.L. Stuart
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  C. Fred Maher
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Allen L. Eggers
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  Jesus M. Baca
+
+NEW YORK
+  Geo. P. Putnam
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Arthur Gorman
+
+OHIO
+  H.M. Bush
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  W.T. Burling
+
+OREGON
+  B.E. Leonard
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  Ammon Monroe Aurand, Jr.
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Harry F. McKenna
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  H.H. Corson, Jr.
+
+TEXAS
+  John W. Young
+
+UTAH
+  Leo Meehan
+
+VERMONT
+  L.H. Nason
+
+VIRGINIA
+  D.D. Nei
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Russ Simonton
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+ Geo. S. Houston
+
+WISCONSIN
+  C.M. Huntley
+
+WYOMING
+  Ralph L. Powers
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  C.P. Dimmitt
+
+
+
+FINANCE COMMITTEE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  B.F. Stoddard
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  M.E. Cassidy
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Garland Hurt
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  E.H. Dibbley
+
+COLORADO
+  Ed. Krueger
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  James B. Moody
+
+DELAWARE
+  Irving Warner
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Howard F. Fiske
+
+FLORIDA
+  Davis Forster
+
+GEORGIA
+
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  John S. Green
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Albert A. Sprague
+
+INDIANA
+  Chester P. Wolfe
+
+IOWA
+  W.R. Hart
+
+KANSAS
+  J.B. Brickell
+
+KENTUCKY
+  R. Ewall
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Levering Moore
+
+MAINE
+  Waldemar P. Adams
+
+MARYLAND
+  Alexander Randall
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  J. Stewart
+
+MICHIGAN
+  George M. Kesl
+
+MINNESOTA
+  O.H. Baldwin
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Paul Chambers
+
+MISSOURI
+  D.G. Hubbard
+
+MONTANA
+  Arthur Barry
+
+NEBRASKA
+  William Richie
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  William E. Sullivan
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  Paul De Voise
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  F.B. Humphrey
+
+NEW YORK
+  M.B. Murphy
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  G.A. Fraser
+
+OHIO
+  B.J. Hard
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  William Viuer
+
+OREGON
+  C.L. Muffin
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  James W. Gary
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Jas. Elinniskey
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Charles R. Bowman
+
+TEXAS
+  C.C. Beavens
+
+UTAH
+  Harold R. Smoot
+
+VERMONT
+  Pearl T. Clapp
+
+VIRGINIA
+  J.T. Wyatt
+
+WASHINGTON
+  C.S. Sapp
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Clarence Jones
+
+WISCONSIN
+  P.R. Minnahan
+
+WYOMING
+  N.V. Swensen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  Louis R. Florin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  G.H.W. Rauschkolb
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NAME
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  Norman J. Reiss
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Roy W. Wood
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  Clair Woolwine
+
+COLORADO
+  Robt. G. Allen
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  P.L. Sampsell
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  J. Bentley Mulford
+
+FLORIDA
+  J.T. Wigginton
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  T.A. Feeney
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Thos. Harwood
+
+INDIANA
+  Augustus B. Wilson
+
+IOWA
+  Jackson R. Day
+
+KANSAS
+  P.K. Cubbison
+
+KENTUCKY
+  W.O. Sayers
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Davis McCutcheon
+
+MAINE
+  Waldemar P. Adams
+
+MARYLAND
+  G.H. Tieman
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  J.P. McGrath
+
+MICHIGAN
+  B.B. Bellows
+
+MINNESOTA
+  W.R. Sturtz
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  Arthur B. Clark
+
+MISSOURI
+  H.W. Holcomb
+
+MONTANA
+  H.L. Blomquist
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Frank F. Fischer
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  W.J. Murphy
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  G.H. Stratton
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  C.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  E.D. Bunn
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  L.B. Merry
+
+OHIO
+  R.E. Shank
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  Robert B. Keenan
+
+OREGON
+  W.B. Follett
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  B.L. Houck
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Jos. San Soneitr
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  T.R. Johnson
+
+TENNESSEE
+  Barton P. Brown
+
+TEXAS
+  Russ D. Langdon
+
+UTAH
+  L.J. Seeley
+
+VERMONT
+  Alexander Smith
+
+VIRGINIA
+  Robt. R. Wallace
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Rob. S. Gordon
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Jas. M. Crockett
+
+WISCONSIN
+  John P. Szultek
+
+WYOMING
+  Maurice Dineen
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  H.W. Hillyer
+
+SOLDIERS AND SAILORS COUNCIL
+  S.H. Curtin
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  John S. Seibert
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  J.F. Gillem
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Fred B. Townsend
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wendell Robertson
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  V.W. Gerhard
+
+COLORADO
+  M.C. Dameron
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  J.S. Hurley
+
+DELAWARE
+  E.H. Kane
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+  W.G. Glenn
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  J.G. Juett
+
+HAWAII
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Paul Davis
+
+ILLINOIS
+  W.C. Mundt
+
+INDIANA
+  N.J. Buskirk
+
+IOWA
+  A.M. Pond
+
+KANSAS
+  Foss Farar
+
+KENTUCKY
+  H. Reingold
+
+LOUISIANA
+  W.A. Coon
+
+MAINE
+  Frank M. Hume
+
+MARYLAND
+  T.H. Scaffe
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  H.H. Wheelock
+
+MICHIGAN
+  P.W. Nickel
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Conrad Veit
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  W.T. Adams
+
+MISSOURI
+  U.P. Haw
+
+MONTANA
+  Worth C. Almon
+
+NEBRASKA
+  R.J. Webb
+
+NEVADA
+  T.J.D. Salter
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Walter J. Hogan
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  J.M. Pancoast
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  F.B. Humphrey
+
+NEW YORK
+  F.W. Baldwin
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  E.L. King
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  P.A. Fox
+
+OREGON
+  R.D. Grant
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  L.L. Felts
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  F.V. Thurber
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  J.C. Denison
+
+TENNESSEE
+  W.R. Craig, Jr.
+
+TEXAS
+  S.P. Boom
+
+UTAH
+  Charles Parsons
+
+VERMONT
+  Joseph Fontain
+
+VIRGINIA
+  W.R. Trotter
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Fred. J. Shaw
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Sam. Solins
+
+WISCONSIN
+  L.J. Woodworth
+
+WYOMING
+
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  Geo. E. Davis
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  T.R. Smith
+
+
+
+COMMITTEE ON NEXT MEETING PLACE
+
+
+ALABAMA
+  F.M. Ladd
+
+ALASKA
+  James Hawley
+
+ARIZONA
+  Ed. M. LeBaron
+
+ARKANSAS
+  Wm. G. Edgar
+
+CALIFORNIA
+  B.O. Shuman
+
+COLORADO
+  T.H. Wiles
+
+CONNECTICUT
+  W.D. Copp
+
+DELAWARE
+  Geo. L. Evans
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Louis P. Clephane
+
+FLORIDA
+  Mr. Bell
+
+GEORGIA
+  R.L. Wilson, Jr.
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+  J.P. Morgan
+
+IDAHO
+  Frank Estabrook
+
+ILLINOIS
+  Grover Sexton
+
+INDIANA
+  J.B. Reynolds
+
+IOWA
+  B.R. Finch
+
+KANSAS
+  Charles I. Martin
+
+KENTUCKY
+  Frank Bernhaim
+
+LOUISIANA
+  Clifford Stem
+
+MAINE
+  James L. Boyle
+
+MARYLAND
+  A.C. Solomon
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+  Marcus Maddern
+
+MICHIGAN
+  Frank J. Tobin
+
+MINNESOTA
+  Loren B. Roberts
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+  J.S. Fleming
+
+MISSOURI
+  L.C. Lozier
+
+MONTANA
+  Arthur Barry
+
+NEBRASKA
+  Allan Tukey
+
+NEVADA
+  E.L. Malsbary
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  H.L. Hereaux
+
+NEW JERSEY
+  A.S. Westcott
+
+NEW MEXICO
+  S.S. Caldwell
+
+NEW YORK
+  Fred Gallager
+
+NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. Stern
+
+OHIO
+  Ralph Pearce
+
+OKLAHOMA
+  W.T. Butts
+
+OREGON
+  E.J. Eivers
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+  A.I. McRae
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+  Walter Sharkey
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Wm. G. Buell
+
+TENNESSEE
+  G.C. Milligan
+
+TEXAS
+  L. Nicholson
+
+UTAH
+  Fred. Jurgensen
+
+VERMONT
+  J. Watson Webb
+
+VIRGINIA
+  G.R. Poole
+
+WASHINGTON
+  Albert Johnston
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+  Joseph Jackson
+
+WISCONSIN
+  C.H. Foster
+
+WYOMING
+  Benj. Gregg
+
+WORLD WAR VETERANS
+  F.H. Rein
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+  J.A. Bernard
+
+
+
+ROSTER
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+  CHENOWETH, BEACH MEAD, Birmingham. U.S.N.
+  GASTON, CECIL D., Birmingham. Med. Corps U.S.A. and A.E.F.
+  GILLEM, JENNINGS F., Birmingham. 320 M.G. Bn.
+  GRAVES, BIBB, Montgomery. 117th F.A.
+  INZER, J.W., Mobile. 14th Inf.
+  JACOBS, LEROY R., Birmingham. 38th Inf.
+  JORDAN, WM. M., Birmingham. Evac. Hosp. No. 11.
+  LADD, FRANK M., JR., Mobile. U.S.N.
+  LONG, F.M., Jasper. 7th Inf. 9th M.G. Bn.
+  LUSSIER, RICHARD F., Birmingham. M.I.D. Gen. Staff.
+  MURPHY, MATTHEW H., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+  REISS, NORMAN J., Mobile. Q.M.C.
+  STODDARD, B.S., Mobile. 49th Inf.
+  YATES, JOSEPH A., Birmingham, 117th F.A.
+
+
+ALASKA
+
+  HAWLEY, EDGAR T., Boise, Idaho. U.S.A.
+
+
+ARKANSAS
+
+  BURROW, G.M., Little Rock. 18th Inf.
+  DOHERTY, WILLIAM, Jonesboro. 153d Inf.
+  EDGAR, WM. G., El Dorado. 153d Inf.
+  HAMILTON, SCOTT D., Fayetteville. 346th Inf.
+  HARRIS, JOE S., Monticello. 153d Inf.
+  HARRISON, J.J., Little Rock. Care Pugh Printing Company. Instructor
+    Tr. Camp.
+  HERSCHEL, IVIE, Marion. 154th Inf.
+  HURT, GARLAND, Newport. 162d Inf.
+  JACKSON, THOMAS A., Little Rock. 154th Inf.
+  KINSWORTHY, B.S., Little Rock. Off. Tr. Camps.
+  LLOYD, T.H., Paragould. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MATHIS, Ross, Cotton Plant. 2d Inf.
+  PENIX, WM. ROY, Jonesboro. Kelly Fld., Tex.
+  ROBERTSON, W.A., Ft. Smith. 13th Aero Squad.
+  SMITH, E. ROSS, Little Rock. 141 M.G. Bn.
+  STAFFORD, JOHN L., Springdale. 106th Am. Train 3 1st Div.
+  TAYLOR, R.P., Paragould. Aerial Ob. C.A.C.
+  TILLMAN, FRED A., Fayetteville, 12th F.A.
+  WOOD, ROY W., Little Rock. Naval Aviation.
+
+
+ARIZONA
+
+  BAKER, ALEXANDER B., Phoenix. 28th F.A.
+  BERNARD, E.P., Tucson. 47th M.G. Bn.
+  CASSIDY, M.E., Bisbee. Ad. Gen. Dep.
+  GREENWAY, JOHN C., Warren. 101st Inf.
+  LEBARON, EDWIN M., Mesa. 801st P. Inf.
+  TOWNSEND, FRANK B., Phoenix. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA
+
+  BOHLEN, E.E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  DIBBLEE, BENJ. H., San Francisco. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  GEARHART, B.W., Fresno. 609th Aero Sq.
+  HAMMOND, LEONARD C., San Francisco, 91st Aero.
+  HOUGHTON, A.D., Los Angeles. Am. Serv. League.
+  KELLY, E.J., Los Angeles. 64th U.S. Inf.
+  MATHEWSON, H.G., Alameda. C.A.C.
+  PALMER, C.E.G., Coalinga. Canadians.
+  SHUMAN, BLAIR S., San Francisco. 363d Inf.
+  SLOW, ASHFIELD E., San Francisco. 347th F.A.
+  WOOLWINE, CLARE W., Los Angeles. 8th Inf. Gen. St.
+
+
+COLORADO
+
+  ALLEN, ROBT. G., Denver. 305th Inf.
+  DAMERON, M.C., Pueblo. Camp Med. Supp. Depot.
+  DAVID, MORTON M., Denver. 20th Inf.
+  DICKSON, RAY, Ft. Collins. 30th Serv. Co.
+  GWIN, JNO. W., Pueblo. 158th Inf.
+  KRUEGER, EDW., JR., Buena Vista. Air Serv.
+  LAWRENCE, C.W., Pueblo. U.S.N.
+  MALONEY, B.F., Pueblo. 815th Pioneer.
+  MYER, E.R., Boulder. 356th Inf.
+  SAIDY, H.A., Colorado Springs. 341st F.A.
+  SPARR, D.J., Denver. 157th Inf.
+  STUBBS, ALBERT L., La Junta. Medical Corps.
+  SWINK, WALTER E., Rocky Ford. U.S.N.
+  WILES, THOS H., Denver. Chaplain.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT
+
+  BUTTERWORTH, DR. S., New Haven. Chem. War Serv.
+  CALHOUN, PHILO C., Bridgeport. U.S.M.C.
+  CARROLL, FRANCIS W., Waterbury. Presidential Gd. U.S.A.
+  COPP, WEBSTER D., Norwich, 301st M.G. Bn.
+  HURLEY, JAS. S., Waterbury. 73rd Inf.
+  MALONE, WM. J., Bristol. A.S. (A).
+  MATTHIES, BERNARD H., Seymour. 105th Spruce Squad.
+  MESERVO, HARRY C., Stamford. 68th C.A.C.
+  MOODY, JAS. B., JR., Hartford. 301st Supply Train.
+  PHILLIPS, ALFRED N., JR., Stamford. 55th F.A.
+  SAMPSELL, P.L., New London. U.S.N.
+  TILEY, MORTON C., Essex. U.S.A.A.S.
+
+
+DELAWARE
+
+  DORIS, GEO. N., Wilmington. 364th Inf.
+  EVANS, GEO. L., Wilmington. U.S.N.
+  WARNER, IRVING, Wilmington. Cement Mill Co. No. 8.
+
+
+DISTRICT COLUMBIA
+
+  CLEPHANE, LEWIS P., Washington. U.S.N.
+  CONNOLLY, FRANK A., Washington. 312th F.A.
+  FISK, HOWARD S., Washington. U.S.N.
+  GLENN, WM. G., Washington. 103d M.O.R.S.
+  HINES, L.C., Washington. F.H. 165-117.
+  JOHNSTON, CHAS. E., Washington. U.S. Coast Gd.
+  JONES, E. LESTER, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  KRUIT, PRENTISS, Washington. U.S.N.
+  LEONARD, H., Washington. U.S.M.C.
+  MACGREGOR, DONALD, Washington. Sig. Corps.
+  MULFORD, J.B. Washington. 165th Field Hosp. Co.
+  SMITH, JNO. L., Washington. Mil. Intell. Div.
+  TURNAGE, M.C., Washington. P.M.G.O.
+
+
+FLORIDA
+
+  FORSTER, DAVIS, New Smyrna. M.C.
+  GIVENS, MORRIS M., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  LOWRY, S.L., JR., Tampa. 31st Div.
+  MCGUCKEN, HAROLD, Tampa. 124th Inf.
+  WIGGINTON, J.T., Miami. 124th Inf.
+
+
+GEORGIA
+
+  BELL, LOUIS H., Atlanta. 20th M.G. Bn.
+  HILLYER, HAYWOOD H., Macon. 49 M.G. Bn.
+  JUETT, J.G., Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  SIEBERT, EUGENE, Atlanta. 437th Det. Eng. Corp.
+  STOCKBRIDGE, BASIL, Atlanta. 122d. Inf.
+  WILSON, ROBT. L., JR., Atlanta. 122d Inf.
+
+
+HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
+
+  MORGAN, JAS. P., Hawaii. Inf. Replac. Troops Camp Grant, Ill.
+
+
+IDAHO
+
+  BOOM, EUGENE C., Moscow. 18th Eng.
+  BOOTH, C.M., Pocatello. 44th Inf.
+  COLLIER, L.R., Pocatello. 163d Inf.
+  CUMMINS, TAYLOR, Twin Falls. Coast Art.
+  DAVIS, PAUL, Boise. I.C.O.T.S.
+  ESTABROOK, FRANK, Nampa. 146th M.G. Bn.
+  FEENEY, THOS. A., Lewiston.
+  GREEN, JNO. S., Twin Falls, 1st St. Inf.
+  PETERSON, PAUL T., Idaho Falls. 75th Inf.
+  WILSON, ALBERT H., Clarks Fork. Q.M.C.
+  WILSON, R.R., Pocatello. Inf. (unassigned).
+
+
+ILLINOIS
+
+  ADAMS, M.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  ADLER, MORRIS, Quincy. 1st O.T. Sch.
+  ALLEN, ROYAL B., Marseilles. Q.M.C.
+  ARNOLD, B.J., Chicago. Air Serv.
+  AYRES, LESTER G., Oak Park. C.A. School.
+  BOLIN, JAS. R., Paris. 2d Div.
+  BOOSE, JOS. I., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BURNETT, GEO., Shelbyville. 130th Inf.
+  BURNS, J.H., Carrollton. 337th F.A.
+  BUSCH, A.H., Cicero. 117th M.G. Bn.
+  CAVE, ROBT. R., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  COLLINS, W.H., Decatur. 119th Inf.
+  CUMMINGS, JNO. P., Chicago. Tank Corps.
+  CURRIER, C.L., La Grange. 25th Eng.
+  DICKERSON, EARL B., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  DUTCHER, EVERETT C., Dixon. 342d Inf.
+  EISENBERG, SAM J., Chicago. 332d F.A.
+  ENGLE, ROBT. H., Freeport. 41st Inf.
+  EVERSON, CHAS. W., Chicago. A.S. Sig. R.C.
+  FAYART, L.E., Springfield, 9th F.A.
+  FIELD, MARSHALL, Chicago. F.A.
+  FLANNERY, FRANK B., Chicago, Beach Hotel, 221st F. Sig. Bn.
+  FLORY, ROGER, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FLOYD, JNO. A., Chicago. 6th Cav.
+  FORMAN, HAROLD, Chicago. 72d F.A.
+  FREID, SAM'L L., Chicago. 50th Inf.
+  GOLDBERG, B.L., Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GOREY, THOS. V., Joliet. Q.M.C.
+  GOWENLOCK, THOS. R., Chicago. 1st Div.
+  GREENE, JNO. J., Chicago. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  HANA, LEO G., Peoria. 341st Inf.
+  HARDWOOD, THOS. F., Bloomington. 343d Inf.
+  HARRISON, F.J., Streator. 1st C.O.T.S.
+  HARTFORD, C.E., Marseilles. Ordnance.
+  HARTRICK, GUY R., Urbana. Ordnance.
+  HELFRICH, GEO. R., Chicago. 17th Inf.
+  HINDERT, GEO. C., Minonk. U.S.N.
+  HIPPLER, S.H., Canton. 5th Reg.
+  HIRSTEIN, A.K., Fairbury. 129th Inf.
+  HUGHES, JNO. E., Chicago. A.S.
+  ICKES, FAY, Springfield, 310th F. Sig. Bn.
+  JEFFERSON, E.A., Chicago. 604th Eng.
+  JENKINS, NEWTON, Chicago. 5th Reg.
+  KEARNEY, MARSHALL V., Chicago. 303d Bn. Tank Corps.
+  KELLEY, W.L., Shelbyville. Chem. War Serv.
+  KENDRICK, J.E., Lincoln. 161st Dep. Br.
+  KINGSTON, RAY, Shelbyville. 119th Inf.
+  KRAATZ, C.F., Carbondale. 161st D.B.
+  LAUER, ROBT. J., Chicago. 344th Inf.
+  LEE, HARRY V., Chicago. Signal Corps.
+  LING, WALTER, Evansville. 115th Inf.
+  LYNDE, CORNELIUS, Chicago. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MACAULAY, IRWIN, Quincy. Ordnance.
+  MARKLEY, H.G., Watseka. 116th Eng.
+  MARSH, A.F., Chicago. Const. Div.
+  MARSHALL, THOS. H., Chicago. Inf.
+  MCCAULEY, W.R., Olney. 308th Bn. Tank Corps.
+  MEIERHOFER, EDW. H., Minonk. 68th Art.
+  MERRICK, MARLOWE M., Chicago. Sig. Corps.
+  MIDDLETON, A.B., Pontiac. M.C., 90th Div.
+  MILES, GRANT M., Pontiac. 339th Inf.
+  MILLER, JNO. S., JR., Winnetka. 33d F.A.
+  MILLER, THOS., Chicago. 49th Inf.
+  MOCK, HARRY E., Chicago. Med. Corps.
+  MUNDT, WM. C., Fairbury. Radio School.
+  O'CONNELL, R.M., Bloomington. U.S.N.R.F.
+  OPPENHEIMER, J., Chicago. 333d F.A.
+  ORR, PONCE B., Joliet. 1st Inf.
+  PACKWOOD, LAWRENCE, Chicago. 521st M.T.C.
+  PADDOCK, GEO. A., Evanston. 342d Inf.
+  PARKER, HOWARD K., Taylorville. 106th F.A.
+  PESAVENTO, A.J., Joliet. R.S. and C.O.T.S.
+  PIETRZAK, MICHAEL, Oglesby. A.S.A.P. 9th Dt.
+  POWELL, WM. J., Chicago. 365th Inf.
+  REED, F.N., Evanston. 10th F.A.
+  REEDER, RUSSEL, Canton, 1st Co. C.A.C.
+  RHODES, BEN. S., Bloomington. 345th Inf.
+  ROMINGER, W.E., Shelbyville. 14th M.G.
+  SAYRE, C.B., Canton. 326th F.A.
+  SEAMAN, GEO. G., Taylorville. 17th F.A.
+  SEARCY, EARL B., Springfield. 311th Inf.
+  SEDWEAK, C.E., Chicago. Q.M.C.
+  SEXTON, GROVER F., Chicago. 108th Mil. Pol. Train.
+  SIMONS, J.E., Glen Ellyn. U.S.M.C.
+  SIMPSON, SIDNEY E., Carrollton. 164th Inf.
+  SKUBIC, EDW. P., Chicago. C.O.T.S.
+  SPENCER, R.V., Chicago. 160th D.B.
+  SPRAGUE, A.A., Lake Forest. 341st Inf.
+  STELLO, JNO. H., McLeansboro. 115th M.G. Bn.
+  TAPP, H.F., Quincy. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALSH, MARTIN, Chicago. 1st Repl. Reg.
+  WEBBER, R.W., Urbana. 210th Aero Sq.
+  WERCKMAN, JNO. C., Minonk. 6th Repl. Reg.
+  WERNER, R.L., Peoria. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WHAM, CHAS., Centralia. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  YOUNG, R., Joliet. 41st Inf.
+  ZERWEKH, PAUL W., Alton. Aviation.
+
+
+INDIANA
+
+  ASCH, A.L., Indianapolis. Q.M.C.
+  BREWER, SCOTT R., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  BUSKIRK, N.J., Bloomington. 111th Inf.
+  CASTER, SOLON J., Indianapolis, 150th F.A.
+  CLEE, ROBT. E., Kokimo. 69th F.A.
+  DAVIS, PAUL Y., Bloomfield. 335th Inf.
+  DUDDLESTON, A.C., Terre Haute, 151st Inf.
+  HOGAN, H.G., Ft. Wayne. M.T.C.
+  JOHNSON, F.B., Indianapolis. Adv. Gen.
+  LEVI, MORRIS R., Evansville. 42d and 32d Div.
+  LONN, A.E., Laporte. 167th Brg.
+  MCDONALD, T.M., Princeton. F.A. Repl. Tr.
+  MOORHEAD, R.L., Indianapolis. 139th F.A.
+  NEWGENT, L.R., Indianapolis. U.S.N.
+  PUTT, GEO., Indianapolis. Motor Trans. Corp.
+  REYNOLDS, JNO. B., Indianapolis. Air Serv.
+  ROYER, S.D., Terre Haute. 349th Inf.
+  ROYZE, JNO. A., Indianapolis. M.T.C.
+  STRODEL, C.F., Huntington. Inf.
+  THOMAS, MARK H., Huntington. Q.M.C.
+  TIMKO, JOS. J., Brazil.
+  TODD, JOE W., Hammond. Air Serv.
+  UMPLEBY, JAY A., Gary. 139th F.A.
+  WALTZ, RALPH H., Noblesville. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  WATTS, ALBERT H., E. Chicago, 139th F.A.
+  WILSON, A.B., Indianapolis. 87th Div.
+  WOLFE, C.P., Indianapolis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  ZIISEL, FRANK F., Elkhart. 159th D. Br.
+
+
+IOWA
+
+  BERGER, P.F., Carroll. 163d Disch. Off.
+  BROOKHART, S.W., Washington. Inf.
+  BROOKHART, T.L., Washington. M.T.C.
+  COLE, J.F., Oelwein. 161st Depot Brig.
+  COOK, DON C., Cedar Rapids. U.S.M.C.
+  CIRCE, WM. L., Bloomfield. 1st Eng.
+  CRONIN, EDW. P., Victor. U.S.N.
+  DAY, J.R., Council Bluffs, 19th Div.
+  DEWOLF, M.E., Spencer, 5th Inf.
+  DORAN, LUCIEN S., Beaver. 339th F.A.
+  FINCH, BUDD R., West Union. 126th F.A.
+  HAHN, F.K., Cedar Rapids. 126th F.A.
+  HAM, Jos. P., Dubuque. 168th Inf.
+  HARKER, FRANK C., Ottumwa. 168th Inf.
+  HART, W.R., Iowa City, 305th B. Tank Corp.
+  HUDSON, FRED M., Pocahontas. 79th A.A. Bn.
+  HUNGERFORD, JNO., JR., Carroll. Air Serv.
+  KELLY, J.H., Sioux City, 99th Inf.
+  KINS, WILL L., Hubbard. 159th Dept. Br.
+  LEMLEY, H.D., Melrose. 109th Eng.
+  MACVICAR, JNO., Des Moines. Q.M.C.
+  MALCOMB, EARL, Laurens. 12th Inf.
+  METZGER, T.M., Council Bluffs. 168th Inf.
+  NEUSTRAND, OSCAR, Red Oak. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NEWELL, FLOYD, Ottumwa. M.C.
+  PATTEE, L.C., Pocahontas. Sig. Corp.
+  PEASE, LIBERTY, Farragut. 168th Inf.
+  PLAISTER, R.M., Dubuque. 163d Inf.
+  POLK, HARRY H., Des Moines. 176th Inf.
+  POND, ALANSON M., Dubuque. Med. Corps.
+  PUSEY, MCGEE, Council Bluffs. 11th Bal. Co.
+  SCHULTZ, E.R., Sioux City. Nav. Res. Fly. Corps.
+  SHAW, ROBT. J., Hayesville. 40th Inf.
+  SMITH, R.A., Council Bluffs. 163d D.B.
+  SOPER, B.M., Nevada. Q.M.C.
+  STROTZ, ROY R., Des Moines. 16th Inf.
+  THOMAS, LEE A., Mondamin. 3d Con. Bn.
+  WELCH, C.J., Denison. 4th Repl. Reg. 16th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+KANSAS
+
+  BARCLAY, JAS. F., Kansas City, 110th Eng.
+  BLY, WM. D., Leavenworth. 365th Inf.
+  BRANAMAN, H.A., Ottawa. 137th Inf.
+  BRICKELL, J.B., Emporia. Med. Corps.
+  BURNETT, R.H., Dodge City. Zone Sup. Of. N.Y.C.
+  CLAUSEN, E.W., Atchison. U.S.N.A.S.
+  CUBBISON, P.K., Kansas City. 354th Inf.
+  EATON, L.R., Neodesha. 8th Eng.
+  ELIAS, C.R., La Crosse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FARRAR, FOSS, Arkansas City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  FOULSTON, S.L., Wichita, 91st Div.
+  GRIEVES, LOREN C., Ft. Leavenworth. G.S. Reg. A.
+  HANTLA, JNO. P., Spearville. 137th Inf.
+  HASTY, LEWIS A., Wichita. 342d Inf.
+  HOLDEN, HARLEY E., Neodesha. P.O. Dept.
+  HOLLOWAY, W.W., Kansas City. P.M.G.O.
+  JOHNSON, PAUL R., Independence. U.S.N.
+  KURTZ, W.P., Columbus. 158th D.B.
+  LAMBERT, I.E., Emporia. Air Serv.
+  LEE, THOS. A., Topeka. 26th Inf.
+  LEEKLEY, R.M., Arkansas City. 338th F.A.
+  MADDEN, JNO., SR., Wichita. Air Serv.
+  MARTIN, CHAS. I., Topeka. 70th Inf. Br.
+  METCALF, W.S., Lawrence. 77th Brig.
+  MOSS, SIDNEY A., Wichita. 125th F.A.
+  MUSSELMAN, N.B., Arkansas City. R.M.A.
+  O'REILLY, H.C., Strong City. 164th Depot Br.
+  ORTMEYER, H.A., Wichita. 326th M.G. Bn.
+  PHAREN, W.A., Wichita. 360th Inf.
+  SNYDER, HARRY E., Council Grove. Med. Det.
+  SPARKS, KEITH L., Greensburg. Med. Dep.
+  STANFORD, F.C., Independence. A.S.S.C.
+  WALKER, H. Jos., La Crosse. 418th Eng.
+  WEED, M.S., Lawrence. 137th Inf.
+  WILLIAMS, JNO. W., Ottawa. Air Serv.
+  WOODS, JAS. A., Arkansas City. 101st Fld. Sig. B.
+  WOODSIDE, L.N., Council Grove. 13th Cav.
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+  BEARD, B.F., Hardensburg. 138th F.A.
+  BELL, ULRIC J., Louisville. Inf.
+  BERNHEIM, FR. D., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  BRONAUGH, ROBT. L., Nicholasville. 164th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., Lebanon. U.S.N.R.F.
+  EWALL, GEO. R., Louisville. 159th D.B.
+  FISCHER, A.T., Louisville. A.S.R.C.
+  FRASER, V.C., Wickliffe. 6th Inf.
+  GORDON, M.K., Madisonville. I.G.D.
+  HALL, HERMAN H., Viper. 327th F.A.
+  HILL, J. MURRAY, Bowling Green. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JUETT, J.G., Wickliffe. 18th Inf.
+  MARRINER, E.H., Dayton. 131st Inf.
+  MOORMAN, H.D., Hardinsburg. 10th F.A.
+  MUIR, EDMUND A., Nicholsville. 22d Ret. Co. G.S.
+  RINGGOLD, J.H., JR., Russellville. Air Sq. 260.
+  SACHS, D.A., JR., Louisville. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SLACK, R.H., Owensboro. 1st O.T.S.
+  SOSNIN, M.L., Louisville. Base Hosp. Camp Crane, Luxemberg, Fr.
+  SOYARS, WM. O., Hopkinsville. U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, PHIL. H., Paducah. M.R.C.
+  WHEELER, JAS. G., Paducah. 159th D.B.
+  YOUNG, JNO. S., Glasgow. Med. Corps.
+
+
+LOUISIANA
+
+  BEARD, L.P., New Orleans. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BLANCAND, GUS, New Orleans. Co. 10.
+  COON, WM. A., New Orleans. 73d F.A.
+  DAVIS, EDW., New Orleans, 1st Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  GINELLA, Louis, New Orleans. M.C.
+  MICHEL, F. RALPH, New Orleans. 46th F.A.
+  MOORE, LEVERING, New Orleans. Q.M.C.
+  OWEN, ALLISON, New Orleans. 141st F.A.
+  PRATT, GEO. H.H., New Orleans. Air Serv.
+  STEM, C.H., New Orleans. 2d Eng.
+  WEINMANN, R.J., New Orleans, 151st F.A.
+
+
+MAINE
+
+  ADAMS, W.P., Portland.  54th Ar. C.A.C.
+  BOYLE, JAS. L., Augusta,  101st San. Tr.
+  GREENE, ROGER A., Lewiston.  101st Trench Mort. Bn.
+  GREENLAW, ALBERT, Eastport.  Hdq. 26th Div.
+  HAINES, ROY C., Ellsworth.  334th Tank Corps.
+  HUMER, FRANK M., Houlton.  103d U.S. Inf.
+  MILLIKEN, CARL E., Augusta.
+  NORTON, W.P., Portland.  72d Art. C.A.C.
+  PRESSON, GEO. MCG., Augusta.  Adj. Gen.
+  ROBINSON, A.L., Portland.  7th A.A. Bn.
+
+
+MARYLAND
+
+  FRENCH, FINDLAY H., Baltimore.  S.O. Camp, Greenleaf, Ga.
+  GOOD, STUART S., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  HUSTER, WM. A., Cumberland.  113th Inf.
+  JOHNSON, WILLARD J., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  KNAPP, RALEIGH T., Baltimore,  110th F.A.
+  RANDALL, A., Baltimore.  110th F.A.
+  SCAFFE, HAROLD, Baltimore.  14th F.A.
+  SOLOMON, ADOLPH C., Baltimore.  U.S.M.C.
+  STEWART, DAVIS G., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+  TIEMAN, GEORGE H., Baltimore.  Air Service.
+  WILMER, WILLIAM B., Baltimore.  Tank Corps.
+  YOUNG, FRANK A., Cumberland,  115th Inf.
+  YOUNG, HARVEY W., Baltimore.  351st F.A.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  BACON, G.G., Jamaica Plains.  316th F.A.
+  BALDWIN, H.L., Malden.
+  BURT, C.E., New Bedford.  121st F.A.
+  CLEARY, JAS. P., Boston.  Personnel Off. Camp Upton.
+  CUTLER, GEO. C., Jr., Boston.  U.S.N.
+  DALTON, EDWARD P., Boston.  A.G.D.
+  DOLAN, W.H., Fitchburg.  26th Div.
+  FOY, F.H., Quincy.  82d Div. Inf.
+  FROTHINGHAM, L.A., N. Easton.  Adj. Gen.
+  GERMAIN, CHAS. F., Wollaston.  234th Eng.
+  GILBODY, GEO. F., Boston.
+  GREEN, DONALD R., Holyoke. 28th F.A.
+  HERBERT, J.P.J., Worcester. 102d F.A.
+  HOWARD, W.J., Whitman. 113th Eng.
+  JACKSON, L.P., Athol. 74th Inf.
+  MADDEN, MARCUS E., 64 N. Beacon St., 71 Art. C.A.C.
+  MANIFF, HARRY, Revere. U.S.N.
+  MARLEY, THOS. J., E. Boston. 104th Inf.
+  MCGRATH, JAS. P., Roslindale. Hdq. 26th Div.
+  MCINNIS, VICTOR A., Roxbury. 301st Inf.
+  MOYNIHAN, NEIL P., Haverhill. C.O.T.S., Camp Lee, Va.
+  NOLAN, DAVID J., Worcester. 52d Inf.
+  O'ROURKE, JNO. J., Lowell, 101st Sup. Tr.
+  PAGE, KENNETH B., Longmeadow. 104th Inf.
+  PEABODY, J.C.R., Boston. Asst. to Dept. Insp., N.E. Dept. I.G. 5th Div.
+    A.E.F.
+  PRYOR, J.H., West Newton  372d Inf.
+  ROSENFELD, JAY C., Pittsfield. 359th Inf.
+  SAFFORD, RALPH K., Springfield. 104th Inf.
+  SCOTT, H.J., Roxbury. 26th Div.
+  SHINNICK, WM. T., Brockton. 55th Reg. C.A.C.
+  SPILLANE, LEO A., Chelsea. Hdq. N.E. Dept.
+  STEWART, H.J., Camp Devens. 36th Mis. Inf.
+  STRANDQUIST, H.W., Newton. 102d M.G. Bn.
+  THOMAS, H.C., Allston. 101st Eng.
+  WHEELOCK, H.H., Fitchburg. 101st Sup. Tr.
+  WILLIAMS, HARRY R., Boston. 101st Am. Tr.
+
+
+MICHIGAN
+
+  ALGER, FREDERICK M., Detroit. 310th Amun. Tr.
+  ALLEN, CARLOS R., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  BALDWIN, PAUL R., Manistique. Air Service.
+  BELLOWS, BENJ. B., Highland Park. Ordnance.
+  BERSEY, JOHN S., Lansing. Adjt. Gen., Michigan.
+  BOWDEN, ISAAC, Port Huron. Base Hosp. No. 73.
+  BRINK, HOWARD C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  BURGESS, FRANK, Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  CHRISTIE, J.T.C., U.S.A. Gen. Hop., No. 36, Detroit. Q.M.C.
+  CONWAY, BERTRAM, 33 Cardoma St., Detroit. 367th Inf.
+  DOYLE, A.G., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  ENGLISH, RAND P., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  EVANS, LYNN B., University Club, Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  FEHRENBOCHER, CHRISS, 271 Harrison St., Gary, Ind. 10th Inf.
+  GILDERSLEEVE, HOWARD, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GILLEO, AVERY C., Grand Rapids. 126th Inf.
+  GUELFF, JOHN J., Marquette. 328th F.A.
+  HALL, WILLIAM D., Kalamazoo. 126th Inf.
+  HANSEN, MYRON J., Laurium. S.A.T.C.
+  HARRIS, H.H., Detroit. A.S.S.C. Aviation Training.
+  HENRY, D.D., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  HULLFISH, HENRY G., Washington, D.C. Medical Dept.
+  KELLEY, CHARLES D., West Detroit. 32d Div.
+  KESL, G.M., Port Huron. M.D.
+  KILMER, EDWARD H., Grand Rapids. 10th Inf.
+  KING, WILLIAM, Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  LARSON, WERNER R., Ironwood. Sanitary Squad No. 58.
+  LAWSON, OTTO EMIL C.Y., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  LOCKHART, ARTHUR, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MAINES, GEORGE H., Battle Creek. 338th Inf.
+  MCKEE, MARK T., Mt. Clemens. Chemical Warfare.
+  MCMAHAN, F.V., 322 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  MOERISCH, E.L., Escanaba. U.S.N.
+  NICKEL, P.W., Grand Rapids. U.S.N.R.F.
+  NORTON, ALBERT H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  O'BRIEN, THOMAS, Grand Rapids. U.S.N.
+  O'DELL, H.A., Detroit. Hdg. Chief Engr.
+  QUASIGROCH, LEE J., Highland Park, Ill., Camp Custer.
+  SMITH, GEORGE L., Detroit. 4th Tex. Inf.
+  TABOR, LYLE D., Detroit. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TARPESTRA, GEORGE, Grand Rapids. 154th Aero Squad.
+  TAYLOR, W.J., Port Huron. Hdq. Det. 14th Div.
+  TOBIN, FRANK J., Jackson. 126th Inf.
+  VELDMAR, EDWIN, Grand Rapids. 26th Inf.
+  WEIR, ORVILLE H., Detroit. 125th Inf.
+  WILKIN, H.H., Detroit. U.S.N.
+  YOUNG, JAY P., 706 Easterly Ave., 125th Inf.
+
+
+MINNESOTA
+
+  AHERN, JNO. J., St. Paul.  88th Inf.
+  ANDERSON, S.E., Ruthton.  351st Inf.
+  BALDWIN, C.H., Redwood Falls.  87th Inf.
+  CALDWELL, JNO. C., Albert Lea.  127th F.A.
+  CHAPIN, GEO. S., St. Paul.  167th Inf.
+  CLARK, GORDON M., Duluth.  125th F.A.
+  CLIPPER, GEO. A., St. Paul.  Q.M.C.
+  COOK, PAUL B., Lowrny Blg., St. Paul.  Med. Corp.
+  EATON, M.E., Minneapolis.  309th Fld. Sig. Bn.
+  FOWLER, F.J., St. Paul.  Camp McArthur.
+  FULLER, HARRISON, St. Paul.  163d F.A.
+  HALL, LEVI M., Minneapolis. 124th F.A.
+  HENDERSON, R.L., Minneapolis. C.A.
+  KING, S.W., Austin. Motor Mechanic.
+  LEWIS, H.B., Minneapolis. Dunwoody Tr. Det.
+  LOWTHER, GEO., Minneapolis. Sig. Corp.
+  MACMICHAEL, P.R., 119 N. 4th St., Minneapolis. I.C.O.T.S.
+  MAGNUSSON, C.W., Hibbing. 85th F.A.
+  MCCARTHY, E.D., St. Paul. 313th Eng.
+  NELSON, A.M., Fairmont. 68th Inf. Br.
+  NELSON, Roy, Minneapolis. M.G.S.
+  NOLAN, M.C., Grand Meadow. Q.M.C.
+  PAGE, RALPH W., Minneapolis. 303d Cav.
+  PARKS, JNO. J., St. Paul. 101 Aero Squad.
+  PARTRIDGE, C.A., Owatonna. 332d M.G. Bn.
+  ROBERTS, LOREN B., Little Falls. 187 Aero Sq., A.E.F.
+  ROGERS, M.J., St. Paul. 74th Eng.
+  SCHAUB, H.W., St. Paul. 65th Pioneer Inf.
+  SMITH, S.S., Worthington. 164th D. Brig.
+  STROMGREN, E., Center City. Motor Amb. Sup. Dep. Louisville.
+  STURTZ, WM. P., Albert Lea. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TOMELTY, JAS. C., Little Falls. 337th F.A.
+  USTRUCK, W.J., Montevideo. 346th Inf.
+  VANCMA, GEO., Lakefield. 151st Aero Sq.
+  VARNER, C.L., St. Cloud. Naval Aviation.
+  VEIT, CON., 3733 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. 70th Inf.
+  WARNER, LEE F., St. Paul. Chem. Warfare.
+  WILLIAMS, W.A., 621 Byron St., Mankato. 2d Eng.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI
+
+  ADAMS, WM. T., JR., Corinth, 115th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, JNO. M., Jackson. San. Corp.
+  BURNETT, ROBT., Vicksburg. 334th M.G. Bn.
+  CHAMBERS, PAUL, Jackson. U.S.N.R.F.
+  CLARK, ARTHUR B., Indianola. 79th Div.
+  DALBEY, CHAS. R., Jackson, 115th Inf.
+  DUNN, ARTHUR JNO., Vicksburg. 162d Inf.
+  FITZHUGH, ALEX., 1403 Baum St., Vicksburg. Comp Q.M., Camp Hancock, Ga.
+  FLEMING, JAS. S., JR., Natchez. 52d Ammun. Tr.
+  HOSKINS, GEO. C., Brookhaven. 162d Inf.
+  SULLENS, FREDERICK, Jackson. Mil. Intell. Div. Gen. Staff.
+  WHITING, JNO. S., JR., Farrell. 24th Co. C.O.T.S.
+
+
+MISSOURI
+
+  ALBERT, WILFRED G., St. Louis. 57th F.A.
+  ALEXANDER, F., St. Louis. 49th Inf.
+  ALLEN, C.P., Trenton. Field Ord.
+  BARCO, A.U., St. Louis. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BENNETT, J.M., Neosho. S.M.A.
+  BERNARD, J.A., St. Louis. 45th U.S. Inf. Medical Corps.
+  BRADBURY, H.C., Jefferson City. U.S.M.C.
+  BRUGGERE, W.H., St. Louis. 342d F.A.
+  CAMBELL, C.W., Sedalia. 314th Eng.
+  CARTER, A., Meadville. 18th Inf.
+  CLARK, BENNETT, Bowling Green. 88th Div.
+  CLARKE, HARVEY C., Jefferson City. 35th Div.
+  CRONKITE, D.W., St. Joseph. Naval Aviation.
+  DALLMEYER, PHIL. A., Jefferson City. I.C.O.T.S.
+  DALY, RICHARD L., St. Louis. 12th F.A.
+  DICKSON, J.T., Warrensburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DIMMITT, C.P., St. Louis. Hosp. Guard.
+  EGGER, E.R., St. Louis. 6th Reg. F.A.R.D.
+  FIELD, ANDREW, Macon. 160th D.B.
+  FOSTER, DICK B., Kansas City. 10th Div.
+  FULLERTON, ROB., Louis, 111. 5th Mo. Inf.
+  GARRETT, RUBY D., Kansas City. Signal Corps.
+  GOOD, H.G., Carthage. 116th Engrs.
+  GRAY, L.H., Carthage. 6th M.G.B. Marines.
+  GREEN, FREDK. WM., St. Louis. 12th Engrs.
+  GRIMSLEY, CLYDE I., Salina. 16th Inf.
+  HAGNER, A.R., Hagerstown. Casual Air Serv.
+  HAW, U.P., Benton. 90th Inf.
+  HOLCOMB, H.W., Moberly. Q.M.C.S.C.
+  HUBBARD, DOUGLAS, G., Versailles. 346th Inf.
+  HUSTON, G.C., Troy. U.S.N.
+  HYDE, L.M., Princeton. 338th Inf.
+  JOHNSTON, GALE, Mexico. U.S.N.R.F.
+  JOHNSTON, W.O., St. Louis. Bat. No. 60 Arty. C.A.C.
+  KEALY, PHILIP J., Kansas City. 138th Inf.
+  KLEMM, K.D., Kansas City. 106th F.A.
+  KRECHEL, HENRY, Floissant. 128th F.A.
+  LAFAYETTE, D. LYTLE, St. Louis. 332d Inf.
+  LAYTON, CHAS. O., St. Louis. Naval Veteran Assn.
+  LEACH, MERTON H., Jefferson Barracks. Q.M.C.
+  LONERGAN, WM. J., St. Louis. 138th Inf.
+  LOZIER, LUE C., Carrollton. 164th D.B.
+  MCKINLEY, C.A., Clinton. 60th Pioneer Inf.
+  MONOVILL, HAROLD P., St. Louis. Naval Overseas Trans. Serv.
+  MONTGOMERY, P.S., St. Louis. 312th Inf.
+  NEE, DAN M., Springfield. O.T.S.
+  NEVILLE, J.H., Springfield. 41st Arty.
+  RAUPP, WILLIAM, Pierce City. 2d Pioneer Inf.
+  RAZOOSKY, JULIUS, St. Louis. Aero. Phot.
+  ROBINETTE, P.J., Hartville. U.S.M.C.
+  ROGERS, GEORGE, Missouri Ath. Assn. A.S. 133d Det.
+  ROSEMANN, HENRY, St. Louis. Tank Corps.
+  ROYAL, THOMAS V., St. Louis.
+  SCHIELDS, GEO., St. Louis. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  TUCKER, PAUL, Lamar. 112th Inf.
+  WANCHTES, GEO., St. Louis.
+  WATKINS, CHARLES, St. Louis. Fort Sheridan.
+  WHELESS, JOSEPH, St. Louis. Judge Adv.
+  WHITE, J.M., St. Louis. Eng.
+  WOODS, JOE, St. Louis. 354th Inf.
+  YOUNT, M.P., Ironton. 3d O.T.L.
+
+
+MONTANA
+
+  ALMON, WORTH C., Helena. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BARNETT, BEN W., Helena. 163d D.B.
+  BARRY, ARTHUR N., Billings. A.S. Dept.
+  BLOMQUIST, H.L., Great Falls.
+  MCCALLUM, D.S., Helena. 163d Inf.
+  PEW, CHAS. E., Helena. 44th Inf.
+  SHERIDAN, CHAS. L., Bozeman. 49th Inf.
+
+
+NEBRASKA
+
+  COAD, RALPH G., Omaha. A.S.M.A.
+  FISCHER, FRANK P., Scotts Bluff. 164th D.B.
+  FITZSIMMONS, L.L., Fremont. M.O.T.C.
+  GILLIGAN, GEO W., Lincoln. 41st Inf.
+  GOODRICH, E.S., Fairbury. 305th Tank Corps.
+  HOLDEMAN, GEO. H., York. 125th F.A.
+  HOWARD, BERT, Tecumseh. U.S.N.
+  KEARNEY, ORLANDO H., Morrill. 13th Inf.
+  MCDERMOTT, ED. P., Kearney. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  MCGUIRE, L.J., Omaha. 3d Inf.
+  MADDEN, RAY J., Omaha, U.S.N.
+  MAHER, JOHN G., Lincoln. Chief Disb. Officer, Paris.
+  MERSINGER, LEON, Plattsmouth. 222d Field Signal Bn.
+  RADEMACHER, R.A., York. Unassigned.
+  RITCHIE, WM., JR., Omaha. 69th Inf.
+  ROBERTSON, HUGH C., Omaha. 356 San. Det.
+  STIRCH, J.A., Lincoln, 350th Inf.
+  STRYKER, HIRD, Omaha. 338th F.A.
+  STUART, A.L., Fremont. 428 Eng., 109 Eng.
+  TUKEY, ALLAN A., Omaha. 26th Inf.
+  VANNESS, CLARENCE, Stanton. A.S.S.C.
+  WEBB, ROBERT J., Omaha. 164th Depot Brig.
+
+
+NEVADA
+
+  MALSBARY, E.L., Reno. 218th Eng.
+  SALTER, J.D., Winnemucca. 2d Co., 3d Bn. I.C.O.T.S.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  ABBOTT, F.J., Manchester. 103d F.A.
+  DESCHEMS, HOMAR J., East Jaffey. Motor Supply Train.
+  FISKE, GEORGE V., Manchester. 75th Div. San. Tr.
+  HEUREUX, L'HERVE, Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  HOGAN, WALTER J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  KNOX, FRANK, Manchester. 303d Amm. Tr.
+  MAHER, CHARLES F., 612 Main St., Laconia.
+  MAHONEY, MATTHEW J., Manchester. 103d Inf.
+  MURPHY, WM., 49 Alfred St., 103d Inf.
+  SANTOR, JOHN, Manchester. 104th F.H.
+  SULLIVAN, WM. E., Nashua, 102d Inf.
+  TRUFANT, ARTHUR, Hudson. 103d Inf.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY
+
+  BESSON, HARLAN, Hoboken. 5th A.C.
+  BRADY, CHARLES S., Weehawken. 322d Sanitary Train.
+  BROMLEY, HERBERT L., 127 Clinton Ave., Clifton. Camp Hdq., Camp Dix.
+  CANGEMI, ANGELO, Newark. U.S. Nitrate Plant, No. 1.
+  DEBEVOISE, PAUL, Elizabeth. 312th Inf.
+  EGGERS, ALAN L., Summit. 107th Inf.
+  EHRHARDT, PHILIP, Jersey City, 111th M.G. Bn.
+  MCGRATH, EDWARD A., Elizabeth. U.S.N.
+  MULLIK, D.B., Leonia. Eng. M.P.
+  PANCOAST, JOHN M., Hancock's Bridge. U.S.N.R.F.
+  RITTER, RALPH F., Rahway. Staff, Ft. Hancock.
+  SCHENCK, R.P., Jersey City. Q.M.C.
+  STRATTON, GERVAS, Vineland. U.S.N.R.F.
+  TISCHBECK, JOHN D., Newark. 112th H.F.A.
+  TOBIN, ED. A., 27 Broadway, Camden. U.S.N.
+  WEED, NEWELL P., 65 Union, Montclair. 344th Ban. Tank Corps.
+  WESCOAT, ABSALOM S., Atlantic City. M.C.
+
+
+NEW MEXICO
+
+  BACA, HERMAN G., Belen. U.S.N.
+  BACA, JESUS M., Santa Fe. 115th Pv. Hq.
+  BLEVINS, DONALD L., Las Vegas. 82d F.A.
+  CUTTING, B.M., Santa Fe. Mil. Attache, London.
+  DILLARD, H. WYATT, Roswell. 358th Inf.
+  DOLDWELL, C.S., Albuquerque. Inf. (?)
+  FLAMM, ROY H., Alamogorda. 18th Eng. R.T.C. French Army.
+  HUMPHREYS, FRED, B., Dayton. U.S.N.
+
+
+NEW YORK
+
+  ALLEN, FREEMAN C., Rochester. Q.M.C.
+  BALDWIN, FREDERIC W., Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  BALL, GROSVENOR LOWREY, Lawrence. 306th Inf.
+  BARNHILL, GEORGE B., New York. 820th Aero Squad.
+  BARRETT, WALTER N., Saratoga Springs. U.S.M.C.
+  BARUCK, S.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BEERS, W.H., New York. 601st Eng.
+  BERRY, CHARLES W., Brooklyn. 106th Inf.
+  BLACK, JOHN, Brooklyn. Stars and Stripes Gen. Staff.
+  BODAMER, HAROLD L., Buffalo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BOECKEL, FRED. W., Buffalo. 106th F.A.
+  BOOTH, ROBERT C., Plattsburg. 303d Inf.
+  BOYCE, A.L., New York. Q.M.C.
+  BRADLEY, GOODYEAR, Buffalo. 106th Regt.
+  BUNN, EARLE D., Newburgh. Train, and Unassign. Duty.
+  BURRILL, Louis D., Syracuse. U.S.N.R.F.
+  BUTLER, WILLIAM E., Brooklyn. Ambulance Service.
+  CHURCH, ELIHU C., New York. 117th Eng.
+  COMPTON, GEO. B., New York. 153d Depot Bri. F.A.
+  CONWAY, THOMAS J., Ithaca. U.S. Marines.
+  COOKE, JAMES P., New York. 106th Inf.
+  COSBY, ARTHUR P., New York. A.G.O.
+  DAGGETT, GEO. F., Brooklyn. Military Intell. Div.
+  DAVIES, JULIEN L., New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DEAN, CLARK M., New York. 107th Inf.
+  DECLUCQ, FLOYD L., Cortland. 108th Inf.
+  DECOURSEY, FALES, New York. U.S.N.R.F.
+  DERBY, RICHARD, New York. 2d Div.
+  DEYO, HARRISON, Yonkers. S.A.T.C. Columbia Univ.
+  DRAPER, WM. H., New York. Co. 2, N.Y. Reg.
+  DUELL, CHARLES H., New York. U.S.N.
+  ECKERT, J.A., New York. 105th F.A.
+  ENGEL, NICHOLAS, New York. 107th Inf.
+  FINELITE, A.C., New York. Q.M.C.
+  FISH, HAMILTON, JR., New York. 369th Inf.
+  FLOYD, CHAS. H., New York. 107th Inf.
+  FOX, E.E., 58 W. 47th St., New York.
+  FRANK, EUGENE, New York. E.O.T.S.
+  GALLAGHER, F.T.C., Oswego. 108th Inf.
+  GOERKE, JAMES P., Brooklyn. U.S.N.
+  HAYES, WADE H., New York. 27th Div.
+  HEALY, Jos. P., New York. U.S.N.
+  HELWIG, A.L., 517 New York Eng. Corp.
+  HUDSON, DONALD, New York. 27th Aero Squadron.
+  HUNT, CLYDE R., Woodhaven. 7th Bt. Hdqrs.
+  INGRAM, LEE, Gloversville. 105th Inf.
+  JAY, DELANCEY K., Westbury. 307th Inf.
+  JENNINGS, ALLEN D., Brooklyn. U.S.N.R.F.
+  KINCAID, J. LESLIE, Syracuse. 27th Div.
+  KITCHEL, LLOYD, Bronxville. 12th F.A.
+  KNOB, FREDERICK J., New York. U.S.M.C.
+  KRUMM, EDWARD DELOS, Rome. 10th Inf.
+  LYONS, WILLIAM M., Brooklyn. 114th Inf.
+  MCADOO, WILLIAM GIBBS, JR., New York. U.S.N. Air Service.
+  MCALPIN, MILO F., New York. 37th Art.
+  MCILVAINE, TOMPKINS, New York. Intell. Service.
+  MCKLAINE, OSCEALA E., New York. 367th Inf.
+  MARSH, ROBERT M.C., New York. 351st F.A.
+  MELA, HARRY F., New York. 152d Depot Bdg.
+  MILLER, LAWRENCE, New York, 305th F.A.
+  MOSLE, C. FRED., New York. 33d Inf.
+  MULLIN, R. JEROME, Brooklyn. 308th Inf.
+  MUNSKE, CHARLES R., Brooklyn. 102d F.A.
+  NICKERSON, HOFFMAN, New York. Ordnance.
+  OKERLIND, MELIN A., Jamestown. U.S.N.T.S.
+  OSBORNE, FAIRFIELD, New York. 351st F.A.
+  PERRY, FRANCIS W., Brooklyn. 77th Div.
+  PRESS, THOMAS C., Bronx. 105th F.A.
+  PUTNAM, G.P., New York. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RACKOFF, IRWIN IRA, New York. 152d Depot Brigade.
+  REID, D. LINCOLN, New York. 369th Inf.
+  RIDDER, JOSEPH E., New York. M.T.C.
+  RIFFE, JAMES, Elmira. 108th Inf.
+  ROBINSON, Fordham Road and Valentine Ave., New York. General Staff.
+  ROBINSON, FRANCIS H., New York. Q.M.C.
+  ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, New York. 20th Inf.
+  SCHMIDT, W.M., Pleasantville. 7th Inf.
+  SELIGMAN, J.L., New York. 27th Div.
+  SMITH, POWERS C., Watertown. 307th F.A.
+  SMITH, THOMAS R., St. Louis. A.S.D.
+  STONE, LAUE K., New York. 34th Aero Squadron.
+  SWIFT, PARTON, Buffalo, 151st F.A. Bri.
+  TAYLOR, H. IRV., New York. C.A.C.
+  TOWNSON, K.C., Rochester. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  VAN BUREN, J.N., Dunkirk. Aviation.
+  WELLS, JOHN, New York. 105th U.S. Inf.
+  WHEAT, GEO. S., New York. U.S.N.
+  WICKERSHAM, C.W., New York. 27th Div.
+  WISEMAN, MARK H., New York. 7th Regt.
+  WOOD, ERIC P., New York. 83d Div.
+  WRIGHT, W.T., New York. 105th F.A.
+
+
+NORTH DAKOTA
+
+  BAKER, JULIUS R., Fargo.  6th Corps M.P. Co.
+  FRASER, G.A., Bismarck.  Inf. P.M.G.O.
+  GORMAN, ARTHUR, Fargo.  26th Inf.
+  HANLEY, J.M., Mandan.  148th M.G. Bn.
+  MERRY, LYALL B., W. Dickinson.  116th Supply Train.
+  SEMLING, H.V., Bismarck.  116th Tr. Hdqrs.
+  STERN, WILLIAM, Fargo.  Q.M.C.
+  TREACY, ROBT. H., Bismarck.  339th Inf. 160th Depot Brigade.
+  WILLIAMS, J.P., No. Fargo.  3d Eng.
+
+
+OHIO
+
+  BABCOCK, VEARNE C., Elyria. U.S. Naval Aviation.
+  BETTMAN, GILBERT. 1114 Union Trust Bldg., Military Intell. Div.
+  BIMM, HARRY L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  BLACK, ROBERT L., Cincinnati. 37th Div. Military Intell.
+  BRUML, MAURICE W., Cleveland. Air Serv.
+  BUSH, H.M., Briggsdale. 134th F.A.
+  CAMPBELL, L.J., Youngstown. 309th F.A.
+  COBE, RALPH D., Findlay. 145th Inf.
+  CONKLIN, WM. H., Columbus. Q.M.C.
+  FESS, THOMAS L., Yellow Springs. 394th M.G. Bri.
+  FUNM, NORBERT E., Sandusky. 147th Inf.
+  GERLACK, F.C., Wooster. 146th Inf.
+  HALL, JOSEPH L., Cincinnati, 5th Corps Artillery.
+  HARD, DUDLEY J., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  HORRELL, OLNEY W., Dayton. 134th F.A.
+  HUSTON, C.H., Mansfield, 112th Am. Train.
+  KING, E.L., Dayton. Air Service.
+  KLINE, JOHN H., Dayton. 62d F.A.
+  KOONS, JACK F., Cincinnati. 148th Inf.
+  LEA, ANDREW B., Cleveland. 112th Engrs.
+  MACDOUGAL, HARRY O., Akron. Ordn.
+  MCGILL, DON. R., Nelsonville. 308th Tr. M. Btry.
+  MURRAY, CHAS. J., Elyria. 42d Div.
+  NICKLETT, A.P., Toledo. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PERRY, GEORGE W., Youngstown. 1st Army, A.E.F.
+  PHILLIPS, THOMAS A., Dayton. 812th Pio. Inf.
+  PRIDDY, JOHN E., Findlay. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  RAMSEY, ANDREW M., Cincinnati. 26th Div.
+  SEGAL, BEN M., Cleveland. 135th F.A.
+  SONSLEY, HARRY J., Ada. 62d F.A.
+  TURNER, CYRIL B., Columbus. 308th T.M. Btry.
+  WILSON, CHALMERS, R., Columbus, 112th Field Sig. Bn.
+
+
+OKLAHOMA
+
+  ADKINS, E.S., Muskogee. Hdq. 42d Div.
+  BERRY, RALPH H., Tulsa. 173d Inf.
+  BURLING, WM. T., Sapulpa. I.C.O.T.S.
+  BUTTS, R.B., Muskogee. 162d D.B.
+  CHASE, VAL D., Alva. U.S.N.
+  FISCHER, F.W., Oklahoma City. Q.M.C.
+  FOX, PHILIP A., Tulsa. 23d Engrs.
+  GINGERICH, H.A., Okmulgee. 358th Inf.
+  HAUGHERTY, HUGH, Enid. E.J.B.T.S.
+  HAGAN, HORACE H., Tulsa. C.A.C.
+  HOFFMAN, ROY, Oklahoma City. 93d Div.
+  KEENAN, ROB. B., Sapulpa. 308th Aero Squad.
+  MCNALLY, EARL, Okemah. 111th Amm. Train.
+  MEYER, HOWARD W., U.S.S. Bank Bldg., U.S. Slipping Bd.
+  NILES, ALVA J., Tulsa. 7th Div.
+  NORWOOD, FRANK H., Prague. Ft. Riley.
+  SAMS, VERNETT E., Wewoka. 49th Inf.
+  SHEA, THOMAS J., Buffalo, N.Y. 56th F.A.
+  TAYLOR, MAX A., Pryor. 330th Inf.
+  THOMPSON, N.A., 111 E. Latimer St., Tulsa. 57th Inf.
+  TULLY, B.L., 83d F.A.
+  VIUER, WM., Tulsa. S.O.T.S.
+
+
+OREGON
+
+  CRITCHLOW, HARRY, Portland. 363d Arab. Co.
+  EIVERS, EDW. J., Portland. 162d Inf.
+  FOLLETT, WILL. B., Eugene. 69th F.A.
+  GRANT, RODERICK D., Portland. Air Service.
+  LEONARD, BARGE E., Portland. 63d Inf.
+  MAY, JOHN L., North Portland. 162d Inf.
+  MULLEN, C.L., Portland. U.S. Marines.
+  PARGON, JOSEPH A., Portland. M.C.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  AURAND, AMMON M., JR., Beaver Springs. Q.M.C.
+  BEAMAN, JOSEPH W., Towanda. 140th Tank Corps.
+  BECKER, H.M., Pittsburgh. (?)
+  BIDDLE, CHARLES J., Philadelphia. Air Serv.
+  BLANK, HARRY C., Allentown. C.O.T.S.
+  BODIN, F.S., Wellsboro. B.E.F.
+  BUCK, HOWARD, Philadelphia. 96 Aero Sq.
+  BUETTNER, C.A., Johnstown. Amb. Co.
+  COLLINS, J., East Pittsburgh. 371 Inf.
+  DAVIS, SHANLEY, Pottsville. Aviation.
+  DEARLOVE, CHAS., Philadelphia. 109th Inf.
+  DETRICH, A., Philadelphia. School for A.R. & M.O.
+  DIXON, F.E., Elkins Park. 318th F.A.
+  DOBSON, W.F., 284 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre. U.S.N.R.F.
+  D'OLIER, FRANKLIN, Philadelphia. Q.M.C.
+  DUNKLE, RAY, Dry Runn. 4th D.B.
+  DUNN, STEWART, Pittsburgh. 83d F.A.
+  EGLOFF, JOHN, East Pittsburgh. 8th Trench Mort. Bat.
+  FISCHER, ANDREW, Johnstown. 7th Eng.
+  FLOOD, FRANK, Pittsburgh. Chem. War. Service.
+  FORESTER, I.G.. Philadelphia. 46th Inf.
+  FOSTER, DAVID, Carnegie, 305th Field Sig. Bn.
+  GEARY, JOHN W., Philadelphia. M.I.D.
+  GENTZEL, PAUL, Bellefonte. 314th Inf.
+  GREER, JOHN, New York City. Nat. Cath. War Council.
+  HAUTH, M.L., Meadville. 29th Eng.
+  HECHT, CARL C., c/o West Branch Knitting Co., U.S.M.C.
+  HERBINE, A.P., Berwick. 314th Inf.
+  HILL, FREDERICK, Pittsburgh, 90th Inf.
+  HOEGER, ADELBERT, 1508 Sheffield St., Pittsburgh. 209th Eng.
+  HOOPES, E.S., East End Ave., Beaver. Casual Air Service.
+  HOSACK, GEORGE, 1415 Park Blg., Pittsburgh, 111th Inf.
+  HOUCK, BYRON, Williamsport. 1st Reg. M.T.S.
+  HUDOE, M.J., Uniontown. 306th Tank Corp.
+  HULINGS, NORMAN, Oil City. 22d Aero Sq.
+  HUNSICKER, STANLEY, Collegeville. Q.M.C.
+  IVONY, LEO, East Pittsburgh. I.C.O.T.S.
+  JOHNS, ALEXANDER, Monessen. 2d Eng. Tran. Regiment.
+  JOHNSON, J.E., West Chester. 301st Tank Train.
+  JOHNSON, MILLER A., Lewisburg. 162d Inf.
+  JONES, WARREL, Clearfield. 38th Inf.
+  KATZ, EDWARD, Honesdale. M.T.C.
+  KELLER, OLIVER, Lancaster. Air Service.
+  KNOX, ANDREW, Philadelphia. Med. Corps.
+  KRESALES, KENNETH, Easton. U.S.A.A.S.
+  KRUMBHAAR, EDWARD, Chestnut Hill. Base Hos. No. 10.
+  LAMOND, JAMES, Philadelphia. Avia. A.S.A.
+  LAUGHLIN, ALEX., JR., Sewickley. 88th Div.
+  MCCALL, JOSEPH, Merion. 311th. F.A.
+  MCRAE, A.K., Pittsburgh. M.T.C.T.S.
+  METZ, BENJ., Pittsburgh. 124th Eng.
+  MORGANROTH, C.K., Shamokin. 312th Inf.
+  MUENCH, WILLIAM, JR., Philadelphia. 606th Eng.
+  NEWCOMER, ROBERT, Pittsburgh. 76th Div.
+  NOFER, GEO., 621 Belgrade St. 3d Div. Hdq.
+  O'DONNEL, JAMES, Philadelphia. 315th Inf.
+  PEARSON, ALFRED, JR., Somerset. 6th E.T.R.
+  PENNEL, EDRED J., Norristown. 304th Ammun. Tr.
+  PENNY, JOS. M., Philadelphia. U.S.N.
+  PHELPS, L.M., Erie. 112th Inf.
+  PUTLK, LAWHEND, Clearfield. Base Hosp. No. 4.
+  REASA, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  REHR, THOMAS, Pottsville. 103d Eng. Co. C.
+  REIFSENDER, RUSSELL, Pottstown. 182d Aero Sq.
+  RICK, GEO., Reading. 302 Guard and Fire Co.
+  RIGBY, HOWARD, Pittsburgh. O.T.C.
+  SAMSEL, HUGH, Stroudsburg. U.S.N.
+  SAXE, MICHAEL, Philadelphia. 54th Inf.
+  SEMBOWER, GUY, Reading, 114th Ord. Co.
+  SHOEFFER, CLINTON, Pottsville. 103d Eng.
+  SIMONSON, E.G., Philadelphia. 490 Aero Sq.
+  SINGER, ROBERT, Stroudsburg. 109th Inf.
+  SMYTH, WILLIAM, Philadelphia. Engrs. Adj. Gen. Dept.
+  SPANGEL, LYELL, Williamsport. U.S.N.
+  STEVENSON, RICHARD, Chester. Handley Page Training Dept.
+  TYLER, GEORGE, Philadelphia, 311th F.A.
+  WALSH, JOSEPH, Pittsburgh. 4th Eng.
+  WEAR, BYRON, Hazleton. 146th Inf.
+
+
+PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
+
+  LANDON, ROBERT R., Manila. 111th Corps and 2d Army.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND
+
+  ANGELL, CARL H., Providence. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  CANTWELL, PERCEY, Providence. 351st P.A.
+  ELEONISKEY, JAMES, Main Crompton. Sig. Corps.
+  JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER, Providence. C.A.C.
+  MCKANNAH, F., River Pt. Medical Corps.
+  SAN SONEITR, JOS., 4 Claremont Ave., 103d F.A.
+  SHARKEY, WALTER, Woonsocket. 151st D.B.
+  SHUNNEY, WM. P., Woonsocket. 103d P.A.
+  STURGES, RUSH, Providence. Ord.
+  THURBER, FRED B., c/o Tilden Thurber Co. U.S.N.
+  WEEDER, R.B., Providence. 103d F.A.
+
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  FULTON, ROBERT, Florence. 105th Supply Tr.
+  LACHICOTTE, N.S., Florence. U.S.N.R.F.
+  REED, CHARLES, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  SMYSER, JOHN, Florence. Med. Corps.
+
+
+SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+  BUELL, WILLIAM, Rapid City. 335th Inf.
+  DENNISON, JOHN, Vermillion. C.M.G.O.T.S.
+  DOUD, F.R., Mobridge. 13th Eng.
+  JOHNSON, T.R., Sioux Falls. 102d F.A.
+  MALONEY, PAUL, Aberdeen. 163d F.A.
+  PFEIFFER, JOSEPH, Rapid City. Ord.
+
+
+TENNESSEE
+
+  ANDERSON, GLENN, Nashville. C.A.C.
+  BERRY, HARRY, Hendersonville. 115th F.A.
+  BOLLING, W.E., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BOWMAN, CHAS., Nashville. 2d Div.
+  BROWN, BARTON, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  BUCKNER, ED., Thompson's Station. 114th F.A.
+  BUFORD, NED, Nashville. Air Ser.
+  CASON, WM., Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  CORSON, HERBERT, Nashville. U.S.N.
+  GLEASON, JAMES, Knoxville. 114th F.A.
+  GRIFFEN, EUGENE, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  HAGER, RICHARD, Nashville, 115th F.A.
+  HANDLER, WALTER C., Memphis. 55th P.A. Brig.
+  HAYES, JOHN, Memphis. 114th F.A.
+  KLEINE, KENNETH E., Memphis. Unassigned.
+  LASON, WILLIAM, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  LEA, LUKE, Nashville. 114th F.A.
+  MERNT, HENRY, Jacksonville, 115th F.A.
+  MILLIGAN, G.C., Chattanooga. 156th Dept. Brig.
+  MILLIKEN, Chattanooga. 81st Div.
+  NAIVE, W.W., Clarkville. U.S.N.
+  OXE, HOWARD, Nashville, 114th F.A.
+  PALMER, ED., Nashville. 117th F.A.
+  ROBERTSON, JOHN, Lebanon, 115th F.A.
+  SHADOW, W.A., Winchester. Air Ser.
+  SPENCE, CAREY, Knoxville. 117th Inf.
+  WARNING, ROME, Memphis. 33d Div.
+  WATSON, LAWRENCE, Columbia. 114th F.A.
+  WINFRY, DOUGLAS, Memphis.
+
+
+TEXAS
+
+  ALLEN, ARCH C., Dallas. 132d F.A.
+  BACON, BENJAMIN, Wichita Falls. 360th Inf.
+  BEAGLEY, JOHN, La Porte. Inf.
+  BEAVENS, C., Houston. 357th Inf.
+  BIRKHEAD, CLAUDE, San Antonio, 131st F.A.
+  BOON, S.P., Brady, 111th Sup. Train.
+  BRADLEY, ROLLAND, Houston. 132d F.A.
+  CARREL, ALFRED, Austin. Air Ser.
+  COHN, E.M., Dallas. U.S.M.C.
+  FOY, HUGH, Dallas. Army Tran. Service.
+  GAINES, J.P., Bay City. 26th Inf.
+  GRUBBS, ROSCOE, Paris, 5th M.G. Bn.
+  HOOVER, JOHN, Houston. 143d Inf.
+  JACKSON, W.E., Hillboro. 141st Inf.
+  JOHNSON, W.W., Galveston. U.S.N.
+  KING, JOHN L., Ft. Worth, 111th Am. Train.
+  LANGDON, RUSSELL, Houston. U.S.N.
+  LINDSLEY, HENRY, Dallas. Gen. Staff.
+  NICHOLSON, LE ROY, Ballinger. U.S.N.
+  SMITH, C., Galveston. Inf.
+  TIPS, CHAS., Three Rivers, 90th Div. Inf.
+  VAMESON, ROU A., Marlin. 143d Inf.
+  YOUNG, JOHN, Austin. C.A.C.
+
+
+UTAH
+
+  DOUGLAS, ROYAL, Ogden. 81st Inf.
+  JURGENSEN, FRED, Salt Lake City. Gen.
+  KUNDSON, J.C., Brigham City. 326th Inf.
+  MCCARTY, RAY, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.
+  MEEHAN, LEO, Salt Lake City. U.S.N.F.C.
+  PARSONS, C., Salt Lake City. Sant. Corps.
+  RHIVERS, DONALD, Ogden. 18th Eng.
+  ROBERTSON, BALDWIN, Salt Lake City. 362d Inf.
+  SEELY, L.J., Mt. Pleasant. 814th Aero Sq.
+  SMOOT, H.R., Salt Lake City. P.S.&T.
+  WOOLEY, JAS., Salt Lake City. U.S.M.C.
+
+
+VERMONT
+
+  FOUNTAIN, JOSEPH HARRY, Burlington. 101st Am. Tr.
+  NASON, LEONARD, Norwich University. 76th F.A.
+  VARNUM, GUY, Barre. Ordnance.
+
+
+VIRGINIA
+
+  COCKE, FRANCIS, Roanoke. 217th Aero Sq.
+  ISAID, JAMES, Roanoke. 117th T.H. & M.P.
+  NEI, D.D., Norfolk. U.S.N.R.F.
+  PALLARD, C., Richmond. 30th Eng.
+  POOL, GEORGE, Norfolk, 111th F.A.
+  STUART, WM. A., Big Stone Gap. 44th Art. Brig.
+  THOMPSON, JOHN, Petersburg. 248th Aero Sq.
+  TROTTER, WM., Petersburg. U.S.N.R.F.
+  WALLACE, R.R., Hampton. 11th F.A.
+  WICKER, JOHN, Richmond. 499th Aero Sq.
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+
+  FEIN, FRED, 1131 Pleasant St. U.S.N.R.F.
+  GORDON, R.S., Spokane. 54th F.A.
+  JOHNSON, ALBERT, Aberdeen. M.S.
+  MCDONALD, C.B. Camp Lewis, Signal Corps.
+  MOSS, HARVEY, Seattle. I.G.D.
+  REDINGER, FRED, Aberdeen. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SAPP, C.S., Seattle. Ord.
+  SHAW, FREDERICK, Tacoma. C.A.C.
+  SIMENTON, RUSS, Seattle. U.S.N.R.F.
+  SULLIVAN, JOHN, Seattle. M.I.B.
+  THOMPSON, L.L., Olympia. U.S.N.R.F.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  ALDERSON, FLEMING, Charleston. A.G.O.
+  ARNOLD, JACKSON, Weston. 150th Inf.
+  BOND, JOHN, 317 Michigan Ave. Gen. Staff 38th Div.
+  CROCKETT, JOSEPH, Welch. 315th F.A.
+  DAVIS, RICHARD, Morgantown. A.S.A.
+  FERGUSON, G.E., Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  GODFREY, M.V., Charleston. Med. Corps.
+  JACKSON, JOSEPH, Charleston. 365th Inf.
+  JONES, CLARENCE, Hinton. 8th Inf.
+  MCCAMIC, CHARLES, Wheeling. Ordn.
+  REASS, JOS. H., Wheeling. Q.M.C.
+  SHAW, HOUSTON GEO., Wheeling. R.I.C.
+  SIMMONS, W.J., Hinton. 40th Inf.
+  SOLINS, SAMUEL, Welch. M.C.
+
+
+WISCONSIN
+
+  ACKLEY, JAMES, 417 Marston Ave., 168th Inf.
+  BELLIS, NEWMAN, Wausau. 18th Inf.
+  CHYBOWSKI, M.A., Milwaukee. M.O.T.C.
+  CLARKE, ROBERT H., La Crosse. Development Bn.
+  CLOW, WM. K., Milwaukee. U.S.N.
+  CROSBY, H.S., Rhinelander.
+  CUNNINGHAM, ROB., Janesville. Chemical Warfare.
+  DAVIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Train. Cp.
+  DIETERIEN, W.H., Milwaukee. 120th F.A.
+  DUTSCHER, GEO., Milwaukee. F.A.C.O.T.S.
+  FERRIS, JOHN, Milwaukee. Gen. Staff.
+  FOSTER, CARLTON, Oshkosh. 20th Eng.
+  LACHENMAIER, FRED, 312 Caswel Blk., 100th Div.
+  LEE, WILBUR, Oconto. 127th Inf.
+  LYSTUD, ANDY, N. Hudson. 330th Mach. Gun.
+  MERKEL, GEO., Appleton. 127th Inf.
+  OWENS, ELMER, Milwaukee, 121st F.A.
+  PFEIL, JAMES, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  PRANGE, HERBERT, Baraboo. 128th Inf.
+  SALSMAN, JOHN, Madison. 32d Div.
+  SMITH, B.L., Neenah. 18th Inf.
+  STRAMPE, GEORGE, Janesville.
+  SZULTEK, JOHN, Milwaukee. 121st F.A.
+  WITTERSTAFFER, WALTER, Milwaukee. 340th Inf.
+  WOODWORTH, LEIGH, Janesville.
+
+
+WYOMING
+
+  DINNEEN, M.A., Cheyenne. 116th Amm. Tr.
+  GREGG, BEN, Worland. 49th Reg.
+  JUNE, C.M., Cheyenne. 13th Div.
+  MCCARTHY, D.C.M. Casper. U.S.N.
+  MILLER, L.A., Cheyenne. U.S.M.C.
+  POWERS, RALPH, Tarrington. 40th Inf.
+  SHORTELL, WILLIAM, Buffalo. 116th Am. Tr.
+  SWENSON, NELSY, Douglas, 1st Inf.
+
+
+WORLD'S WAR VETERANS
+
+  C.P. DIMMITT
+  G.H.W. RAUSCHKOLB
+  GEO. E. DAVID
+  JOHN S. SEIBERT
+  THOMAS H. DEMPSEY
+  R.A. THOMPSON
+  F.H. REIN
+  CHARLES S. WATKINS
+
+
+SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' COUNCIL
+
+  S.M. CURTIN
+
+
+AMERICAN ARMY ASSOCIATION
+
+  H.W. HILLYER, 1215 Nat. Bank, Conwell Bldg., St. Louis, Co. B,
+    49 Mo. G.B.
+  LOUIS R. FLORIN
+  T.R. SMITH, 2848 Lyon St., St. Louis, 11th Co. A., S.D., Garden City
+  JOSEPH P. MCGLINN
+  J.A. BERNARD, 706 Pearce Bldg., St. Louis. 45 U.S. Inf.
+  SCOTT W. LUCAS
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of The American Legion
+by George Seay Wheat
+
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