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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14327 ***
+
+Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+      by the transcriber.
+
+      Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14327-h.htm or 14327-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/3/2/14327/14327-h/14327-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/3/2/14327/14327-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+January, 1873
+
+Volume XI, No. 22
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION by EDWARD ROWLAND.
+SEARCHING FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.
+PROBATIONER LEONHARD; OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY
+    by CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.
+    CHAPTER I. OUR HERO.
+    CHAPTER II. IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+    CHAPTER III. HIGH ART.
+THE IRISH CAPITAL by REGINALD WYNFORD.
+THE MAESTRO'S CONFESSION (ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO--1460.)
+    by MARGARET J. PRESTON.
+MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT by CORNELIUS DEWEES.
+A VISIT TO THE KING OF AURORA (FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)
+    by ELIZABETH SILL.
+GRAY EYES by ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.
+REMINISCENCES OF FLORENCE by MARIE HOWLAND.
+THE SOUTHERN PLANTER by WILL WALLACE HARNEY.
+BABES IN THE WOOD by EDGAR FAWCETT.
+MY CHARGE ON THE LIFE-GUARDS by CHARLES L. NORTON.
+PAINTING AND A PAINTER.
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+    WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.
+HIS NAME? by M. J. P.
+UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.
+"WHITE-HAT" DAY by K. H.
+MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK by M. M.
+NOTES.
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+    Forster, John--The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II
+    Gautier, Théophile--Émaux et Camées
+    Alcott, A. Bronson--Concord Days
+    Hanum, Melek--Thirty Years in the Harem
+    Gale, Ethel C.--Hints on Dress
+    Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake Region of Central
+      Africa, showing Dr. Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's
+      Route
+Books Received
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By His Own Might," etc.
+[See Our Monthly Gossip.]
+
+"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.
+
+THE LYMAN VIADUCT.
+
+BLAST-FURNACES.
+
+DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.
+
+ELEVATOR.
+
+THE ENGINE-ROOM.
+
+RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.
+
+CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.
+
+ROTARY SQUEEZER.
+
+BOILING-FURNACE.
+
+THE ROLLS.
+
+COLD SAW.
+
+HOT SAW.
+
+RIVETING A COLUMN.
+
+FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.
+
+VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP
+
+NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.
+
+BRIDGE AT ALBANY.
+
+LA SALLE BRIDGE.
+
+BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.
+
+SACO BRIDGE.
+
+PHOENIX WORKS.
+
+"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN."
+
+"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."
+
+"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."
+
+"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."
+
+"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."
+
+"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA".
+
+"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By
+His Own Might," etc. (See Our Monthly Gossip.)]
+
+
+
+
+IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION.
+
+[Illustration: "ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.]
+
+
+In a graveyard in Watertown, a village near Boston, Massachusetts, there
+is a tombstone commemorating the claims of the departed worthy who lies
+below to the eternal gratitude of posterity. The inscription is dated in
+the early part of this century (about 1810), but the name of him who was
+thus immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my memory,
+while the deed for which he was distinguished, and which was recorded
+upon his tombstone, remains clear. "He built the famous bridge over the
+Charles River in this town," says the record. The Charles River is here
+a small stream, about twenty to thirty feet wide, and the bridge was a
+simple wooden structure.
+
+[Illustration: THE LYMAN VIADUCT.]
+
+Doubtless in its day this structure was considered an engineering feat
+worthy of such posthumous immortality as is gained by an epitaph, and
+afforded such convenience for transportation as was needed by the
+commercial activity of that era. From that time, however, to this, the
+changes which have occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are
+so fully indicated by the changes of our manner and method of
+bridge-building that it will not be a loss of time to investigate the
+present condition of our abilities in this most useful branch of
+engineering skill.
+
+In the usual archaeological classification of eras the Stone Age
+precedes that of Iron, and in the history of bridge-building the same
+sequence has been preserved. Though the knowledge of working iron was
+acquired by many nations at a pre-historic period, yet in quite modern
+times--within this century, even--the invention of new processes and the
+experience gained of new methods have so completely revolutionized this
+branch of industry, and given us such a mastery over this material,
+enabling us to apply it to such new uses, that for the future the real
+Age of Iron will date from the present century.
+
+The knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with stone or
+brick--both of them materials aptly fitted for resistance under
+pressure, but of comparatively no tensile strength--enabled the Romans
+to surpass all nations that had preceded them in the course of history
+in building bridges. The bridge across the Danube, erected by
+Apollodorus, the architect of Trajan's Column, was the largest bridge
+built by the Romans. It was more than three hundred feet in height,
+composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers, and was about
+eight hundred feet in length. It was after a few years destroyed by the
+emperor Adrian, lest it should afford a means of passage to the
+barbarians, and its ruins are still to be seen in Lower Hungary.
+
+With the advent of railroads bridge-building became even a greater
+necessity than it had ever been before, and the use of iron has enabled
+engineers to grapple with and overcome difficulties which only fifty
+years ago would have been considered hopelessly insurmountable. In this
+modern use of iron advantage is taken of its great tensile strength, and
+many iron bridges, over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars
+pass hourly, look as though they were spun from gossamer threads, and
+yet are stronger than any structure of wood or stone would be.
+
+[Illustration: BLAST-FURNACES.]
+
+Another great advantage of an iron bridge over one constructed of wood
+or stone is the greater ease with which it can, in every part of it, be
+constantly observed, and every failing part replaced. Whatever material
+may be used, every edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating
+influence of time and the elements. In every such edifice as a bridge,
+use is a process of constant weakening, which, if not as constantly
+guarded against, must inevitably, in time, lead to its destruction.
+
+[Illustration: DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.]
+
+In a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a stone
+weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the inspection of
+even the most vigilant observer until, when the process has gone far
+enough, the bridge suddenly gives way under a not unusual strain, and
+death and disaster shock the community into a sense of the inherent
+defects of these materials for such structures.
+
+The introduction of the railroad has brought about also another change
+in the bridge-building of modern times, compared with that of all the
+ages which have preceded this nineteenth century. The chief bridges of
+ancient times were built as great public conveniences upon thoroughways
+over which there was a large amount of travel, and consequently were
+near the cities or commercial centres which attracted such travel, and
+were therefore placed where they were seen by great numbers. Now,
+however, the connection between the chief commercial centres is made by
+the railroads, and these penetrate immense distances, through
+comparatively unsettled districts, in order to bring about the needed
+distribution; and in consequence many of the great railroad bridges are
+built in the most unfrequented spots, and are unseen by the numerous
+passengers who traverse them, unconscious that they are thus easily
+passing over specimens of engineering skill which surpass, as objects of
+intelligent interest, many of the sights they may be traveling to see.
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATOR.]
+
+The various processes by which the iron is prepared to be used in
+bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use of this material
+for this purpose, and it will not be amiss to spend a few moments in
+examining them before presenting to our readers illustrations of some of
+the most remarkable structures of this kind. Taking a train by the
+Reading Railroad from Philadelphia, we arrive, in about an hour, at
+Phoenixville, in the Schuylkill Valley, where the Phoenix Iron-and
+Bridge-works are situated. In this establishment we can follow the iron
+from its original condition of ore to a finished bridge, and it is the
+only establishment in this country, and most probably in the world,
+where this can be seen.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINE-ROOM.]
+
+These works were established in 1790. In 1827 they came into the
+possession of the late David Reeves, who by his energy and enterprise
+increased their capacity to meet the growing demands of the time, until
+they reached their present extent, employing constantly over fifteen
+hundred hands.
+
+[Illustration: RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.]
+
+The first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace. Here the ore,
+with coal and a flux of limestone, is piled in and subjected to the heat
+of the fires, driven by a hot blast and kept burning night and day. The
+iron, as it becomes melted, flows to the bottom of the furnace, and is
+drawn off below in a glowing stream. Into the top of the blast-furnaces
+the ore and coal are dumped, having been raised to the top by an
+elevator worked by a blast of air. It is curious to notice how slowly
+the experience was gathered from which has re suited the ability to
+work iron as it is done here. Though even at the first settlement of
+this country the forests of England had been so much thinned by their
+consumption in the form of charcoal in her iron industry as to make a
+demand for timber from this country a flourishing trade for the new
+settlers, yet it was not until 1612 that a patent was granted to Simon
+Sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous coal.
+Another patent for the same invention was granted to John Ravenson the
+next year, and in 1619 another to Lord Dudley; yet the process did not
+come into general use until nearly a hundred years later.
+
+[Illustration: CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.]
+
+The blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines, each of
+three hundred horse-power. The blast used here is, as we have said, a
+hot one, the air being heated by the consumption of the gases evolved
+from the material itself. The gradual steps by which these successive
+modifications were introduced is an evidence of how slowly industrial
+processes have been perfected by the collective experience of
+generations, and shows us how much we of the present day owe to our
+predecessors. From the earliest times, as among the native smiths of
+Africa to-day, the blast of a bellows has been used in working iron to
+increase the heat of the combustion by a more plentiful supply of
+oxygen. The blast-furnace is supposed to have been first used in
+Belgium, and to have been introduced into England in 1558. Next came the
+use of bituminous coal, urged with a blast of cold air. But it was not
+until 1829 that Neilson, an Englishman, conceived the idea of heating
+the air of the blast, and carried it out at the Muirkirk furnaces. In
+that year he obtained a patent for this process, and found that he could
+from the same quantity of fuel make three times as much iron. His patent
+made him very rich: in one single case of infringement he received a
+cheque for damages for one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. In his
+method, however, he used an extra fire for heating the air of his blast.
+In 1837 the idea of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated
+in the process was first practically introduced by M. Faber Dufour at
+Wasseralfingen in the kingdom of Würtemberg.
+
+In this country, charcoal was at first used universally for smelting
+iron, anthracite coal being considered unfit for the purpose. In 1820 an
+unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at Mauch Chunk. In 1833,
+Frederick W. Geisenhainer of Schuylkill obtained a patent for the use of
+the hot blast with anthracite, and in 1835 produced the first iron made
+with this process. In 1841, C.E. Detmold adapted the consumption of the
+gases produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite; and since then
+it has become quite general, and has caused an almost incalculable
+saving to the community in the price of iron.
+
+The view of the engines which pump the blast will give an idea of the
+immense power which the Phoenix company has at command. Twice every day
+the furnace is tapped, and the stream of liquid iron flows out into
+moulds formed in the sand, making the iron into pigs--so called from a
+fancied resemblance to the form of these animals. This makes the first
+process, and in many smelting-establishments this is all that is done,
+the iron in this form being sold and entering into the general
+consumption.
+
+The next process is "boiling," which is a modification of "puddling,"
+and is generally used in the best iron-works in this country. The
+process of puddling was invented by Henry Cort, an Englishman, and
+patented by him in 1783 and 1784 as a new process for "shingling,
+welding and manufacturing iron and steel into bars, plates and rods of
+purer quality and in larger quantity than heretofore, by a more
+effectual application of fire and machinery." For this invention Cort
+has been called "the father of the iron-trade of the British nation,"
+and it is estimated that his invention has, during this century, given
+employment to six millions of persons, and increased the wealth of Great
+Britain by three thousand millions of dollars. In his experiments for
+perfecting his process Mr. Cort spent his fortune, and though it proved
+so valuable, he died poor, having been involved by the government in a
+lawsuit concerning his patent which beggared him. Six years before his
+death, the government, as an acknowledgment of their wrong, granted him
+a yearly pension of a thousand dollars, and at his death this miserly
+recompense was reduced to his widow to six hundred and twenty-five
+dollars.
+
+[Illustration: ROTARY SQUEEZER.]
+
+[Illustration: BOILING-FURNACE.]
+
+When iron is simply melted and run into any mould, its texture is
+granular, and it is so brittle as to be quite unreliable for any use
+requiring much tensile strength. The process of puddling consisted in
+stirring the molten iron run out in a puddle, and had the effect of so
+changing its atomic arrangement as to render the process of rolling it
+more efficacious. The process of boiling is considered an improvement
+upon this. The boiling-furnace is an oven heated to an intense heat by a
+fire urged with a blast. The cast-iron sides are double, and a constant
+circulation of water is kept passing through the chamber thus made, in
+order to preserve the structure from fusion by the heat. The inside is
+lined with fire-brick covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom
+and sides, and then, the oven being charged with the pigs of iron, the
+heat is let on. The pigs melt, and the oven is filled with molten iron.
+The puddler constantly stirs this mass with a bar let through a hole in
+the door, until the iron boils up, or "ferments," as it is called. This
+fermentation is caused by the combustion of a portion of the carbon in
+the iron, and as soon as the excess of this is consumed, the cinders
+and slag sink to the bottom of the oven, leaving the semi-fluid mass on
+the top. Stirring this about, the puddler forms it into balls of such a
+size as he can conveniently handle, which are taken out and carried on
+little cars, made to receive them, to "the squeezer."
+
+[Illustration: THE ROLLS.]
+
+To carry on this process properly requires great skill and judgment in
+the puddler. The heat necessarily generated by the operation is so great
+that very few persons have the physical endurance to stand it. So great
+is it that the clothes upon the person frequently catch fire. Such a
+strain upon the physical powers naturally leads those subjected to it to
+indulge in excesses. The perspiration which flows from the puddlers in
+streams while engaged in their work is caused by the natural effort of
+their bodies to preserve themselves from injury by keeping their normal
+temperature. Such a consumption of the fluids of the body causes great
+thirst, and the exhaustion of the labor, both bodily and mental, leads
+often to the excessive use of stimulants. In fact, the work is too
+laborious. Its conditions are such that no one should be subjected to
+them. The necessity, however, for judgment, experience and skill on the
+part of the operator has up to this time prevented the introduction of
+machinery to take the place of human labor in this process. The
+successful substitution in modern times of machines for performing
+various operations which formerly seemed to require the intelligence and
+dexterity of a living being for their execution, justifies the
+expectation that the study now being given to the organization of
+industry will lead to the invention of machines which will obviate the
+necessity for human suffering in the process of puddling. Such a
+consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned. The
+attempts which have been made in this direction have not as yet proved
+entirely successful.
+
+In the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is placed, and forced
+with a rotary motion through a spiral passage, the diameter of which is
+constantly diminishing. The effect of this operation is to squeeze all
+the slag and cinder out of the ball, and force the iron to assume the
+shape of a short thick cylinder, called "a bloom." This process was
+formerly performed by striking the ball of iron repeatedly with a
+tilt-hammer.
+
+[Illustration: COLD SAW.]
+
+The bloom is now re-heated and subjected to the process of rolling. "The
+rolls" are heavy cylinders of cast iron placed almost in contact, and
+revolving rapidly by steam-power. The bloom is caught between these
+rollers, and passed backward and forward until it is pressed into a flat
+bar, averaging from four to six inches in width, and about an inch and a
+half thick. These bars are then cut into short lengths, piled, heated
+again in a furnace, and re-rolled. After going through this process they
+form the bar iron of commerce. From the iron reduced into this form the
+various parts used in the construction of iron bridges are made by being
+rolled into shape, the rolls through which the various parts pass having
+grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces.
+
+[Illustration: HOT SAW.]
+
+[Illustration: RIVETING A COLUMN.]
+
+These rolls, when they are driven by steam, obtain this generally from a
+boiler placed over the heating-or puddling-furnace, and heated by the
+waste gases from the furnace. This arrangement was first made by John
+Griffin, the superintendent of the Phoenix Iron-works, under whose
+direction the first rolled iron beams over nine inches thick that were
+ever made were produced at these works. The process of rolling toughens
+the iron, seeming to draw out its fibres; and iron that has been twice
+rolled is considered fit for ordinary uses. For the various parts of a
+bridge, however, where great toughness and tensile strength are
+necessary, as well as uniformity of texture, the iron is rolled a third
+time. The bars are therefore cut again into pieces, piled, re-heated and
+rolled again. A bar of iron which has been rolled twice is formed from
+a pile of fourteen separate pieces of iron that have been rolled only
+once, or "muck bar," as it is called; while the thrice-rolled bar is
+made from a pile of eight separate pieces of double-rolled iron. If,
+therefore, one of the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect, it
+will form only a hundred and twelfth part of the thrice-rolled bar. The
+uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which have been
+thrice rolled are so great that they may be twisted, cold, into a knot
+without showing any signs of fracture. The bars of iron, whether hot or
+cold, are sawn to the various required lengths by the hot or cold saws
+shown in the illustrations, which revolve with great rapidity.
+
+[Illustration: FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.]
+
+For the columns intended to sustain the compressive thrust of heavy
+weights a form is used in this establishment of their own design, and to
+which the name of the "Phoenix column" has been given. They are tubes
+made from four or from eight sections rolled in the usual way and
+riveted together at their flanges. When necessary, such columns are
+joined together by cast-iron joint-blocks, with circular tenons which
+fit into the hollows of each tube.
+
+To join two bars to resist a strain of tension, links or eye-bars are
+used from three to six inches wide, and as long as may be needed. At
+each end is an enlargement with a hole to receive a pin. In this way any
+number of bars can be joined together, and the result of numerous
+experiments made at this establishment has shown that under sufficient
+strain they will part as often in the body of the bar as at the joint.
+The heads upon these bars are made by a process known as die-forging.
+The bar is heated to a white heat, and under a die worked by hydraulic
+pressure the head is shaped and the hole struck at one operation. This
+method of joining by pins is much more reliable than welding. The pins
+are made of cold-rolled shafting, and fit to a nicety.
+
+The general view of the machine-shop, which covers more than an acre of
+ground, shows the various machines and tools by which iron is planed,
+turned, drilled and handled as though it were one of the softest of
+materials. Such a machine-shop is one of the wonders of this century.
+Most of the operations performed there, and all of the tools with which
+they are done, are due entirely to modern invention, many of them within
+the last ten years. By means of this application of machines great
+accuracy of work is obtained, and each part of an iron bridge can be
+exactly duplicated if necessary. This method of construction is entirely
+American, the English still building their iron bridges mostly with
+hand-labor. In consequence also of this method of working, American iron
+bridges, despite the higher price of our iron, can successfully compete
+in Canada with bridges of English or Belgian construction. The American
+iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations, but their absolute
+strength is as great, since the weight which is saved is all dead
+weight, and not necessary to the solidity of the structure. The same
+difference is displayed here that is seen in our carriages with their
+slender wheels, compared with the lumbering, heavy wagons of European
+construction.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP.]
+
+Before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge is begun the
+data and specifications are made, and a plan of the structure is drawn,
+whether it is for a railroad or for ordinary travel, whether for a
+double or single track, whether the train is to pass on top or below,
+and so on. The calculations and plans are then made for the use of such
+dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the structure shall
+not exceed a certain maximum, usually fixed at ten thousand pounds to
+the square inch. As the weight of the iron is known, and its tensile
+strength is estimated at sixty thousand pounds per square inch, this
+estimate, which is technically called "a factor of safety" of six, is a
+very safe one. In other words, the bridge is planned and so constructed
+that in supporting its own weight, together with any load of locomotives
+or cars which can be placed upon it, it shall not be subjected to a
+strain over one-sixth of its estimated strength.
+
+[Illustration: NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.]
+
+After the plan is made, working drawings are prepared and the process of
+manufacture commences. The eye-bars, when made, are tested in a
+testing-machine at double the strain which by any possibility they can
+be put to in the bridge itself. The elasticity of the iron is such that
+after being submitted to a tension of about thirty thousand pounds to
+the square inch it will return to its original dimensions; while it is
+so tough that the bars, as large as two inches in diameter, can be bent
+double, when cold, without showing any signs of fracture. Having stood
+these tests, the parts of the bridge are considered fit to be used.
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE AT ALBANY.]
+
+When completed the parts are put together--or "assembled," as the
+technical phrase is--in order to see that they are right in length, etc.
+Then they are marked with letters or numbers, according to the working
+plan, and shipped to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently
+erected. Before the erection can be begun, however, a staging or
+scaffolding of wood, strong enough to support the iron structure until
+it is finished, has to be raised on the spot. When the bridge is a large
+one this staging is of necessity an important and costly structure. An
+illustration on another page shows the staging erected for the support
+of the New River bridge in West Virginia, on the line of the Chesapeake
+and Ohio Railway, near a romantic spot known as Hawksnest. About two
+hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall, and while the staging
+was still in use for its construction, the river, which is very
+treacherous, suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few hours, and became
+a roaring torrent.
+
+[Illustration: LA SALLE BRIDGE.]
+
+The method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit exactly, and
+securing the ties by pins, is peculiarly American. The plan still
+followed in Europe is that of using rivets, which makes the erection of
+a bridge take much more time, and cost, consequently, much more. A
+riveted lattice bridge one hundred and sixty feet in span would require
+ten or twelve days for its erection, while one of the Phoenixville
+bridges of this size has been erected in eight and a half hours.
+
+The view of the Albany bridge will show the style which is technically
+called a "through" bridge, having the track at the level of the lower
+chords. This view of the bridge is taken from the west side of the
+Hudson, near the Delavan House in Albany. The curved portion crosses the
+Albany basin, or outlet of the Erie Canal, and consists of seven spans
+of seventy-three feet each, one of sixty-three, and one of one hundred
+and ten. That part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of
+four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a draw two
+hundred and seventy-four feet wide. The iron-work in this bridge cost
+about three hundred and twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The bridge over the Illinois River at La Salle, on the Illinois Central
+Railroad, shows the style of bridge technically called a "deck" bridge,
+in which the train is on the top. This bridge consists of eighteen spans
+of one hundred and sixty feet each, and cost one hundred and eighty
+thousand dollars. The bridge over the Kennebec River, on the line of the
+Maine Central Railroad, at Augusta, Maine, is another instance of a
+"through" bridge. It cost seventy-five thousand dollars, has five spans
+of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and was built to replace a
+wooden deck bridge which was carried away by a freshet.
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.]
+
+The bridge on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad which crosses the
+Saco River is a very general type of a through railway bridge. It
+consists of two spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and cost
+twenty thousand dollars. The New River bridge in West Virginia consists
+of two spans of two hundred and fifty feet each, and two others of
+seventy-five feet each. Its cost was about seventy thousand dollars.
+
+The Lyman Viaduct, on the Connecticut Air-line Railway, at East Hampton,
+Connecticut, is one hundred and thirty-five feet high and eleven
+thousand feet long.
+
+These specimens will show the general character of the iron bridges
+erected in this country. When iron was first used in constructions of
+this kind, cast iron was employed, but its brittleness and unreliability
+have led to its rejection for the main portions of bridges. Experience
+has also led the best iron bridge-builders of America to quite generally
+employ girders with parallel top and bottom members, vertical posts
+(except at the ends, where they are made inclined toward the centre of
+the span), and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees. This
+form takes the least material for the required strength.
+
+[Illustration: SACO BRIDGE.]
+
+The safety of a bridge depends quite as much upon the design and
+proportions of its details and connections as upon its general shape.
+The strain which will compress or extend the ties, chords and other
+parts can be calculated with mathematical exactness. But the strains
+coming upon the connections are very often indeterminate, and no
+mathematical formula has yet been found for them. They are like the
+strains which come upon the wheels, axles and moving parts of
+carriages, cars and machinery. Yet experience and judgment have led the
+best builders to a singular uniformity in their treatment of these
+parts. Each bridge has been an experiment, the lessons of which have
+been studied and turned to the best effect.
+
+[Illustration: PHOENIX WORKS.]
+
+There is no doubt that iron bridges can be made perfectly safe. Their
+margin is greater than that of the boiler, the axles or the rail. To
+make them safe, European governments depend upon rigid rules, and
+careful inspection to see that they are carried out. In this country
+government inspection is not relied on with such certainty, and the
+spirit of our institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of
+self-interest and the inherent trustworthiness of mankind when indulged
+with freedom of action. Though at times this confidence may seem vain,
+and "rings" in industrial pursuits, as in politics, appear to corrupt
+the honesty which forms the very foundation of freedom, yet their
+influence is but temporary, and as soon as the best public sentiment
+becomes convinced of the need for their removal their influence is
+destroyed. Such evils are necessary incidents of our transitional
+movement toward an industrial, social and political organization in
+which the best intelligence and the most trustworthy honesty shall
+control these interests for the best advantage of society at large. In
+the mean time, the best security for the safety of iron bridges is to be
+found in the self-interest of the railway corporations, who certainly do
+not desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to
+damages from the breaking of their bridges, and who consequently will
+employ for such constructions those whose reputation has been fairly
+earned, and whose character is such that reliance can be placed in the
+honesty of their work. Experience has given the world the knowledge
+needed to build bridges of iron which shall in all possible
+contingencies be safe, and there is no excuse for a penny-wise and
+pound-foolish policy when it leads to disaster.
+
+EDWARD ROWLAND.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SEARCHING FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.
+
+
+SECOND PAPER.
+
+The crystal peaks of the Andes were behind our explorers: before, were
+their eastward-stretching spurs and their eastward-falling rivers. On
+the mountain-flanks, as the last landmark of Christian civilization,
+nestled the village of Marcapata, whose square, thatched belfry faded
+gradually from sight, reminding the travelers of the ghostly
+ministrations of the padre and the secular protection of the gobernador.
+Neither priest nor edile would they encounter until their return to the
+same church-tower. Their patron, Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, was
+already picking his way along the snowy defiles of the mountains to
+attain again his luxurious home in Cuzco. Behind the adventurers lay
+companionship and society--represented by the dubious orgies of the
+House of Austria--and the security of civil government--represented by
+the mortal ennui of a Peruvian city. Before them lay difficulties and
+perhaps dangers, but also at least variety, novelty and possible wealth.
+
+Colonel Perez, Marcoy and the examinador retained their horses, and a
+couple of the mozos their mules, the remainder of the beasts being kept
+at livery in Marcapata, and the muleteers volunteering to accompany the
+troupe as far as Chile-Chile: at this point the bridle-path came to an
+end, and the gentlemen would have to dismount, accompanying thenceforth
+their peons on a literal "footing" of equality.
+
+Two torrents which fall in perpendicular cataracts from the mountains,
+the Kellunu ("yellow water") and the Cca-chi ("salt"), run together at
+the distance of a league from their place of precipitation. They enclose
+in their approach the hill on which Marcapata is perched, and they form
+by their confluence the considerable river which our travelers were
+about to trace, and which is called by the Indians Cconi ("warm"), but
+on the Spanish maps is termed the river of Marcapata.
+
+[Illustration: "THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE
+TOWN."]
+
+The first ford of the Cconi was passed just outside the town, at a point
+where the right bank of the river, growing steeper and steeper, became
+impracticable, and necessitated a crossing to the left. The ford allowed
+the peons to stagger through at mid-leg on the uneven pavement afforded
+by the large pebbles of the bed. At this point the valley of the Cconi
+was seen stretching indefinitely outward toward the east, enclosed in
+two chains of conical peaks: their regular forms, running into each
+other at the middle of their height, clothed with interminable forests
+and bathed with light, melted regularly away into the perspective.
+Indian huts buried in gardens of the white lily which had seemed so
+beautiful in the chapel of Lauramarca, hedges of aloe menacing the
+intruder with their millions of steely-looking swords, slender bamboos
+daintily rocking themselves over the water, and enormous curtains of
+creepers hanging from the hillsides and waving to the wind in vast
+breadths of green, were the decorations of this Peruvian paradise.
+
+The pretty lilies gradually disappeared, and the thatched cabins became
+more and more sparse, when from one of the latter, at a hundred paces
+from the caravan, issued a human figure. The man struck an attitude in
+the pathway of the travelers, his carbine on his shoulder, his fist on
+his hip and his nose saucily turned up in the air. Neither his
+Metamora-like posture nor his dress inspired confidence.
+
+"He is evidently waiting for us," remarked Colonel Perez, an heroic yet
+prudent personage: "fortunately, it is broad day. I would not grant an
+interview to such a _salteador_ (brigand) alone at night and in a
+desert."
+
+The salteador wore a low broad felt, on whose ample brim the rain and
+sun had sketched a variety of vague designs. A gray sack buttoned to the
+throat and confined by a leathern belt, and trowsers of the same stuffed
+into his long coarse woolen stockings, completed his costume. He was
+shod, like an Indian, in _ojotas_, or sandals cut out of raw leather and
+laced to his legs with thongs. Two ox-horns hanging at his side
+contained his ammunition, and a light haversack was slung over his back.
+This mozo, who at a distance would have passed for a man of forty,
+appeared on examination to be under twenty-two years of age. It was
+likewise observable on a nearer view that his skin was brown and clear
+like a chestnut, and that his lively eye, perfect teeth and air of
+decision were calculated to please an Indian girl of his vicinity. To
+complete his rehabilitation in the eyes of the party, his introductory
+address was delivered with the grace of a Spanish cavalier.
+
+"The gentlemen," said he, gracefully getting rid of his superabundant
+hat, "will voluntarily excuse me for having waited so long with my
+respects and offers of service. I should have gone to meet them at
+Marcapata, but my uncle the gobernador forbade me to do so for fear of
+displeasing the priest. Gentlemen, I am Juan the nephew of Aragon. It is
+by the advice of my uncle that I have come to place myself in your way,
+and ask if you will admit me to your company as mozo-assistant and
+interpreter."
+
+The colonel, whose antipathy to the salteador did not yield on a closer
+acquaintance, roughly asked the youth what he meant by his assurance.
+Mr. Marcoy, however, was disposed to temporize.
+
+"If you are Juan the nephew of Aragon," said he, "you must have already
+learned from your uncle that we have engaged an interpreter, Pepe Garcia
+of Chile-Chile."
+
+"Precisely what he told me, señor," replied the young man; "but, for my
+part, I thought that if one interpreter would be useful to these
+gentlemen on their journey, two interpreters would be a good deal
+better, on account of the fact that we walk better with two legs than
+with one: that is the reason I have intercepted you, gentlemen."
+
+This opinion made everybody laugh, and as Juan considered it his
+privilege to laugh five times louder than any one, a quasi engagement
+resulted from this sudden harmony of temper. Colonel Perez shrugged his
+shoulders: Marcoy, as literary man, took down the name of the new-comer.
+The nephew of Aragon was so delighted that he gave vent to a little cry
+of pleasure, at the same time cutting a pirouette. This harmless caper
+allowed the party to detect; tied to his haversack, the local banjo, or
+_charango_, an instrument which the Paganinis of the country make for
+themselves out of half a calabash and the unfeeling bowels of the cat.
+
+[Illustration: "GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."]
+
+The priest, who had recommended Pepe Garcia, had made mention of that
+person's fine voice, with which the church of Marcapata was edified
+every Sunday. The gobernador, while putting in a word for his nephew,
+and particularizing the beauty of his execution on the guitar, had
+insinuated doubts of the baritone favored by the padre. Happy land,
+whose disputes are like the disputes of an opera company, and where
+people are recommended for business on the strength of their musical
+execution!
+
+Aragon quickly understood that his friend in the expedition was not
+Colonel Perez, who had insultingly dubbed him the Second Fiddle (or
+Charango). He attached himself therefore with the fidelity of a spaniel
+to Mr. Marcoy, walking alongside and resting his arm on the pommel of
+his saddle. After an hour's traverse of a comparatively desert plateau
+called the Pedregal, covered with rocks and smelling of the
+patchouli-scented flowers of the mimosa, Aragon pointed out the straw
+sheds and grassy plaza of Chile-Chile. This rustic metropolis is not
+indicated on many maps, but for the travelers it had a special
+importance, bearing upon the inca history and etymological roots of
+Peru, for it was the residence of their interpreter-in-chief, Pepe
+Garcia.
+
+Introduced by the latter, our explorers made a kind of triumphal entry
+into the village. The old Indian women dropped their spinning, the naked
+children ceased to play with the pigs and began to play with the
+garments and equipage of the visitors, and a couple of blind men, who
+were leading each other, remarked that they were glad to see them.
+
+Garcia the polyglot, radiant with importance, lost no time in dragging
+his guests toward his own residence, a large straw thatch surmounting
+walls of open-work, which took the fancy of the travelers from the
+singular trophy attached above the door. This trophy was composed of the
+heads of bucks and rams, with those of the fox and the ounce, where the
+shrunken skin displayed the pointed _sierra_ of the teeth, while the
+horns of oxen and goats, set end to end around the borders, formed dark
+and rigid festoons: all vacancies were filled up with the forms of bats,
+spread-eagled and nailed fast, from the smallest variety to the large,
+man-attacking _vespertilio_. As a contrast to this exterior decoration,
+the inside was severely simple: it was even a little bare. A partition
+of bamboo divided the hut into kitchen and bed-room, and that was all.
+Into the latter of these apartments Pepe Garcia dragged the saddles of
+his guests, and in the former his two twin-daughters, melancholy little
+half-breeds in ragged petticoats, assisted their father to prepare for
+the wanderers a hunter's supper.
+
+Every moment, in a dark corner or behind the backs of the company,
+Garcia was observed caressing these little girls in secret. Being
+rallied on his tenderness, he observed that the twins were the double
+pledge of a union "longer happy than was usual," and the only survivors
+of fifteen darlings whom he had given to the world in the various
+countries whither his wandering fortunes had led him. Still explaining
+and multiplying his caresses, the man of family went on with his
+exertions as cook, and in due time announced the meal.
+
+This festival consisted of sweet potatoes baked in the ashes, and steaks
+of bear broiled over the coals. The latter viand was repulsed with
+horror by the colonel, who in the effeminacy of a city life at Cuzeo had
+never tasted anything more outlandish than monkey. Seeing his companions
+eating without scruple, however, the valiant warrior extended his tin
+plate with a silent gesture of application. The first mouthful appeared
+hard to swallow, but at the second, looking round at his
+fellow-travelers with surprise and joy, he gave up his prejudices, and
+marked off the remainder of his steak with wonderful swiftness. Standing
+behind his boarders, Pepe Garcia had been watching the play of jaws and
+expressions of face with some uneasiness, but when the colonel gave in
+his adhesion his doubts were removed, and he smiled agreeably, flattered
+in his double quality of hunter and cook.
+
+The beds of the gentlemen-travelers were spread side by side in the
+adjoining room, and Garcia gravely assured them that they would sleep
+like the Three Wise Men of the East. Unable to see any personal analogy
+between themselves and the ancient Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar, the
+tired cavaliers turned in without remarking on the subject. They paused
+a moment, however, before taking up their candle, to set forth to Garcia
+in full the circumstances and nature of Juan of Aragon's engagement.
+This explanation, which the close quarters of the troop had made
+impossible during the journey, was received in excellent part by the
+interpreter-in-chief.
+
+[Illustration: "THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."]
+
+"Oh, I am not at all jealous of Aragon," said he, "and the gentlemen
+have done very well in taking him along. He will be of great use. He is
+a bright, capable mozo, who would walk twenty miles on his hands to gain
+a piastre. As an interpreter, I think he is almost as good as I am."
+
+Having thus smoothed away all grounds of rivalry, the colonel, the
+examinador and Marcoy took possession of their sleeping-room. Here, long
+after their light was put out, they watched the scene going on in the
+apartment they had just left, whose interior, illuminated by a candle
+and a lingering fire, was perfectly visible through the partition of
+bamboo. The dark-skinned girls, on their knees in a corner, were
+gathering together the shirts and stockings destined for the parental
+traveling-bag. Garcia, for his part, was occupied in cleaning with a bit
+of rag a portentous, long-barreled carbine, apparently dating back to
+the time of Pizarro, which he had been exhibiting during the day as his
+hunting rifle, and which he intended to carry along with him.
+
+The sleep under the thatched roof of Pepe Garcia, though somewhat less
+sound than that of the Three Magi in their tomb at Cologne, lasted until
+a ray of the morning sun had penetrated the open-work walls of the hut.
+The colonel rapidly dressed himself, and aroused the others. A
+disquieting silence reigned around the modest mansions of Chile-Chile.
+The interpreter was away, Juan of Aragon was away, the muleteers had
+returned, according to instructions received over-night, to Marcapata
+with the animals, and the peons were found dead-drunk behind the mud
+wall of the last house in the village.
+
+After three hours of impatient waiting there appeared--not Garcia and
+Aragon, whose absence was inexplicable, but--the faithful Bolivian
+bark-hunters in a body. Not caring to stupefy themselves with the peons,
+they had gone out for a reconnoissance in the environs. Contemplating
+the nodding forms of their comrades, they now let out the discouraging
+fact that these tame Indians, madly afraid of their wild brothers the
+Chunchos, had been fortifying themselves steadily with brandy and chicha
+all the way from Marcapata. Disgusted and helpless, Perez and the
+examinador betook themselves to reading tattered newspapers issued at
+Lima a month before, and Marcoy to his note-book. Suddenly a ferocious
+wild-beast cry was heard coming from the woods, and while the Indian
+porters tried to run away, and the white men looked at each other with
+apprehension, Pepe Garcia and Aragon appeared in the distance. Their
+arms were interlaced in a brother-like manner, they were poising
+themselves with much care on their legs, and they were drunk. Well had
+the elder interpreter said that he was not jealous of Aragon. They
+rolled forward toward the party, repeating their outrageous duet, whose
+reception by the staring peons appeared to gratify them immensely.
+
+The mozo, feeling his secondary position, had enervated himself
+slightly--the superior was magisterially tipsy. He wore a remarkable hat
+entirely without a brim, and patched all over the top with a lid of
+leather. His face, marked up to the eyes with the blue stubble of that
+beard which filled him with pride as a sign of European extraction, was
+swollen and hideous with drunkenness. He carried, besides the fearful
+blunder-buss of the night before, a belt full of pistols and hatchets. A
+short infantry-sword was banging away at his calves, and two long
+ox-horns rattled at his waist. The interpreters had been partaking of a
+little complimentary breakfast with the muleteers in whose care the
+animals had gone off to Marcapata.
+
+[Illustration: "CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."]
+
+A concentration of energy on the part of the chiefs of the expedition
+was required to set in movement this unpromising assemblage. The
+examinador undertook the peons: he rapped them smartly and repeatedly
+about the head and shoulders, until they staggered to their feet and
+declared that they were a match for whole hordes of Indians: this
+courage, borrowed from the flask, gave strong assurance that at the
+first alarm from genuine Chunchos they would take to their heels. Mr.
+Marcoy, feeling unable to do justice to the case of the nephew, turned
+him over to Perez, whose undisguised dislike made the work of correction
+at once grateful and thorough. Marcoy himself confronted the stolid and
+sullen Pepe Garcia, insisting upon the example he owed to the Indian
+porters and the responsibility of his Caucasian blood. The half-breed
+listened for a minute, his eyes fixed upon the ground: he then shook
+himself, looked an instant at his employer, and planted himself firmly
+on his legs. Then, determined to prove by a supreme effort that he was
+clear-headed and master of his motions, he suddenly drew his sword,
+hustled the Indians in a line by two and two, pointed out to Aragon his
+position as rear-guard, and cried with a voice of thunder, "_Adelante_!"
+The porters and peons staggered forward, knocking against each other's
+elbows and tottering on their stout legs. The three white men,
+burdenless, but regretting their horses, walked as they pleased, keeping
+the train in sight. And John the nephew of Aragon's guitar, dangling at
+his back, brought up the rear, with its suggestions of harmony and the
+amenities of life.
+
+The first trait of aboriginal character (after this parenthetical
+alacrity at drunkenness) was shown after some hours of marching and the
+passage of a dozen streams. The porters, weakened by their drink and the
+extreme heat, squatted down on the side of a hill by their own consent
+and with a single impulse. With that lamb-like placidity and that
+mule-like obstinacy which characterize the antique race of Quechuas,
+they observed to the chief interpreter that they were weary of falling
+on their backs or their stomachs at every other step, and that they were
+resolved to go no farther. Pepe Garcia caused the remark to be repeated
+once more, as if he had not understood it: then, convinced that an
+incipient rebellion was brewing, he sprang upon the fellow who happened
+to be nearest, haled him up from the ground by the ears, and, shaking
+him vigorously, proceeded to do as much for the rest of the band. In the
+flash of an eye, much to their astonishment, they found themselves on
+their feet.
+
+A judicious if not very discriminating award of blows from the sabre
+then followed, causing the Indians to change their resolve of remaining
+in that particular spot, and to show a lively determination to get away
+from it as quickly as possible. Each porter, forgetting his fatigue, and
+seeming never to have felt any, began to trot along, no longer languidly
+as before, but with a precision of step and a firmness in his round
+calves which surprised and charmed the travelers. Pepe Garcia, much
+refreshed by this exercise of discipline, and perspiring away his
+intoxication as he marched, began to give grounds for confidence from
+his steady and authoritative manner. By nightfall the whole troop was in
+harmony, and the strangers retired with hopeful hearts to the privacy of
+the hammocks which Juan of Aragon slung amongst the trees on the side of
+Mount Morayaca.
+
+No effect could seem finer, to wanderers from another latitude, than
+this first night-bivouac in the absolute wilderness. The moon, seeming
+to race through the clouds, and the camp-fire flashing in the wind,
+appeared to give movement and animation to the landscape. The Indians,
+grouped around the flame, seemed like swarthy imps tending the furnace
+of some fantastic pandemonium. Meanwhile, amidst the constant murmurs of
+the trees, the nephew of Aragon was heard drawing the notes of some kind
+of amorous despair from the hollow of his melodious calabash. The
+examinador and Colonel Perez lulled themselves to sleep with a
+conversation about the beauties and beatitudes of their wives, now
+playing the part of Penelopes in their absence. To hear the eulogies of
+the examinador, an angel fallen perpendicularly from heaven could hardly
+have realized the physical and moral qualities of the spouse he had left
+in Sorata. The Castilian tongue lent wonderful pomp and magnificence to
+this portrait, and as the metaphors thickened and the superb phrases
+lost themselves in hyperbole, one would have thought the lady in
+question was about to fly back to her native stars on a pair of
+resplendent wings. Colonel Perez furnished an equally elaborate
+delineation of his own fair helpmate. As for the wife of Lorenzo, nobody
+knew what she was like, and the panegyric from the lips of her faithful
+lord rolled on in safety and success. But the personage called by Perez
+"his Theresa" was a female whom anybody who had passed through the small
+shopkeeping quarters of Cuzco might have seen every day, as well as
+heard designated by her common nickname (given no one knows why) of
+Malignant Quinsy; and, arguing in algebraic fashion from the known to
+the unknown, it was not difficult to be convinced that the poetic
+flights of the examinador were equally the work of fond flattery.
+
+Surprised by a midnight storm, the camp was broken up before the early
+daylight, and our explorers' caravan moved on without breakfast. This
+necessary stop-gap was arranged for at the first pleasant spot on the
+route. An old clearing soon appeared, provided with the welcome
+accommodation of an _ajoupa_, or shed built upon four posts. At the
+command of _Alto alli!_--"Halt there!"--uttered by Perez in the tone he
+had formerly used in governing his troops, the whole band stopped as one
+person; the porters dumped their bales with a significant _ugh!_ the
+Bolivian bark-hunters laid down their axes; and the gentlemen arranged
+themselves around the parallelogram of the hut, attending the
+commissariat developments of Colonel Perez. The site which hazard had so
+conveniently offered was named Chaupichaca. It was the scene of an
+ancient wood-cutting, around which the trunks of the antique forests
+showed themselves in a warm soft light, like the columns of a temple or
+the shafts of a mosque.
+
+A detail which struck the travelers in arriving was very characteristic
+of these lands, filled so full of old traditions and inca customs.
+Chaupichaca was marked with a square terminal pillar, one of those
+boundaries of mud and stones, called _apachectas_, which Peruvian
+masonry lavishes over the country of Manco Capac. A rude cross of sticks
+surmounted this stone altar, on which some pious hand had laid a
+nosegay, now dried--signifying, in the language of flowers proper to
+masons and stone-cutters, that the work was finished and left. A little
+water and spirits spared from the travelers' meal gave a slight air of
+restoration to these mysterious offerings, and a couple of splendid
+butterflies, whether attracted by the flowers or the alcoholic perfume,
+commenced to waltz around the bouquet; but the corollas contained no
+honey for their diminutive trunks, and after a slight examination they
+danced contemptuously away.
+
+At seven or eight miles' distance another streamlet was reached, named
+the Mamabamba. It is a slender affluent of the Cconi, to be called a
+rivulet in any country but South America, but here named a river with
+the same proud effrontery which designates as a _city_ any collection of
+a dozen huts thrown into the ravine of a mountain. The Mamabamba was
+crossed by an extemporized bridge, constructed on the spot by the
+ingenuity of Garcia and his men. Strange and incalculable was the
+engineering of Pepe Garcia. Sometimes, across one of these
+continually-occurring streams, he would throw a hastily-felled tree,
+over which, glazed as it was by a night's rain or by the humidity of the
+forest, he would invite the travelers to pass. Sometimes, to a couple of
+logs rotting on the banks he would nail cross-strips like the rungs of a
+ladder, and, while the torrent boiled at a distance below, pass jauntily
+with his Indians, more sure-footed than goats. The wider the abyss the
+more insecure the causeway; and the terrible rope-bridges of South
+America, or the still more conjectural throw of a line of woven roots,
+would meet the travelers wherever the cleft was so wide as to render
+timbering an inconvenient trouble. Occasionally, on one of these damp
+and moss-grown ladders, a peon's foot would slip, and down he would go,
+the load strapped on his back catching him as he was passing through the
+aperture: then, using his hands to hold on by, he would compose, on the
+spur of the moment, a new and original language or telegraphy of the
+legs, _kicking_ for assistance with all his might. Juan of Aragon was
+usually the hero to extricate these poor estrays from the false step
+they had taken, the other peons regarding the scene with their tranquil
+stolidity. A glass of brandy to the unfortunate would always compose
+his nerves again, and make him hope for a few more accidents of a like
+nature and bringing a like consolation.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."]
+
+The bridge of the Mamabamba conducted the party to a site of the same
+name, through an interval of forest where might be counted most of the
+varieties of tree proper to the equatorial highlands. Up to this point
+the vegetation everywhere abounding had not indicated the presence, or
+even the vicinage, of the cinchona. The only circumstance which brought
+it to the notice of the inexperienced leaders of the expedition would be
+a halt made from time to time by the Bolivian bark-hunters. The
+examinador and his cascarilleros, touching one tree or another with
+their hatchets, would exchange remarks full of meaning and
+mysteriousness; but when the colonel or Mr. Marcoy came to ask the
+significance of so many hints and signals, they got the invariable
+answer of Sister Anna to the wife of Bluebeard: "I see nothing but the
+forest turning green and the sun turning red." The most practical
+reminder of the quest of cinchona which the travelers found was an
+occasional _ajoupa_ alone in the wilderness, with a broken pot and a
+rusted knife or axe beneath it--witness that some eager searcher had
+traveled the road before themselves. The cascarilleros are very
+avaricious and very brave, going out alone, setting up a hut in a
+probable-looking spot, and diverging from their head-quarters in every
+direction. If by any accident they get lost or their provisions are
+destroyed, they die of hunger. Doctor Weddell, on one occasion in
+Bolivia, landed on the beach of a river well shaded with trees. Here he
+found the cabin of a cascarillero, and near it a man stretched out upon
+the ground in the agonies of death. He was nearly naked, and covered
+with myriads of insects, whose stings had hastened his end. On the
+leaves which formed the roof of the hut were the remains of the
+unfortunate man's clothes, a straw hat and some rags, with a knife, an
+earthen pot containing the remains of his last meal, a little maize and
+two or three _chuñus_. Such is the end to which their hazardous
+occupation exposes the bark-collectors--death in the midst of the
+forests, far from home; a death without help and without consolation.
+
+It was not until after passing the elevated site of San Pedro, and
+clambering up the slippery shoulders of the hill called Huaynapata--the
+crossing of half a dozen intervening streamlets going for nothing--that
+the explorers were rewarded with a sight of their Canaan, the
+bark-producing region. To attain this summit of Huaynapata, however, the
+little tributary of Mendoza had to be first got over. This affluent of
+the Cconi, flowing in from the south-south-west, was very sluggish as
+far as it could be seen. Its banks, interrupted by large rocks clothed
+with moss, offered now and then promontories surrounded at the base with
+a bluish shade. At the end of the vista, a not very extensive one, a
+quantity of blocks of sandstone piled together resembled a crumbling
+wall. Other blocks were sprinkled over the bed of the stream; and by
+their aid the examinador and the colonel hopped valiantly over the
+Mendoza, leaving the peons, who were less afraid of rheumatism and more
+in danger of slipping, to ford the current at the depth of their
+suspender-buttons.
+
+It was on the top of Huaynapata, while the interpreters built a fire and
+prepared for supper a peccary killed upon the road, that Marcoy observed
+the examinador holding with his Bolivians a conversation in the Aymara
+dialect, in which could be detected such words as _anaranjada_ and
+_morada_. These were the well-known commercial names of two species of
+cinchona. The historiographer interrupted their conversation to ask if
+anything had yet been discovered.
+
+"Nothing yet," replied the examinador; "and this valley of the Cconi
+must be bewitched, for with the course that we have taken we should long
+ago have discovered what we are after. But this place looks more
+favorable than any we have met. I shall beat up the woods to-morrow with
+my men, and may my patron, Saint Lorenzo, return again to his gridiron
+if we do not date our first success in quinine-hunting from this very
+hillock of Huaynapata!"
+
+[Illustration: "THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE
+MENDOZA."]
+
+The above style of threatening the saints is thought very efficacious in
+all Spanish countries. Whether or not Saint Lawrence really dreaded
+another experience of broiling, at the end of certain hours the
+Bolivians reappeared, and their chief deposited in the hands of the
+colonel a few green and tender branches. At the joyful shout of Perez,
+the man of letters, who had been occupied in making a sketch, came
+running up. Two different species of cinchona were the trophy brought
+back by Lorenzo, like the olive-leaves in the beak of Noah's dove. One
+of these specimens was a variety of the _Carua-carua,_ with large
+leaves heavily veined: the other was an individual resembling those
+quinquinas which the botanists Ruiz and Pavon have discriminated from
+the cinchonas, to make a separate family called the _Quinquina
+cosmibuena._ After all, the discovery was rather an indication than a
+conquest of value. The examinador admitted as much, but observed that
+the presence of these baser species always argued the neighborhood of
+genuine quinine-yielding plants near by.
+
+In the presence of this first success on the part of the exploration set
+on foot by Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, we may insert a few words on
+the nature of the wonderful plant toward which its researches were
+directed.
+
+It is doubtful whether the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru, Bolivia and
+Ecuador were acquainted with the virtues of the cinchona plant as a
+febrifuge. It seems probable, nevertheless, that the Indians of Loxa,
+two hundred and thirty miles south of Peru, were aware of the qualities
+of the bark, for there its use was first made known to Europeans. It was
+forty years after the pacification of Peru however, before any
+communication of the remedial secret was made to the Spaniards. Joseph
+de Jussieu reports that in 1600 a Jesuit, who had a fever at Malacotas,
+was cured by Peruvian bark. In 1638 the countess Ana of Chinchon was
+suffering from tertian fever and ague at Lima, whither she had
+accompanied the viceroy, her husband. The corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan
+Lopez de Canizares, sent a parcel of powdered quinquina bark to her
+physician, Juan de Vega, assuring him that it was a sovereign and
+infallible remedy for "tertiana." It was administered to the countess,
+who was sixty-two years of age, and effected a complete cure. This
+countess, returning with her husband to Spain in 1640, brought with her
+a quantity of the healing bark. Hence it was sometimes called
+"countess's bark" and "countess's powder." Her famous cure induced
+Linnaeus, long after, to name the whole genus of quinine-bearing trees,
+in her honor, _Cinchona_. By modern writers the first _h_ has usually
+been dropped, and the word is now almost invariably spelled in that way,
+instead of the more etymological _Chinchona_. The Jesuits afterward made
+great and effective use of it in their missionary expeditions, and it
+was a ludicrous result of their patronage that its use should have been
+for a long time opposed by Protestants and favored by Catholics. In
+1679, Louis XIV. bought the secret of preparing quinquina from Sir
+Robert Talbor, an English doctor, for two thousand louis-d'or, a large
+pension and a title. Under the Grand Monarch it was used at dessert,
+mingled with Spanish wine. The delay of its discovery until the
+seventeenth century has probably lost to the world numbers of valuable
+lives. Had Alexander the Great, who died of the common remittent fever
+of Babylon, been acquainted with cinchona bark, his death would have
+been averted and the partition of the Macedonian empire indefinitely
+postponed. Oliver Cromwell was carried off by an ague, which the
+administration of quinine would easily have cured. The bigotry of
+medical science, even after its efficacy was known and proved, for a
+long time retarded its dissemination. In 1726, La Fontaine, at the
+instance of a lady who owed her life to it, the countess of Bouillon,
+composed a poem in two cantos to celebrate its virtues; but the
+remarkable beauty of the leaves of the cinchona and the delicious
+fragrance of its flowers, with allusions to which he might have adorned
+his verses, were still unknown in Europe.
+
+The cinchonas under favorable circumstances become large trees: at
+present, however, in any of the explored and exploited regions of their
+growth, the shoots or suckers of the plants are all that remain.
+Wherever they abound they form the handsomest foliage of the forest. The
+leaves are lanceolate, glossy and vividly green, traversed by rich
+crimson veins: the flowers hang in clustering pellicles, like lilacs, of
+deep rose-color, and fill the vicinity with rich perfume. Nineteen
+varieties of cinchonae have been established by Doctor Weddell. The
+cascarilleros of South America divide the species into a category of
+colors, according to the tinge of the bark: there are yellow, red,
+orange, violet, gray and white cinchonas. The yellow, among which figure
+the _Cinchona calisaya, lancifolia, condaminea, micrantha, pubescens,_
+etc., are placed in the first rank: the red, orange and gray are less
+esteemed. This arrangement is in proportion to the abundance of the
+alkaloid _quinine,_ now used in medicine instead of the bark itself.
+
+The specimens found by the examinador were carefully wrapped in
+blankets, and the march was resumed. After a slippery descent of the
+side of Huaynapata and the passage of a considerable number of babbling
+streams--each of which gave new occasion for the colonel to show his
+ingenuity in getting over dry shod, and so sparing his threatening
+rheumatism--the cry of "Sausipata!" was uttered by Pepe Garcia. Two neat
+mud cabins, each provided with a door furnished with the unusual luxury
+of a wooden latch, marked the plantation of Sausipata. The situation was
+level, and within the enclosing walls of the forest could be seen a
+plantation of bananas, a field of sugar-cane, with groves of coffee,
+orange-orchards and gardens of sweet potato and pineapple. The white
+visitors could not refrain from an exclamation of surprise at the
+neatness and civilization of such an Eden in the desert. At this point,
+Juan of Aragon, who had been going on ahead, turned around with an air
+of splendid welcome, and explained that the farm belonged to his uncle,
+the gobernador of Marcapata, who prayed them to make themselves at home.
+Introducing his guests into the largest of the houses, Juan presented
+them with some fine ripe fruit which he culled from the garden. Colonel
+Perez, who never lost occasion to give a sly stab to the mozo, asked, as
+he peeled a banana, if he was duly authorized to dispose so readily of
+the property of his uncle: the youth, without losing a particle of his
+magnificent adolescent courtesy, replied that as nephew and direct heir
+of the governor of Marcapata it was a right which he exercised in
+anticipation of inheritance; and that just as Pepe Garcia, the
+interpreter-in-chief, had regaled the party in his residence, he, Juan
+of Aragon, proposed to do in the family grange of Sausipata.
+
+Meantime, the examinador, who had pushed forward with his men, returned
+with a couple more specimens of quinquina, which they had discovered
+close by in clambering amongst the forest. Neither had flowers, but the
+one was recognizable by its flat leaf as the species called by the
+Indians _ichu-cascarilla,_ from the grain _ichu_ amongst which it is
+usually found at the base of the Cordilleras; and the other, from its
+fruit-capsules two inches in length, as the _Cinchona acutifolia_ of
+Ruiz and Pavon. To moderate the pleasures of this discovery, the
+examinador came up leaning upon the shoulder of his principal assistant,
+Eusebio, complaining of a frightful headache, and a weakness so extreme
+that he could not put one foot before the other.
+
+The sudden illness of their botanist-in-chief cast a gloom upon the
+party, and utterly spoiled the festive intentions of young Aragon.
+Lorenzo was put to bed, from which retreat, at midnight, his fearful
+groans summoned the colonel to his side. The latter found him tossing
+and murmuring, but incapable of uttering a word. His faithful Eusebio,
+at the head of the bed, answered for him. The honest fellow feared lest
+his master might have caught again a touch of the old fever which had
+formerly attacked him in searching for cascarillas in the environs of
+Tipoani in Bolivia. These symptoms, recurring in the lower valleys of
+the Cconi, would make it impossible for the brave explorer safely to
+continue with the party. As the mestizo propounded this inconvenient
+theory, a new burst of groans from the examinador seemed to confirm it.
+The grave news brought all the party to the sick bed. Colonel Perez,
+whom the touching comparison of wives made in the hammocks of Morayaca
+had sensibly attached to Lorenzo, endeavored to feel his pulse; but the
+patient, drawing in his hand by a peevish movement, only rolled himself
+more tightly in his blanket, and increased his groans to roars.
+Presently, exhausted by so much agony, he fell into a slumber.
+
+In the morning the examinador, in a dolorous voice, announced that he
+should be obliged to return to Cuzco. This resolution might have seemed
+the obstinate delirium of the fever but for the mournful and pathetic
+calmness of the victim. Eusebio, he said, should return with him as far
+as Chile-Chile, where a conveyance could be had; and he himself would
+give such explicit instructions to the cascarilleros that nothing would
+be lost by his absence to the purposes of the expedition. Yielding to
+pity and friendship, the colonel gave in his adhesion to the plan, and
+even proposed his own hammock as a sort of palanquin, and the loan of a
+pair of the peons for bearers. They could return with Eusebio to
+Sausipata, where the party would be obliged to wait for the three. After
+sketching out his plan, Colonel Perez looked for approval to Mr. Marcoy,
+and received an affirmative nod. The proposition seemed so agreeable to
+the sick man that already an alleviation of his misery appeared to be
+superinduced. He even smiled intelligently as he rolled into the
+hammock. In a very short time he made a sort of theatrical exit, borne
+in the hammock like an invalid princess, and fanned with a palm branch
+out of the garden by the faithful Eusebio.
+
+"Poor devil!" said Perez as the mournful procession departed: "who knows
+if he will ever see his dear wife at Sorata, or if he will even live to
+reach Chile-Chile?"
+
+"Do you really think him in any such danger?" asked the more suspicious
+Marcoy.
+
+"Danger! Did you not see his miserable appearance as he left us?"
+
+"I saw an appearance far from miserable, and therefore I am convinced
+that the man is no more sick than you or I."
+
+On hearing such a heartless heresy the colonel stepped back from his
+comrade with a shocked expression, and asked what had given him such an
+idea.
+
+"A number of things, of which I need only mention the principal. In the
+first place, the man's sickness falling on him like a thunder-clap;
+next, his haste in catching back his hand when you tried to feel his
+pulse; and then his smile, at once happy and mischievous, when you
+offered him the peons and he found his stratagem succeeding beyond his
+hopes."
+
+"Why, now, to think of it!" said the colonel sadly; "but what could have
+been his motive?"
+
+"This gentleman is too delicate to sustain our kind of life," suggested
+Marcoy. "He is tired of skinning his hands and legs in our service, and
+eating peccary, monkey and snails as we do. His Bolivians are perhaps
+quite as useful for our service, and while he is rioting at Cuzco we may
+be enriching ourselves with cinchonas."
+
+In effect, on the return of the peons ten days after, the examinador was
+reported to have got quit of his fever shortly after leaving Sausipata,
+and to have borne the journey to Chile-Chile remarkably well. He charged
+his men to take back his compliments and the regrets he felt, at not
+being able to keep with the company.
+
+Nothing detained the band longer at Sausipata. The ten days of hunting,
+botanizing, butterfly-catching and sketching had been an agreeable
+relief, and young Aragon had assumed, with sufficient grace, the task of
+attentive host and first player on the charango. The returning porters
+had scarcely enjoyed two hours of repose when the caravan took up its
+march once more.
+
+As usual, the interpreters assumed the head of the command: the Indians
+followed pellmell. Observing that some of them lingered behind, Mr.
+Marcoy had the curiosity to return on his steps. What was his surprise
+to find these honest fellows running furiously through the farm, and
+devastating with all their might those plantations which were the pride
+and the hope of the nephew of Aragon! They had already laid low several
+cocoa groves, torn up the sugar-canes, broken down the bananas, and
+sliced off the green pineapples.
+
+Indignant at such vandalism, Marcoy caught the first offender by the
+plaited tails at the back of the neck. "What are you doing?" he cried.
+
+"I am neither crazy nor drunk, Taytachay" (dear little father), calmly
+explained the peon with his placid smile. "But my fellows and I don't
+want to be sent any more to work at Sausipata." As the white man
+regarded him with stupefaction, "Thou art strange here," pursued the
+Indian, "and canst know nothing about us. Promise not to tell Aragon,
+and I will make thee wise."
+
+"Why Aragon more than anybody else?" asked Marcoy.
+
+"Because Senor Aragon is nephew to Don Rebollido, the governor, and
+Sausipata belongs to Rebollido; and if he were to learn what we have
+done, we should be flogged and sent to prison to rot."
+
+The explanation, drawn out with many threats when the Indians had been
+driven from their work of ruin and placed once more in line of march,
+was curious.
+
+The able gobernador of Marcapata had had the sagacious idea of making
+the local penitentiary out of his farm of Sausipata! It was cultivated
+entirely by the labor of his culprits. When culprits were scarce, the
+chicha-drinkers, the corner-loungers, became criminals and disturbers of
+the peace, for whom a sojourn at Sausipata was the obvious cure. Aragon,
+the nephew, shared his uncle's ability, and visited the plantation month
+by month. But the life in this paradise was not relished by the
+convicts. The regimen was strict, the food everywhere abounding, was not
+for them, and the vicinity of the wild Chunchos was not reassuring.
+Often a peon would appear in the market-place of Marcapata wrapped
+merely in a banana leaf, which, cracking in the sun, reduced all
+pretence of decent covering to an irony. This evidence of the spoliation
+of a Chuncho would be received in the worst possible part by the
+gobernador, who would beat the complainant back to his servitude,
+remarking with ingenuity that Providence was more responsible for the
+acts of the savages than he was.
+
+This strange history, told with profound earnestness, was enough to
+make any one laugh, but Marcoy could not be blind to its side of
+oppression and tyranny. This was the way, then, that the humble and
+primitive gobernador, who had presented himself to the travelers
+barefoot, was enriching himself by the knaveries of office! Marcoy could
+not take heart to inform Juan of Aragon of the devastation behind him,
+but on the other hand he resolved to correct the abuse on his return by
+appeal, if necessary, to the prefect of Cuzco.
+
+A frightful night in a deserted hut on a site called Jimiro--where
+Marcoy had for mattress the legs of one of the porters, and for pillow
+the back of a bark-hunter--followed the exodus from Sausipata. The
+Guarapascana, the Saniaca, the Chuntapunco, flowing into the Cconi on
+opposite sides, were successively left behind our adventurers, and they
+bowed for an instant before the tomb of a stranger, "a German from
+Germany," as Pepe Garcia said, "who pretended to know the language of
+the Chunchos, and who interpreted for himself, but who starved in the
+wilderness near the heap of stones you see." Leaving this resting-place
+of an interpreter who had interpreted so little, the party attained a
+stream of rather unusual importance. The reputed gold-bearing river of
+Ouitubamba rolled from its tunnel before them, exciting the most
+visionary schemes in the mind of Colonel Perez, to whom its auriferous
+reputation was familiar. Nothing would do but that the California
+process of "panning" must be carried out in these Peruvian waters, and
+the peons, _multum reluctantes,_ were summoned to the task, with all the
+crow-bars and shovels possessed by the expedition, supplemented by
+certain sauce-pans and dishes hypothecated from the culinary department.
+The issue of the stream from under a crown of indigenous growths was the
+site of this financial speculation. Pepe Garcia was placed at the head
+of the enterprise. A long ditch was dug, revealing milky quartz, ochres
+and clay. The deceptive hue of the yellow earth made the search a long
+and tantalizing one. At the moment when the colonel, attracted by
+something glistening in the large frying-pan which he was agitating at
+the edge of the stream, uttered an exclamation which drew all heads into
+the cavity of his receptacle, an answering sound from the heavens caused
+everybody suddenly to look up. An equatorial storm had gathered
+unnoticed over their heads. In a few minutes a solid sheet of warm
+rain, accompanied by a furious tornado sweeping through the valley,
+caused whites and Indians to scatter as if for their lives. The golden
+dream of Colonel Perez and the similar vision entertained by Pepe Garcia
+were dissipated promptly by this answer of the elements. On attaining
+the neighboring sheds of Maniri the gold--seekers abandoned their
+implements without remark to the services of the cooks, and betook
+themselves to wringing out their stockings as if they had never dreamed
+of walking in silver slippers through the streets of Cuzco. They made no
+further attempt to wring gold from the mouth of the Ouitubamba. As for
+Maniri, it was the last site or human resting-place of any, the very
+most trivial, kind before the opening of the utter wilderness which
+proceeded to accompany the course of the Cconi River.
+
+[Illustration: "THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM
+ITS TUNNEL."]
+
+The Bolivians imagined an exploration of a little stream on the left
+bank, the Chuntapunco, which they thought might issue from a
+quinine-bearing region. They built a little raft, and departed with
+provisions for three or four days. They returned, in fact, after a
+week's absence, with seven varieties of cinchona--the _hirsuta,
+lanceolata, purpurea_ and _ovata_ of Ruiz and Pavon, and three more of
+little value and unknown names.
+
+During the absence of the cascarilleros a flat calm reigned in the
+ajoupa of Maniri. Garcia and the colonel, the day after their
+unproductive gold-hunt, betook themselves into the forest, ostensibly
+for game, but in reality to review their hopeful labors by the banks of
+the Ouitubamba. Aragon was detailed by Mr. Marcoy to accompany him in
+his botanical and entomological tours. On these excursions the
+acquaintance between the mozo and the señor was considerably developed.
+The youth had naturally a gay and confident disposition, and added not a
+little to the liveliness of the trips. Marcoy profited by their stricter
+connection to converse with him about the cultivation of the farm at
+Sausipata, making use of a venial deception to let him think that the
+plan of operations had been communicated by the governor himself.
+Aragon modestly replied that the plantation in question was only the
+first of a series of similar clearings contemplated by his uncle at
+various points in the valley. Arrangements made for this purpose with
+the governors of Ocongata and Asaroma, who were pledged with their
+support in return for heavy presents, would enable him soon to cultivate
+coffee and sugar and cocoa at once in a number of haciendas. The
+enterprise was a splendid one; and if God--Aragon pronounced the name
+without a particle of diffidence--deigned to bless it, the day was
+coming when the fortune of his uncle, solidly established, would make
+him the pride and the joy of the region.
+
+It may as well be mentioned here that the subsequent career of the
+chest-nut-colored interpreter is not entirely unknown. In 1860, Mr.
+Clement Markham, collecting quinine-plants for the British government,
+came upon a splendid hacienda thirty miles from the village of Ayapata,
+in a valley of the Andes near the scene of this exploration. Here, on
+the sugar-cane estate named San José de Bellavista, he discovered "an
+intelligent and enterprising Peruvian" named Aragon, who appears to have
+been none other than our interpreter escaped from the chrysalis. His
+establishment was very large, and protected from the savages by two
+rivers, Aragon had made a mule-road of thirty miles to the village. He
+found the manufacture of spirits for the sugar-cane more profitable than
+digging for gold in the Ouitubamba or hunting for cascarillas along the
+Cconi. In 1860 he sent an expedition into the forest after wild
+cocoa-plants. An india-rubber manufactory had only failed for want of
+government assistance. He contemplated the establishment of a line of
+steamers on the neighboring rivers to carry off the commerce of his
+plantations. "Any scheme for developing the resources of the country is
+sure to receive his advocacy," says Mr. Markham: "it would be well for
+Peru if she contained many such men."
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+PROBATIONER LEONHARD;
+
+OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+OUR HERO.
+
+Young Mr. Leonhard Marten walked out on the promenade at the usual hour
+one afternoon, after a good deal of hesitation, for there was quite as
+little doubt in his mind as there is in mine that the thing to do was to
+remain within-doors and answer the letters--or rather the letter--lying
+on his table. The brief epistle which conveyed to him the regrets of the
+new female college building committee, that his plans were too elaborate
+and costly, and must therefore be declined, really demanded no reply,
+and would probably never have one. It was the hurried scrawl from his
+friend Wilberforce which claimed of his sense of honor an answer by the
+next mail. The letter from Wilberforce was dated Philadelphia, and ran
+thus:
+
+"DEAR LENNY: Please deposit five thousand for me in some good bank of
+Pennsylvania or New York. I shall want it, maybe, within a week or so. I
+am talking hard about going abroad. Why can't you go along? Say we sail
+on the first of next month. Richards is going, and I shall make enough
+out of the trip to pay expenses for all hands. You'll never know
+anything about your business, Mart, till you have studied in one of
+those old towns. Answer. Thine,
+
+"WIL."
+
+When I say that Leonhard had, or _had_ had, ten thousand dollars of
+Wilberforce's money, and that he was now about as unprepared to meet the
+demand recorded as he would have been if he had never seen a cent of the
+sum mentioned, the assertion, I think, is justified that his place was
+at his office-table, and not on the promenade. What if the town-clock
+had struck four? what if at this hour Miss Ayres usually rounded the
+corner of Granby street on her way home? But, poor fellow! he _had_
+tried to think his way through the difficulty. Every day for a week he
+had exercised himself in letter--writing: he had practiced every style,
+from the jocular to the gravely interrogative, and had succeeded pretty
+well as a stylist, but the point, the point, the bank deposit, remained
+still insurmountable and unapproachable.
+
+Once or twice he had thought that probably the best thing to do was to
+go off on a long journey, and by and by, when things had righted
+themselves somehow, find out where Wilberforce was and acknowledge his
+letter with regrets and explanations. He was considering this course
+when he destroyed his last effort, and went out on the promenade to get
+rid of his thoughts and himself and to meet Miss Ayres. The present
+contained Miss Ayres; as to the future, it was dark as midnight; for the
+past, it was not in the least pleasant to think of it, and how it had
+come to pass that Wilberforce trusted him.
+
+The days when he and Wilberforce were lads, poor, sad-hearted, all but
+homeless, returned upon him with their shadows. It was in those days
+that his friend formed so lofty an estimate of his exactness in figures
+and his skill in saving, and thus it had happened that when the engine
+constructed by Wilberforce began to pay him so past belief, he was
+really in the perplexity concerning places of deposit which he had
+expressed to Marten. Leonhard chanced to be with this young Croesus--who
+had begun life by dipping water for invalids at the springs--when the
+ten thousand dollars alluded to were paid him by a dealer; and the
+instant transfer of the money to his hands was one of those off-hand
+performances which, apparently trivial, in the end search a man to the
+foundations.
+
+What had become of the money? Seven thousand dollars were swallowed up
+in a gulf which never gives back its treasure. And oh on the verge of
+that same gulf how the siren had sung! A chance of clearing five
+thousand dollars by investing that amount presented itself to Leonhard:
+it was one of those investments which will double a man's money for him
+within three months, or six months at latest. The best men of A---- were
+in the enterprise, and by going into it Leonhard would reap every sort
+of advantage. He might give up teaching music, and confine himself to
+the studies which as an architect he ought to pursue; and to be known
+among the A--- landers as a young gentleman who had money to invest
+would secure to him that social position which the music-lessons he gave
+did no doubt in some quarters embarrass.
+
+It was while buoyed up by his "great expectations," and flattered by the
+attentions which strangely enough began to be extended toward him by
+some of the "best men"--who also were stockholders in the new
+sugar-refining process--that Leonhard took a room at the Granby House,
+and began to manifest a waning interest in his work as a music-master.
+
+This display of himself, modest though it was, cost money. Before the
+letter quoted was written Leonhard had begun to feel a little troubled:
+he had been obliged to add two thousand dollars to his original
+investment, and the thought that possibly there might be a demand for a
+yet further sum--for some unforeseen difficulty had arisen in the matter
+of machinery--had fixed in his mind a misgiving to which at odd moments
+he returned with a flutter of spirits amounting almost to panic.
+
+On the promenade he met Miss Ayres. She stood before the window of a
+music-dealer's shop, looking at the photograph of some celebrity--a tall
+and not too slightly-formed young lady, attired in a buff suit with
+brown trimmings, and a brown hat from which a pretty brown feather
+depended. On her round cheeks was a healthy glow, deepened perhaps by
+exercise on that warm afternoon, and a trifle in addition, it may be, by
+the sound of footsteps advancing. Yet as Leonhard approached, she,
+chancing to look around, did not seem surprised that he was so near. Not
+that she expected him! What reason had she for supposing that from his
+office-window he would see her the instant she turned the corner of
+Granby street and walked down the avenue fronting the parade-ground? No
+reason of course; but this had happened so many times that the meeting
+of the two somewhere in this vicinity was daily predicted by the wise
+prophets of the street.
+
+A rumor was going about A---- in those days which occasioned the mother
+of our young lady a little uneasiness. When Leonhard came to A---- it
+was to live by his profession--music. He was an enthusiast in the
+science, and the best people patronized him. He might have all the
+pupils he pleased now, and at his own prices, thought Mrs. Washington
+Ayres, who had herself taught music: why doesn't he stick to his
+business? But then, she reminded herself, they say he has money; and he
+is so bewitched about architecture that he can't let it alone. Too many
+irons in the fire to please me! Perhaps, though, if he has money, it
+makes not so much difference. But I don't like to see a young man
+dabbling in too many things: it looks as if he would never do anything
+to speak of. It is the only thing I ever heard of against him; but if he
+can't make up his mind, I don't know as there could be anything much
+worse to tell of a man.
+
+She was not far wrong in her thinking, and she had seen the great fault
+in the character of young Mr. Marten. It was his nature to take up and
+embrace cordially, as if for life, the objects that pleased him. Perhaps
+the tendency conduced to his popularity and reputation as a
+music-master, for his acquaintance with the works of composers was
+really vast; but the effect of it was not so hopeful when it set him to
+studying a difficult art almost without instruction, in the confidence
+that he should soon by his works take rank with Angelo, Wren and other
+great masters.
+
+At the music-dealer's window Mr. Leonhard stood for a moment beside
+Miss Marion, and then said with a queer smile, "How cool it looks over
+yonder among the trees! I wish somebody would like to walk there with an
+escort."
+
+"Anybody might, I should think," answered the young lady. "I have waded
+through hot dust, red-hot dust, all the afternoon. Besides, I want to
+ask you, Mr. Marten, what it means. Everybody is coming to me for
+lessons. Are you refusing instruction, or are you growing so unpopular
+of late? I have vexed myself trying to answer the question."
+
+"They all come to you, do they? Yes, I think I am growing unpopular. And
+I am rather glad of it, on the whole," answered Leonhard, not quite
+clear as to her meaning, but not at all disturbed by it.
+
+"I know they must all have gone to you first," she said. "Of course they
+all went to you first, and you wouldn't have them."
+
+Leonhard smiled on. Her odd talk was pleasant to him, and to look at her
+bright face was to forget every disagreeable thing in the world. "You
+know I have been thinking that I would give up instruction altogether,"
+said he; "but I suppose that unless I actually go away to get rid of my
+pupils, I shall have a few devoted followers to the last. The more you
+take off my hands the better I shall like it."
+
+"But how should everybody know that you _think_ of giving up
+instruction?" Miss Marion inquired.
+
+"Oh, I dare say I have told everybody," he answered carelessly.
+
+"Ah!" said she; and two or three thoughts passed through the mind of the
+young lady quite worthy the brain of her mother. "I am half sorry," she
+continued. "But at least you cannot forget what you know. That is a
+comfort. And I am sure you love music too well to let me go on
+committing barbarisms with my hands or voice without telling me."
+
+Leonhard hesitated. How far might he take this dear girl into his
+secrets? "My friend Wilberforce is always saying that I ought to study
+abroad in the old European towns before I launch out in earnest," said
+he finally.
+
+"As architect or musician?" asked the "dear girl."
+
+"As architect, of course," he answered, without manifesting surprise at
+the question. "He is going himself now, and he wants me to go with him."
+
+"Why don't you go?" The quick look with which he followed this question
+made Miss Marion add: "It would be the best thing in the world for--for
+a student, I should think. You said once that your indecision was the
+bane of your life. I beg your pardon for remembering it. When you have
+heard the best music and seen the best architecture, you can put an end
+to this 'thirty years' war,' and come back and settle down."
+
+"All very well," said he, "but please to tell me where I shall find you
+when I come home."
+
+"Oh, I shall be jogging along somewhere, depend."
+
+"With your mind made up concerning every event five years before it
+happens? If you had my choice to make, you think, I suppose, that you
+would decide in a minute which road to fame and fortune you would
+choose." Mr. Leonhard used his cane as vehemently while he spoke as if
+he were a conductor swinging his baton through the most exciting
+movement.
+
+"I don't understand your perplexity, that is the fact," said she with
+wonderful candor; "but then I have been trained to do one thing from the
+time I could wink."
+
+"It was expected of me that I should rival the greatest performers,"
+said Leonhard with a half-sad smile. "If I go abroad now, as you
+advise--"
+
+"Advise? I advise!"
+
+"Did you not?"
+
+"Not the least creature moving. Never!"
+
+"If you did you would say, 'Keep to music.'"
+
+"I should say, 'Keep to architecture.' Then--don't you see?--I should
+have all your pupils."
+
+"That would matter little: you have long had all that I could give you
+worth the giving, Miss Ayres."
+
+Were these words intent on having utterance, and seeking their
+opportunity?
+
+In the midst of her lightness and seeming unconcern the young lady found
+herself challenged, as it were, by the stern voice of a sentinel on
+guard. But she answered on the instant: "The most delicious music I have
+ever heard, for which I owe you endless thanks. I have said
+architecture; but I never advise, you know."
+
+"She has not understood me," thought Leonhard, but instead of taking
+advantage of that conclusion and retiring from the ground, he said,
+"Perhaps I must speak more clearly. I don't care what I do or where I
+go, Miss Marion, if you are indifferent. I love you."
+
+What did he read in the face which his dark eyes scanned as they turned
+full upon it? Was it "I love you"? Was it "Alas!"? He could not tell.
+
+"You are pledged to love 'the True and the Beautiful,'" said she quite
+gayly, "and so I am not surprised."
+
+Leonhard looked mortified and angry. A man of twenty-two declaring love
+for the first time to a woman had a right to expect better treatment.
+
+"I have offended you," she said instantly. "I only followed out your own
+train of thought. You may have half a dozen professions, and--"
+
+"I am at least clear that I love only you," he said. "I hoped you would
+feel that. It is certain, I think, that I shall confine myself to the
+studies of an architect hereafter. I will give no more lessons. And
+shall you care to know whether I go or stay?"
+
+Miss Ayres answered--almost as if in spite of herself and that good
+judgment for which she had been sufficiently praised during her eighteen
+years of existence--"Yes, I shall care a vast deal. That is the reason
+why I say, 'Go, if it seems best to you'--'Stay, if you think it more
+wise.' I have the confidence in you that sees you can conduct your own
+affairs."
+
+"If I go," he cried in a happy voice, in strong contrast with his words,
+"it will be to leave everything behind me that can make life sweet."
+
+"But if you go it will be to gain everything that can make life
+honorable. I did not understand that you thought of going for pleasure."
+Ah, how almost tender now her look and tone!
+
+"Say but once to me what I have said to you," said Leonhard joyfully,
+confident now that he had won the great prize.
+
+"Now? No: don't talk about it. Wait a while, and we will see if there is
+anything in it." What queer lover's mood was this? Miss Marion looked as
+if she had passed her fortieth birthday when she spoke in this wise.
+
+"Oh for a soft sweet breeze from the north-east to temper such cruel
+blasts!" exclaimed Leonhard. "Was ever man so treated as I am by this
+strong-minded young woman?"
+
+"Everybody on the grounds is looking, and wondering how she will get
+home with the intemperate young gentleman she is escorting. Did you say
+you were going to talk with your friend Mr. Wilberforce about going
+abroad with him for a year or two?"
+
+"I said no such thing, but perhaps I may. I was going to write, but it
+may be as easy to run down to Philadelphia."
+
+"Easier, I should say."
+
+So they talked, and when they parted Leonhard said: "If you do not see
+me to-morrow evening, you will know that I have gone to Philadelphia. I
+shall not write to let you know. You might feel that an answer was
+expected of you."
+
+"I have never been taught the arts of a correspondent, and it is quite
+too late to learn them," she answered.
+
+Miss Marion will probably never again feel as old as she does this
+afternoon, when she has half snubbed, half flattered and half accepted
+the man she admires and loves, but whose one fault she clearly perceives
+and is seriously afraid of.
+
+The next day Leonhard sat staring at Wilberforce's letter with a face as
+wrinkled as a young ape's in a cold morning fog. After one long serious
+effort he sprang from his seat, and I am afraid swore that he would go
+down to Philadelphia that very afternoon. Therefore (and because he
+clung to the determination all day) at six o'clock behold him passing
+with his satchel from the steps of the Granby House to the Grand
+Division Dépôt. He was always going to and fro, so his departure
+occasioned no remark. He supposed, for his own part, that he was going
+to talk with his friend Wilberforce, and his ticket ensured his passage
+to Philadelphia; and yet at eight o'clock he found himself standing on
+the steps of the Spenersberg Station, and saw the train move on. At the
+moment when his will seemed to him to be completely demoralized the
+engine-whistle sounded and the engine stopped. Utterly unnerved by his
+doubts, he slunk from the car like an escaping convict, and looked
+toward the narrow moonlit valley which was as a gate leading into this
+unknown Spenersberg. The path looked obscure and inviting, and so,
+without exchanging a word with any one, he walked forward, a more
+pitiable object than is pleasant to consider, for he was no coward and
+no fool.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+
+About the time that Leonhard Marten was paying for his ticket in the
+dépôt at A----, how many events were taking place elsewhere! Multitudes,
+multitudes going up and down the earth perplexed, tempted, discouraged.
+What were _you_ doing at that hour? I wonder.
+
+Even here, at this Spenersberg, was Frederick Loretz--with reason deemed
+one of the most fortunate of the men gathered in the happy
+valley--asking himself, as he walked homeward from the factory, "What is
+the use?"
+
+When he spied his wife on the piazza he seemed to doubt for a second
+whether he should go backward or forward. Into that second of
+vacillation, however, the voice of the woman penetrated: "Husband, so
+early? Welcome home!"
+
+The voice decided him, and so he opened his gate, passed along the
+graveled walk to the piazza steps, ascended, wiping the perspiration
+from his bald head, dropped his handkerchief into his hat and his hat
+upon the floor, and sat down in one of the great wide-armed wooden
+chairs which visitors always found awaiting them on the piazza.
+
+His wife, having bestowed upon him one brief glance, quickly arose and
+went into the house: the next moment she came again, bringing with her a
+pitcher of iced water and a goblet, which she placed before him on a
+small rustic table. But a second glance showed her that he was suffering
+from something besides the heat and fatigue. There was a look on his
+broad honest face that told as distinctly as color and expression could
+tell of anguish, consternation, remorse. He drank from the goblet she
+had filled for him, and said, without looking at his wife, "I have
+brought you the worst news, Anna, that ever you heard." She must have
+guessed what it was instantly, but she made neither sign nor gesture.
+She could have enumerated there and then all the sorrows of her life;
+but for a moment it was not possible even for her to say that this
+impending affliction was, in view of all she had endured, a light one,
+easy to be borne.
+
+"It has gone against us," said Mr. Loretz, picking up his red silk
+handkerchief and passing it from one hand to another, and finally hiding
+his face within its ample dimensions for a moment.
+
+"Do you mean the lot?" Her voice wavered a little. Though she asked or
+refrained from asking, something had taken place which must be made
+known speedily. Wherefore, then, delay the evil knowledge?
+
+He signified by a nod that it was so.
+
+"And that is in store for our poor child!" said the mother.
+
+Mr. Loretz was now quite broken down. He passed his handkerchief across
+his face again, and this time made no answer.
+
+Then the mother, with lips firmly compressed, and eyes bent steadily
+upon the floor, and forehead crumpled somewhat, sat and held her peace.
+
+At last the father said, in a low tone that gave to his strong voice an
+awful pathos, "How can the child bear it, Anna? for she loves Spener
+well--and to love _him_ well!"
+
+"Oh, father," said the wife, who had by this time sounded the depth of
+this tribulation, and was already ascending, "how did we bear it when we
+had to give up Gabriel, and Jacob, and dear little Carl?"
+
+"For me," said the man, rising and looking over the piazza rail into the
+gay little flower-garden beneath--"for me all that was nothing to this."
+
+"O my boys!" the mother cried.
+
+"We know that they went home to a heavenly Parent, and to more delight
+and honor than all the earth could give them," the father said.
+
+"It rent the heart, Frederick, but into the gaping wound the balm of
+Gilead was poured."
+
+"There is no man alive to be compared with Albert Spener."
+
+"I know of one--but one."
+
+"Not one," he said with an emphasis which sternly rebuked the ill-timed,
+and, as he deemed, untruthful flattery. "There is not his like, go where
+you will."
+
+"Ah, how you have exalted him above all that is to be worshiped!" sighed
+the good woman, putting her hands together, and really as troubled and
+sympathetic, and cool and calculating, as she seemed to be.
+
+"I tell you I have never seen his equal! Look at this place here--hasn't
+he called it up out of the dust?"
+
+"Yes, yes, he did. He made it all," she said. "It must be conceded that
+Albert Spener is a great man--in Spenersberg."
+
+"How, then, can I keep back from him the best I have when he asks for it
+--asks for it as if I were a king to refuse him what he wanted if I
+pleased? I would give him my life!"
+
+"Ah, Frederick, you have! It isn't you that denies now--think of that!
+Remind him of it. _Who_ spoke by the lot? Where are you going, husband?"
+
+Mr. Loretz had turned away from the piazza rail and picked up his hat.
+His wife's question arrested him. "I--I thought I would speak with
+Brother Wenck," said he, somewhat confused by the question, and looking
+almost as if his sole purpose had been to go beyond the sound of his
+wife's remonstrating voice.
+
+"Husband, about this?"
+
+"Yes, Anna."
+
+"Don't go. What will he think?"
+
+"Nobody knows about it yet, except Wenck, unless he spoke to Brother
+Thorn."
+
+"Oh, Frederick, what are you thinking?"
+
+"I am thinking"--he paused and looked fixedly at his wife--"I am
+thinking that I have been beside myself, Anna--crazy, out and out, and
+this thing can't stand."
+
+"Husband, it was our wish to learn the will of God concerning this
+marriage, and we have learned it. The Lord----"
+
+"I will go back to the factory," said Mr. Loretz, turning quickly away
+from his wife. "I must see if everything is right there before it gets
+darker." He had caught sight of the tall figure of a woman at the gate
+when he snatched up his hat so suddenly and interrupted his wife. Then
+he turned to her again: "Is Elise within?"
+
+"No, husband: she went to the garden for twigs this afternoon."
+
+"She had not heard?"
+
+"No. It is Sister Benigna that is coming. Must you go back?" She poured
+another glass of water for her husband, and walked down the steps with
+him; and coming so, out from the shade into the sunlight, Sister Benigna
+was startled by their faces as though she had seen two ghosts.
+
+Two hours later, Mr. Loretz again turned his steps homeward, and Mr.
+Wenck, the minister, walked with him as far as the gate. They had met
+accidentally upon the sidewalk, and Mr. Loretz must of necessity make
+some allusion to the letter he had received from the minister that day
+acquainting him with the allotment which had made of him so hopeless a
+mourner. The good man hesitated a moment before making response: then
+he took both the hands of Loretz in his, and said in a deep, tender
+voice, "Brother, the wound smarts."
+
+"I cannot bear it!" cried Loretz. "It is all my doing, and I must have
+been crazy."
+
+"When in devout faith you sought to know God's will concerning your dear
+child?"
+
+"I cannot talk about it," was the impatient response. "And you cannot
+understand it," he continued, turning quickly upon his companion. "You
+have never had a daughter, and you don't understand Albert Spener."
+
+"I think," said the minister patiently--"I think I know him well enough
+to see what the consequence will be if he should suspect that Brother
+Loretz is like 'a wave of the sea, driven with the wind and tossed.'"
+
+Yet as the minister said this his head drooped, his voice softened, and
+he laid his hand on the shoulder of Mr. Loretz, as if he would fain
+speak on and in a different strain. It was evident that the distressed
+man did not understand him, and reproof or counsel was more than he
+could now bear. He walked on a little faster, and as he approached his
+gate voices from within were heard. They were singing a duet from _The
+Messiah_.
+
+"Come in," said Loretz, his face suddenly lighting up with almost hope.
+
+Mr. Wenck seemed disposed to accept the invitation: then, as he was
+about to pass through the gate, he was stayed by a recollection
+apparently, for he turned back, saying, "Not to-night, Brother Loretz.
+They will need all the time for practice. Let me tell you, I admire your
+daughter Elise beyond expression. I wish that Mr. Spener could hear that
+voice now: it is perfectly triumphant. You are happy, sir, in having
+such a daughter."
+
+As Mr. Wenck turned from the gate, Leonhard--our Leonhard
+Marten--approached swiftly from the opposite side of the street. He had
+been sitting under the trees half an hour listening to the singing, and,
+full of enthusiasm, now presented himself before Mr. Loretz,
+exclaiming, "Do tell me, sir, what singers are these?"
+
+Mr. Loretz knew every man in Spenersberg. He looked at the stranger, and
+answered dryly, "Very tolerable singers."
+
+"I should think so! I never heard anything so glorious. I am a stranger
+here, sir. Can you direct me to a public-house?"
+
+To answer was easy. There was but the one inn, called the Brethren's
+House, the sixth below the one before which they were standing. It was a
+long house, painted white, with a deep wide porch, where half a dozen
+young men probably sat smoking at this moment. Instead of giving this
+direction, however, Loretz said, after a brief consultation with
+himself, "I don't know as there's another house in Spenersberg that
+ought to be as open as mine. I live here, sir. How long have you been
+listening?"
+
+"Not long enough," said Leonhard; and he passed through the gate, which
+had been opened for the minister, and now was opened as widely for him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HIGH ART.
+
+The room into which Mr. Loretz conducted Leonhard seemed to our young
+friend, as he glanced around it, fit for the court of Apollo. Its
+proportions had obviously been assigned by some music-loving soul. It
+occupied two-thirds of the lower floor of the house, and its high
+ceiling was a noticeable feature. The furniture had all been made at the
+factory; the floor-mats were woven there; and one gazing around him
+might well have wondered to what useful or ornamental purpose the green
+willows growing everywhere in Spenersberg Valley might not be applied.
+The very pictures hanging on the wall--engraved likenesses of the great
+masters Mozart and Beethoven--had their frames of well-woven willow
+twigs; and the rack which held the books and sheets of music was
+ornamented on each side with raised wreaths of flowers wrought by deft
+hands from the same pliant material.
+
+At the piano, in the centre of the room, sat Sister Benigna--by her
+side, Elise Loretz.
+
+It seemed, when Elise's father entered with the stranger, as if there
+might be a suspension of the performance, but Loretz said, "Two
+listeners don't signify: we promise to make no noise. Sit down, sir:
+give me your bag;" and taking Leonhard's satchel, he retired with it to
+a corner, where he sat down, and with his elbows on his knees, his head
+between his hands, prepared himself to listen.
+
+Sister Benigna said to her companion, "It is time we practiced before an
+audience perhaps;" and they went on as if nothing had happened.
+
+And sitting in that cool room on the eve of a scorching and distracted
+day, is it any wonder that Leonhard composed himself to accept any
+marvel that might present itself? Once across the threshold of the
+Every-day, and there is nothing indeed for which one should not be
+prepared.
+
+If in mood somewhat less enthusiastic than that of our traveler we look
+in upon that little company, what shall we see?
+
+In the first place, inevitably, Sister Benigna. But describe a picture,
+will you, or the mountains, or the sea? It must have been something for
+the Spenersberg folk to know that such a woman dwelt among them, yet
+probably two-thirds of her influence was unconsciously put forth and as
+unconsciously received. They knew that in musical matters she inspired
+them and exacted of them to the uttermost, but they did not and could
+not know how much her life was worth to all of them, and that they lived
+on a higher plane because of those half dozen wonderful notes of hers,
+and the unflagging enthusiasm which needed but the name of love-feast or
+festival to bring a light into her lovely eyes that seemed to spread up
+and around her white forehead and beautiful hair like a supernatural
+lustre. There was a fire that animated her which nobody who saw its glow
+or felt its warmth could question. Without that altar of music--But why
+speculate on what she might have been if she had not been what she was?
+That would be to consider not Benigna, but somebody else.
+
+She was accompanying Elise through Handel's "Pastoral Symphony." Elise
+began: "He is the righteous Saviour, and He shall speak peace unto the
+heathen." At the first notes Leonhard looked hastily toward the window,
+and if it had been a door he would have passed out on to the piazza,
+that he might there have heard, unseeing, unseen. While he sat still and
+looked and listened it seemed to him as if he had been engaged in
+foolish games with children all his life. He sat as it were in the dust,
+scorning his own insignificance.
+
+The young girl who now sat, now stood beside her, must have been the
+child of her training. For six years, indeed, they have lived together
+under one roof, sharing one apartment. Within the hour just passed, that
+has been said by them toward which all the talk and all the action of
+the six years has tended, and the heart of the girl lies in the hand of
+the woman, and what will the woman do with it?
+
+Perhaps all that Benigna can do for Elise has to-day been accomplished.
+It may be that to grow beside her now will be to grow in the shade when
+shade is needed no longer, and when the effect will be to weaken life
+and to deepen the spirit of dependence. Possibly sunlight though
+scorching, winds though wild, would be better for Elise now than the
+protecting shadow of her friend.
+
+Looking at Elise, Leonhard feels more assured, more at home. She has a
+kindly face, a lovely face, he decides, and what a deliciously rich,
+smooth voice! She is rather after the willowy order in her slender
+person, and when she begins to sing "Rejoice greatly," he looks at her
+astonished, doubting whether the sound can really have proceeded from
+her slender throat. He is again reminded of Marion, but by nothing he
+hears or sees: poor Marion has her not small reputation as a singer in
+A----, yet her voice, compared with this, is as wire--gold wire
+indeed--wire with a _color_ of richness at least; while Elise's is as
+honey itself--honey with the flavor of the sweetest flowers in it, and,
+too, the suggestion of the bee's swift, strong wing.
+
+Into the room comes at last Mrs. Loretz. It is just as Elise takes up
+the final air of the symphony that she appears. She would look upon her
+daughter while she sings, "Come unto Him, all ye that labor and are
+heavy laden, and He shall give you rest. Take His yoke upon you, and
+learn of Him," etc. Chiefly to look upon her child she comes--to listen
+with her loving, confident eyes.
+
+But on the threshold of the music-room she pauses half a second,
+perceiving the stranger by the window: then she nods pleasantly to him,
+which motion sets the short silvery hair on her forehead waving, as
+curls would have waved there had she only let them. She wears a cap
+trimmed with a blue ribbon tied beneath her chin, and such is the order
+of her comely gown and apron that it commands attention always, like a
+true work of art.
+
+She sits down beside her husband, and presently, as by the flash of a
+single glance indeed, has taken the weight and measure of the gentleman
+opposite. She likes his appearance, admires his fine dark face and his
+fine dark eyes, wonders where he came from, what he wants, and--will he
+stay to tea?
+
+Gazing at her daughter, she looks a little sad: then she smooths her
+dress, straightens herself, shakes her head, and is absorbed in the
+music, beating time with tiny foot and hand, and following every strain
+with an intentness which draws her brows together into a slight frown.
+Elise almost smiles as she glances toward her mother: she knows where to
+find enthusiasm at a white heat when it is wanted. With the final
+repetition, "Ye shall find rest to your souls," the dame rises quickly,
+and hastening to her daughter embraces her; then passing to the next
+room, she pauses, perhaps long enough to wipe her eyes; then the jingle
+of a bell is heard.
+
+At the ringing of this bell, Sister Benigna rose instantly, saying,
+"Welcome sound!" Loretz also came forth from his corner. He was about to
+speak to Leonhard, when Benigna took up the trombone which was lying on
+the piano, and said, "I am curious to know how many rehearsals you have
+had, sir. It is time, Elise, that our trombonist reported."
+
+Loretz, casting an eye toward his daughter, said, "Never mind Sister
+Benigna. Our quartette will be all right." Then he turned to Leonhard:
+it was not now that he felt for the first time the relief of the
+stranger's presence. "We are going to take food," said he: "will you
+give me your name and come with us?"
+
+Leonhard gave his name, and moreover his opinion that he had trespassed
+too long already on the hospitality of the house.
+
+To this remark Loretz paid no attention. "Wife," he called out, "isn't
+that name down in the birthday book--_Leonhard Marten?_ I am sure of it.
+He was a Herrnhuter."
+
+"Very likely, husband," was the answer from the other room. "Will you
+come, good people?" The good people who heard that voice understood just
+what its tone meant, and there was an instant response.
+
+"Come in, sir," said Loretz; and the invitation admitted no argument,
+for he went forward at once with a show of alacrity sufficient to
+satisfy his wife. "This young man here was looking for a public-house.
+They are full at the Brethren's, I hear. I thought he could not do
+better than take luck with us," he said to her by way of explanation.
+
+"He is welcome," said the wife in a prompt, business-like tone, which
+was evidently her way. "Daughter!" She looked at Elise, and Elise
+brought a plate, knife and fork for "this young man," and placed them
+where her mother indicated--that is, next herself. Between the mother
+and daughter Leonhard therefore took refuge, as it were, from the rather
+too majestic presence opposite known as Sister Benigna. He should have
+felt at ease in the little circle, for not one of them but felt the
+addition to their party to be a diversion and a relief. As to Dame Anna
+Loretz, thoughts were passing through her mind which might pass through
+the minds of others also in the course of time should Leonhard prove to
+be a good Moravian and decide to remain among them. They were thoughts
+which would have sent a dubious smile around the board, however, could
+they have been made known just now to Elise and her father and Sister
+Benigna; and what would our young friend--from the city evidently--have
+looked or said could they have been communicated to him? Already the
+mind and heart of the mother of Elise, disconcerted and distracted for
+the moment by that untoward casting of the lot, had risen to a calm
+survey of the situation of things; and now she was endeavoring to
+reconcile herself to the prospect which imagination presented to the eye
+of faith, _If_ she had perceived in the unannounced appearing of the
+young gentleman who sat near her devouring with keen appetite the good
+fare before him, and apologizing for his hunger with a grace which
+ensured him constant renewal of vanishing dishes,--if she had perceived
+in it a manifestation of the will of Providence, she could not have
+smiled on Leonhard more kindly, or more successfully have exerted
+herself to make him feel at home.
+
+And might not Mr. Leonhard have congratulated himself? If there was a
+"great house" in Spenersberg, this was that mansion; and if there were
+great people there, these certainly were they. And to think of finding
+in this vale cultivators of high art, intelligent, simple-hearted,
+earnest, beautiful!
+
+CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH CAPITAL.
+
+The metropolis of Ireland about the middle of the last century was the
+fourth in Europe in point of size. Since then it has made little
+progress in comparison with many others. Yet it is a large place,
+covering a great area, and holding a population which numbers some three
+hundred thousand souls.
+
+It may further be said that notwithstanding the withdrawal, consequent
+on the Union, of the aristocratic classes from Dublin, the city has
+improved more in the last fifty years than at any previous period.
+Dublin, at the Union, and for some time after, was a very dirty place
+indeed. To-day, although, from that antipathy to paint common to the
+whole Irish nation--which can apparently never realize the Dutch
+proverb, that "paint costs nothing," or the English one, that "a stitch
+in time saves nine"--much of the town looks dingy, it is, as a whole,
+cleaner than almost any capital in Europe, so far as drainage and the
+sanitary state of the dwellings are concerned. And here we speak from
+experience, having last year, in company with detective officers,
+visited all its lowest and poorest haunts.
+
+The cause of this sanitary excellence is that matters of this kind are
+placed entirely in the hands of the police, who rigorously carry out the
+orders given to them on such points. It is devoutly to be hoped that a
+similar system will ere long be in vogue in the towns of our own
+country.
+
+The noblesse have now quite deserted the Irish capital. Besides the
+lord-chancellor, there is probably not a single peer occupying a house
+there to-day. Houses are excellent and very cheap. An immense mansion in
+the best situation can be had for a thousand dollars a year. The markets
+are capitally supplied, and the prices are generally about one-third of
+those of New York. Not a single item of living is dear. But,
+notwithstanding these and many other advantages, the place has lost
+popularity, has a "deadly-lively" air about it, and, it must be
+admitted, is in many respects wondrously dull, especially to those who
+have been used to the brisk life of a great commercial or
+pleasure-loving capital.
+
+"Cornelius O'Dowd" paid a visit to Dublin in 1871 after a long absence,
+and said some very pretty things about it. Never was the company or
+claret better. Well, the fact was, that while the great and lamented
+Cornelius was there he was fêted and made much of. Lord Spencer gave him
+a dinner, so did other magnates, and his séjour was one prolonged
+feasting; but nevertheless the every-day life of the Irish capital is
+awfully and wonderfully dull, as those who know it best, and have the
+cream of such society as it offers, would in strict confidence admit.
+From January to May there is an attempt at a "season," during the
+earlier part of which the viceroy gives a great many entertainments.
+These are remarkably well done, and the smaller parties are very
+agreeable. But politics intervene here, as in everything else in
+Ireland, to mar considerably the brilliancy of the vice-regal court.
+When the Whigs are "in" the Tory aristocracy hold off from "the Castle,"
+and _vice versâ_. Dublin is generally much more brilliant under a Tory
+viceroy, inasmuch as nine-tenths of the Irish peerage and landed gentry
+support that side of politics. The vice-reign of the duke of Abercorn,
+the last lord-lieutenant, will long be remembered as a period of
+exceptional splendor in the annals of Dublin. He maintained the dignity
+of the office in a style which had not been known for half a century,
+and in this respect proved particularly acceptable to people of all
+classes. Besides, he is a man of magnificent presence, and has a fitting
+helpmate (sister of Earl Russell) and beautiful daughters; and it was
+universally admitted that the round people had got into the round holes,
+so far as the duke and duchess were concerned.
+
+The lord-lieutenant's levees and drawing-rooms take place at night, and
+are therefore much more cheerful than similar ceremonials at Buckingham
+Palace. His Excellency kisses all the ladies presented to him. The
+vice-regal salary is one hundred thousand dollars, with allowances, but
+most viceroys spend a great deal more. There are in such a poor country,
+where people have no sort of qualms about asking, innumerable claims
+upon their purses.
+
+The office of viceroy of Ireland is one which prime ministers find it no
+easy task to fill. Just that kind of person is wanted for the office who
+has no wish to hold it. A great peer with half a million of dollars'
+income doesn't care about accepting troublesome and occasionally anxious
+duties, from which he, at all events, has nothing to gain. For some time
+Lord Derby was in a quandary to get any one who would do to take it, and
+it may be doubted whether the marquis of Abercorn would have sacrificed
+himself if the glittering prospect of a coronet all strawberry leaves
+(for he was created a duke while in office) had not been held before his
+eyes. The vice-regal lodge is a plain, unpretending building. It is
+charmingly situated in the Phoenix Park (1760 acres), and commands
+delightful views over the Wicklow Mountains. Within, it is comfortable
+and commodious. The viceroy resides there eight months in the year. He
+goes to "the Castle" from December to April. The Castle is "no great
+thing." It is situated in the heart of Dublin. Around it are the various
+government offices. St. Patrick's Hall is a fine apartment, but
+certainly does not deserve the name of magnificent, and is a very poor
+affair compared with the reception-saloons of third-rate continental
+princes.
+
+The Dublin season culminates, so far at least as the vice-regal
+entertainments go, in the ball given here on St. Patrick's Day (March
+17). On such occasions it is _de rigueur_ to wear a court-dress. Even
+those who venture to appear in the regulation trowsers admissible at a
+levee at St. James's are seriously cautioned "not to do it again."
+
+Though Dublin is now deserted by the aristocracy, most of the
+_grand-seigneur_ mansions are still standing. Leinster House, built
+about 1760, and said to have served as a model for the "White House,"
+was in 1815 sold by the duke to the Royal Dublin Society. Up to 1868 the
+duke of Leinster[1] was Ireland's only duke, and the house is certainly
+a stately and appropriate ducal residence.
+
+It must, however, be confessed that there is something decidedly
+_triste_ and severe about this big mansion. A celebrated whilom tenant
+of it, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, appeared to think so, for in 1791 he
+writes to his mother, after his return from the bright and sunny
+atmosphere of America: "I confess Leinster House does not inspire the
+brightest ideas. By the by, what a melancholy house it is! You can't
+conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from Kildare. A
+country housemaid I brought with me cried for two days, and said she
+thought that she was in a prison." It was at Leinster House that "Lord
+Edward"--he is to this day always thus known by the people of Ireland,
+who never think it needful to add his surname--after having joined "the
+United Irishmen," had interviews with the informer Reynolds, who, it is
+believed, afterward betrayed him.
+
+Lady Sarah Napier, mother of Sir William Napier, the well-known
+historian of the Peninsular War, and other eminent sons, was aunt to
+Lord Edward, being sister of his mother. These ladies were daughters of
+the duke of Richmond, and Lady Sarah was remarkable as being a lady to
+whom George III. was passionately attached, and whom, but for the
+vehement opposition of his mother and her _entourage_, he would have
+married. In a journal of this lady's I find the following interesting
+account of the search for her nephew: "The separate warrant went by a
+messenger, attended by the sheriff and a party of soldiers, into
+Leinster House. The servants ran to Lady Edward, who was ill, and told
+her. She said directly, 'There is no help: send them up.' They asked
+very civilly for her papers and for Edward's, and she gave them all.
+Her apparent distress moved Major O'Kelly to tears, and their whole
+conduct was proper."
+
+Lady Edward Fitzgerald (whose husband had served under Lord Moira in
+America) was at Moira House on the evening of her husband's arrest.
+Writing from Castletown, county Kildare, two days after that event, Lady
+Louisa Connolly, Lord Edward's aunt, says: "As soon as Edward's wound
+was dressed he desired the private secretary at the Castle to write for
+him to Lady Edward and tell her what had happened. The secretary carried
+the note himself. Lady E. was at Moira House, and a servant of Lady
+Mountcashel's came soon after to forbid Lady Edward's servants saying
+anything to her that night." She continued, after Lord E.'s death, to
+reside at Moira House till obliged by an order of the privy council to
+retire to England, where she became the guest of her husband's uncle,
+the duke of Richmond.[2]
+
+Lady Moira, who so kindly befriended Lady Edward, was unquestionably a
+very remarkable woman, and had considerable influence, politically and
+socially, in the Dublin of her day. Although an Englishwoman, she became
+in some respects _ipsis Hibernis Hibernior,_ and for a very long period
+prior to her death never quitted the soil of Ireland. Had the Irish
+aristocracy generally been of the complexion of those who assembled in
+the more intimate reunions at Moira House, the history of that country
+during the past century would have been a widely different one. The
+members of that brilliant circle were thorough anti-Unionists, and Lord
+Moira and his sons-in-law, the earls of Granard and Mountcashel, proved
+that they were not to be conciliated by bribes, either in money or
+honors, by entering their formal protest against that measure on the
+books of the Irish House of Lords.
+
+When the delegates on behalf of Catholic claims came to London in 1792,
+it was this enlightened Irish nobleman who received them, and who, in
+the event of the minister declining to admit them, intended as a peer to
+have claimed an audience of the king. Lord Moira both in the English and
+Irish Houses of Peers denounced the oppressive measures of the
+government, and his opposition gave so much offence that the English
+general Lake was reported to hayer declared that if a town in the North
+was to be burnt, they had best begin with Lord Moira's, causing him so
+much apprehension that he removed his collection, which was of
+extraordinary value, from his seat, Moira Hall, in the county Down, to
+England.
+
+The celebrated John Wesley visited Lady Moira at Moira House in 1775,
+"and was surprised to observe, though not a more grand, a far more
+elegant room than he had ever seen in England. It was an octagon, about
+twenty feet square, and fifteen or sixteen high, having one window (the
+sides of it inlaid throughout with mother-of-pearl) reaching from the
+top of the room to the bottom: the ceiling, sides and furniture of the
+room were equally elegant." It was here that two of the greatest members
+of their respective legislatures--Charles Fox and Henry Grattan--first
+met in 1777, and Moira House continued to be the scene of splendid
+entertainments up to the death of the first Lord Moira, in 1793. Wesley
+concludes his letter about Moira House by asking, "Must this too pass
+away like a dream?" Whether like a dream or no, it certainly has been
+signally the fate of this whilom proud mansion to pass from the highest
+to the very humblest almost at a bound. For some years after Lady
+Moira's death (in 1808) the house was kept up by the family, but in 1826
+it was let to an anti-mendicity society. The upper story was removed,
+the mansion was stripped throughout of its splendid decorations--some
+of the furniture is now at Castle Forbes, the seat of the earl of
+Granard, Lady Moira's great-grandson, a worthy descendant--and the
+saloons which were wont to be thronged with the most brilliant and
+splendid society of the Irish metropolis in its heyday are now the abode
+of perhaps the very poorest outcasts who are to be found in the whole
+wide world.
+
+The district in which Moira House stands has long ceased to be
+fashionable. The mansion stands close to the Liffey, a few yards back
+from the road. An elderly man who has charge of the mendicity
+institution for whose purposes the house is at present used, told me
+that he remembered it when kept up by the family, although its members
+were not actually residing there. What is now a fearfully dreary
+courtyard, where the outcasts of Dublin disport themselves, was then, he
+said, a fine garden with splendid mulberry trees, which he, being a
+favorite with the gardener, was permitted to climb--a circumstance which
+had naturally impressed itself on his childish memory. I told him that I
+had heard that long after the difficulties of the first marquis--who
+lent one hundred thousand pounds to George the Magnificent when that
+glorious prince was at the last gasp for _£ s. d_.--had compelled him to
+part with his large estates; in the county Down, he had retained
+possession of this mansion, and that it had even descended to the last
+marquis, whose wild career concluded when he was only six-and-twenty;
+but the old man thought it had passed from them long before. He
+remembered, he said, the last peer (with whom the title became extinct)
+coming to Dublin, because he had an interview with him about some
+furniture for his yacht, my informant being at that time in business,
+and he thought he should have heard if the property had been still
+retained. I asked if the marquis had exhibited any interest as to the
+old historical mansion of his family. "Not the slightest," he replied.
+
+Hardy, in his well-known life of Lord Charlemont, says: "His (Lord
+Moira's) house will be long, very long, remembered: it was for many
+years the seat of refined hospitality, of good nature and of good
+conversation. In doing the honors of it, Lord Moira had certainly one
+advantage above most men, for he had every assistance that true
+magnificence, the nobleness of manners peculiar to exalted birth, and
+talents for society the most cultivated, could give him in his
+illustrious countess."
+
+Powerscourt House, a really noble mansion in St. Andrew street, is now
+used by a great wholesale firm, but is so little altered that it could
+be fitted for a private residence again in a very brief time. The
+staircase is grand in proportion, and the steps and balustrades are of
+polished mahogany, the last being richly carved.
+
+Tyrone House is now the Education Office, and Mornington House, where
+Wellington's father resided, and where or at Dangan--for it is a
+doubtful point--the duke was born, is also used for government purposes.
+
+The great squares of Dublin are St. Stephen's Green, Rutland, Mountjoy,
+Merrion and Fitzwilliam Squares. The first of these dates from the
+latter half of the seventeenth century, and is probably in a far more
+prosperous condition now than it ever was before. If we are to judge by
+Whitelaw's history, it presented in 1819 an aspect such as no public
+square out of Dublin--the enclosure of Leicester Square, London,
+excepted--could present. "Of that kind of architectural beauty," he
+says, "which arises from symmetry and regularity, here are no traces."
+Some houses were on a level with the streets, others were approached by
+a grand _perron_. The proprietors were of all degrees: here was the
+great house of a lord, there a miserable dramshop. The enclosure
+consisted of no less than thirteen acres, making Stephen's Green the
+largest public square in Europe. It was simply a great treeless field,
+with an equestrian statue of George II. stuck in the middle of it. The
+principal entrance to the ground is described as "decorated with four
+piers of black stone crowned with globes of mountain granite, once
+respectable, but exhibiting shameful symptoms of neglect and decay."
+There had been a gravel walk called the "Beaux' Walk," from its having
+been a fashionable resort, "but," says Whitelaw, "the ditch which bounds
+it is now usually filled with stagnant water, which seems to be the
+appropriate receptacle of animal bodies in a disgusting state of
+putrefaction." At night this charming recreation-ground was illumined by
+twenty-six lamps, at a distance of one hundred and seventy feet from
+each other, stuck on wooden poles. Such an account of the grand square
+of Dublin does not make one surprised to learn that the main approach to
+it from the heart of the city was of a very miserable description.
+
+In reading Whitelaw's history of Dublin it is impossible not to be
+struck with the fact that it records a degree of neglect and
+indifference on the part of the people and the local authorities to
+beauty, decency and order such as could scarcely be found in another
+country. In the centre of Merrion Square was a fountain of very
+ambitious expense and design, erected to the honor of the duke and
+duchess of Rutland, a lord and lady lieutenant. The fountain was only
+finished in 1791, but "from a fault in the foundation, or some shameful
+negligence in the construction, is already cracked and bulged in several
+places; and though intended as a monument to perpetuate the memory of an
+illustrious nobleman and his heroic father (the famous Lord Granby), is,
+after an existence of only sixteen years, tottering to its fall." Mr.
+Whitelaw continues: "Unhappily, _a savage barbarism that seems hostile
+to every idea of order or decency, of beauty and elegance, prevails
+among but too many of the lower orders_; and hence the decorations of
+almost every public fountain have been destroyed or disfigured: the
+figure, shamefully mutilated, of the water-nymph in this fountain has
+been reduced to a disgusting trunk, and the _alto relievo_ over it shows
+equal symptoms of decay, arising partly from violence, and partly,
+perhaps, from the perishable nature of the materials." Truly a forcible
+picture of art and the appreciation thereof in Ireland!
+
+During the last century some Italians came to Dublin, who left their
+mark upon the interior decorations of rich men's houses. Many of the old
+houses retain the beautiful mantelpieces designed and executed by these
+accomplished artists. A leading house-fitter of Dublin has, however,
+bought up a good many, and they are finding their way to London, where
+it is to be hoped they may produce a revolution in taste, for London
+mantelpieces are, as a rule, hideous. Some of these specimens of art
+have been bought by wealthy Irishmen and transferred to their
+country-houses. One nobleman, Lord Langford, whose ancestral home was
+wrecked in the rebellion of 1798, has lately been restoring it, and
+bought up many of the Dublin mantelpieces.
+
+The ornamentation of Belvedere House, in Gardener Row, is particularly
+elaborate and in wonderfully good repair.
+
+Irish family history contains few sadder stories than that of the first
+countess of Belvedere. Lord Belvedere was a man of fashion who much
+frequented St. James's, and indeed owed his elevation, first to a barony
+and then to an earldom, to the favor of that highly uninteresting
+monarch, George II. Leaving his wife sometimes for long periods at
+Gaulston, a vast and dreary residence (since pulled down) in Westmeath,
+he betook himself to London, and Lady Belvedere at such times lived much
+with her husband's brother, Mr. Arthur Rochfort, and his family. It is
+said that some woman with whom Lord Belvedere had long been connected
+was determined to make mischief between him and his wife. Eight years
+after their marriage, Lady Belvedere was accused of adultery with Mr.
+Rochfort: in an action of _crim. con._ damages to the extent of twenty
+thousand pounds were given, and the defendant was obliged to fly the
+country. For many years he lived abroad, but at length ventured to
+return, when his brother caused him to be arrested, and he died in
+confinement, protesting to the last, as did Lady Belvedere, his
+innocence. For Lady Belvedere a terrible punishment for her alleged
+misdeeds was in store. Her husband quitted Gaulston for a cheerful
+retreat in another part of the county, and henceforth that gloomy
+mansion became the prison-house of the unhappy countess.
+
+When her imprisonment commenced Lady Belvedere was twenty-five. For
+eighteen years she remained a prisoner. Her husband often visited
+Gaulston, but uniformly avoided all personal communication with her.
+Once she succeeded in speaking to him, but her entreaties were in vain,
+and thenceforward, whenever he was about the grounds at Gaulston, the
+attendant accompanying Lady Belvedere in her walks was instructed to
+ring a bell to give warning of her approach. At length, after twelve
+years of captivity, Lady Belvedere contrived to escape, but Lord
+Belvedere, who had been apprised of the fact, reached her father's house
+in Dublin before her, and she found that his representations had weighed
+so strongly with Lord Molesworth--who had married a second time--that
+orders had been given that she was not to be admitted. She then took a
+very unfortunate step by repairing to the house of her friends, the wife
+and family of the brother-in-law with whom she had been accused of being
+guilty of misconduct, Mr. Rochfort himself being in exile. She was
+presently seized and reconveyed to Gaulston, where a much more rigorous
+treatment was henceforth pursued toward her. At length her husband's
+death set her free.
+
+Lady Belvedere passed the rest of her days in peace and comfort at the
+house of her daughter and son-in-law, Lord and Lady Lanesborough. She
+did not long survive her husband, and on her deathbed, after partaking
+of the holy communion, affirmed with a most solemn oath her perfect
+innocence of the crime for which she had suffered so much.
+
+But perhaps in many respects Charlemont House has the most interesting
+recollections connected with it of all the _grand-seigneur_ mansions of
+the Irish metropolis. It was here that the first earl of Charlemont,
+the best specimen of a nobleman that Ireland has to boast of, passed the
+greater portion of his later life. Lord Charlemont's name is to be found
+in all the memoirs of eminent political and literary men of his time. He
+was the friend of Burke and Johnson, a popular member of _the_ club, and
+a munificent patron of literature and art. But more than all this, he
+stuck bravely to his country, and to no man in Ireland did the Stopford
+motto, _Patriæ infelici fidelis_, more correctly apply. Had more of his
+order been like him, what a different country might Ireland have been!
+
+I found Charlemont House full of painters and glaziers. The mansion,
+which was retained _in statu quo_ by the late earl, although, for fifty
+years no member of the family had slept there, has now been sold to the
+government, and is being prepared for the accommodation of the survey
+department. The mouldings of the beautiful ceilings are still extant in
+some of the rooms, although what once was gilt is now white-wash. The
+library is much as it was, minus the very valuable collection of books,
+which were sold some time since by the present earl, and fetched a large
+sum, albeit many of the most valuable were destroyed in a fire which
+broke out at the auctioneer's where they were deposited in London.[3]
+
+With his friend Edmund Burke, Lord Charlemont maintained a close
+correspondence. One of Burke's published letters relates to an American
+gentleman, Mr. Shippen, whom he was introducing to the hospitalities of
+Charlemont House, and whom he describes as very agreeable, sensible and
+accomplished. "America and we," he concludes, "are not under the same
+crown, but if we are united by mutual good-will and reciprocal good
+offices, perhaps it may do almost as well. Mr. Shippen will give you no
+unfavorable specimen of the New World."
+
+From the middle of the last century Henrietta street,[4] on the north
+bank of the Liffey, was the residence of many of the leading members of
+the aristocracy. The street is a _cul-de-sac_, with the King's Inn (the
+Temple and Lincoln's Inn of Dublin) at the farther end. The houses are
+extremely spacious and richly ornamented; in fact, far finer in point of
+proportion and design than ordinary London houses of the first class.
+
+Through the politeness of a gentleman who possesses half the street, I
+went over some of the houses, which are extremely spacious, and contain
+beautifully-proportioned rooms richly ornamented with carving and
+moulding. In what was formerly Mountjoy House I found a dining-room
+whose cornices and ceilings were of the most elegant design and
+execution. This house had seen many curious scenes. It was formerly the
+town-house of the earl of Blessington--whose second title was Viscount
+Mountjoy--to whom the whole street belonged. The founder of this family,
+Luke Gardiner, rose from a humble origin by energy and intrigue, and his
+son married the heiress of the Mountjoys. It was occupied up to 1830 by
+the last earl of Blessington, husband of the celebrated literary star.
+Soon after their marriage Lady Blessington accompanied her husband to
+Ireland, and he invited some of his friends who were ignorant of the
+event to dine at his house in Henrietta street. These latter were
+somewhat startled when he entered the room with a beautiful woman
+leaning on his arm whom he introduced as his wife. Among the guests was
+a gentleman who had been in that room only four years before, when the
+walls were hung with black, and in the centre, on an elevated platform,
+was placed a coffin with a gorgeous velvet pall, with the remains in it
+of a woman once scarcely surpassed in loveliness by the lady then
+present in bridal costume. This was the first Lady Blessington.
+
+The last of the Irish noblesse in this street was Lady Harriet, widow of
+the Right Hon. Denis Bowes-Daly, on whom Grattan passed such warm
+eulogies, and who was the original of Lever's happiest creation, _The
+Knight of Gwynne_.
+
+It has been a frequent subject of conjecture why the Phoenix Park was so
+called. The best explanation seems to be that on a site within its
+boundaries there formerly stood, close to a remarkable spring of water,
+an ancient manor-house. The manor was called Fionn-uisge, pronounced
+_finniské_, which signifies clear or fair water, and this term easily
+became corrupted into Phoenix. The land became Crown property in 1559,
+and was made into a park in 1662. It was immensely improved and put into
+its present shape by the earl of Chesterfield, author of the
+_Letters_--one of the best viceroys Ireland ever had--about 1743. The
+area is seventeen hundred and sixty acres. With the exception of Windsor
+and our own Fairmount, no public park in the world can compare with it.
+The ground undulates charmingly, the views are extensive and beautiful.
+
+Grouped around the Phoenix Park are many beautiful seats: the finest is
+Woodlands. This belonged formerly to the Luttrells, a notorious family,
+the head of which was raised to the Irish peerage as earl of Carhampton.
+It was with a Lord Carhampton that his son declined to fight a duel, not
+at all because he was his father, but because he "did not consider him a
+gentleman." Early in the century, Woodlands, then known as
+Luttrellstown, became the property of Luke White, one of the most
+remarkable men that Ireland has produced. In 1778, Luke White was in the
+habit of buying cheap odds and ends of literature from a bookseller,
+named Warren, in Belfast to peddle about the country. In 1798 he loaned
+the Irish government, then in great difficulty, a million of pounds! Mr.
+Warren, who found him very punctual and exact, used to permit him to
+leave his pack behind his counter and call for it in the morning. No one
+would then have dreamed that the greasy bag was to lead to such results.
+By degrees, White scraped together some means. He used to take odd
+volumes to a binder in Belfast and employ him to get the "vol." at the
+beginning and end of an odd volume erased, so as to pass it off among
+the unwary as a perfect book, and generally furbish it up. Then he used
+to sell his literary wares by auction in the streets of Belfast. The
+knowledge he thus acquired of public sales procured him a clerkship with
+a Dublin auctioneer. He opened first a book-stall, and then a regular
+book-shop, in Dawson street, a leading thoroughfare of Dublin. There he
+became eminent. He sold lottery-tickets, speculated in the funds and
+contracted for government loans. In 1798, when the rebellion broke out,
+the Irish government was desperately in need of funds. They came into
+the Dublin market for a loan of a million, and the best terms they could
+get were from Luke White, who offered to take it at sixty-five pounds
+per one hundred pound share at five per cent.--not unremunerative terms.
+
+At the time of his death, in 1824, he had long been M.P. for Leitrim,
+and his son was member for the county of Dublin. He left property worth
+a hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars a year. Eventually almost
+the whole of it devolved on his fourth son, who some years ago was
+created a peer of the United Kingdom as Lord Annaly.
+
+The family has probably spent more than a million and a half of dollars
+on elections. It has always been on the Liberal side. The present peer
+has property in about a dozen counties, and is lord-lieutenant of
+Langford, whilst his younger son holds the same high office in Clare.
+
+The University of Dublin consists of a single college--Trinity. This
+edifice forms a prominent feature in the Irish metropolis. It stands in
+College Green, almost opposite to the Bank of Ireland, the former
+legislative chambers. Since the Union, Trinity College has been but
+little resorted to by men of the upper ranks of Irish society, although
+it has certainly contributed some very eminent men to the public
+service--notably, the late unfortunate governor-general, Lord Mayo, and
+Lord Cairns, ex-lord-chancellor of England. Trinity is one of the
+largest owners of real estate in the country. The fellowships are far
+better than those of the English universities. The provost, who occupies
+a large and stately mansion, has a separate estate worth some fifteen
+thousand dollars a year, which he manages himself.
+
+Trinity has a very fine library. It is one of the five which by an act
+of Parliament has a right to demand from the publisher a copy of every
+work published. The origin of the library is quite unique. It dates from
+a benefaction by the victorious English army after its defeat of the
+Spaniards at Kinsale in 1603, when they devoted one thousand eight
+hundred pounds--a sum equivalent to five times that money at present
+rates--to establish a library in the university, being, it may be
+presumed, instigated by some eminent personage, who suggested that such
+a course would be acceptable to the queen, who had founded the
+university.
+
+Dr. Chaloner and Mr. (afterward Archbishop) Ussher were appointed
+trustees of this donation; "and," says Dr. Parr, "it is somewhat
+remarkable that at this time, when the said persons were in London about
+laying out this money in books, they there met Sir Thomas Bodley, then
+buying books for his newly-erected library in Oxford; so that there
+began a correspondence between them upon this occasion, helping each
+other to procure the choicest and best books on moral subjects that
+could be gotten; so that the famous Bodleian Library at Oxford and that
+of Dublin began together."
+
+The private collection of Ussher himself, consisting of ten thousand
+volumes, was the first considerable donation which the library
+received, and for this also, curiously enough, it was again indebted to
+the English army. In 1640, Ussher left Ireland. The insurgents soon
+after destroyed all his effects with the exception of his books, which
+were secured and sent to London. In 1642--when the troubles between King
+and Parliament had broken out--Ussher was nominated one of the
+Westminster Assembly of Divines, but having offended the parliamentary
+authorities by refusing to attend, his library was confiscated as that
+of a delinquent by order of the House of Commons. However, his friend,
+the celebrated John Selden, got leave to buy the books, as though for
+himself, but really to restore them to Ussher. Narrow circumstances
+subsequently caused him to leave the library to his daughter, instead of
+to Trinity. Cardinal Mazarin and the king of Denmark made offers for it,
+but Cromwell interfered to prevent their acceptance. Soon after, the
+officers and, soldiers of Cromwell's army then in Ireland, wishing to
+emulate those of Elizabeth, purchased the whole library, together with
+all the archbishop's very valuable manuscripts and a choice collection
+of coins, for the purpose of presenting them to the college. But when
+these articles were brought over to Ireland, Cromwell refused to permit
+the intentions of the donors to be carried into effect, alleging that he
+intended to found a new college, in which the collection might more
+conveniently be preserved separate from all other books. The library was
+therefore deposited in Dublin Castle, and so neglected that a great
+number of valuable books and manuscripts were stolen or destroyed. At
+the Restoration, Charles II. ordered that what remained of the primate's
+library should be given to the university, as originally intended.
+
+One of the most extraordinary persons who ever occupied the position of
+provost, or indeed any position, was John Hely Hutchinson. He was a man
+of great ability, and perfectly determined to succeed, without being
+troubled with any very tiresome qualms as to the means he employed in
+the process. Such an officeholder as this man the world probably never
+saw. He was at the same time reversionary principal secretary of state
+for Ireland, a privy councilor, M.P. for Cork, provost of Trinity
+College, Dublin, major of the fourth regiment of horse, and searcher of
+the port of Strangford. When he was appointed provost--a situation
+always filled since the foundation by a bachelor--there was great
+indignation amongst the fellows, and to appease them he ultimately
+procured a decree permitting them to marry--a privilege which they,
+unlike their brethren at Oxford and Cambridge, enjoy to this day. His
+position as provost did not prevent his righting a duel with a Mr.
+Doyle, but neither was hurt. Mr. Hutchinson had a great dislike to a Mr.
+Shrewbridge, one of the junior fellows, who had shown opposition to him.
+Mr. Shrewbridge died, and the under--graduates attributed his death to
+the provost's having refused him permission to go away for change of
+air. A thoroughly Hiber-man _émeute_ was the consequence. The provost
+ordered that the great bell, which usually tolls for a fellow, should
+not toll, and that the body should be privately buried at six A.M. in
+the fellows' burial-ground. The students immediately posted up placards
+that the great bell _should_ toll, and that the funeral should be by
+torchlight. They carried the point. Almost all the students attended the
+corpse to the grave in scarfs and hatbands at their own expense, and
+when the funeral oration was pronounced they flew in wild excitement to
+the provost's house, burst open his doors and smashed the furniture to
+pieces. The provost had a hint given him, and with his family had
+retreated to his house near Dublin. It was subsequently stated on good
+authority that Mr. Shrewbridge could not in any case have recovered.
+
+Any one who takes an interest in the most original writer--not to say,
+man--of the eighteenth century will not fail to find his way to "the
+Liberties," as that queer district is called which surrounds St.
+Patrick's Cathedral. Some years ago the present writer made his way into
+the great deserted deanery--the then dean resided in another part of
+the city--got the old woman in charge of the house to open the shutters
+of the dining-room, and gazed at the original portrait of Jonathan
+Swift, which hangs there an heirloom to his successors. Of the precincts
+of his cathedral he writes to Pope: "I am lord-mayor of one hundred and
+twenty houses,[5] I am absolute lord of the greatest cathedral in the
+kingdom, and am at peace with the neighboring princes--_i.e._, the
+lord-mayor of the city and the archbishop of Dublin--but the latter
+sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions, as old Lewis did in
+Lorraine."
+
+Again, he writes to Dr. Sheridan: "No soul has broken his neck or is
+hanged or married; only Cancerina is dead.[6] I let her go to her grave
+without a coffin and without fees."
+
+St. Patrick's, which was, in a deplorable state during Swift's deanship,
+and indeed for a century after, is now restored to its original
+magnificence. Indeed, it may be doubted whether it is not in a condition
+superior to what it ever was. This superb work has been effected
+entirely by the princely munificence of the Guinness family, the great
+_stout_ brewers of Dublin; and Mr. Roe, a wealthy distiller, is now
+engaged in the work of restoring Christ Church, the other Protestant
+cathedral.
+
+I paid a visit to the Bank of Ireland, the edifice on which the hopes of
+so many patriotic Irishmen have been centred, insomuch as it is the old
+Parliament-house. The elderly official who conducted us over the
+building took us first through the bank-note manufacturing rooms, where
+we espied in a corner a queer wooden figure draped in a queerer
+uniform. Demanding its history, he said that the clothes had belonged to
+an old servant of the establishment, and were discovered after his
+decease a few years ago. Formerly the Bank of Ireland was guarded by a
+special corps of its own, and the ancient retainer, who had been a
+member of this very commercial regiment, was proud of it, and had kept
+his dress as a cherished memorial. When George IV. came to Ireland, on
+his celebrated popularity-hunt, in 1821--previous to which no English
+monarch had visited Ireland since William III.--he graciously
+condescended to give the bank a military guard, which has since been
+continued. On the day I went I found a number of soldiers of the Scots
+Fusileer Guards occupying the guard-room. The officer on duty receives
+an allowance of two dollars and a half for his dinner. At the Bank of
+England he gets instead a dinner for himself and a friend, and a couple
+of bottles of wine.
+
+The interior of the Parliament-house is almost the same as when Ireland
+had her own separate legislature. The House of Lords is in precisely the
+condition in which it was left in 1801. It is a large oak-paneled,
+oblong chamber of no particular beauty, and might very well pass for the
+dining-hall of a London guild. There is a handsome fireplace, and the
+walls are in great part covered with two fine pieces of tapestry
+representing the battle of the Boyne and the siege of Derry, King
+William, "of glorious, pious and immortal," etc., being of course the
+most conspicuous object in the foreground. The attendant stated that a
+special clause in the lease of the buildings, to the Bank of Ireland
+Company stipulated that the House of Lords was to remain _in statu quo_.
+Perhaps it may return some of these days to its former use. The House of
+Commons, a large stone hall of stately dimensions, is now the
+cash-office of the bank. There seemed nothing about it architecturally
+to call for special notice. I mooted the probability of the Parliament
+being restored, but found, rather to my surprise, that the attendant
+was by no means disposed to regard such a step with unqualified
+approval. It would be a blessing if the country was fit to govern
+itself, he said, or words to that effect, but looking at the religious
+dissension and political bitterness existing in the country, he feared
+that it wouldn't do yet a while; and I suspect he's right. Ireland is a
+house divided against itself: fifty years hence it may resemble
+Scotland. Meanwhile, there is no doubt whatever that a measure giving
+both Ireland and Scotland something in the nature of State legislatures
+would find favor with many English M.P.s, who greatly grudge having the
+valuable time of the imperial legislature wasted over a gas-bill in
+Tipperary or a water-works scheme for Dundee. The bank seemed to me to
+be guarded with extraordinary care. I went all over the roof, on which a
+guard is mounted at night. At "coigns of vantage" there is a
+bullet-proof palisading, with peepholes through which a volley of
+musketry might be poured. I should fancy that extra precautions have
+probably been taken since the Fenian _émeutes_ of the last ten years.
+
+Dublin swarms with soldiers, constabulary and police. The metropolitan
+police is divided into six divisions, each two hundred strong. Its men
+are, I believe, beyond a doubt the very finest in the world in point of
+physique. Numbers of them are six feet two or three inches high, and
+they are broad and athletic in proportion. Indeed, the magnificence of
+some of them who are detached for duty at certain "great confluences of
+human existence" is such that you see strangers standing and gaping at
+the giants in sheer amazement. The metropolitan police is quite distinct
+from the constabulary, and under a different chief.
+
+Outside the bank, in College Green, is the celebrated statue of William
+III. Its location has been more than once changed, and it is now placed
+where the officer on guard at the bank can keep an eye upon it. This
+fearful object, which would make a Pradier or Chantrey shudder, is
+painted and gilt annually. It has long served as a bone of contention
+between Protestant and Papist, and has come off very badly several times
+at the hands of the latter--a circumstance which probably accounts for
+one of the horse's legs being about a foot longer than the rest--half of
+that limb having been renewed after it had been lost in one of the many
+free fights in which this remarkable quadruped has seen service. The
+greatest proprietor of real estate in Dublin is the young earl of
+Pembroke, son of the late Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, so well known in
+connection with the Crimean war, who was created, shortly before his
+death, Lord Herbert of Lea. His estate, which is the most valuable in
+Ireland, comprises Merrion Square and all the most fashionable part of
+the Irish metropolis, and extends for several miles along the railway
+line running from Kingstown, the landing-place from England, to the
+capital. The property also includes Mount Merrion, a neglected seat
+about four miles from the city. This mansion, which might easily be made
+delightful, commands a charming view over the lovely bay, and is
+surrounded by a small but picturesque park containing deer. It was, with
+the rest of Lord Pembroke's estate, formerly the property of Viscount
+Fitzwilliam, who founded the Fitzwilliam Museum in the University of
+Cambridge.
+
+Lord Fitzwilliam was a somewhat eccentric person. His nearest relation
+had displeased him by some very trivial offence, such as coming down
+late for dinner, so he determined to leave his estate to his distant
+cousin, Lord Pembroke. Falling ill, Lord Fitzwilliam, desired that Lord
+Pembroke might be summoned from London. Word came back that it was
+unfortunately impossible for him to leave England immediately. Presently
+news arrived from Dublin that Lord Fitzwilliam was dead, and had
+bequeathed all--the property is now three hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars a year--to Lord Pembroke, with remainder to his second son. By
+the death of the late Lord Pembroke the English and Irish properties
+have become united, and are to-day worth not less than six hundred
+thousand dollars a year! It is this young nobleman who has lately
+written _The Earl and The Doctor_.
+
+REGINALD WYNFORD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The Fitzgeralds, of which family the duke of Leinster is
+chief, became Protestant in 1611, when George, sixteenth earl of
+Kildare, coming to the title and estates when eight years old, was given
+in ward, according to the custom of the time, to the duke of Lenox (then
+lord privy seal), who bred him a Protestant.]
+
+[Footnote 2: In June, 1798, the corpse of Lord Edward Fitzgerald was
+conveyed from the jail of Newgate and entombed in St. Werburgh's church,
+Dublin, until the times would admit of their being removed to the family
+vault at Kildare. "A guard," says his brother, "was to have attended at
+Newgate the night of my poor brother's burial, in order to provide
+against all interruption from the different guards and patrols in the
+streets: it never arrived, which caused the funeral to be several times
+stopped on its way, so that the funeral did not take place until nearly
+two in the morning, and the people attending were obliged to stay in
+church until a pass could be procured to permit them to go out."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Lord Charlemont had a seat called Marino, beautifully
+situated within a few miles of Dublin. There is within the grounds an
+exquisite building erected from designs of Sir William Chambers. It is a
+small villa, in its arrangements suggesting a _maison de joie_. The
+furniture is just as it was, and although sadly out of repair, the
+visitor can easily judge how exquisite the place must once have been.
+There is a superb mantelpiece, richly mounted in bronze and inlaid with
+lapis lazuli.]
+
+[Footnote 4: The occupants of Henrietta street in 1784 included--the
+primate (Lord Rokeby); the earl of Shannon; Hon. Dr. Maxwell, bishop of
+Meath; the bishop of Kilmore; the bishop of Clogher; Right Hon. Luke
+Gardiner, M.P.; Viscount Kingsborough; Right Hon. D. Bowes-Daly, M.P.;
+Sir E. Crofton, Bart.
+
+Twenty years later, Dublin was nearly deserted by the aristocracy on
+account of the Union. Up to that time nearly all the peers, except those
+really English, seem to have had residences in Dublin. In 1844, Lords
+Longford, De Vesci and Monck were the only peers who had houses there.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The precincts, including a portion of the Liberties, were
+then entirely under the jurisdiction of the dean of St. Patrick's.]
+
+[Footnote 6: It was a part of the grim and ghastly humor of this
+extraordinary man,
+
+    "Who left what little wealth he had
+    To found a home for fools or mad,
+    And prove by one satiric touch
+    No nation wanted it so much,"
+
+to give nicknames, of which Cancerina was one, to the poor old wretches
+he met in his walks, to whom he gave charity.
+
+Amongst Cancerina's sisters in misery were Stompanympha, Pullagowna,
+Friterilla, Stumphantha.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MAESTRO'S CONFESSION.
+
+(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO--1460.)
+
+    I.
+
+        Threescore and ten!
+          I wish it were all to live again.
+        Doesn't the Scripture somewhere say,
+        By reason of strength men oft-times may
+          Even reach fourscore? Alack! who knows?
+        Ten sweet, long years of life! I would paint
+        Our Lady and many and many a saint,
+          And thereby win my soul's repose.
+        Yet, Fra Bernardo, you shake your head:
+                Has the leech once said
+                I must die? But he
+        Is only a fallible man, you see:
+        Now, if it had been our father the pope,
+        I should _know_ there was then no hope.
+        Were only I sure of a few kind years
+        More to be merry in, then my fears
+        I'd slip for a while, and turn and smile
+        At their hated reckonings: whence the need
+        Of squaring accounts for word and deed
+        Till the lease is up?... How? hear I right?
+        No, no! You could not have said, _To-night_!
+
+        II.
+
+                Ah, well! ah, well!
+        "Confess"--you tell me--"and be forgiven."
+        Is there no easier path to heaven?
+          Santa Maria! how can I tell
+        What, now for a score of years and more,
+          I've buried away in my heart so deep
+        That, howso tired I've been, I've kept
+        Eyes waking when near me another slept,
+          Lest I might mutter it in my sleep?
+          And now at the last to blab it clear!
+        How the women will shrink from my pictures! And worse
+        Will the men do--spit on my name, and curse;
+          But then up in heaven I shall not hear.
+
+                I faint! I faint!
+        Quick, Fra Bernardo! The figure stands
+          There in the niche--my patron saint:
+        Put it within my trembling hands
+          Till they are steadier. So!
+                My brain
+        Whirled and grew dizzy with sudden pain,
+        Trying to span that gulf of years,
+        Fronting again those long laid fears.
+        _Confess_? Why, yes, if I must, I must.
+        Now good Sant' Andrea be my trust!
+        But fill me first, from that crystal flask,
+        Strong wine to strengthen me for my task.
+        (That thing is a gem of craftsmanship:
+        Just mark how its curvings fit the lip.)
+
+        Ah, you, in your dreamy, tranquil life,
+        How can _you_ fathom the rage and strife,
+        The blinding envy, the burning smart,
+        That, worm-like, gnaws the Maestro's heart
+        When he sees another snatch the prize
+        Out from under his very eyes,
+          For which he would barter his soul? You see
+        I taught him his art from first to last:
+          Whatever he was he owed to me.
+        And then to be browbeat, overpassed,
+        Stealthily jeered behind the hand!
+        Why that was more than a saint could stand;
+        And I was no saint. And if my soul,
+        With a pride like Lucifer's, mocked control,
+        And goaded me on to madness, till
+        I lost all measure of good or ill,
+        Whose gift was it, pray? Oh, many a day
+        I've cursed it, yet whose is the blame, I say?
+
+        _His name_? How strange that you question so,
+        When I'm sure I have told it o'er and o'er,
+        And why should you care to hear it more?
+
+        III.
+
+        Well, as I was saying, Domenico
+        Was wont of my skill to make such light,
+        That, seeing him go on a certain night
+        Out with his lute, I followed. Hot
+        From a war of words, I heeded not
+          Whither I went, till I heard him twang
+        A madrigal under the lattice where
+          Only the night before I sang.
+        --A double robbery! and I swear
+        'Twas overmuch for the flesh to bear.
+
+        _Don't ask me_. I knew not what I did,
+        But I hastened home with my rapier hid
+        Under my cloak, and the blade was wet.
+          Just open that cabinet there and see
+        The strange red rustiness on it yet.
+
+        A calm that was dead as dead could be
+        Numbed me: I seized my chalks to trace--
+        What think you?--_Judas Iscariot's face_!
+        I just had finished the scowl, no more,
+        When the shuffle of feet drew near my door
+          (We lived together, you know I said):
+        Then wide they flung it, and on the floor
+          Laid down Domenico--dead!
+
+        Back swam my senses: a sickening pain
+        Tingled like lightning through my brain,
+        And ere the spasm of fear was broke,
+        The men who had borne him homeward spoke
+        Soothingly: "Some assassin's knife
+        Had taken the innocent artist's life--
+        Wherefore, 'twere hard to say: all men
+        Were prone to have troubles now and then
+        The world knew naught of. Toward his friend
+        Florence stood waiting to extend
+        Tenderest dole." Then came my tears,
+        And I've been sorry these twenty years.
+
+        Now, Fra Bernardo, you have my sin:
+        Do you think Saint Peter will let me in?
+
+MARGARET J. PRESTON.
+
+
+
+
+MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT.
+
+"_La transfusion parait avoir eu quelque succes dans ces derniers
+temps_."
+
+A dejected man, M. le docteur Maurice Fournier locked the door of his
+physiological laboratory in the Place de l'École de Médecine, and walked
+away toward his rooms in the rue Rossini. At two-and-thirty, rich,
+brilliant, an ambitious graduate of l'École de Médecine, an enthusiastic
+pupil of Claude Bernard's, a devoted lover of science, and above all of
+physiology, yesterday he was without a care save to make his name great
+among the great names of science--to win for himself a place in the
+foremost rank of the followers of that mistress whom only he loved and
+worshiped. To-day a word had swept away all his fondest hopes.
+Trousseau, the keenest observer in all Paris, formerly his father's
+friend, now no less his own, had kindly but firmly called his attention
+to himself, and to the malady that had so imperceptibly and insidiously
+fastened itself upon him that until the moment he never dreamed of its
+approach. He had been too full of his work to think of himself. In any
+other case he would scarcely have dared to dispute the opinion of the
+highest medical authority in Europe; nevertheless in his own he began to
+argue the matter: "But, my dear doctor, I am well."
+
+"No, my friend, you are not. You are thin and pale, and I noticed the
+other night, when you came late to the meeting of the Institute, that
+your breathing was quick and labored, and that the reading of your
+excellent paper was frequently interrupted by a short cough."
+
+"That was nothing. I was hurried and excited, and I have been keeping
+myself too closely to my work. A run to Dunkerque, a week of rest and
+sea-air, will make all right again."
+
+But the great man shook his head gravely: "Not weeks, but years, of a
+different life are needed. You must give up the laboratory altogether if
+you want to live. Remember your mother's fate and your father's early
+death--think of the deadly blight that fell so soon upon the rare beauty
+of your sister. Some day you will realize your danger: realize it now,
+in time. Close your laboratory, lock up your library, say adieu to
+Paris, and lead the life of a traveler, an Arab, a Tartar. For the
+present cease to dream of the future: strength is better than a
+professorship in the College of France, and health more than the cross
+of the Legion of Honor."
+
+Fournier was at first surprised and incredulous: he became convinced,
+then alarmed. After some thought he was horribly dejected. At such a
+time an Englishman becomes stolid, a German gives up utterly, an
+American begins to live fast, since he may not live long; but he, being
+a Frenchman and a Parisian, had alternations--first, the idea of
+suicide, which means sleep; second, reaction, which is hopefulness.
+
+He chose to react, and did it promptly. A little time, and the rooms in
+the Place de l'École de Médecine, opposite the bookseller's, displayed a
+card stuck on the entrance-door with red wafers, "_à louer_," the hammer
+of the auctioneer knocked down the comfortable furniture of the
+apartments in the rue Rossini, while that of the carpenter nailed up the
+well-beloved books in stout boxes, and the places that had known M. le
+docteur knew him no more. None but those who have experienced the
+pleasures of a life devoted to scientific research can understand how
+hard all this was to him. The fulfillment of long-cherished desires, the
+completion of elaborate systematic investigations, the realization of
+pet theories, the establishment of new principles,--all, all abandoned
+after so much toil and care. To struggle painfully through a desert
+toward some beautiful height, which, at first dimly seen, has grown
+clearer and clearer and always more splendid as he advances, and now at
+its very foot to be turned back by a gloomy stream in whose depths lurks
+death itself; to reach out his hand to the golden truth, fruit of much
+winnowing of human knowledge, and as he grasps the precious grains to be
+borne back by a grim spectre whose very breath is horrible with the
+noisome odors of the tomb; to choose an arduous life, and learn to love
+it because it has high aims, and then to give it up at once and
+utterly!--alas, poor Fournier!
+
+"Nevertheless," he said as he turned his back on Paris, "even idle
+wanderings are better than dying of consumption."
+
+Behold the student of science a wanderer--sailing his yacht among the
+islands of the Mediterranean; making long journeys through the wild
+mountain-regions and lovely valleys of untraveled Spain; stemming the
+historic current of the Nile; among the nomad tribes, in Arab costume
+riding an Arabian mare, as wild an Arab as the wildest of them; killing
+tigers in India, tending stock in Australia, chasing buffaloes in
+Western America,--everywhere avoiding civilization and courting Nature
+and the company of men who either by birth or adoption were the children
+of Nature. By day the winds of heaven kissed his cheeks and the sun
+bronzed them: at night he often fell asleep wondering at the star-worlds
+that gemmed the only canopy over his welcome blanket-couch.
+
+His treatment of consumption was certainly a rational one, and perhaps
+the only one that is ever wholly successful. But, alas! few can take so
+costly a prescription.
+
+How often had his studies led him to dissect the bodies of animals that
+had died in their dens in the Jardin des Plantes! Often in the first
+generation of cage-life, almost always in the second, invariably in the
+third, they grow dull, listless, the fire goes out of their eyes, the
+litheness out of their limbs: they forget to eat, they cough, and soon
+they die. Of what? Consumption. Once our fathers were wild and lived in
+the open air: they scarcely ever died, as we do, of consumption.
+Crowded cities, bad drainage, overwork, want of healthful exercise,
+stimulating food, dissipation,--these are human cage-life. If a man is
+threatened with consumption, let him go back to the plains and forests
+before it is too late.
+
+Certainly the treatment benefited Fournier. By and by it did more--it
+cured him. The cough was forgotten, the cheeks filled out, the muscles
+became hard as bundles of steel wire, his strength was prodigious: he
+ate his food with a relish unknown in Paris, and slept like a child.
+
+Nevertheless, his mind, trained to habits of thought and observation,
+was not idle. When a city was his home he had been a physiologist and
+had studied _man_: he made the world his dwelling-place, and wandering
+among the nations he became an ethnologist and began to study _men_.
+
+A distinguished professor, writing of the influence of climate upon man,
+for the sake of illustration supposes the case of a human being whose
+life should be prolonged through many ages, and who should pass that
+life in journeying slowly from the arctic regions southward through the
+varying climates of the earth to the eternal winter of the antarctic
+zone. Always preserving his personal identity, this traveler would
+undergo remarkable changes in form, feature and complexion, in habits
+and modes of life, and in mental and moral attributes. Though he might
+have been perfectly white at first, his skin would pass through every
+degree of darkness until he reached the equator, when it would be black.
+Proceeding onward, he would gradually become fairer, and on reaching the
+end of his journey he would again be pale. His intellectual powers would
+vary also, and with them the shape of his skull. His forehead, low and
+retreating, would by degrees assume a nobler form as he advanced to more
+genial climes, the facial angle reaching its maximum in the temperate
+zone, only to gradually diminish as he journeyed toward the torrid, and
+to again exhibit under the equator its original base development. As he
+continued his journey toward the south pole he would undergo a second
+time this series of progressing and retrograding changes, until at
+length, as he laid his weary bones to rest in some icy cave in the drear
+antarctics,
+
+    Multum ille et terris jactatus et alto,
+
+he would be in every respect, save in age and a ripe experience, the
+same as at the outset of his wanderings.
+
+Extravagant as this illustration may appear, the professor goes on to
+say, philosophically, on the doctrine of the unity of the human race, it
+is not so; for what else than such an imaginary prolonged individual
+life is the life of the race? And what greater changes have occurred to
+our imaginary traveler than have actually befallen the human family?
+
+The facts are patent. Under the equator is found the negro, in the
+temperate zones the Indo-European, and toward the pole the Lapp and
+Esquimaux. They are as different as the climates in which they dwell;
+nevertheless, history, philology, the common traditions of the race,
+revelation, point to their brotherhood.
+
+How is it that climate can bring about such modifications in man? Is it
+possible that the sun, shining upon his face and his children's faces
+for ages, can make their skin dark, and their hair crisp and curly, and
+their foreheads low? Or that sunshine and shadow, spring-time and
+autumn, summer's showers beating upon him and winter's snows falling
+about his path, can make him fair and free? Or that the dreary night and
+cheerless day of many changeless arctic years can make him short and fat
+and stolid as a seal? Surely not. These avail much; but other
+influences, indirect and obscure in their workings, but not the less
+essentially climatic, are required. Food, raiment, shelter, occupation,
+amusement, influences that tell upon the very citadel and stronghold of
+life--and all in their very nature climatic, since they are controlled
+and modified by climate--are the means by which such changes are
+effected. The savage living in the open air, not trammeled with much
+clothing, anointing his skin with oil, eating uncooked food, delighting
+in the chase and in battle, and living thus because his surroundings
+indicate it, becomes swart and athletic, fierce, cunning and
+cruel--takes ethnologically the lowest place. Of literature, science,
+art, he knows nothing: for him will is justice, fear law, some miserable
+fetich God. Still, in his nature lie dormant all the capabilities of the
+noblest manhood, awaiting only favorable surroundings to call them into
+glorious being. It might shock the salt of the earth to reflect that
+some centuries of life among them and their fair descendants would make
+him like them.
+
+The arctic savage clad in furs and eating blubber does not differ
+essentially from his brother of the tropics. So much of his food is
+necessarily converted into heat that he cannot afford to lead so active
+a life; but he also, like him of the tropics, partakes with his
+surroundings in color. The one, living amid snowclad scenery, where the
+sparse vegetation is gray and grayish-green, and the birds and animals
+almost as white as the snow over which they wander, is pale, etiolated.
+The other, under a vertical sun, surrounded by a lush and lusty growth,
+whose flowers for variety and intensity of color are beyond description,
+and in which birds of brightest plumage and black and tawny beasts make
+their home, has the most marked supply of pigment--is dark-hued, black,
+in short a negro. Between these two extremes is the typical man, fair of
+face, with expanded brow and wavy hair, well fed, well clad, well
+housed, wresting from Nature her hidden things and making her mightiest
+forces the workers of his will; heaping together knowledge, cherishing
+art, reverencing justice, worshiping God. How startling the contrast
+between brothers!
+
+Such changes do not take place in a few generations. For their
+completion hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years must elapse. The
+descendants of the blacks who were carried from Africa to America as
+slaves two centuries and a half ago, save where their color has been
+modified by a mixed parentage, are still black. Already the influence
+of new climatic surroundings and of association has wrought great
+changes upon them: they are no longer savages. But their complexion is
+as dark as that of their kidnapped forefathers. Their original physical
+condition remains almost unaltered, and with it many mental
+characteristics: their love of display and of bright colors, their
+fondness for tune and the power of music to move them, their weird and
+fantastic belief in ghosts and spirits, in signs, omens and charms, and
+many other traits, still bear witness to their savage origin. But even
+these are fading away, and these men are slowly but not the less surely
+becoming civilized and _white_.
+
+The point of departure for every structural change in a living organism
+lies in the apparatus by which nutrition is maintained; and this in the
+higher classes is the blood. Most complex and wonderful of fluids, it
+contains in unexplained and inscrutable combination salts of iron, lime,
+soda and potassa, with water, oil, albumen, paraglobulin and fibrinogen,
+which united form fibrine--in fact, at times, some part of everything we
+eat and all that goes to form our bodies, which it everywhere permeates,
+vitalizes and sustains. Borne in countless numbers in its ever-ebbing
+and returning streams are little disks, flattened, bi-concave, not
+larger in man than one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, called
+red corpuscles, whose part it is to carry from the lungs to the tissues
+pure oxygen, without which the fire called life cannot be sustained, and
+back from the tissues to the lungs carbonic acid, one of the products of
+that fire; and larger, yet marvelously small, bodies called leucocytes
+or white corpuscles, whose precise origin and use to this day, in spite
+of all the labor that has been spent upon their study, remain unknown.
+But that which makes the blood wonderful above all other fluids is its
+vitality. Our common expression, "life's blood," is no idle phrase. The
+blood is indeed the very throne of life. If its springs are pure and
+bountiful, if its currents flow strong and free, muscle, bone and brain
+grow in symmetry and power, and there is cunning to devise and the
+strong right arm to execute. But if it be thin and poor, and its
+circulation feeble and uncertain, the will flags, the mind is weak and
+vacillating, the muscles grow puny, and the man becomes an unresisting
+prey to disease and circumstance. If it escape through a wound, strength
+ebbs with it, until at length life itself flows out with the unchecked
+crimson stream. Thus, then, by acting upon the blood, climate has
+wrought and is working such changes upon man. But why are
+constantly-acting causes so slow in producing their effects? How is it
+that countless generations must pass away before purely climatic causes,
+potent as they are, begin to manifest themselves in physical changes in
+the races of men exposed to them?
+
+Fournier, physiologist, as I have said, by the education of the schools,
+but by the broader education of his travels sociologist and ethnologist,
+devoted himself again to science, and framed this hypothesis: _Climatic
+influences, acting upon man, bring about physical changes exceedingly
+slowly, because they are resisted by an inveterate habit of
+assimilation. This habit pertains either to the blood or the tissues,
+possibly to both, probably to the blood alone_.
+
+To establish an hypothesis experiment is necessary. Physiology is a
+science of experiment. Hence the frequent uncertainty of its results,
+since no two observers conduct an experiment in exactly the same
+manner--certainly no two ever institute it under precisely the same
+conditions. Nevertheless, let us not decry science. Out of much
+searching after truth comes the finding of truth--after long groping in
+darkness one comes upon a ray of light.
+
+An experiment was necessary. To the ingenious mind of Fournier an
+elaborate one occurred. If he could perform it, not only would his
+hypothesis be established and confirmed beyond all cavil, but a, field
+of scientific research also be opened such as was yet undreamed of.
+However, for this experiment subjects were needed. Brutes, beasts of the
+field? Not so: that were easy to achieve. Human beings, two living,
+healthy men, one white, one black, were the requirements. Impossible!
+The experiment could never be performed: its requirements were
+unattainable. O tempora! O mores! Alas, for the degeneracy of the age!
+In the days of the Roman emperors men were fed, literally fed, to wild
+beasts in the arena--Gauls, Scythians, Nubians, even Roman freedmen when
+barbarians were scarce. This to amuse the populace alone. Frightful
+waste of life! In India, a thousand lives thrown away in a day under the
+wheels of Juggernaut; in Europe, tens of thousands to gratify the
+imperious wills of grasping monarchs; in America, hundreds to sate the
+greed of railroad corporations. And now not two men to be had for an
+experiment of untold value to science, that would scarcely endanger life
+in one of them, and in the other would necessitate only the merest
+scratch! To what are we coming? No one complains that tattooed heads are
+going out of fashion--that the king of the Cannibal Isles no longer
+flatters a ship's master by inquiring which head of all his subjects is
+ornamented most to his fancy, and the next day sending him that head as
+a souvenir of his visit to the anthropophagic shores. It is well that
+the custom is dead. But is there not danger of drifting too far even
+toward the shore of compassion? May it not be that there is something
+wrong with the bowels of mercy when criminals are executed barbarously,
+while science needs their lives, or at least an insight into the method
+of their dying; when precise examination of the manner of nerve and
+blood supply to the organs of a superannuated horse is heavily finable;
+when charitable but perchance too enthusiastic societies for the
+prevention of cruelty to animals push their earnestness even to
+interference with scientific researches, because, forsooth! they
+jeopardize the lives of rabbits, guinea-pigs and dogs? The legend _Cave
+canem_ bears a deeper meaning now than it did in the inlaid pavements
+of Pompeian vestibules. We dare not trample it under foot.
+
+Five years passed, and with restored health back came the old desires in
+redoubled force. Fournier longed to return to civilization and to work.
+The life that had been so delightful while it did him good became
+utterly unbearable when he had reaped its full benefit. I am tempted to
+quote a line about Europe and Cathay, but refrain: it will recur to the
+reader. He burned to renew the labors he had abandoned, to take up again
+the work he had laid down to do battle with disease, now that disease
+was vanquished. Thus the year 1863 found him in the city of Charleston,
+homeward bound in his journey around the world.
+
+While still in the wilds west of the Mississippi he could have shaped
+his course northward and readily proceeded directly by steamer from New
+York to Europe. But a determined purpose led him to choose a different
+course, though he was well aware that it would involve indefinite delay
+in reaching Paris, and great personal risk. The life he had been leading
+made him think lightly of danger, and years would be well spent if he
+could accomplish the plans that induced him to go into the disorganized
+country of the South.
+
+He straightway connected himself with the army as surgeon, and solicited
+a place at the front. He wanted active service. In this he was
+disappointed. Charleston, blockaded and beseiged, was in a state of
+military inaction. Save the occasional exchange of shot and shell at
+long range between the works on shore and those which the Unionists had
+erected and held upon the neighboring islands and marshes, nothing was
+done, and for nearly a year Fournier experienced the irksomeness of
+routine duty in a wretchedly arranged and appointed military hospital.
+Nevertheless, the time was not wholly wasted. From a planter fleeing
+from the anarchy of civil war he procured a native African slave, one of
+the shipload brought over a few years before in the Wanderer, the last
+slave-ship that put into an American harbor. This man he made his
+body-servant and kept always near him, partly to study him, but chiefly
+to secure his complete mental and moral thraldom. An almost unqualified
+savage, Fournier avoided systematiclly everything that would tend to
+civilize him. He taught him many things that were convenient in his
+higher mode of life, and taught him well, but of the great principles of
+civilization he strove to keep him in ignorance; and more, he so
+confused and distorted the few gleams of light that had reached that
+darkened soul that they made its gloom only the more hideous and
+profound. He wanted a man altogether savage, mentally, morally and
+physically. Instead of teaching him English or French, he learned from
+him many words of his own rude native tongue, and communicated with him
+as much as possible in that alone, aided by gesture, in which, like all
+Frenchmen, he possessed marvelous facility of expression. In the
+unexplored back-country of Africa the negro had been a prince, and
+Fournier bade him look forward to the time when he would return and
+rule. He always addressed him by his African name and title in his own
+tongue. He took him into the wards of his hospital, and taught him to be
+useful at surgical operations and to care for the instruments, that he
+might become familiar with them and with the sight of blood, which at
+first maddened him. Once he gave him a drug that made his head throb,
+and then bled him, with almost instant relief. He affected an interest
+in the amulets which hung at his neck, and besought him to give him one
+to wear. He committed to his care, with expressions of the greatest
+solicitude, a strong box, brass bound and carefully locked, which he
+told him contained his god, a most potent and cruel deity, who would,
+however, when it pleased him, give back the life of a dead man for
+_blood_. This box contained a silver cup, with a thermometer fixed in
+its side; a glass syringe holding about a third of a pint; a large
+curved needle perforated in its length like a tube, sharp at one end, at
+the other expanded to fit accurately the nozzle of the syringe; a
+little strainer also fitting the syringe; and last, a small bundle of
+wires with a handle like an egg-beater.
+
+For the rest, this savage was crooked, ill-shapen and hideous. His skin
+was as black as night; his head small, the face immensely
+disproportionate to the cranium; his jaws massive and armed with
+glittering white teeth filed to points; his cheeks full, his nose flat,
+his eyes little, deep-set, restless, wicked. The usage he received from
+his new master was so different from his former experience with white
+men, and so in accord with his own undisciplined nature, that it called
+forth all the sympathies of his character. He soon loved the Frenchman
+with an intensity of affection almost incomprehensible. It is no
+exaggeration to say that he would have willingly laid down his life to
+gratify his master's slightest wish. The latter's knowledge was to him
+so comprehensive, his power so boundless and his will so imperious and
+inflexible, that he feared and worshiped him as a god.
+
+Fournier looked upon his monster with satisfaction, and longed for a
+battle. His wish was at last gratified. On the Fourth of July, 1864, an
+engagement took place three miles north-west of Legaréville, near the
+North Edisto River. A force of Union soldiery had been assembled from
+the Sea Islands and from Florida, massed on Seabrook Island, and pushed
+thence up into South Carolina. The object of this expedition was
+unknown; indeed, as nothing whatever was accomplished, the strategy of
+it remains to this day unexplained. However, forewarned is forearmed.
+Every movement was watched and reported by the rebel scouts; all the
+troops that could be spared from Charleston were sent out to oppose the
+invaders; roads were obstructed; bridges were destroyed, batteries
+erected in strong positions, everything prepared to impede their
+progress. Our story needs not that we should dwell upon the sufferings
+of the Union soldiers on that futile expedition, from the narrow, dusty
+roads, the frequent scarcity of water, the intense heat. With infinite
+fatigue and peril they advanced only five or six miles in a day's
+march. Many died of sunstroke, and many fell by the way utterly
+exhausted. There was occasional skirmishing; but one actual battle. To
+that the troops gave the name of "the battle of Bloody Bridge." Picture
+a slightly undulating country covered with thick low forest; a narrow
+road that by an open plank bridge crosses a wide, sluggish stream with
+marshy banks, and curves beyond abruptly to the right to avoid a low,
+steep hill facing the bridge; crowning this hill an earth-work, rude to
+be sure, but steep, sodded, almost impregnable to men without artillery
+to play upon it; within, two cannon, for which there is plenty of
+ammunition, and six hundred Confederate soldiers, fresh, eager,
+determined; on the road in front of the battery, but just out of range
+of its guns, the Union forces halting under arms, the leaders anxious
+and discouraged, the men exhausted, careworn, wondering what is to be
+done next, heartily sick of it all, yet willing to do their best; in the
+thicket on both sides the road, not sheltered, only covered, within
+pistol-shot of the enemy, six hundred United States soldiers, a
+Massachusetts colored regiment, one of the first recruited, without
+cannon, over-marched, overheated, a forlorn hope, _sent forward to take
+the battery_! These men, stealthily assembling there among the trees and
+bushes, are ready. Not one of them carries a pound of superfluous
+weight. Their rifles with fixed bayonets, a handful of cartridges, a
+canteen of water, are enough. They wear flannel shirts and blue
+trowsers; numbers are bareheaded, some have cut off the sleeves of their
+shirts: they know there is work before them. Many kneel in prayer;
+comrades exchange messages to loved ones at home, and give each other
+little keepsakes--the rings they wore or brier pipes carved over with
+the names of coast battles; others--perhaps they have no loved
+ones--look to the locks of their pieces and await impatiently the signal
+to advance. The officers--white men, most of them Boston society
+fellows, old Harvard boys who once thought a six-mile pull or a long
+innings at cricket on a hot day hard work, and knew no more of military
+tactics than the Lancers--move about among them, speaking to this one
+and to that one, calling each by name, jesting quietly with one,
+encouraging another, praising a third, endeavoring to inspire in all a
+hope which they dare not feel themselves.
+
+But hark! The signal to move. Quickly they form in the road, and with a
+shout advance at a run, their dusky faces glistening in that summer sun
+and their manly hearts beating bravely in the very jaws of death. Now
+the bridge trembles beneath their steady tread: the foremost are at the
+hill, yet no sign of life in the battery. Only the smooth green bank,
+the wretched flag in the distance, and those guns charged with death
+looking grimly down upon them and waiting. On they come, nearer and
+nearer, and now some are on the hill and begin to climb the steep that
+forms the defence, slowly and with difficulty, using at times their
+rifles as aids like alpenstocks. Not a word is spoken. It is hard to
+understand how so many men can move with so little noise. The silence is
+that which precedes all dreadful noises. It is ominous, terrible.
+Scarcely twenty feet more, and the foremost will reach the rampart.
+Haste! haste! The day is won!
+
+Suddenly a figure in gray leaps upon the breastwork: he waves his sword,
+utters a short quick word of command, and disappears. It is enough. The
+sleeping battery awakes. The silence becomes hideous uproar. The smooth
+green line of the sod against the sky is lined with marksmen, and in an
+instant fringed with fire. Then the cannon bellow and the breezeless air
+is dense with smoke. The attacking column hesitates, trembles, makes a
+useless effort to advance, and then falls back beyond the bridge. The
+officers endeavor to rally their men and renew the attack at once, but
+in vain: flesh and blood cannot stand in such a storm. Nevertheless, the
+brave fellows--God bless their memory!--halt at length, and form and
+charge once more. And so again and again and again; every time in vain
+and with new losses, until at last they cannot rally, but retreat,
+broken and bleeding, to the main body of the expedition, carrying with
+them such of the wounded and dead as they can snatch from under the fire
+of the rebel riflemen. Such was the battle of Bloody Bridge, and well
+was it named. Five times that gallant regiment charged the battery, and
+when the smoke of battle cleared away the sun shone down upon a piteous
+sight--blood dyeing the green of that sodded escarp--blood in great
+clots upon the rocks and stumps of the rugged hill below--blood poured
+plenteously upon the dusty road, making it horrible with purple
+mire--blood staining the bridge and gathering in little pools upon the
+planks, and dripping slowly down through the cracks between them into
+the sluggish stream, where it floated with the water in great red
+clouds, toward which creatures dwelling in slimy depths below came up
+lazily, but when they tasted it became furious and fought among
+themselves like demons--blood drying in hideous networks and arabesques
+upon the railing of the bridge--blood upon the fences, blood upon the
+trembling leaves of the bushes by the wayside--blood everywhere! And
+everywhere the upturned faces and torn bodies of men who had dared to do
+their duty and to die: side by side the white, who led and the black who
+followed--all set and motionless, but all wearing the same expression of
+brave but hopeless determination. That was a brave charge at Balaklava,
+but, trust me, there have been Balaklavas that are yet unsung.
+
+So the expedition went back, and its brigades were redistributed to the
+Sea Islands and to Florida; but why it was ever sent out, and why that
+regiment was sent forward to take the battery without artillery and
+without reinforcements, God, who knoweth all things, only knows. And God
+alone knows why there must be wars and rumors of wars, and why men made
+in his image must tear each other like maddened beasts.
+
+In this battle, heavy as the losses were, the Confederates took but one
+prisoner. At the third charge a tall, broad-shouldered captain, who
+seemed, like another son of Thetis, almost invulnerable, darted
+impetuously ahead of his men and reached the summit of the defence.
+Useless bravery! In an instant a volley point blank swept away the
+charging men behind him, and a gunner's sabrethrust bore him to the
+ground within the works, where he lay stunned and bleeding beside the
+gun he had striven so hard to take. The man who had captured him, wild
+with excitement and maddened with the powder that blackened him and the
+hot blood which jetted upon him, sprang down, spat upon him, spurned him
+with his foot, and would have dashed out his brains with the heavy hilt
+of his clubbed sword had not a strong hand grasped his uplifted wrist.
+
+It was Fournier, who had watched the battle with an interest as intense
+as that of the most ardent Southerner in the battery, though widely
+different in character. His interest was that of the naturalist who
+stands by eager and curious to see a rustic entrap some _rara avis_ that
+he desires to study, to use for his experiment. Better for the bird: it
+can suffer and die. Afterward what matter whether it stand neatly
+stuffed and mounted, a voiceless worshiper, in some glass mausoleum, or
+slowly moulder in a fence corner until its feathers are wafted far and
+wide, and only a little tuft of greener grass remains to its memory? As
+our naturalist's game was nobler and destined for more important study,
+so it was capable of lifelong suffering more subtle and intense. Perhaps
+Fournier had not fully considered, in his eagerness to prove his
+hypothesis, the dangers to the subjects of his experiment. Perhaps his
+mind was so intent upon the physical aspect of the questions that he had
+overlooked some of the intellectual and moral elements involved in the
+problem, and did not realize the enormities that would result should he
+succeed. On the other hand, perhaps he saw them, realized them fully,
+and was the more deeply fascinated with the research because of its
+leading into such gloomy and mysterious regions of speculation. Let us
+do him justice. Science was his god, and this idolater was willing to
+endure any labor and privation and to assume any responsibility in her
+service. Would that more who worship a greater God were as devoted!
+
+He was a physiologist, and was simply engaged in an experimental
+investigation, yet in its progress he had already uncivilized a man
+whose eyes were beginning dimly to see the truth, had poisoned his mind
+with lies, and had hurled him into depths of Plutonian ignorance
+inconceivably more profound than his original estate; and now he was
+about to debase another fellow-creature of his own race, to tamper with
+his manhood, to confuse his identity, to render him among his own
+kindred and people perhaps tabooed, ostracised, despised--perhaps an
+object of pity. If he should succeed? Surely he had not come thus near
+success to suffer his splendid Yankee captain to be brained there before
+his eyes. Like a hawk he had watched every incident of the fight, and
+was on the alert to act the part of surgeon toward any who might be
+either wounded in the battery or taken prisoner. He had even resolved,
+in case of the capture of the place, to represent his peculiar position
+to the United States officer in command, and to beg of him permission to
+make his experiment upon a wounded rebel.
+
+The gunner turned fiercely upon him, but dropped his arm and sheathed
+his sabre at his question, and then walked back to his gun abashed, for
+he was, after all, a brave and chivalrous man.
+
+Fournier simply asked: "Do Confederate soldiers _murder_ prisoners of
+war?" And added, "He is a wounded man--leave him to me."
+
+Then he knelt down beside him and examined his wound, and though he
+strove to be calm he trembled with excitement as he tore open the blue
+blouse and felt the warm blood welling over his fingers. It was a simple
+wound through the fleshy part of the shoulder: a strand of saddler's
+silk and a few strips of sticking-plaster would have sufficed to dress
+it, but the Frenchman smiled when he wiped away the clots and saw the
+blood spurting from two or three small divided arteries.
+
+Then he called his African, and they carried the wounded man back to a
+tent, and laid him on a bed of moss and cypress boughs, and left him
+there to bleed, while he went out into the air, and walked about, and
+tossed his hat and shouted with excitement like a madman. But the battle
+raged, and the gunners charged their guns and fired, and charged and
+fired again, and the men along the breastwork grew furious with the
+slaughter and the fiery draughts they took from their canteens through
+lips blackened with powder and defiled with grease and shreds of
+cartridge-paper; and no one noticed the doctor's mad conduct nor the
+savage standing guard before the tent; nor did any other save those two
+in the whole battery--no, not even the gunner who had captured him--give
+a thought to the prisoner who lay bleeding there, until the battle was
+over.
+
+And this prisoner, what of him? Any one, looking upon him as he lay upon
+the cypress boughs, would have known him to be thoroughbred. Everything
+about him proclaimed it. His face, manly but gentle, his figure, great
+in stature and strength, yet graceful in outline like a Grecian god, the
+very dress and accoutrements he wore, which were neat, strong,
+expensive, but without ornament, showed him to be a gentleman. And
+Robert Shirley was a gentleman. Probably no man in all the States could
+have been found who would have presented a greater contrast to the man
+standing guard outside the tent than this man who lay within it; and for
+that reason none who would have been so welcome to Fournier. As the one
+was a pure savage, the other was the realization of the most illustrious
+enlightenment; the one fierce, cunning, undisciplined, the other gentle,
+frank, considerate; as the one was hideous, ill-formed and black as
+night, so the other was radiant with manly beauty and fair as the
+morning. Each among his own people sprang from noble stock; the one a
+prince, the other the descendant of the purest Puritan race, which knew
+among its own divines and judges brave captains, and farther back a
+governor of the colony. But the guard and his people were at the foot of
+the scale, the guarded at the top. The blood flowing out upon the
+cypress bed was the best blood of America. It was blue blood and brave
+blood. Generation after generation it had flowed in the veins of fair
+women and noble men, and had never known dishonor. Yet Fournier let it
+flow. More, he was delighted that it continued to flow.
+
+Presently, however, he sobered down, and began to prepare for his work.
+He placed a large caldron of water over a fire; he brought basins,
+towels and his case of surgical instruments, and placed them in the,
+tent, and with them the case which he had taught the African to believe
+contained his god. While thus busied he did not neglect the subject of
+his experiment. His watchful eye noted everything--the mass, of clots
+growing like a great crimson fungus under the wounded shoulder, the
+deadly pallor, the dark circles forming around the sunken eyes, the
+blanched lips, the transparent nostrils, the slow, deep respiration.
+From time to time he felt the wounded man's pulse and counted it
+carefully. _Ninety_--he went out again into the open air; _one
+hundred_--"The loss of blood tells," he muttered, and began to rearrange
+his appliances and busy himself uneasily with them; _one hundred and
+thirty beats to the minute _--"He is failing too fast: I must stop this
+bleeding" said the experimenter. Then he cleansed the wound, and tied
+the arteries, and bound it up. But the loss of blood had been so great
+that the heart fluttered wildly and feebly in its efforts to contract
+upon its diminished contents, and Fournier, anxious, and pale himself
+almost as his victim, trembled when his finger felt in vain for the
+bleeding artery and caught only a faint tremulous thrill, so feeble that
+he scarcely knew whether the heart was beating at all or not. In terror
+he threw the ends of the little tent and fanned him, and moistened his
+lips, and gave him brandy, and hastened to begin the experiment for
+which he had waited so long and for which both subjects were at last
+ready.
+
+He told his savage that the Yankee was dying, but that he had communed
+with his god, who would let him live if blood was given in return. Then
+he reminded him of the time when he lost blood, and that it had done him
+no harm. The African, trained for this duty with so much care, did not
+fail him, but bared his arm and gave the blood. The god was brought
+forth and caught it, and the sacrifice began. As the silver, bowl
+floated in a basin of water so warm that the thermometer in its side
+marked ninety-eight degrees of Fahrenheit, Fournier stirred the blood
+flowing into it quickly with the bundle of wires, to collect the fibrine
+and prevent the formation of clots; he then drew it into the syringe
+through the strainer, and forced it through the perforated needle, which
+he had previously thrust into a large vein in Shirley's arm, carefully
+avoiding the introduction of the slightest bubble of air. Time after
+time he filled his syringe and emptied it into the veins of the wounded
+man, until at length he saw signs of reaction. The color came, the
+breathing became more natural, the pulse became slower, fuller, regular.
+By and by he moved, sighed, opened his eyes and spoke.
+
+He asked a question: "What has happened?"
+
+While he had been lying there much had happened. Life and death had
+battled over him, and life had triumphed. When he recovered from the
+effects of his fall and found himself bleeding, he tried to rise and
+stanch the flow, but, already exhausted, he fell back almost fainting
+from the effort. He called repeatedly for help, but his only reply was
+the hideous face of his guard, silently leering at him for a moment,
+then disappearing without a word, At last it occurred to him that he had
+been left there to die, and he roused all his energies to his aid. How
+we strive for our lives! But Shirley accomplished nothing, he could not
+even raise his hand to the bleeding shoulder, with every effort the
+blood flowed more copiously. His mind was rapidly becoming benumbed like
+his body, which shivered as though it were mid winter. Darkness came
+over his eyes, and as he listened to the din of the battle he fell into
+a dreamy state that soon passed into seeming unconsciousness again.
+Nevertheless, while the doctor came and went and did his work, and the
+savage scowled at him, yet gave his life's blood to save him, though he
+lay like a dead man and saw them not, nor heard them, nor even felt the
+needle in his flesh, his mind was not idle. Strange doubts and fears,
+wild longings and regrets, sweet thoughts of long-forgotten happiness,
+and fair visions of the future, busied his brain. Memory unrolled her
+scroll and breathed upon the letters of his story that lapse of time and
+press of circumstance had made dim, till they grew clear, and with
+himself he lived his life again, and nothing was lost out of it or
+forgotten. There was his mother's face again, with the old, old loving
+smile upon her lips and the tender mother-love in the depths of her
+beautiful blue eyes--lips that had so oven kissed away his childish
+tears, and had taught him to say at evening, "Our Father" and "Now I lay
+me down to sleep," eyes that had never looked upon him without something
+of the heavenly light of which they were now so full. There before him,
+bright and clear as ever, were the scenes of his boyhood--the
+school-forms defaced with many a rude cutting of names and dates, the
+master knitting his shaggy brows and tapping meaningly with his ruler
+upon the awful desk while some white haired urchin floundered through an
+ill-learned task and his classmates tittered at his blunders. Dear old
+classmates! How their faces shone and gladdened as they chased the
+bounding football! How merrily they flushed and glowed when the clear
+frosty air of the Northern winter quivered with the ring of their skates
+upon the hard ice! How soberly side by side they solved problems and
+looked up _sesquipedalia verba_ in big lexicons! And how happily the
+late evening hours wore away as they read _Ivanhoe_ and the _Leather
+Stocking Tales_ by the fireside with shellbarks and pippins!
+
+Then the college days flew by with all their romance and delight. Again
+there were bells ringing to morning prayers, recitations and lectures,
+examinations and prizes, speeches and medals, and the glorious
+friendships, pure, earnest, almost holy. Would there were more such
+friendships in the outer, wider world! Commencement with its "pomp and
+circumstance," its tedious ceremony and scholarly display, its friends
+from home--mothers, sisters, sweethearts, all bright eyes and fond
+hearts, its music and flowers, its caps, gowns, dress-coats and
+"spreads," and, last and worst of all, its sorrowful "good-byes," some
+of them, alas! for ever! Once more he trembled as he rose to make his
+commencement speech, but slowly, as he went on, his voice grew steady
+and his manner calmer, for, lad as he was, and tyro at "orations," he
+was in earnest. "May my light hand forget its cunning, O my brother! may
+my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, O ye oppressed! if ever there
+comes to me an opportunity to help you win your way to freedom and I
+fail you!" He, the aristocrat of his class, had chosen to speak "Against
+Caste," and though he spoke with the enthusiasm of an untried man, it
+was with devoted honesty of purpose, of which his earnestness was
+witness, and of which his future was to give ample proof. Again in
+vision he stood before that assembly and spoke for the lowly and
+oppressed. "Let every man have place and honor as he proves himself
+worthy. Make the way clear for all."
+
+Through the bewilderment of applause that greeted him as he finished he
+saw only the glad, smiling face of Alice Wentworth nodding approval of
+the rest, hundreds though they were, he saw nothing. Her congratulation
+was enough.
+
+Then came tenderer scenes, and Alice Wentworth was to be his wife.
+Another change, and he is in the midst of ruder scenes. There is war,
+civil war, and he is a soldier, once more he seems to be in Virginia,
+and there are marches and counter-marches, camps and barracks, battles
+and retreats, and all the great and little miseries of long campaigns.
+The silver leaflets of a major are exchanged for the golden eagles of a
+colonel, and all the time, amid sterner duties, he finds time to write
+to Alice Wentworth, and never a mail comes into camp but he is sure of
+letters dated 'Home' and full of words that make him hopeful and brave,
+"'Home!' Yes hers and mine too, if home's where the heart is!'" he
+thinks, and he loves her more dearly every day.
+
+Negro troops are raised, and, true to his principles and to himself, he
+resigns his commission to take a lower rank in a colored regiment. Now
+the scenes grow dim, confused sounds far off disturb him, low music,
+familiar yet strange, now distant, now at his very ear, attracts him, a
+weird, shadowy mist encloses him, concealing even the things which were
+visible to the mind's eye, and memory and thought have almost ceased.
+Yet while all else fades away, clear and beautiful before him are two
+faces that cannot be forgotten--his mother's face, and that other, which
+he loves, if that can be, even more. Thus, with the 'Our Father' not on
+his lips, but fixed in his mind, he feels himself drifting
+away--drifting away like a boat that has broken its moorings and drifts
+out with the ebbing tide--whither?
+
+But the rich, warm, lusty blood of the African quickly does its work.
+The heart, which had almost ceased to beat, because there was not blood
+enough for it to contract upon, reacted to the stimulus, and as it
+revived and sent the new life pulsating through all the body the whole
+man revived, and again:
+
+The fever called _living_ burned in his brain.
+
+Fournier, under one pretext or another, but really by the force of his
+relentless will, kept his victim by him for years after their escape
+from the South. He noted from time to time certain curious changes that
+took place in his physical nature, and recorded his observations with
+scientific precision in a book kept for the purpose, for the renewal of
+life had entailed results of an extraordinary character, as the reader
+may have already anticipated. At length he wrote 'My hypothesis is
+verified, it has become a theory. My theory is proved, it is a
+physiological law. _Climatic influences, acting upon man, bring about
+physical changes exceedingly slowly, because they are resisted by an
+inveterate habit of assimilation which pertains to the blood._'
+
+That day Shirley was free. His rescuer had finished his experiment.
+
+Alice Wentworth had never believed that her lover was dead. She had
+heard all with a troubled heart, but while his distant kinsmen, who were
+heirs-at-law, put on the deepest mourning and grew impatient of the
+law's delay, she simply said, "I will wait until there is some proof
+before I give him up! Proof! proof! Shall I be quicker than the law to
+give up every hope?" And in her heart she said, "He is not dead." Even
+when years had passed and the war was over, and her agent had searched
+everywhere and found no trace of him, she did not cease to hope that he
+would yet appear. So, when at length a letter came, it was welcome and
+expected. Not surprise but joy made her start and tremble as the old
+familiar superscription met her eyes.
+
+Such a letter!--filled with the spirit of his love, breathing in every
+word the tender, passionate devotion of an earlier day, and yet so sad.
+Tears dropped down through her smiles of joy and blurred the lines she
+read at first, but smiles and tears alike ceased as she read on. He had
+written many, many times, but he knew she had not got his letters. He
+had been a prisoner--not only prisoner of war, but afterward prisoner to
+a man whose will was iron. It could hardly be explained. This man had
+not only saved his life, but he had also rescued him from the horrors of
+a Southern prison--would God he had let him die!--and they had been
+living together in a ranch in a far off Mexican valley.
+
+Then the letter went on:
+
+"In my heart I am unchanged; my love for you is ever the same; yet I am
+no longer the Robert Shirley whom you knew. That has come upon me which
+will separate me from you for ever: I cannot ask you now to be my wife.
+You are free. It is through no fault of mine. It is my burden, the price
+of life, and I must bear it. God bless you and give you all happiness!
+
+"ROBERT SHIRLEY:"
+
+When she had read it all she bowed her head and wept again, and the face
+that had grown more and more beautiful with the years of waiting was
+radiant. Who can fathom the depths of a woman's love? Who can follow the
+subtle workings of a woman's thought? Who can comprehend a woman's
+boundless faith? Her course was clear. If misfortune had befallen him,
+if he were maimed, disfigured, crazed, even if he were loathsome to her
+eyes, she loved him, and she must see him: she would see him and speak
+to him, and love him still, even if she could not be his wife. What
+would she have done if she could have guessed the truth? As it was, she
+wrote upon her card, "If you love me, come to me," and sent it to him.
+And in answer to the summons he stood before her--not disfigured, not
+maimed, not crazed, not loathsome in any way, yet irrevocably separated
+from her for Dr. Fournier's experiment had succeeded, and Robert Shirley
+was a mulatto!
+
+CORNELIUS DEWEES.
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE KING OF AURORA.
+
+(FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)
+
+
+On the Oregon and California Railroad, twenty-eight miles south of the
+city of Portland in Oregon, lies the German colony of Aurora, a
+communist settlement under the direction of Doctor William Keil. In
+September, 1871, I made a second journey from San Francisco to Oregon,
+on which occasion I found both time and opportunity to carry out a
+long-cherished desire to visit this colony, already famous throughout
+all Oregon, and to make the acquaintance of the still more famous
+doctor, the so-called "king of Aurora." During the years in which I had
+formerly resided in Oregon, and especially on this last journey thither,
+I had frequently heard this settlement and its autocrat spoken of, and
+had been told the strangest stories as to the government of its
+self-made potentate. All reports agreed in stating that "Dutchtown," the
+generic appellation of German colonies among Americans, was an example
+to all settlements, and was distinguished above any other place in
+Oregon for order and prosperity. The hotel of "Dutchtown," which stands
+on the old Overland stage-route, and is now a station on the Oregon and
+California Railroad, has attained an enviable reputation, and is
+regarded by all travelers as the best in the State; and as to the colony
+itself, I heard nothing but praise. On the other hand, with regard to
+Doctor Keil the strangest reports were in circulation. He had been
+described to me in Portland as a most inaccessible person, showing
+himself extremely reserved toward strangers, and declining to give them
+the slightest satisfaction as to the interior management of the
+prosperous community over which he reigned a sovereign prince. The
+initiated maintained that this important personage had formerly been a
+tailor in Germany. He was at once the spiritual and secular head of the
+community: he solemnized marriages (much against his will, for,
+according to the rules of the society, he was obliged to provide a
+house for every newly-married couple); he was physician and preacher,
+judge, law-giver, secretary of state, administrator, and unlimited and
+irresponsible minister of finance to the colony; and held all the very
+valuable landed property of the settlement, with the consent of the
+colonists, in his own name; and while he certainly provided for his
+voluntarily obedient subjects an excellent maintenance for life, he
+reserved to himself the entire profits of the labor of all and the value
+of the joint property, notwithstanding that the colony was established
+on the broadest principles as a communist association.
+
+I had a great desire to see this original man--a kindred spirit of the
+renowned Mormon leader, Brigham Young--with my own eyes, and, so to
+speak, to visit the lion in his den. From Portland, where I was staying,
+the colony was easily accessible by rail, and before leaving I made the
+acquaintance of a. German life-insurance agent of a Chicago
+company--Körner by name--who, like myself, wished to visit Aurora, and
+in whom I found a very agreeable traveling companion. He had procured in
+Portland letters of introduction to Doctor Keil, and had conceived the
+bold plan of doing a stroke of business in life insurance with him;
+indeed, his main object in going to Aurora was to induce the doctor to
+insure the lives of the entire colony--that is to say, of all his
+voluntary subjects--in the Chicago company, pay, as irresponsible
+treasurer of the association, the legal premiums, and upon the
+occurrence of a death pocket the amount of the policy.
+
+My fellow-traveler had great hopes of making the doctor see this project
+in the light of an advantageous speculation, and accordingly provided
+himself amply with the necessary tables of mortality and other
+statistics. It had been carefully impressed upon us in Portland always
+to address the _ci-devant_ tailor, now "king of Aurora," as "Doctor," of
+which title he was extremely vain, and to treat him with all the
+reverence which as sovereign republicans we could muster; otherwise he
+would probably turn his back on us without ceremony.
+
+On a pleasant September morning the steam ferry-boat conveyed us from
+Portland across the Willamette River to the dépôt of the Oregon and
+California Railroad, and soon afterward we were rushing southward in the
+train along the right shore of that stream--here as broad as the
+Rhine--the rival of the mighty Columbia. After a pleasant and
+interesting journey through giant forests and over fertile prairies,
+some large, some small, embellished here and there with farms, villages
+and orchards, we reached Oregon City, which lies in a romantic region
+close to the Willamette: then leaving the river, we thundered on some
+miles farther through the majestic primitive forest, and soon entered
+upon a broad, wood-skirted prairie, over which here and there pretty
+farm-houses and groves are scattered; and presently beheld, peeping out
+from swelling hills and standing in the middle of a prosperous
+settlement embowered in verdure, the slender white church-tower of
+Aurora, and were at the end of our journey.
+
+Our first course after we left the cars was to the tavern, standing
+close to the railroad on a little hill, whither the passengers hurried
+for lunch. This so-called "hotel," the best known and most famous, as
+has already been said, in all Oregon, I might compare to an
+old-fashioned inn. The long table with its spotless table-cloth was
+lavishly spread with genuine German dishes, excellently cooked, and we
+were waited on by comely and neatly-dressed German girls; and though the
+dinner would not perhaps compare with the same meal at the club-house of
+the "San Francisco" I must confess that it was incomparably the best I
+ever tasted in Oregon, in which region neither the cooks nor the bills
+of fare are usually of the highest order.
+
+Dinner being over, we made inquiry for Doctor Keil, to whom we were now
+ready to pay our respects. Our host pointed out to us the doctor's
+dwelling-house, which looked, in the distance, like the premises of a
+well-to-do Low-Dutch farmer; and after passing over a long stretch of
+plank-road, we turned in the direction of the royal residence. On the
+way we met several laborers just coming from the field, who looked as if
+life went well with them--girls in short frocks with rake in hand, and
+boys comfortably smoking their clay pipes--and received from all an
+honest German greeting. Everything here had a German aspect--the houses
+pleasantly shaded by foliage, the barns, stables and well-cultivated
+fields, the flower and kitchen-gardens, the white church-steeple rising
+from a green hill: nothing but the fences which enclose the fields
+reminded us that we were in America.
+
+The doctor's residence was surrounded by a high white picket-fence:
+stately, widespreading live-oaks shaded it, and the spacious courtyard
+had a neat and carefully-kept aspect. Crowing cocks, and hens each with
+her brood, were scratching and picking about, the geese cackled, and
+several well-trained dogs gave us a noisy welcome. Upon our asking for
+the doctor, a friendly German matron directed us to the orchard, whither
+we immediately turned our steps. A really magnificent sight met our
+eyes--thousands of trees, whose branches, covered with the finest fruit,
+were so loaded that it had been necessary to place props under many of
+them, lest they should break beneath the weight of their luscious
+burden.
+
+Here we soon discovered the renowned doctor, in a toilette the very
+opposite of regal, zealously engaged in gathering his apples. He was
+standing on a high ladder, in his shirt sleeves, a cotton apron, a straw
+hat, picking the rosy-cheeked fruit in a hand-basket. Several laborers
+were busy under the trees assorting the gathered apples, and carefully
+packing in boxes the choicest of them--really splendid specimens of this
+fruit, which attains its utmost perfection in Oregon. As soon as the
+doctor perceived us he came down from the ladder, and asked somewhat
+sharply what our business there might be. My companion handed him the
+letters of introduction he had brought with him, which the doctor read
+attentively through: he then introduced my humble self as a literary man
+and assistant editor of a well-known magazine, who had come to Oregon
+for the special purpose of visiting Dr. Keil, and of inspecting his
+colony, of which such favorable reports had reached us. Without waiting
+for the doctor's reply, I asked him whether he were not a relative of
+K----, the principal editor of the magazine to which I was attached. I
+could scarcely, as it appeared, have hit upon a more opportune question,
+for the doctor was evidently flattered, and became at once extremely
+affable toward us. The relationship to which I had alluded he was
+obliged unwillingly to disclaim. I learned from him that his name was
+William Keil, and that he was born at Bleicherode in Prussian Saxony. He
+now left the apple-gathering to his men, and offered to show us whatever
+was interesting about the colony: as to the life-insurance project, he
+said he would take some more convenient opportunity to speak with Mr.
+Körner about it.
+
+The doctor, who after this showed himself somewhat loquacious, was a man
+of agreeable appearance, perhaps of about sixty years of age, with white
+hair, a broad high forehead and an intelligent countenance. Sound as a
+nut, powerfully built, of vigorous constitution and with an air of
+authority, he gave the idea of a man born to rule. He seemed to wish to
+make a good impression on us, and I remarked several times in him a
+searching side-glance, as though he were trying to read our thoughts. He
+sustained the entire conversation himself, and it was somewhat difficult
+to follow his meaning: he spoke in an unctuous, oratorical tone, with
+extreme suavity, in very general terms, and evaded all direct questions.
+When I had listened to him for ten minutes I was not one whit wiser than
+before. His language was not remarkably choice, and he used liberally a
+mixture of words half English, half German, as uneducated
+German-Americans are apt to do.
+
+While we wandered through the orchard, the beauty and practical utility
+of which astonished me, the doctor, gave us a lecture on colonization,
+agriculture, gardening, horticulture, etc., which he flavored here and
+there with pious reflections. He pointed out with pride that all this
+was his own work, and described how he had transformed the wilderness
+into a garden. In the year 1856 he came with forty followers to Oregon,
+as a delegate from the parent association of Bethel in Missouri, in
+order to found in the far West, then so little known, a branch colony.
+At present the doctor is president both of Aurora and of the original
+settlement at Bethel: the latter consists of about four hundred members,
+the former of four hundred and ten.
+
+When he first came into this region he found the whole district now
+owned by his flourishing colony covered with marsh and forest. Instead,
+however, of establishing himself on the prairies lying farther south, in
+the midst of foreign settlers, he preferred a home shared only with his
+German brethren in the primitive woods; and here, having at that time
+very small means, he obtained from the government, gratis, land enough
+to provide homes for his colonists, and found in the timber a source of
+capital, which he at once made productive. He next proceeded to build a
+block-house as a defence against the Indians, who at that time were
+hostile in Oregon: then he erected a saw-mill and cleared off the
+timber, part of which he used to build houses for his colonists, and
+with part opened an advantageous trade with his American neighbors, who,
+living on the prairie, were soon entirely dependent on him for all their
+timber. The land, once cleared, was soon cultivated and planted, with
+orchards: the finer varieties of fruit he shipped for sale to Portland
+and San Francisco, and from the sour apples he either made vinegar or
+sold them to the older settlers, who very soon made themselves sick on
+them. He then attended them in the character of physician, and cured
+them of their ailments at a good round charge. This joke the good doctor
+related with especial satisfaction.
+
+By degrees, the doctor continued to say, the number of colonists
+increased; and his means and strength being thus enlarged, he
+established a tannery, a factory, looms, flouring-mills, built more
+houses for his colonists, cleared more land and drained the marshes,
+increased his orchards, laid out new farms, gave some attention to
+adornment, erected a church and school-houses, and purchased from the
+American settlers in the neighborhood their best lands for a song. He
+did everything systematically. He always assigned his colonists the sort
+of labor that they appeared to him best fitted for, and each one found
+the place best suited to his capabilities. If any one objected to doing
+his will and obeying his orders, he was driven out of the colony, for he
+would endure no opposition. He made the best leather, the best hams and
+gathered the best crops in all Oregon. The possessions of the colony,
+which he added to as he was able, extended already over twenty sections
+(a section contains six hundred and forty acres, or an English square
+mile), and the most perfect order and industry existed everywhere.
+
+Thus the doctor; and amid this and the like conversation we walked over
+an orchard covering forty acres. The eight thousand trees it contained
+yielded annually five thousand bushels of choice apples and eight
+thousand of the finest pears, and the crop increased yearly. The doctor
+pointed out repeatedly the excellence of his culture in contrast with
+the American mode, which leaves the weeds to grow undisturbed among the
+trees, and disregards entirely all regularity and beauty. He, on the
+contrary, insisted no less on embellishment than on neatness and order;
+and this was no vain boast. Carefully-kept walks led through the
+grounds; verdant turf, flowerbeds and charming shady arbors met us at
+every turn; there were long beds planted with flourishing currant,
+raspberry and blackberry bushes, and large tracts set with rows of
+bearing vines, on which luscious grapes hung invitingly. Order also
+reigned among the fruit trees: here were several acres of nothing but
+apples, again a plantation of pears or apricots, beneath which not a
+weed was to be seen: the hoe and the rake had done their work
+thoroughly. Everything was in the most perfect order: the courtgardener
+of a German prince might have been proud of it.
+
+We seated ourselves in a shady arbor, where the doctor entertained us
+further with an account of his religious belief. He had, he said, no
+fixed creed and no established religion: there were in the colony
+Protestants, Catholics, Methodists, Baptists, indeed Christians of every
+name, and even Jews. Every one was at liberty to hold what faith he
+pleased: he preached only natural religion, and whoever shaped his life
+according to that would be happy. After this he enlarged on the
+prosperity of the colony, which was founded on the principles of natural
+religion, and prosed about humility, love to our neighbor, kindness and
+carrying religion into everything; and then back he came to Nature and
+himself, until my head was perfectly bewildered. I had given up long
+before this, in despair, any questions as to the interior organization
+of the colony, for the doctor either gave me evasive answers or none at
+all. His colonists, he asserted, loved him as a father, and he cared for
+them accordingly: both these assertions were undoubtedly true. The deep
+respect with which those whom we occasionally met lifted their hats to
+"the doctor"--a form of greeting by no means universal in America--bore
+witness to their unbounded esteem for him. Toward us also they demeaned
+themselves with great respect, as to noble strangers whom the doctor
+deigned to honor with his society. As to his care for them, no one who
+witnessed it could deny the exceedingly flourishing condition of the
+settlement. Whether, however, in all this the doctor had not a keen eye
+to his own interest was an afterthought which involuntarily presented
+itself.
+
+As we left the orchard, the doctor pointed out to us several
+wheat-fields in the neighborhood, cultivated with true German love for
+neatness, which formed, with the pleasant dwellings adjoining, separate
+farms. The average yield per acre, he observed, was from twenty-five to
+forty bushels of wheat, and from forty to fifty of oats. He then took us
+into a neighboring grove, to a place where the pic-nics and holiday
+feasts of the colony are held: here we paused near a grassy knoll shaded
+by a sort of awning and surrounded by a moat. This, which bears the name
+of "The Temple Hill," forms the centre of a number of straight roads,
+which branch out from it into the woods in the shape of a fan. Not far
+from it I noticed a dancing ground covered by a circular open roof, and
+a pavilion for the music.
+
+"At our public feasts," said the doctor, "I have all these branching
+roads lighted with colored lanterns, and illuminate the temple, which,
+with its brilliant lamps, makes quite an imposing spectacle. When we
+celebrate our May-day festival it looks, after dark, like a scene out of
+the _Arabian Nights_; and when, added to this, we have beautiful music
+and fine singing, and the young folks are enjoying the dance, it is
+really very pleasant. But none are permitted to set foot on the Temple
+Hill, nor can they do it very easily if they would. Do you know the
+reason, gentlemen?" Körner opined that it might be on account of the
+ditch, which would be difficult to pass, in which view I agreed.
+"Exactly so," remarked the doctor. "This Temple Hill has an especial
+significance: it represents the sovereign ruler of the people, on whose
+head no one may tread: on that account the ditch is there."
+
+After a walk of several hours we returned to the doctor's house, where
+he invited us to take a glass of homemade wine. As we had been informed
+that the sale and use of wine and spirits were strictly forbidden in the
+colony, this invitation was certainly an unprecedented exception. The
+wine, of which two kinds were placed before us--one made of wild grapes,
+and the other of currants--was very good, and was partaken of in the
+doctor's office. Here Mr. Körner again brought forward his
+life-insurance project: the doctor gave him hopes that he would go into
+it, but he wished to give the matter due consideration, and to subject
+the advantages and disadvantages of the speculation to a strict
+investigation, before giving a definite answer; and with this ended our
+visit to the "king of Aurora."
+
+Before leaving the colony we obtained considerable information from the
+members as to their interior organization and government, the results of
+which, as well as what I further learned respecting Doctor Keil, I will
+state briefly.
+
+Should any one wish to become a member of the colony, he must, in the
+first place, put all his ready money into the hands of Doctor Keil: he
+will then be taken on trial. If the candidate satisfies the doctor, he
+can remain and become one of the community: should this, however, not be
+the case, he receives again the capital he paid in, but without
+interest. How long he must remain "on probation" in the colony, and work
+there, depends entirely on the doctor's pleasure. If a member leaves the
+community voluntarily--a thing almost unheard of--he receives back his
+capital without interest, together with a _pro rata_ share of the
+earnings of the community during his membership, as appraised by the
+doctor.
+
+All the ordinary necessaries of life are supplied gratuitously to the
+members of the community. The doctor holds the common purse, out of
+which all purchases are paid for, and into which go the profits from the
+agricultural and industrial products of the colony. If any member needs
+a coat or other article of clothing, flour, sugar or tobacco, he can get
+whatever he wants, without paying for it, at the "store:" in the same
+way he procures meat from the butcher and bread from the baker: spirits
+are forbidden except in case of sickness. The doctor also appoints the
+occupation of each member, so as to contribute to the best welfare of
+the colony--whether he shall be a farmer, a mechanic, a common laborer,
+or whatever he can be most usefully employed in; and the time and
+talents of each are regarded as belonging to the whole community,
+subject only to the doctor's judgment. If a member marries, a separate
+dwelling-house and a certain amount of land are assigned him, so that
+the families of the settlement are scattered about on farms. The elders
+of the colony support the doctor in the duties of his office by counsel
+and assistance.
+
+The lands of the colony are collectively recorded in Doctor Keil's name,
+in order, as he says, to avoid intricate and complicated law-papers. It
+would, however, be for the interest of the colonists to make, a speedy
+change in this respect, so that the members of the community, in case of
+the doctor's death, might obtain each his share of the lands without
+litigation. Should the doctor's decease occur soon, before this
+alteration is made, his natural heirs could claim the whole property of
+the colony, and the members would be left in the lurch. He does not
+appear, however, to be in great haste to effect this change, though it
+ought to have been done long ago. It is always said among the colonists,
+naturally enough, that all the ground is the common property of the
+community. Whether the doctor fully subscribes to this opinion in his
+secret heart might be a question.
+
+Doctor Keil is at the same time the religious head and the unlimited
+secular ruler of the colony of Aurora, and can ordain, with the consent
+of the elders (who very naturally uphold his authority), what he
+pleases. A life free from care and responsibility, such as the members
+of the community (who, for the most part, belong to the lower and
+uncultivated class) lead--a life in regard to which no one but the
+doctor has the trouble of thinking--is the main ground of the
+undisturbed continuance of the colony. The pre-eminent talent for
+organization, combined with the unlimited powers of command, which the
+doctor--justly named "king of Aurora"--possesses, together with the
+inborn industry peculiar to Germans, is the cause of the prosperity of
+the settlement, which calls itself communistic, but is certainly nothing
+more than a vast farm belonging to its talented founder. It has its
+schools, its churches, newspapers and books--the selection and tendency
+of which the doctor sees to--and no lack of social pleasures, music and
+singing. Taken together with an easily-procured livelihood, all this
+satisfies the desires of the colonists entirely, and the good doctor
+takes care of everything else.
+
+ELIZABETH SILL.
+
+
+
+GRAY EYES.
+
+
+I have always counted it among the larger blessings of Providence that
+a woman can bear up year after year under a weight of dullness which
+would drive a man of the same mental calibre to desperation in a month.
+
+I had no idea what a heavy burden mine had been until one day my brother
+asked me to go to sea with him on his next voyage. He and his wife were
+at the farm on their wedding-tour, and only the happiness of a
+bridegroom could have led him to hold out to me this way of escape.
+Christian's heart when he dropped his pack was not lighter than mine.
+Butter and cheese are good things in their way--the world would miss
+them if all the farmers' daughters went suddenly down to the sea in
+ships--but it is possible to have too much of a good thing, and such had
+been my feeling for some years.
+
+So suddenly and completely did my threadbare endurance give way that if
+Frank had revoked his words the next minute, I must have gone away at
+once to some crowded place and drawn a few deep breaths of excitement
+before I could have joined again the broken ends of my patience.
+
+No bride-elect poor in this world's goods ever went about the
+preparations for her wedding with more delicious awe than I felt in
+turning one old gown upside down, and another inside out, for seafaring
+use. There was excitement enough in the departure, the inevitable
+sea-changes, and finally the memory of it all, to keep my mind busy for
+a few weeks, but when we settled into the grooves of a tropical voyage,
+wafted along as easily by the trade winds as if some gigantic hand,
+unseen and steady, had us in its grasp, my life was wholly changed, and
+yet it bore an odd family resemblance to the days at the farm. It was a
+pleasant dullness, because, in the nature of things, it must soon have
+an end.
+
+I went on deck to look at a passing ship about as often as I used to run
+to the window at the sound of carriagewheels. One can't take a very
+intimate interest in whales and the other seamonsters unless one is
+scientific. Time died with me a slow but by no means a painful death. I
+used to fold my hands and look at them by the hour, internally
+rollicking over the idea that there was no milk to skim or dishes to
+wash, or any earthly wheel in motion that required my shoulder to turn
+it. I spent much time in a half-awake state in the long warm days, out
+of sheer delight in wasting time after saving it all my life.
+
+So it came about that I slept lightly o' nights. Every morning the
+steward came into the cabin with the first dawn of day to scour his
+floors before the captain should appear. He had a habit of talking to
+himself over this early labor, and one morning, more awake than usual, I
+found that he was praying. "O Lord, be good to me! I wasn't to blame. I
+would have helped her if I could. O Lord, be good to me!" and other
+homely entreaties were repeated again and again.
+
+He was a meek, bowed old negro, with snowy hair, and so many wrinkles
+that all expression was shrunk out of his face. He was an excellent
+cook, but he waited on table with a manner so utterly despairing that
+it took away one's appetite to look at him.
+
+For many mornings after this I listened to his prayers, which grew more
+and more earnest and importunate. I could not think he had done any harm
+with his own will. He must have been more sinned against than sinning.
+
+He brought me a shawl one cool evening as if it were my death-warrant,
+and I said, in the sepulchral tone that wins confidence, "Pedro, do you
+always say your prayers when you are alone?"
+
+"Yes, miss, 'board _this_ ship."
+
+"What's the matter with, this ship?"
+
+"I s'pose you don't have no faith in ghosts?"
+
+"Not much."
+
+"White folks mostly don't," said Pedro with aggravating meekness, and
+turned into his pantry.
+
+I followed him to the door, and stood in it so that he had no escape:
+"What has that to do with your prayers?"
+
+"This cabin has got a ghost in it."
+
+I looked over my shoulder into the dusk, and shivered a little, which
+was not lost on Pedro. He grew more solemn if possible than before: "I
+see her 'most every morning, and if my back is to the door, I see her
+all the same. She don't never touch me, but I keep at the prayers for
+fear she will."
+
+"Do you never see her except in the morning?"
+
+"Once or twice she has just put her head out of the door of the middle
+state-room when I was waitin' on table."
+
+"In broad daylight?"
+
+"Sartin. Them as sees ghosts sees 'em any time. Every morning, just at
+peep o' day, she comes out of that door and makes a dive for the stairs.
+She just gives me one look, and holds up her hand, and I don't see no
+more of her till next time."
+
+"How does she look?" I almost hoped he would not tell, but he did.
+
+"She's got hair as black as a coal, kind o' pushed back, as if she'd
+been runnin' her hands through it; she has big shiny eyes, swelled up as
+she'd been cryin' a great while; and she's always got on a gray dress,
+silvery-like, with a tear in one sleeve. There ain't nothin' more, only
+a handkerchief tied round her wrist, as if it had been hurt."
+
+"Is she handsome?"
+
+"Mebbe white folks'd think so."
+
+"Why does she show herself to you and no one else, do you suppose?"
+
+"Didn't I tell you the reason before?"
+
+"Of course you didn't."
+
+"Well, you see, she looked just so the last time I seen her alive. I
+must go and put in the biscuit now, miss."
+
+I submitted, knowing that white folks may be hurried, but black ones
+never; and I could not but admire the natural talent which Pedro shared
+with the authors of continued stories, of always dropping the thread at
+the most thrilling moment.
+
+"Who was she?" said I, lying in wait for him on his return.
+
+"She was cap'n's wife, miss--a young woman, and the cap'n was old, with
+a blazing kind of temper. He was dreffle sweet on her for about a month,
+and mebbe she was happy, mebbe she wa'n't: how should I know about white
+folks' feelin's? All of a suddent he said she was sick and couldn't go
+out of the middle state-room. The old man took in plenty of stuff to
+eat, but he never let me go near her. We was on just such a v'y'ge as
+this, only hotter. The cap'n would come out of that room lookin' black
+as thunder, and everybody scudded out of his sight when he put his head
+out of the gangway.
+
+"He was always bad enough, but he got wuss and wuss, and nothin'
+couldn't please him. Sometimes I'd hear the poor thing a-moaning to
+herself like a baby that's beat out with loud cryin' and hain't got no
+noise left. She was always cryin' in them days. Once the supercargo (he
+was a cool hand, any way) give me a bit of paper very private to give to
+her, and I slipped it under the door, but the old man had nailed
+somethin' down inside, an' he found it afore she did. Then there was a
+regular knockdown fight, and the supercargo was put in irons. The old
+man was in the middle room a long time that day, talkin' in a hissin'
+kind of a way, and the missus got a blow. Just after that a sort of a
+white squall struck the ship, and the old man give just the wrong
+orders. You see, he was clean out of his head. He got so worked up at
+last that he fell down in a fit, and they bundled him into his
+state-room and left him, 'cause nobody cared whether he was dead or
+alive. The mate took the irons off the supercargo first thing, and broke
+open the middle room. The supercargo went in there and stayed a long
+time, whispering to the missus, and she cried more'n ever, only it
+sounded different.
+
+"Toward night the old man come to, and begun to ask questions--as ugly
+as ever, only as weak as a baby. 'Bout midnight I was comin' out of his
+room, and I seen the missus in a gray dress, with her eyes shinin' like
+coals of fire, dive out of her room and up the stairs, and nobody never
+seen her afterward. The next morning the supercargo was gone too, and I
+think they just drownded themselves, 'cause they couldn't bear to live
+any more without each other. Mebbe the mate knew somethin' about it, but
+he never let on, and I dunno no more about it; only the old man had
+another fit when he heard it, and died without no mourners."
+
+"It might be she was saved, after all," I said, with true Yankee
+skepticism.
+
+"Then why should I see her ghost, if she ain't dead-drownded?"
+
+"Did you never find anything in the state-room that would explain?"
+
+"Well, I did find some bits of paper, but I couldn't read writin'."
+
+"Oh, what did you do with them?" I insisted, quivering with excitement.
+
+"You won't tell the cap'n?"
+
+"No, never."
+
+"You'll give 'em back to me?"
+
+"Yes, yes--of course."
+
+"Here they be," he said, opening his shirt, and showing a little bag
+hung round his neck like an amulet. He took out a little wad of brown
+paper, and gave it jealously into my hand.
+
+"I will give it back to you to-night," I said with the solemnity of an
+oath, and carried it to my room.
+
+It proved to be a short and fragmentary account of the sufferings which
+the "missus" had endured in the middle room, written in pencil on coarse
+wrapping-paper, and bearing marks of trembling hands and frequent tears.
+I thought I might copy the papers without breaking faith with Pedro. The
+outside paper bore these words:
+
+"Whoever finds this is besought for pity's sake, by its most unhappy
+writer, to send it as soon as possible to Mrs. Jane Atwood of
+Davidsville, Connecticut, United States of America."
+
+Then followed a letter to her mother:
+
+Dearest Mother: If I never see your blessed face again, I know you will
+not believe me guilty of what my husband accuses me of. I married
+Captain Eliot for your sake, believing, since Herbert had proved
+faithless, that no comfort was left to me except in pleasing others. I
+meant to be a good wife to Captain Eliot, and I believe I should have
+kept my vow all my days if the most unfortunate thing had not wakened
+his jealousy. Since then he has been almost or quite crazed.
+
+I knew we had a supercargo of whom Captain Eliot spoke highly. He kept
+his room for a month from sea-sickness, and when he came out it was
+Herbert. Of course I knew him, every line of his face had been so long
+written on my heart. I strove to treat him as if I had never seen him
+before, but the old familiar looks and tones were very hard to bear. If
+Herbert could only have submitted patiently to our fate! But it was not
+in him to be patient under anything, and one evening, when I was sitting
+alone on deck, he must needs pour out his soul in one great burst,
+trying to prove that he had never deserted me, but only circumstances
+had been cruel. I longed to believe him, but I could only keep repeating
+that it was too late.
+
+When I went down, Captain Eliot dragged me into the middle state-room,
+and gave vent to his jealous feelings. He must have listened to all that
+Herbert had said. His last words were that I should never leave that
+room alive. I had a wretched night, and the first time I fell into an
+uneasy sleep I started suddenly up to find my husband flashing the light
+of a lantern across my eyes. "Handsome and wicked," he muttered--"they
+always go together."
+
+I begged him to listen to the story of my engagement to Herbert, and he
+did listen, but it did not soften his heart. If he ever loved me, his
+jealousy has swallowed it up.
+
+I have been in this room just a week. My husband does not starve or beat
+me, but his taunts and threats are fearful, and his eyes when he looks
+at me grow wild, as if he had the longing of a beast to tear me in
+pieces.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_May_ 10. I placed a copy of the paper that is pinned to this letter in
+a little bottle that had escaped my husband's search, and threw it out
+of my window.
+
+I am Waitstill Atwood Eliot, wife of Captain Eliot of the ship Sapphire.
+I have been kept in solitary confinement and threatened with death for
+four weeks, for no just cause. I believe him to be insane, as he
+constantly threatens to burn or sink the ship. I pray that this paper
+may be picked up by some one who will board this ship and bring me help.
+
+Of course it is a most forlorn hope, but it keeps me from utter despair.
+
+20. Herbert tried to communicate with me by slipping a paper under the
+door, but I did not get it, and he has been put in irons. Captain Eliot
+boasts of it. I wish he would bind us together and let us drown in one
+another's arms, as they did in the Huguenot persecution.
+
+28. A little paper tied to a string hung in front of my bull's-eye
+window to-day: I took it in. The first officer had lowered it down:
+"Captain Eliot says you are ill, but I don't believe it. If he tries
+violence, scream, and I will break open the door. I am always on the
+watch. Keep your heart up."
+
+This is a drop of comfort in my black cup, but my little window was
+screwed down within an hour after I had read the paper.
+
+_June_ 10. My spirit is worn out: I can endure no more. I have begged my
+husband to kill me and end my misery. I don't know why he hesitated. He
+means to do it some time, but perhaps he cannot think of torture
+exquisite enough for his purpose.
+
+11. My husband came in about four in the afternoon, looking so
+vindictive that my heart stood still. He gradually worked himself into a
+frenzy, and aimed a blow at my head: instinct, rather than the love of
+life, made me parry it, and I got the stroke on my wrist.
+
+I screamed, and at the same moment there was a tumult on deck, and the
+ship quivered as if she too had been violently struck. Captain Eliot
+rushed on deck, and began to give hurried orders. I could hear the first
+officer contradict them, and then there was a heavy fall, and two or
+three men stumbled down the cabin stairs, carrying some weight between
+them.
+
+_Later_. My husband is helpless, and Herbert has been with me, urging me
+passionately to trust myself to him in a little boat at midnight. He
+says there are several ships in sight, and one of them will be almost
+sure to pick us up. He swears that he will leave me, and never see me
+again (if I say so), so soon as he has placed me in safety, but he will
+save me, by force if need be, from the brute into whose hands I fell so
+innocently. If the ship does not see us, it is but dying, after all.
+
+Good-bye, mother! I pray that this paper will reach you before Captain
+Eliot can send you his own account, but if it does not, you will believe
+me innocent all the same.
+
+This was the last, and I folded up the papers as they had come to me.
+That night I read them all to Pedro.
+
+"They was drownded--I knew it," said Pedro; and nothing could remove
+that opinion. A ghost is more convincing than logic.
+
+Our voyage wore on, with one day just like another: my brother looked at
+the sun every day, and put down a few cabalistic figures on a slate, but
+his steady business was reading novels to his wife and drinking weak
+claret and water.
+
+The sea was always the same, smiling and smooth, and the "man at the
+wheel" seemed to be always holding us back by main strength from the
+place where we wanted to go. I had a growing belief that we should sail
+for ever on this rippling mirror and never touch the frame of it. It
+struck me with a sense of intense surprise when a dark line loomed far
+ahead, and they told me quietly that that line meant Bombay.
+
+It seemed a matter of course to my brother that the desired port should
+heave in sight just when he expected it, but to me the efforts that he
+had made to accomplish this tremendous result were ridiculously small.
+
+"I have done more work in a week, and had nothing to show for it at
+last," said I, "than you have seemed to do in all this voyage."
+
+"Poor sister! don't you wish you were a man?"
+
+"Certainly, all women do who have any sense. I hold with that ancient
+Father of the Church who maintained that all women are changed into men
+on the judgment-day. The council said it was heresy, but that don't
+alter my faith."
+
+"I shouldn't like you half as well if you had been born a boy," said
+Frank.
+
+"But I should like myself vastly better," said I, clinging to the last
+word.
+
+Bombay is a city by itself: there is none like it on earth, whatever
+there may be in the heaven above or in the waters under it. From Sir
+Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's hospital for sick animals to the Olympian conceit
+of the English residents, there are infinite variations of people and
+things that I am persuaded can be matched nowhere else. I felt myself
+living in a series of pictures, a sort of supernumerary in a theatre,
+where they changed the play every night.
+
+One of the first who boarded our ship was Mr. Rayne, an old friend of
+Frank's. He insisted on our going to his house for a few days in a
+warm-hearted way that was irresistible.
+
+"Are you quite sure you want _me_?" I said dubiously. "Young married
+people make a kind of heaven for themselves, and do not want old maids
+looking over the wall."
+
+"But you _must_ go with us," said Frank, man-like, never seeing anything
+but the uppermost surface of a question.
+
+"Not at all. I'm quite strong-minded enough to stay on board ship; or,
+if that would not do in this heathen place, the missionaries are always
+ready to entertain strangers. A week in the missionhouse would make me
+for ever a shining light in the sewing circle at home.
+
+"A woman of so many resources would be welcome anywhere. For my part, an
+old maid is a perfect Godsend. The genus is unknown here, and the loss
+to society immense," said Mr. Rayne.
+
+"But what shall I do when Mrs. Rayne and my sister-in-law are comparing
+notes about the perfections of their husbands?"
+
+"Walk on the verandah with me and convert me to woman suffrage."
+
+Mr. Rayne had his barouche waiting on shore, and drove us first to the
+bandstand, where, in the coolness of sunset, all the Bombay world meet
+to see and to be seen. When the band paused, people drove slowly round
+the circle, seeking acquaintance. Among them one equipage was perfect--a
+small basket-phaeton, and two black ponies groomed within an inch of
+their lives. My eyes fell on the ponies first, but I saw them no more
+when the lady who drove them turned her face toward me.
+
+She wore a close-fitting black velvet habit and a little round hat with
+long black feather. Her hair might have been black velvet, too, as it
+fell low on her forehead, and was fastened somehow behind in a heavy
+coil. Black brows and lashes shaded clear gray eyes--the softest gray,
+without the least tint of green in them--such eyes as Quaker maidens
+ought to have under their gray bonnets. Little rose colored flushes kept
+coming and going in her cheeks as she talked.
+
+All at once I thought of Queen Guinevere,
+
+    As she fled fast thro' sun and shade,
+      With jingling bridle-reins.
+
+"Mr. Rayne, do you see that lady in black, with the ponies?"
+
+"Plainly."
+
+"If I were a man, that woman would be my Fate."
+
+"I thought women never admired each other's beauty."
+
+"You are mistaken. Heretofore I have met beautiful women only in poetry.
+Do you remember four lines about Queen Guinevere?--no, six lines, I
+mean:
+
+    "She looked so lovely as she swayed
+      The rein with dainty finger-tips,
+    A man had given all other bliss,
+    And all his worldly worth for this,
+    To waste his whole heart in one kiss
+      Upon her perfect lips.
+
+"I always thought them overstrained till now."
+
+"I perfectly agree with you," said Mr. Rayne: "I knew we were congenial
+spirits." Then he said a word or two in a diabolical language to his
+groom, who ran to the carriage which I had been watching and repeated it
+to the lady: she bowed and smiled to Mr. Rayne, and soon drew up her
+ponies beside us.
+
+"My wife," said Mr. Rayne with laughter in his eyes.
+
+Mrs. Rayne talked much like other people, and her beauty ceased to
+dazzle me after a few minutes; not that it grew less on near view, but,
+being a woman, I could not fall in love with her in the nature of
+things.
+
+When the music stopped we drove to Mr. Rayne's house, his wife keeping
+easily beside us. When she was occupied with the others Mr. Rayne
+whispered, "Her praises were so sweet in my ears that I would not own
+myself Sir Lancelot at once."
+
+"If you are Sir Lancelot," I said, "where is King Arthur?"
+
+"Forty fathoms deep, I hope," said Mr. Rayne with a sudden change in his
+voice and a darkening face. I had raised a ghost for him without knowing
+it, and he spoke no more till we reached the house.
+
+It was a long, low, spreading structure with a thatched roof, and a
+verandah round it. A wilderness of tropical plants hemmed it in. But all
+appearance of simplicity vanished on our entrance. In the matted hall
+stood a tree to receive the light coverings we had worn; not a "hat
+tree," as we say at home by poetic license, but the counterfeit
+presentment of a real tree, carved in branches and delicate foliage out
+of black wood. The drawing-room was eight-sided, and would have held,
+with some margin, the gambrel-roofed house, chimneys and all, in which I
+had spent my life. Two sides were open into other rooms, with Corinthian
+pillars reaching to the roof. Carved screens a little higher than our
+heads filled the space between the pillars, and separated the
+drawing-room from Mrs. Rayne's boudoir on the side and the dining-room
+on the other.
+
+The furniture of these rooms was like so many verses of a poem. Every
+chair and table had been designed by Mrs. Rayne, and then realized in
+black wood by the patient hands of natives.
+
+Another side opened by three glass doors on a verandah, and only a few
+rods below the house the sea dashed against a beach.
+
+After dinner I sat on the verandah drinking coffee and the sea-breeze by
+turns. The gentlemen walked up and down smoking the pipe of peace, while
+Mrs. Rayne sat within, talking with Rhoda in the candlelight. Opposite
+me, as I looked in at the open door, hung two Madonnas, the Sistine and
+the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. In front of each stood a tall
+flower-stand carved to imitate the leaves and blossoms of the calla
+lily. These black flowers held great bunches of the Annunciation lily,
+sacred to the Virgin through all the ages. Mrs. Rayne had taken off the
+close-buttoned jacket, and her dress was now open at the throat, with
+some rich old lace clinging about it and fastened with a pearl daisy.
+
+"Have you forgiven me the minute's deception I put upon you?" said Mr.
+Rayne, pausing beside me. "If I had not read admiration in your face, I
+would have told you the truth at once."
+
+"How could one help admiring her?"
+
+"I don't know, I'm sure: I never could."
+
+"She has the serenest face, like still, shaded water. I wonder how she
+would look in trouble?"
+
+"It is not becoming to her."
+
+"Are you sure?"
+
+"Quite."
+
+"Your way of life here seems so perfect! No hurry nor worry--nothing to
+make wrinkles."
+
+"You like this smooth Indian living, then?"
+
+"_Like it_! I hope you won't think me wholly given over to love of
+things that perish in the using, but if I could live this sort of life
+with the one I liked best, heaven would be a superfluity."
+
+"It is heaven indeed when I think of the purgatory from which we came
+into it," said Mr. Rayne, throwing away his cigar and carrying off my
+coffee-cup.
+
+"Do you know anything of Mrs. Rayne's history before her marriage?" I
+said to Frank as I joined him in his walk.
+
+"Nothing to speak of--only she was a widow."
+
+"Oh!" said I, feeling that a spot or two had suddenly appeared on the
+face of the sun.
+
+"That's nothing against her, is it?"
+
+"No, but I have no patience with second marriages."
+
+"Nor first ones, either," said Frank wickedly.
+
+"But seriously, Frank--would you like to have a wife so beautiful as
+Mrs. Rayne?"
+
+"Yes, if she had Rhoda's soul inside of her," said Frank stoutly.
+
+"I shouldn't."
+
+"Why not?"
+
+"Because all sorts of eyes gloat on her beauty and drink it in, and in
+one way appropriate it to themselves. Mr. Rayne is as proud of the
+admiration given to his wife as if it were a personal tribute to his own
+taste in selecting her. A beautiful woman never really and truly belongs
+to her husband unless he can keep a veil over her face, as the Turks
+do."
+
+"I knew you had 'views,'" said Mr. Rayne behind me, "but I had no idea
+they were so heathenish. What is New England coming to under the new
+rule? Are the plain women going to shut up all the handsome ones?"
+
+"I was only supposing a case."
+
+"Suppositions are dangerous. You first endure, then dally with them, and
+finally embrace them as established facts."
+
+"I was only saying that if I am a man when I come into the world next
+time (as the Hindoos say), I shall marry a plain woman with a charming
+disposition, and so, as it were, have my diamond all to myself by reason
+of its dull cover."
+
+"Jealousy, thy name is woman!" said Mr. Rayne. "When the Woman's
+Republic is set up, how I shall pity the handsome ones!"
+
+"They will all be banished to some desert island," said Frank.
+
+"And draw all men after them, as the 'Pied Piper of Hamelin' did the
+rats," said Mr. Rayne.
+
+"What are you talking about?" said Mrs. Rayne, joining us at this point.
+
+"The pity of it," said her husband, "that beauty is only skin deep."
+
+"That is deep enough," said Mrs. Rayne.
+
+"Yes, if age and sickness and trouble did not make one shed it so soon,"
+said I ungratefully.
+
+"Don't mention it," said Mrs. Rayne--"'tis bad enough when it comes. Do
+you remember that Greek woman in _Lothair,_ whose father was so
+fearfully rich that she seemed to be all crusted with precious stones?"
+
+"Perfectly."
+
+"To dance and sing was all she lived for, and Lothair must needs bring
+in the skeleton, as you did, by reminding her of the dolorous time when
+she would neither dance nor sing. You think she is crushed, to be sure,
+only Disraeli's characters never are crushed, any more than himself. 'Oh
+then,' she says, 'we will be part of the audience, and other people will
+dance and sing for us.' So beauty is always with us, though one person
+loses it."
+
+She gave a little shrug of her shoulders, which made her pearls and
+velvet shimmer in the moonlight. She looked so white and cool and
+perfect, so apart from common clay, that all at once Queen Guinevere
+ceased to be my type of her, and I thought of "Lilith, first wife of
+Adam," as we see her in Rossetti's fanciful poem:
+
+    Not a drop of her blood was human,
+    But she was made like a soft, sweet woman.
+
+We all went to our rooms after this, and in each of ours hung a
+full-length swinging mirror; I had never seen one before, except in a
+picture-shop or in a hotel.
+
+"Truly this is 'richness'!" I said, walking up and down and sideways
+from one to the other.
+
+"I had no idea you had so much vanity," said Frank, laughing at me, as
+he has done ever since he was born.
+
+"Vanity! not a spark. I am only seeing myself as others see me, for the
+first time."
+
+"I always had a glass like that in my room at home," said my
+sister-in-law, with the least morsel of disdain in her tone.
+
+"Had you? Then you have lost a great deal by growing up to such things.
+A first sensation at my age is delightful."
+
+Next day Rhoda and I were sitting with Mrs. Rayne in her dressing-room,
+with a great fan swinging overhead. We all had books in our hands, but I
+found more charming reading in my hostess, whose fascinations hourly
+grew upon me.
+
+She wore a long loose wrapper, clear blue in color, with little silver
+stars on it. I don't know how much of my admiration sprang from her
+perfect taste in dress. Raiment has an extraordinary effect on the whole
+machinery of life. Most people think too lightly of it. Somebody says if
+Cleopatra's nose had been a quarter of an inch shorter, the history of
+the world would have been utterly changed; but Antony might equally have
+been proof against a robe with high neck and tight sleeves. Mrs. Rayne's
+face always seemed to crown her costume like a rose out of green leaves,
+yet I cannot but think that if I had seen her first in a calico gown and
+sitting on a three-legged stool milking a cow, I should still have
+thought her a queen among women.
+
+While I sat like a lotos-eater, forgetful of home and butter-making, a
+servant brought in a parcel and a note. Mrs. Rayne tossed the note to me
+while she unfolded a roll of gray silk.
+
+
+Dear Guinevere: I send with this a bit of silk that old Fut'ali insisted
+on giving to me this morning. It is that horrid gray color which we both
+detest. I know you will never wear it, and you had better give it to
+Miss Blake to make a toga for her first appearance in the women's
+Senate. LANCELOT.
+
+"With all my heart!" said Mrs. Rayne as I gave back the note. "You will
+please us both far more than you can please yourself by wearing the
+dress with a thought of us. I wonder why Mr. Rayne calls me 'Guinevere'?
+But he has a new name for me every day, because he does not like my
+own."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"Waitstill. Did you ever hear it?"
+
+"Never but once," I said with a sudden tightness in my throat. I could
+scarcely speak my thanks for the dress.
+
+"I should never wear it," said Mrs. Rayne: "the color is associated with
+a very painful part of my life."
+
+"Do you suppose water would spot it?" asked Rhoda, who is of a practical
+turn of mind.
+
+"Take a bit and try it."
+
+"Water spots some grays" said Mrs. Rayne with a strange sort of smile as
+Rhoda went out, "especially salt water. I spent one night at sea in an
+open boat, with a gray dress clinging wet and salt to my limbs. When I
+tore it off in rags I seemed to shed all the misery I had ever known.
+All my life since then has been bright as you see it now. It would be a
+bad omen to put on a gray gown again."
+
+"Then you have made a sea-voyage, Mrs. Rayne?"
+
+"Yes, such a long voyage!--worse than the 'Ancient Mariner's.' No words
+can tell how I hate the sea." She sighed deeply, with a sudden darkening
+of her gray eyes till they were almost black, and grasped one wrist hard
+with the other hand.
+
+A sudden trembling seized me. I was almost as much agitated as Mrs.
+Rayne. I felt that I must clinch the matter somehow, but I took refuge
+in a platitude to gain time: "There is such a difference in ships,
+almost as much as in houses, and the comfort of the voyage depends
+greatly on that."
+
+"It may be so," she said wearily.
+
+"My brother's ship is old, but it has been refitted lately to something
+like comfort. It's old name was the Sapphire."
+
+This was my shot, and it hit hard.
+
+"The Sapphire! the Sapphire!" she whispered with dilated eyes. "Did you
+ever hear--did you ever find--But what nonsense! You must think me the
+absurdest of women."
+
+The color came back to her face, and she laughed quite naturally.
+
+"The fact is, Miss Blake, I was very ill and miserable when I was on
+shipboard, and to this day any sudden reminder of it gives me a
+shock.--Did water spot it?" she said to Rhoda, who came in at this
+point.
+
+I thought over all the threads of the circumstance that had come into my
+hand, and like Mr. Browning's lover I found "a thing to do."
+
+The next morning I made an excuse to go down to the ship with my
+brother, and there, by dint of pressure, I got those stained and dingy
+papers into my possession again. I had only that day before me, for we
+were going to a hotel the same evening, and the Raynes were to set out
+next day for their summer place among the hills, a long way back of
+Bombay. Our stay had already delayed their departure.
+
+This was my plot: Mrs. Rayne had been reading a book that I had bought
+for the home-voyage, and was to finish it before evening. I selected the
+duplicate of the paper which "Waitstill Atwood Eliot" had put in a
+bottle and cast adrift when her case had been desperate, and laid it in
+the book a page or two beyond Mrs. Rayne's mark. It seemed impossible
+that she could miss it: I watched her as a chemist watches his first
+experiment.
+
+Twice she took up the book, and was interrupted before she could open
+it: the third time she sat down so close to me that the folds of her
+dress touched mine. One page, two pages: in another instant she would
+have turned the leaf, and I held my breath, when a servant brought in a
+note. Her most intimate friend had been thrown from her carriage, and
+had sent for her. It was a matter of life and death, and brooked no
+delay. In ten minutes she had bidden us a cordial good-bye, and dropped
+out of my life for all time.
+
+She never finished _my_ book, nor I _hers_. I had had it in my heart, in
+return for her warm hospitality, to cast a great stone out of her past
+life into the still waters of her present, and her good angel had turned
+it aside just before it reached her. I might have asked Mr. Rayne in so
+many words if his wife's name had been Waitstill Atwood Eliot when he
+married her, but that would have savored of treachery to her, and I
+refrained.
+
+Often in the long calm days of the home-voyage, and oftener still in the
+night-watches, I pondered in my heart the items of Mrs. Rayne's history,
+and pieced them together like bits of mosaic--the gray eyes and the gray
+dress, the identity of name, the indefinite terrors of her sea-voyage,
+the little touch concerning Lancelot and Guinevere, her emotion when I
+mentioned the Sapphire. If circumstantial evidence can be trusted, I
+feel certain that Pedro's ghost appeared to me in the flesh.
+
+ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF FLORENCE.
+
+
+I had six months more to stay on the Continent, and I began for the
+first time to be discontented in Paris. There was no soul in that great
+city whom I had ever seen before, but this alone would hot have been
+sufficient to make me long for a change, except for an accident which
+unluckily surrounded me with my own countrymen. These I did not go
+abroad to see; and having lived almost entirely in the society of the
+French for over two years, it was with dismay that I saw my sanctum
+invaded daily by twos and threes of the aimless American nonentities who
+presume that their presence must be agreeable to any of their
+countrymen, and especially to any countrywoman, after a chance
+introduction on the boulevard or an hour spent together in a café.
+
+"Seeing these things," I determined to leave Paris, and the third day
+after found me traveling through picturesque Savoy toward Mont Cenis.
+All the afternoon the rugged hills had been growing higher and whiter
+with snow, and now, just before sunset, we reached the railway terminus,
+St. Michel, and were under the shadow of the Alps themselves.
+
+The previous night in the cars I had found myself the only woman among
+some half dozen French military officers, who paid me the most polite
+attention. They were charmed that I made no objection to their
+cigarettes, talked with me on various topics, criticised McClellan as a
+general, and were enthusiastic on the subject of our country generally.
+About midnight they prepared a grand repast from their traveling-bags,
+to which they gave me a cordial invitation. I begged to contribute my
+_mesquin_ supply of grapes and brioches, and the supper was a
+considerable event. Their canteens were filled with red wines, and one
+cup served the whole company. They drank my health and that of the
+President of the United States. Afterward we had vocal music, two of the
+officers being good singers. They sang Beranger's songs and the charming
+serenade from _Lalla Rookh_. I finally expressed a desire to hear the
+Marseillaise. This seemed to take them by surprise, but one of the
+singers, declaring that he had _"rien à refuser à madame"_ boldly struck
+up,
+
+    Allons, enfants de la patrie,
+    Le jour de gloire est arrivé;
+
+but his companions checked him before he had finished the first stanza.
+The law forbade, they said, the production of the Marseillaise in
+society. We were a society: the guard would hear us and might report it.
+
+"Vous voyez, madame," said the singer, "n'il n'est pas défendu d'être
+voleur, mais c'est défendu d'être attrapé" (It is not against the law to
+be a thief, but to be caught.)
+
+My traveling--companions reached their destination early in the morning,
+and, very gallantly expressing regrets that they were not going over the
+Alps, so as to bear mer company, bade me farewell.
+
+From the rear of the St. Michel hotel, called the Lion d'Or, I watched
+the preparations for crossing Mont Cenis. Three diligences were being
+crazily loaded with our baggage. The men who loaded them seemed
+imitating the Alpine structure. They piled trunk on trunk to the height
+of thirty feet, I verily believe; and if some one should nudge my elbow
+and say "fifty," I should write it down so without manifesting the least
+surprise.
+
+When the preparations were finished the setting sun was shining clearly
+on the white summits above, and we commenced slowly winding up the noble
+zigzag road. Rude mountain children kept up with our diligences, asked
+for sous and wished us _bon voyage_ in the name of the Virgin.
+
+The grandeur, but especially the extent and number, of the Alpine peaks
+impressed me with a vague, undefinable sense, which was not, I think,
+the anticipated sensation; and indeed if I had been in a poetic mood, it
+would have been quickly dissipated by the mock raptures of a young
+Englishman with a poodly moustache and an eye-glass. He called our
+attention to every chasm, gorge and waterfall, as if we had been wholly
+incapable of seeing or appreciating anything without his aid. As for me,
+I did not feel like disputing his susceptibility. I was suffering an
+uneasy apprehension of an avalanche--not of snow, but of trunks and
+boxes from the topheavy diligences ahead of us. However, we reached the
+top of Mont Cenis safely by means of thirteen mules to each coach,
+attached tandem, and we stopped at the queer relay-house there some
+thirty minutes. Here some women in the garb of nuns served me some soup
+with grated cheese, a compound which suggested a dishcloth in flavor,
+yet it was very good. I will not attempt to reconcile the two
+statements. After the soup I went out to see the Alps. The ecstatic
+Briton was still eating and drinking, and I could enjoy the scene
+unmolested. I crossed a little bridge near the inn. The night was cold
+and bright. Hundreds of snowy peaks above, below and in every direction,
+some of their hoary heads lost in the clouds, were glistening in the
+light of a clear September moon, and the stillness was only broken by a
+wild stream tumbling down the precipices which I looked up to as I
+crossed the bridge. It was indeed an impressive scene--cold, desolate,
+awful. I walked so near the freezing cataract that the icicles touched
+my face, and thinking that Dante, when he wrote his description of hell,
+might have been inspired by this very scene, I wrapped my cloak closer
+about me and went back to the inn.
+
+The diligences were ready, and we commenced a descent which I cannot
+even now think of without a shudder. To each of those heavily-laden
+stages were attached two horses only, and we bounded down the
+mountain-side like a huge loosened boulder. Imagine the sensation as
+you looked out of the windows and saw yourself whirling over yawning
+chasms and along the brinks of dizzy precipices, fully convinced that
+the driver was drunk and the horses goaded to madness by Alpine demons!
+I have been on the ocean in a storm sufficiently severe to make Jew and
+Christian pray amicably together; I have been set on fire by a fluid
+lamp, and have been dragged under the water by a drowning friend, but I
+think I never had such an alarming sense of coming destruction as in
+that diligence. I think of those sure-footed horses even now with
+gratitude.
+
+We arrived at Susa a long time before daylight. At first, I decided to
+stay and see this town, which was founded by a Roman colony in the time
+of Augustus. The arch built in his honor about eight years before Christ
+seemed a thing worth going to see; but a remark from my companion with
+the eye-glass made me determine to go on. He said he was going to "do"
+the arch, and I knew I should not be equal to witnessing any more of his
+ecstasies.
+
+My first astonishment in Italy was that hardly any of the railroad
+officials spoke French. I had always been told that with that language
+at your command you could travel all over the Continent. This is a grave
+error: even in Florence, although "Ici on parle français" is conspicuous
+in many shop-windows, I found I had to speak Italian or go unserved. I
+had a mortal dread of murdering the beautiful Italian language; so I
+wanted to speak it well before I commenced, like the Irishman who never
+could get his boots on until he had worn them a week.
+
+I stopped at Turin, then the capital of Italy, only a short time, and
+hurried on to Florence, for that was to be my home for the winter. It
+was delightful to come down from the Alpine snows and find myself face
+to face with roses and orange trees bearing fruit and blossom. Here I
+wandered through the olive-gardens alone, and gave way to the rapturous
+sense of simply being in the land of art and romance, the land of love
+and song; for there was no ecstatic person with me armed with _Murray_
+and prepared to admire anything recommended therein. Besides, I could
+enjoy Italy for days and months, and therefore was not obliged to "do"
+(detestable tourist slang!) anything in a given time. I was free as a
+bird. I knew no Americans in Florence, and determined to studiously
+avoid making acquaintances except among Italians, for I wished to learn
+the language as I had learned French, by constantly speaking it and no
+other.
+
+The day following my arrival in Florence I went out to look for
+lodgings, which I had the good fortune to find immediately. I secured
+the first I looked at. They were in the Borgo SS. Apostoli, in close
+proximity to the Piazza del Granduca, now Delia Signoria. I was passing
+this square, thinking of my good luck in finding my niche for the
+winter, when, much to my surprise, some one accosted me in English.
+Think of my dismay at seeing one of the irrepressible Paris bores I had
+fled from! He was in Florence before me, having come by a different
+route; and neither of us had known anything about the other's intention
+to quit Paris. He asked me at once where I was stopping, and I told him
+at the Hotel a la Fontana, not deeming it necessary to add that I was
+then on my way there to pack up my traveling-bag and pay my bill. As he
+was "doing" Florence in about three days, he never found me out. The
+next I heard of him he was "doing" Rome. This American prided himself on
+his knowledge of Italian; and one day in a restaurant, wishing for
+cauliflower _(cavolo fiore)_, he astonished the waiter by calling for
+_horse. "Cavallo"!_ he roared--"_Portéz me cavallo!_" "Cavallo!"
+repeated the waiter, with the characteristic Italian shrug. "_Non
+simangia in Italia, signore_" (It is not eaten in Italy, signore). Then
+followed more execrable Italian, and the waiter brought him something
+which elicited "_Non volo! non volo!_" (I don't fly! I don't fly!) from
+the American, and "_Lo credo, signore_" from the baffled waiter, much to
+the amusement of people at the adjacent tables.
+
+I liked my new quarters very much. They consisted of two goodly-sized
+rooms, carpeted with thick braided rag carpets, and decently furnished,
+olive oil provided for the quaint old classic-shaped lamp, and the rooms
+kept in order, for the astounding price of thirty francs a month. Wood I
+had to pay extra for when I needed a fire, and that indeed was
+expensive; for a bundle only sufficient to make a fire cost a franc.
+There were few days, however, even in that exceptional winter, which
+rendered a fire necessary. The _scaldino_ for the feet was generally
+sufficient, and this, replenished three times a day, was included in the
+rent.
+
+One of my windows looked out on olive-gardens and on the old church San
+Miniato, on the hill of the same name. Mr. Hart, the sculptor, told me
+that those rooms were very familiar to him. Buchanan Read, I think he
+said, had occupied them, and the walls in many places bore traces of
+artist vagaries. There were several nice caricatures penciled among the
+cheap frescoes of the walls. All the walls are frescoed in Florence.
+Think of having your ceiling and walls painted in a manner that
+constantly suggests Michael Angelo!
+
+After some weeks spent in looking at the art-wonders in Florence, I
+visited many of the studios of our artists. That of Mr. Hart, on the
+Piazza Independenza, was one of the most interesting. He had two very
+admirable busts of Henry Clay, and all his visitors, encouraged by his
+frank manner, criticised his works freely. Most people boldly pass
+judgment on any work of art, and "understand" Mrs. Browning when she
+says the Venus de' Medici "thunders white silence." I do not. I am sure
+I never can understand what a thundering silence means, whatever may be
+its color. These appreciators talked of the "word-painting" of Mrs.
+Browning.
+
+    They sit on their thrones in a purple sublimity,
+    And grind down men's bones to a pale unanimity.
+
+I suppose this is "word-painting." I can see the picture
+also--some kings, and possibly queens, seated on gorgeous thrones,
+engaged in the festive occupation of grinding bones! Oh, I degrade the
+subject, do I? Nonsense! The term is a stilted affectation, perhaps
+never better applied than to Mrs. Browning's descriptive spasms. Still,
+she was undoubtedly a poet. She wrote many beautiful subjective poems,
+but she wrote much that was not poetry, and which suggests only a
+deranged nervous system. I have a friend who maintains from her writings
+that she never loved, that she did not know what passion meant. However
+this may be, the author of the sonnet commencing--
+
+    Go from me! Yet I feel that I shall stand
+      Henceforward in thy shadow,
+
+deserves immortality.
+
+But to return to Mr. Hart's studio. One of the most remarkable things I
+saw in Florence was this artist's invention to reduce certain details of
+sculpture to a mechanical process. This machine at first sight struck me
+as a queer kind of ancient armor. In brief, the subject is placed in
+position, when the front part of this armor, set on some kind, of hinge,
+swings round before him, and the sculptor makes measurements by means of
+numberless long metal needles, which are so arranged as to run in and
+touch the subject: A stationary mark is placed where the needle touches,
+and then I think it is pulled back. So the artist goes on, until some
+hundreds of measurements are made, if necessary, when the process is
+finished and the subject is released. How these measurements are made to
+serve the artist in modeling the statue I cannot very well describe, but
+I understood that by their aid Mr. Hart had modeled a bust from life in
+the incredible space of two days! I further understood that Mr. Hart's
+portrait-busts are remarkable for their correct likeness, which of
+course they must be if they are mathematically correct in their
+proportions. Many of the artists in Florence have the bad taste to make
+sport of this machine; but if Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are what they
+have the reputation of being, this sport is only a mask for jealousy.
+Mr. Hart was extremely sensitive to the light manner Mr. Powers and
+others have of speaking of this invention. One day he was much annoyed
+when a visitor, after examining the machine very attentively for some
+time, exclaimed, "Mr. Hart, what if you should have a man shut in there
+among those points, and he should happen to sneeze?"
+
+The Pitti Palace was one of my favorite haunts, and I often spent whole
+hours there in a single salon. There I almost always saw Mr. G----, a
+German-American, copying from the masters; and he could copy too! What
+an indefatigable worker he was! Slight and delicate of frame, he seemed
+absolutely incapable of growing weary. He often toiled there all day
+long, his hands red and swollen with the cold, for the winter, as I have
+before remarked, was unusually severe. For many days I saw him working
+on a Descent from the Cross by Tintoretto--a bold attempt, for
+Tintoretto's colors are as baffling as those of the great Venetian
+master himself. This copy had received very general praise, and one day
+I took a Lucca friend, a dilettante, to see it. Mr. G---- brought the
+canvas out in the hall, that we might see it outside of the ocean of
+color which surrounded it in the gallery. When we reached the hall, Mr.
+G---- turned the picture full to the light. The effect was astounding.
+It was so brilliant that you could hardly look at it. It seemed a mass
+of molten gold reflecting the sun. "Good God!" exclaimed G----, "did I
+do that?" and an expression of bitter disappointment passed over his
+face. I ventured to suggest that as everybody had found it good while it
+was in the gallery, this brilliant effect must be from the cold gray
+marble of the hall. G---- could not pardon the picture, and nothing that
+the Italian or I could say had the least effect. He would hear no excuse
+for it, and, evidently quite mortified at the début of his Tintoretto,
+he hurried the canvas back to the easel. The sister of the czar of
+Russia was greatly pleased with this copy, and proposed to buy it, but
+whether she did or not I forgot to ascertain.
+
+Alone as I was in Florence, cultivating only the acquaintance of
+Italians, yet was I never troubled with _ennui_. I read much at
+Vieussieux's, and when I grew tired of that and of music, I made long
+sables on the Lung Arno to the Cascine, through the charming Boboli
+gardens, or out to Fiesole. Fiesole is some two miles from Florence, and
+once on my way there I stopped at the Protestant burying-ground and
+pilfered a little wildflower from Theodore Parker's grave to send home
+to one of his romantic admirers. Fiesole must be a very ancient town,
+for there is a ruined amphitheatre there, and the remains of walls so
+old that they are called Pelasgic in their origin; which is, I take it,
+sufficiently vague. The high hill is composed of the most solid marble;
+so the guidebooks say, at least. This is five hundred and seventy-five
+feet above the sea, and on its summit stands the cathedral, very old
+indeed, and built in the form of a basilica, like that of San Miniato.
+From this hill you look down upon the plain beneath, with the Arno
+winding through it, and upon Florence and the Apennine chain, above
+which rise the high mountains of Carrara. Here, on the highest available
+point of the rock, I used to sit reading, and looking upon the panorama
+beneath, until the sinking sun warned me that I had only time to reach
+the city before its setting. I used to love to look also at works of art
+in this way, for by so doing I fixed them in my mind for future
+reference. I never passed the Piazza della Signoria without standing
+some minutes before the Loggia dei Lanzi and the old ducal palace with
+its marvelous tower. Before this palace, exposed to the weather for
+three hundred and fifty years, stands Michael Angelo's David; to the
+left, the fountain on the spot where Savonarola was burnt alive by the
+order of Alexander VI.; and immediately facing this is the post-office.
+I never could pass the post-office without thinking of the poet Shelley,
+who was there brutally felled to the earth by an Englishman, who accused
+him of being an infidel, struck his blow and escaped.
+
+I made many visits to the Nuova Sacrista to see the tombs of the two
+Medici by Michael Angelo. The one at the right on entering is that of
+Giuliano, duke of Nemours, brother of Leo X. The two allegorical
+figures reclining beneath are Morning and Night. The tomb of Lorenzo de'
+Medici, duke of Urfrino, stands on the other side of the chapel, facing
+that of the duke de Nemours. The statue of Lorenzo, for grace of
+attitude and beauty of expression, has, in my opinion, never been
+equaled. The allegorical figures at the feet of this Medici are more
+beautiful and more easily understood than most of Michael Angelo's
+allegorical figures. Nevertheless, I used sometimes, when looking at
+these four figures, to think that they had been created merely as
+architectural auxiliaries, and that their expression was an accident or
+a freak of the artist's fancy, rather than the expression of some
+particular thought: at other times I saw as much in them as most
+enthusiasts do--enough, I have no doubt, to astonish their great author
+himself. I believe that very few people really experience rapturous
+sensations when they look at works of art. People are generally much
+more moved by the sight of the two canes preserved in Casa Buonarotti,
+upon which the great master in his latter days supported his tottering
+frame, than they are by the noblest achievements of his genius.
+
+The Carnival in Florence was a meagre affair compared with the same fête
+in Rome. During the afternoon, however, there was goodly procession of
+masks in carriages on the Lung' Arno, and in the evening there was a
+feeble _moccoletti_ display. The grand masked ball at the Casino about
+this time presents an irresistible attraction to the floating population
+in Florence. I was foolish enough to go. All were obliged to be dressed
+in character or in full ball-costume: no dominoes allowed. The Casino, I
+was told, is the largest club-house in the world; and salon after salon
+of that immense building was so crowded that locomotion was nearly
+impossible. The floral decorations were magnificent, the music was
+excellent, and some of the ten thousand people present tried to dance,
+but the sets formed were soon squeezed into a ball. Then they gave up in
+despair, while the men swore under their breath, and the women repaired
+to the dressing-rooms to sew on flounces or other skirt-trimmings. Masks
+wriggled about, and spoke to each other in the ridiculously squeaky
+voice generally adopted on such occasions. Most of their conversation
+was English, and of this very exciting order: "You don't know me?" "Yes
+I do." "No you don't." "I know what you did yesterday," etc., etc., _ad
+nauseam._ How fine masked balls are in sensational novels! how
+absolutely flat and unsatisfactory in fact! There was on this occasion a
+vast display of dress and jewelry, and among the babel of languages
+spoken the most prominent was the beautiful London dialect sometimes
+irreverently called Cockney. I lost my cavalier at one time, and while I
+waited for him to find me I retired to a corner and challenged a mask to
+a game of chess. He proved to be a Russian who spoke neither French nor
+Italian. We got along famously, however. He said something very polite
+in Russian, I responded irrelevantly in French, and then we looked at
+each other and grinned. He subsequently, thinking he had made an
+impression, ventured to press my hand; I drew it away and told him he
+was an idiot, at which he was greatly flattered; and then we grinned at
+each other again. It was very exciting indeed. I won the game easily,
+because he knew nothing of chess, and then he said something in his
+mother-tongue, placing his hand upon his heart. I could have sworn that
+it meant, "Of course I would not be so rude as to win when playing with
+a lady." I thought so, principally because he was a man, for I never
+knew a man under such circumstances who did not immediately betray his
+self-conceit by making that gallant declaration. Feeling sure that the
+Russian had done so, when we placed the pieces on the board again I
+offered him my queen. He seemed astounded and hurt; and then for the
+first time I thought that if this Russian were an exception to his sex,
+and I had _not_ understood his remark, then it was a rudeness to offer
+him my queen. I was fortunately relieved from my perplexing situation
+by the approach of my cavalier, and as he led me away I gave my other
+hand to my antagonist in the most impressive manner, by way of atonement
+in case there _had_ been anything wrong in my conduct toward him.
+
+One day during the latter part of my stay in Florence I went the second
+time to the splendid studio of Mr. Powers. He talked very eloquently
+upon art. He said that some of the classic statues had become famous,
+and deservedly so, although they were sometimes false in proportion and
+disposed in attitudes quite impossible in nature. He illustrated this by
+a fine plaster cast of the Venus of Milo, before which we were standing.
+He showed that the spinal cord in the neck could never, from the
+position of the head, have joined that of the body, that there was a
+radical fault in the termination of the spinal column, and that the
+navel was located falsely with respect to height. As he proceeded he
+convinced me that he was correct; and in defence of this, my most
+cherished idol after the Apollo Belvedere, I only asked the iconoclast
+whether these defects might not have been intentional, in order to make
+the statue appear more natural when looked at in its elevated position
+from below. I subsequently repeated Mr. Powers's criticism of the Venus
+of Milo in the studio of another of our distinguished sculptors, and he
+treated it with great levity, especially when I told him my authority.
+There is a spirit of rivalry among sculptors which does not always
+manifest itself in that courteous and well-bred manner which
+distinguishes the medical faculty, for instance, in their dealings with
+each other. This courtesy is well illustrated by an anecdote I have
+recently heard. A gentleman fell down in a fit, and a physician entering
+saw a man kneeling over the patient and grasping him firmly by the
+throat; whereupon the physician exclaimed, "Why, sir, you are stopping
+the circulation in the jugular vein!" "Sir," replied the other, "I am a
+doctor of medicine." To which the first M.D. remarked, "Ah! I beg your
+pardon," and stood by very composedly until the patient was comfortably
+dead.
+
+While Mr. Powers was conversing with me about the Venus of Milo, there
+entered two Englishwomen dressed very richly in brocades and velvets.
+They seemed very anxious to see everything in the studio, talked in loud
+tones of the various objects of art, passed us, and occupied themselves
+for some time before the statue called California. I heard one of them
+say, "I wonder if there's anybody 'ere that talks Hinglish?" and in the
+same breath she called out to Mr. Powers, "Come 'ere!" He was at work
+that day, and wore his studio costume. I was somewhat surprised to see
+him immediately obey the rude command, and the following conversation
+occurred:
+
+"Do you speak Hinglish?"
+
+"Yes, ma'am."
+
+"What is this statue?"
+
+"It is called California, madam."
+
+"What has she got in 'er 'and?"
+
+"Thorns, madam, in the hand held behind the back; in the other she
+presents the quartz containing the tempting metal."
+
+"Oh!"
+
+We next entered a room where there was another work of the sculptor in
+process of formation. Mr. Powers and myself were engaged in an animated
+and, to me, very agreeable conversation, which was constantly
+interrupted by these ill-bred women, who kept all the time mistaking the
+plaster for the marble, and asked the artist the most pestering
+questions on the _modus operandi_ of sculpturing. I was astonished at
+the marvelous temper of Mr. Powers, who politely and patiently answered
+all their queries. By some lucky chance these women got out of the way
+during our slow progress back to the outer rooms, and I enjoyed Mr.
+Powers's conversation uninterruptedly. He showed me the beautiful baby
+hand in marble, a copy of his daughter's hand when an infant, and had
+just returned it to its shrine when the two women reappeared, and we all
+proceeded together. In the outer room there were several admirable
+busts, upon which these women passed comment freely. One of these busts
+was that of a lady, and they attacked it spitefully. "What an ugly
+face!" "What a mean expression about the mouth!" "Isn't it 'orrible?"
+
+"Who is it?" asked one of them, addressing Mr. Powers.
+
+"That is a portrait of my wife," said the artist modestly.
+
+"Your wife!" repeated one of the women, and then, nothing abashed,
+added, "Who are you?"
+
+"My name is Powers, madam," he answered very politely. This discovery
+evidently disconcerted the impudence even of these visitors, and they
+immediately left the studio.
+
+As the day approached for my departure I visited all my old haunts, and
+dwelt fondly upon scenes which I might never see again. My dear old
+music-master cried when I bade him farewell. Povero maestro! He used to
+think me so good that I was always ashamed of not being a veritable
+angel. I left Florence when
+
+        All the land in flowery squares,
+    Beneath a broad and equal-blowing wind,
+    Smelt of the coming summer.
+
+My last visit was with the maestro to the Cascine, where he gathered me
+a bunch of wild violets--cherished souvenir of a city I love, and of a
+friend whose like I "ne'er may look upon again."
+
+MARIE HOWLAND.
+
+
+
+
+THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.
+
+
+While Philadelphia hibernates in the ice and snow of February, the
+spring season opens in the Southern woods and pastures. The fragrant
+yellow jessamine clusters in golden bugles over shrubs and trees, and
+the sward is enameled with the white, yellow and blue violet. The crocus
+and cowslip, low anemone and colts-foot begin to show, and the land
+brightens with waxy flowers of the huckleberry, set in delicate gamboge
+edging. Yards, greeneries, conservatories breathe a June like fragrance,
+and aviaries are vocal with songsters, mocked outside by the American
+mocking-bird, who chants all night under the full moon, as if day was
+too short for his medley.
+
+New Orleans burgeons with the season. The broad fair avenues, the wide
+boulevards, famed Canal street, are luxuriant with spring life and
+drapery. Dashing equipages glance down the Shell Road with merry
+driving-and picnic-parties. There is boating on the lake, and delicious
+French collations at pleasant resorts, spread by neat-handed mulatto
+waiters speaking a patois of French, English and negro. There spring
+meats and sauces and light French wines allure to enjoyments less
+sensual than the coarser Northern climate affords.
+
+The unrivaled French opera is in season, the forcing house of that
+bright garden of exotics. Other and Northern cities boast of such
+entertainments, but I apprehend they resemble the Simon-Pure much as an
+Englishman's French resembles the native tongue. In New Orleans it is
+the natural, full-flavored article, lively with French taste and talent,
+and for a people instinct with a truer Gallic spirit, perhaps, than that
+of Paris itself. It is antique and colonial, but age and the sea-voyage
+have preserved more distinctly the native _bouquet_ of the wine after
+all grosser flavors have wasted away. The spectacle within the theatre
+on a fine night is brilliant, recherché and French. From side-scene to
+dome, and from gallery after gallery to the gay parquette, glitters the
+bright, shining audience. There are loungers, American and French, blasé
+and roué, who in the intervals drink brandy and whisky, or anisette,
+maraschino, curçoa or some other fiery French cordial. The French
+loungers are gesticulatory, and shoulders, arms, fingers, eyes and
+eyebrows help out the tongue's rapid utterance; but they are never rude
+or boisterous. There are belles, pretty French belles, with just a tint
+of deceitless rouge for fashion's sake, and tinkling, crisp, low French
+voices modulated to chime with the music and not disharmonize it; nay,
+rather add to the sweetness of its concord.
+
+And there is the Creole dandy, the small master of the revels. There is
+nothing perfumed in the latest box of bonbons from Paris so exquisite,
+sparkling, racy, French and happy in its own sweet conceit as he is. He
+has hands and feet a Kentucky girl might envy for their shapely delicacy
+and dainty size, cased in the neatest kid and prunella. His hair is
+negligent in the elegantest grace of the perruquier's art, his dress
+fashioned to the very line of fastidious elegance and simplicity, yet a
+simplicity his Creole taste makes unique and attractive. He has the true
+French persiflage, founded on happy content, not the blank indifference
+of the Englishman's disregard. It becomes graceful self-forgetfulness,
+and yet his vanity is French and victorious. In the atmosphere of
+breathing music and faint perfume he looks around the glancing boxes,
+and knows he has but to throw his sultanic handkerchief to have the
+handsomest Circassian in the glowing circle of female beauty. But he
+does not throw it, for all that. His manner plainly says: "Beautiful
+dames, it would do me much of pleasure if I could elope with you all on
+the road of iron, but the _bête noir_, the Moral, will not permit.
+Behold for which, as an opened box of Louvin's perfumeries, I dispense
+my fragrant affection to you all: breathe it and be happy!" Such homage
+he receives with graceful acquiescence, believing his recognition of it
+a sweet fruition to the fair adorers. He accepts it as he does the ices,
+wines and delicate French dishes familiar to his palate. Life is a
+fountain of eau sucrée, where everything is sweet to him, and he tries
+to make it so to you, for he is a kindly-natured, true-hearted, valiant
+little French gentleman. His loves, his innocent dissipations, his grand
+passions, his rapier duels, would fill the volumes of a Le Sage or a
+Cervantes. In the gay circles of New Orleans he floats with lambent
+wings and irresistible fine eyes, its serenest butterfly, admired and
+spoiled alike by the French and American element.
+
+At this early spring season a new atom of the latter enters the charmed
+circle, breaking its merry round into other sparkles of foam. A
+well-formed, stately, rather florid gentleman alights at the St.
+Charles, and is ushered into the hospitalities of that elegant
+caravansary. There is something impressive about him, or there would be
+farther North. He is American, from the strong, careless Anglo-Saxon
+face, through all the stalwart bones and full figure, to the strong,
+firm, light step. He will crush through the lepidoptera of this
+half-French society like a silver knife through _Tourtereaux soufflés à
+la crême_. He brings letters to this and that citizen, or he is well
+known already, and "coloneled" familiarly by stamp-expectant waiters and
+the courteous master of ceremonies at the clerk's desk. He calls, on his
+bankers, and is received with gracious familiarity in the pleasant
+bank-parlor. Correspondence has made them acquainted with Colonel
+Beverage in the way of business: they are glad to see him in person, and
+will be happy to wait on him. He makes them happy in that way, for they
+do wait upon him satisfactorily. There is a little pleasant interchange
+of news and city gossip, and of something else. There is a crinkling of
+a certain crispy, green foliage, and the colonel withdraws in the midst
+of civilities.
+
+He next appears on Canal street, by and beyond the Clay Monument, with
+occasional pauses at clothiers', and buys his shirts at Moody's, as he
+has probably often sworn not to do, because of its annoyingly frequent
+posters everywhere. He enters jewelers' shops and examines
+trinkets--serpents with ruby eyes curled in gold on beds of golden
+leaves with emerald dews upon them; pearls, pear-shaped and tearlike,
+brought up by swart, glittering divers, seven fathom deep, at Tuticorin
+or in the Persian Gulf; rubies and sapphires mined in Burmese Ava, and
+diamonds from Borneo and Brazil. Is he choosing a bridal present? It
+looks so; but no, he selects a splendid, brilliant solitaire, for which
+he pays eight hundred dollars out of a plethoric purse, and also a
+finger-ring, diamond too, for two hundred and fifty dollars. The
+jewelers are polite, as the bankers were. He must be a large
+cotton-planter, one of a class with whom a fondness for jewels serves as
+a means of dozing away life in a kind of crystallization. He otherwise
+adorns his stately person, till he has a Sublime Porte indeed, the very
+vizier of a fairy tale glittering in barbaric gems and gold. His taste,
+to speak it mildly, is expressed rather than subdued--not to be compared
+with the quiet elegance of your husband or lover, madam or miss, but not
+unsuited to his showy style, for all that. As the crimson-purple,
+plume-like prince's feather has its own royal charm in Southern gardens
+beside the pale and placidlily, so these luxuriant adornments, do not
+misbecome his full and not too fleshy person. There is a certain harmony
+in the Oriental sumptuousness of his attire, like radiant sunsets,
+appropriate to certain styles of man and woman. Let us humble creatures
+be content to have our portraits done in crayon, but the colonel calls
+for the color-box.
+
+So adorned and radiant, this variety of the American aloe floats into
+the charmed circle of New Orleans society--that lively, sparkling
+epitome and relic of the old régime. He has good letters and a fair
+name, and mingles in the Mystick Krewe, that curious club, possible
+nowhere else, that has raised mummery into the sphere of aesthetics.
+Perhaps he has worn the gray, perhaps the blue. It is only in the very
+arcana of exclusive passion it makes much difference. But gray or blue,
+or North or South in birth, he is in every essential a Southerner, as
+many, like S.S. Prentiss, curiously independent of nativity, are. He is
+well received and courteously entreated. He has his little suppers at
+Moreau's, and knows the ways of the place and names of the waiters. He
+has his promenades, his drives, his club visits, is seen everywhere--a
+brilliant convolvulus now, twining the espaliers of that Saracenic
+fabric of society; to speak architecturally, its very summer-house. He
+visits the opera and gives it his frank approval, but confesses a
+preference for the old plantation-melodies. He crushes through the
+meshes of the Creole dandies, not offensively, but as the law of his
+volume and momentum dictates, and they yield the _pas_ to his superior
+weight and metal. They are civil, and he is civil, but they do not like
+one another, for all that. That Zodiac passed, they continue their own
+summery orbit of charm and conquest. He tends toward the aureal spheres
+and the green and pleasant banks of issue. The colonel is not here for
+pleasure, though he takes a little pleasure, as is his way, seasonably;
+but he means business, and that several thirsty, eager cotton-houses of
+repute know.
+
+Of course they know. It came in his letters and distills in the aroma of
+his talk. It may even have slipped into the personals of the _Pic_ and
+_Times_ that Colonel Beverage has taken Millefleur and Rottenbottom
+plantations on Red River, and is going extensively into the cultivation
+of the staple. The colonel is modest over this: "not extensively, no,
+but to the extent of his limited means." In the mean while he looks out
+for some sound, well-recommended cotton-house.
+
+This means business. In the North the farmer raises his crop on his own
+capital, and turns it over unencumbered to the merchant for the public.
+The credit system prevails in the agriculture of the South, and brings
+another precarious element into the already hazardous occupation of
+cotton-growing. A new party appears in the cotton-merchant. He is not
+merely the broker, yielding the proceeds, less a commission, to the
+planter. Either, by hypothecation on advances made during the year, he
+secures a legal pre-emption in the crop, or, by initiatory contract, he
+becomes an actual partner of limited liability in the crop itself. He
+agrees to furnish so much cash capital at periods for the cultivation
+and securing of the crop, which is husbanded by the planter. The money
+for these advances he obtains from the banks; and hence it is that in
+every cotton-crop raised South there are three or more principals
+actually interested--the banker, the merchant and the planter. This
+condition of planting is almost invariable. Even the small farmer, whose
+crop is a few bags, is ground into it. In his case the country-side
+grocer and dealer is banker and merchant, and his advances the bare
+necessaries. In this blending of interests the curious partnership
+rises, thrives, labors and sometimes falls--the planter, as a rule,
+undermost in that accident.
+
+The Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations are famous, and a hand well
+over the crops raised under such shrewd, experienced management as that
+of Colonel Beverage is a stroke of policy. Therefore, as the bankers and
+jewelers have been polite, so now the cotton-merchants are civil; but
+the colonel is shy--an old bird and a game bird.
+
+Shy, but not suspicious. He chooses his own time, and at an early day
+walks into the business-house of Negocier & Duthem. They are pleased to
+see the colonel in the way of business, as they have been in society,
+and the pleasure is mutual. As he expounds his plans they are more and
+more convinced that he is a plumy bird of much waste feather.
+
+He has taken Rottenbottom and Millefleur, and is going pretty well
+into cotton. He thinks he understands it: he ought to. Then he
+has his own capital--an advantage, certainly. Some of his friends,
+So-and-so--running over commercial and bankable names easily--have
+suggested the usual co-operation with some reputable house, and an
+extension, but he believes He will stay within limits. He has five
+thousand dollars in cash he wishes to deposit with some good firm for
+the year's supplies. He believes that will be sufficient, and he has
+called to hear their terms. All this comes not at once, but here and
+there in the business-conversation.
+
+The reader will perceive one strong bait carelessly thrown out by the
+auriferous or folliferous colonel--the five thousand dollars cash in
+hand. The immediate use of that is a strong incentive to the house. They
+covet the colonel's business: they think well of the proposed extension.
+Cotton is sure to be up, and under practical, experienced cultivation
+must yield a handsome fortune. The result is foreseen. The cotton-house
+and the colonel enter into the usual agreement of such transactions. The
+colonel leaves his five thousand dollars, and draws on that, and for as
+much more as may be necessary in securing the crop.
+
+The commercial reader North who has had no dealings South will smile at
+the credulous merchant who entrusts his credit to such a full-blown,
+thirsty tropical pitcher-plant as the colonel, who carries childish
+extravagances in his very dress; but he will judge hastily. We have seen
+this gaudy efflorescence pass over the curiously-wrought enameled
+gold-work, opals, pearls and rubies, and adorn himself with solid
+diamonds. The careful economist North puts his superfluous thousands in
+government bonds, or gambles them away in Erie stocks, because he likes
+the increase of Jacob's speckled sheep. The Southerner invests his in
+diamonds because he likes show, and diamonds have a pretty steady market
+value. There is method, too, in the colonel's associations, and all his
+acquaintance is gilt-edged and bankable.
+
+His business is now done, and he does not tarry, but wings his way to
+Millefleur and Rottenbottom, where he moults all his fine feathers. He
+goes into fertilizers, beginning with crushed cotton-seed and barnyard
+manure, if possible, before February is over. He follows the
+shovel-plough with a slick-jack, and plants, and then the labor begins
+to fail him. He talks about importing Chinese, and writes about it in
+the local paper. He is sure it will do, as he is positive in all his
+opinions. He is true pluck, and tries to make new machinery make up for
+deficient labor. He buys "bull-tongues," "cotton-shovels," "fifteen-inch
+sweeps," "twenty-inch sweeps," "team-ploughs with seven-inch twisters,"
+and a "finishing sweep of twenty-six inches." He hears of other
+inventions, and orders them. The South is flooded with a thousand quack
+contrivances now, about as applicable to cotton-raising as a pair of
+nut-crackers; but the colonel buys them. He is going to dispense with
+the hoe. That is the plan; and by that plan of furnishing a large
+plantation with new tools before Lent is over the five thousand dollars
+are gone. But he writes cheerfully. It is his nature to be sanguine, and
+to hope loudly, vaingloriously; and he writes it honestly enough to his
+merchant--and draws. The labor gets worse and worse. In the indolent
+summer days the negro, careless, thriftless, ignorant, works only at
+intervals. Perhaps the June rise catches him, and there is a heavy
+expense in ditching and damming to save the Rottenbottom crop. Maybe the
+merchant hears of the army-worm and is alarmed, but the colonel writes
+back assuring letters that it is only the grasshopper, and the
+grasshopper has helped more than hurt--and draws. Then possibly the
+army-worm comes sure enough, and cripples him. But he keeps up his
+courage--and draws. The five thousand dollars appear to have been
+employed in digging or building a sluice through which a constant
+current of currency flows from the city to Rottenbottom and Millefleur.
+The merchant has gone into bank, and the tide flows on. At last the
+planter writes: "The most magnificent crop ever raised on Red River,
+just waiting for the necessary hands to gather it in!" Of course the
+necessary sums are supplied, and at last the crop gets to market. It
+finds the market low, and declining steadily week by week. The banks
+begin to press: money is tight, as it is now while I write. The crop is
+sacrificed, for the merchant cannot wait, and some fine morning the
+house of Negocier & Duthem is closed, and Colonel Beverage is bankrupt.
+
+And both are ruined? No. We will suppose the business-house is old and
+reputable: the banks are obliging and creditors prudently liberal, and
+by and by the firm resumes its old career. As for the colonel, the
+reader sees that to ruin him would be an absolute contradiction of
+nature. His friends or relations give him assistance, or he sells his
+diamonds, and soon you meet him at the St. Charles, as blooming,
+sanguine and splendiferous as ever. No, he cannot be ruined, but his is
+not an infrequent episode in the life of a Southern Planter.
+
+WILL WALLACE HARNEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+BABES IN THE WOOD.
+
+    I had two little babes, a boy and girl--
+      Two little babes that are not with me now:
+    On one bright brow full golden fell the curl--
+      The curl fell chestnut-brown on one bright brow.
+
+    I like to dream of them that some soft day,
+      Whilst wandering from home, their fitful feet
+    Went heedlessly through some still woodland way
+      Where light and shade harmoniously meet;
+
+    And that they wandered deeper and more deep
+      Into the forest's fragrant heart and fair,
+    Till just at evenfall they dropped asleep,
+      And ever since they have been resting there.
+
+    After their willful wandering that day
+      Each is so tired it does not wake at all,
+    Whilst over them the boughs that sigh and sway
+      Conspire to make perpetual evenfall.
+
+    And I, that must not join them, still am blest,
+      Passionately, though this poor heart grieves;
+    For memories, like birds, at my behest,
+      Have covered them with tender thoughts, like leaves.
+
+EDGAR FAWCETT.
+
+
+
+
+MY CHARGE ON THE LIFE-GUARDS.
+
+
+Now that our little international troubles about consequential damages
+and the like are happily settled, and there is no danger that my
+revelations will augment them in any degree, I think I may venture to
+give the particulars of an affair of honor which I once had with a
+gigantic member of Her Britannic Majesty's household troops.
+
+My guardian had a special veneration for England in general and for
+Oxford in particular, and I was brought up and sent to Yale with the
+full understanding that St. Bridget's, Oxon., was the place where I was
+to be "finished." I left Yale at the end of Junior year and crossed the
+ocean in the crack steamer of the then famous Collins line. I do not
+believe any young American ever had a more favorable introduction to
+England than I had, and the wonder is that, considering the
+philo-Anglican atmosphere in which I was educated, I did not become a
+thorough-paced renegade. I was, however, blessed with a tolerably
+independent spirit, and kept my nationality intact throughout my
+university course.
+
+Like Tom Brown, I felt myself drawn to the sporting set, and, as I was
+always an adept at athletics, soon won repute as an oarsman, and was
+well satisfied to be looked upon as the Yankee champion sundry amateur
+rowing-and boxing-matches, as well as in the lecture-room. Of course, I
+was the mark for no end of good-natured chaff about my nationality, but
+was nearly always able, I believe, to sustain the honor of the American
+name, and so at length graduated in the "firsts" as to scholarship, and
+enjoyed the distinguished honor of pulling number four in the "'Varsity
+eight" in our annual match with Cambridge on the Thames. Moreover, I
+stood six feet in my stockings, had the muscle of a gladiator, and was
+physically the equal of any man at Oxford.
+
+After the race was over my special cronies hung about London for a few
+days, usually making that classical "cave" of Evans's a rendezvous in
+the evening. Two or three young officers of the Guards were often with
+us, and one night, when the talk had turned, as it often did, on
+personal prowess, the superb average physique of their regiment was duly
+lauded by our soldier companions. At length one of them remarked, in
+that aggravatingly superior tone which some Englishmen assume, that any
+man in his troop could handle any two of the then present company. This
+provoked a general laugh of incredulity, and two or three of our college
+set turned to me with--"What do you say to that, Jonathan?"
+
+"Nonsense!" said I. "I'll put on the gloves with the biggest fellow
+among them, any day."
+
+This somewhat democratic readiness to spar with a private soldier led to
+remarks which I chose to consider insular, if not insolent, and I
+replied, supporting the principle of Yankee equality, until, losing my
+temper at something which one of the ensigns said, I delivered myself in
+some such fashion as this: "Well, gentlemen, I'm only one Yankee among
+many Englishmen, but I will bet a hundred guineas, and put up the money,
+that I will tumble one of those mighty warriors out of his saddle in
+front of the Horse Guards, and ride off on his horse before the guard
+can turn out and stop me."
+
+Of course my bet was instantly taken by the officers, but my friends
+were so astounded at my rashness that I found no backers. However, my
+blood was up, and, possibly because Evans's bitter beer was buzzing
+slightly in my head, I booked several more bets at large odds in my own
+favor. As the hour was late, we separated with an agreement to meet and
+arrange details on the following day, keeping the whole affair strictly
+secret meanwhile.
+
+I confess that my feelings were not of the pleasantest as I sat at my
+late London breakfast somewhere about noon the next day, and I was fain
+to admit to my special friend that I had put myself in an awkward, if
+not an unenviable, position. However, I was in for it, and being
+naturally of an elastic temperament, began to cast about for a cheerful
+view of my undertaking. In the course of the day preliminaries were
+arranged and reduced to writing with all the care which Englishmen
+practice in such affairs of "honor." I only stipulated that I should be
+allowed to use a stout walking-stick in my encounter; that I should be
+kept informed as to the detail for guard; that I should be freely
+allowed to see the regiment at drill and in quarters; and that I should
+select my time of attack within a fortnight, giving a few hours' notice
+to all parties concerned, so as to ensure their presence as witnesses.
+
+Every one who has ever visited London has seen and admired the gigantic
+horsemen who sit on mighty black steeds, one on either side of the
+archway facing Whitehall, and who are presumed at once to guard the
+commander-in-chief's head-quarters and to serve as "specimen bricks" of
+the finest cavalry corps in the world. Splendid fellows they are! None
+of them are under six feet high, and many of them are considerably above
+that mark. They wear polished steel corselets and helmets, white
+buck-skin trowsers, high jack-boots, and at the time of which I write
+their arms consisted of a brace of heavy, single-barreled pistols in
+holsters, a carbine and a sabre. The firearms were, under ordinary
+circumstances, not loaded, and the sabre was held at a "carry" in the
+right hand. This last was the weapon against which I must guard, and I
+accordingly placed a traveling cap and a coat in the hands of a discreet
+tailor, who sewed steel bands into the crown of one and into the
+shoulders of the other, in such a way as afforded very efficient
+protection against a possible downward cut.
+
+Besides attending to these defensive preparations, I at once looked
+about for a competent horseman with military experience who could give
+me some practical hints as to encounters between infantry and cavalry,
+and, singularly enough, was thrown in with that gallant young officer
+who rode into immortality in front of the Light Brigade at Balaklava a
+few years afterward. I learned that he was a superb horseman, was down
+upon the English system of cavalry training, and was using pen and
+tongue to bring about a change. A sudden inspiration led me to take him
+into my confidence, as the terms of our agreement permitted me to do. He
+caught the idea with enthusiasm. What an argument it would be in favor
+of his new system if a mere civilian unhorsed a Guardsman trained after
+the old fashion! For a week he drilled me more or less every day in
+getting him off his horse in various ways, and I speedily became a
+proficient in the art, he meanwhile gaining some new ideas on the
+subject, which were duly printed in his well-known book.
+
+Well, to make my story short, I gave notice to interested parties on the
+tenth day, put on my steel-ribbed cap and my armor-plated coat, and with
+stick in hand walked over to a hairdresser's with whom I had previously
+communicated, had my complexion darkened to a Spanish olive, put on a
+false beard, and was ready for service. I had arranged with this
+tonsorial artist, whose shop was in the Strand near Northumberland
+House, that he should be prepared to remove these traces of disguise as
+speedily as he had put them on, and that I should leave a stylish coat
+and hat in his charge, to be donned in haste should occasion require. I
+next engaged two boys to stand opposite Northumberland House, and be
+ready to hold a horse. These boys I partially paid beforehand, and
+promised more liberal largess if they did their duty. Preliminaries
+having been thus arranged, I strolled down Whitehall, feeling very much
+as I did years afterward when I found myself going into action for the
+first time in Dixie.
+
+It was early afternoon on a lovely spring day. The Strand was a roaring
+stream of omnibuses and drays, carriages were beginning to roll along
+the drives leading to Rotten Row, and all London was in the streets. I
+was assured that at this hour I should find a big but father clumsy
+giant on post; and there he was, sure enough, sitting like a colossal
+statue on his coal-black charger, the crest of his helmet almost
+touching the keystone of the arch under which he sat, his accoutrements
+shining like jewels, and he looking every inch a British cavalryman. I
+walked past on the opposite side of Whitehall, meeting, without being
+recognized, all my aiders and abettors in this most heinous attack on
+Her Majesty's Guards. I then crossed the street and took a good look at
+my man. He and his companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of
+officers in "mufti" on the opposite sidewalk, and kept their eyes
+immovably to the front. Evidently nothing much short of an earthquake
+could cause either to relax a muscle. The little circle of admiring
+beholders which is always on hand inspecting these splendid horsemen was
+present, of course, with varying elements, and I had to wait a few
+minutes until a small number of innocuous spectators coincided with the
+aphelion of the periodical policeman.
+
+It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate that tower of polished
+leather, brass and steel, with a man inside of it some forty pounds
+heavier than I, and think that in a minute or so we two should be
+engaged in a close grapple, whose termination involved considerable risk
+for me physically as well as pecuniarily. However, there was, in
+addition to the feeling of apprehension, a touch of elation at the
+thought that I, a lone Yankee, was about to beard the British lion in
+his most formidable shape, almost under the walls of Buckingham Palace.
+
+I looked my antagonist carefully over, deciding several minor points in
+my mind, and then at a favorable moment stepped quietly within striking
+distance, and delivered a sharp blow with my stick on his left instep,
+as far forward as I could without hitting the stirrup. The man seemed to
+be in a sort of military trance, for he never winced. Quick as thought,
+I repeated the blow, and this time the fellow fairly yelled with rage,
+astonishment and pain. I have since made up my mind that his nerve-fibre
+must have been of that inert sort which transmits waves of sensation but
+slowly, so that the perception of the first blow reached the interior of
+his helmet just about as the second descended. At all events, he jerked
+back his foot, and somehow, between the involuntary contraction of his
+flexor muscles from pain and the glancing of my stick, his foot slipped
+from the stirrup. This, as I had learned from my instructor, was a great
+point gained, and in an instant I had him by the ankle and by the top of
+his jack-boot, doubling his leg, at the same time heaving mightily
+upward.
+
+As I gave my whole strength to the effort I was dimly aware of screams
+and panic among the nursery--maids and children who were but a moment
+before my fellow-spectators. At the same time I caught the flash of the
+Guardsman's sabre as he cut down at me after the fashion prescribed in
+the broadsword exercise. Fortune, however, did not desert me. My
+antagonist had not enough elbow-room, and his sword-point was shivered
+against the stone arch overhead, the blade descending flatways and
+harmlessly upon my well-protected shoulder just as, with a final effort,
+I tumbled him out his saddle.
+
+The recollection of the ludicrous figure which that Guardsman cut haunts
+me still. His pipeclayed gloves clutched wildly at holster and cantle as
+he went over. Down came the gleaming helmet crashing upon the pavement,
+and with a calamitous rattle and bang the whole complicated structure of
+corselet, scabbard, carbine, cross-belts, spurs and boots went into the
+inside corner of the archway, a helpless heap.
+
+That started the horse. The noble animal had stood my assault as
+steadily as if he had been cast in bronze, but precisely such an
+emergency as this had never been contemplated in his training, as it had
+not in that of his master, and he now started forward rather wildly. I
+had my hand on the bridle before he had moved a foot, and swung myself
+half over his back as he dashed across the sidewalk and up Whitehall.
+The Guards' saddles are very easy when once you are in them, and I had
+reason, temporarily at least, to approve the English style of riding
+with short stirrups, for I readily found my seat, and ascertained that I
+could touch bottom with my toes. As I left the scene of my victory
+behind me I heard the guards turning out, and caught a glimpse as of all
+London running in my direction, but by the time that I had secured the
+control of my horse I had distanced the crowd, and as we entered the
+Strand we attracted comparatively little notice. In driving, the English
+turn out to the left instead of to the right, as is the custom here, and
+I was obliged to cross the westward-bound line of vehicles before I
+could fall in with that which would bring me to my boys. I decided to
+make a "carom" of it, and nearly took the heads off a pair of horses,
+and the pole off the omnibus to which they were attached, as I dashed
+through. Turning to the right, I soon lost the torrent of invective
+hurled after me by the driver and conductor of the discomfited 'bus, and
+in less than two minutes--which seemed to me an age, for the pursuit was
+drawing near--I reached my boys, dropped them a half sov. apiece, which
+I had ready in my hand, and bolted for my hairdresser's, the boys
+leading the horse in the opposite direction, as previously ordered.
+
+It was none too soon, for as I ran up stairs I saw three or four
+policemen running toward the horse, and there was a gleam of dancing
+plumes and shining helmets toward Whitehall. My false beard and
+complexion were changed with marvelous rapidity, and, assuming my
+promenade costume, I sauntered down stairs and out upon the sidewalk in
+time to see the whole street jammed with a crowd of excited Britons,
+while the recaptured horse was turned over to the Guardsmen, and the two
+boys were marched off to Bow street for examination before a magistrate.
+
+A private room and an elaborate dinner at the United Service Club
+closed the day; and I must admit that my military friends swallowed
+their evident chagrin with a very good grace. Of course I was told that
+I could not do it again, which I readily admitted; and that there was
+not another man in the troop whom I could have unhorsed--an assertion
+which I as persistently combated. The affair was officially hushed up,
+and probably not more than a few thousand people ever heard of it
+outside military circles.
+
+How I escaped arrest and punishment to the extent of the law I did not
+know for many years, for the duke of Wellington, who was then
+commander-in-chief, had only to order the officers concerned under
+arrest, and I should have been in honor bound to come forward with a
+voluntary confession.
+
+My giant was sent for to the old duke's private room the day after his
+overthrow, and questioned sharply by the adjutant, who, with pardonable
+incredulity, suspected that bribery alone could have brought about so
+direful a catastrophe. The duke was from the first convinced of the
+soldier's, honesty and bravery, and presently broke in upon the
+adjutant's examination with--"Well, well! speak to me now. What have you
+to say for yourself?"
+
+"May it please yer ludship," said the undismayed soldier, "I've never
+fought a civilian sence I 'listed, an' yer ludship will bear me witness
+that there's nothing in the cavalry drill about resisting a charge of
+foot when a mon's on post at the Horse Guards."
+
+This speech was delivered with the most perfect sincerity and sobriety,
+and although it reflected upon the efficiency of the army under the hero
+of Waterloo, the Iron Duke was so much impressed by the affair that he
+sent word to Lieutenant-Colonel Varian, commanding the regiment, not to
+order the man any punishment whatever, but to see that his command was
+thereafter trained in view of possible attacks, even when posted in
+front of army head-quarters.
+
+CHARLES L. NORTON.
+
+
+
+
+PAINTING AND A PAINTER.
+
+
+Charles V. once said, "Titian should be served by Caesar;" and Michael
+Angelo, we read, was treated by Lorenzo de' Medici "as a son;" Raphael,
+his contemporary, was great enough to revere him, and thank God he had
+lived at the same time. In England, in France, in Germany, in Italy, in
+Spain at this day, the poet and the painter stand hedged about by the
+divinity of their gifts, and the people are proud to recognize their
+kingship.
+
+Has "Reverence, that angel of the world," as Shakespeare beautifully
+says, forgot to visit America? Or must we consider ourselves less
+capable yet of delicate appreciation, such as older nations possess? Or
+are we over-occupied in gaining possession of material comforts and
+luxuries, and so forget to revere our poets and painters till it is too
+late, and the curtain has fallen upon their unobtrusive and often
+struggling earthly career? What a millennium will have arrived when we
+learn to be as _faithful_ to our love as we are sincere!
+
+Questions like these have been asked also in times preceding ours.
+Alfred de Musset wrote upon this subject in 1833, in Paris: "There are
+people who tell you our age is preoccupied, that men no longer read
+anything or care for anything. Napoleon was occupied, I think, at
+Beresina: he, however, had his _Ossian_ with him. When did Thought lose
+the power of being able to leap into the saddle behind Action? When did
+man forget to rush like Tyrtaeus to the combat, a sword in one hand, the
+lyre in the other? Since the world still has a body, it has a soul."
+
+Monsieur Charles Blanc writes: "In order to have an idea of the
+importance of the arts, it is enough to fancy what the great nations of
+the world would be if the monuments they have erected to their faiths,
+and the works whereon they have left the mark of their genius, were
+suppressed from history. It is with people as with men--after death only
+the emanations of their mind remain; that is to say, literature and art,
+written poems, and poems inscribed on stone, in marble or in color."
+
+The same writer, in his admirable book, _Grammaire des arts du dessin,_
+from which we are tempted to quote again and again, says: "The artist
+who limits himself simply to the imitation of Nature reaches only
+_individuality_: he is a slave. He who interprets Nature sees in her
+happy qualities; he evolves _character_ from her; he is master. The
+artist who idealizes her discovers in her or imprints upon her the image
+of _beauty_: this last is a great master.... Placed between Nature and
+the ideal, between what is and what must be, the artist has a vast
+career before him in order to pass from the reality he sees to the
+beauty he divines. If we follow him in this career, we see his model
+transform itself successively before his eyes.... But the artist must
+give to these creations of his soul the imprint of life, and he can only
+find this imprint in the individuals Nature has created. The two are
+inseparable--the type, which is a product of thought, and the
+individual, which is a child of life."
+
+With this excellent analysis before us, we will recall one by one some
+of the best-known and most interesting works of W.M. Hunt, a painter who
+now holds a prominent place among the artists of America. We will try to
+discover by careful observation if the high gifts of Verity and
+Imagination, the sign and seal of the true artist, really belong to him:
+if so, where these qualities are expressed, and what value we should set
+upon them.
+
+First, perhaps, for those readers remote from New England who may never
+have seen any pictures by this artist, a few words should be said by way
+of describing some characteristics of his work and the limitations of
+it; which limitations are rather loudly dwelt upon by connoisseurs and
+lovers of the popular modern French school. Artists discern these
+limitations of course more keenly even than others, but their tribute to
+verity and ideal beauty as represented by this painter is too sincere to
+allow caviling to find expression. This limitation to which we refer
+causes Mr. Hunt to allow _ideal suggestions_, rather than pictures, to
+pass from his studio, and makes him cowardly before his own work. It
+recalls in a contrary sense that saying of the sculptor Puget: "The
+marble trembles before me." Mr. Hunt trembles before his new-born idea.
+His swift nature has allowed him in the first hour of work to put into
+his picture the tenderness or rapture, the unconscious grace or
+tempestuous force, which he despaired at first of ever being able to
+express. In the flush of success he stops: he has it, the idea; the
+chief interest of the subject is portrayed before him; the delicate
+presence (and what can be more delicate than the thoughts he has
+delineated?) is there, and may vanish if touched in a less fortunate
+moment. But is this lack of fulfillment in the artist entirely without
+precedent or parallel? Had not Sir Joshua Reynolds a studio full of
+young artists who "finished off" his pictures? Were not the very faces
+themselves painted with such rapidity and want of proper method as to
+drop off, on occasion, entirely from the canvas, as in case of the boy's
+head, in being carried through the street? Hunt is of our own age, and
+would scorn the suggestion of having a hand or a foot painted for him,
+as if it were a matter of small importance what individual expression a
+hand or a foot should wear; but who can tell for what future age he has
+painted the wise, abrupt, kind, persistent, simple, strong old Judge in
+his Yankee coat; or the genial, resolute, hopeful, self-sacrificing
+governor of Massachusetts; and the Master of the boys, with his keen,
+loving, uncompromising face? These are pictures that, when children say,
+"Tell us about the Governor who helped Massachusetts bring her men first
+into the field during our war," we may lead them up before and reply,
+"He was this man!" So also with the portraits of the Judge, of the
+Master of the boys, of the old man with clear eyes and firm mouth, and
+that sweet American girl standing, unconscious of observation, plucking
+at the daisy in her hat and guessing at her fate.
+
+Hurry, impatience and a worship of crude thought are characteristics of
+our present American life. Hunt is one of us. If these faults mark and
+mar his work, they show him also to be a child of the time. His quick
+sympathies are caught by the wayside and somewhat frayed out among his
+fellows; but nevertheless one essential of a great painter, that of
+_Verity_, will be accorded to him after an examination of the pictures
+we have mentioned.
+
+But truth, character, skill, the many gifts and great labor which must
+unite to lead an artist to the foot of his shadowy, sun-crowned
+mountain, can then carry him no step farther unless ideal Beauty join
+him, and he comprehend her nature and follow to her height. Again we
+quote from Charles Blanc--for why should we rewrite what he says so
+ably?--"All the germs of beauty are in Nature, but it belongs to the
+spirit of man alone to disengage them. When Nature is beautiful, the
+painter _knows_ that she is beautiful, but Nature knows nothing of it.
+Thus beauty exists only on the condition of being understood--that is to
+say, of receiving a second life in the human thought. Art has something
+else to do than to copy Nature exactly: it must penetrate into the
+spirit of things, it must evoke the soul of its hero. It can then not
+only rival Nature, but surpass her. What is indeed the superiority of
+Nature? It is the life which animates all her forms. But man possesses a
+treasure which Nature does not possess--thought. Now thought is more
+than life, for it is life at its highest power, life in its glory. Man
+can then contest with Nature by manifesting thought in the forms of art,
+as Nature manifests life in her forms. In this sense the philosopher
+Hegel was able to say that the creations of art were truer than the
+phenomena of the physical world and the realities of history."
+
+Now, thought in the soul of the true artist for ever labors to evolve
+the beautiful. This is what the thought of a picture means to him--how
+to express beauty, which he finds underlying even the imperfect
+individual of Nature's decaying birth. To the high insight this is
+always discernible. None are so fallen that some ray of God's light may
+not touch them, and this possibility, the faith in light for ever,
+radiates from the spirit of the artist, and renders him a messenger of
+joy. No immortal works have bloomed in despondency: they may have taken
+root in the slime of the earth, but they have blossomed into lilies.
+
+We call this divine power to discern beauty in every manifestation of
+the Deity, imagination. As it expresses itself in painting, it is so
+closely allied with what is highest and holiest in our natures that
+painting has come to be esteemed a Christian art, as contrasted in its
+development subsequent to the Christian era with the less human works of
+sculpture. "Christianity came, and instead of physical beauty
+substituted moral beauty, infinitely preferring the expression of the
+soul to the perfection of the body. Every man was great in its eyes, not
+by his perishable members, but by his immortal soul. With this religion
+begins the reign of painting, which is a more subtle art, more
+immaterial, than the others--more expressive, and also more individual.
+We will give some proofs of it. Instead of acting, like architecture and
+sculpture, upon the three dimensions of heavy matter, painting acts only
+upon one surface, and produces its effects with an imponderable thing,
+which is color--that is to say, light. Hegel has said with admirable
+wisdom: 'In sculpture and architecture forms are rendered visible by
+exterior light. In painting, on the contrary, matter, obscure in itself,
+has within itself its internal element, its ideal--light: it draws from
+itself both clearness and obscurity. Now, unity, the combination of
+light and dark, is color.' The painter, then, proposes to himself to
+represent, not bodies with their real thickness, but simply their
+appearance, their image; but by this means it is the mind which he
+addresses. Visible but impalpable, and in some sense immaterial, his
+work does not meet the touch, which is the sight of the body: it only
+meets the eye, which is the touch of the soul. Painting is then, from
+this point of view, the essential art of Christianity.... If the
+painter, like Phidias or Lysippus, had only to portray the types of
+humanity, the majesty of Jupiter, the strength of Hercules, he might do
+without the riches of color, and paint in one tone, modified only by
+light and shade; but the most heroic man among Christians is not a
+demigod: he is a being profoundly individual, tormented, combating,
+suffering, and who throughout his real life shares with environing
+Nature, and receives from every side the reflection of her colors.
+Sculpture, generalizing, raises itself to the dignity of
+allegory--painting, individualizing, descends to the familiarity of
+portraiture."
+
+Let us now return to consider William Hunt's pictures from this second
+point of view. The gift of Verity having been already assumed, can we
+also discern that higher power of Imagination whose crown and seal is
+the Beautiful. To decide this question we have, unhappily, to consider
+his work as lyrical, rather than dramatic, and for this reason we must
+study his power under disadvantage. That he possesses dramatic power
+will hardly be denied by those who know his "Hamlet," "The Drummer-Boy,"
+and "The Boy and the Butterfly;" but the exigencies of life appear to
+prevent him from occupying himself with compositions such as filled
+years in the existence of the old painters.
+
+Portraiture being the highest and most difficult labor to which an
+artist can aspire, to this branch of art Hunt has chiefly confined
+himself, and from this point of view he must be studied. We do not
+forget, in saying this, his angel with the flaming torch, strong and
+beautiful and of unearthly presence, nor the shadowy, half-portrayed
+figures which dart and flit across his easel; but as we may
+_understand_ the power of Titian from his portraits, yet never
+revel in it fully until we look upon "The Presentation" or "The
+Assumption"--never comprehend the painter's joy or his divine rest in
+endeavor until the achievement lies before us--we must speak of Hunt
+only from the work to which he has devoted himself, and not do him the
+injustice to predict dramas he has never yet composed.
+
+First, pre-eminently appears that worship for moral beauty which suffers
+him to fear no ugliness. This power allies him with keen sympathy to
+every living thing. He sees kinship and the immortal spark in each
+breathing being. The soul of love goes out and paints the dark or the
+suffering or the repellant faithfully, bringing it in to the light where
+God's sunshine may fall upon it, and men and women, seeing for the first
+time, may help to wipe away the stain. This tendency he shares with the
+great French painter Millet, whom he loves to call Master, and with
+Dore, whose terrible picture of "The Mountebanks" should call men and
+women from their homes to penetrate the fastnesses of vice and strive to
+heal the sorrows of their kind.
+
+This love of moral beauty, which forces painters to paint such pictures,
+was never in any age more evident. Hunt in his beggar-man, in his
+forlorn children, and other pictures of the same class, unfolds a beauty
+that men should be thankful for.
+
+On the other hand, his love of beauty and his power of expressing it
+should be studied in its _direct_ influence. The beauty of flesh and
+blood, even the loveliness of children, seems to have slight hold upon
+him, compared with the significance of character and the lustre with
+which his imagination endows everything. This lustre is a distinguishing
+power with him. The depth to which he sees and feels causes him to give
+higher lights and deeper shadows than other men. White flowers are not
+only white to him--they shine like stars. His pictures give a sense of
+splendor.
+
+In his sketch of the poor mother cuddling her child, it is the feeling
+of rest, the mother's sleeping joy, the relaxed limbs, the folding
+embrace, which he has given us to enjoy. These are the beauty of the
+picture--not rounded flesh, nor graceful curves, nor fair complexion;
+and so with the singing-girls: they are not beautiful girls, but they
+are simple--they love to sing, they are full of tenderness and music. We
+might go over all his pictures to weariness in this way. The young girl
+plucking at the daisy as she stands in an open field must, however, not
+be omitted. The natural elegance of this portrait renders it peculiarly,
+we should say, such a one as any woman would be proud to see of herself.
+Doubtless this young girl, like others, may have worn ear-rings and
+chains and pins and rings, but the artist knew her better than she knew
+herself, and has portrayed that exquisite crown of simplicity with
+which, it should seem, Nature only endows beggars and her royal
+favorites.
+
+In all the ages since Hamlet was created there appears never to have
+been an era in which his character has excited such strong and universal
+interest as in America at this time. William Hunt has thrown upon the
+canvas a figure of Hamlet beautiful and living. There is no suggestion
+of any actor in it. Hamlet walks new-born from the painter's brain. His
+"cursed spite" bends the youthful shoulders, and the figure marches past
+unmindful of terrestrial presences.
+
+One other picture will illustrate more clearly, perhaps, than everything
+which has gone before, this gift of imagination. In "The Boy and the
+Butterfly," now on the walls of the Century Club-house, the loveliness
+of the child, the power of action, the subtle management of color and
+light, are all subordinated to the ideas of defeat and endeavor. Energy,
+the irrepressible strength of the spirit upheld by a divine light of
+indestructible youth, shines out from the canvas. The boy who cannot
+catch the butterfly is transmuted as we stand into the Soul of Beauty
+reaching out in vain for satisfaction, and ready to follow its
+aspiration to another sphere.
+
+
+
+
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+
+WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.
+
+
+German literature, despite its extraordinary productiveness and its
+possession of a few great masterpieces, is far from being rich in the
+department of belles-lettres, especially in works of fiction. It has no
+list of novelists like those which include such names as Fielding, Scott
+and Thackeray, Balzac, Hugo and Sand. In fact, there is scarcely an
+instance of a male writer in Germany who has devoted himself exclusively
+to this branch of literature, and has won high distinction in it. It has
+been cultivated with success chiefly by a few writers of the other sex,
+whose delineations have gained a popularity in America only less than
+that which they enjoy at home--in part because the life which they
+depict has closer internal analogies to our own than to that of England
+or of France, still more perhaps because the pictures themselves,
+whatever their intrinsic fidelity, are suffused with a romantic glow
+which has long since faded from those of the thoroughly realistic art
+now dominant in the two latter countries.
+
+In none of them is this characteristic more apparent than in the works
+of Wilhelmine von Hillern, which bear also in a marked degree the stamp
+of a mind at once vigorous and sympathetic, and are thus calculated to
+awaken the interest of readers in regard to the author's personal
+history.
+
+Her father, Doctor Christian Birch, a Dane by birth and originally a
+diplomatist by profession, held for many years the post of secretary of
+legation at London and Paris. He withdrew from this career on the
+occasion of his marriage with a German lady connected with the stage in
+the triple capacity of author, manager and actress. Madame
+Birch-Pfeiffer, as she is commonly called, was one of the celebrities of
+her time, and her dramatic productions still keep possession of the
+stage. Soon after the birth of her daughter, which took place at Munich,
+she was invited to assume the direction of the theatre of Zurich. Here
+Wilhelmine passed several years of her childhood, separated from her
+father, whose engagements as a political writer retained him in Germany,
+and scarcely less divided from her mother, whose duties at this period
+did not permit her to give much attention to domestic cares. Without
+companions of her own age, and left almost wholly to the charge of an
+invalid aunt, she led a monotonous existence, which left an impression
+on her mind all the more deep from its contrast with the life which
+opened upon her in her eighth year, when Madame Birch-Pfeiffer was
+summoned to Berlin to hold an appointment at the court theatre.
+
+In the Prussian capital the family was again united, and became the
+centre of a social circle embracing many persons connected with dramatic
+art and literature. Devrient, Dawison and Jenny Lind were among the
+visitors whose conversation was greedily listened to by the little girl
+while supposed to be immersed in her lessons or her plays. Under such
+influences it would have been strange if even a less active brain had
+not been fired with aspirations, which took the form of an irresistible
+impulse when, at thirteen, Wilhelmine was allowed for the first time to
+visit the theatre and witness the acting of Dawison in Hamlet and other
+parts. Henceforth all opposition had to give way, and in her seventeenth
+year she made her _début_ as Juliet at the ducal theatre of Coburg. Two
+qualities, we are told, distinguished her acting: a strong conception
+worked out in the minutest details, and an intensity of passion which
+knew no restraint, and at its culminating point overpowered even hostile
+criticism. Subsequently careful training under Edward Devrient and
+Madame Glossbrenner enabled her to bring her emotions under better
+control, repressing all tendency to extravagance; and, greeted with the
+assurance that she was destined to become the German Rachel, she entered
+upon her career with a round of performances at the principal theatres
+of Germany, including those of Frankfort, Hamburg and Berlin.
+
+These triumphs were followed by the acceptance of a permanent engagement
+at Mannheim, which, however, had hardly been concluded when it gave
+place to one of a different kind, followed by her marriage and sudden
+relinquishment of the vocation embraced with such ardor and pursued for
+a short period with such brilliant promise. Dawison is said to have
+remarked that by her retirement the German stage had lost its last
+genuine tragic actress.
+
+Since her marriage Madame von Hillern has resided at Freiburg, in the
+grand duchy of Baden, where her husband holds a legal position analogous
+to that of the judge of a superior court. Her social life is one of
+great activity, though much of her time is given to superintending the
+education of her two daughters. But the abounding energy of her nature
+made it inevitable that her artistic instincts, repressed in one
+direction, should seek their full development in another. Literature was
+naturally her choice. Her first work, _Doppelleben_, appeared in 1865,
+and though defective in construction, owing to a change of plan in the
+process of composition, served to give assurance of her powers and to
+inspire her with the requisite confidence. Three years later _Ein Arzt
+der Seele_, of which a translation under the title of _Only a Girl_ has
+been widely circulated in America, established her claim to a high place
+among the writers of her class. Her third work, _Aus eigener Kraft (By
+his own Might)_, met with equal success, securing for its author a large
+circle of readers on both sides of the Atlantic ready to welcome the
+future productions of her pen. The qualities which distinguish her
+writings are vigor of conception, sharpness of characterization, a moral
+earnestness pervading the judgments and reflections, and an ardor,
+sometimes too exuberant, which gives intensity to the delineation even
+while exciting doubts of its fidelity. Similar qualities had
+characterized her acting, and they spring from a nature which a close
+observer has described as clear in perception yet swayed by fantasy;
+strong of will yet impulsive as quicksilver; finding enjoyment now in
+animated discussion, now in impetuous riding, now in absolute repose;
+full of maternal tenderness, yet fond of splendor and the excitements of
+society; a nature, in short, abounding in contrasts, but substantially
+that of a true, noble and lovable woman.
+
+
+
+
+HIS NAME?
+
+(_An incident of the Boston fire_.)
+
+    I.
+
+             --Oh the billows of fire!
+            With maëlstrom-like swirl,
+            Their surges they hurl
+              Over roof--over spire,
+              Mad--masterless--higher,--
+            Till with rumble--crack--crash,
+            Down boom with a flash,
+        Whole columns of granite and marble;--see! see!
+        Sucked in as a weed on the ocean might be,
+                    Or engulfed as a sail
+        In the hurricane riot and wreak of the gale!
+
+
+    II.
+
+        Ha! yonder they rush where the death-dealing stream,
+                    Over-pent, waits their gleam,
+        To shiver the city with earthquake!--Who, _who_
+        Will adventure, mid-flame, and unfasten the screw,--
+        Set the fiend loose, and save us so?--Fireman, you,
+        _You_ willing?--Would God you might hazard it!--
+              Nay,
+        The red tongues are licking the faucets now: Stay!
+                --Too late,--'tis too late!
+                If ruin comes, wait
+        Its coming: To go, is to perish:--Hold! Hold!
+                You are young,--I am old,--
+        You've a wife, too--and children?--O God! he is gone
+        Straight into destruction! The pipes, men! On, on,
+        Play the water-stream on him,--full--faster--the whole!
+                And now--Christ save his soul!
+
+
+    III.
+
+               --I stifle--I choke;
+        And _he_,--Heaven grant that he smother in smoke
+        Ere the fearful explosion comes. Hark! What's the shout?
+               --_Is he saved_?--_Is he out?_
+        --Did he compass his purpose,--the Hero?--_(One_ name
+        To-night we shall write on the records of fame,--
+        The perilous deed was so noble!) Why here
+                On my cheek is a tear,
+        Which not a whole city in ashes could claim!
+        --His name, now: _Can nobody tell me his name?_
+
+M. J. P.
+
+
+
+
+UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.
+
+
+[It has been a matter of congratulation that the destruction by the
+Boston fire was confined to buildings and other property representing
+simply the wealth of the city, and did not extend to its monuments or
+its artistic and literary treasures. The exceptions are, in fact,
+comparatively small in amount, yet they are such as must excite a
+general regret. The contents of the studios in Summer street, and the
+collection of armor, unique in this country, bequeathed by the late
+Colonel Bigelow Lawrence to the Boston Athenaeum, and temporarily
+deposited at 82 Milk street, could not perish without awaking other
+feelings besides that of sympathy with their past or prospective
+possessors. A similar loss was that of many of the books and manuscripts
+amassed by the historian Prescott, and comprising the collections
+pertaining to the Histories of the Conquest of Mexico and Peru and of
+Philip II. The manuscripts were comprised in some thirty or forty folio
+volumes, and consisted of copies or abstracts of documents in the public
+archives and libraries of Europe, in the family archives of several
+Spanish noblemen, and in private collections like that at Middle Hill.
+The printed books, of which there were perhaps a thousand, included many
+of great value and not a few of extreme rarity. A large mass of private
+correspondence was also consumed. We are not yet informed whether the
+same fate has befallen a small but very choice collection of autographs,
+embracing letters written or signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles
+V., Pope Clement VII., Prospero Colonna, the Great Captain, and other
+sovereigns and eminent personages of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries. Very few modern autographs were included in this collection,
+the only examples, we believe, being notes written by Queen Victoria,
+Prince Albert and the duke of Wellington, and a longer letter addressed
+by Lord Nelson to Lady Hamilton. This last, which we are permitted to
+print from a copy made some time ago, is not exactly a model of
+composition, but it is very characteristic, and shows the strength of
+that enthrallment which led him, despite his natural kindness of heart,
+to risk the lives of his men in order to communicate with the object of
+his passion.]
+
+
+SUNDAY NIGHT, Feb. 15, 9 o'clock [1801].
+
+MY DEAR AMIABLE FRIEND: Could you have seen the boat leave the ship, I
+am sure your heart would have sunk within you. _I would not have given
+sixpence for the lives of the men_: a tremendous wave broke and missed
+upsetting the boat by a miracle. O God, how my heart thumped to see them
+safe! Then they got safe on shore, and I had given a two-pound note to
+cheer up the poor fellows when they landed; _but I was so anxious to
+send a letter for you._ I knew it was impossible for any boat to come
+off to us since Friday noon, when the boat carried your letters enclosed
+for Napean, and she still remains on shore. Only rest assured I always
+write, and never doubt your old and dear friend, who never yet deserved
+it. The gale abates very little, if anything, and it is truly fortunate
+that our fleet is not in port, or some accident would most probably
+happen; but both St. George and this ship have new cables, which is all
+we have to trust to; but if my friend is true I have no fear. I can take
+all the care which human foresight can, and then we must trust to
+Providence, who keeps a lookout for poor Jack. I cannot, my dear friend,
+afford to buy the three pictures of the "Battle of the Nile," or I
+should like very much to have them, and Mr. Boyden cannot afford to
+trust me one year. If he could, perhaps I could manage it. I have
+desired my brother to examine the four numbers of the tickets I bought
+with Gibbs. I hope he has told you. I dare say in the office here is the
+numbers of the tickets my agents have bought for the ensuing lottery. I
+hope we shall be successful. I hope you always kiss my godchild for me:
+pray do, and _I will repay you ten times when we meet_, which I hope
+will be very soon. Monday morning. It is a little more moderate, and we
+are going to send a boat, but at present none can get to us, and,
+therefore, I send this letter No. (1) to say we are in being. I hope in
+the afternoon to be able to get letters, and, if possible, to answer
+them. Kiss my godchild for me, bless it, and Believe me ever yours,
+
+NELSON AND BRONTE.
+
+
+
+
+"WHITE-HAT" DAY.
+
+
+On one of the last days in September we were the astonished recipients
+of a singular and mysterious invitation from a member of the New York
+Board of Brokers. The note contained words like these: "Come to the
+Exchange on Monday, September 30th: white hats are declared confiscated
+on that day."
+
+It would have puzzled Oedipus or a Philadelphia lawyer to trace the
+connection between white hats and stocks, to tell what Hecuba was to
+them or they to Hecuba, and why they should be more interfered with by
+the New York Stock Exchange on the 30th of September than upon any other
+day. It is true that during the last summer some slight political bias
+was supposed to be hidden beneath that popular headpiece irreverently
+styled "a Greeley plug," but then stocks are not politics, nor would any
+but a punster trace an intimate connection between hats and polls. A
+story has gone through the papers, to be sure, about an unfortunate
+deacon who found it impossible to collect the coppers of the
+congregation in a Greeley hat, but then slight excuses have been made
+available on charitable occasions before the present election, and we
+decline to accept the sentiment of that congregation as unmixed devotion
+to the Republican candidates. They did not wish to Grant their money,
+that was all.
+
+And then, again, unlike the miller of the old conundrum, men generally
+wear _white_ hats to keep their heads cool; with which laudable endeavor
+why should the Stock Exchange wish to interfere? One never hears of a
+"corner" in hats. And then, too, was it the bulls or the bears who
+objected to them? Bulls, we all know, have an aversion to scarlet
+drapery, but Darwin, in his studies of the feeling for color among
+animals, has omitted any references to a horror of white hats even among
+the most accomplished of the anthropoid apes.
+
+Pondering all these problems, and many more, our puzzled trio went to
+the Stock Exchange on the last day of September. We were conducted into
+the safe seclusion of the Visitors' Gallery, from which coign of vantage
+we could look down unharmed upon the frantic multitude below. The room
+is large and very lofty, its prevailing tint a warm brown, relieved by
+bright decorations of the Byzantine order. Across one end runs a small
+gallery for visitors, without seats, and some twenty feet above the
+floor, and opposite the gallery is a raised platform, with a long table
+and majestic arm-chairs for the president and other officers of the
+Board. High on the wall above these elevated dignitaries glitters in
+large gold letters the mystic legend, "New York Stock Exchange." On the
+left of the platform stands a large blackboard, whereon the fluctuations
+in stocks are recorded, and around the sides of the room are displayed
+various signs bearing the names of different stocks (like the banners of
+the knights in royal chapels), beneath which eager groups collect. At
+the lower end of the room, under the Visitors' Gallery, are seats
+whereon weary brokers may repose after the brunt of battle. In the
+centre of the upper end of the vast apartment is a long oval
+cock-pit--if it may be so called--of two or three degrees, with a table
+in the lowest circle. It is so arranged as to give the brokers, standing
+upon the graded steps, full opportunity to see and to be seen. On the
+table, in singular contrast with the spirit of the place, was a large
+and beautiful basket of flowers. Anything more painfully incongruous it
+would be difficult to imagine. The poor flowers seemed to wear an air of
+patient suffering as they wasted their sweetness on that (literally)
+howling wilderness.
+
+It was just after ten, and the doors had been open but a few moments
+when we entered the gallery, already quite full of ladies and
+gentlemen--generally very young gentlemen, anxious to learn from the
+glorious example of their elders. The floor below us was fast being
+strewn with torn bits of paper, which have to be swept up several times
+a day. Eager groups were gathered under the various signs upon the walls
+and pillars, apparently playing the Italian game of _morra_, to judge by
+the quick gestures of their restless fingers. Some were scribbling
+cabalistic signs on little bits of paper, and almost all were howling
+like maniacs or wild beasts half starved. The only place I was ever in
+at all to be compared with it in volume and variety of noise is the
+parrot-room in the London Zoological Gardens. Bedlam and Pandemonium I
+have not visited--as yet--and consequently cannot speak from personal
+experience. But the parrots in that awful house in Regent's Park are
+capable of making more hideous noises in a given moment than any other
+wild beasts in the world, except brokers. Here the human animal comes
+out triumphantly supreme.
+
+To add to the refreshing variety of the din, long, lanky youths in gray
+sauntered about like the keepers of the carnivora, and bawled
+incessantly till they were red in the face. These, we were told, were
+the pages, who reported the state of the market and delivered orders and
+commissions. To the uninitiated they were a fraud and a delusion, but so
+was the whole thing. A crowd of men, walking about or standing in
+groups, note-book in hand, talking eagerly or yelling unintelligible
+nonsense at the top of their voices, and gesticulating with the fury of
+madmen, while in and around the crowd strolled those extraordinary
+pages, calmly shouting full in the brokers' faces,--this, we were told,
+was "business!" This is the mysterious occupation to which our friends,
+countrymen and lovers devote so large a portion of their time and
+thoughts. At this strange diversion millions of dollars change hands in
+a few hours, and bulls and bears in this little nest agree to make
+things generally uncomfortable and uncertain for the outside world.
+
+But where were the white hats, and what of their daring wearers? As the
+crowd thickened, they began to shine out upon the general blackness in
+obvious distinction. At first, the howling multitude, eager for filthy
+lucre, took no particular notice of them beyond an occasional hurried
+poke or pat, but this delusive mildness did not long continue. After the
+first fifteen or twenty minutes, during which the favorite stocks had
+been danced up and down a few times, like so many crying babies, the
+appetite of the hundred-headed hydra abated a little, and the general
+attention to business relaxed. Suddenly--no one knew whence or
+wherefore--up rose a white hat in the air, high above the heads of the
+people, and a bareheaded individual was seen struggling wildly in the
+arms of the mob, who set up ironical cheers at his unavailing efforts to
+regain his flying headpiece. It rose and fell faster and farther than
+any fancy stock of them all, now soaring to the vaulted roof, now being
+kicked along the dusty floor.
+
+    Press where ye see my white hat shine amidst the ranks of war,
+
+seemed to be the sentiment of the occasion, as the unruly mob swayed and
+struggled about the dilapidated victim of their sport. In one corner
+stood a quiet, dignified gentleman, talking sedately to a little knot of
+friends. He wore a tall white "stove-pipe" of the most obnoxious kind.
+In a twinkling it was seized and sent flying toward the roof with its
+softer predecessor. Its owner gave one glance over his shoulder, and
+"smiled a sickly smile," while it was very evident that
+
+    The subsequent proceedings interested him no more.
+
+The fun grew fast and furious, the air was literally darkened with
+flying hats of every shape and size, but all white. The stout tall
+beavers were converted into footballs till their crowns were kicked out
+and their brims torn off, when they were seized upon as instruments for
+further torture. Some innocent member of the large fraternity, now, to
+use a nautical phrase, scudding under bare _polls_, was pounced upon,
+and over his unfortunate head the crownless hat was drawn till the
+ragged remnant of its brim rested upon his shoulders. One poor creature
+was thus bonneted with at least three tiers of hats, and was last seen
+on the edge of the cockpit struggling with imminent suffocation.
+
+At the height of the howling, scuffling, kicking and fighting a short
+diversion was effected. A tall and portly broker appeared upon the scene
+in an entire suit of new broadcloth. It was unmistakably new, its
+brilliancy quite undimmed. Instantly a rush was made for him by the
+fickle crowd. They swept him, as by some mighty wave, into the centre of
+the room: they turned him round and round like a pivoted statue, and
+examined him and patted him approvingly on every side. Then they made a
+large ring round him and gave him three cheers. Not content with this,
+with one sudden impulse they rushed at him again, and tried to lift him
+upon the table, that they might see him better. But this the portly
+broker resisted: he fought like a good fellow, and the crowd, tired of
+struggling with a man of so much weight, gave one final cheer and went
+back to the chase of the white hats.
+
+We stayed about half an hour to watch these elegant and refined
+diversions: at the end of that time our patience and the white hats were
+giving out together. The din was deafening and the dust was rapidly
+rising. The floor was strewn with scraps of papers and the mangled
+remains of felt and beaver. Brimless hats and hatless brims, linings,
+bands, rent and tattered crowns, and ragged fragments of the fray, were
+all over the place. A writhing victim in gray, masked by a crownless
+hat, was struggling upon the table to the evident danger of those
+unhappy flowers; the president was calling across the tumult in
+stentorian tones; but the tumult refused to fall, and the imperturbable
+pages were bawling upon the skirts of the crowd with stolid pertinacity.
+The noise was terrific, the confusion indescribable.
+
+We are often told that women are unfitted for business pursuits. If this
+was business, I should say decidedly they were. My acquaintance with
+women has been large and varied, but I have yet to see the woman whom I
+consider qualified to be a member of the New York Board of Brokers. I
+have been present at many gatherings composed entirely of women, from
+the "Woman's Parliament" to country sewing-societies, but never, even in
+that much-abused body, the New York Sorosis, have I seen a crowd of
+women, however excited, however frolicsome, however full of fun, capable
+of playing football with each other's bonnets even upon April Fools'
+Day. I am convinced that not even Miss Anthony or Mrs. Stanton would
+have hesitated to admit, had she been present on the auspicious occasion
+above recorded, that there are limits even to woman's sphere. Let her
+preach and practice, and sail ships, and make horse-shoes, and command
+armies, if she will, let her vote for all sorts of disreputable
+characters to be set over her, if she choose, but let her recognize the
+fact that between her and the gentle amenities of the New York Stock
+Exchange there is a great gulf fixed, which only the superior being man,
+with his lordly intellect, his keen morality and his exquisite and
+unvarying courtesy, can bridge over.
+
+K.H.
+
+
+
+
+MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK.
+
+
+One hundred and thirty-five years ago two young men came up to London to
+try their fortune: half riding, half walking, the young fellows made
+their journey. One was thick-set, heavy and uncouth, and years afterward
+became known to men and fame as Samuel Johnson: the other was bright,
+slender, active, and was called David Garrick. Some ten years later,
+just before the battle of Culloden, a Dutch vessel, having crossed the
+Channel, landed at Harwich. There was on board an apparent page, in
+reality a young Viennese girl disguised in male attire, who journeyed up
+to London too, where she soon made her appearance as a dancer at the
+Hay-market Theatre: there she achieved great success, and became talked
+about as "La Violette." She was under the patronage of the earl and
+countess of Burlington, and finally became Mrs. Garrick. It is said
+that she was the daughter of a respectable citizen of Vienna--that she
+had been engaged to dance at the palace with the children of the empress
+Maria Teresa, but that, her charms proving too attractive to the
+emperor, the empress had packed her off to London with letters of
+recommendation to persons of quality there. It seems more probable,
+however, that she was am actress at Vienna, and simply crossed the sea
+to try her fortune in England. Becoming fascinated with Garrick's
+acting, she married him after refusing several more brilliant offers,
+and in spite of the opposition of her kind patroness, Lady Burlington,
+who wished her to marry so as to secure higher social position. This
+match gave rise to much romantic gossip. It was said that a wealthy
+young lady had fallen in love with the great actor one night in
+_Romeo_--that he had been induced by her father to come to the house and
+break the charm by feigning intoxication: some versions had it that he
+came disguised as a physician. A popular German comedy was written upon
+it, and still later Mr. Robertson dramatized it for the English stage,
+and produced a play in which we have lately had an opportunity of
+witnessing the fine acting of Mr. Sothern. Garrick was certainly
+fortunate among actors: he not only achieved high professional fame, but
+he accumulated a large private fortune and lived a happy domestic life
+in a splendid home filled with choice works of art. The traveler abroad
+who is favored with an invitation to the Garrick Club, may there see the
+picture of the great actor "in his habit as he lived," looking down
+nightly on a collection of the most renowned wits and authors of the
+metropolis; and to crown all, when Mr. Sothern acts--were it not for his
+moustache--we might suppose we saw the man himself alive before us.
+
+Concerning Mr. Sothern's acting, it affords a fine example of that
+quality--so very difficult of attainment, it would seem--perfect
+_repose_; and by repose we do not mean torpidity or sluggishness or
+inattention, as opposed to clamorous ranting, but we mean the complete
+subordination of subordinate parts; so that, if we may use the
+illustration, the gaudiness of the frame is not allowed to over-power
+and destroy the effect of the picture. Everything is clear, distinct and
+well marked: the forcible passages come with double effect in contrast
+with preceding serenity. The actor's manner is not confined behind the
+footlights: it diffuses itself, as it were, among his audience until it
+seems as if they too were acting with him. This arises from the
+perfection of the picture he presents, and that perfection is the result
+of careful avoidance of everything that is unnatural. There is no
+_unnecessary_ exertion put forth, no palpable straining after effect: he
+strives to hold the mirror up to Nature, not Art, and in Nature there is
+much repose between the tempests. Old players say that the most
+difficult thing to teach a tyro is to stand still, and some actors never
+learn it.
+
+Careful attention to costume is another trait exhibited by Mr. Sothern.
+He might easily make his first appearance as David Garrick in the
+wealthy merchant's house in ordinary walking-dress, which could be
+readily retained when he returns to the dinner-party to which he causes
+himself to be invited. Instead of that, he appears in the full
+riding-dress of the period--boots, spurs, whip, overcoat and all. This
+is rapidly changed in time for the dinner-scene for a full-dress suit,
+complete in every point--powdered hair, white silk stockings, and a
+little _brette_, or walking rapier, peeping out from under the coat
+skirt, not slung in a belt as heavier swords, but supported by light
+steel chains fastened to a _chatelaine_, which slips behind the
+waistband and can be taken off in a moment. In the last scene, where he
+goes out to fight the duel, his dress is changed again, and dark silk
+stockings are donned as more appropriate.
+
+The last point we shall mention here about Mr. Sothern is his scrupulous
+attention to the minor business of the stage: when he is not speaking
+himself, his looks act. It is said of Macready that he began to be
+Cardinal Richelieu at three o'clock in the afternoon, and that it was
+dangerous to speak to him after that time. When Mr. Sothern plays Lord
+Dundreary, if he is addressed on any subject during the progress of the
+play, he answers in his Dundreary drawl, so as not to lose his
+personality for a minute. The letter from his brother "Tham" he has
+written out and reads; not that he does not know every word by heart,
+for he must have read it a hundred times, but because he wants to _turn
+over_ at the proper place. We all know what he has made of that part. A
+play in which there is absolutely nothing of a plot, which would fall
+dead from the hands of an inferior actor, becomes with Mr. Sothern as
+popular as _Rip van Winkle_ is with Jefferson to play the sleepy hero.
+It is to be observed that the three essentials for good acting just
+mentioned--repose of manner, strict attention to dress, and strict
+attention to minor details of stage-business--may be acquired by any
+actor of average intellect who will devote proper time and study to the
+task: they are not, like a fine figure, a handsome face or a sonorous
+voice, adventitious gifts of Fortune which may be bestowed on one mortal
+and denied to another. Mr. Sothern owes his success, evidently, to long
+and careful preparation of his parts. In David Garrick he leaves but two
+points at which criticism can carp: his pathos somehow lacks sufficient
+tenderness, his love-making seems too devoid of passion. When young
+Garrick won the heart of La Violette, he put more fire into his speech
+and manner than Mr. Sothern exhibits at the close of the last act. He is
+represented as always loving Ida Ingot, but at first conceals and
+suppresses his love: when the avowal comes at last, it should be like
+the bursting forth of a volcano, hot, fiery and irresistible.
+
+M. M.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+Sir Richard Wallace evidently aims to make himself, in a small way, the
+Peabody of Paris. A cynic might maintain that his gifts were a trifle
+sensational, and shaped with a view to procure the greatest amount of
+notoriety at the price; but that they are frequent, and that they show
+a hearty love for Paris on the Englishman's part, none can deny. It was
+Sir Richard who not long ago gave about five thousand dollars to the use
+of the Paris poor; it was he who, in the late hunting-season, is said to
+have proposed to supply the city hospitals with fresh game--whether of
+his own shooting or of that of his compatriots does not appear; it is
+he, in fine, who has furnished to Paris eighty street-fountains, costing
+in the factory six hundred and seventy-five francs each, or a total of
+fifty-four thousand francs (say ten thousand eight hundred dollars), the
+expense of setting them up being undertaken by the city. These
+drinking-jets are in the main like those so familiar in American cities,
+and are provided, of course, with tin cups attached by iron chains--"_à
+la mode Anglaise_" add the French papers in an explanatory way. Now, the
+extraordinary fact concerning these fountains is, that no sooner had the
+first installment of nine been put up than all the tin cups, or
+"goblets," as the Parisians call them, were stolen. They were renewed,
+and again disappeared in a trice. In short, within fifteen days no less
+than forty-seven of these goblets were made way with, despite their
+strong fastenings--that is, an average of over five cups to each
+fountain. What the sum-total of plunder has been since the first
+fortnight, or whether the fountains are still as useless as spiked
+cannon or tongueless bells, we have yet to learn.
+
+Now comes a contrast. The countrymen of Sir Richard claim that in London
+from time immemorial not a single cup was ever stolen from the public
+fountains. So tempting a theme for generalization could not be resisted
+by the Paris newspaper philosophers, who have deduced from this theft of
+the cups a broad distinction between the British loafer and the French
+loafer, declaring that the former "respects any collective property
+which he partly shares," while the latter does not even draw this
+distinction, but grabs whatever he can lay his hands on. "The luck of
+the Wallace fountains," cries one moralizer, "shows how hard it is to
+reform the Paris _gamin_ so long as the law contents itself with its
+present measures. If the state does not speedily educate children found
+straying in the street, it is all up with the present generation."
+Thereupon follows a disquisition on the part which Paris children played
+in the Commune. "Now, the child," adds our newspaper Wordsworth, "is the
+man viewed through the big end of the opera-glass;" and he points his
+moral, therefore, with the need of compulsory education. "One of the
+first duties incumbent on the Chamber at the next session will be the
+solution of this question. Let it take as a perpetual goad the fate of
+the Wallace goblets. You begin by stealing a cup of tin--you end by
+firing the Tuileries or plundering the Hôtel Thiers." There is a droll
+mingling of Isaac Watts and Victor Hugo in this _dénoûment_, and despite
+its practical good sense one is amused at the evolution of a grave
+discourse from so trivial a text as the Wallace drinking-cups.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To people of a statistical rather than a sentimental turn, the
+mathematics of marriage in different countries may prove an attractive
+theme of meditation. It is found that young men from fifteen to twenty
+years of age marry young women averaging two or three years older than
+themselves, but if they delay marriage until they are twenty to
+twenty-five years old, their spouses average a year younger than
+themselves; and thenceforward this difference steadily increases, till
+in extreme old age on the bridegroom's part it is apt to be enormous.
+The inclination of octogenarians to wed misses in their teens is an
+every-day occurrence, but it is amusing to find in the love-matches of
+boys that the statistics bear out the satires of Thackeray and Balzac.
+Again, the husbands of young women aged twenty and under average a
+little above twenty-five years, and the inequality of age diminishes
+thenceforward, till for women who have reached thirty the respective
+ages are equal: after thirty-five years, women, like men, marry those
+younger than themselves, the disproportion increasing with age, till at
+fifty-five it averages nine years.
+
+The greatest number of marriages for men take place between the ages of
+twenty and twenty-five in England, between twenty five and thirty in
+France, and between twenty-five and thirty-five in Italy and Belgium.
+Finally, in Hungary the number of individuals who marry is seventy-two
+in a thousand each year; in England it is 64; in Denmark, 59; in France,
+57, the city of Paris showing 53; in the Netherlands, 52; in Belgium,
+43; in Norway, 36. Widowers indulge in second marriages three or four
+times as often as widows. For example, in England (land of Mrs. Bardell)
+there are 66 marriages of widowers against 21 of widows; in Belgium
+there are 48 to 16; in France, 40 to 12. Old Mr. Weller's paternal
+advice, to "beware of the widows," ought surely to be supplemented by a
+maxim to beware of widowers.
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE, in one of his most famous madrigals, draws a vivid contrast
+between youth and age, which, he declares, "cannot live together:"
+
+    Youth like summer morn,
+    Age like winter weather,
+    Youth like summer brave,
+    Age like winter bare:
+    Youth is hot and bold,
+    Age is weak and cold.
+
+Science, which ruthlessly destroys so much poetry by its mattock and
+spade, its scales, foot-rules and gauges, must now, we should judge,
+take grave exception to the preceding bit of poesy and to the thousand
+repetitions of its sentiment by the bards of all ages. By means of a
+thermometer lately constructed to register with exactitude the degree of
+heat in the human body, it is found, after numerous experiments under
+varying circumstances, that the instrument marks 37.08° of heat on an
+average for persons between twenty-one and thirty years of age, while it
+marks 37.46° for people aged eighty. In face of this fact what becomes
+of the "fervors of youth" and the "chills of age"? The highest average
+temperatures in the human body, as indicated by this gauge, are those
+which exist from birth to puberty--that is to say, 37.55° and 37.63°.
+From the latter epoch the heat gradually lowers, to rise again with the
+first approach of old age. Thus childhood shows the highest temperature,
+old age the next, and middle life the lowest. We may add that the
+greatest variations in the temperature of the body between health and
+sickness are only a few tenths of a degree, according to this
+measurement; for, the normal condition being 37.2° or 37.3°, an increase
+to 38° would mark a burning fever, and a decrease to 36° would note the
+icy approach of death. Hereafter, though we may graciously excuse to
+poetic license the assertion that
+
+    Crabbed Age and Youth
+    Cannot live together,
+
+we must yet sternly protest that the reason assigned--namely, that
+"youth is hot and age is cold"--is contradicted by the facts of science.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+
+
+The Life of Charles Dickens. By John Forster. Vol. II. Philadelphia:
+J.B. Lippincott & Co.
+
+Beginning with Dickens's return from America in 1842, this volume covers
+a period of less than ten years, the most productive, and apparently the
+happiest, of his life. It brings out in even stronger relief than the
+preceding volume his strong individuality, a trait which, whether it
+attracts or repels--and on most persons we think it produces alternately
+each of these effects--is full of interest, worthy of study and fruitful
+of suggestions. Its superabundant energy seemed to create demands in
+order that it might expend itself in satisfying them. Its persistence
+was toughened by failure as much as by success. Its vivacity, verging
+upon boisterousness, was incapable of being chilled. Its strenuousness
+knew no lassitude, and needed no repose. In play as in work, in physical
+exercise as in mental labor, in all his projects, purposes and
+performances, Dickens seems to have been in a perpetual state of tension
+that allowed of no reaction. His was a mind not morbidly self-conscious,
+but ever aglow with the consciousness of power and the ardor of its
+achievement, in-sensible of waste and undisturbed by critical
+introspection.
+
+The excitement into which he was thrown by the composition of his books
+exceeds anything of the kind recorded in literary history, and stands in
+strong contrast with the self-contained tranquillity with which Scott
+performed an equal or greater amount of labor. Yet it does not, like
+similar ebullitions in other men, suggest any notion of weakness or of a
+talent strained beyond its capacity. It was coupled with an enormous
+facility of execution and the ability to pass with undiminished
+freshness from one field of action to another. It sprang from the
+intensity with which every idea was conceived, and which belonged
+equally to his smallest with his greatest undertakings. "The book," he
+writes of the _Chimes_, "has made my face white in a foreign land. My
+cheeks, which were beginning to fill out, have sunk again; my eyes have
+grown immensely large; my hair is very lank, and the head inside the
+hair is hot and giddy. Read the scene at the end of the third part
+twice. I wouldn't write it twice for something.... Since I conceived, at
+the beginning of the second part, what must happen in the third, I have
+undergone as much sorrow and agitation as if the thing were real, and
+have wakened up with it at night. I was obliged to lock myself in when I
+finished it yesterday, for my face was swollen for the time to twice its
+proper size, and was hugely ridiculous." The little book was written at
+Genoa; and having finished it, he must make a winter journey to London,
+"because," as he writes to Forster, "of that unspeakable restless
+something which would render it almost as impossible for me to remain
+here, and not see the thing complete, as it would be for a full
+balloon, left to itself, not to go up." A further reason was to try the
+effect of the story upon a circle of listeners, to be assembled for the
+purpose: "Carlyle, indispensable, and I should like his wife of all
+things; _her_ judgment would be invaluable. You will ask Mac, and why
+not his sister? Stanny and Jerrold I should particularly wish. Edwin
+Landseer, Blanchard perhaps Harness; and what say you to Fonblanque and
+Fox?" After this it is amusing to read that the book "was not one of his
+greatest successes, and it raised him up some objectors;" but the
+reading was the germ of those which afterward brought him into such
+close relations with his public.
+
+Of another Christmas story he writes, "I dreamed _all last week_ that
+the _Battle of Life_ was a series of chambers, impossible to be got to
+rights or got out of, through which I wandered drearily all night. On
+Saturday night I don't think I slept an hour. I was perpetually roaming
+through the story, and endeavoring to dovetail the revolution here into
+the plot. The mental distress quite horrible." Here we have, perhaps, a
+clear case of the effects of overwork. But in general the details of his
+plots, the names of the characters, above all, the titles of the
+stories, were evolved with an amount of thought and discussion that
+might have sufficed for the plan and the preparations for a battle.
+"Martin Chuzzlewit" is not a name suggestive of long and serious
+deliberation: one might rather suppose that it had turned up
+accidentally and been accepted simply as being as good as another. Yet
+it was not adopted till after many others had been discussed and
+rejected. "Martin was the prefix to all, but the surname varied from its
+first form of Sweezleden, Sweezleback and Sweeztewag, to those of
+Chuzzletoe, Chuzzleboy, Chubblewig and Chuzzlewig." _David Copperfield_
+was preceded by a still longer list of abortions, and _Household Words,_
+as a mere title, was the result of a parturition far exceeding in length
+and severity any throes of travail known to natural history.
+
+All this was unaccompanied by any of the doubts and misgivings, the fits
+of depression and intervals of lassitude, which are the ordinary
+tortures of authorship. Nor had it any connection with the weaknesses of
+the craft, its small vanities and jealousies. "It was," as Mr. Forster
+well remarks, "part of the intense individuality by which he effected
+so much to set the high value which in general he did upon what he was
+striving to accomplish." Hence, too, no half-formed and then abandoned
+projects were among the stepping-stones of his career. A plan or an
+idea, once conceived, was certain to be shaped, developed and matured;
+and whatever the result, it left up disheartening effect, no feeling of
+distrust, to cripple a subsequent undertaking.
+
+Nor was Dickens so absorbed in his work as to leave it reluctantly, or
+to find no fullness of satisfaction in occupations or enjoyments of a
+different kind. On the contrary, no man ever threw himself so heartily
+and entirely into the business of the hour, or more eagerly sought
+diversion and change. Dinners, private and public, excursions in chosen
+companionship, amateur theatricals, schemes of charity or benevolence,
+occupied a large portion of his time, and were entered into with an
+ardor which never flagged or needed to be stimulated. His
+correspondence--an unfailing barometer to indicate the state of the
+mental atmosphere--is always full of life, overflowing, for the most
+part, with animal spirits, often vivid in description both of places and
+people, turning discomforts and embarrassments into subjects of lively
+narrative or indignant protest. The letters from Genoa and Lausanne are
+especially copious and entertaining, and form, we think, the most
+interesting portion of the book. The later chapters, giving the final
+year of his residence in Devonshire Terrace, are less satisfactory. We
+would fain have had a picture of that circle of which Dickens was one of
+the most prominent figures; but though his own personality is revealed
+in the fullest light, the group in the background is left indistinct,
+most of its members being barely visible, and none of them adequately
+portrayed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Émaux et Camées. Par Théophile Gautier. Nombre définitif. Paris:
+Charpentier; New York: F.W. Christern.
+
+Gautier was polishing and adding to his literary jewelry almost to the
+day of his death, and the final edition which he published among the
+last of his works about doubles the number of poems first issued. These
+verses are like nothing we have in English. Their imagery is strongly
+sophisticated, tortured, brought from vast distances, and then chilled
+into form. Yet they are the most sincere utterances of a soul fed
+perpetually among cabinets and picture-galleries, to whom their compact
+method of utterance is, so to speak, secondarily natural. That they are
+precious and beauteous no one can deny. How sparkling are the successive
+descriptions of women--blonde, brune, Spanish, contralto-voiced,
+coquettish, etc.--whom the poet, like some capricious artist, invites
+into his atelier, drapes hastily with old Moorish or Venetian or
+diaphanous costumes, and then reflects in a diminishing mirror, changing
+the model into a fine statuette of ivory and enamel! More virile and
+thoughtful images are intermixed: such are the figures of the old
+Invalides seen at the Column Vendôme in a December fog, and for whom he
+pleads: "Mock not those men whom the street urchin follows, laughing:
+they were the Day of which we are the twilight--maybe the night!" Not
+less fresh are the two "Homesick Obelisks"--that in the Place de la
+Concorde, wearying its stony heart out for Egypt, and that at Luxor,
+equally tired, and longing to be planted at Paris, among a living crowd.
+But Gautier is a colorist, an artist with words, and he is at his best
+when he works without much outline, celebrating draperies, bouquets and
+laces, to all of which he can give a meaning quite other than the
+milliner's, as where he asserts that the plaits of a rose-colored dress
+are "the lips of my unappeased desires," or describes March as a barber,
+powdering the wigs of the blossoming almond trees, and a valet, lacing
+up the rosebuds in their corsets of green velvet. Whatever he touches he
+leaves artificial, "enameled," yet charming. The verses added in the
+present edition are more pensive, even sombre. A life given to art
+wholly, without patriotism or religion or philosophy, does not prepare
+the greenest old age. There is a long and beautiful poem, "Le Château du
+Souvenir," which he fills, not exactly with Charles Lamb's "old familiar
+faces," but with portraits of his mistresses and of his old self. There
+is the "Last Vow"--to a woman he has pursued "for eighteen years," and
+whom he still accosts, though "the white graveyard lilacs have blossomed
+about my temples, and I shall soon have them tufting and shading all my
+forehead." There is also the accent of his irresponsible courtiership,
+the facile and unashamed flattery he paid to such a woman as Princess
+Mathilde. This personage was, or is, an artist; and we may not be
+mistaken in believing that we have seen, cast aside in the vast
+storerooms of Haseltine's galleries in this city--an example and gnomon
+of disenchanted glory--her water-color sketch called the "Fellah Woman,"
+and the very one of which Gautier sang: "Caprice of a fantastic brush
+and of an imperial leisure!... Those eyes, a whole poem of languor and
+pleasure, resolve the riddle and say, 'Be thou Love--I am Beauty.'"
+
+The late poems, however, as well as the old, are filled with felicities.
+They contain many a lesson of the word-master, who, though he did not
+attain the Academy, left the French language gold, which he found
+marble. The ornaments, exquisite licenses, foreign graces and wide
+researches which Gautier conferred upon his mother-tongue have enriched
+it for future time, and they are best seen in this volume.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Concord Days. By A. Bronson Alcott. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
+
+In these loose leaves we have the St. Martin's summer of a life. Mr.
+Alcott, from his quiet home in Concord, and from the edifice of his
+seventy-three years, picks out those mental growths and moral treasures
+which have kept their color through all the changes of the seasons. They
+bear the mark of selection, of choice, from out a vast abundance of
+material: to us readers the scissors have probably been a kinder
+implement than the pen. Be that as it may, the selections given are all
+worth saving, and the fragmentary resurrection is just about as much as
+our age has time to attend to of the growths that were formed when New
+England thought was young. That was the day when Mrs. Hominy fastened
+the cameo to her frontal bone and went to the sermon of Dr. Channing,
+when young Hawthorne chopped straw for the odious oxen at Brook Farm,
+and when a budding Booddha, called by his neighbors Thoreau, left
+mankind and proceeded to introvert himself by the borders of Walden
+Pond. Mr. Alcott's little diary gives us some of the best skimmings of
+that time of yeast. There is Emerson-worship, Channing-worship, Margaret
+Fuller-worship and the pale cast of _The Dial_. There is, besides, in
+another stratum that runs through the collection, a vein of very welcome
+investigation amongst old authors--Plutarch's charming letter of
+consolation to his wife on the death of their child; Crashaw's "Verses
+on a Prayer-Book;" Evelyn's letter on the origin of his _Sylva_; and
+many a jewel five-words-long filched from the authors whom modern taste
+votes slow and insupportable. We mention these to give some idea of the
+spirit in which this work of marquetry is executed--a work too
+fragmentary and incoherent to be easily describable except by its
+specimens. And while culling fragments, we cannot forbear mentioning the
+curious records of Mr. Alcott's "Conversations," held now with Frederika
+Bremer, now with a band of large-browed Concord children, held forty
+years ago, and turning perpetually upon the deeper questions of
+metaphysics and religion; we will even indulge ourselves with a short
+extract from one of the "Conversations with Children," reported verbatim
+by an apparently concealed auditress, and eliciting many a cunning bit
+of infantine wisdom, besides the following finer rhapsody, which Mr.
+Alcott succeeded in charming out of the lips of a boy six years of age:
+
+"Mr. Alcott! you know Mrs. Barbauld says in her hymns, everything is
+prayer; every action is prayer; all nature prays; the bird prays in
+singing; the tree prays in growing; men pray--men can pray _more_; we
+feel; we have more, more than Nature; we can know, and do right:
+_Conscience prays_; all our powers pray; action prays. Once we said,
+here, that there was a Christ in the bottom of our spirits, when we try
+to be good. Then we pray in Christ; and that is the whole!"
+
+To think that the lips of this ingenuous and golden-mouthed lad may be
+now pouring out patriotism in Congress is rather sad; but the author's
+own career tells us that there are some of the Chrysostoms of 1830 who
+have had the courage to keep quiet, and sweeten their own lives for
+family use. Mr. Alcott betrays in every line the kindest, sanest and
+humanest spirit; and we wish he could feel how grateful some of us are
+for his example of a thinker who can keep quiet, and a writer who can
+show the power of reticence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Thirty Years in the Harem; or, The Autobiography of Melek-Hanum, wife of
+H.H. Kibrizli-Mehemet-Pasha. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+We have had many revelations from the interior, but nothing quite like
+this. Most histories are valuable in proportion to the truthfulness of
+the narrator, but Mrs. Melek's story owes a large show of its interest
+to her obvious tension of the long-bow. It is, in fact, a
+self-revelation--the vain and audacious betrayal by an Oriental woman of
+the narrowness, the shallowness, the dishonesty which ages of false
+education have fastened upon her race. The lady in question is--and
+evidently knows herself to be--an exception among her countrywomen for
+ability and acumen: an extreme self-satisfaction and vanity are revealed
+in the recital of her most disreputable tricks. She passes for a white
+blackbird, a woman of intellect caught in the harem; and it needs but
+little ingenuity to guess the torment she must have been to her
+protectors--first to the excellent Dr. Millingen, with whom she formed a
+love-match, and whom she abuses--and then to her second husband,
+Kibrizli, ambassador in 1848 to the court of England, upon whom she
+attempted to palm off an heir by the ruse practiced by our own revered
+Mrs. Cunningham. Whatever the clever Melek does, or whatever treatment
+she receives, it is always she who is in the right, and her eternal
+"enemies" who are unjust, barbarous and stingy. The ferocious
+blackmailing of natives in the Holy Land which she practiced when her
+husband represented the sultan there, is represented as cleverness; but
+her divorce after the infamous false accouchement is a piece of
+persecution. The marriage and adventures of her daughter form a tangled
+romance through which we hear of a great deal more oppression and
+cruelty; and the escape into Europe, where the old enchantress appears
+to be now prowling in poverty and degradation, concludes the curious
+story. The narrative bears marks of having passed through a French
+translation and then a British version. To disentangle the thread of
+actuality that probably runs through it would be too troublesome and
+futile; but the truths that the wily Melek cannot help telling--the
+facts of the harem and of Eastern life that involuntarily sprinkle it
+all like a flavoring of strange spices--these are what give it the odd
+dash of interest which keeps it in our hands long after we had meant to
+toss it aside. Here is a "screaming sister" of the East--an odalisque
+who was not going to be oppressed and degraded like the other women, but
+who meant to be capable and cultivated and smart, just like the
+Christian ladies; and this bundle of lies and crimes and hates is what
+she arrives at.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hints on Dress; or, What to Wear, When to Wear it, and How to Buy it. By
+Ethel C. Gale, (Putnam's Handy-Book Series.) New York: G.P. Putnam &
+Sons.
+
+This little book will certainly elicit commendation from all who
+consider the subject of dress within the pale of aesthetic treatment;
+and, what is still more fortunate, it will probably serve to elevate, in
+some degree, the standard of taste among that large class of persons for
+whom handy volumes are chiefly compiled. Its statements and deductions
+are accurate, sensible, comprehensive and practical, and the style in
+which they are presented is simple and attractive. The color, form and
+suitability of dress, as well as the best methods of economy in its
+purchase and manufacture, are intelligently treated. We have only to
+regret the want of a chapter devoted to the hygiene of dress, which is a
+subject deserving the earnest attention of every friend of physical
+development. Ten or a dozen pages given to this topic might have done a
+service to hundreds who are willing enough to gather knowledge in
+passing, but who are repelled from the separate consideration of any
+subject which seems to call for the exercise of serious thought.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake Region of Central Africa,
+showing Dr. Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route. Folio,
+folded. Philadelphia: T. Elwood Zell.
+
+A clear, well-executed polychrome map, evidently copied from the one
+recently published in England, if not actually printed there. It
+exhibits not only the route of Dr. Livingstone during the period
+included between the years 1866 and 1872, and that taken by Mr. Stanley
+in his recent search, but also the course which the former proposes to
+follow in the prosecution of his discoveries. The boundaries of lakes
+and the courses of rivers, where definitely known, are indicated by
+unbroken lines--where still supposititious, by dotted ones. The map,
+which is printed on heavy paper, is thirteen inches wide by eighteen
+inches long, and being folded within a stiff duodecimo cover, can be
+easily preserved and readily consulted.
+
+
+
+
+_Books Received_.
+
+Papers relating to the Transit of Venus in 1874. Prepared under the
+Direction of the Commissioners authorized by Congress. Washington, D.C.:
+Government Printing-office.
+
+Reports on Observations of Encke's Comet during its Return in 1871. By
+Asaph Hall and Wm. Harkness. Washington, D.C.: Government
+Printing-Office.
+
+Harry Delaware; or, An American in Germany. By Mathilde Estvan. New
+York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+California for Health, Pleasure and Residence. By Charles Nordhoff. New
+York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+The Lives of General U.S. Grant and Henry Wilson. Philadelphia: T.B.
+Peterson & Brothers.
+
+The Romance of American History. By M. Schele de Vere. New York: G.P.
+Putnam & Sons.
+
+Book of Ballads, Tales and Stories. By Benjamin G. Herre. Lancaster,
+Pa.: Wylie & Griest.
+
+The Poet at the Breakfast Table. By Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston: James
+R. Osgood & Co.
+
+The Lawrence Speaker. By Philip Lawrence. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &
+Brothers.
+
+Memoir of a Huguenot Family. By Ann Maury. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+Within the Maze. By Mrs. Henry Wood. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &
+Brothers.
+
+Sermons. By Rev. C.D.N. Campbell, D.D. New York: Hurd & Houghton.
+
+Outlines of History. By Ed. A. Freeman, D.C.L. New York: Holt &
+Williams.
+
+The End of the World. By Edward Eggleston. New York: Orange Judd & Co.
+
+Sermons. By Rev. H.R. Haweis, M.A. New York: Holt & Williams.
+
+Kaloolah. By W.S. Mayo, M.D. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+Nast's Illustrated Almanac for 1873. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+A Summer Romance. By Mary Healy. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
+
+Song Life. By Philip Phillips. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+Gavroche. By M.C. Pyle. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14327 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14327 ***</div>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873, by Various, Edited by John
+Foster Kirk</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+    <h1>LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+    <h3>OF</h3>
+
+    <h2><i>POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.</i></h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>VOLUME XI. No. 22.<br />
+    January, 1873</h4>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <img src="images/logo.jpg"
+             width="54"
+             height="112"
+             alt="logo" />
+    </div>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+
+    <h3>CONTENTS.</h3>
+
+    <div class="toc">
+        <a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS">ILLUSTRATIONS</a>
+
+        <p><a href="#IRON_BRIDGES">IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR
+        CONSTRUCTION by EDWARD ROWLAND.</a></p>
+
+        <p>
+        <a href="#SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU">SEARCHING
+        FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#PROBATIONER_LEONHARD">PROBATIONER LEONHARD;
+        OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY  by CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#OUR_HERO">CHAPTER I. OUR
+        HERO.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY">CHAPTER II. IN
+        THE HAPPY VALLEY.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#HIGH_ART">CHAPTER III. HIGH
+        ART.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#THE_IRISH_CAPITAL">THE IRISH CAPITAL by REGINALD WYNFORD.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION">THE MAESTRO'S
+        CONFESSION.(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO&mdash;1460) by MARGARET J. PRESTON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT">MONSIEUR
+        FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT by CORNELIUS DEWEES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA">A VISIT TO THE
+        KING OF AURORA (FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE
+        KIRSCHOFF) by ELIZABETH SILL.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#GRAY_EYES">GRAY EYES by ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE">REMINISCENCES OF
+        FLORENCE by MARIE HOWLAND.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER">THE SOUTHERN
+        PLANTER by WILL WALLACE HARNEY.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#BABES_IN_THE_WOOD">BABES IN THE WOOD by EDGAR FAWCETT.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS">MY CHARGE ON THE
+        LIFE-GUARDS by CHARLES L. NORTON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER">PAINTING AND A
+        PAINTER.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP">OUR MONTHLY
+        GOSSIP.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN">WILHELMINE
+        VON HILLERN.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#HIS_NAME">HIS NAME? by M. J. P.</a></p>
+
+        <p>
+        <a href="#UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON">
+        UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY
+        HAMILTON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#WHITE_HAT_DAY">"WHITE-HAT" DAY by K. H.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK">MR. SOTHERN AS
+        GARRICK by M. M.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#NOTES">NOTES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY">LITERATURE OF THE
+        DAY.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#CHARLES_DICKENS">Forster, John--The
+        Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#GAUTIER">Gautier,
+        Th&eacute;ophile--&Eacute;maux et Cam&eacute;es</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#ALCOTT">Alcott, A. Bronson--Concord
+        Days</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#HANUM">Hanum, Melek--Thirty Years
+        in the Harem</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#GALE">Gale, Ethel C.--Hints on
+        Dress</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#ZELL">Sketch Map of the Nile
+        Sources and Lake Region of Central Africa, showing Dr.
+        Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#Books_Received"><i>Books Received.</i></a></p>
+        <hr />
+        <a name="ILLUSTRATIONS"
+             id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>
+
+        <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_001">WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of
+        "Only a Girl," "By His Own Might," etc.<br />
+        [See Our Monthly Gossip.]</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_002">"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER
+        SHED.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_003">THE LYMAN VIADUCT.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_004">BLAST-FURNACES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_005">DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO
+        BLAST-FURNACES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_006">ELEVATOR.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_007">THE ENGINE-ROOM.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_008">RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_009">CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_010">ROTARY SQUEEZER.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_011">BOILING-FURNACE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_012">THE ROLLS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_013">COLD SAW.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_014">HOT SAW.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_015">RIVETING A COLUMN.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_016">FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_017">VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_018">NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS
+        STAGING.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_019">BRIDGE AT ALBANY.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_020">LA SALLE BRIDGE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_021">BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_022">SACO BRIDGE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_023">PHOENIX WORKS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_024">"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS
+        PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_025">"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF
+        ARAGON."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_026">"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA
+        OF CHILE-CHILE."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_027">"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A
+        SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_028">"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN
+        EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_029">"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL
+        HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA".</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_030">"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR
+        OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL."</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_001"
+             id="IMAGE_001"></a><img src="images/001.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="882"
+             alt="WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of &quot;Only a Girl,&quot; &quot;By His Own Might,&quot; etc. [See Our Monthly Gossip.]" />
+        <br />
+        <b>WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By His
+        Own Might," etc.<br />
+        [See Our Monthly Gossip.]</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+
+
+    <h2><a name="IRON_BRIDGES"
+       id="IRON_BRIDGES"></a>IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR
+       CONSTRUCTION.</h2>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_002"
+             id="IMAGE_002"></a><img src="images/002.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="412"
+             alt="&quot;ASSEMBLING&quot; BRIDGE UNDER SHED.&mdash;p. 22." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In a graveyard in Watertown, a village near Boston,
+    Massachusetts, there is a tombstone commemorating the claims of
+    the departed worthy who lies below to the eternal gratitude of
+    posterity. The inscription is dated in the early part of this
+    century (about 1810), but the name of him who was thus
+    immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my
+    memory, while the deed for which he was distinguished, and
+    which was recorded upon his tombstone, remains clear. "He built
+    the famous bridge over the Charles River in this town," says
+    the record. The Charles River is here a small stream, about
+    twenty to thirty feet wide, and the bridge was a simple wooden
+    structure.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_003"
+             id="IMAGE_003"></a><img src="images/003.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="390"
+             alt="THE LYMAN VIADUCT." /><br />
+        <b>THE LYMAN VIADUCT.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Doubtless in its day this structure was considered an
+    engineering feat worthy of such posthumous immortality as is
+    gained by an epitaph, and afforded such convenience for
+    transportation as was needed by the commercial activity of that
+    era. From that time, however, to this, the changes which have
+    occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are so fully
+    indicated by the changes of our manner and method of
+    bridge-building that it will not be a loss of time to
+    investigate the present condition of our abilities in this most
+    useful branch of engineering skill.</p>
+
+    <p>In the usual archaeological classification of eras the Stone
+    Age precedes that of Iron, and in the history of
+    bridge-building the same sequence has been preserved. Though
+    the knowledge of working iron was acquired by many nations at a
+    pre-historic period, yet in quite modern times&mdash;within
+    this century, even&mdash;the invention of new processes and the
+    experience gained of new methods have so completely
+    revolutionized this branch of industry, and given us such a
+    mastery over this material, enabling us to apply it to such new
+    uses, that for the future the real Age of Iron will date from
+    the present century.</p>
+
+    <p>The knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with
+    stone or brick&mdash;both of them materials aptly fitted for
+    resistance under pressure, but of comparatively no tensile
+    strength&mdash;enabled the Romans to surpass all nations that
+    had preceded them in the course of history in building bridges.
+    The bridge across the Danube, erected by Apollodorus, the
+    architect of Trajan's Column, was the largest bridge built by
+    the Romans. It was more than three hundred feet in height,
+    composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers, and
+    was about eight hundred feet in length. It was after a few
+    years destroyed by the emperor Adrian, lest it should afford a
+    means of passage to the barbarians, and its ruins are still to
+    be seen in Lower Hungary.</p>
+
+    <p>With the advent of railroads bridge-building became even a
+    greater necessity than it had ever been before, and the use of
+    iron has enabled engineers to grapple with and overcome
+    difficulties which only fifty years ago would have been
+    considered hopelessly insurmountable. In this modern use of
+    iron advantage is taken of its great tensile strength, and many
+    iron bridges, over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars
+    pass hourly, look as though they were spun from gossamer
+    threads, and yet are stronger than any structure of wood or
+    stone would be.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_004"
+             id="IMAGE_004"></a><img src="images/004.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="513"
+             alt="BLAST-FURNACES." /><br />
+        <b>BLAST-FURNACES.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Another great advantage of an iron bridge over one
+    constructed of wood or stone is the greater ease with which it
+    can, in every part of it, be constantly observed, and every
+    failing part replaced. Whatever material may be used, every
+    edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating influence
+    of time and the elements. In every such edifice as a bridge,
+    use is a process of constant weakening, which, if not as
+    constantly guarded against, must inevitably, in time, lead to
+    its destruction.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_005"
+             id="IMAGE_005"></a><img src="images/005.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="297"
+             alt="DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES." /><br />
+
+        <b>DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a
+    stone weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the
+    inspection of even the most vigilant observer until, when the
+    process has gone far enough, the bridge suddenly gives way
+    under a not unusual strain, and death and disaster shock the
+    community into a sense of the inherent defects of these
+    materials for such structures.</p>
+
+    <p>The introduction of the railroad has brought about also
+    another change in the bridge-building of modern times, compared
+    with that of all the ages which have preceded this nineteenth
+    century. The chief bridges of ancient times were built as great
+    public conveniences upon thoroughways over which there was a
+    large amount of travel, and consequently were near the cities
+    or commercial centres which attracted such travel, and were
+    therefore placed where they were seen by great numbers. Now,
+    however, the connection between the chief commercial centres is
+    made by the railroads, and these penetrate immense distances,
+    through comparatively unsettled districts, in order to bring
+    about the needed distribution; and in consequence many of the
+    great railroad bridges are built in the most unfrequented
+    spots, and are unseen by the numerous passengers who traverse
+    them, unconscious that they are thus easily passing over
+    specimens of engineering skill which surpass, as objects of
+    intelligent interest, many of the sights they may be traveling
+    to see.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_006"
+             id="IMAGE_006"></a><img src="images/006.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="631"
+             alt="ELEVATOR." /><br />
+        <b>ELEVATOR.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The various processes by which the iron is prepared to be
+    used in bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use
+    of this material for this purpose, and it will not be amiss to
+    spend a few moments in examining them before presenting to our
+    readers illustrations of some of the most remarkable structures
+    of this kind. Taking a train by the Reading Railroad from
+    Philadelphia, we arrive, in about an hour, at Phoenixville, in
+    the Schuylkill Valley, where the Phoenix Iron-and Bridge-works
+    are situated. In this establishment we can follow the iron from
+    its original condition of ore to a finished bridge, and it is
+    the only establishment in this country, and most probably in
+    the world, where this can be seen.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_007"
+             id="IMAGE_007"></a><img src="images/007.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="533"
+             alt="THE ENGINE-ROOM." /><br />
+        <b>THE ENGINE-ROOM.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>These works were established in 1790. In 1827 they came into
+    the possession of the late David Reeves, who by his energy and
+    enterprise increased their capacity to meet the growing demands
+    of the time, until they reached their present extent, employing
+    constantly over fifteen hundred hands.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_008"
+             id="IMAGE_008"></a><img src="images/008.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="682"
+             alt="RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS." /><br />
+        <b>RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace.
+    Here the ore, with coal and a flux of limestone, is piled in
+    and subjected to the heat of the fires, driven by a hot blast
+    and kept burning night and day. The iron, as it becomes melted,
+    flows to the bottom of the furnace, and is drawn off below in a
+    glowing stream. Into the top of the blast-furnaces the ore and
+    coal are dumped, having been raised to the top by an elevator
+    worked by a blast of air. It is curious to notice how slowly
+    the experience was gathered from which has re suited the
+    ability to work iron as it is done here. Though even at the
+    first settlement of this country the forests of England had
+    been so much thinned by their consumption in the form of
+    charcoal in her iron industry as to make a demand for timber
+    from this country a flourishing trade for the new settlers, yet
+    it was not until 1612 that a patent was granted to Simon
+    Sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous
+    coal. Another patent for the same invention was granted to John
+    Ravenson the next year, and in 1619 another to Lord Dudley; yet
+    the process did not come into general use until nearly a
+    hundred years later.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_009"
+             id="IMAGE_009"></a><img src="images/009.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="285"
+             alt="CARRYING THE IRON BALLS." /><br />
+        <b>CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines,
+    each of three hundred horse-power. The blast used here is, as
+    we have said, a hot one, the air being heated by the
+    consumption of the gases evolved from the material itself. The
+    gradual steps by which these successive modifications were
+    introduced is an evidence of how slowly industrial processes
+    have been perfected by the collective experience of
+    generations, and shows us how much we of the present day owe to
+    our predecessors. From the earliest times, as among the native
+    smiths of Africa to-day, the blast of a bellows has been used
+    in working iron to increase the heat of the combustion by a
+    more plentiful supply of oxygen. The blast-furnace is supposed
+    to have been first used in Belgium, and to have been introduced
+    into England in 1558. Next came the use of bituminous coal,
+    urged with a blast of cold air. But it was not until 1829 that
+    Neilson, an Englishman, conceived the idea of heating the air
+    of the blast, and carried it out at the Muirkirk furnaces. In
+    that year he obtained a patent for this process, and found that
+    he could from the same quantity of fuel make three times as
+    much iron. His patent made him very rich: in one single case of
+    infringement he received a cheque for damages for one hundred
+    and fifty thousand pounds. In his method, however, he used an
+    extra fire for heating the air of his blast. In 1837 the idea
+    of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated in the
+    process was first practically introduced by M. Faber Dufour at
+    Wasseralfingen in the kingdom of W&uuml;rtemberg.</p>
+
+    <p>In this country, charcoal was at first used universally for
+    smelting iron, anthracite coal being considered unfit for the
+    purpose. In 1820 an unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at
+    Mauch Chunk. In 1833, Frederick W. Geisenhainer of Schuylkill
+    obtained a patent for the use of the hot blast with anthracite,
+    and in 1835 produced the first iron made with this process. In
+    1841, C.E. Detmold adapted the consumption of the gases
+    produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite; and since
+    then it has become quite general, and has caused an almost
+    incalculable saving to the community in the price of iron.</p>
+
+    <p>The view of the engines which pump the blast will give an
+    idea of the immense power which the Phoenix company has at
+    command. Twice every day the furnace is tapped, and the stream
+    of liquid iron flows out into moulds formed in the sand, making
+    the iron into pigs&mdash;so called from a fancied resemblance
+    to the form of these animals. This makes the first process, and
+    in many smelting-establishments this is all that is done, the
+    iron in this form being sold and entering into the general
+    consumption.</p>
+
+    <p>The next process is "boiling," which is a modification of
+    "puddling," and is generally used in the best iron-works in
+    this country. The process of puddling was invented by Henry
+    Cort, an Englishman, and patented by him in 1783 and 1784 as a
+    new process for "shingling, welding and manufacturing iron and
+    steel into bars, plates and rods of purer quality and in larger
+    quantity than heretofore, by a more effectual application of
+    fire and machinery." For this invention Cort has been called
+    "the father of the iron-trade of the British nation," and it is
+    estimated that his invention has, during this century, given
+    employment to six millions of persons, and increased the wealth
+    of Great Britain by three thousand millions of dollars. In his
+    experiments for perfecting his process Mr. Cort spent his
+    fortune, and though it proved so valuable, he died poor, having
+    been involved by the government in a lawsuit concerning his
+    patent which beggared him. Six years before his death, the
+    government, as an acknowledgment of their wrong, granted him a
+    yearly pension of a thousand dollars, and at his death this
+    miserly recompense was reduced to his widow to six hundred and
+    twenty-five dollars.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_010"
+             id="IMAGE_010"></a><img src="images/010.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="625"
+             alt="ROTARY SQUEEZER." /><br />
+        <b>ROTARY SQUEEZER.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_011"
+             id="IMAGE_011"></a><img src="images/011.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="625"
+             alt="BOILING-FURNACE." /><br />
+        <b>BOILING-FURNACE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>When iron is simply melted and run into any mould, its
+    texture is granular, and it is so brittle as to be quite
+    unreliable for any use requiring much tensile strength. The
+    process of puddling consisted in stirring the molten iron run
+    out in a puddle, and had the effect of so changing its atomic
+    arrangement as to render the process of rolling it more
+    efficacious. The process of boiling is considered an
+    improvement upon this. The boiling-furnace is an oven heated to
+    an intense heat by a fire urged with a blast. The cast-iron
+    sides are double, and a constant circulation of water is kept
+    passing through the chamber thus made, in order to preserve the
+    structure from fusion by the heat. The inside is lined with
+    fire-brick covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom
+    and sides, and then, the oven being charged with the pigs of
+    iron, the heat is let on. The pigs melt, and the oven is filled
+    with molten iron. The puddler constantly stirs this mass with a
+    bar let through a hole in the door, until the iron boils up, or
+    "ferments," as it is called. This fermentation is caused by the
+    combustion of a portion of the carbon in the iron, and as soon
+    as the excess of this is consumed, the cinders and slag sink to
+    the bottom of the oven, leaving the semi-fluid mass on the top.
+    Stirring this about, the puddler forms it into balls of such a
+    size as he can conveniently handle, which are taken out and
+    carried on little cars, made to receive them, to "the
+    squeezer."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_012"
+             id="IMAGE_012"></a><img src="images/012.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="633"
+             alt="THE ROLLS." /><br />
+        <b>THE ROLLS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>To carry on this process properly requires great skill and
+    judgment in the puddler. The heat necessarily generated by the
+    operation is so great that very few persons have the physical
+    endurance to stand it. So great is it that the clothes upon the
+    person frequently catch fire. Such a strain upon the physical
+    powers naturally leads those subjected to it to indulge in
+    excesses. The perspiration which flows from the puddlers in
+    streams while engaged in their work is caused by the natural
+    effort of their bodies to preserve themselves from injury by
+    keeping their normal temperature. Such a consumption of the
+    fluids of the body causes great thirst, and the exhaustion of
+    the labor, both bodily and mental, leads often to the excessive
+    use of stimulants. In fact, the work is too laborious. Its
+    conditions are such that no one should be subjected to them.
+    The necessity, however, for judgment, experience and skill on
+    the part of the operator has up to this time prevented the
+    introduction of machinery to take the place of human labor in
+    this process. The successful substitution in modern times of
+    machines for performing various operations which formerly
+    seemed to require the intelligence and dexterity of a living
+    being for their execution, justifies the expectation that the
+    study now being given to the organization of industry will lead
+    to the invention of machines which will obviate the necessity
+    for human suffering in the process of puddling. Such a
+    consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned.
+    The attempts which have been made in this direction have not as
+    yet proved entirely successful.</p>
+
+    <p>In the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is
+    placed, and forced with a rotary motion through a spiral
+    passage, the diameter of which is constantly diminishing. The
+    effect of this operation is to squeeze all the slag and cinder
+    out of the ball, and force the iron to assume the shape of a
+    short thick cylinder, called "a bloom." This process was
+    formerly performed by striking the ball of iron repeatedly with
+    a tilt-hammer.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_013"
+             id="IMAGE_013"></a><img src="images/013.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="396"
+             alt="COLD SAW." /><br />
+        <b>COLD SAW.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The bloom is now re-heated and subjected to the process of
+    rolling. "The rolls" are heavy cylinders of cast iron placed
+    almost in contact, and revolving rapidly by steam-power. The
+    bloom is caught between these rollers, and passed backward and
+    forward until it is pressed into a flat bar, averaging from
+    four to six inches in width, and about an inch and a half
+    thick. These bars are then cut into short lengths, piled,
+    heated again in a furnace, and re-rolled. After going through
+    this process they form the bar iron of commerce. From the iron
+    reduced into this form the various parts used in the
+    construction of iron bridges are made by being rolled into
+    shape, the rolls through which the various parts pass having
+    grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_014"
+             id="IMAGE_014"></a><img src="images/014.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="372"
+             alt="HOT SAW." /><br />
+        <b>HOT SAW.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_015"
+             id="IMAGE_015"></a><img src="images/015.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="372"
+             alt="RIVETING A COLUMN" /><br />
+        <b>RIVETING A COLUMN.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>These rolls, when they are driven by steam, obtain this
+    generally from a boiler placed over the heating-or
+    puddling-furnace, and heated by the waste gases from the
+    furnace. This arrangement was first made by John Griffin, the
+    superintendent of the Phoenix Iron-works, under whose direction
+    the first rolled iron beams over nine inches thick that were
+    ever made were produced at these works. The process of rolling
+    toughens the iron, seeming to draw out its fibres; and iron
+    that has been twice rolled is considered fit for ordinary uses.
+    For the various parts of a bridge, however, where great
+    toughness and tensile strength are necessary, as well as
+    uniformity of texture, the iron is rolled a third time. The
+    bars are therefore cut again into pieces, piled, re-heated and
+    rolled again. A bar of iron which has been rolled twice is
+    formed from a pile of fourteen separate pieces of iron that
+    have been rolled only once, or "muck bar," as it is called;
+    while the thrice-rolled bar is made from a pile of eight
+    separate pieces of double-rolled iron. If, therefore, one of
+    the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect, it will
+    form only a hundred and twelfth part of the thrice-rolled bar.
+    The uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which
+    have been thrice rolled are so great that they may be twisted,
+    cold, into a knot without showing any signs of fracture. The
+    bars of iron, whether hot or cold, are sawn to the various
+    required lengths by the hot or cold saws shown in the
+    illustrations, which revolve with great rapidity.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_016"
+             id="IMAGE_016"></a><img src="images/016.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="288"
+             alt="FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE." /><br />
+        <b>FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>For the columns intended to sustain the compressive thrust
+    of heavy weights a form is used in this establishment of their
+    own design, and to which the name of the "Phoenix column" has
+    been given. They are tubes made from four or from eight
+    sections rolled in the usual way and riveted together at their
+    flanges. When necessary, such columns are joined together by
+    cast-iron joint-blocks, with circular tenons which fit into the
+    hollows of each tube.</p>
+
+    <p>To join two bars to resist a strain of tension, links or
+    eye-bars are used from three to six inches wide, and as long as
+    may be needed. At each end is an enlargement with a hole to
+    receive a pin. In this way any number of bars can be joined
+    together, and the result of numerous experiments made at this
+    establishment has shown that under sufficient strain they will
+    part as often in the body of the bar as at the joint. The heads
+    upon these bars are made by a process known as die-forging. The
+    bar is heated to a white heat, and under a die worked by
+    hydraulic pressure the head is shaped and the hole struck at
+    one operation. This method of joining by pins is much more
+    reliable than welding. The pins are made of cold-rolled
+    shafting, and fit to a nicety.</p>
+
+    <p>The general view of the machine-shop, which covers more than
+    an acre of ground, shows the various machines and tools by
+    which iron is planed, turned, drilled and handled as though it
+    were one of the softest of materials. Such a machine-shop is
+    one of the wonders of this century. Most of the operations
+    performed there, and all of the tools with which they are done,
+    are due entirely to modern invention, many of them within the
+    last ten years. By means of this application of machines great
+    accuracy of work is obtained, and each part of an iron bridge
+    can be exactly duplicated if necessary. This method of
+    construction is entirely American, the English still building
+    their iron bridges mostly with hand-labor. In consequence also
+    of this method of working, American iron bridges, despite the
+    higher price of our iron, can successfully compete in Canada
+    with bridges of English or Belgian construction. The American
+    iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations, but their
+    absolute strength is as great, since the weight which is saved
+    is all dead weight, and not necessary to the solidity of the
+    structure. The same difference is displayed here that is seen
+    in our carriages with their slender wheels, compared with the
+    lumbering, heavy wagons of European construction.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_017"
+             id="IMAGE_017"></a><img src="images/017.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="396"
+             alt="VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP" /><br />
+        <b>VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge
+    is begun the data and specifications are made, and a plan of
+    the structure is drawn, whether it is for a railroad or for
+    ordinary travel, whether for a double or single track, whether
+    the train is to pass on top or below, and so on. The
+    calculations and plans are then made for the use of such
+    dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the
+    structure shall not exceed a certain maximum, usually fixed at
+    ten thousand pounds to the square inch. As the weight of the
+    iron is known, and its tensile strength is estimated at sixty
+    thousand pounds per square inch, this estimate, which is
+    technically called "a factor of safety" of six, is a very safe
+    one. In other words, the bridge is planned and so constructed
+    that in supporting its own weight, together with any load of
+    locomotives or cars which can be placed upon it, it shall not
+    be subjected to a strain over one-sixth of its estimated
+    strength.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_018"
+             id="IMAGE_018"></a><img src="images/018.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="409"
+             alt="NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING." /><br />
+        <b>NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>After the plan is made, working drawings are prepared and
+    the process of manufacture commences. The eye-bars, when made,
+    are tested in a testing-machine at double the strain which by
+    any possibility they can be put to in the bridge itself. The
+    elasticity of the iron is such that after being submitted to a
+    tension of about thirty thousand pounds to the square inch it
+    will return to its original dimensions; while it is so tough
+    that the bars, as large as two inches in diameter, can be bent
+    double, when cold, without showing any signs of fracture.
+    Having stood these tests, the parts of the bridge are
+    considered fit to be used.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_019"
+             id="IMAGE_019"></a><img src="images/019.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="329"
+             alt="BRIDGE AT ALBANY." /><br />
+        <b>BRIDGE AT ALBANY.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>When completed the parts are put together&mdash;or
+    "assembled," as the technical phrase is&mdash;in order to see
+    that they are right in length, etc. Then they are marked with
+    letters or numbers, according to the working plan, and shipped
+    to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently erected.
+    Before the erection can be begun, however, a staging or
+    scaffolding of wood, strong enough to support the iron
+    structure until it is finished, has to be raised on the spot.
+    When the bridge is a large one this staging is of necessity an
+    important and costly structure. An illustration on another page
+    shows the staging erected for the support of the New River
+    bridge in West Virginia, on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio
+    Railway, near a romantic spot known as Hawksnest. About two
+    hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall, and while the
+    staging was still in use for its construction, the river, which
+    is very treacherous, suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few
+    hours, and became a roaring torrent.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_020"
+             id="IMAGE_020"></a><img src="images/020.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="356"
+             alt="LA SALLE BRIDGE." /><br />
+        <b>LA SALLE BRIDGE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit
+    exactly, and securing the ties by pins, is peculiarly American.
+    The plan still followed in Europe is that of using rivets,
+    which makes the erection of a bridge take much more time, and
+    cost, consequently, much more. A riveted lattice bridge one
+    hundred and sixty feet in span would require ten or twelve days
+    for its erection, while one of the Phoenixville bridges of this
+    size has been erected in eight and a half hours.</p>
+
+    <p>The view of the Albany bridge will show the style which is
+    technically called a "through" bridge, having the track at the
+    level of the lower chords. This view of the bridge is taken
+    from the west side of the Hudson, near the Delavan House in
+    Albany. The curved portion crosses the Albany basin, or outlet
+    of the Erie Canal, and consists of seven spans of seventy-three
+    feet each, one of sixty-three, and one of one hundred and ten.
+    That part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of
+    four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a draw
+    two hundred and seventy-four feet wide. The iron-work in this
+    bridge cost about three hundred and twenty thousand
+    dollars.</p>
+
+    <p>The bridge over the Illinois River at La Salle, on the
+    Illinois Central Railroad, shows the style of bridge
+    technically called a "deck" bridge, in which the train is on
+    the top. This bridge consists of eighteen spans of one hundred
+    and sixty feet each, and cost one hundred and eighty thousand
+    dollars. The bridge over the Kennebec River, on the line of the
+    Maine Central Railroad, at Augusta, Maine, is another instance
+    of a "through" bridge. It cost seventy-five thousand dollars,
+    has five spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and
+    was built to replace a wooden deck bridge which was carried
+    away by a freshet.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_021"
+             id="IMAGE_021"></a><img src="images/021.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="250"
+             alt="BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE." /><br />
+        <b>BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The bridge on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad which
+    crosses the Saco River is a very general type of a through
+    railway bridge. It consists of two spans of one hundred and
+    eighty-five feet each, and cost twenty thousand dollars. The
+    New River bridge in West Virginia consists of two spans of two
+    hundred and fifty feet each, and two others of seventy-five
+    feet each. Its cost was about seventy thousand dollars.</p>
+
+    <p>The Lyman Viaduct, on the Connecticut Air-line Railway, at
+    East Hampton, Connecticut, is one hundred and thirty-five feet
+    high and eleven thousand feet long.</p>
+
+    <p>These specimens will show the general character of the iron
+    bridges erected in this country. When iron was first used in
+    constructions of this kind, cast iron was employed, but its
+    brittleness and unreliability have led to its rejection for the
+    main portions of bridges. Experience has also led the best iron
+    bridge-builders of America to quite generally employ girders
+    with parallel top and bottom members, vertical posts (except at
+    the ends, where they are made inclined toward the centre of the
+    span), and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees. This
+    form takes the least material for the required strength.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_022"
+             id="IMAGE_022"></a><img src="images/022.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="325"
+             alt="SACO BRIDGE" /><br />
+        <b>SACO BRIDGE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The safety of a bridge depends quite as much upon the design
+    and proportions of its details and connections as upon its
+    general shape. The strain which will compress or extend the
+    ties, chords and other parts can be calculated with
+    mathematical exactness. But the strains coming upon the
+    connections are very often indeterminate, and no mathematical
+    formula has yet been found for them. They are like the strains
+    which come upon the wheels, axles and moving parts of
+    carriages, cars and machinery. Yet experience and judgment have
+    led the best builders to a singular uniformity in their
+    treatment of these parts. Each bridge has been an experiment,
+    the lessons of which have been studied and turned to the best
+    effect.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_023"
+             id="IMAGE_023"></a><img src="images/023.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="331"
+             alt="PHOENIX WORKS." /><br />
+        <b>PHOENIX WORKS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>There is no doubt that iron bridges can be made perfectly
+    safe. Their margin is greater than that of the boiler, the
+    axles or the rail. To make them safe, European governments
+    depend upon rigid rules, and careful inspection to see that
+    they are carried out. In this country government inspection is
+    not relied on with such certainty, and the spirit of our
+    institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of
+    self-interest and the inherent trustworthiness of mankind when
+    indulged with freedom of action. Though at times this
+    confidence may seem vain, and "rings" in industrial pursuits,
+    as in politics, appear to corrupt the honesty which forms the
+    very foundation of freedom, yet their influence is but
+    temporary, and as soon as the best public sentiment becomes
+    convinced of the need for their removal their influence is
+    destroyed. Such evils are necessary incidents of our
+    transitional movement toward an industrial, social and
+    political organization in which the best intelligence and the
+    most trustworthy honesty shall control these interests for the
+    best advantage of society at large. In the mean time, the best
+    security for the safety of iron bridges is to be found in the
+    self-interest of the railway corporations, who certainly do not
+    desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to
+    damages from the breaking of their bridges, and who
+    consequently will employ for such constructions those whose
+    reputation has been fairly earned, and whose character is such
+    that reliance can be placed in the honesty of their work.
+    Experience has given the world the knowledge needed to build
+    bridges of iron which shall in all possible contingencies be
+    safe, and there is no excuse for a penny-wise and pound-foolish
+    policy when it leads to disaster.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">EDWARD ROWLAND.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU"
+       id="SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU"></a> SEARCHING
+       FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.</h2>
+
+    <h2>SECOND PAPER.</h2>
+
+    <p>The crystal peaks of the Andes were behind our explorers:
+    before, were their eastward-stretching spurs and their
+    eastward-falling rivers. On the mountain-flanks, as the last
+    landmark of Christian civilization, nestled the village of
+    Marcapata, whose square, thatched belfry faded gradually from
+    sight, reminding the travelers of the ghostly ministrations of
+    the padre and the secular protection of the gobernador. Neither
+    priest nor edile would they encounter until their return to the
+    same church-tower. Their patron, Don Juan Sanz de Santo
+    Domingo, was already picking his way along the snowy defiles of
+    the mountains to attain again his luxurious home in Cuzco.
+    Behind the adventurers lay companionship and
+    society&mdash;represented by the dubious orgies of the House of
+    Austria&mdash;and the security of civil
+    government&mdash;represented by the mortal ennui of a Peruvian
+    city. Before them lay difficulties and perhaps dangers, but
+    also at least variety, novelty and possible wealth.</p>
+
+    <p>Colonel Perez, Marcoy and the examinador retained their
+    horses, and a couple of the mozos their mules, the remainder of
+    the beasts being kept at livery in Marcapata, and the muleteers
+    volunteering to accompany the troupe as far as Chile-Chile: at
+    this point the bridle-path came to an end, and the gentlemen
+    would have to dismount, accompanying thenceforth their peons on
+    a literal "footing" of equality.</p>
+
+    <p>Two torrents which fall in perpendicular cataracts from the
+    mountains, the Kellunu ("yellow water") and the Cca-chi
+    ("salt"), run together at the distance of a league from their
+    place of precipitation. They enclose in their approach the hill
+    on which Marcapata is perched, and they form by their
+    confluence the considerable river which our travelers were
+    about to trace, and which is called by the Indians Cconi
+    ("warm"), but on the Spanish maps is termed the river of
+    Marcapata.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_024"
+             id="IMAGE_024"></a><img src="images/024.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="408"
+             alt="&quot;THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN&quot;&mdash;P. 27." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE
+        TOWN."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The first ford of the Cconi was passed just outside the
+    town, at a point where the right bank of the river, growing
+    steeper and steeper, became impracticable, and necessitated a
+    crossing to the left. The ford allowed the peons to stagger
+    through at mid-leg on the uneven pavement afforded by the large
+    pebbles of the bed. At this point the valley of the Cconi was
+    seen stretching indefinitely outward toward the east, enclosed
+    in two chains of conical peaks: their regular forms, running
+    into each other at the middle of their height, clothed with
+    interminable forests and bathed with light, melted regularly
+    away into the perspective. Indian huts buried in gardens of the
+    white lily which had seemed so beautiful in the chapel of
+    Lauramarca, hedges of aloe menacing the intruder with their
+    millions of steely-looking swords, slender bamboos daintily
+    rocking themselves over the water, and enormous curtains of
+    creepers hanging from the hillsides and waving to the wind in
+    vast breadths of green, were the decorations of this Peruvian
+    paradise.</p>
+
+    <p>The pretty lilies gradually disappeared, and the thatched
+    cabins became more and more sparse, when from one of the
+    latter, at a hundred paces from the caravan, issued a human
+    figure. The man struck an attitude in the pathway of the
+    travelers, his carbine on his shoulder, his fist on his hip and
+    his nose saucily turned up in the air. Neither his
+    Metamora-like posture nor his dress inspired confidence.</p>
+
+    <p>"He is evidently waiting for us," remarked Colonel Perez, an
+    heroic yet prudent personage: "fortunately, it is broad day. I
+    would not grant an interview to such a <i>salteador</i>
+    (brigand) alone at night and in a desert."</p>
+
+    <p>The salteador wore a low broad felt, on whose ample brim the
+    rain and sun had sketched a variety of vague designs. A gray
+    sack buttoned to the throat and confined by a leathern belt,
+    and trowsers of the same stuffed into his long coarse woolen
+    stockings, completed his costume. He was shod, like an Indian,
+    in <i>ojotas</i>, or sandals cut out of raw leather and laced
+    to his legs with thongs. Two ox-horns hanging at his side
+    contained his ammunition, and a light haversack was slung over
+    his back. This mozo, who at a distance would have passed for a
+    man of forty, appeared on examination to be under twenty-two
+    years of age. It was likewise observable on a nearer view that
+    his skin was brown and clear like a chestnut, and that his
+    lively eye, perfect teeth and air of decision were calculated
+    to please an Indian girl of his vicinity. To complete his
+    rehabilitation in the eyes of the party, his introductory
+    address was delivered with the grace of a Spanish cavalier.</p>
+
+    <p>"The gentlemen," said he, gracefully getting rid of his
+    superabundant hat, "will voluntarily excuse me for having
+    waited so long with my respects and offers of service. I should
+    have gone to meet them at Marcapata, but my uncle the
+    gobernador forbade me to do so for fear of displeasing the
+    priest. Gentlemen, I am Juan the nephew of Aragon. It is by the
+    advice of my uncle that I have come to place myself in your
+    way, and ask if you will admit me to your company as
+    mozo-assistant and interpreter."</p>
+
+    <p>The colonel, whose antipathy to the salteador did not yield
+    on a closer acquaintance, roughly asked the youth what he meant
+    by his assurance. Mr. Marcoy, however, was disposed to
+    temporize.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you are Juan the nephew of Aragon," said he, "you must
+    have already learned from your uncle that we have engaged an
+    interpreter, Pepe Garcia of Chile-Chile."</p>
+
+    <p>"Precisely what he told me, se&ntilde;or," replied the young
+    man; "but, for my part, I thought that if one interpreter would
+    be useful to these gentlemen on their journey, two interpreters
+    would be a good deal better, on account of the fact that we
+    walk better with two legs than with one: that is the reason I
+    have intercepted you, gentlemen."</p>
+
+    <p>This opinion made everybody laugh, and as Juan considered it
+    his privilege to laugh five times louder than any one, a quasi
+    engagement resulted from this sudden harmony of temper. Colonel
+    Perez shrugged his shoulders: Marcoy, as literary man, took
+    down the name of the new-comer. The nephew of Aragon was so
+    delighted that he gave vent to a little cry of pleasure, at the
+    same time cutting a pirouette. This harmless caper allowed the
+    party to detect; tied to his haversack, the local banjo, or
+    <i>charango</i>, an instrument which the Paganinis of the
+    country make for themselves out of half a calabash and the
+    unfeeling bowels of the cat.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_025"
+             id="IMAGE_025"></a><img src="images/025.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="951"
+             alt="&quot;GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON.&quot;&mdash;P. 28." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The priest, who had recommended Pepe Garcia, had made
+    mention of that person's fine voice, with which the church of
+    Marcapata was edified every Sunday. The gobernador, while
+    putting in a word for his nephew, and particularizing the
+    beauty of his execution on the guitar, had insinuated doubts of
+    the baritone favored by the padre. Happy land, whose disputes
+    are like the disputes of an opera company, and where people are
+    recommended for business on the strength of their musical
+    execution!</p>
+
+    <p>Aragon quickly understood that his friend in the expedition
+    was not Colonel Perez, who had insultingly dubbed him the
+    Second Fiddle (or Charango). He attached himself therefore with
+    the fidelity of a spaniel to Mr. Marcoy, walking alongside and
+    resting his arm on the pommel of his saddle. After an hour's
+    traverse of a comparatively desert plateau called the Pedregal,
+    covered with rocks and smelling of the patchouli-scented
+    flowers of the mimosa, Aragon pointed out the straw sheds and
+    grassy plaza of Chile-Chile. This rustic metropolis is not
+    indicated on many maps, but for the travelers it had a special
+    importance, bearing upon the inca history and etymological
+    roots of Peru, for it was the residence of their
+    interpreter-in-chief, Pepe Garcia.</p>
+
+    <p>Introduced by the latter, our explorers made a kind of
+    triumphal entry into the village. The old Indian women dropped
+    their spinning, the naked children ceased to play with the pigs
+    and began to play with the garments and equipage of the
+    visitors, and a couple of blind men, who were leading each
+    other, remarked that they were glad to see them.</p>
+
+    <p>Garcia the polyglot, radiant with importance, lost no time
+    in dragging his guests toward his own residence, a large straw
+    thatch surmounting walls of open-work, which took the fancy of
+    the travelers from the singular trophy attached above the door.
+    This trophy was composed of the heads of bucks and rams, with
+    those of the fox and the ounce, where the shrunken skin
+    displayed the pointed <i>sierra</i> of the teeth, while the
+    horns of oxen and goats, set end to end around the borders,
+    formed dark and rigid festoons: all vacancies were filled up
+    with the forms of bats, spread-eagled and nailed fast, from the
+    smallest variety to the large, man-attacking
+    <i>vespertilio</i>. As a contrast to this exterior decoration,
+    the inside was severely simple: it was even a little bare. A
+    partition of bamboo divided the hut into kitchen and bed-room,
+    and that was all. Into the latter of these apartments Pepe
+    Garcia dragged the saddles of his guests, and in the former his
+    two twin-daughters, melancholy little half-breeds in ragged
+    petticoats, assisted their father to prepare for the wanderers
+    a hunter's supper.</p>
+
+    <p>Every moment, in a dark corner or behind the backs of the
+    company, Garcia was observed caressing these little girls in
+    secret. Being rallied on his tenderness, he observed that the
+    twins were the double pledge of a union "longer happy than was
+    usual," and the only survivors of fifteen darlings whom he had
+    given to the world in the various countries whither his
+    wandering fortunes had led him. Still explaining and
+    multiplying his caresses, the man of family went on with his
+    exertions as cook, and in due time announced the meal.</p>
+
+    <p>This festival consisted of sweet potatoes baked in the
+    ashes, and steaks of bear broiled over the coals. The latter
+    viand was repulsed with horror by the colonel, who in the
+    effeminacy of a city life at Cuzeo had never tasted anything
+    more outlandish than monkey. Seeing his companions eating
+    without scruple, however, the valiant warrior extended his tin
+    plate with a silent gesture of application. The first mouthful
+    appeared hard to swallow, but at the second, looking round at
+    his fellow-travelers with surprise and joy, he gave up his
+    prejudices, and marked off the remainder of his steak with
+    wonderful swiftness. Standing behind his boarders, Pepe Garcia
+    had been watching the play of jaws and expressions of face with
+    some uneasiness, but when the colonel gave in his adhesion his
+    doubts were removed, and he smiled agreeably, flattered in his
+    double quality of hunter and cook.</p>
+
+    <p>The beds of the gentlemen-travelers were spread side by side
+    in the adjoining room, and Garcia gravely assured them that
+    they would sleep like the Three Wise Men of the East. Unable to
+    see any personal analogy between themselves and the ancient
+    Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar, the tired cavaliers turned in
+    without remarking on the subject. They paused a moment,
+    however, before taking up their candle, to set forth to Garcia
+    in full the circumstances and nature of Juan of Aragon's
+    engagement. This explanation, which the close quarters of the
+    troop had made impossible during the journey, was received in
+    excellent part by the interpreter-in-chief.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_026"
+             id="IMAGE_026"></a><img src="images/026.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="406"
+             alt="&quot;THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE&quot;&mdash;P. 30." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I am not at all jealous of Aragon," said he, "and the
+    gentlemen have done very well in taking him along. He will be
+    of great use. He is a bright, capable mozo, who would walk
+    twenty miles on his hands to gain a piastre. As an interpreter,
+    I think he is almost as good as I am."</p>
+
+    <p>Having thus smoothed away all grounds of rivalry, the
+    colonel, the examinador and Marcoy took possession of their
+    sleeping-room. Here, long after their light was put out, they
+    watched the scene going on in the apartment they had just left,
+    whose interior, illuminated by a candle and a lingering fire,
+    was perfectly visible through the partition of bamboo. The
+    dark-skinned girls, on their knees in a corner, were gathering
+    together the shirts and stockings destined for the parental
+    traveling-bag. Garcia, for his part, was occupied in cleaning
+    with a bit of rag a portentous, long-barreled carbine,
+    apparently dating back to the time of Pizarro, which he had
+    been exhibiting during the day as his hunting rifle, and which
+    he intended to carry along with him.</p>
+
+    <p>The sleep under the thatched roof of Pepe Garcia, though
+    somewhat less sound than that of the Three Magi in their tomb
+    at Cologne, lasted until a ray of the morning sun had
+    penetrated the open-work walls of the hut. The colonel rapidly
+    dressed himself, and aroused the others. A disquieting silence
+    reigned around the modest mansions of Chile-Chile. The
+    interpreter was away, Juan of Aragon was away, the muleteers
+    had returned, according to instructions received over-night, to
+    Marcapata with the animals, and the peons were found dead-drunk
+    behind the mud wall of the last house in the village.</p>
+
+    <p>After three hours of impatient waiting there
+    appeared&mdash;not Garcia and Aragon, whose absence was
+    inexplicable, but&mdash;the faithful Bolivian bark-hunters in a
+    body. Not caring to stupefy themselves with the peons, they had
+    gone out for a reconnoissance in the environs. Contemplating
+    the nodding forms of their comrades, they now let out the
+    discouraging fact that these tame Indians, madly afraid of
+    their wild brothers the Chunchos, had been fortifying
+    themselves steadily with brandy and chicha all the way from
+    Marcapata. Disgusted and helpless, Perez and the examinador
+    betook themselves to reading tattered newspapers issued at Lima
+    a month before, and Marcoy to his note-book. Suddenly a
+    ferocious wild-beast cry was heard coming from the woods, and
+    while the Indian porters tried to run away, and the white men
+    looked at each other with apprehension, Pepe Garcia and Aragon
+    appeared in the distance. Their arms were interlaced in a
+    brother-like manner, they were poising themselves with much
+    care on their legs, and they were drunk. Well had the elder
+    interpreter said that he was not jealous of Aragon. They rolled
+    forward toward the party, repeating their outrageous duet,
+    whose reception by the staring peons appeared to gratify them
+    immensely.</p>
+
+    <p>The mozo, feeling his secondary position, had enervated
+    himself slightly&mdash;the superior was magisterially tipsy. He
+    wore a remarkable hat entirely without a brim, and patched all
+    over the top with a lid of leather. His face, marked up to the
+    eyes with the blue stubble of that beard which filled him with
+    pride as a sign of European extraction, was swollen and hideous
+    with drunkenness. He carried, besides the fearful blunder-buss
+    of the night before, a belt full of pistols and hatchets. A
+    short infantry-sword was banging away at his calves, and two
+    long ox-horns rattled at his waist. The interpreters had been
+    partaking of a little complimentary breakfast with the
+    muleteers in whose care the animals had gone off to
+    Marcapata.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_027"
+             id="IMAGE_027"></a><img src="images/027.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="402"
+             alt="&quot;CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR.&quot;&mdash;P. 35." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL
+        PILLAR."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>A concentration of energy on the part of the chiefs of the
+    expedition was required to set in movement this unpromising
+    assemblage. The examinador undertook the peons: he rapped them
+    smartly and repeatedly about the head and shoulders, until they
+    staggered to their feet and declared that they were a match for
+    whole hordes of Indians: this courage, borrowed from the flask,
+    gave strong assurance that at the first alarm from genuine
+    Chunchos they would take to their heels. Mr. Marcoy, feeling
+    unable to do justice to the case of the nephew, turned him over
+    to Perez, whose undisguised dislike made the work of correction
+    at once grateful and thorough. Marcoy himself confronted the
+    stolid and sullen Pepe Garcia, insisting upon the example he
+    owed to the Indian porters and the responsibility of his
+    Caucasian blood. The half-breed listened for a minute, his eyes
+    fixed upon the ground: he then shook himself, looked an instant
+    at his employer, and planted himself firmly on his legs. Then,
+    determined to prove by a supreme effort that he was
+    clear-headed and master of his motions, he suddenly drew his
+    sword, hustled the Indians in a line by two and two, pointed
+    out to Aragon his position as rear-guard, and cried with a
+    voice of thunder, "<i>Adelante</i>!" The porters and peons
+    staggered forward, knocking against each other's elbows and
+    tottering on their stout legs. The three white men, burdenless,
+    but regretting their horses, walked as they pleased, keeping
+    the train in sight. And John the nephew of Aragon's guitar,
+    dangling at his back, brought up the rear, with its suggestions
+    of harmony and the amenities of life.</p>
+
+    <p>The first trait of aboriginal character (after this
+    parenthetical alacrity at drunkenness) was shown after some
+    hours of marching and the passage of a dozen streams. The
+    porters, weakened by their drink and the extreme heat, squatted
+    down on the side of a hill by their own consent and with a
+    single impulse. With that lamb-like placidity and that
+    mule-like obstinacy which characterize the antique race of
+    Quechuas, they observed to the chief interpreter that they were
+    weary of falling on their backs or their stomachs at every
+    other step, and that they were resolved to go no farther. Pepe
+    Garcia caused the remark to be repeated once more, as if he had
+    not understood it: then, convinced that an incipient rebellion
+    was brewing, he sprang upon the fellow who happened to be
+    nearest, haled him up from the ground by the ears, and, shaking
+    him vigorously, proceeded to do as much for the rest of the
+    band. In the flash of an eye, much to their astonishment, they
+    found themselves on their feet.</p>
+
+    <p>A judicious if not very discriminating award of blows from
+    the sabre then followed, causing the Indians to change their
+    resolve of remaining in that particular spot, and to show a
+    lively determination to get away from it as quickly as
+    possible. Each porter, forgetting his fatigue, and seeming
+    never to have felt any, began to trot along, no longer
+    languidly as before, but with a precision of step and a
+    firmness in his round calves which surprised and charmed the
+    travelers. Pepe Garcia, much refreshed by this exercise of
+    discipline, and perspiring away his intoxication as he marched,
+    began to give grounds for confidence from his steady and
+    authoritative manner. By nightfall the whole troop was in
+    harmony, and the strangers retired with hopeful hearts to the
+    privacy of the hammocks which Juan of Aragon slung amongst the
+    trees on the side of Mount Morayaca.</p>
+
+    <p>No effect could seem finer, to wanderers from another
+    latitude, than this first night-bivouac in the absolute
+    wilderness. The moon, seeming to race through the clouds, and
+    the camp-fire flashing in the wind, appeared to give movement
+    and animation to the landscape. The Indians, grouped around the
+    flame, seemed like swarthy imps tending the furnace of some
+    fantastic pandemonium. Meanwhile, amidst the constant murmurs
+    of the trees, the nephew of Aragon was heard drawing the notes
+    of some kind of amorous despair from the hollow of his
+    melodious calabash. The examinador and Colonel Perez lulled
+    themselves to sleep with a conversation about the beauties and
+    beatitudes of their wives, now playing the part of Penelopes in
+    their absence. To hear the eulogies of the examinador, an angel
+    fallen perpendicularly from heaven could hardly have realized
+    the physical and moral qualities of the spouse he had left in
+    Sorata. The Castilian tongue lent wonderful pomp and
+    magnificence to this portrait, and as the metaphors thickened
+    and the superb phrases lost themselves in hyperbole, one would
+    have thought the lady in question was about to fly back to her
+    native stars on a pair of resplendent wings. Colonel Perez
+    furnished an equally elaborate delineation of his own fair
+    helpmate. As for the wife of Lorenzo, nobody knew what she was
+    like, and the panegyric from the lips of her faithful lord
+    rolled on in safety and success. But the personage called by
+    Perez "his Theresa" was a female whom anybody who had passed
+    through the small shopkeeping quarters of Cuzco might have seen
+    every day, as well as heard designated by her common nickname
+    (given no one knows why) of Malignant Quinsy; and, arguing in
+    algebraic fashion from the known to the unknown, it was not
+    difficult to be convinced that the poetic flights of the
+    examinador were equally the work of fond flattery.</p>
+
+    <p>Surprised by a midnight storm, the camp was broken up before
+    the early daylight, and our explorers' caravan moved on without
+    breakfast. This necessary stop-gap was arranged for at the
+    first pleasant spot on the route. An old clearing soon
+    appeared, provided with the welcome accommodation of an
+    <i>ajoupa</i>, or shed built upon four posts. At the command of
+    <i>Alto alli!</i>&mdash;"Halt there!"&mdash;uttered by Perez in
+    the tone he had formerly used in governing his troops, the
+    whole band stopped as one person; the porters dumped their
+    bales with a significant <i>ugh!</i> the Bolivian bark-hunters
+    laid down their axes; and the gentlemen arranged themselves
+    around the parallelogram of the hut, attending the commissariat
+    developments of Colonel Perez. The site which hazard had so
+    conveniently offered was named Chaupichaca. It was the scene of
+    an ancient wood-cutting, around which the trunks of the antique
+    forests showed themselves in a warm soft light, like the
+    columns of a temple or the shafts of a mosque.</p>
+
+    <p>A detail which struck the travelers in arriving was very
+    characteristic of these lands, filled so full of old traditions
+    and inca customs. Chaupichaca was marked with a square terminal
+    pillar, one of those boundaries of mud and stones, called
+    <i>apachectas</i>, which Peruvian masonry lavishes over the
+    country of Manco Capac. A rude cross of sticks surmounted this
+    stone altar, on which some pious hand had laid a nosegay, now
+    dried&mdash;signifying, in the language of flowers proper to
+    masons and stone-cutters, that the work was finished and left.
+    A little water and spirits spared from the travelers' meal gave
+    a slight air of restoration to these mysterious offerings, and
+    a couple of splendid butterflies, whether attracted by the
+    flowers or the alcoholic perfume, commenced to waltz around the
+    bouquet; but the corollas contained no honey for their
+    diminutive trunks, and after a slight examination they danced
+    contemptuously away.</p>
+
+    <p>At seven or eight miles' distance another streamlet was
+    reached, named the Mamabamba. It is a slender affluent of the
+    Cconi, to be called a rivulet in any country but South America,
+    but here named a river with the same proud effrontery which
+    designates as a <i>city</i> any collection of a dozen huts
+    thrown into the ravine of a mountain. The Mamabamba was crossed
+    by an extemporized bridge, constructed on the spot by the
+    ingenuity of Garcia and his men. Strange and incalculable was
+    the engineering of Pepe Garcia. Sometimes, across one of these
+    continually-occurring streams, he would throw a hastily-felled
+    tree, over which, glazed as it was by a night's rain or by the
+    humidity of the forest, he would invite the travelers to pass.
+    Sometimes, to a couple of logs rotting on the banks he would
+    nail cross-strips like the rungs of a ladder, and, while the
+    torrent boiled at a distance below, pass jauntily with his
+    Indians, more sure-footed than goats. The wider the abyss the
+    more insecure the causeway; and the terrible rope-bridges of
+    South America, or the still more conjectural throw of a line of
+    woven roots, would meet the travelers wherever the cleft was so
+    wide as to render timbering an inconvenient trouble.
+    Occasionally, on one of these damp and moss-grown ladders, a
+    peon's foot would slip, and down he would go, the load strapped
+    on his back catching him as he was passing through the
+    aperture: then, using his hands to hold on by, he would
+    compose, on the spur of the moment, a new and original language
+    or telegraphy of the legs, <i>kicking</i> for assistance with
+    all his might. Juan of Aragon was usually the hero to extricate
+    these poor estrays from the false step they had taken, the
+    other peons regarding the scene with their tranquil stolidity.
+    A glass of brandy to the unfortunate would always compose his
+    nerves again, and make him hope for a few more accidents of a
+    like nature and bringing a like consolation.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_028"
+             id="IMAGE_028"></a><img src="images/028.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="861"
+             alt="&quot;THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE.&quot;&mdash;P. 35." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED
+        BRIDGE."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The bridge of the Mamabamba conducted the party to a site of
+    the same name, through an interval of forest where might be
+    counted most of the varieties of tree proper to the equatorial
+    highlands. Up to this point the vegetation everywhere abounding
+    had not indicated the presence, or even the vicinage, of the
+    cinchona. The only circumstance which brought it to the notice
+    of the inexperienced leaders of the expedition would be a halt
+    made from time to time by the Bolivian bark-hunters. The
+    examinador and his cascarilleros, touching one tree or another
+    with their hatchets, would exchange remarks full of meaning and
+    mysteriousness; but when the colonel or Mr. Marcoy came to ask
+    the significance of so many hints and signals, they got the
+    invariable answer of Sister Anna to the wife of Bluebeard: "I
+    see nothing but the forest turning green and the sun turning
+    red." The most practical reminder of the quest of cinchona
+    which the travelers found was an occasional <i>ajoupa</i> alone
+    in the wilderness, with a broken pot and a rusted knife or axe
+    beneath it&mdash;witness that some eager searcher had traveled
+    the road before themselves. The cascarilleros are very
+    avaricious and very brave, going out alone, setting up a hut in
+    a probable-looking spot, and diverging from their head-quarters
+    in every direction. If by any accident they get lost or their
+    provisions are destroyed, they die of hunger. Doctor Weddell,
+    on one occasion in Bolivia, landed on the beach of a river well
+    shaded with trees. Here he found the cabin of a cascarillero,
+    and near it a man stretched out upon the ground in the agonies
+    of death. He was nearly naked, and covered with myriads of
+    insects, whose stings had hastened his end. On the leaves which
+    formed the roof of the hut were the remains of the unfortunate
+    man's clothes, a straw hat and some rags, with a knife, an
+    earthen pot containing the remains of his last meal, a little
+    maize and two or three <i>chu&ntilde;us</i>. Such is the end to
+    which their hazardous occupation exposes the
+    bark-collectors&mdash;death in the midst of the forests, far
+    from home; a death without help and without consolation.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not until after passing the elevated site of San
+    Pedro, and clambering up the slippery shoulders of the hill
+    called Huaynapata&mdash;the crossing of half a dozen
+    intervening streamlets going for nothing&mdash;that the
+    explorers were rewarded with a sight of their Canaan, the
+    bark-producing region. To attain this summit of Huaynapata,
+    however, the little tributary of Mendoza had to be first got
+    over. This affluent of the Cconi, flowing in from the
+    south-south-west, was very sluggish as far as it could be seen.
+    Its banks, interrupted by large rocks clothed with moss,
+    offered now and then promontories surrounded at the base with a
+    bluish shade. At the end of the vista, a not very extensive
+    one, a quantity of blocks of sandstone piled together resembled
+    a crumbling wall. Other blocks were sprinkled over the bed of
+    the stream; and by their aid the examinador and the colonel
+    hopped valiantly over the Mendoza, leaving the peons, who were
+    less afraid of rheumatism and more in danger of slipping, to
+    ford the current at the depth of their suspender-buttons.</p>
+
+    <p>It was on the top of Huaynapata, while the interpreters
+    built a fire and prepared for supper a peccary killed upon the
+    road, that Marcoy observed the examinador holding with his
+    Bolivians a conversation in the Aymara dialect, in which could
+    be detected such words as <i>anaranjada</i> and <i>morada</i>.
+    These were the well-known commercial names of two species of
+    cinchona. The historiographer interrupted their conversation to
+    ask if anything had yet been discovered.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nothing yet," replied the examinador; "and this valley of
+    the Cconi must be bewitched, for with the course that we have
+    taken we should long ago have discovered what we are after. But
+    this place looks more favorable than any we have met. I shall
+    beat up the woods to-morrow with my men, and may my patron,
+    Saint Lorenzo, return again to his gridiron if we do not date
+    our first success in quinine-hunting from this very hillock of
+    Huaynapata!"</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_029"
+             id="IMAGE_029"></a><img src="images/029.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="398"
+             alt="&quot;THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA.&quot;&mdash;P. 37." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER
+        THE MENDOZA."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The above style of threatening the saints is thought very
+    efficacious in all Spanish countries. Whether or not Saint
+    Lawrence really dreaded another experience of broiling, at the
+    end of certain hours the Bolivians reappeared, and their chief
+    deposited in the hands of the colonel a few green and tender
+    branches. At the joyful shout of Perez, the man of letters, who
+    had been occupied in making a sketch, came running up. Two
+    different species of cinchona were the trophy brought back by
+    Lorenzo, like the olive-leaves in the beak of Noah's dove. One
+    of these specimens was a variety of the <i>Carua-carua,</i>
+    with large leaves heavily veined: the other was an individual
+    resembling those quinquinas which the botanists Ruiz and Pavon
+    have discriminated from the cinchonas, to make a separate
+    family called the <i>Quinquina cosmibuena.</i> After all, the
+    discovery was rather an indication than a conquest of value.
+    The examinador admitted as much, but observed that the presence
+    of these baser species always argued the neighborhood of
+    genuine quinine-yielding plants near by.</p>
+
+    <p>In the presence of this first success on the part of the
+    exploration set on foot by Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, we
+    may insert a few words on the nature of the wonderful plant
+    toward which its researches were directed.</p>
+
+    <p>It is doubtful whether the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru,
+    Bolivia and Ecuador were acquainted with the virtues of the
+    cinchona plant as a febrifuge. It seems probable, nevertheless,
+    that the Indians of Loxa, two hundred and thirty miles south of
+    Peru, were aware of the qualities of the bark, for there its
+    use was first made known to Europeans. It was forty years after
+    the pacification of Peru however, before any communication of
+    the remedial secret was made to the Spaniards. Joseph de
+    Jussieu reports that in 1600 a Jesuit, who had a fever at
+    Malacotas, was cured by Peruvian bark. In 1638 the countess Ana
+    of Chinchon was suffering from tertian fever and ague at Lima,
+    whither she had accompanied the viceroy, her husband. The
+    corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez de Canizares, sent a parcel
+    of powdered quinquina bark to her physician, Juan de Vega,
+    assuring him that it was a sovereign and infallible remedy for
+    "tertiana." It was administered to the countess, who was
+    sixty-two years of age, and effected a complete cure. This
+    countess, returning with her husband to Spain in 1640, brought
+    with her a quantity of the healing bark. Hence it was sometimes
+    called "countess's bark" and "countess's powder." Her famous
+    cure induced Linnaeus, long after, to name the whole genus of
+    quinine-bearing trees, in her honor, <i>Cinchona</i>. By modern
+    writers the first <i>h</i> has usually been dropped, and the
+    word is now almost invariably spelled in that way, instead of
+    the more etymological <i>Chinchona</i>. The Jesuits afterward
+    made great and effective use of it in their missionary
+    expeditions, and it was a ludicrous result of their patronage
+    that its use should have been for a long time opposed by
+    Protestants and favored by Catholics. In 1679, Louis XIV.
+    bought the secret of preparing quinquina from Sir Robert
+    Talbor, an English doctor, for two thousand louis-d'or, a large
+    pension and a title. Under the Grand Monarch it was used at
+    dessert, mingled with Spanish wine. The delay of its discovery
+    until the seventeenth century has probably lost to the world
+    numbers of valuable lives. Had Alexander the Great, who died of
+    the common remittent fever of Babylon, been acquainted with
+    cinchona bark, his death would have been averted and the
+    partition of the Macedonian empire indefinitely postponed.
+    Oliver Cromwell was carried off by an ague, which the
+    administration of quinine would easily have cured. The bigotry
+    of medical science, even after its efficacy was known and
+    proved, for a long time retarded its dissemination. In 1726, La
+    Fontaine, at the instance of a lady who owed her life to it,
+    the countess of Bouillon, composed a poem in two cantos to
+    celebrate its virtues; but the remarkable beauty of the leaves
+    of the cinchona and the delicious fragrance of its flowers,
+    with allusions to which he might have adorned his verses, were
+    still unknown in Europe.</p>
+
+    <p>The cinchonas under favorable circumstances become large
+    trees: at present, however, in any of the explored and
+    exploited regions of their growth, the shoots or suckers of the
+    plants are all that remain. Wherever they abound they form the
+    handsomest foliage of the forest. The leaves are lanceolate,
+    glossy and vividly green, traversed by rich crimson veins: the
+    flowers hang in clustering pellicles, like lilacs, of deep
+    rose-color, and fill the vicinity with rich perfume. Nineteen
+    varieties of cinchonae have been established by Doctor Weddell.
+    The cascarilleros of South America divide the species into a
+    category of colors, according to the tinge of the bark: there
+    are yellow, red, orange, violet, gray and white cinchonas. The
+    yellow, among which figure the <i>Cinchona calisaya,
+    lancifolia, condaminea, micrantha, pubescens,</i> etc., are
+    placed in the first rank: the red, orange and gray are less
+    esteemed. This arrangement is in proportion to the abundance of
+    the alkaloid <i>quinine,</i> now used in medicine instead of
+    the bark itself.</p>
+
+    <p>The specimens found by the examinador were carefully wrapped
+    in blankets, and the march was resumed. After a slippery
+    descent of the side of Huaynapata and the passage of a
+    considerable number of babbling streams&mdash;each of which
+    gave new occasion for the colonel to show his ingenuity in
+    getting over dry shod, and so sparing his threatening
+    rheumatism&mdash;the cry of "Sausipata!" was uttered by Pepe
+    Garcia. Two neat mud cabins, each provided with a door
+    furnished with the unusual luxury of a wooden latch, marked the
+    plantation of Sausipata. The situation was level, and within
+    the enclosing walls of the forest could be seen a plantation of
+    bananas, a field of sugar-cane, with groves of coffee,
+    orange-orchards and gardens of sweet potato and pineapple. The
+    white visitors could not refrain from an exclamation of
+    surprise at the neatness and civilization of such an Eden in
+    the desert. At this point, Juan of Aragon, who had been going
+    on ahead, turned around with an air of splendid welcome, and
+    explained that the farm belonged to his uncle, the gobernador
+    of Marcapata, who prayed them to make themselves at home.
+    Introducing his guests into the largest of the houses, Juan
+    presented them with some fine ripe fruit which he culled from
+    the garden. Colonel Perez, who never lost occasion to give a
+    sly stab to the mozo, asked, as he peeled a banana, if he was
+    duly authorized to dispose so readily of the property of his
+    uncle: the youth, without losing a particle of his magnificent
+    adolescent courtesy, replied that as nephew and direct heir of
+    the governor of Marcapata it was a right which he exercised in
+    anticipation of inheritance; and that just as Pepe Garcia, the
+    interpreter-in-chief, had regaled the party in his residence,
+    he, Juan of Aragon, proposed to do in the family grange of
+    Sausipata.</p>
+
+    <p>Meantime, the examinador, who had pushed forward with his
+    men, returned with a couple more specimens of quinquina, which
+    they had discovered close by in clambering amongst the forest.
+    Neither had flowers, but the one was recognizable by its flat
+    leaf as the species called by the Indians
+    <i>ichu-cascarilla,</i> from the grain <i>ichu</i> amongst
+    which it is usually found at the base of the Cordilleras; and
+    the other, from its fruit-capsules two inches in length, as the
+    <i>Cinchona acutifolia</i> of Ruiz and Pavon. To moderate the
+    pleasures of this discovery, the examinador came up leaning
+    upon the shoulder of his principal assistant, Eusebio,
+    complaining of a frightful headache, and a weakness so extreme
+    that he could not put one foot before the other.</p>
+
+    <p>The sudden illness of their botanist-in-chief cast a gloom
+    upon the party, and utterly spoiled the festive intentions of
+    young Aragon. Lorenzo was put to bed, from which retreat, at
+    midnight, his fearful groans summoned the colonel to his side.
+    The latter found him tossing and murmuring, but incapable of
+    uttering a word. His faithful Eusebio, at the head of the bed,
+    answered for him. The honest fellow feared lest his master
+    might have caught again a touch of the old fever which had
+    formerly attacked him in searching for cascarillas in the
+    environs of Tipoani in Bolivia. These symptoms, recurring in
+    the lower valleys of the Cconi, would make it impossible for
+    the brave explorer safely to continue with the party. As the
+    mestizo propounded this inconvenient theory, a new burst of
+    groans from the examinador seemed to confirm it. The grave news
+    brought all the party to the sick bed. Colonel Perez, whom the
+    touching comparison of wives made in the hammocks of Morayaca
+    had sensibly attached to Lorenzo, endeavored to feel his pulse;
+    but the patient, drawing in his hand by a peevish movement,
+    only rolled himself more tightly in his blanket, and increased
+    his groans to roars. Presently, exhausted by so much agony, he
+    fell into a slumber.</p>
+
+    <p>In the morning the examinador, in a dolorous voice,
+    announced that he should be obliged to return to Cuzco. This
+    resolution might have seemed the obstinate delirium of the
+    fever but for the mournful and pathetic calmness of the victim.
+    Eusebio, he said, should return with him as far as Chile-Chile,
+    where a conveyance could be had; and he himself would give such
+    explicit instructions to the cascarilleros that nothing would
+    be lost by his absence to the purposes of the expedition.
+    Yielding to pity and friendship, the colonel gave in his
+    adhesion to the plan, and even proposed his own hammock as a
+    sort of palanquin, and the loan of a pair of the peons for
+    bearers. They could return with Eusebio to Sausipata, where the
+    party would be obliged to wait for the three. After sketching
+    out his plan, Colonel Perez looked for approval to Mr. Marcoy,
+    and received an affirmative nod. The proposition seemed so
+    agreeable to the sick man that already an alleviation of his
+    misery appeared to be superinduced. He even smiled
+    intelligently as he rolled into the hammock. In a very short
+    time he made a sort of theatrical exit, borne in the hammock
+    like an invalid princess, and fanned with a palm branch out of
+    the garden by the faithful Eusebio.</p>
+
+    <p>"Poor devil!" said Perez as the mournful procession
+    departed: "who knows if he will ever see his dear wife at
+    Sorata, or if he will even live to reach Chile-Chile?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you really think him in any such danger?" asked the more
+    suspicious Marcoy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Danger! Did you not see his miserable appearance as he left
+    us?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I saw an appearance far from miserable, and therefore I am
+    convinced that the man is no more sick than you or I."</p>
+
+    <p>On hearing such a heartless heresy the colonel stepped back
+    from his comrade with a shocked expression, and asked what had
+    given him such an idea.</p>
+
+    <p>"A number of things, of which I need only mention the
+    principal. In the first place, the man's sickness falling on
+    him like a thunder-clap; next, his haste in catching back his
+    hand when you tried to feel his pulse; and then his smile, at
+    once happy and mischievous, when you offered him the peons and
+    he found his stratagem succeeding beyond his hopes."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, now, to think of it!" said the colonel sadly; "but
+    what could have been his motive?"</p>
+
+    <p>"This gentleman is too delicate to sustain our kind of
+    life," suggested Marcoy. "He is tired of skinning his hands and
+    legs in our service, and eating peccary, monkey and snails as
+    we do. His Bolivians are perhaps quite as useful for our
+    service, and while he is rioting at Cuzco we may be enriching
+    ourselves with cinchonas."</p>
+
+    <p>In effect, on the return of the peons ten days after, the
+    examinador was reported to have got quit of his fever shortly
+    after leaving Sausipata, and to have borne the journey to
+    Chile-Chile remarkably well. He charged his men to take back
+    his compliments and the regrets he felt, at not being able to
+    keep with the company.</p>
+
+    <p>Nothing detained the band longer at Sausipata. The ten days
+    of hunting, botanizing, butterfly-catching and sketching had
+    been an agreeable relief, and young Aragon had assumed, with
+    sufficient grace, the task of attentive host and first player
+    on the charango. The returning porters had scarcely enjoyed two
+    hours of repose when the caravan took up its march once
+    more.</p>
+
+    <p>As usual, the interpreters assumed the head of the command:
+    the Indians followed pellmell. Observing that some of them
+    lingered behind, Mr. Marcoy had the curiosity to return on his
+    steps. What was his surprise to find these honest fellows
+    running furiously through the farm, and devastating with all
+    their might those plantations which were the pride and the hope
+    of the nephew of Aragon! They had already laid low several
+    cocoa groves, torn up the sugar-canes, broken down the bananas,
+    and sliced off the green pineapples.</p>
+
+    <p>Indignant at such vandalism, Marcoy caught the first
+    offender by the plaited tails at the back of the neck. "What
+    are you doing?" he cried.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am neither crazy nor drunk, Taytachay" (dear little
+    father), calmly explained the peon with his placid smile. "But
+    my fellows and I don't want to be sent any more to work at
+    Sausipata." As the white man regarded him with stupefaction,
+    "Thou art strange here," pursued the Indian, "and canst know
+    nothing about us. Promise not to tell Aragon, and I will make
+    thee wise."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why Aragon more than anybody else?" asked Marcoy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Because Senor Aragon is nephew to Don Rebollido, the
+    governor, and Sausipata belongs to Rebollido; and if he were to
+    learn what we have done, we should be flogged and sent to
+    prison to rot."</p>
+
+    <p>The explanation, drawn out with many threats when the
+    Indians had been driven from their work of ruin and placed once
+    more in line of march, was curious.</p>
+
+    <p>The able gobernador of Marcapata had had the sagacious idea
+    of making the local penitentiary out of his farm of Sausipata!
+    It was cultivated entirely by the labor of his culprits. When
+    culprits were scarce, the chicha-drinkers, the corner-loungers,
+    became criminals and disturbers of the peace, for whom a
+    sojourn at Sausipata was the obvious cure. Aragon, the nephew,
+    shared his uncle's ability, and visited the plantation month by
+    month. But the life in this paradise was not relished by the
+    convicts. The regimen was strict, the food everywhere
+    abounding, was not for them, and the vicinity of the wild
+    Chunchos was not reassuring. Often a peon would appear in the
+    market-place of Marcapata wrapped merely in a banana leaf,
+    which, cracking in the sun, reduced all pretence of decent
+    covering to an irony. This evidence of the spoliation of a
+    Chuncho would be received in the worst possible part by the
+    gobernador, who would beat the complainant back to his
+    servitude, remarking with ingenuity that Providence was more
+    responsible for the acts of the savages than he was.</p>
+
+    <p>This strange history, told with profound earnestness, was
+    enough to make any one laugh, but Marcoy could not be blind to
+    its side of oppression and tyranny. This was the way, then,
+    that the humble and primitive gobernador, who had presented
+    himself to the travelers barefoot, was enriching himself by the
+    knaveries of office! Marcoy could not take heart to inform Juan
+    of Aragon of the devastation behind him, but on the other hand
+    he resolved to correct the abuse on his return by appeal, if
+    necessary, to the prefect of Cuzco.</p>
+
+    <p>A frightful night in a deserted hut on a site called
+    Jimiro&mdash;where Marcoy had for mattress the legs of one of
+    the porters, and for pillow the back of a
+    bark-hunter&mdash;followed the exodus from Sausipata. The
+    Guarapascana, the Saniaca, the Chuntapunco, flowing into the
+    Cconi on opposite sides, were successively left behind our
+    adventurers, and they bowed for an instant before the tomb of a
+    stranger, "a German from Germany," as Pepe Garcia said, "who
+    pretended to know the language of the Chunchos, and who
+    interpreted for himself, but who starved in the wilderness near
+    the heap of stones you see." Leaving this resting-place of an
+    interpreter who had interpreted so little, the party attained a
+    stream of rather unusual importance. The reputed gold-bearing
+    river of Ouitubamba rolled from its tunnel before them,
+    exciting the most visionary schemes in the mind of Colonel
+    Perez, to whom its auriferous reputation was familiar. Nothing
+    would do but that the California process of "panning" must be
+    carried out in these Peruvian waters, and the peons, <i>multum
+    reluctantes,</i> were summoned to the task, with all the
+    crow-bars and shovels possessed by the expedition, supplemented
+    by certain sauce-pans and dishes hypothecated from the culinary
+    department. The issue of the stream from under a crown of
+    indigenous growths was the site of this financial speculation.
+    Pepe Garcia was placed at the head of the enterprise. A long
+    ditch was dug, revealing milky quartz, ochres and clay. The
+    deceptive hue of the yellow earth made the search a long and
+    tantalizing one. At the moment when the colonel, attracted by
+    something glistening in the large frying-pan which he was
+    agitating at the edge of the stream, uttered an exclamation
+    which drew all heads into the cavity of his receptacle, an
+    answering sound from the heavens caused everybody suddenly to
+    look up. An equatorial storm had gathered unnoticed over their
+    heads. In a few minutes a solid sheet of warm rain, accompanied
+    by a furious tornado sweeping through the valley, caused whites
+    and Indians to scatter as if for their lives. The golden dream
+    of Colonel Perez and the similar vision entertained by Pepe
+    Garcia were dissipated promptly by this answer of the elements.
+    On attaining the neighboring sheds of Maniri the
+    gold&mdash;seekers abandoned their implements without remark to
+    the services of the cooks, and betook themselves to wringing
+    out their stockings as if they had never dreamed of walking in
+    silver slippers through the streets of Cuzco. They made no
+    further attempt to wring gold from the mouth of the Ouitubamba.
+    As for Maniri, it was the last site or human resting-place of
+    any, the very most trivial, kind before the opening of the
+    utter wilderness which proceeded to accompany the course of the
+    Cconi River.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_030"
+             id="IMAGE_030"></a><img src="images/030.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="396"
+             alt="&quot;THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL.&quot;&mdash;P. 42." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED
+        FROM ITS TUNNEL."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The Bolivians imagined an exploration of a little stream on
+    the left bank, the Chuntapunco, which they thought might issue
+    from a quinine-bearing region. They built a little raft, and
+    departed with provisions for three or four days. They returned,
+    in fact, after a week's absence, with seven varieties of
+    cinchona&mdash;the <i>hirsuta, lanceolata, purpurea</i> and
+    <i>ovata</i> of Ruiz and Pavon, and three more of little value
+    and unknown names.</p>
+
+    <p>During the absence of the cascarilleros a flat calm reigned
+    in the ajoupa of Maniri. Garcia and the colonel, the day after
+    their unproductive gold-hunt, betook themselves into the
+    forest, ostensibly for game, but in reality to review their
+    hopeful labors by the banks of the Ouitubamba. Aragon was
+    detailed by Mr. Marcoy to accompany him in his botanical and
+    entomological tours. On these excursions the acquaintance
+    between the mozo and the se&ntilde;or was considerably
+    developed. The youth had naturally a gay and confident
+    disposition, and added not a little to the liveliness of the
+    trips. Marcoy profited by their stricter connection to converse
+    with him about the cultivation of the farm at Sausipata, making
+    use of a venial deception to let him think that the plan of
+    operations had been communicated by the governor himself.
+    Aragon modestly replied that the plantation in question was
+    only the first of a series of similar clearings contemplated by
+    his uncle at various points in the valley. Arrangements made
+    for this purpose with the governors of Ocongata and Asaroma,
+    who were pledged with their support in return for heavy
+    presents, would enable him soon to cultivate coffee and sugar
+    and cocoa at once in a number of haciendas. The enterprise was
+    a splendid one; and if God&mdash;Aragon pronounced the name
+    without a particle of diffidence&mdash;deigned to bless it, the
+    day was coming when the fortune of his uncle, solidly
+    established, would make him the pride and the joy of the
+    region.</p>
+
+    <p>It may as well be mentioned here that the subsequent career
+    of the chest-nut-colored interpreter is not entirely unknown.
+    In 1860, Mr. Clement Markham, collecting quinine-plants for the
+    British government, came upon a splendid hacienda thirty miles
+    from the village of Ayapata, in a valley of the Andes near the
+    scene of this exploration. Here, on the sugar-cane estate named
+    San Jos&eacute; de Bellavista, he discovered "an intelligent
+    and enterprising Peruvian" named Aragon, who appears to have
+    been none other than our interpreter escaped from the
+    chrysalis. His establishment was very large, and protected from
+    the savages by two rivers, Aragon had made a mule-road of
+    thirty miles to the village. He found the manufacture of
+    spirits for the sugar-cane more profitable than digging for
+    gold in the Ouitubamba or hunting for cascarillas along the
+    Cconi. In 1860 he sent an expedition into the forest after wild
+    cocoa-plants. An india-rubber manufactory had only failed for
+    want of government assistance. He contemplated the
+    establishment of a line of steamers on the neighboring rivers
+    to carry off the commerce of his plantations. "Any scheme for
+    developing the resources of the country is sure to receive his
+    advocacy," says Mr. Markham: "it would be well for Peru if she
+    contained many such men."</p>
+
+    <p class="center">[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="PROBATIONER_LEONHARD"
+       id="PROBATIONER_LEONHARD"></a>PROBATIONER LEONHARD;<br />
+    OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="OUR_HERO"
+       id="OUR_HERO"></a>CHAPTER I.</h3>
+
+    <h3>OUR HERO.</h3>
+
+    <p>Young Mr. Leonhard Marten walked out on the promenade at the
+    usual hour one afternoon, after a good deal of hesitation, for
+    there was quite as little doubt in his mind as there is in mine
+    that the thing to do was to remain within-doors and answer the
+    letters&mdash;or rather the letter&mdash;lying on his table.
+    The brief epistle which conveyed to him the regrets of the new
+    female college building committee, that his plans were too
+    elaborate and costly, and must therefore be declined, really
+    demanded no reply, and would probably never have one. It was
+    the hurried scrawl from his friend Wilberforce which claimed of
+    his sense of honor an answer by the next mail. The letter from
+    Wilberforce was dated Philadelphia, and ran thus:</p>
+
+    <p>"DEAR LENNY: Please deposit five thousand for me in some
+    good bank of Pennsylvania or New York. I shall want it, maybe,
+    within a week or so. I am talking hard about going abroad. Why
+    can't you go along? Say we sail on the first of next month.
+    Richards is going, and I shall make enough out of the trip to
+    pay expenses for all hands. You'll never know anything about
+    your business, Mart, till you have studied in one of those old
+    towns. Answer. Thine,</p>
+
+    <p class="author">"WIL."</p>
+
+    <p>When I say that Leonhard had, or <i>had</i> had, ten
+    thousand dollars of Wilberforce's money, and that he was now
+    about as unprepared to meet the demand recorded as he would
+    have been if he had never seen a cent of the sum mentioned, the
+    assertion, I think, is justified that his place was at his
+    office-table, and not on the promenade. What if the town-clock
+    had struck four? what if at this hour Miss Ayres usually
+    rounded the corner of Granby street on her way home? But, poor
+    fellow! he <i>had</i> tried to think his way through the
+    difficulty. Every day for a week he had exercised himself in
+    letter&mdash;writing: he had practiced every style, from the
+    jocular to the gravely interrogative, and had succeeded pretty
+    well as a stylist, but the point, the point, the bank deposit,
+    remained still insurmountable and unapproachable.</p>
+
+    <p>Once or twice he had thought that probably the best thing to
+    do was to go off on a long journey, and by and by, when things
+    had righted themselves somehow, find out where Wilberforce was
+    and acknowledge his letter with regrets and explanations. He
+    was considering this course when he destroyed his last effort,
+    and went out on the promenade to get rid of his thoughts and
+    himself and to meet Miss Ayres. The present contained Miss
+    Ayres; as to the future, it was dark as midnight; for the past,
+    it was not in the least pleasant to think of it, and how it had
+    come to pass that Wilberforce trusted him.</p>
+
+    <p>The days when he and Wilberforce were lads, poor,
+    sad-hearted, all but homeless, returned upon him with their
+    shadows. It was in those days that his friend formed so lofty
+    an estimate of his exactness in figures and his skill in
+    saving, and thus it had happened that when the engine
+    constructed by Wilberforce began to pay him so past belief, he
+    was really in the perplexity concerning places of deposit which
+    he had expressed to Marten. Leonhard chanced to be with this
+    young Croesus&mdash;who had begun life by dipping water for
+    invalids at the springs&mdash;when the ten thousand dollars
+    alluded to were paid him by a dealer; and the instant transfer
+    of the money to his hands was one of those off-hand
+    performances which, apparently trivial, in the end search a man
+    to the foundations.</p>
+
+    <p>What had become of the money? Seven thousand dollars were
+    swallowed up in a gulf which never gives back its treasure. And
+    oh on the verge of that same gulf how the siren had sung! A
+    chance of clearing five thousand dollars by investing that
+    amount presented itself to Leonhard: it was one of those
+    investments which will double a man's money for him within
+    three months, or six months at latest. The best men of
+    A&mdash;&mdash; were in the enterprise, and by going into it
+    Leonhard would reap every sort of advantage. He might give up
+    teaching music, and confine himself to the studies which as an
+    architect he ought to pursue; and to be known among the
+    A&mdash;- landers as a young gentleman who had money to invest
+    would secure to him that social position which the
+    music-lessons he gave did no doubt in some quarters
+    embarrass.</p>
+
+    <p>It was while buoyed up by his "great expectations," and
+    flattered by the attentions which strangely enough began to be
+    extended toward him by some of the "best men"&mdash;who also
+    were stockholders in the new sugar-refining process&mdash;that
+    Leonhard took a room at the Granby House, and began to manifest
+    a waning interest in his work as a music-master.</p>
+
+    <p>This display of himself, modest though it was, cost money.
+    Before the letter quoted was written Leonhard had begun to feel
+    a little troubled: he had been obliged to add two thousand
+    dollars to his original investment, and the thought that
+    possibly there might be a demand for a yet further
+    sum&mdash;for some unforeseen difficulty had arisen in the
+    matter of machinery&mdash;had fixed in his mind a misgiving to
+    which at odd moments he returned with a flutter of spirits
+    amounting almost to panic.</p>
+
+    <p>On the promenade he met Miss Ayres. She stood before the
+    window of a music-dealer's shop, looking at the photograph of
+    some celebrity&mdash;a tall and not too slightly-formed young
+    lady, attired in a buff suit with brown trimmings, and a brown
+    hat from which a pretty brown feather depended. On her round
+    cheeks was a healthy glow, deepened perhaps by exercise on that
+    warm afternoon, and a trifle in addition, it may be, by the
+    sound of footsteps advancing. Yet as Leonhard approached, she,
+    chancing to look around, did not seem surprised that he was so
+    near. Not that she expected him! What reason had she for
+    supposing that from his office-window he would see her the
+    instant she turned the corner of Granby street and walked down
+    the avenue fronting the parade-ground? No reason of course; but
+    this had happened so many times that the meeting of the two
+    somewhere in this vicinity was daily predicted by the wise
+    prophets of the street.</p>
+
+    <p>A rumor was going about A&mdash;&mdash; in those days which
+    occasioned the mother of our young lady a little uneasiness.
+    When Leonhard came to A&mdash;&mdash; it was to live by his
+    profession&mdash;music. He was an enthusiast in the science,
+    and the best people patronized him. He might have all the
+    pupils he pleased now, and at his own prices, thought Mrs.
+    Washington Ayres, who had herself taught music: why doesn't he
+    stick to his business? But then, she reminded herself, they say
+    he has money; and he is so bewitched about architecture that he
+    can't let it alone. Too many irons in the fire to please me!
+    Perhaps, though, if he has money, it makes not so much
+    difference. But I don't like to see a young man dabbling in too
+    many things: it looks as if he would never do anything to speak
+    of. It is the only thing I ever heard of against him; but if he
+    can't make up his mind, I don't know as there could be anything
+    much worse to tell of a man.</p>
+
+    <p>She was not far wrong in her thinking, and she had seen the
+    great fault in the character of young Mr. Marten. It was his
+    nature to take up and embrace cordially, as if for life, the
+    objects that pleased him. Perhaps the tendency conduced to his
+    popularity and reputation as a music-master, for his
+    acquaintance with the works of composers was really vast; but
+    the effect of it was not so hopeful when it set him to studying
+    a difficult art almost without instruction, in the confidence
+    that he should soon by his works take rank with Angelo, Wren
+    and other great masters.</p>
+
+    <p>At the music-dealer's window Mr. Leonhard stood for a moment
+    beside Miss Marion, and then said with a queer smile, "How cool
+    it looks over yonder among the trees! I wish somebody would
+    like to walk there with an escort."</p>
+
+    <p>"Anybody might, I should think," answered the young lady. "I
+    have waded through hot dust, red-hot dust, all the afternoon.
+    Besides, I want to ask you, Mr. Marten, what it means.
+    Everybody is coming to me for lessons. Are you refusing
+    instruction, or are you growing so unpopular of late? I have
+    vexed myself trying to answer the question."</p>
+
+    <p>"They all come to you, do they? Yes, I think I am growing
+    unpopular. And I am rather glad of it, on the whole," answered
+    Leonhard, not quite clear as to her meaning, but not at all
+    disturbed by it.</p>
+
+    <p>"I know they must all have gone to you first," she said. "Of
+    course they all went to you first, and you wouldn't have
+    them."</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard smiled on. Her odd talk was pleasant to him, and to
+    look at her bright face was to forget every disagreeable thing
+    in the world. "You know I have been thinking that I would give
+    up instruction altogether," said he; "but I suppose that unless
+    I actually go away to get rid of my pupils, I shall have a few
+    devoted followers to the last. The more you take off my hands
+    the better I shall like it."</p>
+
+    <p>"But how should everybody know that you <i>think</i> of
+    giving up instruction?" Miss Marion inquired.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I dare say I have told everybody," he answered
+    carelessly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah!" said she; and two or three thoughts passed through the
+    mind of the young lady quite worthy the brain of her mother. "I
+    am half sorry," she continued. "But at least you cannot forget
+    what you know. That is a comfort. And I am sure you love music
+    too well to let me go on committing barbarisms with my hands or
+    voice without telling me."</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard hesitated. How far might he take this dear girl
+    into his secrets? "My friend Wilberforce is always saying that
+    I ought to study abroad in the old European towns before I
+    launch out in earnest," said he finally.</p>
+
+    <p>"As architect or musician?" asked the "dear girl."</p>
+
+    <p>"As architect, of course," he answered, without manifesting
+    surprise at the question. "He is going himself now, and he
+    wants me to go with him."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why don't you go?" The quick look with which he followed
+    this question made Miss Marion add: "It would be the best thing
+    in the world for&mdash;for a student, I should think. You said
+    once that your indecision was the bane of your life. I beg your
+    pardon for remembering it. When you have heard the best music
+    and seen the best architecture, you can put an end to this
+    'thirty years' war,' and come back and settle down."</p>
+
+    <p>"All very well," said he, "but please to tell me where I
+    shall find you when I come home."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I shall be jogging along somewhere, depend."</p>
+
+    <p>"With your mind made up concerning every event five years
+    before it happens? If you had my choice to make, you think, I
+    suppose, that you would decide in a minute which road to fame
+    and fortune you would choose." Mr. Leonhard used his cane as
+    vehemently while he spoke as if he were a conductor swinging
+    his baton through the most exciting movement.</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't understand your perplexity, that is the fact," said
+    she with wonderful candor; "but then I have been trained to do
+    one thing from the time I could wink."</p>
+
+    <p>"It was expected of me that I should rival the greatest
+    performers," said Leonhard with a half-sad smile. "If I go
+    abroad now, as you advise&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Advise? I advise!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you not?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not the least creature moving. Never!"</p>
+
+    <p>"If you did you would say, 'Keep to music.'"</p>
+
+    <p>"I should say, 'Keep to architecture.' Then&mdash;don't you
+    see?&mdash;I should have all your pupils."</p>
+
+    <p>"That would matter little: you have long had all that I
+    could give you worth the giving, Miss Ayres."</p>
+
+    <p>Were these words intent on having utterance, and seeking
+    their opportunity?</p>
+
+    <p>In the midst of her lightness and seeming unconcern the
+    young lady found herself challenged, as it were, by the stern
+    voice of a sentinel on guard. But she answered on the instant:
+    "The most delicious music I have ever heard, for which I owe
+    you endless thanks. I have said architecture; but I never
+    advise, you know."</p>
+
+    <p>"She has not understood me," thought Leonhard, but instead
+    of taking advantage of that conclusion and retiring from the
+    ground, he said, "Perhaps I must speak more clearly. I don't
+    care what I do or where I go, Miss Marion, if you are
+    indifferent. I love you."</p>
+
+    <p>What did he read in the face which his dark eyes scanned as
+    they turned full upon it? Was it "I love you"? Was it "Alas!"?
+    He could not tell.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are pledged to love 'the True and the Beautiful,'" said
+    she quite gayly, "and so I am not surprised."</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard looked mortified and angry. A man of twenty-two
+    declaring love for the first time to a woman had a right to
+    expect better treatment.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have offended you," she said instantly. "I only followed
+    out your own train of thought. You may have half a dozen
+    professions, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I am at least clear that I love only you," he said. "I
+    hoped you would feel that. It is certain, I think, that I shall
+    confine myself to the studies of an architect hereafter. I will
+    give no more lessons. And shall you care to know whether I go
+    or stay?"</p>
+
+    <p>Miss Ayres answered&mdash;almost as if in spite of herself
+    and that good judgment for which she had been sufficiently
+    praised during her eighteen years of existence&mdash;"Yes, I
+    shall care a vast deal. That is the reason why I say, 'Go, if
+    it seems best to you'&mdash;'Stay, if you think it more wise.'
+    I have the confidence in you that sees you can conduct your own
+    affairs."</p>
+
+    <p>"If I go," he cried in a happy voice, in strong contrast
+    with his words, "it will be to leave everything behind me that
+    can make life sweet."</p>
+
+    <p>"But if you go it will be to gain everything that can make
+    life honorable. I did not understand that you thought of going
+    for pleasure." Ah, how almost tender now her look and tone!</p>
+
+    <p>"Say but once to me what I have said to you," said Leonhard
+    joyfully, confident now that he had won the great prize.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now? No: don't talk about it. Wait a while, and we will see
+    if there is anything in it." What queer lover's mood was this?
+    Miss Marion looked as if she had passed her fortieth birthday
+    when she spoke in this wise.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh for a soft sweet breeze from the north-east to temper
+    such cruel blasts!" exclaimed Leonhard. "Was ever man so
+    treated as I am by this strong-minded young woman?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Everybody on the grounds is looking, and wondering how she
+    will get home with the intemperate young gentleman she is
+    escorting. Did you say you were going to talk with your friend
+    Mr. Wilberforce about going abroad with him for a year or
+    two?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I said no such thing, but perhaps I may. I was going to
+    write, but it may be as easy to run down to Philadelphia."</p>
+
+    <p>"Easier, I should say."</p>
+
+    <p>So they talked, and when they parted Leonhard said: "If you
+    do not see me to-morrow evening, you will know that I have gone
+    to Philadelphia. I shall not write to let you know. You might
+    feel that an answer was expected of you."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have never been taught the arts of a correspondent, and
+    it is quite too late to learn them," she answered.</p>
+
+    <p>Miss Marion will probably never again feel as old as she
+    does this afternoon, when she has half snubbed, half flattered
+    and half accepted the man she admires and loves, but whose one
+    fault she clearly perceives and is seriously afraid of.</p>
+
+    <p>The next day Leonhard sat staring at Wilberforce's letter
+    with a face as wrinkled as a young ape's in a cold morning fog.
+    After one long serious effort he sprang from his seat, and I am
+    afraid swore that he would go down to Philadelphia that very
+    afternoon. Therefore (and because he clung to the determination
+    all day) at six o'clock behold him passing with his satchel
+    from the steps of the Granby House to the Grand Division
+    D&eacute;p&ocirc;t. He was always going to and fro, so his
+    departure occasioned no remark. He supposed, for his own part,
+    that he was going to talk with his friend Wilberforce, and his
+    ticket ensured his passage to Philadelphia; and yet at eight
+    o'clock he found himself standing on the steps of the
+    Spenersberg Station, and saw the train move on. At the moment
+    when his will seemed to him to be completely demoralized the
+    engine-whistle sounded and the engine stopped. Utterly unnerved
+    by his doubts, he slunk from the car like an escaping convict,
+    and looked toward the narrow moonlit valley which was as a gate
+    leading into this unknown Spenersberg. The path looked obscure
+    and inviting, and so, without exchanging a word with any one,
+    he walked forward, a more pitiable object than is pleasant to
+    consider, for he was no coward and no fool.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY"
+       id="IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY"></a>CHAPTER II.</h3>
+
+    <h3>IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.</h3>
+
+    <p>About the time that Leonhard Marten was paying for his
+    ticket in the d&eacute;p&ocirc;t at A&mdash;&mdash;, how many
+    events were taking place elsewhere! Multitudes, multitudes
+    going up and down the earth perplexed, tempted, discouraged.
+    What were <i>you</i> doing at that hour? I wonder.</p>
+
+    <p>Even here, at this Spenersberg, was Frederick
+    Loretz&mdash;with reason deemed one of the most fortunate of
+    the men gathered in the happy valley&mdash;asking himself, as
+    he walked homeward from the factory, "What is the use?"</p>
+
+    <p>When he spied his wife on the piazza he seemed to doubt for
+    a second whether he should go backward or forward. Into that
+    second of vacillation, however, the voice of the woman
+    penetrated: "Husband, so early? Welcome home!"</p>
+
+    <p>The voice decided him, and so he opened his gate, passed
+    along the graveled walk to the piazza steps, ascended, wiping
+    the perspiration from his bald head, dropped his handkerchief
+    into his hat and his hat upon the floor, and sat down in one of
+    the great wide-armed wooden chairs which visitors always found
+    awaiting them on the piazza.</p>
+
+    <p>His wife, having bestowed upon him one brief glance, quickly
+    arose and went into the house: the next moment she came again,
+    bringing with her a pitcher of iced water and a goblet, which
+    she placed before him on a small rustic table. But a second
+    glance showed her that he was suffering from something besides
+    the heat and fatigue. There was a look on his broad honest face
+    that told as distinctly as color and expression could tell of
+    anguish, consternation, remorse. He drank from the goblet she
+    had filled for him, and said, without looking at his wife, "I
+    have brought you the worst news, Anna, that ever you heard."
+    She must have guessed what it was instantly, but she made
+    neither sign nor gesture. She could have enumerated there and
+    then all the sorrows of her life; but for a moment it was not
+    possible even for her to say that this impending affliction
+    was, in view of all she had endured, a light one, easy to be
+    borne.</p>
+
+    <p>"It has gone against us," said Mr. Loretz, picking up his
+    red silk handkerchief and passing it from one hand to another,
+    and finally hiding his face within its ample dimensions for a
+    moment.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you mean the lot?" Her voice wavered a little. Though
+    she asked or refrained from asking, something had taken place
+    which must be made known speedily. Wherefore, then, delay the
+    evil knowledge?</p>
+
+    <p>He signified by a nod that it was so.</p>
+
+    <p>"And that is in store for our poor child!" said the
+    mother.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Loretz was now quite broken down. He passed his
+    handkerchief across his face again, and this time made no
+    answer.</p>
+
+    <p>Then the mother, with lips firmly compressed, and eyes bent
+    steadily upon the floor, and forehead crumpled somewhat, sat
+    and held her peace.</p>
+
+    <p>At last the father said, in a low tone that gave to his
+    strong voice an awful pathos, "How can the child bear it, Anna?
+    for she loves Spener well&mdash;and to love <i>him</i>
+    well!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, father," said the wife, who had by this time sounded
+    the depth of this tribulation, and was already ascending, "how
+    did we bear it when we had to give up Gabriel, and Jacob, and
+    dear little Carl?"</p>
+
+    <p>"For me," said the man, rising and looking over the piazza
+    rail into the gay little flower-garden beneath&mdash;"for me
+    all that was nothing to this."</p>
+
+    <p>"O my boys!" the mother cried.</p>
+
+    <p>"We know that they went home to a heavenly Parent, and to
+    more delight and honor than all the earth could give them," the
+    father said.</p>
+
+    <p>"It rent the heart, Frederick, but into the gaping wound the
+    balm of Gilead was poured."</p>
+
+    <p>"There is no man alive to be compared with Albert
+    Spener."</p>
+
+    <p>"I know of one&mdash;but one."</p>
+
+    <p>"Not one," he said with an emphasis which sternly rebuked
+    the ill-timed, and, as he deemed, untruthful flattery. "There
+    is not his like, go where you will."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, how you have exalted him above all that is to be
+    worshiped!" sighed the good woman, putting her hands together,
+    and really as troubled and sympathetic, and cool and
+    calculating, as she seemed to be.</p>
+
+    <p>"I tell you I have never seen his equal! Look at this place
+    here&mdash;hasn't he called it up out of the dust?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes, he did. He made it all," she said. "It must be
+    conceded that Albert Spener is a great man&mdash;in
+    Spenersberg."</p>
+
+    <p>"How, then, can I keep back from him the best I have when he
+    asks for it &mdash;asks for it as if I were a king to refuse
+    him what he wanted if I pleased? I would give him my life!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, Frederick, you have! It isn't you that denies
+    now&mdash;think of that! Remind him of it. <i>Who</i> spoke by
+    the lot? Where are you going, husband?"</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Loretz had turned away from the piazza rail and picked
+    up his hat. His wife's question arrested him. "I&mdash;I
+    thought I would speak with Brother Wenck," said he, somewhat
+    confused by the question, and looking almost as if his sole
+    purpose had been to go beyond the sound of his wife's
+    remonstrating voice.</p>
+
+    <p>"Husband, about this?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, Anna."</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't go. What will he think?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nobody knows about it yet, except Wenck, unless he spoke to
+    Brother Thorn."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, Frederick, what are you thinking?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I am thinking"&mdash;he paused and looked fixedly at his
+    wife&mdash;"I am thinking that I have been beside myself,
+    Anna&mdash;crazy, out and out, and this thing can't stand."</p>
+
+    <p>"Husband, it was our wish to learn the will of God
+    concerning this marriage, and we have learned it. The
+    Lord&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I will go back to the factory," said Mr. Loretz, turning
+    quickly away from his wife. "I must see if everything is right
+    there before it gets darker." He had caught sight of the tall
+    figure of a woman at the gate when he snatched up his hat so
+    suddenly and interrupted his wife. Then he turned to her again:
+    "Is Elise within?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, husband: she went to the garden for twigs this
+    afternoon."</p>
+
+    <p>"She had not heard?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No. It is Sister Benigna that is coming. Must you go back?"
+    She poured another glass of water for her husband, and walked
+    down the steps with him; and coming so, out from the shade into
+    the sunlight, Sister Benigna was startled by their faces as
+    though she had seen two ghosts.</p>
+
+    <p>Two hours later, Mr. Loretz again turned his steps homeward,
+    and Mr. Wenck, the minister, walked with him as far as the
+    gate. They had met accidentally upon the sidewalk, and Mr.
+    Loretz must of necessity make some allusion to the letter he
+    had received from the minister that day acquainting him with
+    the allotment which had made of him so hopeless a mourner. The
+    good man hesitated a moment before making response: then he
+    took both the hands of Loretz in his, and said in a deep,
+    tender voice, "Brother, the wound smarts."</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot bear it!" cried Loretz. "It is all my doing, and I
+    must have been crazy."</p>
+
+    <p>"When in devout faith you sought to know God's will
+    concerning your dear child?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot talk about it," was the impatient response. "And
+    you cannot understand it," he continued, turning quickly upon
+    his companion. "You have never had a daughter, and you don't
+    understand Albert Spener."</p>
+
+    <p>"I think," said the minister patiently&mdash;"I think I know
+    him well enough to see what the consequence will be if he
+    should suspect that Brother Loretz is like 'a wave of the sea,
+    driven with the wind and tossed.'"</p>
+
+    <p>Yet as the minister said this his head drooped, his voice
+    softened, and he laid his hand on the shoulder of Mr. Loretz,
+    as if he would fain speak on and in a different strain. It was
+    evident that the distressed man did not understand him, and
+    reproof or counsel was more than he could now bear. He walked
+    on a little faster, and as he approached his gate voices from
+    within were heard. They were singing a duet from <i>The
+    Messiah</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>"Come in," said Loretz, his face suddenly lighting up with
+    almost hope.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Wenck seemed disposed to accept the invitation: then, as
+    he was about to pass through the gate, he was stayed by a
+    recollection apparently, for he turned back, saying, "Not
+    to-night, Brother Loretz. They will need all the time for
+    practice. Let me tell you, I admire your daughter Elise beyond
+    expression. I wish that Mr. Spener could hear that voice now:
+    it is perfectly triumphant. You are happy, sir, in having such
+    a daughter."</p>
+
+    <p>As Mr. Wenck turned from the gate, Leonhard&mdash;our
+    Leonhard Marten&mdash;approached swiftly from the opposite side
+    of the street. He had been sitting under the trees half an hour
+    listening to the singing, and, full of enthusiasm, now
+    presented himself before Mr. Loretz, exclaiming, "Do tell me,
+    sir, what singers are these?"</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Loretz knew every man in Spenersberg. He looked at the
+    stranger, and answered dryly, "Very tolerable singers."</p>
+
+    <p>"I should think so! I never heard anything so glorious. I am
+    a stranger here, sir. Can you direct me to a public-house?"</p>
+
+    <p>To answer was easy. There was but the one inn, called the
+    Brethren's House, the sixth below the one before which they
+    were standing. It was a long house, painted white, with a deep
+    wide porch, where half a dozen young men probably sat smoking
+    at this moment. Instead of giving this direction, however,
+    Loretz said, after a brief consultation with himself, "I don't
+    know as there's another house in Spenersberg that ought to be
+    as open as mine. I live here, sir. How long have you been
+    listening?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not long enough," said Leonhard; and he passed through the
+    gate, which had been opened for the minister, and now was
+    opened as widely for him.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="HIGH_ART"
+       id="HIGH_ART"></a>CHAPTER III.</h3>
+
+    <h3>HIGH ART.</h3>
+
+    <p>The room into which Mr. Loretz conducted Leonhard seemed to
+    our young friend, as he glanced around it, fit for the court of
+    Apollo. Its proportions had obviously been assigned by some
+    music-loving soul. It occupied two-thirds of the lower floor of
+    the house, and its high ceiling was a noticeable feature. The
+    furniture had all been made at the factory; the floor-mats were
+    woven there; and one gazing around him might well have wondered
+    to what useful or ornamental purpose the green willows growing
+    everywhere in Spenersberg Valley might not be applied. The very
+    pictures hanging on the wall&mdash;engraved likenesses of the
+    great masters Mozart and Beethoven&mdash;had their frames of
+    well-woven willow twigs; and the rack which held the books and
+    sheets of music was ornamented on each side with raised wreaths
+    of flowers wrought by deft hands from the same pliant
+    material.</p>
+
+    <p>At the piano, in the centre of the room, sat Sister
+    Benigna&mdash;by her side, Elise Loretz.</p>
+
+    <p>It seemed, when Elise's father entered with the stranger, as
+    if there might be a suspension of the performance, but Loretz
+    said, "Two listeners don't signify: we promise to make no
+    noise. Sit down, sir: give me your bag;" and taking Leonhard's
+    satchel, he retired with it to a corner, where he sat down, and
+    with his elbows on his knees, his head between his hands,
+    prepared himself to listen.</p>
+
+    <p>Sister Benigna said to her companion, "It is time we
+    practiced before an audience perhaps;" and they went on as if
+    nothing had happened.</p>
+
+    <p>And sitting in that cool room on the eve of a scorching and
+    distracted day, is it any wonder that Leonhard composed himself
+    to accept any marvel that might present itself? Once across the
+    threshold of the Every-day, and there is nothing indeed for
+    which one should not be prepared.</p>
+
+    <p>If in mood somewhat less enthusiastic than that of our
+    traveler we look in upon that little company, what shall we
+    see?</p>
+
+    <p>In the first place, inevitably, Sister Benigna. But describe
+    a picture, will you, or the mountains, or the sea? It must have
+    been something for the Spenersberg folk to know that such a
+    woman dwelt among them, yet probably two-thirds of her
+    influence was unconsciously put forth and as unconsciously
+    received. They knew that in musical matters she inspired them
+    and exacted of them to the uttermost, but they did not and
+    could not know how much her life was worth to all of them, and
+    that they lived on a higher plane because of those half dozen
+    wonderful notes of hers, and the unflagging enthusiasm which
+    needed but the name of love-feast or festival to bring a light
+    into her lovely eyes that seemed to spread up and around her
+    white forehead and beautiful hair like a supernatural lustre.
+    There was a fire that animated her which nobody who saw its
+    glow or felt its warmth could question. Without that altar of
+    music&mdash;But why speculate on what she might have been if
+    she had not been what she was? That would be to consider not
+    Benigna, but somebody else.</p>
+
+    <p>She was accompanying Elise through Handel's "Pastoral
+    Symphony." Elise began: "He is the righteous Saviour, and He
+    shall speak peace unto the heathen." At the first notes
+    Leonhard looked hastily toward the window, and if it had been a
+    door he would have passed out on to the piazza, that he might
+    there have heard, unseeing, unseen. While he sat still and
+    looked and listened it seemed to him as if he had been engaged
+    in foolish games with children all his life. He sat as it were
+    in the dust, scorning his own insignificance.</p>
+
+    <p>The young girl who now sat, now stood beside her, must have
+    been the child of her training. For six years, indeed, they
+    have lived together under one roof, sharing one apartment.
+    Within the hour just passed, that has been said by them toward
+    which all the talk and all the action of the six years has
+    tended, and the heart of the girl lies in the hand of the
+    woman, and what will the woman do with it?</p>
+
+    <p>Perhaps all that Benigna can do for Elise has to-day been
+    accomplished. It may be that to grow beside her now will be to
+    grow in the shade when shade is needed no longer, and when the
+    effect will be to weaken life and to deepen the spirit of
+    dependence. Possibly sunlight though scorching, winds though
+    wild, would be better for Elise now than the protecting shadow
+    of her friend.</p>
+
+    <p>Looking at Elise, Leonhard feels more assured, more at home.
+    She has a kindly face, a lovely face, he decides, and what a
+    deliciously rich, smooth voice! She is rather after the willowy
+    order in her slender person, and when she begins to sing
+    "Rejoice greatly," he looks at her astonished, doubting whether
+    the sound can really have proceeded from her slender throat. He
+    is again reminded of Marion, but by nothing he hears or sees:
+    poor Marion has her not small reputation as a singer in
+    A&mdash;&mdash;, yet her voice, compared with this, is as
+    wire&mdash;gold wire indeed&mdash;wire with a <i>color</i> of
+    richness at least; while Elise's is as honey itself&mdash;honey
+    with the flavor of the sweetest flowers in it, and, too, the
+    suggestion of the bee's swift, strong wing.</p>
+
+    <p>Into the room comes at last Mrs. Loretz. It is just as Elise
+    takes up the final air of the symphony that she appears. She
+    would look upon her daughter while she sings, "Come unto Him,
+    all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and He shall give you
+    rest. Take His yoke upon you, and learn of Him," etc. Chiefly
+    to look upon her child she comes&mdash;to listen with her
+    loving, confident eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>But on the threshold of the music-room she pauses half a
+    second, perceiving the stranger by the window: then she nods
+    pleasantly to him, which motion sets the short silvery hair on
+    her forehead waving, as curls would have waved there had she
+    only let them. She wears a cap trimmed with a blue ribbon tied
+    beneath her chin, and such is the order of her comely gown and
+    apron that it commands attention always, like a true work of
+    art.</p>
+
+    <p>She sits down beside her husband, and presently, as by the
+    flash of a single glance indeed, has taken the weight and
+    measure of the gentleman opposite. She likes his appearance,
+    admires his fine dark face and his fine dark eyes, wonders
+    where he came from, what he wants, and&mdash;will he stay to
+    tea?</p>
+
+    <p>Gazing at her daughter, she looks a little sad: then she
+    smooths her dress, straightens herself, shakes her head, and is
+    absorbed in the music, beating time with tiny foot and hand,
+    and following every strain with an intentness which draws her
+    brows together into a slight frown. Elise almost smiles as she
+    glances toward her mother: she knows where to find enthusiasm
+    at a white heat when it is wanted. With the final repetition,
+    "Ye shall find rest to your souls," the dame rises quickly, and
+    hastening to her daughter embraces her; then passing to the
+    next room, she pauses, perhaps long enough to wipe her eyes;
+    then the jingle of a bell is heard.</p>
+
+    <p>At the ringing of this bell, Sister Benigna rose instantly,
+    saying, "Welcome sound!" Loretz also came forth from his
+    corner. He was about to speak to Leonhard, when Benigna took up
+    the trombone which was lying on the piano, and said, "I am
+    curious to know how many rehearsals you have had, sir. It is
+    time, Elise, that our trombonist reported."</p>
+
+    <p>Loretz, casting an eye toward his daughter, said, "Never
+    mind Sister Benigna. Our quartette will be all right." Then he
+    turned to Leonhard: it was not now that he felt for the first
+    time the relief of the stranger's presence. "We are going to
+    take food," said he: "will you give me your name and come with
+    us?"</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard gave his name, and moreover his opinion that he had
+    trespassed too long already on the hospitality of the
+    house.</p>
+
+    <p>To this remark Loretz paid no attention. "Wife," he called
+    out, "isn't that name down in the birthday
+    book&mdash;<i>Leonhard Marten?</i> I am sure of it. He was a
+    Herrnhuter."</p>
+
+    <p>"Very likely, husband," was the answer from the other room.
+    "Will you come, good people?" The good people who heard that
+    voice understood just what its tone meant, and there was an
+    instant response.</p>
+
+    <p>"Come in, sir," said Loretz; and the invitation admitted no
+    argument, for he went forward at once with a show of alacrity
+    sufficient to satisfy his wife. "This young man here was
+    looking for a public-house. They are full at the Brethren's, I
+    hear. I thought he could not do better than take luck with us,"
+    he said to her by way of explanation.</p>
+
+    <p>"He is welcome," said the wife in a prompt, business-like
+    tone, which was evidently her way. "Daughter!" She looked at
+    Elise, and Elise brought a plate, knife and fork for "this
+    young man," and placed them where her mother
+    indicated&mdash;that is, next herself. Between the mother and
+    daughter Leonhard therefore took refuge, as it were, from the
+    rather too majestic presence opposite known as Sister Benigna.
+    He should have felt at ease in the little circle, for not one
+    of them but felt the addition to their party to be a diversion
+    and a relief. As to Dame Anna Loretz, thoughts were passing
+    through her mind which might pass through the minds of others
+    also in the course of time should Leonhard prove to be a good
+    Moravian and decide to remain among them. They were thoughts
+    which would have sent a dubious smile around the board,
+    however, could they have been made known just now to Elise and
+    her father and Sister Benigna; and what would our young
+    friend&mdash;from the city evidently&mdash;have looked or said
+    could they have been communicated to him? Already the mind and
+    heart of the mother of Elise, disconcerted and distracted for
+    the moment by that untoward casting of the lot, had risen to a
+    calm survey of the situation of things; and now she was
+    endeavoring to reconcile herself to the prospect which
+    imagination presented to the eye of faith, <i>If</i> she had
+    perceived in the unannounced appearing of the young gentleman
+    who sat near her devouring with keen appetite the good fare
+    before him, and apologizing for his hunger with a grace which
+    ensured him constant renewal of vanishing dishes,&mdash;if she
+    had perceived in it a manifestation of the will of Providence,
+    she could not have smiled on Leonhard more kindly, or more
+    successfully have exerted herself to make him feel at home.</p>
+
+    <p>And might not Mr. Leonhard have congratulated himself? If
+    there was a "great house" in Spenersberg, this was that
+    mansion; and if there were great people there, these certainly
+    were they. And to think of finding in this vale cultivators of
+    high art, intelligent, simple-hearted, earnest, beautiful!</p>
+
+    <p class="author">CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.</p>
+
+    <p class="center">[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="THE_IRISH_CAPITAL"
+       id="THE_IRISH_CAPITAL"></a>THE IRISH CAPITAL.</h2>
+
+    <p>The metropolis of Ireland about the middle of the last
+    century was the fourth in Europe in point of size. Since then
+    it has made little progress in comparison with many others. Yet
+    it is a large place, covering a great area, and holding a
+    population which numbers some three hundred thousand souls.</p>
+
+    <p>It may further be said that notwithstanding the withdrawal,
+    consequent on the Union, of the aristocratic classes from
+    Dublin, the city has improved more in the last fifty years than
+    at any previous period. Dublin, at the Union, and for some time
+    after, was a very dirty place indeed. To-day, although, from
+    that antipathy to paint common to the whole Irish
+    nation&mdash;which can apparently never realize the Dutch
+    proverb, that "paint costs nothing," or the English one, that
+    "a stitch in time saves nine"&mdash;much of the town looks
+    dingy, it is, as a whole, cleaner than almost any capital in
+    Europe, so far as drainage and the sanitary state of the
+    dwellings are concerned. And here we speak from experience,
+    having last year, in company with detective officers, visited
+    all its lowest and poorest haunts.</p>
+
+    <p>The cause of this sanitary excellence is that matters of
+    this kind are placed entirely in the hands of the police, who
+    rigorously carry out the orders given to them on such points.
+    It is devoutly to be hoped that a similar system will ere long
+    be in vogue in the towns of our own country.</p>
+
+    <p>The noblesse have now quite deserted the Irish capital.
+    Besides the lord-chancellor, there is probably not a single
+    peer occupying a house there to-day. Houses are excellent and
+    very cheap. An immense mansion in the best situation can be had
+    for a thousand dollars a year. The markets are capitally
+    supplied, and the prices are generally about one-third of those
+    of New York. Not a single item of living is dear. But,
+    notwithstanding these and many other advantages, the place has
+    lost popularity, has a "deadly-lively" air about it, and, it
+    must be admitted, is in many respects wondrously dull,
+    especially to those who have been used to the brisk life of a
+    great commercial or pleasure-loving capital.</p>
+
+    <p>"Cornelius O'Dowd" paid a visit to Dublin in 1871 after a
+    long absence, and said some very pretty things about it. Never
+    was the company or claret better. Well, the fact was, that
+    while the great and lamented Cornelius was there he was
+    f&ecirc;ted and made much of. Lord Spencer gave him a dinner,
+    so did other magnates, and his s&eacute;jour was one prolonged
+    feasting; but nevertheless the every-day life of the Irish
+    capital is awfully and wonderfully dull, as those who know it
+    best, and have the cream of such society as it offers, would in
+    strict confidence admit. From January to May there is an
+    attempt at a "season," during the earlier part of which the
+    viceroy gives a great many entertainments. These are remarkably
+    well done, and the smaller parties are very agreeable. But
+    politics intervene here, as in everything else in Ireland, to
+    mar considerably the brilliancy of the vice-regal court. When
+    the Whigs are "in" the Tory aristocracy hold off from "the
+    Castle," and <i>vice vers&acirc;</i>. Dublin is generally much
+    more brilliant under a Tory viceroy, inasmuch as nine-tenths of
+    the Irish peerage and landed gentry support that side of
+    politics. The vice-reign of the duke of Abercorn, the last
+    lord-lieutenant, will long be remembered as a period of
+    exceptional splendor in the annals of Dublin. He maintained the
+    dignity of the office in a style which had not been known for
+    half a century, and in this respect proved particularly
+    acceptable to people of all classes. Besides, he is a man of
+    magnificent presence, and has a fitting helpmate (sister of
+    Earl Russell) and beautiful daughters; and it was universally
+    admitted that the round people had got into the round holes, so
+    far as the duke and duchess were concerned.</p>
+
+    <p>The lord-lieutenant's levees and drawing-rooms take place at
+    night, and are therefore much more cheerful than similar
+    ceremonials at Buckingham Palace. His Excellency kisses all the
+    ladies presented to him. The vice-regal salary is one hundred
+    thousand dollars, with allowances, but most viceroys spend a
+    great deal more. There are in such a poor country, where people
+    have no sort of qualms about asking, innumerable claims upon
+    their purses.</p>
+
+    <p>The office of viceroy of Ireland is one which prime
+    ministers find it no easy task to fill. Just that kind of
+    person is wanted for the office who has no wish to hold it. A
+    great peer with half a million of dollars' income doesn't care
+    about accepting troublesome and occasionally anxious duties,
+    from which he, at all events, has nothing to gain. For some
+    time Lord Derby was in a quandary to get any one who would do
+    to take it, and it may be doubted whether the marquis of
+    Abercorn would have sacrificed himself if the glittering
+    prospect of a coronet all strawberry leaves (for he was created
+    a duke while in office) had not been held before his eyes. The
+    vice-regal lodge is a plain, unpretending building. It is
+    charmingly situated in the Phoenix Park (1760 acres), and
+    commands delightful views over the Wicklow Mountains. Within,
+    it is comfortable and commodious. The viceroy resides there
+    eight months in the year. He goes to "the Castle" from December
+    to April. The Castle is "no great thing." It is situated in the
+    heart of Dublin. Around it are the various government offices.
+    St. Patrick's Hall is a fine apartment, but certainly does not
+    deserve the name of magnificent, and is a very poor affair
+    compared with the reception-saloons of third-rate continental
+    princes.</p>
+
+    <p>The Dublin season culminates, so far at least as the
+    vice-regal entertainments go, in the ball given here on St.
+    Patrick's Day (March 17). On such occasions it is <i>de
+    rigueur</i> to wear a court-dress. Even those who venture to
+    appear in the regulation trowsers admissible at a levee at St.
+    James's are seriously cautioned "not to do it again."</p>
+
+    <p>Though Dublin is now deserted by the aristocracy, most of
+    the <i>grand-seigneur</i> mansions are still standing. Leinster
+    House, built about 1760, and said to have served as a model for
+    the "White House," was in 1815 sold by the duke to the Royal
+    Dublin Society. Up to 1868 the duke of
+    Leinster<a name="FNanchor_1_1"
+       id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1"
+       class="fnanchor">[1]</a> was Ireland's only duke, and the
+       house is certainly a stately and appropriate ducal
+       residence.</p>
+
+    <p>It must, however, be confessed that there is something
+    decidedly <i>triste</i> and severe about this big mansion. A
+    celebrated whilom tenant of it, Lord Edward Fitzgerald,
+    appeared to think so, for in 1791 he writes to his mother,
+    after his return from the bright and sunny atmosphere of
+    America: "I confess Leinster House does not inspire the
+    brightest ideas. By the by, what a melancholy house it is! You
+    can't conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from
+    Kildare. A country housemaid I brought with me cried for two
+    days, and said she thought that she was in a prison." It was at
+    Leinster House that "Lord Edward"&mdash;he is to this day
+    always thus known by the people of Ireland, who never think it
+    needful to add his surname&mdash;after having joined "the
+    United Irishmen," had interviews with the informer Reynolds,
+    who, it is believed, afterward betrayed him.</p>
+
+    <p>Lady Sarah Napier, mother of Sir William Napier, the
+    well-known historian of the Peninsular War, and other eminent
+    sons, was aunt to Lord Edward, being sister of his mother.
+    These ladies were daughters of the duke of Richmond, and Lady
+    Sarah was remarkable as being a lady to whom George III. was
+    passionately attached, and whom, but for the vehement
+    opposition of his mother and her <i>entourage</i>, he would
+    have married. In a journal of this lady's I find the following
+    interesting account of the search for her nephew: "The separate
+    warrant went by a messenger, attended by the sheriff and a
+    party of soldiers, into Leinster House. The servants ran to
+    Lady Edward, who was ill, and told her. She said directly,
+    'There is no help: send them up.' They asked very civilly for
+    her papers and for Edward's, and she gave them all. Her
+    apparent distress moved Major O'Kelly to tears, and their whole
+    conduct was proper."</p>
+
+    <p>Lady Edward Fitzgerald (whose husband had served under Lord
+    Moira in America) was at Moira House on the evening of her
+    husband's arrest. Writing from Castletown, county Kildare, two
+    days after that event, Lady Louisa Connolly, Lord Edward's
+    aunt, says: "As soon as Edward's wound was dressed he desired
+    the private secretary at the Castle to write for him to Lady
+    Edward and tell her what had happened. The secretary carried
+    the note himself. Lady E. was at Moira House, and a servant of
+    Lady Mountcashel's came soon after to forbid Lady Edward's
+    servants saying anything to her that night." She continued,
+    after Lord E.'s death, to reside at Moira House till obliged by
+    an order of the privy council to retire to England, where she
+    became the guest of her husband's uncle, the duke of
+    Richmond.<a name="FNanchor_2_2"
+       id="FNanchor_2_2"></a> <a href="#Footnote_2_2"
+       class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+    <p>Lady Moira, who so kindly befriended Lady Edward, was
+    unquestionably a very remarkable woman, and had considerable
+    influence, politically and socially, in the Dublin of her day.
+    Although an Englishwoman, she became in some respects <i>ipsis
+    Hibernis Hibernior,</i> and for a very long period prior to her
+    death never quitted the soil of Ireland. Had the Irish
+    aristocracy generally been of the complexion of those who
+    assembled in the more intimate reunions at Moira House, the
+    history of that country during the past century would have been
+    a widely different one. The members of that brilliant circle
+    were thorough anti-Unionists, and Lord Moira and his
+    sons-in-law, the earls of Granard and Mountcashel, proved that
+    they were not to be conciliated by bribes, either in money or
+    honors, by entering their formal protest against that measure
+    on the books of the Irish House of Lords.</p>
+
+    <p>When the delegates on behalf of Catholic claims came to
+    London in 1792, it was this enlightened Irish nobleman who
+    received them, and who, in the event of the minister declining
+    to admit them, intended as a peer to have claimed an audience
+    of the king. Lord Moira both in the English and Irish Houses of
+    Peers denounced the oppressive measures of the government, and
+    his opposition gave so much offence that the English general
+    Lake was reported to hayer declared that if a town in the North
+    was to be burnt, they had best begin with Lord Moira's, causing
+    him so much apprehension that he removed his collection, which
+    was of extraordinary value, from his seat, Moira Hall, in the
+    county Down, to England.</p>
+
+    <p>The celebrated John Wesley visited Lady Moira at Moira House
+    in 1775, "and was surprised to observe, though not a more
+    grand, a far more elegant room than he had ever seen in
+    England. It was an octagon, about twenty feet square, and
+    fifteen or sixteen high, having one window (the sides of it
+    inlaid throughout with mother-of-pearl) reaching from the top
+    of the room to the bottom: the ceiling, sides and furniture of
+    the room were equally elegant." It was here that two of the
+    greatest members of their respective legislatures&mdash;Charles
+    Fox and Henry Grattan&mdash;first met in 1777, and Moira House
+    continued to be the scene of splendid entertainments up to the
+    death of the first Lord Moira, in 1793. Wesley concludes his
+    letter about Moira House by asking, "Must this too pass away
+    like a dream?" Whether like a dream or no, it certainly has
+    been signally the fate of this whilom proud mansion to pass
+    from the highest to the very humblest almost at a bound. For
+    some years after Lady Moira's death (in 1808) the house was
+    kept up by the family, but in 1826 it was let to an
+    anti-mendicity society. The upper story was removed, the
+    mansion was stripped throughout of its splendid
+    decorations&mdash;some of the furniture is now at Castle
+    Forbes, the seat of the earl of Granard, Lady Moira's
+    great-grandson, a worthy descendant&mdash;and the saloons which
+    were wont to be thronged with the most brilliant and splendid
+    society of the Irish metropolis in its heyday are now the abode
+    of perhaps the very poorest outcasts who are to be found in the
+    whole wide world.</p>
+
+    <p>The district in which Moira House stands has long ceased to
+    be fashionable. The mansion stands close to the Liffey, a few
+    yards back from the road. An elderly man who has charge of the
+    mendicity institution for whose purposes the house is at
+    present used, told me that he remembered it when kept up by the
+    family, although its members were not actually residing there.
+    What is now a fearfully dreary courtyard, where the outcasts of
+    Dublin disport themselves, was then, he said, a fine garden
+    with splendid mulberry trees, which he, being a favorite with
+    the gardener, was permitted to climb&mdash;a circumstance which
+    had naturally impressed itself on his childish memory. I told
+    him that I had heard that long after the difficulties of the
+    first marquis&mdash;who lent one hundred thousand pounds to
+    George the Magnificent when that glorious prince was at the
+    last gasp for <i>&pound; s. d</i>.&mdash;had compelled him to
+    part with his large estates; in the county Down, he had
+    retained possession of this mansion, and that it had even
+    descended to the last marquis, whose wild career concluded when
+    he was only six-and-twenty; but the old man thought it had
+    passed from them long before. He remembered, he said, the last
+    peer (with whom the title became extinct) coming to Dublin,
+    because he had an interview with him about some furniture for
+    his yacht, my informant being at that time in business, and he
+    thought he should have heard if the property had been still
+    retained. I asked if the marquis had exhibited any interest as
+    to the old historical mansion of his family. "Not the
+    slightest," he replied.</p>
+
+    <p>Hardy, in his well-known life of Lord Charlemont, says: "His
+    (Lord Moira's) house will be long, very long, remembered: it
+    was for many years the seat of refined hospitality, of good
+    nature and of good conversation. In doing the honors of it,
+    Lord Moira had certainly one advantage above most men, for he
+    had every assistance that true magnificence, the nobleness of
+    manners peculiar to exalted birth, and talents for society the
+    most cultivated, could give him in his illustrious
+    countess."</p>
+
+    <p>Powerscourt House, a really noble mansion in St. Andrew
+    street, is now used by a great wholesale firm, but is so little
+    altered that it could be fitted for a private residence again
+    in a very brief time. The staircase is grand in proportion, and
+    the steps and balustrades are of polished mahogany, the last
+    being richly carved.</p>
+
+    <p>Tyrone House is now the Education Office, and Mornington
+    House, where Wellington's father resided, and where or at
+    Dangan&mdash;for it is a doubtful point&mdash;the duke was
+    born, is also used for government purposes.</p>
+
+    <p>The great squares of Dublin are St. Stephen's Green,
+    Rutland, Mountjoy, Merrion and Fitzwilliam Squares. The first
+    of these dates from the latter half of the seventeenth century,
+    and is probably in a far more prosperous condition now than it
+    ever was before. If we are to judge by Whitelaw's history, it
+    presented in 1819 an aspect such as no public square out of
+    Dublin&mdash;the enclosure of Leicester Square, London,
+    excepted&mdash;could present. "Of that kind of architectural
+    beauty," he says, "which arises from symmetry and regularity,
+    here are no traces." Some houses were on a level with the
+    streets, others were approached by a grand <i>perron</i>. The
+    proprietors were of all degrees: here was the great house of a
+    lord, there a miserable dramshop. The enclosure consisted of no
+    less than thirteen acres, making Stephen's Green the largest
+    public square in Europe. It was simply a great treeless field,
+    with an equestrian statue of George II. stuck in the middle of
+    it. The principal entrance to the ground is described as
+    "decorated with four piers of black stone crowned with globes
+    of mountain granite, once respectable, but exhibiting shameful
+    symptoms of neglect and decay." There had been a gravel walk
+    called the "Beaux' Walk," from its having been a fashionable
+    resort, "but," says Whitelaw, "the ditch which bounds it is now
+    usually filled with stagnant water, which seems to be the
+    appropriate receptacle of animal bodies in a disgusting state
+    of putrefaction." At night this charming recreation-ground was
+    illumined by twenty-six lamps, at a distance of one hundred and
+    seventy feet from each other, stuck on wooden poles. Such an
+    account of the grand square of Dublin does not make one
+    surprised to learn that the main approach to it from the heart
+    of the city was of a very miserable description.</p>
+
+    <p>In reading Whitelaw's history of Dublin it is impossible not
+    to be struck with the fact that it records a degree of neglect
+    and indifference on the part of the people and the local
+    authorities to beauty, decency and order such as could scarcely
+    be found in another country. In the centre of Merrion Square
+    was a fountain of very ambitious expense and design, erected to
+    the honor of the duke and duchess of Rutland, a lord and lady
+    lieutenant. The fountain was only finished in 1791, but "from a
+    fault in the foundation, or some shameful negligence in the
+    construction, is already cracked and bulged in several places;
+    and though intended as a monument to perpetuate the memory of
+    an illustrious nobleman and his heroic father (the famous Lord
+    Granby), is, after an existence of only sixteen years,
+    tottering to its fall." Mr. Whitelaw continues: "Unhappily,
+    <i>a savage barbarism that seems hostile to every idea of order
+    or decency, of beauty and elegance, prevails among but too many
+    of the lower orders</i>; and hence the decorations of almost
+    every public fountain have been destroyed or disfigured: the
+    figure, shamefully mutilated, of the water-nymph in this
+    fountain has been reduced to a disgusting trunk, and the
+    <i>alto relievo</i> over it shows equal symptoms of decay,
+    arising partly from violence, and partly, perhaps, from the
+    perishable nature of the materials." Truly a forcible picture
+    of art and the appreciation thereof in Ireland!</p>
+
+    <p>During the last century some Italians came to Dublin, who
+    left their mark upon the interior decorations of rich men's
+    houses. Many of the old houses retain the beautiful
+    mantelpieces designed and executed by these accomplished
+    artists. A leading house-fitter of Dublin has, however, bought
+    up a good many, and they are finding their way to London, where
+    it is to be hoped they may produce a revolution in taste, for
+    London mantelpieces are, as a rule, hideous. Some of these
+    specimens of art have been bought by wealthy Irishmen and
+    transferred to their country-houses. One nobleman, Lord
+    Langford, whose ancestral home was wrecked in the rebellion of
+    1798, has lately been restoring it, and bought up many of the
+    Dublin mantelpieces.</p>
+
+    <p>The ornamentation of Belvedere House, in Gardener Row, is
+    particularly elaborate and in wonderfully good repair.</p>
+
+    <p>Irish family history contains few sadder stories than that
+    of the first countess of Belvedere. Lord Belvedere was a man of
+    fashion who much frequented St. James's, and indeed owed his
+    elevation, first to a barony and then to an earldom, to the
+    favor of that highly uninteresting monarch, George II. Leaving
+    his wife sometimes for long periods at Gaulston, a vast and
+    dreary residence (since pulled down) in Westmeath, he betook
+    himself to London, and Lady Belvedere at such times lived much
+    with her husband's brother, Mr. Arthur Rochfort, and his
+    family. It is said that some woman with whom Lord Belvedere had
+    long been connected was determined to make mischief between him
+    and his wife. Eight years after their marriage, Lady Belvedere
+    was accused of adultery with Mr. Rochfort: in an action of
+    <i>crim. con.</i> damages to the extent of twenty thousand
+    pounds were given, and the defendant was obliged to fly the
+    country. For many years he lived abroad, but at length ventured
+    to return, when his brother caused him to be arrested, and he
+    died in confinement, protesting to the last, as did Lady
+    Belvedere, his innocence. For Lady Belvedere a terrible
+    punishment for her alleged misdeeds was in store. Her husband
+    quitted Gaulston for a cheerful retreat in another part of the
+    county, and henceforth that gloomy mansion became the
+    prison-house of the unhappy countess.</p>
+
+    <p>When her imprisonment commenced Lady Belvedere was
+    twenty-five. For eighteen years she remained a prisoner. Her
+    husband often visited Gaulston, but uniformly avoided all
+    personal communication with her. Once she succeeded in speaking
+    to him, but her entreaties were in vain, and thenceforward,
+    whenever he was about the grounds at Gaulston, the attendant
+    accompanying Lady Belvedere in her walks was instructed to ring
+    a bell to give warning of her approach. At length, after twelve
+    years of captivity, Lady Belvedere contrived to escape, but
+    Lord Belvedere, who had been apprised of the fact, reached her
+    father's house in Dublin before her, and she found that his
+    representations had weighed so strongly with Lord
+    Molesworth&mdash;who had married a second time&mdash;that
+    orders had been given that she was not to be admitted. She then
+    took a very unfortunate step by repairing to the house of her
+    friends, the wife and family of the brother-in-law with whom
+    she had been accused of being guilty of misconduct, Mr.
+    Rochfort himself being in exile. She was presently seized and
+    reconveyed to Gaulston, where a much more rigorous treatment
+    was henceforth pursued toward her. At length her husband's
+    death set her free.</p>
+
+    <p>Lady Belvedere passed the rest of her days in peace and
+    comfort at the house of her daughter and son-in-law, Lord and
+    Lady Lanesborough. She did not long survive her husband, and on
+    her deathbed, after partaking of the holy communion, affirmed
+    with a most solemn oath her perfect innocence of the crime for
+    which she had suffered so much.</p>
+
+    <p>But perhaps in many respects Charlemont House has the most
+    interesting recollections connected with it of all the
+    <i>grand-seigneur</i> mansions of the Irish metropolis. It was
+    here that the first earl of Charlemont, the best specimen of a
+    nobleman that Ireland has to boast of, passed the greater
+    portion of his later life. Lord Charlemont's name is to be
+    found in all the memoirs of eminent political and literary men
+    of his time. He was the friend of Burke and Johnson, a popular
+    member of <i>the</i> club, and a munificent patron of
+    literature and art. But more than all this, he stuck bravely to
+    his country, and to no man in Ireland did the Stopford motto,
+    <i>Patri&aelig; infelici fidelis</i>, more correctly apply. Had
+    more of his order been like him, what a different country might
+    Ireland have been!</p>
+
+    <p>I found Charlemont House full of painters and glaziers. The
+    mansion, which was retained <i>in statu quo</i> by the late
+    earl, although, for fifty years no member of the family had
+    slept there, has now been sold to the government, and is being
+    prepared for the accommodation of the survey department. The
+    mouldings of the beautiful ceilings are still extant in some of
+    the rooms, although what once was gilt is now white-wash. The
+    library is much as it was, minus the very valuable collection
+    of books, which were sold some time since by the present earl,
+    and fetched a large sum, albeit many of the most valuable were
+    destroyed in a fire which broke out at the auctioneer's where
+    they were deposited in London.<a name="FNanchor_3_3"
+       id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3"
+       class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+    <p>With his friend Edmund Burke, Lord Charlemont maintained a
+    close correspondence. One of Burke's published letters relates
+    to an American gentleman, Mr. Shippen, whom he was introducing
+    to the hospitalities of Charlemont House, and whom he describes
+    as very agreeable, sensible and accomplished. "America and we,"
+    he concludes, "are not under the same crown, but if we are
+    united by mutual good-will and reciprocal good offices, perhaps
+    it may do almost as well. Mr. Shippen will give you no
+    unfavorable specimen of the New World."</p>
+
+    <p>From the middle of the last century Henrietta
+    street,<a name="FNanchor_4_4"
+       id="FNanchor_4_4"></a> <a href="#Footnote_4_4"
+       class="fnanchor">[4]</a> on the north bank of the Liffey,
+       was the residence of many of the leading members of the
+       aristocracy. The street is a <i>cul-de-sac</i>, with the
+       King's Inn (the Temple and Lincoln's Inn of Dublin) at the
+       farther end. The houses are extremely spacious and richly
+       ornamented; in fact, far finer in point of proportion and
+       design than ordinary London houses of the first class.</p>
+
+    <p>Through the politeness of a gentleman who possesses half the
+    street, I went over some of the houses, which are extremely
+    spacious, and contain beautifully-proportioned rooms richly
+    ornamented with carving and moulding. In what was formerly
+    Mountjoy House I found a dining-room whose cornices and
+    ceilings were of the most elegant design and execution. This
+    house had seen many curious scenes. It was formerly the
+    town-house of the earl of Blessington&mdash;whose second title
+    was Viscount Mountjoy&mdash;to whom the whole street belonged.
+    The founder of this family, Luke Gardiner, rose from a humble
+    origin by energy and intrigue, and his son married the heiress
+    of the Mountjoys. It was occupied up to 1830 by the last earl
+    of Blessington, husband of the celebrated literary star. Soon
+    after their marriage Lady Blessington accompanied her husband
+    to Ireland, and he invited some of his friends who were
+    ignorant of the event to dine at his house in Henrietta street.
+    These latter were somewhat startled when he entered the room
+    with a beautiful woman leaning on his arm whom he introduced as
+    his wife. Among the guests was a gentleman who had been in that
+    room only four years before, when the walls were hung with
+    black, and in the centre, on an elevated platform, was placed a
+    coffin with a gorgeous velvet pall, with the remains in it of a
+    woman once scarcely surpassed in loveliness by the lady then
+    present in bridal costume. This was the first Lady
+    Blessington.</p>
+
+    <p>The last of the Irish noblesse in this street was Lady
+    Harriet, widow of the Right Hon. Denis Bowes-Daly, on whom
+    Grattan passed such warm eulogies, and who was the original of
+    Lever's happiest creation, <i>The Knight of Gwynne</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>It has been a frequent subject of conjecture why the Phoenix
+    Park was so called. The best explanation seems to be that on a
+    site within its boundaries there formerly stood, close to a
+    remarkable spring of water, an ancient manor-house. The manor
+    was called Fionn-uisge, pronounced <i>finnisk&eacute;</i>,
+    which signifies clear or fair water, and this term easily
+    became corrupted into Phoenix. The land became Crown property
+    in 1559, and was made into a park in 1662. It was immensely
+    improved and put into its present shape by the earl of
+    Chesterfield, author of the <i>Letters</i>&mdash;one of the
+    best viceroys Ireland ever had&mdash;about 1743. The area is
+    seventeen hundred and sixty acres. With the exception of
+    Windsor and our own Fairmount, no public park in the world can
+    compare with it. The ground undulates charmingly, the views are
+    extensive and beautiful.</p>
+
+    <p>Grouped around the Phoenix Park are many beautiful seats:
+    the finest is Woodlands. This belonged formerly to the
+    Luttrells, a notorious family, the head of which was raised to
+    the Irish peerage as earl of Carhampton. It was with a Lord
+    Carhampton that his son declined to fight a duel, not at all
+    because he was his father, but because he "did not consider him
+    a gentleman." Early in the century, Woodlands, then known as
+    Luttrellstown, became the property of Luke White, one of the
+    most remarkable men that Ireland has produced. In 1778, Luke
+    White was in the habit of buying cheap odds and ends of
+    literature from a bookseller, named Warren, in Belfast to
+    peddle about the country. In 1798 he loaned the Irish
+    government, then in great difficulty, a million of pounds! Mr.
+    Warren, who found him very punctual and exact, used to permit
+    him to leave his pack behind his counter and call for it in the
+    morning. No one would then have dreamed that the greasy bag was
+    to lead to such results. By degrees, White scraped together
+    some means. He used to take odd volumes to a binder in Belfast
+    and employ him to get the "vol." at the beginning and end of an
+    odd volume erased, so as to pass it off among the unwary as a
+    perfect book, and generally furbish it up. Then he used to sell
+    his literary wares by auction in the streets of Belfast. The
+    knowledge he thus acquired of public sales procured him a
+    clerkship with a Dublin auctioneer. He opened first a
+    book-stall, and then a regular book-shop, in Dawson street, a
+    leading thoroughfare of Dublin. There he became eminent. He
+    sold lottery-tickets, speculated in the funds and contracted
+    for government loans. In 1798, when the rebellion broke out,
+    the Irish government was desperately in need of funds. They
+    came into the Dublin market for a loan of a million, and the
+    best terms they could get were from Luke White, who offered to
+    take it at sixty-five pounds per one hundred pound share at
+    five per cent.&mdash;not unremunerative terms.</p>
+
+    <p>At the time of his death, in 1824, he had long been M.P. for
+    Leitrim, and his son was member for the county of Dublin. He
+    left property worth a hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars
+    a year. Eventually almost the whole of it devolved on his
+    fourth son, who some years ago was created a peer of the United
+    Kingdom as Lord Annaly.</p>
+
+    <p>The family has probably spent more than a million and a half
+    of dollars on elections. It has always been on the Liberal
+    side. The present peer has property in about a dozen counties,
+    and is lord-lieutenant of Langford, whilst his younger son
+    holds the same high office in Clare.</p>
+
+    <p>The University of Dublin consists of a single
+    college&mdash;Trinity. This edifice forms a prominent feature
+    in the Irish metropolis. It stands in College Green, almost
+    opposite to the Bank of Ireland, the former legislative
+    chambers. Since the Union, Trinity College has been but little
+    resorted to by men of the upper ranks of Irish society,
+    although it has certainly contributed some very eminent men to
+    the public service&mdash;notably, the late unfortunate
+    governor-general, Lord Mayo, and Lord Cairns,
+    ex-lord-chancellor of England. Trinity is one of the largest
+    owners of real estate in the country. The fellowships are far
+    better than those of the English universities. The provost, who
+    occupies a large and stately mansion, has a separate estate
+    worth some fifteen thousand dollars a year, which he manages
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>Trinity has a very fine library. It is one of the five which
+    by an act of Parliament has a right to demand from the
+    publisher a copy of every work published. The origin of the
+    library is quite unique. It dates from a benefaction by the
+    victorious English army after its defeat of the Spaniards at
+    Kinsale in 1603, when they devoted one thousand eight hundred
+    pounds&mdash;a sum equivalent to five times that money at
+    present rates&mdash;to establish a library in the university,
+    being, it may be presumed, instigated by some eminent
+    personage, who suggested that such a course would be acceptable
+    to the queen, who had founded the university.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Chaloner and Mr. (afterward Archbishop) Ussher were
+    appointed trustees of this donation; "and," says Dr. Parr, "it
+    is somewhat remarkable that at this time, when the said persons
+    were in London about laying out this money in books, they there
+    met Sir Thomas Bodley, then buying books for his newly-erected
+    library in Oxford; so that there began a correspondence between
+    them upon this occasion, helping each other to procure the
+    choicest and best books on moral subjects that could be gotten;
+    so that the famous Bodleian Library at Oxford and that of
+    Dublin began together."</p>
+
+    <p>The private collection of Ussher himself, consisting of ten
+    thousand volumes, was the first considerable donation which the
+    library received, and for this also, curiously enough, it was
+    again indebted to the English army. In 1640, Ussher left
+    Ireland. The insurgents soon after destroyed all his effects
+    with the exception of his books, which were secured and sent to
+    London. In 1642&mdash;when the troubles between King and
+    Parliament had broken out&mdash;Ussher was nominated one of the
+    Westminster Assembly of Divines, but having offended the
+    parliamentary authorities by refusing to attend, his library
+    was confiscated as that of a delinquent by order of the House
+    of Commons. However, his friend, the celebrated John Selden,
+    got leave to buy the books, as though for himself, but really
+    to restore them to Ussher. Narrow circumstances subsequently
+    caused him to leave the library to his daughter, instead of to
+    Trinity. Cardinal Mazarin and the king of Denmark made offers
+    for it, but Cromwell interfered to prevent their acceptance.
+    Soon after, the officers and, soldiers of Cromwell's army then
+    in Ireland, wishing to emulate those of Elizabeth, purchased
+    the whole library, together with all the archbishop's very
+    valuable manuscripts and a choice collection of coins, for the
+    purpose of presenting them to the college. But when these
+    articles were brought over to Ireland, Cromwell refused to
+    permit the intentions of the donors to be carried into effect,
+    alleging that he intended to found a new college, in which the
+    collection might more conveniently be preserved separate from
+    all other books. The library was therefore deposited in Dublin
+    Castle, and so neglected that a great number of valuable books
+    and manuscripts were stolen or destroyed. At the Restoration,
+    Charles II. ordered that what remained of the primate's library
+    should be given to the university, as originally intended.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the most extraordinary persons who ever occupied the
+    position of provost, or indeed any position, was John Hely
+    Hutchinson. He was a man of great ability, and perfectly
+    determined to succeed, without being troubled with any very
+    tiresome qualms as to the means he employed in the process.
+    Such an officeholder as this man the world probably never saw.
+    He was at the same time reversionary principal secretary of
+    state for Ireland, a privy councilor, M.P. for Cork, provost of
+    Trinity College, Dublin, major of the fourth regiment of horse,
+    and searcher of the port of Strangford. When he was appointed
+    provost&mdash;a situation always filled since the foundation by
+    a bachelor&mdash;there was great indignation amongst the
+    fellows, and to appease them he ultimately procured a decree
+    permitting them to marry&mdash;a privilege which they, unlike
+    their brethren at Oxford and Cambridge, enjoy to this day. His
+    position as provost did not prevent his righting a duel with a
+    Mr. Doyle, but neither was hurt. Mr. Hutchinson had a great
+    dislike to a Mr. Shrewbridge, one of the junior fellows, who
+    had shown opposition to him. Mr. Shrewbridge died, and the
+    under&mdash;graduates attributed his death to the provost's
+    having refused him permission to go away for change of air. A
+    thoroughly Hiber-man <i>&eacute;meute</i> was the consequence.
+    The provost ordered that the great bell, which usually tolls
+    for a fellow, should not toll, and that the body should be
+    privately buried at six A.M. in the fellows' burial-ground. The
+    students immediately posted up placards that the great bell
+    <i>should</i> toll, and that the funeral should be by
+    torchlight. They carried the point. Almost all the students
+    attended the corpse to the grave in scarfs and hatbands at
+    their own expense, and when the funeral oration was pronounced
+    they flew in wild excitement to the provost's house, burst open
+    his doors and smashed the furniture to pieces. The provost had
+    a hint given him, and with his family had retreated to his
+    house near Dublin. It was subsequently stated on good authority
+    that Mr. Shrewbridge could not in any case have recovered.</p>
+
+    <p>Any one who takes an interest in the most original
+    writer&mdash;not to say, man&mdash;of the eighteenth century
+    will not fail to find his way to "the Liberties," as that queer
+    district is called which surrounds St. Patrick's Cathedral.
+    Some years ago the present writer made his way into the great
+    deserted deanery&mdash;the then dean resided in another part of
+    the city&mdash;got the old woman in charge of the house to open
+    the shutters of the dining-room, and gazed at the original
+    portrait of Jonathan Swift, which hangs there an heirloom to
+    his successors. Of the precincts of his cathedral he writes to
+    Pope: "I am lord-mayor of one hundred and twenty
+    houses,<a name="FNanchor_5_5"
+       id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5"
+       class="fnanchor">[5]</a> I am absolute lord of the greatest
+       cathedral in the kingdom, and am at peace with the
+       neighboring princes&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, the lord-mayor of the
+       city and the archbishop of Dublin&mdash;but the latter
+       sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions, as old
+       Lewis did in Lorraine."</p>
+
+    <p>Again, he writes to Dr. Sheridan: "No soul has broken his
+    neck or is hanged or married; only Cancerina is
+    dead.<a name="FNanchor_6_6"
+       id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6"
+       class="fnanchor">[6]</a> I let her go to her grave without a
+       coffin and without fees."</p>
+
+    <p>St. Patrick's, which was, in a deplorable state during
+    Swift's deanship, and indeed for a century after, is now
+    restored to its original magnificence. Indeed, it may be
+    doubted whether it is not in a condition superior to what it
+    ever was. This superb work has been effected entirely by the
+    princely munificence of the Guinness family, the great
+    <i>stout</i> brewers of Dublin; and Mr. Roe, a wealthy
+    distiller, is now engaged in the work of restoring Christ
+    Church, the other Protestant cathedral.</p>
+
+    <p>I paid a visit to the Bank of Ireland, the edifice on which
+    the hopes of so many patriotic Irishmen have been centred,
+    insomuch as it is the old Parliament-house. The elderly
+    official who conducted us over the building took us first
+    through the bank-note manufacturing rooms, where we espied in a
+    corner a queer wooden figure draped in a queerer uniform.
+    Demanding its history, he said that the clothes had belonged to
+    an old servant of the establishment, and were discovered after
+    his decease a few years ago. Formerly the Bank of Ireland was
+    guarded by a special corps of its own, and the ancient
+    retainer, who had been a member of this very commercial
+    regiment, was proud of it, and had kept his dress as a
+    cherished memorial. When George IV. came to Ireland, on his
+    celebrated popularity-hunt, in 1821&mdash;previous to which no
+    English monarch had visited Ireland since William III.&mdash;he
+    graciously condescended to give the bank a military guard,
+    which has since been continued. On the day I went I found a
+    number of soldiers of the Scots Fusileer Guards occupying the
+    guard-room. The officer on duty receives an allowance of two
+    dollars and a half for his dinner. At the Bank of England he
+    gets instead a dinner for himself and a friend, and a couple of
+    bottles of wine.</p>
+
+    <p>The interior of the Parliament-house is almost the same as
+    when Ireland had her own separate legislature. The House of
+    Lords is in precisely the condition in which it was left in
+    1801. It is a large oak-paneled, oblong chamber of no
+    particular beauty, and might very well pass for the dining-hall
+    of a London guild. There is a handsome fireplace, and the walls
+    are in great part covered with two fine pieces of tapestry
+    representing the battle of the Boyne and the siege of Derry,
+    King William, "of glorious, pious and immortal," etc., being of
+    course the most conspicuous object in the foreground. The
+    attendant stated that a special clause in the lease of the
+    buildings, to the Bank of Ireland Company stipulated that the
+    House of Lords was to remain <i>in statu quo</i>. Perhaps it
+    may return some of these days to its former use. The House of
+    Commons, a large stone hall of stately dimensions, is now the
+    cash-office of the bank. There seemed nothing about it
+    architecturally to call for special notice. I mooted the
+    probability of the Parliament being restored, but found, rather
+    to my surprise, that the attendant was by no means disposed to
+    regard such a step with unqualified approval. It would be a
+    blessing if the country was fit to govern itself, he said, or
+    words to that effect, but looking at the religious dissension
+    and political bitterness existing in the country, he feared
+    that it wouldn't do yet a while; and I suspect he's right.
+    Ireland is a house divided against itself: fifty years hence it
+    may resemble Scotland. Meanwhile, there is no doubt whatever
+    that a measure giving both Ireland and Scotland something in
+    the nature of State legislatures would find favor with many
+    English M.P.s, who greatly grudge having the valuable time of
+    the imperial legislature wasted over a gas-bill in Tipperary or
+    a water-works scheme for Dundee. The bank seemed to me to be
+    guarded with extraordinary care. I went all over the roof, on
+    which a guard is mounted at night. At "coigns of vantage" there
+    is a bullet-proof palisading, with peepholes through which a
+    volley of musketry might be poured. I should fancy that extra
+    precautions have probably been taken since the Fenian
+    <i>&eacute;meutes</i> of the last ten years.</p>
+
+    <p>Dublin swarms with soldiers, constabulary and police. The
+    metropolitan police is divided into six divisions, each two
+    hundred strong. Its men are, I believe, beyond a doubt the very
+    finest in the world in point of physique. Numbers of them are
+    six feet two or three inches high, and they are broad and
+    athletic in proportion. Indeed, the magnificence of some of
+    them who are detached for duty at certain "great confluences of
+    human existence" is such that you see strangers standing and
+    gaping at the giants in sheer amazement. The metropolitan
+    police is quite distinct from the constabulary, and under a
+    different chief.</p>
+
+    <p>Outside the bank, in College Green, is the celebrated statue
+    of William III. Its location has been more than once changed,
+    and it is now placed where the officer on guard at the bank can
+    keep an eye upon it. This fearful object, which would make a
+    Pradier or Chantrey shudder, is painted and gilt annually. It
+    has long served as a bone of contention between Protestant and
+    Papist, and has come off very badly several times at the hands
+    of the latter&mdash;a circumstance which probably accounts for
+    one of the horse's legs being about a foot longer than the
+    rest&mdash;half of that limb having been renewed after it had
+    been lost in one of the many free fights in which this
+    remarkable quadruped has seen service. The greatest proprietor
+    of real estate in Dublin is the young earl of Pembroke, son of
+    the late Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, so well known in connection
+    with the Crimean war, who was created, shortly before his
+    death, Lord Herbert of Lea. His estate, which is the most
+    valuable in Ireland, comprises Merrion Square and all the most
+    fashionable part of the Irish metropolis, and extends for
+    several miles along the railway line running from Kingstown,
+    the landing-place from England, to the capital. The property
+    also includes Mount Merrion, a neglected seat about four miles
+    from the city. This mansion, which might easily be made
+    delightful, commands a charming view over the lovely bay, and
+    is surrounded by a small but picturesque park containing deer.
+    It was, with the rest of Lord Pembroke's estate, formerly the
+    property of Viscount Fitzwilliam, who founded the Fitzwilliam
+    Museum in the University of Cambridge.</p>
+
+    <p>Lord Fitzwilliam was a somewhat eccentric person. His
+    nearest relation had displeased him by some very trivial
+    offence, such as coming down late for dinner, so he determined
+    to leave his estate to his distant cousin, Lord Pembroke.
+    Falling ill, Lord Fitzwilliam, desired that Lord Pembroke might
+    be summoned from London. Word came back that it was
+    unfortunately impossible for him to leave England immediately.
+    Presently news arrived from Dublin that Lord Fitzwilliam was
+    dead, and had bequeathed all&mdash;the property is now three
+    hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year&mdash;to Lord
+    Pembroke, with remainder to his second son. By the death of the
+    late Lord Pembroke the English and Irish properties have become
+    united, and are to-day worth not less than six hundred thousand
+    dollars a year! It is this young nobleman who has lately
+    written <i>The Earl and The Doctor</i>.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">REGINALD WYNFORD.</p>
+
+    <div class="footnotes">
+        <h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_1_1"
+               id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">
+            [1]</span></a> The Fitzgeralds, of which family the
+            duke of Leinster is chief, became Protestant in 1611,
+            when George, sixteenth earl of Kildare, coming to the
+            title and estates when eight years old, was given in
+            ward, according to the custom of the time, to the duke
+            of Lenox (then lord privy seal), who bred him a
+            Protestant.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_2_2"
+               id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">
+            [2]</span></a> In June, 1798, the corpse of Lord Edward
+            Fitzgerald was conveyed from the jail of Newgate and
+            entombed in St. Werburgh's church, Dublin, until the
+            times would admit of their being removed to the family
+            vault at Kildare. "A guard," says his brother, "was to
+            have attended at Newgate the night of my poor brother's
+            burial, in order to provide against all interruption
+            from the different guards and patrols in the streets:
+            it never arrived, which caused the funeral to be
+            several times stopped on its way, so that the funeral
+            did not take place until nearly two in the morning, and
+            the people attending were obliged to stay in church
+            until a pass could be procured to permit them to go
+            out."</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_3_3"
+               id="Footnote_3_3"></a>
+               <a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+               Lord Charlemont had a seat called Marino,
+               beautifully situated within a few miles of Dublin.
+               There is within the grounds an exquisite building
+               erected from designs of Sir William Chambers. It is
+               a small villa, in its arrangements suggesting a
+               <i>maison de joie</i>. The furniture is just as it
+               was, and although sadly out of repair, the visitor
+               can easily judge how exquisite the place must once
+               have been. There is a superb mantelpiece, richly
+               mounted in bronze and inlaid with lapis lazuli.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_4_4"
+               id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">
+            [4]</span></a> The occupants of Henrietta street in
+            1784 included&mdash;the primate (Lord Rokeby); the earl
+            of Shannon; Hon. Dr. Maxwell, bishop of Meath; the
+            bishop of Kilmore; the bishop of Clogher; Right Hon.
+            Luke Gardiner, M.P.; Viscount Kingsborough; Right Hon.
+            D. Bowes-Daly, M.P.; Sir E. Crofton, Bart.</p>
+
+            <p>Twenty years later, Dublin was nearly deserted by
+            the aristocracy on account of the Union. Up to that
+            time nearly all the peers, except those really English,
+            seem to have had residences in Dublin. In 1844, Lords
+            Longford, De Vesci and Monck were the only peers who
+            had houses there.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_5_5"
+               id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">
+            [5]</span></a> The precincts, including a portion of
+            the Liberties, were then entirely under the
+            jurisdiction of the dean of St. Patrick's.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_6_6"
+               id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">
+            [6]</span></a> It was a part of the grim and ghastly
+            humor of this extraordinary man,</p>
+
+            <div class="poem">
+                <div class="stanza">
+                    <p>"Who left what little wealth he had</p>
+
+                    <p>To found a home for fools or mad,</p>
+
+                    <p>And prove by one satiric touch</p>
+
+                    <p>No nation wanted it so much,"</p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p>to give nicknames, of which Cancerina was one, to
+            the poor old wretches he met in his walks, to whom he
+            gave charity.</p>
+
+            <p>Amongst Cancerina's sisters in misery were
+            Stompanympha, Pullagowna, Friterilla, Stumphantha.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2><a name="THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION"
+       id="THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION"></a>THE MAESTRO'S
+       CONFESSION.</h2>
+
+    <h3>(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO&mdash;1460.)</h3>
+
+    <h3>I.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Threescore and ten!</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">I wish it were all to live again.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Doesn't the Scripture somewhere say,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">By reason of strength men oft-times
+            may</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Even reach fourscore? Alack! who
+            knows?</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Ten sweet, long years of life! I would
+            paint</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Our Lady and many and many a saint,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">And thereby win my soul's repose.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Yet, Fra Bernardo, you shake your
+            head:</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">Has the leech once said</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">I must die? But he</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Is only a fallible man, you see:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Now, if it had been our father the
+            pope,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I should <i>know</i> there was then no
+            hope.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Were only I sure of a few kind years</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">More to be merry in, then my fears</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I'd slip for a while, and turn and
+            smile</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">At their hated reckonings: whence the
+            need</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Of squaring accounts for word and
+            deed</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Till the lease is up?... How? hear I
+            right?</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">No, no! You could not have said,
+            <i>To-night</i>!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>II.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i12">Ah, well! ah, well!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">"Confess"&mdash;you tell me&mdash;"and be
+            forgiven."</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Is there no easier path to heaven?</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Santa Maria! how can I tell</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">What, now for a score of years and
+            more,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">I've buried away in my heart so deep</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">That, howso tired I've been, I've
+            kept</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Eyes waking when near me another
+            slept,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Lest I might mutter it in my sleep?</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">And now at the last to blab it clear!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">How the women will shrink from my
+            pictures! And worse</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Will the men do&mdash;spit on my name,
+            and curse;</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">But then up in heaven I shall not
+            hear.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i12">I faint! I faint!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Quick, Fra Bernardo! The figure
+            stands</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">There in the niche&mdash;my patron
+            saint:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Put it within my trembling hands</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Till they are steadier. So!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">My brain</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Whirled and grew dizzy with sudden
+            pain,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Trying to p that gulf of years,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Fronting again those long laid fears.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4"><i>Confess</i>? Why, yes, if I must, I
+            must.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Now good Sant' Andrea be my trust!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">But fill me first, from that crystal
+            flask,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Strong wine to strengthen me for my
+            task.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">(That thing is a gem of
+            craftsmanship:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Just mark how its curvings fit the
+            lip.)</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Ah, you, in your dreamy, tranquil
+            life,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">How can <i>you</i> fathom the rage and
+            strife,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The blinding envy, the burning smart,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">That, worm-like, gnaws the Maestro's
+            heart</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">When he sees another snatch the prize</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Out from under his very eyes,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">For which he would barter his soul? You
+            see</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I taught him his art from first to
+            last:</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Whatever he was he owed to me.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And then to be browbeat, overpassed,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Stealthily jeered behind the hand!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Why that was more than a saint could
+            stand;</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And I was no saint. And if my soul,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">With a pride like Lucifer's, mocked
+            control,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And goaded me on to madness, till</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I lost all measure of good or ill,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Whose gift was it, pray? Oh, many a
+            day</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I've cursed it, yet whose is the blame, I
+            say?</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4"><i>His name</i>? How strange that you
+            question so,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">When I'm sure I have told it o'er and
+            o'er,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And why should you care to hear it
+            more?</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>III.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Well, as I was saying, Domenico</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Was wont of my skill to make such
+            light,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">That, seeing him go on a certain
+            night</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Out with his lute, I followed. Hot</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">From a war of words, I heeded not</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Whither I went, till I heard him
+            twang</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">A madrigal under the lattice where</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Only the night before <i>I</i> sang.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">&mdash;A double robbery! and I swear</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">'Twas overmuch for the flesh to bear.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4"><i>Don't ask me</i>. I knew not what I
+            did,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">But I hastened home with my rapier
+            hid</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Under my cloak, and the blade was
+            wet.</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Just open that cabinet there and see</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The strange red rustiness on it yet.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">A calm that was dead as dead could be</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Numbed me: I seized my chalks to
+            trace&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">What think you?&mdash;<i>Judas Iscariot's
+            face</i>!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I just had finished the scowl, no
+            more,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">When the shuffle of feet drew near my
+            door</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">(We lived together, you know I said):</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Then wide they flung it, and on the
+            floor</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Laid down Domenico&mdash;dead!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Back swam my senses: a sickening pain</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Tingled like lightning through my
+            brain,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And ere the spasm of fear was broke,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The men who had borne him homeward
+            spoke</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Soothingly: "Some assassin's knife</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Had taken the innocent artist's
+            life&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Wherefore, 'twere hard to say: all
+            men</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Were prone to have troubles now and
+            then</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The world knew naught of. Toward his
+            friend</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Florence stood waiting to extend</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Tenderest dole." Then came my tears,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And I've been sorry these twenty
+            years.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Now, Fra Bernardo, you have my sin:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Do you think Saint Peter will let me
+            in?</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="center">MARGARET J. PRESTON.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT"
+       id="MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT"></a>MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S
+       EXPERIMENT.</h2>
+
+    <p class="center">"<i>La transfusion parait avoir eu quelque
+    succes dans ces derniers temps</i>."</p>
+
+    <p>A dejected man, M. le docteur Maurice Fournier locked the
+    door of his physiological laboratory in the Place de
+    l'&Eacute;cole de M&eacute;decine, and walked away toward his
+    rooms in the rue Rossini. At two-and-thirty, rich, brilliant,
+    an ambitious graduate of l'&Eacute;cole de M&eacute;decine, an
+    enthusiastic pupil of Claude Bernard's, a devoted lover of
+    science, and above all of physiology, yesterday he was without
+    a care save to make his name great among the great names of
+    science&mdash;to win for himself a place in the foremost rank
+    of the followers of that mistress whom only he loved and
+    worshiped. To-day a word had swept away all his fondest hopes.
+    Trousseau, the keenest observer in all Paris, formerly his
+    father's friend, now no less his own, had kindly but firmly
+    called his attention to himself, and to the malady that had so
+    imperceptibly and insidiously fastened itself upon him that
+    until the moment he never dreamed of its approach. He had been
+    too full of his work to think of himself. In any other case he
+    would scarcely have dared to dispute the opinion of the highest
+    medical authority in Europe; nevertheless in his own he began
+    to argue the matter: "But, my dear doctor, I am well."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, my friend, you are not. You are thin and pale, and I
+    noticed the other night, when you came late to the meeting of
+    the Institute, that your breathing was quick and labored, and
+    that the reading of your excellent paper was frequently
+    interrupted by a short cough."</p>
+
+    <p>"That was nothing. I was hurried and excited, and I have
+    been keeping myself too closely to my work. A run to Dunkerque,
+    a week of rest and sea-air, will make all right again."</p>
+
+    <p>But the great man shook his head gravely: "Not weeks, but
+    years, of a different life are needed. You must give up the
+    laboratory altogether if you want to live. Remember your
+    mother's fate and your father's early death&mdash;think of the
+    deadly blight that fell so soon upon the rare beauty of your
+    sister. Some day you will realize your danger: realize it now,
+    in time. Close your laboratory, lock up your library, say adieu
+    to Paris, and lead the life of a traveler, an Arab, a Tartar.
+    For the present cease to dream of the future: strength is
+    better than a professorship in the College of France, and
+    health more than the cross of the Legion of Honor."</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier was at first surprised and incredulous: he became
+    convinced, then alarmed. After some thought he was horribly
+    dejected. At such a time an Englishman becomes stolid, a German
+    gives up utterly, an American begins to live fast, since he may
+    not live long; but he, being a Frenchman and a Parisian, had
+    alternations&mdash;first, the idea of suicide, which means
+    sleep; second, reaction, which is hopefulness.</p>
+
+    <p>He chose to react, and did it promptly. A little time, and
+    the rooms in the Place de l'&Eacute;cole de M&eacute;decine,
+    opposite the bookseller's, displayed a card stuck on the
+    entrance-door with red wafers, "<i>&agrave; louer</i>," the
+    hammer of the auctioneer knocked down the comfortable furniture
+    of the apartments in the rue Rossini, while that of the
+    carpenter nailed up the well-beloved books in stout boxes, and
+    the places that had known M. le docteur knew him no more. None
+    but those who have experienced the pleasures of a life devoted
+    to scientific research can understand how hard all this was to
+    him. The fulfillment of long-cherished desires, the completion
+    of elaborate systematic investigations, the realization of pet
+    theories, the establishment of new principles,&mdash;all, all
+    abandoned after so much toil and care. To struggle painfully
+    through a desert toward some beautiful height, which, at first
+    dimly seen, has grown clearer and clearer and always more
+    splendid as he advances, and now at its very foot to be turned
+    back by a gloomy stream in whose depths lurks death itself; to
+    reach out his hand to the golden truth, fruit of much winnowing
+    of human knowledge, and as he grasps the precious grains to be
+    borne back by a grim spectre whose very breath is horrible with
+    the noisome odors of the tomb; to choose an arduous life, and
+    learn to love it because it has high aims, and then to give it
+    up at once and utterly!&mdash;alas, poor Fournier!</p>
+
+    <p>"Nevertheless," he said as he turned his back on Paris,
+    "even idle wanderings are better than dying of
+    consumption."</p>
+
+    <p>Behold the student of science a wanderer&mdash;sailing his
+    yacht among the islands of the Mediterranean; making long
+    journeys through the wild mountain-regions and lovely valleys
+    of untraveled Spain; stemming the historic current of the Nile;
+    among the nomad tribes, in Arab costume riding an Arabian mare,
+    as wild an Arab as the wildest of them; killing tigers in
+    India, tending stock in Australia, chasing buffaloes in Western
+    America,&mdash;everywhere avoiding civilization and courting
+    Nature and the company of men who either by birth or adoption
+    were the children of Nature. By day the winds of heaven kissed
+    his cheeks and the sun bronzed them: at night he often fell
+    asleep wondering at the star-worlds that gemmed the only canopy
+    over his welcome blanket-couch.</p>
+
+    <p>His treatment of consumption was certainly a rational one,
+    and perhaps the only one that is ever wholly successful. But,
+    alas! few can take so costly a prescription.</p>
+
+    <p>How often had his studies led him to dissect the bodies of
+    animals that had died in their dens in the Jardin des Plantes!
+    Often in the first generation of cage-life, almost always in
+    the second, invariably in the third, they grow dull, listless,
+    the fire goes out of their eyes, the litheness out of their
+    limbs: they forget to eat, they cough, and soon they die. Of
+    what? Consumption. Once our fathers were wild and lived in the
+    open air: they scarcely ever died, as we do, of consumption.
+    Crowded cities, bad drainage, overwork, want of healthful
+    exercise, stimulating food, dissipation,&mdash;these are human
+    cage-life. If a man is threatened with consumption, let him go
+    back to the plains and forests before it is too late.</p>
+
+    <p>Certainly the treatment benefited Fournier. By and by it did
+    more&mdash;it cured him. The cough was forgotten, the cheeks
+    filled out, the muscles became hard as bundles of steel wire,
+    his strength was prodigious: he ate his food with a relish
+    unknown in Paris, and slept like a child.</p>
+
+    <p>Nevertheless, his mind, trained to habits of thought and
+    observation, was not idle. When a city was his home he had been
+    a physiologist and had studied <i>man</i>: he made the world
+    his dwelling-place, and wandering among the nations he became
+    an ethnologist and began to study <i>men</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>A distinguished professor, writing of the influence of
+    climate upon man, for the sake of illustration supposes the
+    case of a human being whose life should be prolonged through
+    many ages, and who should pass that life in journeying slowly
+    from the arctic regions southward through the varying climates
+    of the earth to the eternal winter of the antarctic zone.
+    Always preserving his personal identity, this traveler would
+    undergo remarkable changes in form, feature and complexion, in
+    habits and modes of life, and in mental and moral attributes.
+    Though he might have been perfectly white at first, his skin
+    would pass through every degree of darkness until he reached
+    the equator, when it would be black. Proceeding onward, he
+    would gradually become fairer, and on reaching the end of his
+    journey he would again be pale. His intellectual powers would
+    vary also, and with them the shape of his skull. His forehead,
+    low and retreating, would by degrees assume a nobler form as he
+    advanced to more genial climes, the facial angle reaching its
+    maximum in the temperate zone, only to gradually diminish as he
+    journeyed toward the torrid, and to again exhibit under the
+    equator its original base development. As he continued his
+    journey toward the south pole he would undergo a second time
+    this series of progressing and retrograding changes, until at
+    length, as he laid his weary bones to rest in some icy cave in
+    the drear antarctics,</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Multum ille et terris jactatus et alto,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>he would be in every respect, save in age and a ripe
+    experience, the same as at the outset of his wanderings.</p>
+
+    <p>Extravagant as this illustration may appear, the professor
+    goes on to say, philosophically, on the doctrine of the unity
+    of the human race, it is not so; for what else than such an
+    imaginary prolonged individual life is the life of the race?
+    And what greater changes have occurred to our imaginary
+    traveler than have actually befallen the human family?</p>
+
+    <p>The facts are patent. Under the equator is found the negro,
+    in the temperate zones the Indo-European, and toward the pole
+    the Lapp and Esquimaux. They are as different as the climates
+    in which they dwell; nevertheless, history, philology, the
+    common traditions of the race, revelation, point to their
+    brotherhood.</p>
+
+    <p>How is it that climate can bring about such modifications in
+    man? Is it possible that the sun, shining upon his face and his
+    children's faces for ages, can make their skin dark, and their
+    hair crisp and curly, and their foreheads low? Or that sunshine
+    and shadow, spring-time and autumn, summer's showers beating
+    upon him and winter's snows falling about his path, can make
+    him fair and free? Or that the dreary night and cheerless day
+    of many changeless arctic years can make him short and fat and
+    stolid as a seal? Surely not. These avail much; but other
+    influences, indirect and obscure in their workings, but not the
+    less essentially climatic, are required. Food, raiment,
+    shelter, occupation, amusement, influences that tell upon the
+    very citadel and stronghold of life&mdash;and all in their very
+    nature climatic, since they are controlled and modified by
+    climate&mdash;are the means by which such changes are effected.
+    The savage living in the open air, not trammeled with much
+    clothing, anointing his skin with oil, eating uncooked food,
+    delighting in the chase and in battle, and living thus because
+    his surroundings indicate it, becomes swart and athletic,
+    fierce, cunning and cruel&mdash;takes ethnologically the lowest
+    place. Of literature, science, art, he knows nothing: for him
+    will is justice, fear law, some miserable fetich God. Still, in
+    his nature lie dormant all the capabilities of the noblest
+    manhood, awaiting only favorable surroundings to call them into
+    glorious being. It might shock the salt of the earth to reflect
+    that some centuries of life among them and their fair
+    descendants would make him like them.</p>
+
+    <p>The arctic savage clad in furs and eating blubber does not
+    differ essentially from his brother of the tropics. So much of
+    his food is necessarily converted into heat that he cannot
+    afford to lead so active a life; but he also, like him of the
+    tropics, partakes with his surroundings in color. The one,
+    living amid snowclad scenery, where the sparse vegetation is
+    gray and grayish-green, and the birds and animals almost as
+    white as the snow over which they wander, is pale, etiolated.
+    The other, under a vertical sun, surrounded by a lush and lusty
+    growth, whose flowers for variety and intensity of color are
+    beyond description, and in which birds of brightest plumage and
+    black and tawny beasts make their home, has the most marked
+    supply of pigment&mdash;is dark-hued, black, in short a negro.
+    Between these two extremes is the typical man, fair of face,
+    with expanded brow and wavy hair, well fed, well clad, well
+    housed, wresting from Nature her hidden things and making her
+    mightiest forces the workers of his will; heaping together
+    knowledge, cherishing art, reverencing justice, worshiping God.
+    How startling the contrast between brothers!</p>
+
+    <p>Such changes do not take place in a few generations. For
+    their completion hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years must
+    elapse. The descendants of the blacks who were carried from
+    Africa to America as slaves two centuries and a half ago, save
+    where their color has been modified by a mixed parentage, are
+    still black. Already the influence of new climatic surroundings
+    and of association has wrought great changes upon them: they
+    are no longer savages. But their complexion is as dark as that
+    of their kidnapped forefathers. Their original physical
+    condition remains almost unaltered, and with it many mental
+    characteristics: their love of display and of bright colors,
+    their fondness for tune and the power of music to move them,
+    their weird and fantastic belief in ghosts and spirits, in
+    signs, omens and charms, and many other traits, still bear
+    witness to their savage origin. But even these are fading away,
+    and these men are slowly but not the less surely becoming
+    civilized and <i>white</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>The point of departure for every structural change in a
+    living organism lies in the apparatus by which nutrition is
+    maintained; and this in the higher classes is the blood. Most
+    complex and wonderful of fluids, it contains in unexplained and
+    inscrutable combination salts of iron, lime, soda and potassa,
+    with water, oil, albumen, paraglobulin and fibrinogen, which
+    united form fibrine&mdash;in fact, at times, some part of
+    everything we eat and all that goes to form our bodies, which
+    it everywhere permeates, vitalizes and sustains. Borne in
+    countless numbers in its ever-ebbing and returning streams are
+    little disks, flattened, bi-concave, not larger in man than
+    one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, called red
+    corpuscles, whose part it is to carry from the lungs to the
+    tissues pure oxygen, without which the fire called life cannot
+    be sustained, and back from the tissues to the lungs carbonic
+    acid, one of the products of that fire; and larger, yet
+    marvelously small, bodies called leucocytes or white
+    corpuscles, whose precise origin and use to this day, in spite
+    of all the labor that has been spent upon their study, remain
+    unknown. But that which makes the blood wonderful above all
+    other fluids is its vitality. Our common expression, "life's
+    blood," is no idle phrase. The blood is indeed the very throne
+    of life. If its springs are pure and bountiful, if its currents
+    flow strong and free, muscle, bone and brain grow in symmetry
+    and power, and there is cunning to devise and the strong right
+    arm to execute. But if it be thin and poor, and its circulation
+    feeble and uncertain, the will flags, the mind is weak and
+    vacillating, the muscles grow puny, and the man becomes an
+    unresisting prey to disease and circumstance. If it escape
+    through a wound, strength ebbs with it, until at length life
+    itself flows out with the unchecked crimson stream. Thus, then,
+    by acting upon the blood, climate has wrought and is working
+    such changes upon man. But why are constantly-acting causes so
+    slow in producing their effects? How is it that countless
+    generations must pass away before purely climatic causes,
+    potent as they are, begin to manifest themselves in physical
+    changes in the races of men exposed to them?</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier, physiologist, as I have said, by the education of
+    the schools, but by the broader education of his travels
+    sociologist and ethnologist, devoted himself again to science,
+    and framed this hypothesis: <i>Climatic influences, acting upon
+    man, bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly, because
+    they are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation. This
+    habit pertains either to the blood or the tissues, possibly to
+    both, probably to the blood alone</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>To establish an hypothesis experiment is necessary.
+    Physiology is a science of experiment. Hence the frequent
+    uncertainty of its results, since no two observers conduct an
+    experiment in exactly the same manner&mdash;certainly no two
+    ever institute it under precisely the same conditions.
+    Nevertheless, let us not decry science. Out of much searching
+    after truth comes the finding of truth&mdash;after long groping
+    in darkness one comes upon a ray of light.</p>
+
+    <p>An experiment was necessary. To the ingenious mind of
+    Fournier an elaborate one occurred. If he could perform it, not
+    only would his hypothesis be established and confirmed beyond
+    all cavil, but a, field of scientific research also be opened
+    such as was yet undreamed of. However, for this experiment
+    subjects were needed. Brutes, beasts of the field? Not so: that
+    were easy to achieve. Human beings, two living, healthy men,
+    one white, one black, were the requirements. Impossible! The
+    experiment could never be performed: its requirements were
+    unattainable. O tempora! O mores! Alas, for the degeneracy of
+    the age! In the days of the Roman emperors men were fed,
+    literally fed, to wild beasts in the arena&mdash;Gauls,
+    Scythians, Nubians, even Roman freedmen when barbarians were
+    scarce. This to amuse the populace alone. Frightful waste of
+    life! In India, a thousand lives thrown away in a day under the
+    wheels of Juggernaut; in Europe, tens of thousands to gratify
+    the imperious wills of grasping monarchs; in America, hundreds
+    to sate the greed of railroad corporations. And now not two men
+    to be had for an experiment of untold value to science, that
+    would scarcely endanger life in one of them, and in the other
+    would necessitate only the merest scratch! To what are we
+    coming? No one complains that tattooed heads are going out of
+    fashion&mdash;that the king of the Cannibal Isles no longer
+    flatters a ship's master by inquiring which head of all his
+    subjects is ornamented most to his fancy, and the next day
+    sending him that head as a souvenir of his visit to the
+    anthropophagic shores. It is well that the custom is dead. But
+    is there not danger of drifting too far even toward the shore
+    of compassion? May it not be that there is something wrong with
+    the bowels of mercy when criminals are executed barbarously,
+    while science needs their lives, or at least an insight into
+    the method of their dying; when precise examination of the
+    manner of nerve and blood supply to the organs of a
+    superannuated horse is heavily finable; when charitable but
+    perchance too enthusiastic societies for the prevention of
+    cruelty to animals push their earnestness even to interference
+    with scientific researches, because, forsooth! they jeopardize
+    the lives of rabbits, guinea-pigs and dogs? The legend <i>Cave
+    canem</i> bears a deeper meaning now than it did in the inlaid
+    pavements of Pompeian vestibules. We dare not trample it under
+    foot.</p>
+
+    <p>Five years passed, and with restored health back came the
+    old desires in redoubled force. Fournier longed to return to
+    civilization and to work. The life that had been so delightful
+    while it did him good became utterly unbearable when he had
+    reaped its full benefit. I am tempted to quote a line about
+    Europe and Cathay, but refrain: it will recur to the reader. He
+    burned to renew the labors he had abandoned, to take up again
+    the work he had laid down to do battle with disease, now that
+    disease was vanquished. Thus the year 1863 found him in the
+    city of Charleston, homeward bound in his journey around the
+    world.</p>
+
+    <p>While still in the wilds west of the Mississippi he could
+    have shaped his course northward and readily proceeded directly
+    by steamer from New York to Europe. But a determined purpose
+    led him to choose a different course, though he was well aware
+    that it would involve indefinite delay in reaching Paris, and
+    great personal risk. The life he had been leading made him
+    think lightly of danger, and years would be well spent if he
+    could accomplish the plans that induced him to go into the
+    disorganized country of the South.</p>
+
+    <p>He straightway connected himself with the army as surgeon,
+    and solicited a place at the front. He wanted active service.
+    In this he was disappointed. Charleston, blockaded and
+    beseiged, was in a state of military inaction. Save the
+    occasional exchange of shot and shell at long range between the
+    works on shore and those which the Unionists had erected and
+    held upon the neighboring islands and marshes, nothing was
+    done, and for nearly a year Fournier experienced the
+    irksomeness of routine duty in a wretchedly arranged and
+    appointed military hospital. Nevertheless, the time was not
+    wholly wasted. From a planter fleeing from the anarchy of civil
+    war he procured a native African slave, one of the shipload
+    brought over a few years before in the Wanderer, the last
+    slave-ship that put into an American harbor. This man he made
+    his body-servant and kept always near him, partly to study him,
+    but chiefly to secure his complete mental and moral thraldom.
+    An almost unqualified savage, Fournier avoided systematiclly
+    everything that would tend to civilize him. He taught him many
+    things that were convenient in his higher mode of life, and
+    taught him well, but of the great principles of civilization he
+    strove to keep him in ignorance; and more, he so confused and
+    distorted the few gleams of light that had reached that
+    darkened soul that they made its gloom only the more hideous
+    and profound. He wanted a man altogether savage, mentally,
+    morally and physically. Instead of teaching him English or
+    French, he learned from him many words of his own rude native
+    tongue, and communicated with him as much as possible in that
+    alone, aided by gesture, in which, like all Frenchmen, he
+    possessed marvelous facility of expression. In the unexplored
+    back-country of Africa the negro had been a prince, and
+    Fournier bade him look forward to the time when he would return
+    and rule. He always addressed him by his African name and title
+    in his own tongue. He took him into the wards of his hospital,
+    and taught him to be useful at surgical operations and to care
+    for the instruments, that he might become familiar with them
+    and with the sight of blood, which at first maddened him. Once
+    he gave him a drug that made his head throb, and then bled him,
+    with almost instant relief. He affected an interest in the
+    amulets which hung at his neck, and besought him to give him
+    one to wear. He committed to his care, with expressions of the
+    greatest solicitude, a strong box, brass bound and carefully
+    locked, which he told him contained his god, a most potent and
+    cruel deity, who would, however, when it pleased him, give back
+    the life of a dead man for <i>blood</i>. This box contained a
+    silver cup, with a thermometer fixed in its side; a glass
+    syringe holding about a third of a pint; a large curved needle
+    perforated in its length like a tube, sharp at one end, at the
+    other expanded to fit accurately the nozzle of the syringe; a
+    little strainer also fitting the syringe; and last, a small
+    bundle of wires with a handle like an egg-beater.</p>
+
+    <p>For the rest, this savage was crooked, ill-shapen and
+    hideous. His skin was as black as night; his head small, the
+    face immensely disproportionate to the cranium; his jaws
+    massive and armed with glittering white teeth filed to points;
+    his cheeks full, his nose flat, his eyes little, deep-set,
+    restless, wicked. The usage he received from his new master was
+    so different from his former experience with white men, and so
+    in accord with his own undisciplined nature, that it called
+    forth all the sympathies of his character. He soon loved the
+    Frenchman with an intensity of affection almost
+    incomprehensible. It is no exaggeration to say that he would
+    have willingly laid down his life to gratify his master's
+    slightest wish. The latter's knowledge was to him so
+    comprehensive, his power so boundless and his will so imperious
+    and inflexible, that he feared and worshiped him as a god.</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier looked upon his monster with satisfaction, and
+    longed for a battle. His wish was at last gratified. On the
+    Fourth of July, 1864, an engagement took place three miles
+    north-west of Legar&eacute;ville, near the North Edisto River.
+    A force of Union soldiery had been assembled from the Sea
+    Islands and from Florida, massed on Seabrook Island, and pushed
+    thence up into South Carolina. The object of this expedition
+    was unknown; indeed, as nothing whatever was accomplished, the
+    strategy of it remains to this day unexplained. However,
+    forewarned is forearmed. Every movement was watched and
+    reported by the rebel scouts; all the troops that could be
+    spared from Charleston were sent out to oppose the invaders;
+    roads were obstructed; bridges were destroyed, batteries
+    erected in strong positions, everything prepared to impede
+    their progress. Our story needs not that we should dwell upon
+    the sufferings of the Union soldiers on that futile expedition,
+    from the narrow, dusty roads, the frequent scarcity of water,
+    the intense heat. With infinite fatigue and peril they advanced
+    only five or six miles in a day's march. Many died of
+    sunstroke, and many fell by the way utterly exhausted. There
+    was occasional skirmishing; but one actual battle. To that the
+    troops gave the name of "the battle of Bloody Bridge." Picture
+    a slightly undulating country covered with thick low forest; a
+    narrow road that by an open plank bridge crosses a wide,
+    sluggish stream with marshy banks, and curves beyond abruptly
+    to the right to avoid a low, steep hill facing the bridge;
+    crowning this hill an earth-work, rude to be sure, but steep,
+    sodded, almost impregnable to men without artillery to play
+    upon it; within, two cannon, for which there is plenty of
+    ammunition, and six hundred Confederate soldiers, fresh, eager,
+    determined; on the road in front of the battery, but just out
+    of range of its guns, the Union forces halting under arms, the
+    leaders anxious and discouraged, the men exhausted, careworn,
+    wondering what is to be done next, heartily sick of it all, yet
+    willing to do their best; in the thicket on both sides the
+    road, not sheltered, only covered, within pistol-shot of the
+    enemy, six hundred United States soldiers, a Massachusetts
+    colored regiment, one of the first recruited, without cannon,
+    over-marched, overheated, a forlorn hope, <i>sent forward to
+    take the battery</i>! These men, stealthily assembling there
+    among the trees and bushes, are ready. Not one of them carries
+    a pound of superfluous weight. Their rifles with fixed
+    bayonets, a handful of cartridges, a canteen of water, are
+    enough. They wear flannel shirts and blue trowsers; numbers are
+    bareheaded, some have cut off the sleeves of their shirts: they
+    know there is work before them. Many kneel in prayer; comrades
+    exchange messages to loved ones at home, and give each other
+    little keepsakes&mdash;the rings they wore or brier pipes
+    carved over with the names of coast battles;
+    others&mdash;perhaps they have no loved ones&mdash;look to the
+    locks of their pieces and await impatiently the signal to
+    advance. The officers&mdash;white men, most of them Boston
+    society fellows, old Harvard boys who once thought a six-mile
+    pull or a long innings at cricket on a hot day hard work, and
+    knew no more of military tactics than the Lancers&mdash;move
+    about among them, speaking to this one and to that one, calling
+    each by name, jesting quietly with one, encouraging another,
+    praising a third, endeavoring to inspire in all a hope which
+    they dare not feel themselves.</p>
+
+    <p>But hark! The signal to move. Quickly they form in the road,
+    and with a shout advance at a run, their dusky faces glistening
+    in that summer sun and their manly hearts beating bravely in
+    the very jaws of death. Now the bridge trembles beneath their
+    steady tread: the foremost are at the hill, yet no sign of life
+    in the battery. Only the smooth green bank, the wretched flag
+    in the distance, and those guns charged with death looking
+    grimly down upon them and waiting. On they come, nearer and
+    nearer, and now some are on the hill and begin to climb the
+    steep that forms the defence, slowly and with difficulty, using
+    at times their rifles as aids like alpenstocks. Not a word is
+    spoken. It is hard to understand how so many men can move with
+    so little noise. The silence is that which precedes all
+    dreadful noises. It is ominous, terrible. Scarcely twenty feet
+    more, and the foremost will reach the rampart. Haste! haste!
+    The day is won!</p>
+
+    <p>Suddenly a figure in gray leaps upon the breastwork: he
+    waves his sword, utters a short quick word of command, and
+    disappears. It is enough. The sleeping battery awakes. The
+    silence becomes hideous uproar. The smooth green line of the
+    sod against the sky is lined with marksmen, and in an instant
+    fringed with fire. Then the cannon bellow and the breezeless
+    air is dense with smoke. The attacking column hesitates,
+    trembles, makes a useless effort to advance, and then falls
+    back beyond the bridge. The officers endeavor to rally their
+    men and renew the attack at once, but in vain: flesh and blood
+    cannot stand in such a storm. Nevertheless, the brave
+    fellows&mdash;God bless their memory!&mdash;halt at length, and
+    form and charge once more. And so again and again and again;
+    every time in vain and with new losses, until at last they
+    cannot rally, but retreat, broken and bleeding, to the main
+    body of the expedition, carrying with them such of the wounded
+    and dead as they can snatch from under the fire of the rebel
+    riflemen. Such was the battle of Bloody Bridge, and well was it
+    named. Five times that gallant regiment charged the battery,
+    and when the smoke of battle cleared away the sun shone down
+    upon a piteous sight&mdash;blood dyeing the green of that
+    sodded escarp&mdash;blood in great clots upon the rocks and
+    stumps of the rugged hill below&mdash;blood poured plenteously
+    upon the dusty road, making it horrible with purple
+    mire&mdash;blood staining the bridge and gathering in little
+    pools upon the planks, and dripping slowly down through the
+    cracks between them into the sluggish stream, where it floated
+    with the water in great red clouds, toward which creatures
+    dwelling in slimy depths below came up lazily, but when they
+    tasted it became furious and fought among themselves like
+    demons&mdash;blood drying in hideous networks and arabesques
+    upon the railing of the bridge&mdash;blood upon the fences,
+    blood upon the trembling leaves of the bushes by the
+    wayside&mdash;blood everywhere! And everywhere the upturned
+    faces and torn bodies of men who had dared to do their duty and
+    to die: side by side the white, who led and the black who
+    followed&mdash;all set and motionless, but all wearing the same
+    expression of brave but hopeless determination. That was a
+    brave charge at Balaklava, but, trust me, there have been
+    Balaklavas that are yet unsung.</p>
+
+    <p>So the expedition went back, and its brigades were
+    redistributed to the Sea Islands and to Florida; but why it was
+    ever sent out, and why that regiment was sent forward to take
+    the battery without artillery and without reinforcements, God,
+    who knoweth all things, only knows. And God alone knows why
+    there must be wars and rumors of wars, and why men made in his
+    image must tear each other like maddened beasts.</p>
+
+    <p>In this battle, heavy as the losses were, the Confederates
+    took but one prisoner. At the third charge a tall,
+    broad-shouldered captain, who seemed, like another son of
+    Thetis, almost invulnerable, darted impetuously ahead of his
+    men and reached the summit of the defence. Useless bravery! In
+    an instant a volley point blank swept away the charging men
+    behind him, and a gunner's sabrethrust bore him to the ground
+    within the works, where he lay stunned and bleeding beside the
+    gun he had striven so hard to take. The man who had captured
+    him, wild with excitement and maddened with the powder that
+    blackened him and the hot blood which jetted upon him, sprang
+    down, spat upon him, spurned him with his foot, and would have
+    dashed out his brains with the heavy hilt of his clubbed sword
+    had not a strong hand grasped his uplifted wrist.</p>
+
+    <p>It was Fournier, who had watched the battle with an interest
+    as intense as that of the most ardent Southerner in the
+    battery, though widely different in character. His interest was
+    that of the naturalist who stands by eager and curious to see a
+    rustic entrap some <i>rara avis</i> that he desires to study,
+    to use for his experiment. Better for the bird: it can suffer
+    and die. Afterward what matter whether it stand neatly stuffed
+    and mounted, a voiceless worshiper, in some glass mausoleum, or
+    slowly moulder in a fence corner until its feathers are wafted
+    far and wide, and only a little tuft of greener grass remains
+    to its memory? As our naturalist's game was nobler and destined
+    for more important study, so it was capable of lifelong
+    suffering more subtle and intense. Perhaps Fournier had not
+    fully considered, in his eagerness to prove his hypothesis, the
+    dangers to the subjects of his experiment. Perhaps his mind was
+    so intent upon the physical aspect of the questions that he had
+    overlooked some of the intellectual and moral elements involved
+    in the problem, and did not realize the enormities that would
+    result should he succeed. On the other hand, perhaps he saw
+    them, realized them fully, and was the more deeply fascinated
+    with the research because of its leading into such gloomy and
+    mysterious regions of speculation. Let us do him justice.
+    Science was his god, and this idolater was willing to endure
+    any labor and privation and to assume any responsibility in her
+    service. Would that more who worship a greater God were as
+    devoted!</p>
+
+    <p>He was a physiologist, and was simply engaged in an
+    experimental investigation, yet in its progress he had already
+    uncivilized a man whose eyes were beginning dimly to see the
+    truth, had poisoned his mind with lies, and had hurled him into
+    depths of Plutonian ignorance inconceivably more profound than
+    his original estate; and now he was about to debase another
+    fellow-creature of his own race, to tamper with his manhood, to
+    confuse his identity, to render him among his own kindred and
+    people perhaps tabooed, ostracised, despised&mdash;perhaps an
+    object of pity. If he should succeed? Surely he had not come
+    thus near success to suffer his splendid Yankee captain to be
+    brained there before his eyes. Like a hawk he had watched every
+    incident of the fight, and was on the alert to act the part of
+    surgeon toward any who might be either wounded in the battery
+    or taken prisoner. He had even resolved, in case of the capture
+    of the place, to represent his peculiar position to the United
+    States officer in command, and to beg of him permission to make
+    his experiment upon a wounded rebel.</p>
+
+    <p>The gunner turned fiercely upon him, but dropped his arm and
+    sheathed his sabre at his question, and then walked back to his
+    gun abashed, for he was, after all, a brave and chivalrous
+    man.</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier simply asked: "Do Confederate soldiers
+    <i>murder</i> prisoners of war?" And added, "He is a wounded
+    man&mdash;leave him to me."</p>
+
+    <p>Then he knelt down beside him and examined his wound, and
+    though he strove to be calm he trembled with excitement as he
+    tore open the blue blouse and felt the warm blood welling over
+    his fingers. It was a simple wound through the fleshy part of
+    the shoulder: a strand of saddler's silk and a few strips of
+    sticking-plaster would have sufficed to dress it, but the
+    Frenchman smiled when he wiped away the clots and saw the blood
+    spurting from two or three small divided arteries.</p>
+
+    <p>Then he called his African, and they carried the wounded man
+    back to a tent, and laid him on a bed of moss and cypress
+    boughs, and left him there to bleed, while he went out into the
+    air, and walked about, and tossed his hat and shouted with
+    excitement like a madman. But the battle raged, and the gunners
+    charged their guns and fired, and charged and fired again, and
+    the men along the breastwork grew furious with the slaughter
+    and the fiery draughts they took from their canteens through
+    lips blackened with powder and defiled with grease and shreds
+    of cartridge-paper; and no one noticed the doctor's mad conduct
+    nor the savage standing guard before the tent; nor did any
+    other save those two in the whole battery&mdash;no, not even
+    the gunner who had captured him&mdash;give a thought to the
+    prisoner who lay bleeding there, until the battle was over.</p>
+
+    <p>And this prisoner, what of him? Any one, looking upon him as
+    he lay upon the cypress boughs, would have known him to be
+    thoroughbred. Everything about him proclaimed it. His face,
+    manly but gentle, his figure, great in stature and strength,
+    yet graceful in outline like a Grecian god, the very dress and
+    accoutrements he wore, which were neat, strong, expensive, but
+    without ornament, showed him to be a gentleman. And Robert
+    Shirley was a gentleman. Probably no man in all the States
+    could have been found who would have presented a greater
+    contrast to the man standing guard outside the tent than this
+    man who lay within it; and for that reason none who would have
+    been so welcome to Fournier. As the one was a pure savage, the
+    other was the realization of the most illustrious
+    enlightenment; the one fierce, cunning, undisciplined, the
+    other gentle, frank, considerate; as the one was hideous,
+    ill-formed and black as night, so the other was radiant with
+    manly beauty and fair as the morning. Each among his own people
+    sprang from noble stock; the one a prince, the other the
+    descendant of the purest Puritan race, which knew among its own
+    divines and judges brave captains, and farther back a governor
+    of the colony. But the guard and his people were at the foot of
+    the scale, the guarded at the top. The blood flowing out upon
+    the cypress bed was the best blood of America. It was blue
+    blood and brave blood. Generation after generation it had
+    flowed in the veins of fair women and noble men, and had never
+    known dishonor. Yet Fournier let it flow. More, he was
+    delighted that it continued to flow.</p>
+
+    <p>Presently, however, he sobered down, and began to prepare
+    for his work. He placed a large caldron of water over a fire;
+    he brought basins, towels and his case of surgical instruments,
+    and placed them in the, tent, and with them the case which he
+    had taught the African to believe contained his god. While thus
+    busied he did not neglect the subject of his experiment. His
+    watchful eye noted everything&mdash;the mass, of clots growing
+    like a great crimson fungus under the wounded shoulder, the
+    deadly pallor, the dark circles forming around the sunken eyes,
+    the blanched lips, the transparent nostrils, the slow, deep
+    respiration. From time to time he felt the wounded man's pulse
+    and counted it carefully. <i>Ninety</i>&mdash;he went out again
+    into the open air; <i>one hundred</i>&mdash;"The loss of blood
+    tells," he muttered, and began to rearrange his appliances and
+    busy himself uneasily with them; <i>one hundred and thirty
+    beats to the minute</i> &mdash;"He is failing too fast: I must
+    stop this bleeding" said the experimenter. Then he cleansed the
+    wound, and tied the arteries, and bound it up. But the loss of
+    blood had been so great that the heart fluttered wildly and
+    feebly in its efforts to contract upon its diminished contents,
+    and Fournier, anxious, and pale himself almost as his victim,
+    trembled when his finger felt in vain for the bleeding artery
+    and caught only a faint tremulous thrill, so feeble that he
+    scarcely knew whether the heart was beating at all or not. In
+    terror he threw the ends of the little tent and fanned him, and
+    moistened his lips, and gave him brandy, and hastened to begin
+    the experiment for which he had waited so long and for which
+    both subjects were at last ready.</p>
+
+    <p>He told his savage that the Yankee was dying, but that he
+    had communed with his god, who would let him live if blood was
+    given in return. Then he reminded him of the time when he lost
+    blood, and that it had done him no harm. The African, trained
+    for this duty with so much care, did not fail him, but bared
+    his arm and gave the blood. The god was brought forth and
+    caught it, and the sacrifice began. As the silver, bowl floated
+    in a basin of water so warm that the thermometer in its side
+    marked ninety-eight degrees of Fahrenheit, Fournier stirred the
+    blood flowing into it quickly with the bundle of wires, to
+    collect the fibrine and prevent the formation of clots; he then
+    drew it into the syringe through the strainer, and forced it
+    through the perforated needle, which he had previously thrust
+    into a large vein in Shirley's arm, carefully avoiding the
+    introduction of the slightest bubble of air. Time after time he
+    filled his syringe and emptied it into the veins of the wounded
+    man, until at length he saw signs of reaction. The color came,
+    the breathing became more natural, the pulse became slower,
+    fuller, regular. By and by he moved, sighed, opened his eyes
+    and spoke.</p>
+
+    <p>He asked a question: "What has happened?"</p>
+
+    <p>While he had been lying there much had happened. Life and
+    death had battled over him, and life had triumphed. When he
+    recovered from the effects of his fall and found himself
+    bleeding, he tried to rise and stanch the flow, but, already
+    exhausted, he fell back almost fainting from the effort. He
+    called repeatedly for help, but his only reply was the hideous
+    face of his guard, silently leering at him for a moment, then
+    disappearing without a word, At last it occurred to him that he
+    had been left there to die, and he roused all his energies to
+    his aid. How we strive for our lives! But Shirley accomplished
+    nothing, he could not even raise his hand to the bleeding
+    shoulder, with every effort the blood flowed more copiously.
+    His mind was rapidly becoming benumbed like his body, which
+    shivered as though it were mid winter. Darkness came over his
+    eyes, and as he listened to the din of the battle he fell into
+    a dreamy state that soon passed into seeming unconsciousness
+    again. Nevertheless, while the doctor came and went and did his
+    work, and the savage scowled at him, yet gave his life's blood
+    to save him, though he lay like a dead man and saw them not,
+    nor heard them, nor even felt the needle in his flesh, his mind
+    was not idle. Strange doubts and fears, wild longings and
+    regrets, sweet thoughts of long-forgotten happiness, and fair
+    visions of the future, busied his brain. Memory unrolled her
+    scroll and breathed upon the letters of his story that lapse of
+    time and press of circumstance had made dim, till they grew
+    clear, and with himself he lived his life again, and nothing
+    was lost out of it or forgotten. There was his mother's face
+    again, with the old, old loving smile upon her lips and the
+    tender mother-love in the depths of her beautiful blue
+    eyes&mdash;lips that had so oven kissed away his childish
+    tears, and had taught him to say at evening, "Our Father" and
+    "Now I lay me down to sleep," eyes that had never looked upon
+    him without something of the heavenly light of which they were
+    now so full. There before him, bright and clear as ever, were
+    the scenes of his boyhood&mdash;the school-forms defaced with
+    many a rude cutting of names and dates, the master knitting his
+    shaggy brows and tapping meaningly with his ruler upon the
+    awful desk while some white haired urchin floundered through an
+    ill-learned task and his classmates tittered at his blunders.
+    Dear old classmates! How their faces shone and gladdened as
+    they chased the bounding football! How merrily they flushed and
+    glowed when the clear frosty air of the Northern winter
+    quivered with the ring of their skates upon the hard ice! How
+    soberly side by side they solved problems and looked up
+    <i>sesquipedalia verba</i> in big lexicons! And how happily the
+    late evening hours wore away as they read <i>Ivanhoe</i> and
+    the <i>Leather Stocking Tales</i> by the fireside with
+    shellbarks and pippins!</p>
+
+    <p>Then the college days flew by with all their romance and
+    delight. Again there were bells ringing to morning prayers,
+    recitations and lectures, examinations and prizes, speeches and
+    medals, and the glorious friendships, pure, earnest, almost
+    holy. Would there were more such friendships in the outer,
+    wider world! Commencement with its "pomp and circumstance," its
+    tedious ceremony and scholarly display, its friends from
+    home&mdash;mothers, sisters, sweethearts, all bright eyes and
+    fond hearts, its music and flowers, its caps, gowns,
+    dress-coats and "spreads," and, last and worst of all, its
+    sorrowful "good-byes," some of them, alas! for ever! Once more
+    he trembled as he rose to make his commencement speech, but
+    slowly, as he went on, his voice grew steady and his manner
+    calmer, for, lad as he was, and tyro at "orations," he was in
+    earnest. "May my light hand forget its cunning, O my brother!
+    may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, O ye oppressed!
+    if ever there comes to me an opportunity to help you win your
+    way to freedom and I fail you!" He, the aristocrat of his
+    class, had chosen to speak "Against Caste," and though he spoke
+    with the enthusiasm of an untried man, it was with devoted
+    honesty of purpose, of which his earnestness was witness, and
+    of which his future was to give ample proof. Again in vision he
+    stood before that assembly and spoke for the lowly and
+    oppressed. "Let every man have place and honor as he proves
+    himself worthy. Make the way clear for all."</p>
+
+    <p>Through the bewilderment of applause that greeted him as he
+    finished he saw only the glad, smiling face of Alice Wentworth
+    nodding approval of the rest, hundreds though they were, he saw
+    nothing. Her congratulation was enough.</p>
+
+    <p>Then came tenderer scenes, and Alice Wentworth was to be his
+    wife. Another change, and he is in the midst of ruder scenes.
+    There is war, civil war, and he is a soldier, once more he
+    seems to be in Virginia, and there are marches and
+    counter-marches, camps and barracks, battles and retreats, and
+    all the great and little miseries of long campaigns. The silver
+    leaflets of a major are exchanged for the golden eagles of a
+    colonel, and all the time, amid sterner duties, he finds time
+    to write to Alice Wentworth, and never a mail comes into camp
+    but he is sure of letters dated 'Home' and full of words that
+    make him hopeful and brave, "'Home!' Yes hers and mine too, if
+    home's where the heart is!'" he thinks, and he loves her more
+    dearly every day.</p>
+
+    <p>Negro troops are raised, and, true to his principles and to
+    himself, he resigns his commission to take a lower rank in a
+    colored regiment. Now the scenes grow dim, confused sounds far
+    off disturb him, low music, familiar yet strange, now distant,
+    now at his very ear, attracts him, a weird, shadowy mist
+    encloses him, concealing even the things which were visible to
+    the mind's eye, and memory and thought have almost ceased. Yet
+    while all else fades away, clear and beautiful before him are
+    two faces that cannot be forgotten&mdash;his mother's face, and
+    that other, which he loves, if that can be, even more. Thus,
+    with the 'Our Father' not on his lips, but fixed in his mind,
+    he feels himself drifting away&mdash;drifting away like a boat
+    that has broken its moorings and drifts out with the ebbing
+    tide&mdash;whither?</p>
+
+    <p>But the rich, warm, lusty blood of the African quickly does
+    its work. The heart, which had almost ceased to beat, because
+    there was not blood enough for it to contract upon, reacted to
+    the stimulus, and as it revived and sent the new life pulsating
+    through all the body the whole man revived, and again:</p>
+
+    <p>The fever called <i>living</i> burned in his brain.</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier, under one pretext or another, but really by the
+    force of his relentless will, kept his victim by him for years
+    after their escape from the South. He noted from time to time
+    certain curious changes that took place in his physical nature,
+    and recorded his observations with scientific precision in a
+    book kept for the purpose, for the renewal of life had entailed
+    results of an extraordinary character, as the reader may have
+    already anticipated. At length he wrote 'My hypothesis is
+    verified, it has become a theory. My theory is proved, it is a
+    physiological law. <i>Climatic influences, acting upon man,
+    bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly, because they
+    are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation which
+    pertains to the blood.</i>'</p>
+
+    <p>That day Shirley was free. His rescuer had finished his
+    experiment.</p>
+
+    <p>Alice Wentworth had never believed that her lover was dead.
+    She had heard all with a troubled heart, but while his distant
+    kinsmen, who were heirs-at-law, put on the deepest mourning and
+    grew impatient of the law's delay, she simply said, "I will
+    wait until there is some proof before I give him up! Proof!
+    proof! Shall I be quicker than the law to give up every hope?"
+    And in her heart she said, "He is not dead." Even when years
+    had passed and the war was over, and her agent had searched
+    everywhere and found no trace of him, she did not cease to hope
+    that he would yet appear. So, when at length a letter came, it
+    was welcome and expected. Not surprise but joy made her start
+    and tremble as the old familiar superscription met her
+    eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>Such a letter!&mdash;filled with the spirit of his love,
+    breathing in every word the tender, passionate devotion of an
+    earlier day, and yet so sad. Tears dropped down through her
+    smiles of joy and blurred the lines she read at first, but
+    smiles and tears alike ceased as she read on. He had written
+    many, many times, but he knew she had not got his letters. He
+    had been a prisoner&mdash;not only prisoner of war, but
+    afterward prisoner to a man whose will was iron. It could
+    hardly be explained. This man had not only saved his life, but
+    he had also rescued him from the horrors of a Southern
+    prison&mdash;would God he had let him die!&mdash;and they had
+    been living together in a ranch in a far off Mexican
+    valley.</p>
+
+    <p>Then the letter went on:</p>
+
+    <p>"In my heart I am unchanged; my love for you is ever the
+    same; yet I am no longer the Robert Shirley whom you knew. That
+    has come upon me which will separate me from you for ever: I
+    cannot ask you now to be my wife. You are free. It is through
+    no fault of mine. It is my burden, the price of life, and I
+    must bear it. God bless you and give you all happiness!</p>
+
+    <p>"ROBERT SHIRLEY:"</p>
+
+    <p>When she had read it all she bowed her head and wept again,
+    and the face that had grown more and more beautiful with the
+    years of waiting was radiant. Who can fathom the depths of a
+    woman's love? Who can follow the subtle workings of a woman's
+    thought? Who can comprehend a woman's boundless faith? Her
+    course was clear. If misfortune had befallen him, if he were
+    maimed, disfigured, crazed, even if he were loathsome to her
+    eyes, she loved him, and she must see him: she would see him
+    and speak to him, and love him still, even if she could not be
+    his wife. What would she have done if she could have guessed
+    the truth? As it was, she wrote upon her card, "If you love me,
+    come to me," and sent it to him. And in answer to the summons
+    he stood before her&mdash;not disfigured, not maimed, not
+    crazed, not loathsome in any way, yet irrevocably separated
+    from her for Dr. Fournier's experiment had succeeded, and
+    Robert Shirley was a mulatto!</p>
+
+    <p class="author">CORNELIUS DEWEES.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA"
+       id="A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA"></a> A VISIT TO THE KING
+       OF AURORA.</h2>
+
+    <h3>(FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)</h3>
+
+    <p>On the Oregon and California Railroad, twenty-eight miles
+    south of the city of Portland in Oregon, lies the German colony
+    of Aurora, a communist settlement under the direction of Doctor
+    William Keil. In September, 1871, I made a second journey from
+    San Francisco to Oregon, on which occasion I found both time
+    and opportunity to carry out a long-cherished desire to visit
+    this colony, already famous throughout all Oregon, and to make
+    the acquaintance of the still more famous doctor, the so-called
+    "king of Aurora." During the years in which I had formerly
+    resided in Oregon, and especially on this last journey thither,
+    I had frequently heard this settlement and its autocrat spoken
+    of, and had been told the strangest stories as to the
+    government of its self-made potentate. All reports agreed in
+    stating that "Dutchtown," the generic appellation of German
+    colonies among Americans, was an example to all settlements,
+    and was distinguished above any other place in Oregon for order
+    and prosperity. The hotel of "Dutchtown," which stands on the
+    old Overland stage-route, and is now a station on the Oregon
+    and California Railroad, has attained an enviable reputation,
+    and is regarded by all travelers as the best in the State; and
+    as to the colony itself, I heard nothing but praise. On the
+    other hand, with regard to Doctor Keil the strangest reports
+    were in circulation. He had been described to me in Portland as
+    a most inaccessible person, showing himself extremely reserved
+    toward strangers, and declining to give them the slightest
+    satisfaction as to the interior management of the prosperous
+    community over which he reigned a sovereign prince. The
+    initiated maintained that this important personage had formerly
+    been a tailor in Germany. He was at once the spiritual and
+    secular head of the community: he solemnized marriages (much
+    against his will, for, according to the rules of the society,
+    he was obliged to provide a house for every newly-married
+    couple); he was physician and preacher, judge, law-giver,
+    secretary of state, administrator, and unlimited and
+    irresponsible minister of finance to the colony; and held all
+    the very valuable landed property of the settlement, with the
+    consent of the colonists, in his own name; and while he
+    certainly provided for his voluntarily obedient subjects an
+    excellent maintenance for life, he reserved to himself the
+    entire profits of the labor of all and the value of the joint
+    property, notwithstanding that the colony was established on
+    the broadest principles as a communist association.</p>
+
+    <p>I had a great desire to see this original man&mdash;a
+    kindred spirit of the renowned Mormon leader, Brigham
+    Young&mdash;with my own eyes, and, so to speak, to visit the
+    lion in his den. From Portland, where I was staying, the colony
+    was easily accessible by rail, and before leaving I made the
+    acquaintance of a. German life-insurance agent of a Chicago
+    company&mdash;K&ouml;rner by name&mdash;who, like myself,
+    wished to visit Aurora, and in whom I found a very agreeable
+    traveling companion. He had procured in Portland letters of
+    introduction to Doctor Keil, and had conceived the bold plan of
+    doing a stroke of business in life insurance with him; indeed,
+    his main object in going to Aurora was to induce the doctor to
+    insure the lives of the entire colony&mdash;that is to say, of
+    all his voluntary subjects&mdash;in the Chicago company, pay,
+    as irresponsible treasurer of the association, the legal
+    premiums, and upon the occurrence of a death pocket the amount
+    of the policy.</p>
+
+    <p>My fellow-traveler had great hopes of making the doctor see
+    this project in the light of an advantageous speculation, and
+    accordingly provided himself amply with the necessary tables of
+    mortality and other statistics. It had been carefully impressed
+    upon us in Portland always to address the <i>ci-devant</i>
+    tailor, now "king of Aurora," as "Doctor," of which title he
+    was extremely vain, and to treat him with all the reverence
+    which as sovereign republicans we could muster; otherwise he
+    would probably turn his back on us without ceremony.</p>
+
+    <p>On a pleasant September morning the steam ferry-boat
+    conveyed us from Portland across the Willamette River to the
+    d&eacute;p&ocirc;t of the Oregon and California Railroad, and
+    soon afterward we were rushing southward in the train along the
+    right shore of that stream&mdash;here as broad as the
+    Rhine&mdash;the rival of the mighty Columbia. After a pleasant
+    and interesting journey through giant forests and over fertile
+    prairies, some large, some small, embellished here and there
+    with farms, villages and orchards, we reached Oregon City,
+    which lies in a romantic region close to the Willamette: then
+    leaving the river, we thundered on some miles farther through
+    the majestic primitive forest, and soon entered upon a broad,
+    wood-skirted prairie, over which here and there pretty
+    farm-houses and groves are scattered; and presently beheld,
+    peeping out from swelling hills and standing in the middle of a
+    prosperous settlement embowered in verdure, the slender white
+    church-tower of Aurora, and were at the end of our journey.</p>
+
+    <p>Our first course after we left the cars was to the tavern,
+    standing close to the railroad on a little hill, whither the
+    passengers hurried for lunch. This so-called "hotel," the best
+    known and most famous, as has already been said, in all Oregon,
+    I might compare to an old-fashioned inn. The long table with
+    its spotless table-cloth was lavishly spread with genuine
+    German dishes, excellently cooked, and we were waited on by
+    comely and neatly-dressed German girls; and though the dinner
+    would not perhaps compare with the same meal at the club-house
+    of the "San Francisco" I must confess that it was incomparably
+    the best I ever tasted in Oregon, in which region neither the
+    cooks nor the bills of fare are usually of the highest
+    order.</p>
+
+    <p>Dinner being over, we made inquiry for Doctor Keil, to whom
+    we were now ready to pay our respects. Our host pointed out to
+    us the doctor's dwelling-house, which looked, in the distance,
+    like the premises of a well-to-do Low-Dutch farmer; and after
+    passing over a long stretch of plank-road, we turned in the
+    direction of the royal residence. On the way we met several
+    laborers just coming from the field, who looked as if life went
+    well with them&mdash;girls in short frocks with rake in hand,
+    and boys comfortably smoking their clay pipes&mdash;and
+    received from all an honest German greeting. Everything here
+    had a German aspect&mdash;the houses pleasantly shaded by
+    foliage, the barns, stables and well-cultivated fields, the
+    flower and kitchen-gardens, the white church-steeple rising
+    from a green hill: nothing but the fences which enclose the
+    fields reminded us that we were in America.</p>
+
+    <p>The doctor's residence was surrounded by a high white
+    picket-fence: stately, widespreading live-oaks shaded it, and
+    the spacious courtyard had a neat and carefully-kept aspect.
+    Crowing cocks, and hens each with her brood, were scratching
+    and picking about, the geese cackled, and several well-trained
+    dogs gave us a noisy welcome. Upon our asking for the doctor, a
+    friendly German matron directed us to the orchard, whither we
+    immediately turned our steps. A really magnificent sight met
+    our eyes&mdash;thousands of trees, whose branches, covered with
+    the finest fruit, were so loaded that it had been necessary to
+    place props under many of them, lest they should break beneath
+    the weight of their luscious burden.</p>
+
+    <p>Here we soon discovered the renowned doctor, in a toilette
+    the very opposite of regal, zealously engaged in gathering his
+    apples. He was standing on a high ladder, in his shirt sleeves,
+    a cotton apron, a straw hat, picking the rosy-cheeked fruit in
+    a hand-basket. Several laborers were busy under the trees
+    assorting the gathered apples, and carefully packing in boxes
+    the choicest of them&mdash;really splendid specimens of this
+    fruit, which attains its utmost perfection in Oregon. As soon
+    as the doctor perceived us he came down from the ladder, and
+    asked somewhat sharply what our business there might be. My
+    companion handed him the letters of introduction he had brought
+    with him, which the doctor read attentively through: he then
+    introduced my humble self as a literary man and assistant
+    editor of a well-known magazine, who had come to Oregon for the
+    special purpose of visiting Dr. Keil, and of inspecting his
+    colony, of which such favorable reports had reached us. Without
+    waiting for the doctor's reply, I asked him whether he were not
+    a relative of K&mdash;&mdash;, the principal editor of the
+    magazine to which I was attached. I could scarcely, as it
+    appeared, have hit upon a more opportune question, for the
+    doctor was evidently flattered, and became at once extremely
+    affable toward us. The relationship to which I had alluded he
+    was obliged unwillingly to disclaim. I learned from him that
+    his name was William Keil, and that he was born at Bleicherode
+    in Prussian Saxony. He now left the apple-gathering to his men,
+    and offered to show us whatever was interesting about the
+    colony: as to the life-insurance project, he said he would take
+    some more convenient opportunity to speak with Mr. K&ouml;rner
+    about it.</p>
+
+    <p>The doctor, who after this showed himself somewhat
+    loquacious, was a man of agreeable appearance, perhaps of about
+    sixty years of age, with white hair, a broad high forehead and
+    an intelligent countenance. Sound as a nut, powerfully built,
+    of vigorous constitution and with an air of authority, he gave
+    the idea of a man born to rule. He seemed to wish to make a
+    good impression on us, and I remarked several times in him a
+    searching side-glance, as though he were trying to read our
+    thoughts. He sustained the entire conversation himself, and it
+    was somewhat difficult to follow his meaning: he spoke in an
+    unctuous, oratorical tone, with extreme suavity, in very
+    general terms, and evaded all direct questions. When I had
+    listened to him for ten minutes I was not one whit wiser than
+    before. His language was not remarkably choice, and he used
+    liberally a mixture of words half English, half German, as
+    uneducated German-Americans are apt to do.</p>
+
+    <p>While we wandered through the orchard, the beauty and
+    practical utility of which astonished me, the doctor, gave us a
+    lecture on colonization, agriculture, gardening, horticulture,
+    etc., which he flavored here and there with pious reflections.
+    He pointed out with pride that all this was his own work, and
+    described how he had transformed the wilderness into a garden.
+    In the year 1856 he came with forty followers to Oregon, as a
+    delegate from the parent association of Bethel in Missouri, in
+    order to found in the far West, then so little known, a branch
+    colony. At present the doctor is president both of Aurora and
+    of the original settlement at Bethel: the latter consists of
+    about four hundred members, the former of four hundred and
+    ten.</p>
+
+    <p>When he first came into this region he found the whole
+    district now owned by his flourishing colony covered with marsh
+    and forest. Instead, however, of establishing himself on the
+    prairies lying farther south, in the midst of foreign settlers,
+    he preferred a home shared only with his German brethren in the
+    primitive woods; and here, having at that time very small
+    means, he obtained from the government, gratis, land enough to
+    provide homes for his colonists, and found in the timber a
+    source of capital, which he at once made productive. He next
+    proceeded to build a block-house as a defence against the
+    Indians, who at that time were hostile in Oregon: then he
+    erected a saw-mill and cleared off the timber, part of which he
+    used to build houses for his colonists, and with part opened an
+    advantageous trade with his American neighbors, who, living on
+    the prairie, were soon entirely dependent on him for all their
+    timber. The land, once cleared, was soon cultivated and
+    planted, with orchards: the finer varieties of fruit he shipped
+    for sale to Portland and San Francisco, and from the sour
+    apples he either made vinegar or sold them to the older
+    settlers, who very soon made themselves sick on them. He then
+    attended them in the character of physician, and cured them of
+    their ailments at a good round charge. This joke the good
+    doctor related with especial satisfaction.</p>
+
+    <p>By degrees, the doctor continued to say, the number of
+    colonists increased; and his means and strength being thus
+    enlarged, he established a tannery, a factory, looms,
+    flouring-mills, built more houses for his colonists, cleared
+    more land and drained the marshes, increased his orchards, laid
+    out new farms, gave some attention to adornment, erected a
+    church and school-houses, and purchased from the American
+    settlers in the neighborhood their best lands for a song. He
+    did everything systematically. He always assigned his colonists
+    the sort of labor that they appeared to him best fitted for,
+    and each one found the place best suited to his capabilities.
+    If any one objected to doing his will and obeying his orders,
+    he was driven out of the colony, for he would endure no
+    opposition. He made the best leather, the best hams and
+    gathered the best crops in all Oregon. The possessions of the
+    colony, which he added to as he was able, extended already over
+    twenty sections (a section contains six hundred and forty
+    acres, or an English square mile), and the most perfect order
+    and industry existed everywhere.</p>
+
+    <p>Thus the doctor; and amid this and the like conversation we
+    walked over an orchard covering forty acres. The eight thousand
+    trees it contained yielded annually five thousand bushels of
+    choice apples and eight thousand of the finest pears, and the
+    crop increased yearly. The doctor pointed out repeatedly the
+    excellence of his culture in contrast with the American mode,
+    which leaves the weeds to grow undisturbed among the trees, and
+    disregards entirely all regularity and beauty. He, on the
+    contrary, insisted no less on embellishment than on neatness
+    and order; and this was no vain boast. Carefully-kept walks led
+    through the grounds; verdant turf, flowerbeds and charming
+    shady arbors met us at every turn; there were long beds planted
+    with flourishing currant, raspberry and blackberry bushes, and
+    large tracts set with rows of bearing vines, on which luscious
+    grapes hung invitingly. Order also reigned among the fruit
+    trees: here were several acres of nothing but apples, again a
+    plantation of pears or apricots, beneath which not a weed was
+    to be seen: the hoe and the rake had done their work
+    thoroughly. Everything was in the most perfect order: the
+    courtgardener of a German prince might have been proud of
+    it.</p>
+
+    <p>We seated ourselves in a shady arbor, where the doctor
+    entertained us further with an account of his religious belief.
+    He had, he said, no fixed creed and no established religion:
+    there were in the colony Protestants, Catholics, Methodists,
+    Baptists, indeed Christians of every name, and even Jews. Every
+    one was at liberty to hold what faith he pleased: he preached
+    only natural religion, and whoever shaped his life according to
+    that would be happy. After this he enlarged on the prosperity
+    of the colony, which was founded on the principles of natural
+    religion, and prosed about humility, love to our neighbor,
+    kindness and carrying religion into everything; and then back
+    he came to Nature and himself, until my head was perfectly
+    bewildered. I had given up long before this, in despair, any
+    questions as to the interior organization of the colony, for
+    the doctor either gave me evasive answers or none at all. His
+    colonists, he asserted, loved him as a father, and he cared for
+    them accordingly: both these assertions were undoubtedly true.
+    The deep respect with which those whom we occasionally met
+    lifted their hats to "the doctor"&mdash;a form of greeting by
+    no means universal in America&mdash;bore witness to their
+    unbounded esteem for him. Toward us also they demeaned
+    themselves with great respect, as to noble strangers whom the
+    doctor deigned to honor with his society. As to his care for
+    them, no one who witnessed it could deny the exceedingly
+    flourishing condition of the settlement. Whether, however, in
+    all this the doctor had not a keen eye to his own interest was
+    an afterthought which involuntarily presented itself.</p>
+
+    <p>As we left the orchard, the doctor pointed out to us several
+    wheat-fields in the neighborhood, cultivated with true German
+    love for neatness, which formed, with the pleasant dwellings
+    adjoining, separate farms. The average yield per acre, he
+    observed, was from twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat, and
+    from forty to fifty of oats. He then took us into a neighboring
+    grove, to a place where the pic-nics and holiday feasts of the
+    colony are held: here we paused near a grassy knoll shaded by a
+    sort of awning and surrounded by a moat. This, which bears the
+    name of "The Temple Hill," forms the centre of a number of
+    straight roads, which branch out from it into the woods in the
+    shape of a fan. Not far from it I noticed a dancing ground
+    covered by a circular open roof, and a pavilion for the
+    music.</p>
+
+    <p>"At our public feasts," said the doctor, "I have all these
+    branching roads lighted with colored lanterns, and illuminate
+    the temple, which, with its brilliant lamps, makes quite an
+    imposing spectacle. When we celebrate our May-day festival it
+    looks, after dark, like a scene out of the <i>Arabian
+    Nights</i>; and when, added to this, we have beautiful music
+    and fine singing, and the young folks are enjoying the dance,
+    it is really very pleasant. But none are permitted to set foot
+    on the Temple Hill, nor can they do it very easily if they
+    would. Do you know the reason, gentlemen?" K&ouml;rner opined
+    that it might be on account of the ditch, which would be
+    difficult to pass, in which view I agreed. "Exactly so,"
+    remarked the doctor. "This Temple Hill has an especial
+    significance: it represents the sovereign ruler of the people,
+    on whose head no one may tread: on that account the ditch is
+    there."</p>
+
+    <p>After a walk of several hours we returned to the doctor's
+    house, where he invited us to take a glass of homemade wine. As
+    we had been informed that the sale and use of wine and spirits
+    were strictly forbidden in the colony, this invitation was
+    certainly an unprecedented exception. The wine, of which two
+    kinds were placed before us&mdash;one made of wild grapes, and
+    the other of currants&mdash;was very good, and was partaken of
+    in the doctor's office. Here Mr. K&ouml;rner again brought
+    forward his life-insurance project: the doctor gave him hopes
+    that he would go into it, but he wished to give the matter due
+    consideration, and to subject the advantages and disadvantages
+    of the speculation to a strict investigation, before giving a
+    definite answer; and with this ended our visit to the "king of
+    Aurora."</p>
+
+    <p>Before leaving the colony we obtained considerable
+    information from the members as to their interior organization
+    and government, the results of which, as well as what I further
+    learned respecting Doctor Keil, I will state briefly.</p>
+
+    <p>Should any one wish to become a member of the colony, he
+    must, in the first place, put all his ready money into the
+    hands of Doctor Keil: he will then be taken on trial. If the
+    candidate satisfies the doctor, he can remain and become one of
+    the community: should this, however, not be the case, he
+    receives again the capital he paid in, but without interest.
+    How long he must remain "on probation" in the colony, and work
+    there, depends entirely on the doctor's pleasure. If a member
+    leaves the community voluntarily&mdash;a thing almost unheard
+    of&mdash;he receives back his capital without interest,
+    together with a <i>pro rata</i> share of the earnings of the
+    community during his membership, as appraised by the
+    doctor.</p>
+
+    <p>All the ordinary necessaries of life are supplied
+    gratuitously to the members of the community. The doctor holds
+    the common purse, out of which all purchases are paid for, and
+    into which go the profits from the agricultural and industrial
+    products of the colony. If any member needs a coat or other
+    article of clothing, flour, sugar or tobacco, he can get
+    whatever he wants, without paying for it, at the "store:" in
+    the same way he procures meat from the butcher and bread from
+    the baker: spirits are forbidden except in case of sickness.
+    The doctor also appoints the occupation of each member, so as
+    to contribute to the best welfare of the colony&mdash;whether
+    he shall be a farmer, a mechanic, a common laborer, or whatever
+    he can be most usefully employed in; and the time and talents
+    of each are regarded as belonging to the whole community,
+    subject only to the doctor's judgment. If a member marries, a
+    separate dwelling-house and a certain amount of land are
+    assigned him, so that the families of the settlement are
+    scattered about on farms. The elders of the colony support the
+    doctor in the duties of his office by counsel and
+    assistance.</p>
+
+    <p>The lands of the colony are collectively recorded in Doctor
+    Keil's name, in order, as he says, to avoid intricate and
+    complicated law-papers. It would, however, be for the interest
+    of the colonists to make, a speedy change in this respect, so
+    that the members of the community, in case of the doctor's
+    death, might obtain each his share of the lands without
+    litigation. Should the doctor's decease occur soon, before this
+    alteration is made, his natural heirs could claim the whole
+    property of the colony, and the members would be left in the
+    lurch. He does not appear, however, to be in great haste to
+    effect this change, though it ought to have been done long ago.
+    It is always said among the colonists, naturally enough, that
+    all the ground is the common property of the community. Whether
+    the doctor fully subscribes to this opinion in his secret heart
+    might be a question.</p>
+
+    <p>Doctor Keil is at the same time the religious head and the
+    unlimited secular ruler of the colony of Aurora, and can
+    ordain, with the consent of the elders (who very naturally
+    uphold his authority), what he pleases. A life free from care
+    and responsibility, such as the members of the community (who,
+    for the most part, belong to the lower and uncultivated class)
+    lead&mdash;a life in regard to which no one but the doctor has
+    the trouble of thinking&mdash;is the main ground of the
+    undisturbed continuance of the colony. The pre-eminent talent
+    for organization, combined with the unlimited powers of
+    command, which the doctor&mdash;justly named "king of
+    Aurora"&mdash;possesses, together with the inborn industry
+    peculiar to Germans, is the cause of the prosperity of the
+    settlement, which calls itself communistic, but is certainly
+    nothing more than a vast farm belonging to its talented
+    founder. It has its schools, its churches, newspapers and
+    books&mdash;the selection and tendency of which the doctor sees
+    to&mdash;and no lack of social pleasures, music and singing.
+    Taken together with an easily-procured livelihood, all this
+    satisfies the desires of the colonists entirely, and the good
+    doctor takes care of everything else.</p>
+
+    <p class="Author">ELIZABETH SILL.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="GRAY_EYES"
+       id="GRAY_EYES"></a>GRAY EYES.</h2>
+
+    <p>I have always counted it among the larger blessings of
+    Providence that a woman can bear up year after year under a
+    weight of dullness which would drive a man of the same mental
+    calibre to desperation in a month.</p>
+
+    <p>I had no idea what a heavy burden mine had been until one
+    day my brother asked me to go to sea with him on his next
+    voyage. He and his wife were at the farm on their wedding-tour,
+    and only the happiness of a bridegroom could have led him to
+    hold out to me this way of escape. Christian's heart when he
+    dropped his pack was not lighter than mine. Butter and cheese
+    are good things in their way&mdash;the world would miss them if
+    all the farmers' daughters went suddenly down to the sea in
+    ships&mdash;but it is possible to have too much of a good
+    thing, and such had been my feeling for some years.</p>
+
+    <p>So suddenly and completely did my threadbare endurance give
+    way that if Frank had revoked his words the next minute, I must
+    have gone away at once to some crowded place and drawn a few
+    deep breaths of excitement before I could have joined again the
+    broken ends of my patience.</p>
+
+    <p>No bride-elect poor in this world's goods ever went about
+    the preparations for her wedding with more delicious awe than I
+    felt in turning one old gown upside down, and another inside
+    out, for seafaring use. There was excitement enough in the
+    departure, the inevitable sea-changes, and finally the memory
+    of it all, to keep my mind busy for a few weeks, but when we
+    settled into the grooves of a tropical voyage, wafted along as
+    easily by the trade winds as if some gigantic hand, unseen and
+    steady, had us in its grasp, my life was wholly changed, and
+    yet it bore an odd family resemblance to the days at the farm.
+    It was a pleasant dullness, because, in the nature of things,
+    it must soon have an end.</p>
+
+    <p>I went on deck to look at a passing ship about as often as I
+    used to run to the window at the sound of carriagewheels. One
+    can't take a very intimate interest in whales and the other
+    seamonsters unless one is scientific. Time died with me a slow
+    but by no means a painful death. I used to fold my hands and
+    look at them by the hour, internally rollicking over the idea
+    that there was no milk to skim or dishes to wash, or any
+    earthly wheel in motion that required my shoulder to turn it. I
+    spent much time in a half-awake state in the long warm days,
+    out of sheer delight in wasting time after saving it all my
+    life.</p>
+
+    <p>So it came about that I slept lightly o' nights. Every
+    morning the steward came into the cabin with the first dawn of
+    day to scour his floors before the captain should appear. He
+    had a habit of talking to himself over this early labor, and
+    one morning, more awake than usual, I found that he was
+    praying. "O Lord, be good to me! I wasn't to blame. I would
+    have helped her if I could. O Lord, be good to me!" and other
+    homely entreaties were repeated again and again.</p>
+
+    <p>He was a meek, bowed old negro, with snowy hair, and so many
+    wrinkles that all expression was shrunk out of his face. He was
+    an excellent cook, but he waited on table with a manner so
+    utterly despairing that it took away one's appetite to look at
+    him.</p>
+
+    <p>For many mornings after this I listened to his prayers,
+    which grew more and more earnest and importunate. I could not
+    think he had done any harm with his own will. He must have been
+    more sinned against than sinning.</p>
+
+    <p>He brought me a shawl one cool evening as if it were my
+    death-warrant, and I said, in the sepulchral tone that wins
+    confidence, "Pedro, do you always say your prayers when you are
+    alone?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, miss, 'board <i>this</i> ship."</p>
+
+    <p>"What's the matter with, this ship?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I s'pose you don't have no faith in ghosts?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not much."</p>
+
+    <p>"White folks mostly don't," said Pedro with aggravating
+    meekness, and turned into his pantry.</p>
+
+    <p>I followed him to the door, and stood in it so that he had
+    no escape: "What has that to do with your prayers?"</p>
+
+    <p>"This cabin has got a ghost in it."</p>
+
+    <p>I looked over my shoulder into the dusk, and shivered a
+    little, which was not lost on Pedro. He grew more solemn if
+    possible than before: "I see her 'most every morning, and if my
+    back is to the door, I see her all the same. She don't never
+    touch me, but I keep at the prayers for fear she will."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you never see her except in the morning?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Once or twice she has just put her head out of the door of
+    the middle state-room when I was waitin' on table."</p>
+
+    <p>"In broad daylight?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Sartin. Them as sees ghosts sees 'em any time. Every
+    morning, just at peep o' day, she comes out of that door and
+    makes a dive for the stairs. She just gives me one look, and
+    holds up her hand, and I don't see no more of her till next
+    time."</p>
+
+    <p>"How does she look?" I almost hoped he would not tell, but
+    he did.</p>
+
+    <p>"She's got hair as black as a coal, kind o' pushed back, as
+    if she'd been runnin' her hands through it; she has big shiny
+    eyes, swelled up as she'd been cryin' a great while; and she's
+    always got on a gray dress, silvery-like, with a tear in one
+    sleeve. There ain't nothin' more, only a handkerchief tied
+    round her wrist, as if it had been hurt."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is she handsome?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Mebbe white folks'd think so."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why does she show herself to you and no one else, do you
+    suppose?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Didn't I tell you the reason before?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Of course you didn't."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, you see, she looked just so the last time I seen her
+    alive. I must go and put in the biscuit now, miss."</p>
+
+    <p>I submitted, knowing that white folks may be hurried, but
+    black ones never; and I could not but admire the natural talent
+    which Pedro shared with the authors of continued stories, of
+    always dropping the thread at the most thrilling moment.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who was she?" said I, lying in wait for him on his
+    return.</p>
+
+    <p>"She was cap'n's wife, miss&mdash;a young woman, and the
+    cap'n was old, with a blazing kind of temper. He was dreffle
+    sweet on her for about a month, and mebbe she was happy, mebbe
+    she wa'n't: how should I know about white folks' feelin's? All
+    of a suddent he said she was sick and couldn't go out of the
+    middle state-room. The old man took in plenty of stuff to eat,
+    but he never let me go near her. We was on just such a v'y'ge
+    as this, only hotter. The cap'n would come out of that room
+    lookin' black as thunder, and everybody scudded out of his
+    sight when he put his head out of the gangway.</p>
+
+    <p>"He was always bad enough, but he got wuss and wuss, and
+    nothin' couldn't please him. Sometimes I'd hear the poor thing
+    a-moaning to herself like a baby that's beat out with loud
+    cryin' and hain't got no noise left. She was always cryin' in
+    them days. Once the supercargo (he was a cool hand, any way)
+    give me a bit of paper very private to give to her, and I
+    slipped it under the door, but the old man had nailed somethin'
+    down inside, an' he found it afore she did. Then there was a
+    regular knockdown fight, and the supercargo was put in irons.
+    The old man was in the middle room a long time that day,
+    talkin' in a hissin' kind of a way, and the missus got a blow.
+    Just after that a sort of a white squall struck the ship, and
+    the old man give just the wrong orders. You see, he was clean
+    out of his head. He got so worked up at last that he fell down
+    in a fit, and they bundled him into his state-room and left
+    him, 'cause nobody cared whether he was dead or alive. The mate
+    took the irons off the supercargo first thing, and broke open
+    the middle room. The supercargo went in there and stayed a long
+    time, whispering to the missus, and she cried more'n ever, only
+    it sounded different.</p>
+
+    <p>"Toward night the old man come to, and begun to ask
+    questions&mdash;as ugly as ever, only as weak as a baby. 'Bout
+    midnight I was comin' out of his room, and I seen the missus in
+    a gray dress, with her eyes shinin' like coals of fire, dive
+    out of her room and up the stairs, and nobody never seen her
+    afterward. The next morning the supercargo was gone too, and I
+    think they just drownded themselves, 'cause they couldn't bear
+    to live any more without each other. Mebbe the mate knew
+    somethin' about it, but he never let on, and I dunno no more
+    about it; only the old man had another fit when he heard it,
+    and died without no mourners."</p>
+
+    <p>"It might be she was saved, after all," I said, with true
+    Yankee skepticism.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then why should I see her ghost, if she ain't
+    dead-drownded?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you never find anything in the state-room that would
+    explain?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I did find some bits of paper, but I couldn't read
+    writin'."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, what did you do with them?" I insisted, quivering with
+    excitement.</p>
+
+    <p>"You won't tell the cap'n?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, never."</p>
+
+    <p>"You'll give 'em back to me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes&mdash;of course."</p>
+
+    <p>"Here they be," he said, opening his shirt, and showing a
+    little bag hung round his neck like an amulet. He took out a
+    little wad of brown paper, and gave it jealously into my
+    hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"I will give it back to you to-night," I said with the
+    solemnity of an oath, and carried it to my room.</p>
+
+    <p>It proved to be a short and fragmentary account of the
+    sufferings which the "missus" had endured in the middle room,
+    written in pencil on coarse wrapping-paper, and bearing marks
+    of trembling hands and frequent tears. I thought I might copy
+    the papers without breaking faith with Pedro. The outside paper
+    bore these words:</p>
+
+    <p>"Whoever finds this is besought for pity's sake, by its most
+    unhappy writer, to send it as soon as possible to Mrs. Jane
+    Atwood of Davidsville, Connecticut, United States of
+    America."</p>
+
+    <p>Then followed a letter to her mother:</p>
+
+    <p>DEAREST MOTHER: If I never see your blessed face again, I
+    know you will not believe me guilty of what my husband accuses
+    me of. I married Captain Eliot for your sake, believing, since
+    Herbert had proved faithless, that no comfort was left to me
+    except in pleasing others. I meant to be a good wife to Captain
+    Eliot, and I believe I should have kept my vow all my days if
+    the most unfortunate thing had not wakened his jealousy. Since
+    then he has been almost or quite crazed.</p>
+
+    <p>I knew we had a supercargo of whom Captain Eliot spoke
+    highly. He kept his room for a month from sea-sickness, and
+    when he came out it was Herbert. Of course I knew him, every
+    line of his face had been so long written on my heart. I strove
+    to treat him as if I had never seen him before, but the old
+    familiar looks and tones were very hard to bear. If Herbert
+    could only have submitted patiently to our fate! But it was not
+    in him to be patient under anything, and one evening, when I
+    was sitting alone on deck, he must needs pour out his soul in
+    one great burst, trying to prove that he had never deserted me,
+    but only circumstances had been cruel. I longed to believe him,
+    but I could only keep repeating that it was too late.</p>
+
+    <p>When I went down, Captain Eliot dragged me into the middle
+    state-room, and gave vent to his jealous feelings. He must have
+    listened to all that Herbert had said. His last words were that
+    I should never leave that room alive. I had a wretched night,
+    and the first time I fell into an uneasy sleep I started
+    suddenly up to find my husband flashing the light of a lantern
+    across my eyes. "Handsome and wicked," he muttered&mdash;"they
+    always go together."</p>
+
+    <p>I begged him to listen to the story of my engagement to
+    Herbert, and he did listen, but it did not soften his heart. If
+    he ever loved me, his jealousy has swallowed it up.</p>
+
+    <p>I have been in this room just a week. My husband does not
+    starve or beat me, but his taunts and threats are fearful, and
+    his eyes when he looks at me grow wild, as if he had the
+    longing of a beast to tear me in pieces.</p>
+    <hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+    <p><i>May</i> 10. I placed a copy of the paper that is pinned
+    to this letter in a little bottle that had escaped my husband's
+    search, and threw it out of my window.</p>
+
+    <p>I am Waitstill Atwood Eliot, wife of Captain Eliot of the
+    ship Sapphire. I have been kept in solitary confinement and
+    threatened with death for four weeks, for no just cause. I
+    believe him to be insane, as he constantly threatens to burn or
+    sink the ship. I pray that this paper may be picked up by some
+    one who will board this ship and bring me help.</p>
+
+    <p>Of course it is a most forlorn hope, but it keeps me from
+    utter despair.</p>
+
+    <p>20. Herbert tried to communicate with me by slipping a paper
+    under the door, but I did not get it, and he has been put in
+    irons. Captain Eliot boasts of it. I wish he would bind us
+    together and let us drown in one another's arms, as they did in
+    the Huguenot persecution.</p>
+
+    <p>28. A little paper tied to a string hung in front of my
+    bull's-eye window to-day: I took it in. The first officer had
+    lowered it down: "Captain Eliot says you are ill, but I don't
+    believe it. If he tries violence, scream, and I will break open
+    the door. I am always on the watch. Keep your heart up."</p>
+
+    <p>This is a drop of comfort in my black cup, but my little
+    window was screwed down within an hour after I had read the
+    paper.</p>
+
+    <p><i>June</i> 10. My spirit is worn out: I can endure no more.
+    I have begged my husband to kill me and end my misery. I don't
+    know why he hesitated. He means to do it some time, but perhaps
+    he cannot think of torture exquisite enough for his
+    purpose.</p>
+
+    <p>11. My husband came in about four in the afternoon, looking
+    so vindictive that my heart stood still. He gradually worked
+    himself into a frenzy, and aimed a blow at my head: instinct,
+    rather than the love of life, made me parry it, and I got the
+    stroke on my wrist.</p>
+
+    <p>I screamed, and at the same moment there was a tumult on
+    deck, and the ship quivered as if she too had been violently
+    struck. Captain Eliot rushed on deck, and began to give hurried
+    orders. I could hear the first officer contradict them, and
+    then there was a heavy fall, and two or three men stumbled down
+    the cabin stairs, carrying some weight between them.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Later</i>. My husband is helpless, and Herbert has been
+    with me, urging me passionately to trust myself to him in a
+    little boat at midnight. He says there are several ships in
+    sight, and one of them will be almost sure to pick us up. He
+    swears that he will leave me, and never see me again (if I say
+    so), so soon as he has placed me in safety, but he will save
+    me, by force if need be, from the brute into whose hands I fell
+    so innocently. If the ship does not see us, it is but dying,
+    after all.</p>
+
+    <p>Good-bye, mother! I pray that this paper will reach you
+    before Captain Eliot can send you his own account, but if it
+    does not, you will believe me innocent all the same.</p>
+
+    <p>This was the last, and I folded up the papers as they had
+    come to me. That night I read them all to Pedro.</p>
+
+    <p>"They was drownded&mdash;I knew it," said Pedro; and nothing
+    could remove that opinion. A ghost is more convincing than
+    logic.</p>
+
+    <p>Our voyage wore on, with one day just like another: my
+    brother looked at the sun every day, and put down a few
+    cabalistic figures on a slate, but his steady business was
+    reading novels to his wife and drinking weak claret and
+    water.</p>
+
+    <p>The sea was always the same, smiling and smooth, and the
+    "man at the wheel" seemed to be always holding us back by main
+    strength from the place where we wanted to go. I had a growing
+    belief that we should sail for ever on this rippling mirror and
+    never touch the frame of it. It struck me with a sense of
+    intense surprise when a dark line loomed far ahead, and they
+    told me quietly that that line meant Bombay.</p>
+
+    <p>It seemed a matter of course to my brother that the desired
+    port should heave in sight just when he expected it, but to me
+    the efforts that he had made to accomplish this tremendous
+    result were ridiculously small.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have done more work in a week, and had nothing to show
+    for it at last," said I, "than you have seemed to do in all
+    this voyage."</p>
+
+    <p>"Poor sister! don't you wish you were a man?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly, all women do who have any sense. I hold with
+    that ancient Father of the Church who maintained that all women
+    are changed into men on the judgment-day. The council said it
+    was heresy, but that don't alter my faith."</p>
+
+    <p>"I shouldn't like you half as well if you had been born a
+    boy," said Frank.</p>
+
+    <p>"But I should like myself vastly better," said I, clinging
+    to the last word.</p>
+
+    <p>Bombay is a city by itself: there is none like it on earth,
+    whatever there may be in the heaven above or in the waters
+    under it. From Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's hospital for sick
+    animals to the Olympian conceit of the English residents, there
+    are infinite variations of people and things that I am
+    persuaded can be matched nowhere else. I felt myself living in
+    a series of pictures, a sort of supernumerary in a theatre,
+    where they changed the play every night.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the first who boarded our ship was Mr. Rayne, an old
+    friend of Frank's. He insisted on our going to his house for a
+    few days in a warm-hearted way that was irresistible.</p>
+
+    <p>"Are you quite sure you want <i>me</i>?" I said dubiously.
+    "Young married people make a kind of heaven for themselves, and
+    do not want old maids looking over the wall."</p>
+
+    <p>"But you <i>must</i> go with us," said Frank, man-like,
+    never seeing anything but the uppermost surface of a
+    question.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not at all. I'm quite strong-minded enough to stay on board
+    ship; or, if that would not do in this heathen place, the
+    missionaries are always ready to entertain strangers. A week in
+    the missionhouse would make me for ever a shining light in the
+    sewing circle at home.</p>
+
+    <p>"A woman of so many resources would be welcome anywhere. For
+    my part, an old maid is a perfect Godsend. The genus is unknown
+    here, and the loss to society immense," said Mr. Rayne.</p>
+
+    <p>"But what shall I do when Mrs. Rayne and my sister-in-law
+    are comparing notes about the perfections of their
+    husbands?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Walk on the verandah with me and convert me to woman
+    suffrage."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Rayne had his barouche waiting on shore, and drove us
+    first to the bandstand, where, in the coolness of sunset, all
+    the Bombay world meet to see and to be seen. When the band
+    paused, people drove slowly round the circle, seeking
+    acquaintance. Among them one equipage was perfect&mdash;a small
+    basket-phaeton, and two black ponies groomed within an inch of
+    their lives. My eyes fell on the ponies first, but I saw them
+    no more when the lady who drove them turned her face toward
+    me.</p>
+
+    <p>She wore a close-fitting black velvet habit and a little
+    round hat with long black feather. Her hair might have been
+    black velvet, too, as it fell low on her forehead, and was
+    fastened somehow behind in a heavy coil. Black brows and lashes
+    shaded clear gray eyes&mdash;the softest gray, without the
+    least tint of green in them&mdash;such eyes as Quaker maidens
+    ought to have under their gray bonnets. Little rose colored
+    flushes kept coming and going in her cheeks as she talked.</p>
+
+    <p>All at once I thought of Queen Guinevere,</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>As she fled fast thro' sun and shade,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">With jingling bridle-reins.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Rayne, do you see that lady in black, with the
+    ponies?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Plainly."</p>
+
+    <p>"If I were a man, that woman would be my Fate."</p>
+
+    <p>"I thought women never admired each other's beauty."</p>
+
+    <p>"You are mistaken. Heretofore I have met beautiful women
+    only in poetry. Do you remember four lines about Queen
+    Guinevere?&mdash;no, six lines, I mean:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>&quot;She looked so lovely as she swayed</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The rein with dainty finger-tips,</p>
+
+            <p>A man had given all other bliss,</p>
+
+            <p>And all his worldly worth for this,</p>
+
+            <p>To waste his whole heart in one kiss</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Upon her perfect lips.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"I always thought them overstrained till now."</p>
+
+    <p>"I perfectly agree with you," said Mr. Rayne: "I knew we
+    were congenial spirits." Then he said a word or two in a
+    diabolical language to his groom, who ran to the carriage which
+    I had been watching and repeated it to the lady: she bowed and
+    smiled to Mr. Rayne, and soon drew up her ponies beside us.</p>
+
+    <p>"My wife," said Mr. Rayne with laughter in his eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>Mrs. Rayne talked much like other people, and her beauty
+    ceased to dazzle me after a few minutes; not that it grew less
+    on near view, but, being a woman, I could not fall in love with
+    her in the nature of things.</p>
+
+    <p>When the music stopped we drove to Mr. Rayne's house, his
+    wife keeping easily beside us. When she was occupied with the
+    others Mr. Rayne whispered, "Her praises were so sweet in my
+    ears that I would not own myself Sir Lancelot at once."</p>
+
+    <p>"If you are Sir Lancelot," I said, "where is King
+    Arthur?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Forty fathoms deep, I hope," said Mr. Rayne with a sudden
+    change in his voice and a darkening face. I had raised a ghost
+    for him without knowing it, and he spoke no more till we
+    reached the house.</p>
+
+    <p>It was a long, low, spreading structure with a thatched
+    roof, and a verandah round it. A wilderness of tropical plants
+    hemmed it in. But all appearance of simplicity vanished on our
+    entrance. In the matted hall stood a tree to receive the light
+    coverings we had worn; not a "hat tree," as we say at home by
+    poetic license, but the counterfeit presentment of a real tree,
+    carved in branches and delicate foliage out of black wood. The
+    drawing-room was eight-sided, and would have held, with some
+    margin, the gambrel-roofed house, chimneys and all, in which I
+    had spent my life. Two sides were open into other rooms, with
+    Corinthian pillars reaching to the roof. Carved screens a
+    little higher than our heads filled the space between the
+    pillars, and separated the drawing-room from Mrs. Rayne's
+    boudoir on the side and the dining-room on the other.</p>
+
+    <p>The furniture of these rooms was like so many verses of a
+    poem. Every chair and table had been designed by Mrs. Rayne,
+    and then realized in black wood by the patient hands of
+    natives.</p>
+
+    <p>Another side opened by three glass doors on a verandah, and
+    only a few rods below the house the sea dashed against a
+    beach.</p>
+
+    <p>After dinner I sat on the verandah drinking coffee and the
+    sea-breeze by turns. The gentlemen walked up and down smoking
+    the pipe of peace, while Mrs. Rayne sat within, talking with
+    Rhoda in the candlelight. Opposite me, as I looked in at the
+    open door, hung two Madonnas, the Sistine and the Virgin of the
+    Immaculate Conception. In front of each stood a tall
+    flower-stand carved to imitate the leaves and blossoms of the
+    calla lily. These black flowers held great bunches of the
+    Annunciation lily, sacred to the Virgin through all the ages.
+    Mrs. Rayne had taken off the close-buttoned jacket, and her
+    dress was now open at the throat, with some rich old lace
+    clinging about it and fastened with a pearl daisy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Have you forgiven me the minute's deception I put upon
+    you?" said Mr. Rayne, pausing beside me. "If I had not read
+    admiration in your face, I would have told you the truth at
+    once."</p>
+
+    <p>"How could one help admiring her?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't know, I'm sure: I never could."</p>
+
+    <p>"She has the serenest face, like still, shaded water. I
+    wonder how she would look in trouble?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It is not becoming to her."</p>
+
+    <p>"Are you sure?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Quite."</p>
+
+    <p>"Your way of life here seems so perfect! No hurry nor
+    worry&mdash;nothing to make wrinkles."</p>
+
+    <p>"You like this smooth Indian living, then?"</p>
+
+    <p>"<i>Like it</i>! I hope you won't think me wholly given over
+    to love of things that perish in the using, but if I could live
+    this sort of life with the one I liked best, heaven would be a
+    superfluity."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is heaven indeed when I think of the purgatory from
+    which we came into it," said Mr. Rayne, throwing away his cigar
+    and carrying off my coffee-cup.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you know anything of Mrs. Rayne's history before her
+    marriage?" I said to Frank as I joined him in his walk.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nothing to speak of&mdash;only she was a widow."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh!" said I, feeling that a spot or two had suddenly
+    appeared on the face of the sun.</p>
+
+    <p>"That's nothing against her, is it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, but I have no patience with second marriages."</p>
+
+    <p>"Nor first ones, either," said Frank wickedly.</p>
+
+    <p>"But seriously, Frank&mdash;would you like to have a wife so
+    beautiful as Mrs. Rayne?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, if she had Rhoda's soul inside of her," said Frank
+    stoutly.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shouldn't."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why not?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Because all sorts of eyes gloat on her beauty and drink it
+    in, and in one way appropriate it to themselves. Mr. Rayne is
+    as proud of the admiration given to his wife as if it were a
+    personal tribute to his own taste in selecting her. A beautiful
+    woman never really and truly belongs to her husband unless he
+    can keep a veil over her face, as the Turks do."</p>
+
+    <p>"I knew you had 'views,'" said Mr. Rayne behind me, "but I
+    had no idea they were so heathenish. What is New England coming
+    to under the new rule? Are the plain women going to shut up all
+    the handsome ones?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I was only supposing a case."</p>
+
+    <p>"Suppositions are dangerous. You first endure, then dally
+    with them, and finally embrace them as established facts."</p>
+
+    <p>"I was only saying that if I am a man when I come into the
+    world next time (as the Hindoos say), I shall marry a plain
+    woman with a charming disposition, and so, as it were, have my
+    diamond all to myself by reason of its dull cover."</p>
+
+    <p>"Jealousy, thy name is woman!" said Mr. Rayne. "When the
+    Woman's Republic is set up, how I shall pity the handsome
+    ones!"</p>
+
+    <p>"They will all be banished to some desert island," said
+    Frank.</p>
+
+    <p>"And draw all men after them, as the 'Pied Piper of Hamelin'
+    did the rats," said Mr. Rayne.</p>
+
+    <p>"What are you talking about?" said Mrs. Rayne, joining us at
+    this point.</p>
+
+    <p>"The pity of it," said her husband, "that beauty is only
+    skin deep."</p>
+
+    <p>"That is deep enough," said Mrs. Rayne.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, if age and sickness and trouble did not make one shed
+    it so soon," said I ungratefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't mention it," said Mrs. Rayne&mdash;"'tis bad enough
+    when it comes. Do you remember that Greek woman in
+    <i>Lothair,</i> whose father was so fearfully rich that she
+    seemed to be all crusted with precious stones?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Perfectly."</p>
+
+    <p>"To dance and sing was all she lived for, and Lothair must
+    needs bring in the skeleton, as you did, by reminding her of
+    the dolorous time when she would neither dance nor sing. You
+    think she is crushed, to be sure, only Disraeli's characters
+    never are crushed, any more than himself. 'Oh then,' she says,
+    'we will be part of the audience, and other people will dance
+    and sing for us.' So beauty is always with us, though one
+    person loses it."</p>
+
+    <p>She gave a little shrug of her shoulders, which made her
+    pearls and velvet shimmer in the moonlight. She looked so white
+    and cool and perfect, so apart from common clay, that all at
+    once Queen Guinevere ceased to be my type of her, and I thought
+    of "Lilith, first wife of Adam," as we see her in Rossetti's
+    fanciful poem:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Not a drop of her blood was human,</p>
+
+            <p>But she was made like a soft, sweet woman.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>We all went to our rooms after this, and in each of ours
+    hung a full-length swinging mirror; I had never seen one
+    before, except in a picture-shop or in a hotel.</p>
+
+    <p>"Truly this is 'richness'!" I said, walking up and down and
+    sideways from one to the other.</p>
+
+    <p>"I had no idea you had so much vanity," said Frank, laughing
+    at me, as he has done ever since he was born.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vanity! not a spark. I am only seeing myself as others see
+    me, for the first time."</p>
+
+    <p>"I always had a glass like that in my room at home," said my
+    sister-in-law, with the least morsel of disdain in her
+    tone.</p>
+
+    <p>"Had you? Then you have lost a great deal by growing up to
+    such things. A first sensation at my age is delightful."</p>
+
+    <p>Next day Rhoda and I were sitting with Mrs. Rayne in her
+    dressing-room, with a great fan swinging overhead. We all had
+    books in our hands, but I found more charming reading in my
+    hostess, whose fascinations hourly grew upon me.</p>
+
+    <p>She wore a long loose wrapper, clear blue in color, with
+    little silver stars on it. I don't know how much of my
+    admiration sprang from her perfect taste in dress. Raiment has
+    an extraordinary effect on the whole machinery of life. Most
+    people think too lightly of it. Somebody says if Cleopatra's
+    nose had been a quarter of an inch shorter, the history of the
+    world would have been utterly changed; but Antony might equally
+    have been proof against a robe with high neck and tight
+    sleeves. Mrs. Rayne's face always seemed to crown her costume
+    like a rose out of green leaves, yet I cannot but think that if
+    I had seen her first in a calico gown and sitting on a
+    three-legged stool milking a cow, I should still have thought
+    her a queen among women.</p>
+
+    <p>While I sat like a lotos-eater, forgetful of home and
+    butter-making, a servant brought in a parcel and a note. Mrs.
+    Rayne tossed the note to me while she unfolded a roll of gray
+    silk.</p>
+
+    <p>DEAR GUINEVERE: I send with this a bit of silk that old
+    Fut'ali insisted on giving to me this morning. It is that
+    horrid gray color which we both detest. I know you will never
+    wear it, and you had better give it to Miss Blake to make a
+    toga for her first appearance in the women's Senate.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">LANCELOT.</p>
+
+    <p>"With all my heart!" said Mrs. Rayne as I gave back the
+    note. "You will please us both far more than you can please
+    yourself by wearing the dress with a thought of us. I wonder
+    why Mr. Rayne calls me 'Guinevere'? But he has a new name for
+    me every day, because he does not like my own."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Waitstill. Did you ever hear it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Never but once," I said with a sudden tightness in my
+    throat. I could scarcely speak my thanks for the dress.</p>
+
+    <p>"I should never wear it," said Mrs. Rayne: "the color is
+    associated with a very painful part of my life."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you suppose water would spot it?" asked Rhoda, who is of
+    a practical turn of mind.</p>
+
+    <p>"Take a bit and try it."</p>
+
+    <p>"Water spots some grays" said Mrs. Rayne with a strange sort
+    of smile as Rhoda went out, "especially salt water. I spent one
+    night at sea in an open boat, with a gray dress clinging wet
+    and salt to my limbs. When I tore it off in rags I seemed to
+    shed all the misery I had ever known. All my life since then
+    has been bright as you see it now. It would be a bad omen to
+    put on a gray gown again."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then you have made a sea-voyage, Mrs. Rayne?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, such a long voyage!&mdash;worse than the 'Ancient
+    Mariner's.' No words can tell how I hate the sea." She sighed
+    deeply, with a sudden darkening of her gray eyes till they were
+    almost black, and grasped one wrist hard with the other
+    hand.</p>
+
+    <p>A sudden trembling seized me. I was almost as much agitated
+    as Mrs. Rayne. I felt that I must clinch the matter somehow,
+    but I took refuge in a platitude to gain time: "There is such a
+    difference in ships, almost as much as in houses, and the
+    comfort of the voyage depends greatly on that."</p>
+
+    <p>"It may be so," she said wearily.</p>
+
+    <p>"My brother's ship is old, but it has been refitted lately
+    to something like comfort. It's old name was the Sapphire."</p>
+
+    <p>This was my shot, and it hit hard.</p>
+
+    <p>"The Sapphire! the Sapphire!" she whispered with dilated
+    eyes. "Did you ever hear&mdash;did you ever find&mdash;But what
+    nonsense! You must think me the absurdest of women."</p>
+
+    <p>The color came back to her face, and she laughed quite
+    naturally.</p>
+
+    <p>"The fact is, Miss Blake, I was very ill and miserable when
+    I was on shipboard, and to this day any sudden reminder of it
+    gives me a shock.&mdash;Did water spot it?" she said to Rhoda,
+    who came in at this point.</p>
+
+    <p>I thought over all the threads of the circumstance that had
+    come into my hand, and like Mr. Browning's lover I found "a
+    thing to do."</p>
+
+    <p>The next morning I made an excuse to go down to the ship
+    with my brother, and there, by dint of pressure, I got those
+    stained and dingy papers into my possession again. I had only
+    that day before me, for we were going to a hotel the same
+    evening, and the Raynes were to set out next day for their
+    summer place among the hills, a long way back of Bombay. Our
+    stay had already delayed their departure.</p>
+
+    <p>This was my plot: Mrs. Rayne had been reading a book that I
+    had bought for the home-voyage, and was to finish it before
+    evening. I selected the duplicate of the paper which "Waitstill
+    Atwood Eliot" had put in a bottle and cast adrift when her case
+    had been desperate, and laid it in the book a page or two
+    beyond Mrs. Rayne's mark. It seemed impossible that she could
+    miss it: I watched her as a chemist watches his first
+    experiment.</p>
+
+    <p>Twice she took up the book, and was interrupted before she
+    could open it: the third time she sat down so close to me that
+    the folds of her dress touched mine. One page, two pages: in
+    another instant she would have turned the leaf, and I held my
+    breath, when a servant brought in a note. Her most intimate
+    friend had been thrown from her carriage, and had sent for her.
+    It was a matter of life and death, and brooked no delay. In ten
+    minutes she had bidden us a cordial good-bye, and dropped out
+    of my life for all time.</p>
+
+    <p>She never finished <i>my</i> book, nor I <i>hers</i>. I had
+    had it in my heart, in return for her warm hospitality, to cast
+    a great stone out of her past life into the still waters of her
+    present, and her good angel had turned it aside just before it
+    reached her. I might have asked Mr. Rayne in so many words if
+    his wife's name had been Waitstill Atwood Eliot when he married
+    her, but that would have savored of treachery to her, and I
+    refrained.</p>
+
+    <p>Often in the long calm days of the home-voyage, and oftener
+    still in the night-watches, I pondered in my heart the items of
+    Mrs. Rayne's history, and pieced them together like bits of
+    mosaic&mdash;the gray eyes and the gray dress, the identity of
+    name, the indefinite terrors of her sea-voyage, the little
+    touch concerning Lancelot and Guinevere, her emotion when I
+    mentioned the Sapphire. If circumstantial evidence can be
+    trusted, I feel certain that Pedro's ghost appeared to me in
+    the flesh.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE"
+       id="REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE"></a>REMINISCENCES OF
+       FLORENCE.</h2>
+
+    <p>I had six months more to stay on the Continent, and I began
+    for the first time to be discontented in Paris. There was no
+    soul in that great city whom I had ever seen before, but this
+    alone would hot have been sufficient to make me long for a
+    change, except for an accident which unluckily surrounded me
+    with my own countrymen. These I did not go abroad to see; and
+    having lived almost entirely in the society of the French for
+    over two years, it was with dismay that I saw my sanctum
+    invaded daily by twos and threes of the aimless American
+    nonentities who presume that their presence must be agreeable
+    to any of their countrymen, and especially to any countrywoman,
+    after a chance introduction on the boulevard or an hour spent
+    together in a caf&eacute;.</p>
+
+    <p>"Seeing these things," I determined to leave Paris, and the
+    third day after found me traveling through picturesque Savoy
+    toward Mont Cenis. All the afternoon the rugged hills had been
+    growing higher and whiter with snow, and now, just before
+    sunset, we reached the railway terminus, St. Michel, and were
+    under the shadow of the Alps themselves.</p>
+
+    <p>The previous night in the cars I had found myself the only
+    woman among some half dozen French military officers, who paid
+    me the most polite attention. They were charmed that I made no
+    objection to their cigarettes, talked with me on various
+    topics, criticised McClellan as a general, and were
+    enthusiastic on the subject of our country generally. About
+    midnight they prepared a grand repast from their
+    traveling-bags, to which they gave me a cordial invitation. I
+    begged to contribute my <i>mesquin</i> supply of grapes and
+    brioches, and the supper was a considerable event. Their
+    canteens were filled with red wines, and one cup served the
+    whole company. They drank my health and that of the President
+    of the United States. Afterward we had vocal music, two of the
+    officers being good singers. They sang Beranger's songs and the
+    charming serenade from <i>Lalla Rookh</i>. I finally expressed
+    a desire to hear the Marseillaise. This seemed to take them by
+    surprise, but one of the singers, declaring that he had
+    <i>"rien &agrave; refuser &agrave; madame"</i> boldly struck
+    up,</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Allons, enfants de la patrie,</p>
+
+            <p>Le jour de gloire est arriv&eacute;;</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>but his companions checked him before he had finished the
+    first stanza. The law forbade, they said, the production of the
+    Marseillaise in society. We were a society: the guard would
+    hear us and might report it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vous voyez, madame," said the singer, "n'il n'est pas
+    d&eacute;fendu d'&ecirc;tre voleur, mais c'est d&eacute;fendu
+    d'&ecirc;tre attrap&eacute;" (It is not against the law to be a
+    thief, but to be caught.)</p>
+
+    <p>My traveling&mdash;companions reached their destination
+    early in the morning, and, very gallantly expressing regrets
+    that they were not going over the Alps, so as to bear mer
+    company, bade me farewell.</p>
+
+    <p>From the rear of the St. Michel hotel, called the Lion d'Or,
+    I watched the preparations for crossing Mont Cenis. Three
+    diligences were being crazily loaded with our baggage. The men
+    who loaded them seemed imitating the Alpine structure. They
+    piled trunk on trunk to the height of thirty feet, I verily
+    believe; and if some one should nudge my elbow and say "fifty,"
+    I should write it down so without manifesting the least
+    surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>When the preparations were finished the setting sun was
+    shining clearly on the white summits above, and we commenced
+    slowly winding up the noble zigzag road. Rude mountain children
+    kept up with our diligences, asked for sous and wished us
+    <i>bon voyage</i> in the name of the Virgin.</p>
+
+    <p>The grandeur, but especially the extent and number, of the
+    Alpine peaks impressed me with a vague, undefinable sense,
+    which was not, I think, the anticipated sensation; and indeed
+    if I had been in a poetic mood, it would have been quickly
+    dissipated by the mock raptures of a young Englishman with a
+    poodly moustache and an eye-glass. He called our attention to
+    every chasm, gorge and waterfall, as if we had been wholly
+    incapable of seeing or appreciating anything without his aid.
+    As for me, I did not feel like disputing his susceptibility. I
+    was suffering an uneasy apprehension of an avalanche&mdash;not
+    of snow, but of trunks and boxes from the topheavy diligences
+    ahead of us. However, we reached the top of Mont Cenis safely
+    by means of thirteen mules to each coach, attached tandem, and
+    we stopped at the queer relay-house there some thirty minutes.
+    Here some women in the garb of nuns served me some soup with
+    grated cheese, a compound which suggested a dishcloth in
+    flavor, yet it was very good. I will not attempt to reconcile
+    the two statements. After the soup I went out to see the Alps.
+    The ecstatic Briton was still eating and drinking, and I could
+    enjoy the scene unmolested. I crossed a little bridge near the
+    inn. The night was cold and bright. Hundreds of snowy peaks
+    above, below and in every direction, some of their hoary heads
+    lost in the clouds, were glistening in the light of a clear
+    September moon, and the stillness was only broken by a wild
+    stream tumbling down the precipices which I looked up to as I
+    crossed the bridge. It was indeed an impressive
+    scene&mdash;cold, desolate, awful. I walked so near the
+    freezing cataract that the icicles touched my face, and
+    thinking that Dante, when he wrote his description of hell,
+    might have been inspired by this very scene, I wrapped my cloak
+    closer about me and went back to the inn.</p>
+
+    <p>The diligences were ready, and we commenced a descent which
+    I cannot even now think of without a shudder. To each of those
+    heavily-laden stages were attached two horses only, and we
+    bounded down the mountain-side like a huge loosened boulder.
+    Imagine the sensation as you looked out of the windows and saw
+    yourself whirling over yawning chasms and along the brinks of
+    dizzy precipices, fully convinced that the driver was drunk and
+    the horses goaded to madness by Alpine demons! I have been on
+    the ocean in a storm sufficiently severe to make Jew and
+    Christian pray amicably together; I have been set on fire by a
+    fluid lamp, and have been dragged under the water by a drowning
+    friend, but I think I never had such an alarming sense of
+    coming destruction as in that diligence. I think of those
+    sure-footed horses even now with gratitude.</p>
+
+    <p>We arrived at Susa a long time before daylight. At first, I
+    decided to stay and see this town, which was founded by a Roman
+    colony in the time of Augustus. The arch built in his honor
+    about eight years before Christ seemed a thing worth going to
+    see; but a remark from my companion with the eye-glass made me
+    determine to go on. He said he was going to "do" the arch, and
+    I knew I should not be equal to witnessing any more of his
+    ecstasies.</p>
+
+    <p>My first astonishment in Italy was that hardly any of the
+    railroad officials spoke French. I had always been told that
+    with that language at your command you could travel all over
+    the Continent. This is a grave error: even in Florence,
+    although "Ici on parle fran&ccedil;ais" is conspicuous in many
+    shop-windows, I found I had to speak Italian or go unserved. I
+    had a mortal dread of murdering the beautiful Italian language;
+    so I wanted to speak it well before I commenced, like the
+    Irishman who never could get his boots on until he had worn
+    them a week.</p>
+
+    <p>I stopped at Turin, then the capital of Italy, only a short
+    time, and hurried on to Florence, for that was to be my home
+    for the winter. It was delightful to come down from the Alpine
+    snows and find myself face to face with roses and orange trees
+    bearing fruit and blossom. Here I wandered through the
+    olive-gardens alone, and gave way to the rapturous sense of
+    simply being in the land of art and romance, the land of love
+    and song; for there was no ecstatic person with me armed with
+    <i>Murray</i> and prepared to admire anything recommended
+    therein. Besides, I could enjoy Italy for days and months, and
+    therefore was not obliged to "do" (detestable tourist slang!)
+    anything in a given time. I was free as a bird. I knew no
+    Americans in Florence, and determined to studiously avoid
+    making acquaintances except among Italians, for I wished to
+    learn the language as I had learned French, by constantly
+    speaking it and no other.</p>
+
+    <p>The day following my arrival in Florence I went out to look
+    for lodgings, which I had the good fortune to find immediately.
+    I secured the first I looked at. They were in the Borgo SS.
+    Apostoli, in close proximity to the Piazza del Granduca, now
+    Delia Signoria. I was passing this square, thinking of my good
+    luck in finding my niche for the winter, when, much to my
+    surprise, some one accosted me in English. Think of my dismay
+    at seeing one of the irrepressible Paris bores I had fled from!
+    He was in Florence before me, having come by a different route;
+    and neither of us had known anything about the other's
+    intention to quit Paris. He asked me at once where I was
+    stopping, and I told him at the Hotel a la Fontana, not deeming
+    it necessary to add that I was then on my way there to pack up
+    my traveling-bag and pay my bill. As he was "doing" Florence in
+    about three days, he never found me out. The next I heard of
+    him he was "doing" Rome. This American prided himself on his
+    knowledge of Italian; and one day in a restaurant, wishing for
+    cauliflower <i>(cavolo fiore)</i>, he astonished the waiter by
+    calling for <i>horse. "Cavallo"!</i> he
+    roared&mdash;"<i>Port&eacute;z me cavallo!</i>" "Cavallo!"
+    repeated the waiter, with the characteristic Italian shrug.
+    "<i>Non simangia in Italia, signore</i>" (It is not eaten in
+    Italy, signore). Then followed more execrable Italian, and the
+    waiter brought him something which elicited "<i>Non volo! non
+    volo!</i>" (I don't fly! I don't fly!) from the American, and
+    "<i>Lo credo, signore</i>" from the baffled waiter, much to the
+    amusement of people at the adjacent tables.</p>
+
+    <p>I liked my new quarters very much. They consisted of two
+    goodly-sized rooms, carpeted with thick braided rag carpets,
+    and decently furnished, olive oil provided for the quaint old
+    classic-shaped lamp, and the rooms kept in order, for the
+    astounding price of thirty francs a month. Wood I had to pay
+    extra for when I needed a fire, and that indeed was expensive;
+    for a bundle only sufficient to make a fire cost a franc. There
+    were few days, however, even in that exceptional winter, which
+    rendered a fire necessary. The <i>scaldino</i> for the feet was
+    generally sufficient, and this, replenished three times a day,
+    was included in the rent.</p>
+
+    <p>One of my windows looked out on olive-gardens and on the old
+    church San Miniato, on the hill of the same name. Mr. Hart, the
+    sculptor, told me that those rooms were very familiar to him.
+    Buchanan Read, I think he said, had occupied them, and the
+    walls in many places bore traces of artist vagaries. There were
+    several nice caricatures penciled among the cheap frescoes of
+    the walls. All the walls are frescoed in Florence. Think of
+    having your ceiling and walls painted in a manner that
+    constantly suggests Michael Angelo!</p>
+
+    <p>After some weeks spent in looking at the art-wonders in
+    Florence, I visited many of the studios of our artists. That of
+    Mr. Hart, on the Piazza Independenza, was one of the most
+    interesting. He had two very admirable busts of Henry Clay, and
+    all his visitors, encouraged by his frank manner, criticised
+    his works freely. Most people boldly pass judgment on any work
+    of art, and "understand" Mrs. Browning when she says the Venus
+    de' Medici "thunders white silence." I do not. I am sure I
+    never can understand what a thundering silence means, whatever
+    may be its color. These appreciators talked of the
+    "word-painting" of Mrs. Browning.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>They sit on their thrones in a purple sublimity,</p>
+
+            <p>And grind down men's bones to a pale unanimity.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I suppose this is "word-painting." <i>I</i> can see the
+    picture also&mdash;some kings, and possibly queens, seated on
+    gorgeous thrones, engaged in the festive occupation of grinding
+    bones! Oh, I degrade the subject, do I? Nonsense! The term is a
+    stilted affectation, perhaps never better applied than to Mrs.
+    Browning's descriptive spasms. Still, she was undoubtedly a
+    poet. She wrote many beautiful subjective poems, but she wrote
+    much that was not poetry, and which suggests only a deranged
+    nervous system. I have a friend who maintains from her writings
+    that she never loved, that she did not know what passion meant.
+    However this may be, the author of the sonnet
+    commencing&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Go from me! Yet I feel that I shall stand</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Henceforward in thy shadow,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>deserves immortality.</p>
+
+    <p>But to return to Mr. Hart's studio. One of the most
+    remarkable things I saw in Florence was this artist's invention
+    to reduce certain details of sculpture to a mechanical process.
+    This machine at first sight struck me as a queer kind of
+    ancient armor. In brief, the subject is placed in position,
+    when the front part of this armor, set on some kind, of hinge,
+    swings round before him, and the sculptor makes measurements by
+    means of numberless long metal needles, which are so arranged
+    as to run in and touch the subject: A stationary mark is placed
+    where the needle touches, and then I think it is pulled back.
+    So the artist goes on, until some hundreds of measurements are
+    made, if necessary, when the process is finished and the
+    subject is released. How these measurements are made to serve
+    the artist in modeling the statue I cannot very well describe,
+    but I understood that by their aid Mr. Hart had modeled a bust
+    from life in the incredible space of two days! I further
+    understood that Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are remarkable for
+    their correct likeness, which of course they must be if they
+    are mathematically correct in their proportions. Many of the
+    artists in Florence have the bad taste to make sport of this
+    machine; but if Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are what they have
+    the reputation of being, this sport is only a mask for
+    jealousy. Mr. Hart was extremely sensitive to the light manner
+    Mr. Powers and others have of speaking of this invention. One
+    day he was much annoyed when a visitor, after examining the
+    machine very attentively for some time, exclaimed, "Mr. Hart,
+    what if you should have a man shut in there among those points,
+    and he should happen to sneeze?"</p>
+
+    <p>The Pitti Palace was one of my favorite haunts, and I often
+    spent whole hours there in a single salon. There I almost
+    always saw Mr. G&mdash;&mdash;, a German-American, copying from
+    the masters; and he could copy too! What an indefatigable
+    worker he was! Slight and delicate of frame, he seemed
+    absolutely incapable of growing weary. He often toiled there
+    all day long, his hands red and swollen with the cold, for the
+    winter, as I have before remarked, was unusually severe. For
+    many days I saw him working on a Descent from the Cross by
+    Tintoretto&mdash;a bold attempt, for Tintoretto's colors are as
+    baffling as those of the great Venetian master himself. This
+    copy had received very general praise, and one day I took a
+    Lucca friend, a dilettante, to see it. Mr. G&mdash;&mdash;
+    brought the canvas out in the hall, that we might see it
+    outside of the ocean of color which surrounded it in the
+    gallery. When we reached the hall, Mr. G&mdash;&mdash; turned
+    the picture full to the light. The effect was astounding. It
+    was so brilliant that you could hardly look at it. It seemed a
+    mass of molten gold reflecting the sun. "Good God!" exclaimed
+    G&mdash;&mdash;, "did I do that?" and an expression of bitter
+    disappointment passed over his face. I ventured to suggest that
+    as everybody had found it good while it was in the gallery,
+    this brilliant effect must be from the cold gray marble of the
+    hall. G&mdash;&mdash; could not pardon the picture, and nothing
+    that the Italian or I could say had the least effect. He would
+    hear no excuse for it, and, evidently quite mortified at the
+    d&eacute;but of his Tintoretto, he hurried the canvas back to
+    the easel. The sister of the czar of Russia was greatly pleased
+    with this copy, and proposed to buy it, but whether she did or
+    not I forgot to ascertain.</p>
+
+    <p>Alone as I was in Florence, cultivating only the
+    acquaintance of Italians, yet was I never troubled with
+    <i>ennui</i>. I read much at Vieussieux's, and when I grew
+    tired of that and of music, I made long sables on the Lung Arno
+    to the Cascine, through the charming Boboli gardens, or out to
+    Fiesole. Fiesole is some two miles from Florence, and once on
+    my way there I stopped at the Protestant burying-ground and
+    pilfered a little wildflower from Theodore Parker's grave to
+    send home to one of his romantic admirers. Fiesole must be a
+    very ancient town, for there is a ruined amphitheatre there,
+    and the remains of walls so old that they are called Pelasgic
+    in their origin; which is, I take it, sufficiently vague. The
+    high hill is composed of the most solid marble; so the
+    guidebooks say, at least. This is five hundred and seventy-five
+    feet above the sea, and on its summit stands the cathedral,
+    very old indeed, and built in the form of a basilica, like that
+    of San Miniato. From this hill you look down upon the plain
+    beneath, with the Arno winding through it, and upon Florence
+    and the Apennine chain, above which rise the high mountains of
+    Carrara. Here, on the highest available point of the rock, I
+    used to sit reading, and looking upon the panorama beneath,
+    until the sinking sun warned me that I had only time to reach
+    the city before its setting. I used to love to look also at
+    works of art in this way, for by so doing I fixed them in my
+    mind for future reference. I never passed the Piazza della
+    Signoria without standing some minutes before the Loggia dei
+    Lanzi and the old ducal palace with its marvelous tower. Before
+    this palace, exposed to the weather for three hundred and fifty
+    years, stands Michael Angelo's David; to the left, the fountain
+    on the spot where Savonarola was burnt alive by the order of
+    Alexander VI.; and immediately facing this is the post-office.
+    I never could pass the post-office without thinking of the poet
+    Shelley, who was there brutally felled to the earth by an
+    Englishman, who accused him of being an infidel, struck his
+    blow and escaped.</p>
+
+    <p>I made many visits to the Nuova Sacrista to see the tombs of
+    the two Medici by Michael Angelo. The one at the right on
+    entering is that of Giuliano, duke of Nemours, brother of Leo
+    X. The two allegorical figures reclining beneath are Morning
+    and Night. The tomb of Lorenzo de' Medici, duke of Urfrino,
+    stands on the other side of the chapel, facing that of the duke
+    de Nemours. The statue of Lorenzo, for grace of attitude and
+    beauty of expression, has, in my opinion, never been equaled.
+    The allegorical figures at the feet of this Medici are more
+    beautiful and more easily understood than most of Michael
+    Angelo's allegorical figures. Nevertheless, I used sometimes,
+    when looking at these four figures, to think that they had been
+    created merely as architectural auxiliaries, and that their
+    expression was an accident or a freak of the artist's fancy,
+    rather than the expression of some particular thought: at other
+    times I saw as much in them as most enthusiasts
+    do&mdash;enough, I have no doubt, to astonish their great
+    author himself. I believe that very few people really
+    experience rapturous sensations when they look at works of art.
+    People are generally much more moved by the sight of the two
+    canes preserved in Casa Buonarotti, upon which the great master
+    in his latter days supported his tottering frame, than they are
+    by the noblest achievements of his genius.</p>
+
+    <p>The Carnival in Florence was a meagre affair compared with
+    the same f&ecirc;te in Rome. During the afternoon, however,
+    there was goodly procession of masks in carriages on the Lung'
+    Arno, and in the evening there was a feeble <i>moccoletti</i>
+    display. The grand masked ball at the Casino about this time
+    presents an irresistible attraction to the floating population
+    in Florence. I was foolish enough to go. All were obliged to be
+    dressed in character or in full ball-costume: no dominoes
+    allowed. The Casino, I was told, is the largest club-house in
+    the world; and salon after salon of that immense building was
+    so crowded that locomotion was nearly impossible. The floral
+    decorations were magnificent, the music was excellent, and some
+    of the ten thousand people present tried to dance, but the sets
+    formed were soon squeezed into a ball. Then they gave up in
+    despair, while the men swore under their breath, and the women
+    repaired to the dressing-rooms to sew on flounces or other
+    skirt-trimmings. Masks wriggled about, and spoke to each other
+    in the ridiculously squeaky voice generally adopted on such
+    occasions. Most of their conversation was English, and of this
+    very exciting order: "You don't know me?" "Yes I do." "No you
+    don't." "I know what you did yesterday," etc., etc., <i>ad
+    nauseam.</i> How fine masked balls are in sensational novels!
+    how absolutely flat and unsatisfactory in fact! There was on
+    this occasion a vast display of dress and jewelry, and among
+    the babel of languages spoken the most prominent was the
+    beautiful London dialect sometimes irreverently called Cockney.
+    I lost my cavalier at one time, and while I waited for him to
+    find me I retired to a corner and challenged a mask to a game
+    of chess. He proved to be a Russian who spoke neither French
+    nor Italian. We got along famously, however. He said something
+    very polite in Russian, I responded irrelevantly in French, and
+    then we looked at each other and grinned. He subsequently,
+    thinking he had made an impression, ventured to press my hand;
+    I drew it away and told him he was an idiot, at which he was
+    greatly flattered; and then we grinned at each other again. It
+    was very exciting indeed. I won the game easily, because he
+    knew nothing of chess, and then he said something in his
+    mother-tongue, placing his hand upon his heart. I could have
+    sworn that it meant, "Of course I would not be so rude as to
+    win when playing with a lady." I thought so, principally
+    because he was a man, for I never knew a man under such
+    circumstances who did not immediately betray his self-conceit
+    by making that gallant declaration. Feeling sure that the
+    Russian had done so, when we placed the pieces on the board
+    again I offered him my queen. He seemed astounded and hurt; and
+    then for the first time I thought that if this Russian were an
+    exception to his sex, and I had <i>not</i> understood his
+    remark, then it was a rudeness to offer him my queen. I was
+    fortunately relieved from my perplexing situation by the
+    approach of my cavalier, and as he led me away I gave my other
+    hand to my antagonist in the most impressive manner, by way of
+    atonement in case there <i>had</i> been anything wrong in my
+    conduct toward him.</p>
+
+    <p>One day during the latter part of my stay in Florence I went
+    the second time to the splendid studio of Mr. Powers. He talked
+    very eloquently upon art. He said that some of the classic
+    statues had become famous, and deservedly so, although they
+    were sometimes false in proportion and disposed in attitudes
+    quite impossible in nature. He illustrated this by a fine
+    plaster cast of the Venus of Milo, before which we were
+    standing. He showed that the spinal cord in the neck could
+    never, from the position of the head, have joined that of the
+    body, that there was a radical fault in the termination of the
+    spinal column, and that the navel was located falsely with
+    respect to height. As he proceeded he convinced me that he was
+    correct; and in defence of this, my most cherished idol after
+    the Apollo Belvedere, I only asked the iconoclast whether these
+    defects might not have been intentional, in order to make the
+    statue appear more natural when looked at in its elevated
+    position from below. I subsequently repeated Mr. Powers's
+    criticism of the Venus of Milo in the studio of another of our
+    distinguished sculptors, and he treated it with great levity,
+    especially when I told him my authority. There is a spirit of
+    rivalry among sculptors which does not always manifest itself
+    in that courteous and well-bred manner which distinguishes the
+    medical faculty, for instance, in their dealings with each
+    other. This courtesy is well illustrated by an anecdote I have
+    recently heard. A gentleman fell down in a fit, and a physician
+    entering saw a man kneeling over the patient and grasping him
+    firmly by the throat; whereupon the physician exclaimed, "Why,
+    sir, you are stopping the circulation in the jugular vein!"
+    "Sir," replied the other, "I am a doctor of medicine." To which
+    the first M.D. remarked, "Ah! I beg your pardon," and stood by
+    very composedly until the patient was comfortably dead.</p>
+
+    <p>While Mr. Powers was conversing with me about the Venus of
+    Milo, there entered two Englishwomen dressed very richly in
+    brocades and velvets. They seemed very anxious to see
+    everything in the studio, talked in loud tones of the various
+    objects of art, passed us, and occupied themselves for some
+    time before the statue called California. I heard one of them
+    say, "I wonder if there's anybody 'ere that talks Hinglish?"
+    and in the same breath she called out to Mr. Powers, "Come
+    'ere!" He was at work that day, and wore his studio costume. I
+    was somewhat surprised to see him immediately obey the rude
+    command, and the following conversation occurred:</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you speak Hinglish?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, ma'am."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is this statue?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It is called California, madam."</p>
+
+    <p>"What has she got in 'er 'and?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Thorns, madam, in the hand held behind the back; in the
+    other she presents the quartz containing the tempting
+    metal."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh!"</p>
+
+    <p>We next entered a room where there was another work of the
+    sculptor in process of formation. Mr. Powers and myself were
+    engaged in an animated and, to me, very agreeable conversation,
+    which was constantly interrupted by these ill-bred women, who
+    kept all the time mistaking the plaster for the marble, and
+    asked the artist the most pestering questions on the <i>modus
+    operandi</i> of sculpturing. I was astonished at the marvelous
+    temper of Mr. Powers, who politely and patiently answered all
+    their queries. By some lucky chance these women got out of the
+    way during our slow progress back to the outer rooms, and I
+    enjoyed Mr. Powers's conversation uninterruptedly. He showed me
+    the beautiful baby hand in marble, a copy of his daughter's
+    hand when an infant, and had just returned it to its shrine
+    when the two women reappeared, and we all proceeded together.
+    In the outer room there were several admirable busts, upon
+    which these women passed comment freely. One of these busts was
+    that of a lady, and they attacked it spitefully. "What an ugly
+    face!" "What a mean expression about the mouth!" "Isn't it
+    'orrible?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Who is it?" asked one of them, addressing Mr. Powers.</p>
+
+    <p>"That is a portrait of my wife," said the artist
+    modestly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your wife!" repeated one of the women, and then, nothing
+    abashed, added, "Who are you?"</p>
+
+    <p>"My name is Powers, madam," he answered very politely. This
+    discovery evidently disconcerted the impudence even of these
+    visitors, and they immediately left the studio.</p>
+
+    <p>As the day approached for my departure I visited all my old
+    haunts, and dwelt fondly upon scenes which I might never see
+    again. My dear old music-master cried when I bade him farewell.
+    Povero maestro! He used to think me so good that I was always
+    ashamed of not being a veritable angel. I left Florence
+    when</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i8">All the land in flowery squares,</p>
+
+            <p>Beneath a broad and equal-blowing wind,</p>
+
+            <p>Smelt of the coming summer.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>My last visit was with the maestro to the Cascine, where he
+    gathered me a bunch of wild violets&mdash;cherished souvenir of
+    a city I love, and of a friend whose like I "ne'er may look
+    upon again."</p>
+
+    <p class="author">MARIE HOWLAND.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER"
+       id="THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER"></a>THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.</h2>
+
+    <p>While Philadelphia hibernates in the ice and snow of
+    February, the spring season opens in the Southern woods and
+    pastures. The fragrant yellow jessamine clusters in golden
+    bugles over shrubs and trees, and the sward is enameled with
+    the white, yellow and blue violet. The crocus and cowslip, low
+    anemone and colts-foot begin to show, and the land brightens
+    with waxy flowers of the huckleberry, set in delicate gamboge
+    edging. Yards, greeneries, conservatories breathe a June like
+    fragrance, and aviaries are vocal with songsters, mocked
+    outside by the American mocking-bird, who chants all night
+    under the full moon, as if day was too short for his
+    medley.</p>
+
+    <p>New Orleans burgeons with the season. The broad fair
+    avenues, the wide boulevards, famed Canal street, are luxuriant
+    with spring life and drapery. Dashing equipages glance down the
+    Shell Road with merry driving-and picnic-parties. There is
+    boating on the lake, and delicious French collations at
+    pleasant resorts, spread by neat-handed mulatto waiters
+    speaking a patois of French, English and negro. There spring
+    meats and sauces and light French wines allure to enjoyments
+    less sensual than the coarser Northern climate affords.</p>
+
+    <p>The unrivaled French opera is in season, the forcing house
+    of that bright garden of exotics. Other and Northern cities
+    boast of such entertainments, but I apprehend they resemble the
+    Simon-Pure much as an Englishman's French resembles the native
+    tongue. In New Orleans it is the natural, full-flavored
+    article, lively with French taste and talent, and for a people
+    instinct with a truer Gallic spirit, perhaps, than that of
+    Paris itself. It is antique and colonial, but age and the
+    sea-voyage have preserved more distinctly the native
+    <i>bouquet</i> of the wine after all grosser flavors have
+    wasted away. The spectacle within the theatre on a fine night
+    is brilliant, recherch&eacute; and French. From side-scene to
+    dome, and from gallery after gallery to the gay parquette,
+    glitters the bright, shining audience. There are loungers,
+    American and French, blas&eacute; and rou&eacute;, who in the
+    intervals drink brandy and whisky, or anisette, maraschino,
+    cur&ccedil;oa or some other fiery French cordial. The French
+    loungers are gesticulatory, and shoulders, arms, fingers, eyes
+    and eyebrows help out the tongue's rapid utterance; but they
+    are never rude or boisterous. There are belles, pretty French
+    belles, with just a tint of deceitless rouge for fashion's
+    sake, and tinkling, crisp, low French voices modulated to chime
+    with the music and not disharmonize it; nay, rather add to the
+    sweetness of its concord.</p>
+
+    <p>And there is the Creole dandy, the small master of the
+    revels. There is nothing perfumed in the latest box of bonbons
+    from Paris so exquisite, sparkling, racy, French and happy in
+    its own sweet conceit as he is. He has hands and feet a
+    Kentucky girl might envy for their shapely delicacy and dainty
+    size, cased in the neatest kid and prunella. His hair is
+    negligent in the elegantest grace of the perruquier's art, his
+    dress fashioned to the very line of fastidious elegance and
+    simplicity, yet a simplicity his Creole taste makes unique and
+    attractive. He has the true French persiflage, founded on happy
+    content, not the blank indifference of the Englishman's
+    disregard. It becomes graceful self-forgetfulness, and yet his
+    vanity is French and victorious. In the atmosphere of breathing
+    music and faint perfume he looks around the glancing boxes, and
+    knows he has but to throw his sultanic handkerchief to have the
+    handsomest Circassian in the glowing circle of female beauty.
+    But he does not throw it, for all that. His manner plainly
+    says: "Beautiful dames, it would do me much of pleasure if I
+    could elope with you all on the road of iron, but the
+    <i>b&ecirc;te noir</i>, the Moral, will not permit. Behold for
+    which, as an opened box of Louvin's perfumeries, I dispense my
+    fragrant affection to you all: breathe it and be happy!" Such
+    homage he receives with graceful acquiescence, believing his
+    recognition of it a sweet fruition to the fair adorers. He
+    accepts it as he does the ices, wines and delicate French
+    dishes familiar to his palate. Life is a fountain of eau
+    sucr&eacute;e, where everything is sweet to him, and he tries
+    to make it so to you, for he is a kindly-natured, true-hearted,
+    valiant little French gentleman. His loves, his innocent
+    dissipations, his grand passions, his rapier duels, would fill
+    the volumes of a Le Sage or a Cervantes. In the gay circles of
+    New Orleans he floats with lambent wings and irresistible fine
+    eyes, its serenest butterfly, admired and spoiled alike by the
+    French and American element.</p>
+
+    <p>At this early spring season a new atom of the latter enters
+    the charmed circle, breaking its merry round into other
+    sparkles of foam. A well-formed, stately, rather florid
+    gentleman alights at the St. Charles, and is ushered into the
+    hospitalities of that elegant caravansary. There is something
+    impressive about him, or there would be farther North. He is
+    American, from the strong, careless Anglo-Saxon face, through
+    all the stalwart bones and full figure, to the strong, firm,
+    light step. He will crush through the lepidoptera of this
+    half-French society like a silver knife through <i>Tourtereaux
+    souffl&eacute;s &agrave; la cr&ecirc;me</i>. He brings letters
+    to this and that citizen, or he is well known already, and
+    "coloneled" familiarly by stamp-expectant waiters and the
+    courteous master of ceremonies at the clerk's desk. He calls,
+    on his bankers, and is received with gracious familiarity in
+    the pleasant bank-parlor. Correspondence has made them
+    acquainted with Colonel Beverage in the way of business: they
+    are glad to see him in person, and will be happy to wait on
+    him. He makes them happy in that way, for they do wait upon him
+    satisfactorily. There is a little pleasant interchange of news
+    and city gossip, and of something else. There is a crinkling of
+    a certain crispy, green foliage, and the colonel withdraws in
+    the midst of civilities.</p>
+
+    <p>He next appears on Canal street, by and beyond the Clay
+    Monument, with occasional pauses at clothiers', and buys his
+    shirts at Moody's, as he has probably often sworn not to do,
+    because of its annoyingly frequent posters everywhere. He
+    enters jewelers' shops and examines trinkets&mdash;serpents
+    with ruby eyes curled in gold on beds of golden leaves with
+    emerald dews upon them; pearls, pear-shaped and tearlike,
+    brought up by swart, glittering divers, seven fathom deep, at
+    Tuticorin or in the Persian Gulf; rubies and sapphires mined in
+    Burmese Ava, and diamonds from Borneo and Brazil. Is he
+    choosing a bridal present? It looks so; but no, he selects a
+    splendid, brilliant solitaire, for which he pays eight hundred
+    dollars out of a plethoric purse, and also a finger-ring,
+    diamond too, for two hundred and fifty dollars. The jewelers
+    are polite, as the bankers were. He must be a large
+    cotton-planter, one of a class with whom a fondness for jewels
+    serves as a means of dozing away life in a kind of
+    crystallization. He otherwise adorns his stately person, till
+    he has a Sublime Porte indeed, the very vizier of a fairy tale
+    glittering in barbaric gems and gold. His taste, to speak it
+    mildly, is expressed rather than subdued&mdash;not to be
+    compared with the quiet elegance of your husband or lover,
+    madam or miss, but not unsuited to his showy style, for all
+    that. As the crimson-purple, plume-like prince's feather has
+    its own royal charm in Southern gardens beside the pale and
+    placidlily, so these luxuriant adornments, do not misbecome his
+    full and not too fleshy person. There is a certain harmony in
+    the Oriental sumptuousness of his attire, like radiant sunsets,
+    appropriate to certain styles of man and woman. Let us humble
+    creatures be content to have our portraits done in crayon, but
+    the colonel calls for the color-box.</p>
+
+    <p>So adorned and radiant, this variety of the American aloe
+    floats into the charmed circle of New Orleans
+    society&mdash;that lively, sparkling epitome and relic of the
+    old r&eacute;gime. He has good letters and a fair name, and
+    mingles in the Mystick Krewe, that curious club, possible
+    nowhere else, that has raised mummery into the sphere of
+    aesthetics. Perhaps he has worn the gray, perhaps the blue. It
+    is only in the very arcana of exclusive passion it makes much
+    difference. But gray or blue, or North or South in birth, he is
+    in every essential a Southerner, as many, like S.S. Prentiss,
+    curiously independent of nativity, are. He is well received and
+    courteously entreated. He has his little suppers at Moreau's,
+    and knows the ways of the place and names of the waiters. He
+    has his promenades, his drives, his club visits, is seen
+    everywhere&mdash;a brilliant convolvulus now, twining the
+    espaliers of that Saracenic fabric of society; to speak
+    architecturally, its very summer-house. He visits the opera and
+    gives it his frank approval, but confesses a preference for the
+    old plantation-melodies. He crushes through the meshes of the
+    Creole dandies, not offensively, but as the law of his volume
+    and momentum dictates, and they yield the <i>pas</i> to his
+    superior weight and metal. They are civil, and he is civil, but
+    they do not like one another, for all that. That Zodiac passed,
+    they continue their own summery orbit of charm and conquest. He
+    tends toward the aureal spheres and the green and pleasant
+    banks of issue. The colonel is not here for pleasure, though he
+    takes a little pleasure, as is his way, seasonably; but he
+    means business, and that several thirsty, eager cotton-houses
+    of repute know.</p>
+
+    <p>Of course they know. It came in his letters and distills in
+    the aroma of his talk. It may even have slipped into the
+    personals of the <i>Pic</i> and <i>Times</i> that Colonel
+    Beverage has taken Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations on
+    Red River, and is going extensively into the cultivation of the
+    staple. The colonel is modest over this: "not extensively, no,
+    but to the extent of his limited means." In the mean while he
+    looks out for some sound, well-recommended cotton-house.</p>
+
+    <p>This means business. In the North the farmer raises his crop
+    on his own capital, and turns it over unencumbered to the
+    merchant for the public. The credit system prevails in the
+    agriculture of the South, and brings another precarious element
+    into the already hazardous occupation of cotton-growing. A new
+    party appears in the cotton-merchant. He is not merely the
+    broker, yielding the proceeds, less a commission, to the
+    planter. Either, by hypothecation on advances made during the
+    year, he secures a legal pre-emption in the crop, or, by
+    initiatory contract, he becomes an actual partner of limited
+    liability in the crop itself. He agrees to furnish so much cash
+    capital at periods for the cultivation and securing of the
+    crop, which is husbanded by the planter. The money for these
+    advances he obtains from the banks; and hence it is that in
+    every cotton-crop raised South there are three or more
+    principals actually interested&mdash;the banker, the merchant
+    and the planter. This condition of planting is almost
+    invariable. Even the small farmer, whose crop is a few bags, is
+    ground into it. In his case the country-side grocer and dealer
+    is banker and merchant, and his advances the bare necessaries.
+    In this blending of interests the curious partnership rises,
+    thrives, labors and sometimes falls&mdash;the planter, as a
+    rule, undermost in that accident.</p>
+
+    <p>The Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations are famous, and
+    a hand well over the crops raised under such shrewd,
+    experienced management as that of Colonel Beverage is a stroke
+    of policy. Therefore, as the bankers and jewelers have been
+    polite, so now the cotton-merchants are civil; but the colonel
+    is shy&mdash;an old bird and a game bird.</p>
+
+    <p>Shy, but not suspicious. He chooses his own time, and at an
+    early day walks into the business-house of Negocier &amp;
+    Duthem. They are pleased to see the colonel in the way of
+    business, as they have been in society, and the pleasure is
+    mutual. As he expounds his plans they are more and more
+    convinced that he is a plumy bird of much waste feather.</p>
+
+    <p>He has taken Rottenbottom and Millefleur, and is going
+    pretty well into cotton. He thinks he understands it: he ought
+    to. Then he has his own capital&mdash;an advantage, certainly.
+    Some of his friends, So-and-so&mdash;running over commercial
+    and bankable names easily&mdash;have suggested the usual
+    co-operation with some reputable house, and an extension, but
+    he believes He will stay within limits. He has five thousand
+    dollars in cash he wishes to deposit with some good firm for
+    the year's supplies. He believes that will be sufficient, and
+    he has called to hear their terms. All this comes not at once,
+    but here and there in the business-conversation.</p>
+
+    <p>The reader will perceive one strong bait carelessly thrown
+    out by the auriferous or folliferous colonel&mdash;the five
+    thousand dollars cash in hand. The immediate use of that is a
+    strong incentive to the house. They covet the colonel's
+    business: they think well of the proposed extension. Cotton is
+    sure to be up, and under practical, experienced cultivation
+    must yield a handsome fortune. The result is foreseen. The
+    cotton-house and the colonel enter into the usual agreement of
+    such transactions. The colonel leaves his five thousand
+    dollars, and draws on that, and for as much more as may be
+    necessary in securing the crop.</p>
+
+    <p>The commercial reader North who has had no dealings South
+    will smile at the credulous merchant who entrusts his credit to
+    such a full-blown, thirsty tropical pitcher-plant as the
+    colonel, who carries childish extravagances in his very dress;
+    but he will judge hastily. We have seen this gaudy
+    efflorescence pass over the curiously-wrought enameled
+    gold-work, opals, pearls and rubies, and adorn himself with
+    solid diamonds. The careful economist North puts his
+    superfluous thousands in government bonds, or gambles them away
+    in Erie stocks, because he likes the increase of Jacob's
+    speckled sheep. The Southerner invests his in diamonds because
+    he likes show, and diamonds have a pretty steady market value.
+    There is method, too, in the colonel's associations, and all
+    his acquaintance is gilt-edged and bankable.</p>
+
+    <p>His business is now done, and he does not tarry, but wings
+    his way to Millefleur and Rottenbottom, where he moults all his
+    fine feathers. He goes into fertilizers, beginning with crushed
+    cotton-seed and barnyard manure, if possible, before February
+    is over. He follows the shovel-plough with a slick-jack, and
+    plants, and then the labor begins to fail him. He talks about
+    importing Chinese, and writes about it in the local paper. He
+    is sure it will do, as he is positive in all his opinions. He
+    is true pluck, and tries to make new machinery make up for
+    deficient labor. He buys "bull-tongues," "cotton-shovels,"
+    "fifteen-inch sweeps," "twenty-inch sweeps," "team-ploughs with
+    seven-inch twisters," and a "finishing sweep of twenty-six
+    inches." He hears of other inventions, and orders them. The
+    South is flooded with a thousand quack contrivances now, about
+    as applicable to cotton-raising as a pair of nut-crackers; but
+    the colonel buys them. He is going to dispense with the hoe.
+    That is the plan; and by that plan of furnishing a large
+    plantation with new tools before Lent is over the five thousand
+    dollars are gone. But he writes cheerfully. It is his nature to
+    be sanguine, and to hope loudly, vaingloriously; and he writes
+    it honestly enough to his merchant&mdash;and draws. The labor
+    gets worse and worse. In the indolent summer days the negro,
+    careless, thriftless, ignorant, works only at intervals.
+    Perhaps the June rise catches him, and there is a heavy expense
+    in ditching and damming to save the Rottenbottom crop. Maybe
+    the merchant hears of the army-worm and is alarmed, but the
+    colonel writes back assuring letters that it is only the
+    grasshopper, and the grasshopper has helped more than
+    hurt&mdash;and draws. Then possibly the army-worm comes sure
+    enough, and cripples him. But he keeps up his courage&mdash;and
+    draws. The five thousand dollars appear to have been employed
+    in digging or building a sluice through which a constant
+    current of currency flows from the city to Rottenbottom and
+    Millefleur. The merchant has gone into bank, and the tide flows
+    on. At last the planter writes: "The most magnificent crop ever
+    raised on Red River, just waiting for the necessary hands to
+    gather it in!" Of course the necessary sums are supplied, and
+    at last the crop gets to market. It finds the market low, and
+    declining steadily week by week. The banks begin to press:
+    money is tight, as it is now while I write. The crop is
+    sacrificed, for the merchant cannot wait, and some fine morning
+    the house of Negocier &amp; Duthem is closed, and Colonel
+    Beverage is bankrupt.</p>
+
+    <p>And both are ruined? No. We will suppose the business-house
+    is old and reputable: the banks are obliging and creditors
+    prudently liberal, and by and by the firm resumes its old
+    career. As for the colonel, the reader sees that to ruin him
+    would be an absolute contradiction of nature. His friends or
+    relations give him assistance, or he sells his diamonds, and
+    soon you meet him at the St. Charles, as blooming, sanguine and
+    splendiferous as ever. No, he cannot be ruined, but his is not
+    an infrequent episode in the life of a Southern Planter.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">WILL WALLACE HARNEY.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="BABES_IN_THE_WOOD"
+       id="BABES_IN_THE_WOOD"></a>BABES IN THE WOOD.</h2>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I had two little babes, a boy and girl&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Two little babes that are not with me
+            now:</p>
+
+            <p>On one bright brow full golden fell the
+            curl&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The curl fell chestnut-brown on one
+            bright brow.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I like to dream of them that some soft day,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Whilst wandering from home, their fitful
+            feet</p>
+
+            <p>Went heedlessly through some still woodland way</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Where light and shade harmoniously
+            meet;</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>And that they wandered deeper and more deep</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Into the forest's fragrant heart and
+            fair,</p>
+
+            <p>Till just at evenfall they dropped asleep,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And ever since they have been resting
+            there.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>After their willful wandering that day</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Each is so tired it does not wake at
+            all,</p>
+
+            <p>Whilst over them the boughs that sigh and sway</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Conspire to make perpetual evenfall.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>And I, that must not join them, still am blest,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Passionately, though this poor heart
+            grieves;</p>
+
+            <p>For memories, like birds, at my behest,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Have covered them with tender thoughts,
+            like leaves.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="center">EDGAR FAWCETT.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS"
+       id="MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS"></a>MY CHARGE ON THE
+       LIFE-GUARDS.</h2>
+
+    <p>Now that our little international troubles about
+    consequential damages and the like are happily settled, and
+    there is no danger that my revelations will augment them in any
+    degree, I think I may venture to give the particulars of an
+    affair of honor which I once had with a gigantic member of Her
+    Britannic Majesty's household troops.</p>
+
+    <p>My guardian had a special veneration for England in general
+    and for Oxford in particular, and I was brought up and sent to
+    Yale with the full understanding that St. Bridget's, Oxon., was
+    the place where I was to be "finished." I left Yale at the end
+    of Junior year and crossed the ocean in the crack steamer of
+    the then famous Collins line. I do not believe any young
+    American ever had a more favorable introduction to England than
+    I had, and the wonder is that, considering the philo-Anglican
+    atmosphere in which I was educated, I did not become a
+    thorough-paced renegade. I was, however, blessed with a
+    tolerably independent spirit, and kept my nationality intact
+    throughout my university course.</p>
+
+    <p>Like Tom Brown, I felt myself drawn to the sporting set,
+    and, as I was always an adept at athletics, soon won repute as
+    an oarsman, and was well satisfied to be looked upon as the
+    Yankee champion sundry amateur rowing-and boxing-matches, as
+    well as in the lecture-room. Of course, I was the mark for no
+    end of good-natured chaff about my nationality, but was nearly
+    always able, I believe, to sustain the honor of the American
+    name, and so at length graduated in the "firsts" as to
+    scholarship, and enjoyed the distinguished honor of pulling
+    number four in the "'Varsity eight" in our annual match with
+    Cambridge on the Thames. Moreover, I stood six feet in my
+    stockings, had the muscle of a gladiator, and was physically
+    the equal of any man at Oxford.</p>
+
+    <p>After the race was over my special cronies hung about London
+    for a few days, usually making that classical "cave" of Evans's
+    a rendezvous in the evening. Two or three young officers of the
+    Guards were often with us, and one night, when the talk had
+    turned, as it often did, on personal prowess, the superb
+    average physique of their regiment was duly lauded by our
+    soldier companions. At length one of them remarked, in that
+    aggravatingly superior tone which some Englishmen assume, that
+    any man in his troop could handle any two of the then present
+    company. This provoked a general laugh of incredulity, and two
+    or three of our college set turned to me with&mdash;"What do
+    you say to that, Jonathan?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nonsense!" said I. "I'll put on the gloves with the biggest
+    fellow among them, any day."</p>
+
+    <p>This somewhat democratic readiness to spar with a private
+    soldier led to remarks which I chose to consider insular, if
+    not insolent, and I replied, supporting the principle of Yankee
+    equality, until, losing my temper at something which one of the
+    ensigns said, I delivered myself in some such fashion as this:
+    "Well, gentlemen, I'm only one Yankee among many Englishmen,
+    but I will bet a hundred guineas, and put up the money, that I
+    will tumble one of those mighty warriors out of his saddle in
+    front of the Horse Guards, and ride off on his horse before the
+    guard can turn out and stop me."</p>
+
+    <p>Of course my bet was instantly taken by the officers, but my
+    friends were so astounded at my rashness that I found no
+    backers. However, my blood was up, and, possibly because
+    Evans's bitter beer was buzzing slightly in my head, I booked
+    several more bets at large odds in my own favor. As the hour
+    was late, we separated with an agreement to meet and arrange
+    details on the following day, keeping the whole affair strictly
+    secret meanwhile.</p>
+
+    <p>I confess that my feelings were not of the pleasantest as I
+    sat at my late London breakfast somewhere about noon the next
+    day, and I was fain to admit to my special friend that I had
+    put myself in an awkward, if not an unenviable, position.
+    However, I was in for it, and being naturally of an elastic
+    temperament, began to cast about for a cheerful view of my
+    undertaking. In the course of the day preliminaries were
+    arranged and reduced to writing with all the care which
+    Englishmen practice in such affairs of "honor." I only
+    stipulated that I should be allowed to use a stout
+    walking-stick in my encounter; that I should be kept informed
+    as to the detail for guard; that I should be freely allowed to
+    see the regiment at drill and in quarters; and that I should
+    select my time of attack within a fortnight, giving a few
+    hours' notice to all parties concerned, so as to ensure their
+    presence as witnesses.</p>
+
+    <p>Every one who has ever visited London has seen and admired
+    the gigantic horsemen who sit on mighty black steeds, one on
+    either side of the archway facing Whitehall, and who are
+    presumed at once to guard the commander-in-chief's
+    head-quarters and to serve as "specimen bricks" of the finest
+    cavalry corps in the world. Splendid fellows they are! None of
+    them are under six feet high, and many of them are considerably
+    above that mark. They wear polished steel corselets and
+    helmets, white buck-skin trowsers, high jack-boots, and at the
+    time of which I write their arms consisted of a brace of heavy,
+    single-barreled pistols in holsters, a carbine and a sabre. The
+    firearms were, under ordinary circumstances, not loaded, and
+    the sabre was held at a "carry" in the right hand. This last
+    was the weapon against which I must guard, and I accordingly
+    placed a traveling cap and a coat in the hands of a discreet
+    tailor, who sewed steel bands into the crown of one and into
+    the shoulders of the other, in such a way as afforded very
+    efficient protection against a possible downward cut.</p>
+
+    <p>Besides attending to these defensive preparations, I at once
+    looked about for a competent horseman with military experience
+    who could give me some practical hints as to encounters between
+    infantry and cavalry, and, singularly enough, was thrown in
+    with that gallant young officer who rode into immortality in
+    front of the Light Brigade at Balaklava a few years afterward.
+    I learned that he was a superb horseman, was down upon the
+    English system of cavalry training, and was using pen and
+    tongue to bring about a change. A sudden inspiration led me to
+    take him into my confidence, as the terms of our agreement
+    permitted me to do. He caught the idea with enthusiasm. What an
+    argument it would be in favor of his new system if a mere
+    civilian unhorsed a Guardsman trained after the old fashion!
+    For a week he drilled me more or less every day in getting him
+    off his horse in various ways, and I speedily became a
+    proficient in the art, he meanwhile gaining some new ideas on
+    the subject, which were duly printed in his well-known
+    book.</p>
+
+    <p>Well, to make my story short, I gave notice to interested
+    parties on the tenth day, put on my steel-ribbed cap and my
+    armor-plated coat, and with stick in hand walked over to a
+    hairdresser's with whom I had previously communicated, had my
+    complexion darkened to a Spanish olive, put on a false beard,
+    and was ready for service. I had arranged with this tonsorial
+    artist, whose shop was in the Strand near Northumberland House,
+    that he should be prepared to remove these traces of disguise
+    as speedily as he had put them on, and that I should leave a
+    stylish coat and hat in his charge, to be donned in haste
+    should occasion require. I next engaged two boys to stand
+    opposite Northumberland House, and be ready to hold a horse.
+    These boys I partially paid beforehand, and promised more
+    liberal largess if they did their duty. Preliminaries having
+    been thus arranged, I strolled down Whitehall, feeling very
+    much as I did years afterward when I found myself going into
+    action for the first time in Dixie.</p>
+
+    <p>It was early afternoon on a lovely spring day. The Strand
+    was a roaring stream of omnibuses and drays, carriages were
+    beginning to roll along the drives leading to Rotten Row, and
+    all London was in the streets. I was assured that at this hour
+    I should find a big but father clumsy giant on post; and there
+    he was, sure enough, sitting like a colossal statue on his
+    coal-black charger, the crest of his helmet almost touching the
+    keystone of the arch under which he sat, his accoutrements
+    shining like jewels, and he looking every inch a British
+    cavalryman. I walked past on the opposite side of Whitehall,
+    meeting, without being recognized, all my aiders and abettors
+    in this most heinous attack on Her Majesty's Guards. I then
+    crossed the street and took a good look at my man. He and his
+    companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of officers in
+    "mufti" on the opposite sidewalk, and kept their eyes immovably
+    to the front. Evidently nothing much short of an earthquake
+    could cause either to relax a muscle. The little circle of
+    admiring beholders which is always on hand inspecting these
+    splendid horsemen was present, of course, with varying
+    elements, and I had to wait a few minutes until a small number
+    of innocuous spectators coincided with the aphelion of the
+    periodical policeman.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate that tower of
+    polished leather, brass and steel, with a man inside of it some
+    forty pounds heavier than I, and think that in a minute or so
+    we two should be engaged in a close grapple, whose termination
+    involved considerable risk for me physically as well as
+    pecuniarily. However, there was, in addition to the feeling of
+    apprehension, a touch of elation at the thought that I, a lone
+    Yankee, was about to beard the British lion in his most
+    formidable shape, almost under the walls of Buckingham
+    Palace.</p>
+
+    <p>I looked my antagonist carefully over, deciding several
+    minor points in my mind, and then at a favorable moment stepped
+    quietly within striking distance, and delivered a sharp blow
+    with my stick on his left instep, as far forward as I could
+    without hitting the stirrup. The man seemed to be in a sort of
+    military trance, for he never winced. Quick as thought, I
+    repeated the blow, and this time the fellow fairly yelled with
+    rage, astonishment and pain. I have since made up my mind that
+    his nerve-fibre must have been of that inert sort which
+    transmits waves of sensation but slowly, so that the perception
+    of the first blow reached the interior of his helmet just about
+    as the second descended. At all events, he jerked back his
+    foot, and somehow, between the involuntary contraction of his
+    flexor muscles from pain and the glancing of my stick, his foot
+    slipped from the stirrup. This, as I had learned from my
+    instructor, was a great point gained, and in an instant I had
+    him by the ankle and by the top of his jack-boot, doubling his
+    leg, at the same time heaving mightily upward.</p>
+
+    <p>As I gave my whole strength to the effort I was dimly aware
+    of screams and panic among the nursery&mdash;maids and children
+    who were but a moment before my fellow-spectators. At the same
+    time I caught the flash of the Guardsman's sabre as he cut down
+    at me after the fashion prescribed in the broadsword exercise.
+    Fortune, however, did not desert me. My antagonist had not
+    enough elbow-room, and his sword-point was shivered against the
+    stone arch overhead, the blade descending flatways and
+    harmlessly upon my well-protected shoulder just as, with a
+    final effort, I tumbled him out his saddle.</p>
+
+    <p>The recollection of the ludicrous figure which that
+    Guardsman cut haunts me still. His pipeclayed gloves clutched
+    wildly at holster and cantle as he went over. Down came the
+    gleaming helmet crashing upon the pavement, and with a
+    calamitous rattle and bang the whole complicated structure of
+    corselet, scabbard, carbine, cross-belts, spurs and boots went
+    into the inside corner of the archway, a helpless heap.</p>
+
+    <p>That started the horse. The noble animal had stood my
+    assault as steadily as if he had been cast in bronze, but
+    precisely such an emergency as this had never been contemplated
+    in his training, as it had not in that of his master, and he
+    now started forward rather wildly. I had my hand on the bridle
+    before he had moved a foot, and swung myself half over his back
+    as he dashed across the sidewalk and up Whitehall. The Guards'
+    saddles are very easy when once you are in them, and I had
+    reason, temporarily at least, to approve the English style of
+    riding with short stirrups, for I readily found my seat, and
+    ascertained that I could touch bottom with my toes. As I left
+    the scene of my victory behind me I heard the guards turning
+    out, and caught a glimpse as of all London running in my
+    direction, but by the time that I had secured the control of my
+    horse I had distanced the crowd, and as we entered the Strand
+    we attracted comparatively little notice. In driving, the
+    English turn out to the left instead of to the right, as is the
+    custom here, and I was obliged to cross the westward-bound line
+    of vehicles before I could fall in with that which would bring
+    me to my boys. I decided to make a "carom" of it, and nearly
+    took the heads off a pair of horses, and the pole off the
+    omnibus to which they were attached, as I dashed through.
+    Turning to the right, I soon lost the torrent of invective
+    hurled after me by the driver and conductor of the discomfited
+    'bus, and in less than two minutes&mdash;which seemed to me an
+    age, for the pursuit was drawing near&mdash;I reached my boys,
+    dropped them a half sov. apiece, which I had ready in my hand,
+    and bolted for my hairdresser's, the boys leading the horse in
+    the opposite direction, as previously ordered.</p>
+
+    <p>It was none too soon, for as I ran up stairs I saw three or
+    four policemen running toward the horse, and there was a gleam
+    of dancing plumes and shining helmets toward Whitehall. My
+    false beard and complexion were changed with marvelous
+    rapidity, and, assuming my promenade costume, I sauntered down
+    stairs and out upon the sidewalk in time to see the whole
+    street jammed with a crowd of excited Britons, while the
+    recaptured horse was turned over to the Guardsmen, and the two
+    boys were marched off to Bow street for examination before a
+    magistrate.</p>
+
+    <p>A private room and an elaborate dinner at the United Service
+    Club closed the day; and I must admit that my military friends
+    swallowed their evident chagrin with a very good grace. Of
+    course I was told that I could not do it again, which I readily
+    admitted; and that there was not another man in the troop whom
+    I could have unhorsed&mdash;an assertion which I as
+    persistently combated. The affair was officially hushed up, and
+    probably not more than a few thousand people ever heard of it
+    outside military circles.</p>
+
+    <p>How I escaped arrest and punishment to the extent of the law
+    I did not know for many years, for the duke of Wellington, who
+    was then commander-in-chief, had only to order the officers
+    concerned under arrest, and I should have been in honor bound
+    to come forward with a voluntary confession.</p>
+
+    <p>My giant was sent for to the old duke's private room the day
+    after his overthrow, and questioned sharply by the adjutant,
+    who, with pardonable incredulity, suspected that bribery alone
+    could have brought about so direful a catastrophe. The duke was
+    from the first convinced of the soldier's, honesty and bravery,
+    and presently broke in upon the adjutant's examination
+    with&mdash;"Well, well! speak to me now. What have you to say
+    for yourself?"</p>
+
+    <p>"May it please yer ludship," said the undismayed soldier,
+    "I've never fought a civilian sence I 'listed, an' yer ludship
+    will bear me witness that there's nothing in the cavalry drill
+    about resisting a charge of foot when a mon's on post at the
+    Horse Guards."</p>
+
+    <p>This speech was delivered with the most perfect sincerity
+    and sobriety, and although it reflected upon the efficiency of
+    the army under the hero of Waterloo, the Iron Duke was so much
+    impressed by the affair that he sent word to Lieutenant-Colonel
+    Varian, commanding the regiment, not to order the man any
+    punishment whatever, but to see that his command was thereafter
+    trained in view of possible attacks, even when posted in front
+    of army head-quarters.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">CHARLES L. NORTON.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER"
+       id="PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER"></a>PAINTING AND A PAINTER.</h2>
+
+    <p>Charles V. once said, "Titian should be served by Caesar;"
+    and Michael Angelo, we read, was treated by Lorenzo de' Medici
+    "as a son;" Raphael, his contemporary, was great enough to
+    revere him, and thank God he had lived at the same time. In
+    England, in France, in Germany, in Italy, in Spain at this day,
+    the poet and the painter stand hedged about by the divinity of
+    their gifts, and the people are proud to recognize their
+    kingship.</p>
+
+    <p>Has "Reverence, that angel of the world," as Shakespeare
+    beautifully says, forgot to visit America? Or must we consider
+    ourselves less capable yet of delicate appreciation, such as
+    older nations possess? Or are we over-occupied in gaining
+    possession of material comforts and luxuries, and so forget to
+    revere our poets and painters till it is too late, and the
+    curtain has fallen upon their unobtrusive and often struggling
+    earthly career? What a millennium will have arrived when we
+    learn to be as <i>faithful</i> to our love as we are
+    sincere!</p>
+
+    <p>Questions like these have been asked also in times preceding
+    ours. Alfred de Musset wrote upon this subject in 1833, in
+    Paris: "There are people who tell you our age is preoccupied,
+    that men no longer read anything or care for anything. Napoleon
+    was occupied, I think, at Beresina: he, however, had his
+    <i>Ossian</i> with him. When did Thought lose the power of
+    being able to leap into the saddle behind Action? When did man
+    forget to rush like Tyrtaeus to the combat, a sword in one
+    hand, the lyre in the other? Since the world still has a body,
+    it has a soul."</p>
+
+    <p>Monsieur Charles Blanc writes: "In order to have an idea of
+    the importance of the arts, it is enough to fancy what the
+    great nations of the world would be if the monuments they have
+    erected to their faiths, and the works whereon they have left
+    the mark of their genius, were suppressed from history. It is
+    with people as with men&mdash;after death only the emanations
+    of their mind remain; that is to say, literature and art,
+    written poems, and poems inscribed on stone, in marble or in
+    color."</p>
+
+    <p>The same writer, in his admirable book, <i>Grammaire des
+    arts du dessin,</i> from which we are tempted to quote again
+    and again, says: "The artist who limits himself simply to the
+    imitation of Nature reaches only <i>individuality</i>: he is a
+    slave. He who interprets Nature sees in her happy qualities; he
+    evolves <i>character</i> from her; he is master. The artist who
+    idealizes her discovers in her or imprints upon her the image
+    of <i>beauty</i>: this last is a great master.... Placed
+    between Nature and the ideal, between what is and what must be,
+    the artist has a vast career before him in order to pass from
+    the reality he sees to the beauty he divines. If we follow him
+    in this career, we see his model transform itself successively
+    before his eyes.... But the artist must give to these creations
+    of his soul the imprint of life, and he can only find this
+    imprint in the individuals Nature has created. The two are
+    inseparable&mdash;the type, which is a product of thought, and
+    the individual, which is a child of life."</p>
+
+    <p>With this excellent analysis before us, we will recall one
+    by one some of the best-known and most interesting works of
+    W.M. Hunt, a painter who now holds a prominent place among the
+    artists of America. We will try to discover by careful
+    observation if the high gifts of Verity and Imagination, the
+    sign and seal of the true artist, really belong to him: if so,
+    where these qualities are expressed, and what value we should
+    set upon them.</p>
+
+    <p>First, perhaps, for those readers remote from New England
+    who may never have seen any pictures by this artist, a few
+    words should be said by way of describing some characteristics
+    of his work and the limitations of it; which limitations are
+    rather loudly dwelt upon by connoisseurs and lovers of the
+    popular modern French school. Artists discern these limitations
+    of course more keenly even than others, but their tribute to
+    verity and ideal beauty as represented by this painter is too
+    sincere to allow caviling to find expression. This limitation
+    to which we refer causes Mr. Hunt to allow <i>ideal
+    suggestions</i>, rather than pictures, to pass from his studio,
+    and makes him cowardly before his own work. It recalls in a
+    contrary sense that saying of the sculptor Puget: "The marble
+    trembles before me." Mr. Hunt trembles before his new-born
+    idea. His swift nature has allowed him in the first hour of
+    work to put into his picture the tenderness or rapture, the
+    unconscious grace or tempestuous force, which he despaired at
+    first of ever being able to express. In the flush of success he
+    stops: he has it, the idea; the chief interest of the subject
+    is portrayed before him; the delicate presence (and what can be
+    more delicate than the thoughts he has delineated?) is there,
+    and may vanish if touched in a less fortunate moment. But is
+    this lack of fulfillment in the artist entirely without
+    precedent or parallel? Had not Sir Joshua Reynolds a studio
+    full of young artists who "finished off" his pictures? Were not
+    the very faces themselves painted with such rapidity and want
+    of proper method as to drop off, on occasion, entirely from the
+    canvas, as in case of the boy's head, in being carried through
+    the street? Hunt is of our own age, and would scorn the
+    suggestion of having a hand or a foot painted for him, as if it
+    were a matter of small importance what individual expression a
+    hand or a foot should wear; but who can tell for what future
+    age he has painted the wise, abrupt, kind, persistent, simple,
+    strong old Judge in his Yankee coat; or the genial, resolute,
+    hopeful, self-sacrificing governor of Massachusetts; and the
+    Master of the boys, with his keen, loving, uncompromising face?
+    These are pictures that, when children say, "Tell us about the
+    Governor who helped Massachusetts bring her men first into the
+    field during our war," we may lead them up before and reply,
+    "He was this man!" So also with the portraits of the Judge, of
+    the Master of the boys, of the old man with clear eyes and firm
+    mouth, and that sweet American girl standing, unconscious of
+    observation, plucking at the daisy in her hat and guessing at
+    her fate.</p>
+
+    <p>Hurry, impatience and a worship of crude thought are
+    characteristics of our present American life. Hunt is one of
+    us. If these faults mark and mar his work, they show him also
+    to be a child of the time. His quick sympathies are caught by
+    the wayside and somewhat frayed out among his fellows; but
+    nevertheless one essential of a great painter, that of
+    <i>Verity</i>, will be accorded to him after an examination of
+    the pictures we have mentioned.</p>
+
+    <p>But truth, character, skill, the many gifts and great labor
+    which must unite to lead an artist to the foot of his shadowy,
+    sun-crowned mountain, can then carry him no step farther unless
+    ideal Beauty join him, and he comprehend her nature and follow
+    to her height. Again we quote from Charles Blanc&mdash;for why
+    should we rewrite what he says so ably?&mdash;"All the germs of
+    beauty are in Nature, but it belongs to the spirit of man alone
+    to disengage them. When Nature is beautiful, the painter
+    <i>knows</i> that she is beautiful, but Nature knows nothing of
+    it. Thus beauty exists only on the condition of being
+    understood&mdash;that is to say, of receiving a second life in
+    the human thought. Art has something else to do than to copy
+    Nature exactly: it must penetrate into the spirit of things, it
+    must evoke the soul of its hero. It can then not only rival
+    Nature, but surpass her. What is indeed the superiority of
+    Nature? It is the life which animates all her forms. But man
+    possesses a treasure which Nature does not
+    possess&mdash;thought. Now thought is more than life, for it is
+    life at its highest power, life in its glory. Man can then
+    contest with Nature by manifesting thought in the forms of art,
+    as Nature manifests life in her forms. In this sense the
+    philosopher Hegel was able to say that the creations of art
+    were truer than the phenomena of the physical world and the
+    realities of history."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, thought in the soul of the true artist for ever labors
+    to evolve the beautiful. This is what the thought of a picture
+    means to him&mdash;how to express beauty, which he finds
+    underlying even the imperfect individual of Nature's decaying
+    birth. To the high insight this is always discernible. None are
+    so fallen that some ray of God's light may not touch them, and
+    this possibility, the faith in light for ever, radiates from
+    the spirit of the artist, and renders him a messenger of joy.
+    No immortal works have bloomed in despondency: they may have
+    taken root in the slime of the earth, but they have blossomed
+    into lilies.</p>
+
+    <p>We call this divine power to discern beauty in every
+    manifestation of the Deity, imagination. As it expresses itself
+    in painting, it is so closely allied with what is highest and
+    holiest in our natures that painting has come to be esteemed a
+    Christian art, as contrasted in its development subsequent to
+    the Christian era with the less human works of sculpture.
+    "Christianity came, and instead of physical beauty substituted
+    moral beauty, infinitely preferring the expression of the soul
+    to the perfection of the body. Every man was great in its eyes,
+    not by his perishable members, but by his immortal soul. With
+    this religion begins the reign of painting, which is a more
+    subtle art, more immaterial, than the others&mdash;more
+    expressive, and also more individual. We will give some proofs
+    of it. Instead of acting, like architecture and sculpture, upon
+    the three dimensions of heavy matter, painting acts only upon
+    one surface, and produces its effects with an imponderable
+    thing, which is color&mdash;that is to say, light. Hegel has
+    said with admirable wisdom: 'In sculpture and architecture
+    forms are rendered visible by exterior light. In painting, on
+    the contrary, matter, obscure in itself, has within itself its
+    internal element, its ideal&mdash;light: it draws from itself
+    both clearness and obscurity. Now, unity, the combination of
+    light and dark, is color.' The painter, then, proposes to
+    himself to represent, not bodies with their real thickness, but
+    simply their appearance, their image; but by this means it is
+    the mind which he addresses. Visible but impalpable, and in
+    some sense immaterial, his work does not meet the touch, which
+    is the sight of the body: it only meets the eye, which is the
+    touch of the soul. Painting is then, from this point of view,
+    the essential art of Christianity.... If the painter, like
+    Phidias or Lysippus, had only to portray the types of humanity,
+    the majesty of Jupiter, the strength of Hercules, he might do
+    without the riches of color, and paint in one tone, modified
+    only by light and shade; but the most heroic man among
+    Christians is not a demigod: he is a being profoundly
+    individual, tormented, combating, suffering, and who throughout
+    his real life shares with environing Nature, and receives from
+    every side the reflection of her colors. Sculpture,
+    generalizing, raises itself to the dignity of
+    allegory&mdash;painting, individualizing, descends to the
+    familiarity of portraiture."</p>
+
+    <p>Let us now return to consider William Hunt's pictures from
+    this second point of view. The gift of Verity having been
+    already assumed, can we also discern that higher power of
+    Imagination whose crown and seal is the Beautiful. To decide
+    this question we have, unhappily, to consider his work as
+    lyrical, rather than dramatic, and for this reason we must
+    study his power under disadvantage. That he possesses dramatic
+    power will hardly be denied by those who know his "Hamlet,"
+    "The Drummer-Boy," and "The Boy and the Butterfly;" but the
+    exigencies of life appear to prevent him from occupying himself
+    with compositions such as filled years in the existence of the
+    old painters.</p>
+
+    <p>Portraiture being the highest and most difficult labor to
+    which an artist can aspire, to this branch of art Hunt has
+    chiefly confined himself, and from this point of view he must
+    be studied. We do not forget, in saying this, his angel with
+    the flaming torch, strong and beautiful and of unearthly
+    presence, nor the shadowy, half-portrayed figures which dart
+    and flit across his easel; but as we may <i>understand</i> the
+    power of Titian from his portraits, yet never revel in it fully
+    until we look upon "The Presentation" or "The
+    Assumption"&mdash;never comprehend the painter's joy or his
+    divine rest in endeavor until the achievement lies before
+    us&mdash;we must speak of Hunt only from the work to which he
+    has devoted himself, and not do him the injustice to predict
+    dramas he has never yet composed.</p>
+
+    <p>First, pre-eminently appears that worship for moral beauty
+    which suffers him to fear no ugliness. This power allies him
+    with keen sympathy to every living thing. He sees kinship and
+    the immortal spark in each breathing being. The soul of love
+    goes out and paints the dark or the suffering or the repellant
+    faithfully, bringing it in to the light where God's sunshine
+    may fall upon it, and men and women, seeing for the first time,
+    may help to wipe away the stain. This tendency he shares with
+    the great French painter Millet, whom he loves to call Master,
+    and with Dore, whose terrible picture of "The Mountebanks"
+    should call men and women from their homes to penetrate the
+    fastnesses of vice and strive to heal the sorrows of their
+    kind.</p>
+
+    <p>This love of moral beauty, which forces painters to paint
+    such pictures, was never in any age more evident. Hunt in his
+    beggar-man, in his forlorn children, and other pictures of the
+    same class, unfolds a beauty that men should be thankful
+    for.</p>
+
+    <p>On the other hand, his love of beauty and his power of
+    expressing it should be studied in its <i>direct</i> influence.
+    The beauty of flesh and blood, even the loveliness of children,
+    seems to have slight hold upon him, compared with the
+    significance of character and the lustre with which his
+    imagination endows everything. This lustre is a distinguishing
+    power with him. The depth to which he sees and feels causes him
+    to give higher lights and deeper shadows than other men. White
+    flowers are not only white to him&mdash;they shine like stars.
+    His pictures give a sense of splendor.</p>
+
+    <p>In his sketch of the poor mother cuddling her child, it is
+    the feeling of rest, the mother's sleeping joy, the relaxed
+    limbs, the folding embrace, which he has given us to enjoy.
+    These are the beauty of the picture&mdash;not rounded flesh,
+    nor graceful curves, nor fair complexion; and so with the
+    singing-girls: they are not beautiful girls, but they are
+    simple&mdash;they love to sing, they are full of tenderness and
+    music. We might go over all his pictures to weariness in this
+    way. The young girl plucking at the daisy as she stands in an
+    open field must, however, not be omitted. The natural elegance
+    of this portrait renders it peculiarly, we should say, such a
+    one as any woman would be proud to see of herself. Doubtless
+    this young girl, like others, may have worn ear-rings and
+    chains and pins and rings, but the artist knew her better than
+    she knew herself, and has portrayed that exquisite crown of
+    simplicity with which, it should seem, Nature only endows
+    beggars and her royal favorites.</p>
+
+    <p>In all the ages since Hamlet was created there appears never
+    to have been an era in which his character has excited such
+    strong and universal interest as in America at this time.
+    William Hunt has thrown upon the canvas a figure of Hamlet
+    beautiful and living. There is no suggestion of any actor in
+    it. Hamlet walks new-born from the painter's brain. His "cursed
+    spite" bends the youthful shoulders, and the figure marches
+    past unmindful of terrestrial presences.</p>
+
+    <p>One other picture will illustrate more clearly, perhaps,
+    than everything which has gone before, this gift of
+    imagination. In "The Boy and the Butterfly," now on the walls
+    of the Century Club-house, the loveliness of the child, the
+    power of action, the subtle management of color and light, are
+    all subordinated to the ideas of defeat and endeavor. Energy,
+    the irrepressible strength of the spirit upheld by a divine
+    light of indestructible youth, shines out from the canvas. The
+    boy who cannot catch the butterfly is transmuted as we stand
+    into the Soul of Beauty reaching out in vain for satisfaction,
+    and ready to follow its aspiration to another sphere.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP"
+       id="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP"></a>OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN"
+       id="WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN"></a>WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.</h3>
+
+    <p>German literature, despite its extraordinary productiveness
+    and its possession of a few great masterpieces, is far from
+    being rich in the department of belles-lettres, especially in
+    works of fiction. It has no list of novelists like those which
+    include such names as Fielding, Scott and Thackeray, Balzac,
+    Hugo and Sand. In fact, there is scarcely an instance of a male
+    writer in Germany who has devoted himself exclusively to this
+    branch of literature, and has won high distinction in it. It
+    has been cultivated with success chiefly by a few writers of
+    the other sex, whose delineations have gained a popularity in
+    America only less than that which they enjoy at home&mdash;in
+    part because the life which they depict has closer internal
+    analogies to our own than to that of England or of France,
+    still more perhaps because the pictures themselves, whatever
+    their intrinsic fidelity, are suffused with a romantic glow
+    which has long since faded from those of the thoroughly
+    realistic art now dominant in the two latter countries.</p>
+
+    <p>In none of them is this characteristic more apparent than in
+    the works of Wilhelmine von Hillern, which bear also in a
+    marked degree the stamp of a mind at once vigorous and
+    sympathetic, and are thus calculated to awaken the interest of
+    readers in regard to the author's personal history.</p>
+
+    <p>Her father, Doctor Christian Birch, a Dane by birth and
+    originally a diplomatist by profession, held for many years the
+    post of secretary of legation at London and Paris. He withdrew
+    from this career on the occasion of his marriage with a German
+    lady connected with the stage in the triple capacity of author,
+    manager and actress. Madame Birch-Pfeiffer, as she is commonly
+    called, was one of the celebrities of her time, and her
+    dramatic productions still keep possession of the stage. Soon
+    after the birth of her daughter, which took place at Munich,
+    she was invited to assume the direction of the theatre of
+    Zurich. Here Wilhelmine passed several years of her childhood,
+    separated from her father, whose engagements as a political
+    writer retained him in Germany, and scarcely less divided from
+    her mother, whose duties at this period did not permit her to
+    give much attention to domestic cares. Without companions of
+    her own age, and left almost wholly to the charge of an invalid
+    aunt, she led a monotonous existence, which left an impression
+    on her mind all the more deep from its contrast with the life
+    which opened upon her in her eighth year, when Madame
+    Birch-Pfeiffer was summoned to Berlin to hold an appointment at
+    the court theatre.</p>
+
+    <p>In the Prussian capital the family was again united, and
+    became the centre of a social circle embracing many persons
+    connected with dramatic art and literature. Devrient, Dawison
+    and Jenny Lind were among the visitors whose conversation was
+    greedily listened to by the little girl while supposed to be
+    immersed in her lessons or her plays. Under such influences it
+    would have been strange if even a less active brain had not
+    been fired with aspirations, which took the form of an
+    irresistible impulse when, at thirteen, Wilhelmine was allowed
+    for the first time to visit the theatre and witness the acting
+    of Dawison in Hamlet and other parts. Henceforth all opposition
+    had to give way, and in her seventeenth year she made her
+    <i>d&eacute;but</i> as Juliet at the ducal theatre of Coburg.
+    Two qualities, we are told, distinguished her acting: a strong
+    conception worked out in the minutest details, and an intensity
+    of passion which knew no restraint, and at its culminating
+    point overpowered even hostile criticism. Subsequently careful
+    training under Edward Devrient and Madame Glossbrenner enabled
+    her to bring her emotions under better control, repressing all
+    tendency to extravagance; and, greeted with the assurance that
+    she was destined to become the German Rachel, she entered upon
+    her career with a round of performances at the principal
+    theatres of Germany, including those of Frankfort, Hamburg and
+    Berlin.</p>
+
+    <p>These triumphs were followed by the acceptance of a
+    permanent engagement at Mannheim, which, however, had hardly
+    been concluded when it gave place to one of a different kind,
+    followed by her marriage and sudden relinquishment of the
+    vocation embraced with such ardor and pursued for a short
+    period with such brilliant promise. Dawison is said to have
+    remarked that by her retirement the German stage had lost its
+    last genuine tragic actress.</p>
+
+    <p>Since her marriage Madame von Hillern has resided at
+    Freiburg, in the grand duchy of Baden, where her husband holds
+    a legal position analogous to that of the judge of a superior
+    court. Her social life is one of great activity, though much of
+    her time is given to superintending the education of her two
+    daughters. But the abounding energy of her nature made it
+    inevitable that her artistic instincts, repressed in one
+    direction, should seek their full development in another.
+    Literature was naturally her choice. Her first work,
+    <i>Doppelleben</i>, appeared in 1865, and though defective in
+    construction, owing to a change of plan in the process of
+    composition, served to give assurance of her powers and to
+    inspire her with the requisite confidence. Three years later
+    <i>Ein Arzt der Seele</i>, of which a translation under the
+    title of <i>Only a Girl</i> has been widely circulated in
+    America, established her claim to a high place among the
+    writers of her class. Her third work, <i>Aus eigener Kraft (By
+    his own Might)</i>, met with equal success, securing for its
+    author a large circle of readers on both sides of the Atlantic
+    ready to welcome the future productions of her pen. The
+    qualities which distinguish her writings are vigor of
+    conception, sharpness of characterization, a moral earnestness
+    pervading the judgments and reflections, and an ardor,
+    sometimes too exuberant, which gives intensity to the
+    delineation even while exciting doubts of its fidelity. Similar
+    qualities had characterized her acting, and they spring from a
+    nature which a close observer has described as clear in
+    perception yet swayed by fantasy; strong of will yet impulsive
+    as quicksilver; finding enjoyment now in animated discussion,
+    now in impetuous riding, now in absolute repose; full of
+    maternal tenderness, yet fond of splendor and the excitements
+    of society; a nature, in short, abounding in contrasts, but
+    substantially that of a true, noble and lovable woman.</p>
+    <hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+    <h2><a name="HIS_NAME"
+       id="HIS_NAME"></a>HIS NAME?</h2>
+
+    <p class="center">(<i>An incident of the Boston fire</i>.)</p>
+
+    <h3>I.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i10">&mdash;Oh the billows of fire!</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">With ma&euml;lstrom-like swirl,</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">Their surges they hurl</p>
+
+            <p class="i10">Over roof&mdash;over spire,</p>
+
+            <p class="i10">
+            Mad&mdash;masterless&mdash;higher,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">Till with
+            rumble&mdash;crack&mdash;crash,</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">Down boom with a flash,</p>
+
+            <p>Whole columns of granite and marble;&mdash;see!
+            see!</p>
+
+            <p>Sucked in as a weed on the ocean might be,</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">Or engulfed as a sail</p>
+
+            <p>In the hurricane riot and wreak of the gale!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>II.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Ha! yonder they rush where the death-dealing
+            stream,</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">Over-pent, waits their gleam,</p>
+
+            <p>To shiver the city with earthquake!&mdash;Who,
+            <i>who</i></p>
+
+            <p>Will adventure, mid-flame, and unfasten the
+            screw,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Set the fiend loose, and save us so?&mdash;Fireman,
+            you,</p>
+
+            <p><i>You</i> willing?&mdash;Would God you might hazard
+            it!&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Nay,</p>
+
+            <p>The red tongues are licking the faucets now:
+            Stay!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">&mdash;Too late,&mdash;'tis too
+            late!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">If ruin comes, wait</p>
+
+            <p>Its coming: To go, is to perish:&mdash;Hold!
+            Hold!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">You are young,&mdash;I am
+            old,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>You've a wife, too&mdash;and children?&mdash;O God!
+            he is gone</p>
+
+            <p>Straight into destruction! The pipes, men! On,
+            on,</p>
+
+            <p>Play the water-stream on
+            him,&mdash;full&mdash;faster&mdash;the whole!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">And now&mdash;Christ save his soul!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>III.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i10">&mdash;I stifle&mdash;I choke;</p>
+
+            <p>And <i>he</i>,&mdash;Heaven grant that he smother in
+            smoke</p>
+
+            <p>Ere the fearful explosion comes. Hark! What's the
+            shout?</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">&mdash;<i>Is he saved</i>?&mdash;<i>Is
+            he out?</i></p>
+
+            <p>&mdash;Did he compass his purpose,&mdash;the
+            Hero?&mdash;<i>(One</i> name</p>
+
+            <p>To-night we shall write on the records of
+            fame,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>The perilous deed was so noble!) Why here</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">On my cheek is a tear,</p>
+
+            <p>Which not a whole city in ashes could claim!</p>
+
+            <p>&mdash;His name, now: <i>Can nobody tell me his
+            name?</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="center">M. J. P.</p>
+
+    <h3>
+    <a name="UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON"
+       id="UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON"></a>
+       UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.</h3>
+
+    <p>[It has been a matter of congratulation that the destruction
+    by the Boston fire was confined to buildings and other property
+    representing simply the wealth of the city, and did not extend
+    to its monuments or its artistic and literary treasures. The
+    exceptions are, in fact, comparatively small in amount, yet
+    they are such as must excite a general regret. The contents of
+    the studios in Summer street, and the collection of armor,
+    unique in this country, bequeathed by the late Colonel Bigelow
+    Lawrence to the Boston Athenaeum, and temporarily deposited at
+    82 Milk street, could not perish without awaking other feelings
+    besides that of sympathy with their past or prospective
+    possessors. A similar loss was that of many of the books and
+    manuscripts amassed by the historian Prescott, and comprising
+    the collections pertaining to the Histories of the Conquest of
+    Mexico and Peru and of Philip II. The manuscripts were
+    comprised in some thirty or forty folio volumes, and consisted
+    of copies or abstracts of documents in the public archives and
+    libraries of Europe, in the family archives of several Spanish
+    noblemen, and in private collections like that at Middle Hill.
+    The printed books, of which there were perhaps a thousand,
+    included many of great value and not a few of extreme rarity. A
+    large mass of private correspondence was also consumed. We are
+    not yet informed whether the same fate has befallen a small but
+    very choice collection of autographs, embracing letters written
+    or signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V., Pope Clement
+    VII., Prospero Colonna, the Great Captain, and other sovereigns
+    and eminent personages of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+    centuries. Very few modern autographs were included in this
+    collection, the only examples, we believe, being notes written
+    by Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and the duke of Wellington,
+    and a longer letter addressed by Lord Nelson to Lady Hamilton.
+    This last, which we are permitted to print from a copy made
+    some time ago, is not exactly a model of composition, but it is
+    very characteristic, and shows the strength of that
+    enthrallment which led him, despite his natural kindness of
+    heart, to risk the lives of his men in order to communicate
+    with the object of his passion.]</p>
+
+    <p class="author">SUNDAY NIGHT, Feb. 15, 9 o'clock [1801].</p>
+
+    <p>MY DEAR AMIABLE FRIEND: Could you have seen the boat leave
+    the ship, I am sure your heart would have sunk within you. <i>I
+    would not have given sixpence for the lives of the men</i>: a
+    tremendous wave broke and missed upsetting the boat by a
+    miracle. O God, how my heart thumped to see them safe! Then
+    they got safe on shore, and I had given a two-pound note to
+    cheer up the poor fellows when they landed; <i>but I was so
+    anxious to send a letter for you.</i> I knew it was impossible
+    for any boat to come off to us since Friday noon, when the boat
+    carried your letters enclosed for Napean, and she still remains
+    on shore. Only rest assured I always write, and never doubt
+    your old and dear friend, who never yet deserved it. The gale
+    abates very little, if anything, and it is truly fortunate that
+    our fleet is not in port, or some accident would most probably
+    happen; but both St. George and this ship have new cables,
+    which is all we have to trust to; but if my friend is true I
+    have no fear. I can take all the care which human foresight
+    can, and then we must trust to Providence, who keeps a lookout
+    for poor Jack. I cannot, my dear friend, afford to buy the
+    three pictures of the "Battle of the Nile," or I should like
+    very much to have them, and Mr. Boyden cannot afford to trust
+    me one year. If he could, perhaps I could manage it. I have
+    desired my brother to examine the four numbers of the tickets I
+    bought with Gibbs. I hope he has told you. I dare say in the
+    office here is the numbers of the tickets my agents have bought
+    for the ensuing lottery. I hope we shall be successful. I hope
+    you always kiss my godchild for me: pray do, and <i>I will
+    repay you ten times when we meet</i>, which I hope will be very
+    soon. Monday morning. It is a little more moderate, and we are
+    going to send a boat, but at present none can get to us, and,
+    therefore, I send this letter No. (1) to say we are in being. I
+    hope in the afternoon to be able to get letters, and, if
+    possible, to answer them. Kiss my godchild for me, bless it,
+    and Believe me ever yours,</p>
+
+    <p class="author">NELSON AND BRONTE.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="WHITE_HAT_DAY"
+       id="WHITE_HAT_DAY"></a>"WHITE-HAT" DAY.</h3>
+
+    <p>On one of the last days in September we were the astonished
+    recipients of a singular and mysterious invitation from a
+    member of the New York Board of Brokers. The note contained
+    words like these: "Come to the Exchange on Monday, September
+    30th: white hats are declared confiscated on that day."</p>
+
+    <p>It would have puzzled Oedipus or a Philadelphia lawyer to
+    trace the connection between white hats and stocks, to tell
+    what Hecuba was to them or they to Hecuba, and why they should
+    be more interfered with by the New York Stock Exchange on the
+    30th of September than upon any other day. It is true that
+    during the last summer some slight political bias was supposed
+    to be hidden beneath that popular headpiece irreverently styled
+    "a Greeley plug," but then stocks are not politics, nor would
+    any but a punster trace an intimate connection between hats and
+    polls. A story has gone through the papers, to be sure, about
+    an unfortunate deacon who found it impossible to collect the
+    coppers of the congregation in a Greeley hat, but then slight
+    excuses have been made available on charitable occasions before
+    the present election, and we decline to accept the sentiment of
+    that congregation as unmixed devotion to the Republican
+    candidates. They did not wish to Grant their money, that was
+    all.</p>
+
+    <p>And then, again, unlike the miller of the old conundrum, men
+    generally wear <i>white</i> hats to keep their heads cool; with
+    which laudable endeavor why should the Stock Exchange wish to
+    interfere? One never hears of a "corner" in hats. And then,
+    too, was it the bulls or the bears who objected to them? Bulls,
+    we all know, have an aversion to scarlet drapery, but Darwin,
+    in his studies of the feeling for color among animals, has
+    omitted any references to a horror of white hats even among the
+    most accomplished of the anthropoid apes.</p>
+
+    <p>Pondering all these problems, and many more, our puzzled
+    trio went to the Stock Exchange on the last day of September.
+    We were conducted into the safe seclusion of the Visitors'
+    Gallery, from which coign of vantage we could look down
+    unharmed upon the frantic multitude below. The room is large
+    and very lofty, its prevailing tint a warm brown, relieved by
+    bright decorations of the Byzantine order. Across one end runs
+    a small gallery for visitors, without seats, and some twenty
+    feet above the floor, and opposite the gallery is a raised
+    platform, with a long table and majestic arm-chairs for the
+    president and other officers of the Board. High on the wall
+    above these elevated dignitaries glitters in large gold letters
+    the mystic legend, "New York Stock Exchange." On the left of
+    the platform stands a large blackboard, whereon the
+    fluctuations in stocks are recorded, and around the sides of
+    the room are displayed various signs bearing the names of
+    different stocks (like the banners of the knights in royal
+    chapels), beneath which eager groups collect. At the lower end
+    of the room, under the Visitors' Gallery, are seats whereon
+    weary brokers may repose after the brunt of battle. In the
+    centre of the upper end of the vast apartment is a long oval
+    cock-pit&mdash;if it may be so called&mdash;of two or three
+    degrees, with a table in the lowest circle. It is so arranged
+    as to give the brokers, standing upon the graded steps, full
+    opportunity to see and to be seen. On the table, in singular
+    contrast with the spirit of the place, was a large and
+    beautiful basket of flowers. Anything more painfully
+    incongruous it would be difficult to imagine. The poor flowers
+    seemed to wear an air of patient suffering as they wasted their
+    sweetness on that (literally) howling wilderness.</p>
+
+    <p>It was just after ten, and the doors had been open but a few
+    moments when we entered the gallery, already quite full of
+    ladies and gentlemen&mdash;generally very young gentlemen,
+    anxious to learn from the glorious example of their elders. The
+    floor below us was fast being strewn with torn bits of paper,
+    which have to be swept up several times a day. Eager groups
+    were gathered under the various signs upon the walls and
+    pillars, apparently playing the Italian game of <i>morra</i>,
+    to judge by the quick gestures of their restless fingers. Some
+    were scribbling cabalistic signs on little bits of paper, and
+    almost all were howling like maniacs or wild beasts half
+    starved. The only place I was ever in at all to be compared
+    with it in volume and variety of noise is the parrot-room in
+    the London Zoological Gardens. Bedlam and Pandemonium I have
+    not visited&mdash;as yet&mdash;and consequently cannot speak
+    from personal experience. But the parrots in that awful house
+    in Regent's Park are capable of making more hideous noises in a
+    given moment than any other wild beasts in the world, except
+    brokers. Here the human animal comes out triumphantly
+    supreme.</p>
+
+    <p>To add to the refreshing variety of the din, long, lanky
+    youths in gray sauntered about like the keepers of the
+    carnivora, and bawled incessantly till they were red in the
+    face. These, we were told, were the pages, who reported the
+    state of the market and delivered orders and commissions. To
+    the uninitiated they were a fraud and a delusion, but so was
+    the whole thing. A crowd of men, walking about or standing in
+    groups, note-book in hand, talking eagerly or yelling
+    unintelligible nonsense at the top of their voices, and
+    gesticulating with the fury of madmen, while in and around the
+    crowd strolled those extraordinary pages, calmly shouting full
+    in the brokers' faces,&mdash;this, we were told, was
+    "business!" This is the mysterious occupation to which our
+    friends, countrymen and lovers devote so large a portion of
+    their time and thoughts. At this strange diversion millions of
+    dollars change hands in a few hours, and bulls and bears in
+    this little nest agree to make things generally uncomfortable
+    and uncertain for the outside world.</p>
+
+    <p>But where were the white hats, and what of their daring
+    wearers? As the crowd thickened, they began to shine out upon
+    the general blackness in obvious distinction. At first, the
+    howling multitude, eager for filthy lucre, took no particular
+    notice of them beyond an occasional hurried poke or pat, but
+    this delusive mildness did not long continue. After the first
+    fifteen or twenty minutes, during which the favorite stocks had
+    been danced up and down a few times, like so many crying
+    babies, the appetite of the hundred-headed hydra abated a
+    little, and the general attention to business relaxed.
+    Suddenly&mdash;no one knew whence or wherefore&mdash;up rose a
+    white hat in the air, high above the heads of the people, and a
+    bareheaded individual was seen struggling wildly in the arms of
+    the mob, who set up ironical cheers at his unavailing efforts
+    to regain his flying headpiece. It rose and fell faster and
+    farther than any fancy stock of them all, now soaring to the
+    vaulted roof, now being kicked along the dusty floor.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Press where ye see my white hat shine amidst the
+            ranks of war,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>seemed to be the sentiment of the occasion, as the unruly
+    mob swayed and struggled about the dilapidated victim of their
+    sport. In one corner stood a quiet, dignified gentleman,
+    talking sedately to a little knot of friends. He wore a tall
+    white "stove-pipe" of the most obnoxious kind. In a twinkling
+    it was seized and sent flying toward the roof with its softer
+    predecessor. Its owner gave one glance over his shoulder, and
+    "smiled a sickly smile," while it was very evident that</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>The subsequent proceedings interested him no
+            more.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The fun grew fast and furious, the air was literally
+    darkened with flying hats of every shape and size, but all
+    white. The stout tall beavers were converted into footballs
+    till their crowns were kicked out and their brims torn off,
+    when they were seized upon as instruments for further torture.
+    Some innocent member of the large fraternity, now, to use a
+    nautical phrase, scudding under bare <i>polls</i>, was pounced
+    upon, and over his unfortunate head the crownless hat was drawn
+    till the ragged remnant of its brim rested upon his shoulders.
+    One poor creature was thus bonneted with at least three tiers
+    of hats, and was last seen on the edge of the cockpit
+    struggling with imminent suffocation.</p>
+
+    <p>At the height of the howling, scuffling, kicking and
+    fighting a short diversion was effected. A tall and portly
+    broker appeared upon the scene in an entire suit of new
+    broadcloth. It was unmistakably new, its brilliancy quite
+    undimmed. Instantly a rush was made for him by the fickle
+    crowd. They swept him, as by some mighty wave, into the centre
+    of the room: they turned him round and round like a pivoted
+    statue, and examined him and patted him approvingly on every
+    side. Then they made a large ring round him and gave him three
+    cheers. Not content with this, with one sudden impulse they
+    rushed at him again, and tried to lift him upon the table, that
+    they might see him better. But this the portly broker resisted:
+    he fought like a good fellow, and the crowd, tired of
+    struggling with a man of so much weight, gave one final cheer
+    and went back to the chase of the white hats.</p>
+
+    <p>We stayed about half an hour to watch these elegant and
+    refined diversions: at the end of that time our patience and
+    the white hats were giving out together. The din was deafening
+    and the dust was rapidly rising. The floor was strewn with
+    scraps of papers and the mangled remains of felt and beaver.
+    Brimless hats and hatless brims, linings, bands, rent and
+    tattered crowns, and ragged fragments of the fray, were all
+    over the place. A writhing victim in gray, masked by a
+    crownless hat, was struggling upon the table to the evident
+    danger of those unhappy flowers; the president was calling
+    across the tumult in stentorian tones; but the tumult refused
+    to fall, and the imperturbable pages were bawling upon the
+    skirts of the crowd with stolid pertinacity. The noise was
+    terrific, the confusion indescribable.</p>
+
+    <p>We are often told that women are unfitted for business
+    pursuits. If this was business, I should say decidedly they
+    were. My acquaintance with women has been large and varied, but
+    I have yet to see the woman whom I consider qualified to be a
+    member of the New York Board of Brokers. I have been present at
+    many gatherings composed entirely of women, from the "Woman's
+    Parliament" to country sewing-societies, but never, even in
+    that much-abused body, the New York Sorosis, have I seen a
+    crowd of women, however excited, however frolicsome, however
+    full of fun, capable of playing football with each other's
+    bonnets even upon April Fools' Day. I am convinced that not
+    even Miss Anthony or Mrs. Stanton would have hesitated to
+    admit, had she been present on the auspicious occasion above
+    recorded, that there are limits even to woman's sphere. Let her
+    preach and practice, and sail ships, and make horse-shoes, and
+    command armies, if she will, let her vote for all sorts of
+    disreputable characters to be set over her, if she choose, but
+    let her recognize the fact that between her and the gentle
+    amenities of the New York Stock Exchange there is a great gulf
+    fixed, which only the superior being man, with his lordly
+    intellect, his keen morality and his exquisite and unvarying
+    courtesy, can bridge over.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">K. H.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK"
+       id="MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK"></a> MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK.</h3>
+
+    <p>One hundred and thirty-five years ago two young men came up
+    to London to try their fortune: half riding, half walking, the
+    young fellows made their journey. One was thick-set, heavy and
+    uncouth, and years afterward became known to men and fame as
+    Samuel Johnson: the other was bright, slender, active, and was
+    called David Garrick. Some ten years later, just before the
+    battle of Culloden, a Dutch vessel, having crossed the Channel,
+    landed at Harwich. There was on board an apparent page, in
+    reality a young Viennese girl disguised in male attire, who
+    journeyed up to London too, where she soon made her appearance
+    as a dancer at the Hay-market Theatre: there she achieved great
+    success, and became talked about as "La Violette." She was
+    under the patronage of the earl and countess of Burlington, and
+    finally became Mrs. Garrick. It is said that she was the
+    daughter of a respectable citizen of Vienna&mdash;that she had
+    been engaged to dance at the palace with the children of the
+    empress Maria Teresa, but that, her charms proving too
+    attractive to the emperor, the empress had packed her off to
+    London with letters of recommendation to persons of quality
+    there. It seems more probable, however, that she was am actress
+    at Vienna, and simply crossed the sea to try her fortune in
+    England. Becoming fascinated with Garrick's acting, she married
+    him after refusing several more brilliant offers, and in spite
+    of the opposition of her kind patroness, Lady Burlington, who
+    wished her to marry so as to secure higher social position.
+    This match gave rise to much romantic gossip. It was said that
+    a wealthy young lady had fallen in love with the great actor
+    one night in <i>Romeo</i>&mdash;that he had been induced by her
+    father to come to the house and break the charm by feigning
+    intoxication: some versions had it that he came disguised as a
+    physician. A popular German comedy was written upon it, and
+    still later Mr. Robertson dramatized it for the English stage,
+    and produced a play in which we have lately had an opportunity
+    of witnessing the fine acting of Mr. Sothern. Garrick was
+    certainly fortunate among actors: he not only achieved high
+    professional fame, but he accumulated a large private fortune
+    and lived a happy domestic life in a splendid home filled with
+    choice works of art. The traveler abroad who is favored with an
+    invitation to the Garrick Club, may there see the picture of
+    the great actor "in his habit as he lived," looking down
+    nightly on a collection of the most renowned wits and authors
+    of the metropolis; and to crown all, when Mr. Sothern
+    acts&mdash;were it not for his moustache&mdash;we might suppose
+    we saw the man himself alive before us.</p>
+
+    <p>Concerning Mr. Sothern's acting, it affords a fine example
+    of that quality&mdash;so very difficult of attainment, it would
+    seem&mdash;perfect <i>repose</i>; and by repose we do not mean
+    torpidity or sluggishness or inattention, as opposed to
+    clamorous ranting, but we mean the complete subordination of
+    subordinate parts; so that, if we may use the illustration, the
+    gaudiness of the frame is not allowed to over-power and destroy
+    the effect of the picture. Everything is clear, distinct and
+    well marked: the forcible passages come with double effect in
+    contrast with preceding serenity. The actor's manner is not
+    confined behind the footlights: it diffuses itself, as it were,
+    among his audience until it seems as if they too were acting
+    with him. This arises from the perfection of the picture he
+    presents, and that perfection is the result of careful
+    avoidance of everything that is unnatural. There is no
+    <i>unnecessary</i> exertion put forth, no palpable straining
+    after effect: he strives to hold the mirror up to Nature, not
+    Art, and in Nature there is much repose between the tempests.
+    Old players say that the most difficult thing to teach a tyro
+    is to stand still, and some actors never learn it.</p>
+
+    <p>Careful attention to costume is another trait exhibited by
+    Mr. Sothern. He might easily make his first appearance as David
+    Garrick in the wealthy merchant's house in ordinary
+    walking-dress, which could be readily retained when he returns
+    to the dinner-party to which he causes himself to be invited.
+    Instead of that, he appears in the full riding-dress of the
+    period&mdash;boots, spurs, whip, overcoat and all. This is
+    rapidly changed in time for the dinner-scene for a full-dress
+    suit, complete in every point&mdash;powdered hair, white silk
+    stockings, and a little <i>brette</i>, or walking rapier,
+    peeping out from under the coat skirt, not slung in a belt as
+    heavier swords, but supported by light steel chains fastened to
+    a <i>chatelaine</i>, which slips behind the waistband and can
+    be taken off in a moment. In the last scene, where he goes out
+    to fight the duel, his dress is changed again, and dark silk
+    stockings are donned as more appropriate.</p>
+
+    <p>The last point we shall mention here about Mr. Sothern is
+    his scrupulous attention to the minor business of the stage:
+    when he is not speaking himself, his looks act. It is said of
+    Macready that he began to be Cardinal Richelieu at three
+    o'clock in the afternoon, and that it was dangerous to speak to
+    him after that time. When Mr. Sothern plays Lord Dundreary, if
+    he is addressed on any subject during the progress of the play,
+    he answers in his Dundreary drawl, so as not to lose his
+    personality for a minute. The letter from his brother "Tham" he
+    has written out and reads; not that he does not know every word
+    by heart, for he must have read it a hundred times, but because
+    he wants to <i>turn over</i> at the proper place. We all know
+    what he has made of that part. A play in which there is
+    absolutely nothing of a plot, which would fall dead from the
+    hands of an inferior actor, becomes with Mr. Sothern as popular
+    as <i>Rip van Winkle</i> is with Jefferson to play the sleepy
+    hero. It is to be observed that the three essentials for good
+    acting just mentioned&mdash;repose of manner, strict attention
+    to dress, and strict attention to minor details of
+    stage-business&mdash;may be acquired by any actor of average
+    intellect who will devote proper time and study to the task:
+    they are not, like a fine figure, a handsome face or a sonorous
+    voice, adventitious gifts of Fortune which may be bestowed on
+    one mortal and denied to another. Mr. Sothern owes his success,
+    evidently, to long and careful preparation of his parts. In
+    David Garrick he leaves but two points at which criticism can
+    carp: his pathos somehow lacks sufficient tenderness, his
+    love-making seems too devoid of passion. When young Garrick won
+    the heart of La Violette, he put more fire into his speech and
+    manner than Mr. Sothern exhibits at the close of the last act.
+    He is represented as always loving Ida Ingot, but at first
+    conceals and suppresses his love: when the avowal comes at
+    last, it should be like the bursting forth of a volcano, hot,
+    fiery and irresistible.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">M. M.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="NOTES"
+       id="NOTES"></a>NOTES.</h3>
+
+    <p>Sir Richard Wallace evidently aims to make himself, in a
+    small way, the Peabody of Paris. A cynic might maintain that
+    his gifts were a trifle sensational, and shaped with a view to
+    procure the greatest amount of notoriety at the price; but that
+    they are frequent, and that they show a hearty love for Paris
+    on the Englishman's part, none can deny. It was Sir Richard who
+    not long ago gave about five thousand dollars to the use of the
+    Paris poor; it was he who, in the late hunting-season, is said
+    to have proposed to supply the city hospitals with fresh
+    game&mdash;whether of his own shooting or of that of his
+    compatriots does not appear; it is he, in fine, who has
+    furnished to Paris eighty street-fountains, costing in the
+    factory six hundred and seventy-five francs each, or a total of
+    fifty-four thousand francs (say ten thousand eight hundred
+    dollars), the expense of setting them up being undertaken by
+    the city. These drinking-jets are in the main like those so
+    familiar in American cities, and are provided, of course, with
+    tin cups attached by iron chains&mdash;"<i>&agrave; la mode
+    Anglaise</i>" add the French papers in an explanatory way. Now,
+    the extraordinary fact concerning these fountains is, that no
+    sooner had the first installment of nine been put up than all
+    the tin cups, or "goblets," as the Parisians call them, were
+    stolen. They were renewed, and again disappeared in a trice. In
+    short, within fifteen days no less than forty-seven of these
+    goblets were made way with, despite their strong
+    fastenings&mdash;that is, an average of over five cups to each
+    fountain. What the sum-total of plunder has been since the
+    first fortnight, or whether the fountains are still as useless
+    as spiked cannon or tongueless bells, we have yet to learn.</p>
+
+    <p>Now comes a contrast. The countrymen of Sir Richard claim
+    that in London from time immemorial not a single cup was ever
+    stolen from the public fountains. So tempting a theme for
+    generalization could not be resisted by the Paris newspaper
+    philosophers, who have deduced from this theft of the cups a
+    broad distinction between the British loafer and the French
+    loafer, declaring that the former "respects any collective
+    property which he partly shares," while the latter does not
+    even draw this distinction, but grabs whatever he can lay his
+    hands on. "The luck of the Wallace fountains," cries one
+    moralizer, "shows how hard it is to reform the Paris
+    <i>gamin</i> so long as the law contents itself with its
+    present measures. If the state does not speedily educate
+    children found straying in the street, it is all up with the
+    present generation." Thereupon follows a disquisition on the
+    part which Paris children played in the Commune. "Now, the
+    child," adds our newspaper Wordsworth, "is the man viewed
+    through the big end of the opera-glass;" and he points his
+    moral, therefore, with the need of compulsory education. "One
+    of the first duties incumbent on the Chamber at the next
+    session will be the solution of this question. Let it take as a
+    perpetual goad the fate of the Wallace goblets. You begin by
+    stealing a cup of tin&mdash;you end by firing the Tuileries or
+    plundering the H&ocirc;tel Thiers." There is a droll mingling
+    of Isaac Watts and Victor Hugo in this
+    <i>d&eacute;no&ucirc;ment</i>, and despite its practical good
+    sense one is amused at the evolution of a grave discourse from
+    so trivial a text as the Wallace drinking-cups.</p>
+    <hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+    <p>To people of a statistical rather than a sentimental turn,
+    the mathematics of marriage in different countries may prove an
+    attractive theme of meditation. It is found that young men from
+    fifteen to twenty years of age marry young women averaging two
+    or three years older than themselves, but if they delay
+    marriage until they are twenty to twenty-five years old, their
+    spouses average a year younger than themselves; and
+    thenceforward this difference steadily increases, till in
+    extreme old age on the bridegroom's part it is apt to be
+    enormous. The inclination of octogenarians to wed misses in
+    their teens is an every-day occurrence, but it is amusing to
+    find in the love-matches of boys that the statistics bear out
+    the satires of Thackeray and Balzac. Again, the husbands of
+    young women aged twenty and under average a little above
+    twenty-five years, and the inequality of age diminishes
+    thenceforward, till for women who have reached thirty the
+    respective ages are equal: after thirty-five years, women, like
+    men, marry those younger than themselves, the disproportion
+    increasing with age, till at fifty-five it averages nine
+    years.</p>
+
+    <p>The greatest number of marriages for men take place between
+    the ages of twenty and twenty-five in England, between twenty
+    five and thirty in France, and between twenty-five and
+    thirty-five in Italy and Belgium. Finally, in Hungary the
+    number of individuals who marry is seventy-two in a thousand
+    each year; in England it is 64; in Denmark, 59; in France, 57,
+    the city of Paris showing 53; in the Netherlands, 52; in
+    Belgium, 43; in Norway, 36. Widowers indulge in second
+    marriages three or four times as often as widows. For example,
+    in England (land of Mrs. Bardell) there are 66 marriages of
+    widowers against 21 of widows; in Belgium there are 48 to 16;
+    in France, 40 to 12. Old Mr. Weller's paternal advice, to
+    "beware of the widows," ought surely to be supplemented by a
+    maxim to beware of widowers.</p>
+
+    <p>SHAKESPEARE, in one of his most famous madrigals, draws a
+    vivid contrast between youth and age, which, he declares,
+    "cannot live together:"</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Youth like summer morn,</p>
+
+            <p>Age like winter weather,</p>
+
+            <p>Youth like summer brave,</p>
+
+            <p>Age like winter bare:</p>
+
+            <p>Youth is hot and bold,</p>
+
+            <p>Age is weak and cold.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Science, which ruthlessly destroys so much poetry by its
+    mattock and spade, its scales, foot-rules and gauges, must now,
+    we should judge, take grave exception to the preceding bit of
+    poesy and to the thousand repetitions of its sentiment by the
+    bards of all ages. By means of a thermometer lately constructed
+    to register with exactitude the degree of heat in the human
+    body, it is found, after numerous experiments under varying
+    circumstances, that the instrument marks 37.08&deg; of heat on
+    an average for persons between twenty-one and thirty years of
+    age, while it marks 37.46&deg; for people aged eighty. In face
+    of this fact what becomes of the "fervors of youth" and the
+    "chills of age"? The highest average temperatures in the human
+    body, as indicated by this gauge, are those which exist from
+    birth to puberty&mdash;that is to say, 37.55&deg; and
+    37.63&deg;. From the latter epoch the heat gradually lowers, to
+    rise again with the first approach of old age. Thus childhood
+    shows the highest temperature, old age the next, and middle
+    life the lowest. We may add that the greatest variations in the
+    temperature of the body between health and sickness are only a
+    few tenths of a degree, according to this measurement; for, the
+    normal condition being 37.2&deg; or 37.3&deg;, an increase to
+    38&deg; would mark a burning fever, and a decrease to 36&deg;
+    would note the icy approach of death. Hereafter, though we may
+    graciously excuse to poetic license the assertion that</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Crabbed Age and Youth</p>
+
+            <p>Cannot live together,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>we must yet sternly protest that the reason
+    assigned&mdash;namely, that "youth is hot and age is
+    cold"&mdash;is contradicted by the facts of science.</p>
+    <hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+    <h2><a name="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY"
+       id="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY"></a>LITERATURE OF THE DAY.</h2>
+
+    <h4><a name="CHARLES_DICKENS"
+       id="CHARLES_DICKENS"></a>The Life of Charles Dickens. By
+       John Forster. Vol. II. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott &amp;
+       Co.</h4>
+
+    <p>Beginning with Dickens's return from America in 1842, this
+    volume covers a period of less than ten years, the most
+    productive, and apparently the happiest, of his life. It brings
+    out in even stronger relief than the preceding volume his
+    strong individuality, a trait which, whether it attracts or
+    repels&mdash;and on most persons we think it produces
+    alternately each of these effects&mdash;is full of interest,
+    worthy of study and fruitful of suggestions. Its superabundant
+    energy seemed to create demands in order that it might expend
+    itself in satisfying them. Its persistence was toughened by
+    failure as much as by success. Its vivacity, verging upon
+    boisterousness, was incapable of being chilled. Its
+    strenuousness knew no lassitude, and needed no repose. In play
+    as in work, in physical exercise as in mental labor, in all his
+    projects, purposes and performances, Dickens seems to have been
+    in a perpetual state of tension that allowed of no reaction.
+    His was a mind not morbidly self-conscious, but ever aglow with
+    the consciousness of power and the ardor of its achievement,
+    in-sensible of waste and undisturbed by critical
+    introspection.</p>
+
+    <p>The excitement into which he was thrown by the composition
+    of his books exceeds anything of the kind recorded in literary
+    history, and stands in strong contrast with the self-contained
+    tranquillity with which Scott performed an equal or greater
+    amount of labor. Yet it does not, like similar ebullitions in
+    other men, suggest any notion of weakness or of a talent
+    strained beyond its capacity. It was coupled with an enormous
+    facility of execution and the ability to pass with undiminished
+    freshness from one field of action to another. It sprang from
+    the intensity with which every idea was conceived, and which
+    belonged equally to his smallest with his greatest
+    undertakings. "The book," he writes of the <i>Chimes</i>, "has
+    made my face white in a foreign land. My cheeks, which were
+    beginning to fill out, have sunk again; my eyes have grown
+    immensely large; my hair is very lank, and the head inside the
+    hair is hot and giddy. Read the scene at the end of the third
+    part twice. I wouldn't write it twice for something.... Since I
+    conceived, at the beginning of the second part, what must
+    happen in the third, I have undergone as much sorrow and
+    agitation as if the thing were real, and have wakened up with
+    it at night. I was obliged to lock myself in when I finished it
+    yesterday, for my face was swollen for the time to twice its
+    proper size, and was hugely ridiculous." The little book was
+    written at Genoa; and having finished it, he must make a winter
+    journey to London, "because," as he writes to Forster, "of that
+    unspeakable restless something which would render it almost as
+    impossible for me to remain here, and not see the thing
+    complete, as it would be for a full balloon, left to itself,
+    not to go up." A further reason was to try the effect of the
+    story upon a circle of listeners, to be assembled for the
+    purpose: "Carlyle, indispensable, and I should like his wife of
+    all things; <i>her</i> judgment would be invaluable. You will
+    ask Mac, and why not his sister? Stanny and Jerrold I should
+    particularly wish. Edwin Landseer, Blanchard perhaps Harness;
+    and what say you to Fonblanque and Fox?" After this it is
+    amusing to read that the book "was not one of his greatest
+    successes, and it raised him up some objectors;" but the
+    reading was the germ of those which afterward brought him into
+    such close relations with his public.</p>
+
+    <p>Of another Christmas story he writes, "I dreamed <i>all last
+    week</i> that the <i>Battle of Life</i> was a series of
+    chambers, impossible to be got to rights or got out of, through
+    which I wandered drearily all night. On Saturday night I don't
+    think I slept an hour. I was perpetually roaming through the
+    story, and endeavoring to dovetail the revolution here into the
+    plot. The mental distress quite horrible." Here we have,
+    perhaps, a clear case of the effects of overwork. But in
+    general the details of his plots, the names of the characters,
+    above all, the titles of the stories, were evolved with an
+    amount of thought and discussion that might have sufficed for
+    the plan and the preparations for a battle. "Martin Chuzzlewit"
+    is not a name suggestive of long and serious deliberation: one
+    might rather suppose that it had turned up accidentally and
+    been accepted simply as being as good as another. Yet it was
+    not adopted till after many others had been discussed and
+    rejected. "Martin was the prefix to all, but the surname varied
+    from its first form of Sweezleden, Sweezleback and Sweeztewag,
+    to those of Chuzzletoe, Chuzzleboy, Chubblewig and Chuzzlewig."
+    <i>David Copperfield</i> was preceded by a still longer list of
+    abortions, and <i>Household Words,</i> as a mere title, was the
+    result of a parturition far exceeding in length and severity
+    any throes of travail known to natural history.</p>
+
+    <p>All this was unaccompanied by any of the doubts and
+    misgivings, the fits of depression and intervals of lassitude,
+    which are the ordinary tortures of authorship. Nor had it any
+    connection with the weaknesses of the craft, its small vanities
+    and jealousies. "It was," as Mr. Forster well remarks, "part of
+    the intense individuality by which he effected so much to set
+    the high value which in general he did upon what he was
+    striving to accomplish." Hence, too, no half-formed and then
+    abandoned projects were among the stepping-stones of his
+    career. A plan or an idea, once conceived, was certain to be
+    shaped, developed and matured; and whatever the result, it left
+    up disheartening effect, no feeling of distrust, to cripple a
+    subsequent undertaking.</p>
+
+    <p>Nor was Dickens so absorbed in his work as to leave it
+    reluctantly, or to find no fullness of satisfaction in
+    occupations or enjoyments of a different kind. On the contrary,
+    no man ever threw himself so heartily and entirely into the
+    business of the hour, or more eagerly sought diversion and
+    change. Dinners, private and public, excursions in chosen
+    companionship, amateur theatricals, schemes of charity or
+    benevolence, occupied a large portion of his time, and were
+    entered into with an ardor which never flagged or needed to be
+    stimulated. His correspondence&mdash;an unfailing barometer to
+    indicate the state of the mental atmosphere&mdash;is always
+    full of life, overflowing, for the most part, with animal
+    spirits, often vivid in description both of places and people,
+    turning discomforts and embarrassments into subjects of lively
+    narrative or indignant protest. The letters from Genoa and
+    Lausanne are especially copious and entertaining, and form, we
+    think, the most interesting portion of the book. The later
+    chapters, giving the final year of his residence in Devonshire
+    Terrace, are less satisfactory. We would fain have had a
+    picture of that circle of which Dickens was one of the most
+    prominent figures; but though his own personality is revealed
+    in the fullest light, the group in the background is left
+    indistinct, most of its members being barely visible, and none
+    of them adequately portrayed.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="GAUTIER"
+       id="GAUTIER"></a>&Eacute;maux et Cam&eacute;es. Par
+       Th&eacute;ophile Gautier. Nombre d&eacute;finitif. Paris:
+       Charpentier; New York: F.W. Christern.</h4>
+
+    <p>Gautier was polishing and adding to his literary jewelry
+    almost to the day of his death, and the final edition which he
+    published among the last of his works about doubles the number
+    of poems first issued. These verses are like nothing we have in
+    English. Their imagery is strongly sophisticated, tortured,
+    brought from vast distances, and then chilled into form. Yet
+    they are the most sincere utterances of a soul fed perpetually
+    among cabinets and picture-galleries, to whom their compact
+    method of utterance is, so to speak, secondarily natural. That
+    they are precious and beauteous no one can deny. How sparkling
+    are the successive descriptions of women&mdash;blonde, brune,
+    Spanish, contralto-voiced, coquettish, etc.&mdash;whom the
+    poet, like some capricious artist, invites into his atelier,
+    drapes hastily with old Moorish or Venetian or diaphanous
+    costumes, and then reflects in a diminishing mirror, changing
+    the model into a fine statuette of ivory and enamel! More
+    virile and thoughtful images are intermixed: such are the
+    figures of the old Invalides seen at the Column Vend&ocirc;me
+    in a December fog, and for whom he pleads: "Mock not those men
+    whom the street urchin follows, laughing: they were the Day of
+    which we are the twilight&mdash;maybe the night!" Not less
+    fresh are the two "Homesick Obelisks"&mdash;that in the Place
+    de la Concorde, wearying its stony heart out for Egypt, and
+    that at Luxor, equally tired, and longing to be planted at
+    Paris, among a living crowd. But Gautier is a colorist, an
+    artist with words, and he is at his best when he works without
+    much outline, celebrating draperies, bouquets and laces, to all
+    of which he can give a meaning quite other than the milliner's,
+    as where he asserts that the plaits of a rose-colored dress are
+    "the lips of my unappeased desires," or describes March as a
+    barber, powdering the wigs of the blossoming almond trees, and
+    a valet, lacing up the rosebuds in their corsets of green
+    velvet. Whatever he touches he leaves artificial, "enameled,"
+    yet charming. The verses added in the present edition are more
+    pensive, even sombre. A life given to art wholly, without
+    patriotism or religion or philosophy, does not prepare the
+    greenest old age. There is a long and beautiful poem, "Le
+    Ch&acirc;teau du Souvenir," which he fills, not exactly with
+    Charles Lamb's "old familiar faces," but with portraits of his
+    mistresses and of his old self. There is the "Last
+    Vow"&mdash;to a woman he has pursued "for eighteen years," and
+    whom he still accosts, though "the white graveyard lilacs have
+    blossomed about my temples, and I shall soon have them tufting
+    and shading all my forehead." There is also the accent of his
+    irresponsible courtiership, the facile and unashamed flattery
+    he paid to such a woman as Princess Mathilde. This personage
+    was, or is, an artist; and we may not be mistaken in believing
+    that we have seen, cast aside in the vast storerooms of
+    Haseltine's galleries in this city&mdash;an example and gnomon
+    of disenchanted glory&mdash;her water-color sketch called the
+    "Fellah Woman," and the very one of which Gautier sang:
+    "Caprice of a fantastic brush and of an imperial leisure!...
+    Those eyes, a whole poem of languor and pleasure, resolve the
+    riddle and say, 'Be thou Love&mdash;I am Beauty.'"</p>
+
+    <p>The late poems, however, as well as the old, are filled with
+    felicities. They contain many a lesson of the word-master, who,
+    though he did not attain the Academy, left the French language
+    gold, which he found marble. The ornaments, exquisite licenses,
+    foreign graces and wide researches which Gautier conferred upon
+    his mother-tongue have enriched it for future time, and they
+    are best seen in this volume.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="ALCOTT"
+       id="ALCOTT"></a> Concord Days. By A. Bronson Alcott. Boston:
+       Roberts Brothers.</h4>
+
+    <p>In these loose leaves we have the St. Martin's summer of a
+    life. Mr. Alcott, from his quiet home in Concord, and from the
+    edifice of his seventy-three years, picks out those mental
+    growths and moral treasures which have kept their color through
+    all the changes of the seasons. They bear the mark of
+    selection, of choice, from out a vast abundance of material: to
+    us readers the scissors have probably been a kinder implement
+    than the pen. Be that as it may, the selections given are all
+    worth saving, and the fragmentary resurrection is just about as
+    much as our age has time to attend to of the growths that were
+    formed when New England thought was young. That was the day
+    when Mrs. Hominy fastened the cameo to her frontal bone and
+    went to the sermon of Dr. Channing, when young Hawthorne
+    chopped straw for the odious oxen at Brook Farm, and when a
+    budding Booddha, called by his neighbors Thoreau, left mankind
+    and proceeded to introvert himself by the borders of Walden
+    Pond. Mr. Alcott's little diary gives us some of the best
+    skimmings of that time of yeast. There is Emerson-worship,
+    Channing-worship, Margaret Fuller-worship and the pale cast of
+    <i>The Dial</i>. There is, besides, in another stratum that
+    runs through the collection, a vein of very welcome
+    investigation amongst old authors&mdash;Plutarch's charming
+    letter of consolation to his wife on the death of their child;
+    Crashaw's "Verses on a Prayer-Book;" Evelyn's letter on the
+    origin of his <i>Sylva</i>; and many a jewel five-words-long
+    filched from the authors whom modern taste votes slow and
+    insupportable. We mention these to give some idea of the spirit
+    in which this work of marquetry is executed&mdash;a work too
+    fragmentary and incoherent to be easily describable except by
+    its specimens. And while culling fragments, we cannot forbear
+    mentioning the curious records of Mr. Alcott's "Conversations,"
+    held now with Frederika Bremer, now with a band of large-browed
+    Concord children, held forty years ago, and turning perpetually
+    upon the deeper questions of metaphysics and religion; we will
+    even indulge ourselves with a short extract from one of the
+    "Conversations with Children," reported verbatim by an
+    apparently concealed auditress, and eliciting many a cunning
+    bit of infantine wisdom, besides the following finer rhapsody,
+    which Mr. Alcott succeeded in charming out of the lips of a boy
+    six years of age:</p>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Alcott! you know Mrs. Barbauld says in her hymns,
+    everything is prayer; every action is prayer; all nature prays;
+    the bird prays in singing; the tree prays in growing; men
+    pray&mdash;men can pray <i>more</i>; we feel; we have more,
+    more than Nature; we can know, and do right: <i>Conscience
+    prays</i>; all our powers pray; action prays. Once we said,
+    here, that there was a Christ in the bottom of our spirits,
+    when we try to be good. Then we pray in Christ; and that is the
+    whole!"</p>
+
+    <p>To think that the lips of this ingenuous and golden-mouthed
+    lad may be now pouring out patriotism in Congress is rather
+    sad; but the author's own career tells us that there are some
+    of the Chrysostoms of 1830 who have had the courage to keep
+    quiet, and sweeten their own lives for family use. Mr. Alcott
+    betrays in every line the kindest, sanest and humanest spirit;
+    and we wish he could feel how grateful some of us are for his
+    example of a thinker who can keep quiet, and a writer who can
+    show the power of reticence.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="HANUM"
+       id="HANUM"></a>Thirty Years in the Harem; or, The
+       Autobiography of Melek-Hanum, wife of H.H.
+       Kibrizli-Mehemet-Pasha. New York: Harper &amp;
+       Brothers.</h4>
+
+    <p>We have had many revelations from the interior, but nothing
+    quite like this. Most histories are valuable in proportion to
+    the truthfulness of the narrator, but Mrs. Melek's story owes a
+    large show of its interest to her obvious tension of the
+    long-bow. It is, in fact, a self-revelation&mdash;the vain and
+    audacious betrayal by an Oriental woman of the narrowness, the
+    shallowness, the dishonesty which ages of false education have
+    fastened upon her race. The lady in question is&mdash;and
+    evidently knows herself to be&mdash;an exception among her
+    countrywomen for ability and acumen: an extreme
+    self-satisfaction and vanity are revealed in the recital of her
+    most disreputable tricks. She passes for a white blackbird, a
+    woman of intellect caught in the harem; and it needs but little
+    ingenuity to guess the torment she must have been to her
+    protectors&mdash;first to the excellent Dr. Millingen, with
+    whom she formed a love-match, and whom she abuses&mdash;and
+    then to her second husband, Kibrizli, ambassador in 1848 to the
+    court of England, upon whom she attempted to palm off an heir
+    by the ruse practiced by our own revered Mrs. Cunningham.
+    Whatever the clever Melek does, or whatever treatment she
+    receives, it is always she who is in the right, and her eternal
+    "enemies" who are unjust, barbarous and stingy. The ferocious
+    blackmailing of natives in the Holy Land which she practiced
+    when her husband represented the sultan there, is represented
+    as cleverness; but her divorce after the infamous false
+    accouchement is a piece of persecution. The marriage and
+    adventures of her daughter form a tangled romance through which
+    we hear of a great deal more oppression and cruelty; and the
+    escape into Europe, where the old enchantress appears to be now
+    prowling in poverty and degradation, concludes the curious
+    story. The narrative bears marks of having passed through a
+    French translation and then a British version. To disentangle
+    the thread of actuality that probably runs through it would be
+    too troublesome and futile; but the truths that the wily Melek
+    cannot help telling&mdash;the facts of the harem and of Eastern
+    life that involuntarily sprinkle it all like a flavoring of
+    strange spices&mdash;these are what give it the odd dash of
+    interest which keeps it in our hands long after we had meant to
+    toss it aside. Here is a "screaming sister" of the
+    East&mdash;an odalisque who was not going to be oppressed and
+    degraded like the other women, but who meant to be capable and
+    cultivated and smart, just like the Christian ladies; and this
+    bundle of lies and crimes and hates is what she arrives at.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="GALE"
+       id="GALE"></a>Hints on Dress; or, What to Wear, When to Wear
+       it, and How to Buy it. By Ethel C. Gale, (Putnam's
+       Handy-Book Series.) New York: G.P. Putnam &amp; Sons.</h4>
+
+    <p>This little book will certainly elicit commendation from all
+    who consider the subject of dress within the pale of aesthetic
+    treatment; and, what is still more fortunate, it will probably
+    serve to elevate, in some degree, the standard of taste among
+    that large class of persons for whom handy volumes are chiefly
+    compiled. Its statements and deductions are accurate, sensible,
+    comprehensive and practical, and the style in which they are
+    presented is simple and attractive. The color, form and
+    suitability of dress, as well as the best methods of economy in
+    its purchase and manufacture, are intelligently treated. We
+    have only to regret the want of a chapter devoted to the
+    hygiene of dress, which is a subject deserving the earnest
+    attention of every friend of physical development. Ten or a
+    dozen pages given to this topic might have done a service to
+    hundreds who are willing enough to gather knowledge in passing,
+    but who are repelled from the separate consideration of any
+    subject which seems to call for the exercise of serious
+    thought.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="ZELL"
+       id="ZELL"></a>A Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake
+       Region of Central Africa, showing Dr. Livingstone's
+       Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route. Folio, folded.
+       Philadelphia: T. Elwood Zell.</h3>
+
+    <p>A clear, well-executed polychrome map, evidently copied from
+    the one recently published in England, if not actually printed
+    there. It exhibits not only the route of Dr. Livingstone during
+    the period included between the years 1866 and 1872, and that
+    taken by Mr. Stanley in his recent search, but also the course
+    which the former proposes to follow in the prosecution of his
+    discoveries. The boundaries of lakes and the courses of rivers,
+    where definitely known, are indicated by unbroken
+    lines&mdash;where still supposititious, by dotted ones. The
+    map, which is printed on heavy paper, is thirteen inches wide
+    by eighteen inches long, and being folded within a stiff
+    duodecimo cover, can be easily preserved and readily
+    consulted.</p>
+    <hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+    <h3><a name="Books_Received"
+       id="Books_Received"></a><i>Books Received</i>.</h3>
+
+    <p>Papers relating to the Transit of Venus in 1874. Prepared
+    under the Direction of the Commissioners authorized by
+    Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing-office.</p>
+
+    <p>Reports on Observations of Encke's Comet during its Return
+    in 1871. By Asaph Hall and Wm. Harkness. Washington, D.C.:
+    Government Printing-Office.</p>
+
+    <p>Harry Delaware; or, An American in Germany. By Mathilde
+    Estvan. New York: G.P. Putnam &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>California for Health, Pleasure and Residence. By Charles
+    Nordhoff. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>The Lives of General U.S. Grant and Henry Wilson.
+    Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>The Romance of American History. By M. Schele de Vere. New
+    York: G.P. Putnam &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Book of Ballads, Tales and Stories. By Benjamin G. Herre.
+    Lancaster, Pa.: Wylie &amp; Griest.</p>
+
+    <p>The Poet at the Breakfast Table. By Oliver Wendell Holmes.
+    Boston: James R. Osgood &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>The Lawrence Speaker. By Philip Lawrence. Philadelphia: T.B.
+    Peterson &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Memoir of a Huguenot Family. By Ann Maury. New York: G.P.
+    Putnam &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Within the Maze. By Mrs. Henry Wood. Philadelphia: T.B.
+    Peterson &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Sermons. By Rev. C.D.N. Campbell, D.D. New York: Hurd &amp;
+    Houghton.</p>
+
+    <p>Outlines of History. By Ed. A. Freeman, D.C.L. New York:
+    Holt &amp; Williams.</p>
+
+    <p>The End of the World. By Edward Eggleston. New York: Orange
+    Judd &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>Sermons. By Rev. H.R. Haweis, M.A. New York: Holt &amp;
+    Williams.</p>
+
+    <p>Kaloolah. By W.S. Mayo, M.D. New York: G.P. Putnam &amp;
+    Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Nast's Illustrated Almanac for 1873. New York: Harper &amp;
+    Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>A Summer Romance. By Mary Healy. Boston: Roberts
+    Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Song Life. By Philip Phillips. New York: Harper &amp;
+    Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Gavroche. By M.C. Pyle. Philadelphia: Porter &amp;
+    Coates.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14327 ***</div>
+</body>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #14327 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14327)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873, by Various, Edited by John
+Foster Kirk
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Vol. 11,
+No. 22, January, 1873
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 11, 2004  [eBook #14327]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR
+LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Charles Aldarondo, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+      by the transcriber.
+
+      Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14327-h.htm or 14327-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/3/2/14327/14327-h/14327-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/3/2/14327/14327-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+January, 1873
+
+Volume XI, No. 22
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION by EDWARD ROWLAND.
+SEARCHING FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.
+PROBATIONER LEONHARD; OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY
+    by CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.
+    CHAPTER I. OUR HERO.
+    CHAPTER II. IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+    CHAPTER III. HIGH ART.
+THE IRISH CAPITAL by REGINALD WYNFORD.
+THE MAESTRO'S CONFESSION (ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO--1460.)
+    by MARGARET J. PRESTON.
+MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT by CORNELIUS DEWEES.
+A VISIT TO THE KING OF AURORA (FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)
+    by ELIZABETH SILL.
+GRAY EYES by ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.
+REMINISCENCES OF FLORENCE by MARIE HOWLAND.
+THE SOUTHERN PLANTER by WILL WALLACE HARNEY.
+BABES IN THE WOOD by EDGAR FAWCETT.
+MY CHARGE ON THE LIFE-GUARDS by CHARLES L. NORTON.
+PAINTING AND A PAINTER.
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+    WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.
+HIS NAME? by M. J. P.
+UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.
+"WHITE-HAT" DAY by K. H.
+MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK by M. M.
+NOTES.
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+    Forster, John--The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II
+    Gautier, Th�ophile--�maux et Cam�es
+    Alcott, A. Bronson--Concord Days
+    Hanum, Melek--Thirty Years in the Harem
+    Gale, Ethel C.--Hints on Dress
+    Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake Region of Central
+      Africa, showing Dr. Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's
+      Route
+Books Received
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By His Own Might," etc.
+[See Our Monthly Gossip.]
+
+"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.
+
+THE LYMAN VIADUCT.
+
+BLAST-FURNACES.
+
+DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.
+
+ELEVATOR.
+
+THE ENGINE-ROOM.
+
+RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.
+
+CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.
+
+ROTARY SQUEEZER.
+
+BOILING-FURNACE.
+
+THE ROLLS.
+
+COLD SAW.
+
+HOT SAW.
+
+RIVETING A COLUMN.
+
+FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.
+
+VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP
+
+NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.
+
+BRIDGE AT ALBANY.
+
+LA SALLE BRIDGE.
+
+BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.
+
+SACO BRIDGE.
+
+PHOENIX WORKS.
+
+"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN."
+
+"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."
+
+"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."
+
+"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."
+
+"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."
+
+"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA".
+
+"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By
+His Own Might," etc. (See Our Monthly Gossip.)]
+
+
+
+
+IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION.
+
+[Illustration: "ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.]
+
+
+In a graveyard in Watertown, a village near Boston, Massachusetts, there
+is a tombstone commemorating the claims of the departed worthy who lies
+below to the eternal gratitude of posterity. The inscription is dated in
+the early part of this century (about 1810), but the name of him who was
+thus immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my memory,
+while the deed for which he was distinguished, and which was recorded
+upon his tombstone, remains clear. "He built the famous bridge over the
+Charles River in this town," says the record. The Charles River is here
+a small stream, about twenty to thirty feet wide, and the bridge was a
+simple wooden structure.
+
+[Illustration: THE LYMAN VIADUCT.]
+
+Doubtless in its day this structure was considered an engineering feat
+worthy of such posthumous immortality as is gained by an epitaph, and
+afforded such convenience for transportation as was needed by the
+commercial activity of that era. From that time, however, to this, the
+changes which have occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are
+so fully indicated by the changes of our manner and method of
+bridge-building that it will not be a loss of time to investigate the
+present condition of our abilities in this most useful branch of
+engineering skill.
+
+In the usual archaeological classification of eras the Stone Age
+precedes that of Iron, and in the history of bridge-building the same
+sequence has been preserved. Though the knowledge of working iron was
+acquired by many nations at a pre-historic period, yet in quite modern
+times--within this century, even--the invention of new processes and the
+experience gained of new methods have so completely revolutionized this
+branch of industry, and given us such a mastery over this material,
+enabling us to apply it to such new uses, that for the future the real
+Age of Iron will date from the present century.
+
+The knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with stone or
+brick--both of them materials aptly fitted for resistance under
+pressure, but of comparatively no tensile strength--enabled the Romans
+to surpass all nations that had preceded them in the course of history
+in building bridges. The bridge across the Danube, erected by
+Apollodorus, the architect of Trajan's Column, was the largest bridge
+built by the Romans. It was more than three hundred feet in height,
+composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers, and was about
+eight hundred feet in length. It was after a few years destroyed by the
+emperor Adrian, lest it should afford a means of passage to the
+barbarians, and its ruins are still to be seen in Lower Hungary.
+
+With the advent of railroads bridge-building became even a greater
+necessity than it had ever been before, and the use of iron has enabled
+engineers to grapple with and overcome difficulties which only fifty
+years ago would have been considered hopelessly insurmountable. In this
+modern use of iron advantage is taken of its great tensile strength, and
+many iron bridges, over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars
+pass hourly, look as though they were spun from gossamer threads, and
+yet are stronger than any structure of wood or stone would be.
+
+[Illustration: BLAST-FURNACES.]
+
+Another great advantage of an iron bridge over one constructed of wood
+or stone is the greater ease with which it can, in every part of it, be
+constantly observed, and every failing part replaced. Whatever material
+may be used, every edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating
+influence of time and the elements. In every such edifice as a bridge,
+use is a process of constant weakening, which, if not as constantly
+guarded against, must inevitably, in time, lead to its destruction.
+
+[Illustration: DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.]
+
+In a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a stone
+weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the inspection of
+even the most vigilant observer until, when the process has gone far
+enough, the bridge suddenly gives way under a not unusual strain, and
+death and disaster shock the community into a sense of the inherent
+defects of these materials for such structures.
+
+The introduction of the railroad has brought about also another change
+in the bridge-building of modern times, compared with that of all the
+ages which have preceded this nineteenth century. The chief bridges of
+ancient times were built as great public conveniences upon thoroughways
+over which there was a large amount of travel, and consequently were
+near the cities or commercial centres which attracted such travel, and
+were therefore placed where they were seen by great numbers. Now,
+however, the connection between the chief commercial centres is made by
+the railroads, and these penetrate immense distances, through
+comparatively unsettled districts, in order to bring about the needed
+distribution; and in consequence many of the great railroad bridges are
+built in the most unfrequented spots, and are unseen by the numerous
+passengers who traverse them, unconscious that they are thus easily
+passing over specimens of engineering skill which surpass, as objects of
+intelligent interest, many of the sights they may be traveling to see.
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATOR.]
+
+The various processes by which the iron is prepared to be used in
+bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use of this material
+for this purpose, and it will not be amiss to spend a few moments in
+examining them before presenting to our readers illustrations of some of
+the most remarkable structures of this kind. Taking a train by the
+Reading Railroad from Philadelphia, we arrive, in about an hour, at
+Phoenixville, in the Schuylkill Valley, where the Phoenix Iron-and
+Bridge-works are situated. In this establishment we can follow the iron
+from its original condition of ore to a finished bridge, and it is the
+only establishment in this country, and most probably in the world,
+where this can be seen.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINE-ROOM.]
+
+These works were established in 1790. In 1827 they came into the
+possession of the late David Reeves, who by his energy and enterprise
+increased their capacity to meet the growing demands of the time, until
+they reached their present extent, employing constantly over fifteen
+hundred hands.
+
+[Illustration: RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.]
+
+The first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace. Here the ore,
+with coal and a flux of limestone, is piled in and subjected to the heat
+of the fires, driven by a hot blast and kept burning night and day. The
+iron, as it becomes melted, flows to the bottom of the furnace, and is
+drawn off below in a glowing stream. Into the top of the blast-furnaces
+the ore and coal are dumped, having been raised to the top by an
+elevator worked by a blast of air. It is curious to notice how slowly
+the experience was gathered from which has re suited the ability to
+work iron as it is done here. Though even at the first settlement of
+this country the forests of England had been so much thinned by their
+consumption in the form of charcoal in her iron industry as to make a
+demand for timber from this country a flourishing trade for the new
+settlers, yet it was not until 1612 that a patent was granted to Simon
+Sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous coal.
+Another patent for the same invention was granted to John Ravenson the
+next year, and in 1619 another to Lord Dudley; yet the process did not
+come into general use until nearly a hundred years later.
+
+[Illustration: CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.]
+
+The blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines, each of
+three hundred horse-power. The blast used here is, as we have said, a
+hot one, the air being heated by the consumption of the gases evolved
+from the material itself. The gradual steps by which these successive
+modifications were introduced is an evidence of how slowly industrial
+processes have been perfected by the collective experience of
+generations, and shows us how much we of the present day owe to our
+predecessors. From the earliest times, as among the native smiths of
+Africa to-day, the blast of a bellows has been used in working iron to
+increase the heat of the combustion by a more plentiful supply of
+oxygen. The blast-furnace is supposed to have been first used in
+Belgium, and to have been introduced into England in 1558. Next came the
+use of bituminous coal, urged with a blast of cold air. But it was not
+until 1829 that Neilson, an Englishman, conceived the idea of heating
+the air of the blast, and carried it out at the Muirkirk furnaces. In
+that year he obtained a patent for this process, and found that he could
+from the same quantity of fuel make three times as much iron. His patent
+made him very rich: in one single case of infringement he received a
+cheque for damages for one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. In his
+method, however, he used an extra fire for heating the air of his blast.
+In 1837 the idea of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated
+in the process was first practically introduced by M. Faber Dufour at
+Wasseralfingen in the kingdom of W�rtemberg.
+
+In this country, charcoal was at first used universally for smelting
+iron, anthracite coal being considered unfit for the purpose. In 1820 an
+unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at Mauch Chunk. In 1833,
+Frederick W. Geisenhainer of Schuylkill obtained a patent for the use of
+the hot blast with anthracite, and in 1835 produced the first iron made
+with this process. In 1841, C.E. Detmold adapted the consumption of the
+gases produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite; and since then
+it has become quite general, and has caused an almost incalculable
+saving to the community in the price of iron.
+
+The view of the engines which pump the blast will give an idea of the
+immense power which the Phoenix company has at command. Twice every day
+the furnace is tapped, and the stream of liquid iron flows out into
+moulds formed in the sand, making the iron into pigs--so called from a
+fancied resemblance to the form of these animals. This makes the first
+process, and in many smelting-establishments this is all that is done,
+the iron in this form being sold and entering into the general
+consumption.
+
+The next process is "boiling," which is a modification of "puddling,"
+and is generally used in the best iron-works in this country. The
+process of puddling was invented by Henry Cort, an Englishman, and
+patented by him in 1783 and 1784 as a new process for "shingling,
+welding and manufacturing iron and steel into bars, plates and rods of
+purer quality and in larger quantity than heretofore, by a more
+effectual application of fire and machinery." For this invention Cort
+has been called "the father of the iron-trade of the British nation,"
+and it is estimated that his invention has, during this century, given
+employment to six millions of persons, and increased the wealth of Great
+Britain by three thousand millions of dollars. In his experiments for
+perfecting his process Mr. Cort spent his fortune, and though it proved
+so valuable, he died poor, having been involved by the government in a
+lawsuit concerning his patent which beggared him. Six years before his
+death, the government, as an acknowledgment of their wrong, granted him
+a yearly pension of a thousand dollars, and at his death this miserly
+recompense was reduced to his widow to six hundred and twenty-five
+dollars.
+
+[Illustration: ROTARY SQUEEZER.]
+
+[Illustration: BOILING-FURNACE.]
+
+When iron is simply melted and run into any mould, its texture is
+granular, and it is so brittle as to be quite unreliable for any use
+requiring much tensile strength. The process of puddling consisted in
+stirring the molten iron run out in a puddle, and had the effect of so
+changing its atomic arrangement as to render the process of rolling it
+more efficacious. The process of boiling is considered an improvement
+upon this. The boiling-furnace is an oven heated to an intense heat by a
+fire urged with a blast. The cast-iron sides are double, and a constant
+circulation of water is kept passing through the chamber thus made, in
+order to preserve the structure from fusion by the heat. The inside is
+lined with fire-brick covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom
+and sides, and then, the oven being charged with the pigs of iron, the
+heat is let on. The pigs melt, and the oven is filled with molten iron.
+The puddler constantly stirs this mass with a bar let through a hole in
+the door, until the iron boils up, or "ferments," as it is called. This
+fermentation is caused by the combustion of a portion of the carbon in
+the iron, and as soon as the excess of this is consumed, the cinders
+and slag sink to the bottom of the oven, leaving the semi-fluid mass on
+the top. Stirring this about, the puddler forms it into balls of such a
+size as he can conveniently handle, which are taken out and carried on
+little cars, made to receive them, to "the squeezer."
+
+[Illustration: THE ROLLS.]
+
+To carry on this process properly requires great skill and judgment in
+the puddler. The heat necessarily generated by the operation is so great
+that very few persons have the physical endurance to stand it. So great
+is it that the clothes upon the person frequently catch fire. Such a
+strain upon the physical powers naturally leads those subjected to it to
+indulge in excesses. The perspiration which flows from the puddlers in
+streams while engaged in their work is caused by the natural effort of
+their bodies to preserve themselves from injury by keeping their normal
+temperature. Such a consumption of the fluids of the body causes great
+thirst, and the exhaustion of the labor, both bodily and mental, leads
+often to the excessive use of stimulants. In fact, the work is too
+laborious. Its conditions are such that no one should be subjected to
+them. The necessity, however, for judgment, experience and skill on the
+part of the operator has up to this time prevented the introduction of
+machinery to take the place of human labor in this process. The
+successful substitution in modern times of machines for performing
+various operations which formerly seemed to require the intelligence and
+dexterity of a living being for their execution, justifies the
+expectation that the study now being given to the organization of
+industry will lead to the invention of machines which will obviate the
+necessity for human suffering in the process of puddling. Such a
+consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned. The
+attempts which have been made in this direction have not as yet proved
+entirely successful.
+
+In the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is placed, and forced
+with a rotary motion through a spiral passage, the diameter of which is
+constantly diminishing. The effect of this operation is to squeeze all
+the slag and cinder out of the ball, and force the iron to assume the
+shape of a short thick cylinder, called "a bloom." This process was
+formerly performed by striking the ball of iron repeatedly with a
+tilt-hammer.
+
+[Illustration: COLD SAW.]
+
+The bloom is now re-heated and subjected to the process of rolling. "The
+rolls" are heavy cylinders of cast iron placed almost in contact, and
+revolving rapidly by steam-power. The bloom is caught between these
+rollers, and passed backward and forward until it is pressed into a flat
+bar, averaging from four to six inches in width, and about an inch and a
+half thick. These bars are then cut into short lengths, piled, heated
+again in a furnace, and re-rolled. After going through this process they
+form the bar iron of commerce. From the iron reduced into this form the
+various parts used in the construction of iron bridges are made by being
+rolled into shape, the rolls through which the various parts pass having
+grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces.
+
+[Illustration: HOT SAW.]
+
+[Illustration: RIVETING A COLUMN.]
+
+These rolls, when they are driven by steam, obtain this generally from a
+boiler placed over the heating-or puddling-furnace, and heated by the
+waste gases from the furnace. This arrangement was first made by John
+Griffin, the superintendent of the Phoenix Iron-works, under whose
+direction the first rolled iron beams over nine inches thick that were
+ever made were produced at these works. The process of rolling toughens
+the iron, seeming to draw out its fibres; and iron that has been twice
+rolled is considered fit for ordinary uses. For the various parts of a
+bridge, however, where great toughness and tensile strength are
+necessary, as well as uniformity of texture, the iron is rolled a third
+time. The bars are therefore cut again into pieces, piled, re-heated and
+rolled again. A bar of iron which has been rolled twice is formed from
+a pile of fourteen separate pieces of iron that have been rolled only
+once, or "muck bar," as it is called; while the thrice-rolled bar is
+made from a pile of eight separate pieces of double-rolled iron. If,
+therefore, one of the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect, it
+will form only a hundred and twelfth part of the thrice-rolled bar. The
+uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which have been
+thrice rolled are so great that they may be twisted, cold, into a knot
+without showing any signs of fracture. The bars of iron, whether hot or
+cold, are sawn to the various required lengths by the hot or cold saws
+shown in the illustrations, which revolve with great rapidity.
+
+[Illustration: FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.]
+
+For the columns intended to sustain the compressive thrust of heavy
+weights a form is used in this establishment of their own design, and to
+which the name of the "Phoenix column" has been given. They are tubes
+made from four or from eight sections rolled in the usual way and
+riveted together at their flanges. When necessary, such columns are
+joined together by cast-iron joint-blocks, with circular tenons which
+fit into the hollows of each tube.
+
+To join two bars to resist a strain of tension, links or eye-bars are
+used from three to six inches wide, and as long as may be needed. At
+each end is an enlargement with a hole to receive a pin. In this way any
+number of bars can be joined together, and the result of numerous
+experiments made at this establishment has shown that under sufficient
+strain they will part as often in the body of the bar as at the joint.
+The heads upon these bars are made by a process known as die-forging.
+The bar is heated to a white heat, and under a die worked by hydraulic
+pressure the head is shaped and the hole struck at one operation. This
+method of joining by pins is much more reliable than welding. The pins
+are made of cold-rolled shafting, and fit to a nicety.
+
+The general view of the machine-shop, which covers more than an acre of
+ground, shows the various machines and tools by which iron is planed,
+turned, drilled and handled as though it were one of the softest of
+materials. Such a machine-shop is one of the wonders of this century.
+Most of the operations performed there, and all of the tools with which
+they are done, are due entirely to modern invention, many of them within
+the last ten years. By means of this application of machines great
+accuracy of work is obtained, and each part of an iron bridge can be
+exactly duplicated if necessary. This method of construction is entirely
+American, the English still building their iron bridges mostly with
+hand-labor. In consequence also of this method of working, American iron
+bridges, despite the higher price of our iron, can successfully compete
+in Canada with bridges of English or Belgian construction. The American
+iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations, but their absolute
+strength is as great, since the weight which is saved is all dead
+weight, and not necessary to the solidity of the structure. The same
+difference is displayed here that is seen in our carriages with their
+slender wheels, compared with the lumbering, heavy wagons of European
+construction.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP.]
+
+Before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge is begun the
+data and specifications are made, and a plan of the structure is drawn,
+whether it is for a railroad or for ordinary travel, whether for a
+double or single track, whether the train is to pass on top or below,
+and so on. The calculations and plans are then made for the use of such
+dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the structure shall
+not exceed a certain maximum, usually fixed at ten thousand pounds to
+the square inch. As the weight of the iron is known, and its tensile
+strength is estimated at sixty thousand pounds per square inch, this
+estimate, which is technically called "a factor of safety" of six, is a
+very safe one. In other words, the bridge is planned and so constructed
+that in supporting its own weight, together with any load of locomotives
+or cars which can be placed upon it, it shall not be subjected to a
+strain over one-sixth of its estimated strength.
+
+[Illustration: NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.]
+
+After the plan is made, working drawings are prepared and the process of
+manufacture commences. The eye-bars, when made, are tested in a
+testing-machine at double the strain which by any possibility they can
+be put to in the bridge itself. The elasticity of the iron is such that
+after being submitted to a tension of about thirty thousand pounds to
+the square inch it will return to its original dimensions; while it is
+so tough that the bars, as large as two inches in diameter, can be bent
+double, when cold, without showing any signs of fracture. Having stood
+these tests, the parts of the bridge are considered fit to be used.
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE AT ALBANY.]
+
+When completed the parts are put together--or "assembled," as the
+technical phrase is--in order to see that they are right in length, etc.
+Then they are marked with letters or numbers, according to the working
+plan, and shipped to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently
+erected. Before the erection can be begun, however, a staging or
+scaffolding of wood, strong enough to support the iron structure until
+it is finished, has to be raised on the spot. When the bridge is a large
+one this staging is of necessity an important and costly structure. An
+illustration on another page shows the staging erected for the support
+of the New River bridge in West Virginia, on the line of the Chesapeake
+and Ohio Railway, near a romantic spot known as Hawksnest. About two
+hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall, and while the staging
+was still in use for its construction, the river, which is very
+treacherous, suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few hours, and became
+a roaring torrent.
+
+[Illustration: LA SALLE BRIDGE.]
+
+The method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit exactly, and
+securing the ties by pins, is peculiarly American. The plan still
+followed in Europe is that of using rivets, which makes the erection of
+a bridge take much more time, and cost, consequently, much more. A
+riveted lattice bridge one hundred and sixty feet in span would require
+ten or twelve days for its erection, while one of the Phoenixville
+bridges of this size has been erected in eight and a half hours.
+
+The view of the Albany bridge will show the style which is technically
+called a "through" bridge, having the track at the level of the lower
+chords. This view of the bridge is taken from the west side of the
+Hudson, near the Delavan House in Albany. The curved portion crosses the
+Albany basin, or outlet of the Erie Canal, and consists of seven spans
+of seventy-three feet each, one of sixty-three, and one of one hundred
+and ten. That part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of
+four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a draw two
+hundred and seventy-four feet wide. The iron-work in this bridge cost
+about three hundred and twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The bridge over the Illinois River at La Salle, on the Illinois Central
+Railroad, shows the style of bridge technically called a "deck" bridge,
+in which the train is on the top. This bridge consists of eighteen spans
+of one hundred and sixty feet each, and cost one hundred and eighty
+thousand dollars. The bridge over the Kennebec River, on the line of the
+Maine Central Railroad, at Augusta, Maine, is another instance of a
+"through" bridge. It cost seventy-five thousand dollars, has five spans
+of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and was built to replace a
+wooden deck bridge which was carried away by a freshet.
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.]
+
+The bridge on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad which crosses the
+Saco River is a very general type of a through railway bridge. It
+consists of two spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and cost
+twenty thousand dollars. The New River bridge in West Virginia consists
+of two spans of two hundred and fifty feet each, and two others of
+seventy-five feet each. Its cost was about seventy thousand dollars.
+
+The Lyman Viaduct, on the Connecticut Air-line Railway, at East Hampton,
+Connecticut, is one hundred and thirty-five feet high and eleven
+thousand feet long.
+
+These specimens will show the general character of the iron bridges
+erected in this country. When iron was first used in constructions of
+this kind, cast iron was employed, but its brittleness and unreliability
+have led to its rejection for the main portions of bridges. Experience
+has also led the best iron bridge-builders of America to quite generally
+employ girders with parallel top and bottom members, vertical posts
+(except at the ends, where they are made inclined toward the centre of
+the span), and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees. This
+form takes the least material for the required strength.
+
+[Illustration: SACO BRIDGE.]
+
+The safety of a bridge depends quite as much upon the design and
+proportions of its details and connections as upon its general shape.
+The strain which will compress or extend the ties, chords and other
+parts can be calculated with mathematical exactness. But the strains
+coming upon the connections are very often indeterminate, and no
+mathematical formula has yet been found for them. They are like the
+strains which come upon the wheels, axles and moving parts of
+carriages, cars and machinery. Yet experience and judgment have led the
+best builders to a singular uniformity in their treatment of these
+parts. Each bridge has been an experiment, the lessons of which have
+been studied and turned to the best effect.
+
+[Illustration: PHOENIX WORKS.]
+
+There is no doubt that iron bridges can be made perfectly safe. Their
+margin is greater than that of the boiler, the axles or the rail. To
+make them safe, European governments depend upon rigid rules, and
+careful inspection to see that they are carried out. In this country
+government inspection is not relied on with such certainty, and the
+spirit of our institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of
+self-interest and the inherent trustworthiness of mankind when indulged
+with freedom of action. Though at times this confidence may seem vain,
+and "rings" in industrial pursuits, as in politics, appear to corrupt
+the honesty which forms the very foundation of freedom, yet their
+influence is but temporary, and as soon as the best public sentiment
+becomes convinced of the need for their removal their influence is
+destroyed. Such evils are necessary incidents of our transitional
+movement toward an industrial, social and political organization in
+which the best intelligence and the most trustworthy honesty shall
+control these interests for the best advantage of society at large. In
+the mean time, the best security for the safety of iron bridges is to be
+found in the self-interest of the railway corporations, who certainly do
+not desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to
+damages from the breaking of their bridges, and who consequently will
+employ for such constructions those whose reputation has been fairly
+earned, and whose character is such that reliance can be placed in the
+honesty of their work. Experience has given the world the knowledge
+needed to build bridges of iron which shall in all possible
+contingencies be safe, and there is no excuse for a penny-wise and
+pound-foolish policy when it leads to disaster.
+
+EDWARD ROWLAND.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SEARCHING FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.
+
+
+SECOND PAPER.
+
+The crystal peaks of the Andes were behind our explorers: before, were
+their eastward-stretching spurs and their eastward-falling rivers. On
+the mountain-flanks, as the last landmark of Christian civilization,
+nestled the village of Marcapata, whose square, thatched belfry faded
+gradually from sight, reminding the travelers of the ghostly
+ministrations of the padre and the secular protection of the gobernador.
+Neither priest nor edile would they encounter until their return to the
+same church-tower. Their patron, Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, was
+already picking his way along the snowy defiles of the mountains to
+attain again his luxurious home in Cuzco. Behind the adventurers lay
+companionship and society--represented by the dubious orgies of the
+House of Austria--and the security of civil government--represented by
+the mortal ennui of a Peruvian city. Before them lay difficulties and
+perhaps dangers, but also at least variety, novelty and possible wealth.
+
+Colonel Perez, Marcoy and the examinador retained their horses, and a
+couple of the mozos their mules, the remainder of the beasts being kept
+at livery in Marcapata, and the muleteers volunteering to accompany the
+troupe as far as Chile-Chile: at this point the bridle-path came to an
+end, and the gentlemen would have to dismount, accompanying thenceforth
+their peons on a literal "footing" of equality.
+
+Two torrents which fall in perpendicular cataracts from the mountains,
+the Kellunu ("yellow water") and the Cca-chi ("salt"), run together at
+the distance of a league from their place of precipitation. They enclose
+in their approach the hill on which Marcapata is perched, and they form
+by their confluence the considerable river which our travelers were
+about to trace, and which is called by the Indians Cconi ("warm"), but
+on the Spanish maps is termed the river of Marcapata.
+
+[Illustration: "THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE
+TOWN."]
+
+The first ford of the Cconi was passed just outside the town, at a point
+where the right bank of the river, growing steeper and steeper, became
+impracticable, and necessitated a crossing to the left. The ford allowed
+the peons to stagger through at mid-leg on the uneven pavement afforded
+by the large pebbles of the bed. At this point the valley of the Cconi
+was seen stretching indefinitely outward toward the east, enclosed in
+two chains of conical peaks: their regular forms, running into each
+other at the middle of their height, clothed with interminable forests
+and bathed with light, melted regularly away into the perspective.
+Indian huts buried in gardens of the white lily which had seemed so
+beautiful in the chapel of Lauramarca, hedges of aloe menacing the
+intruder with their millions of steely-looking swords, slender bamboos
+daintily rocking themselves over the water, and enormous curtains of
+creepers hanging from the hillsides and waving to the wind in vast
+breadths of green, were the decorations of this Peruvian paradise.
+
+The pretty lilies gradually disappeared, and the thatched cabins became
+more and more sparse, when from one of the latter, at a hundred paces
+from the caravan, issued a human figure. The man struck an attitude in
+the pathway of the travelers, his carbine on his shoulder, his fist on
+his hip and his nose saucily turned up in the air. Neither his
+Metamora-like posture nor his dress inspired confidence.
+
+"He is evidently waiting for us," remarked Colonel Perez, an heroic yet
+prudent personage: "fortunately, it is broad day. I would not grant an
+interview to such a _salteador_ (brigand) alone at night and in a
+desert."
+
+The salteador wore a low broad felt, on whose ample brim the rain and
+sun had sketched a variety of vague designs. A gray sack buttoned to the
+throat and confined by a leathern belt, and trowsers of the same stuffed
+into his long coarse woolen stockings, completed his costume. He was
+shod, like an Indian, in _ojotas_, or sandals cut out of raw leather and
+laced to his legs with thongs. Two ox-horns hanging at his side
+contained his ammunition, and a light haversack was slung over his back.
+This mozo, who at a distance would have passed for a man of forty,
+appeared on examination to be under twenty-two years of age. It was
+likewise observable on a nearer view that his skin was brown and clear
+like a chestnut, and that his lively eye, perfect teeth and air of
+decision were calculated to please an Indian girl of his vicinity. To
+complete his rehabilitation in the eyes of the party, his introductory
+address was delivered with the grace of a Spanish cavalier.
+
+"The gentlemen," said he, gracefully getting rid of his superabundant
+hat, "will voluntarily excuse me for having waited so long with my
+respects and offers of service. I should have gone to meet them at
+Marcapata, but my uncle the gobernador forbade me to do so for fear of
+displeasing the priest. Gentlemen, I am Juan the nephew of Aragon. It is
+by the advice of my uncle that I have come to place myself in your way,
+and ask if you will admit me to your company as mozo-assistant and
+interpreter."
+
+The colonel, whose antipathy to the salteador did not yield on a closer
+acquaintance, roughly asked the youth what he meant by his assurance.
+Mr. Marcoy, however, was disposed to temporize.
+
+"If you are Juan the nephew of Aragon," said he, "you must have already
+learned from your uncle that we have engaged an interpreter, Pepe Garcia
+of Chile-Chile."
+
+"Precisely what he told me, se�or," replied the young man; "but, for my
+part, I thought that if one interpreter would be useful to these
+gentlemen on their journey, two interpreters would be a good deal
+better, on account of the fact that we walk better with two legs than
+with one: that is the reason I have intercepted you, gentlemen."
+
+This opinion made everybody laugh, and as Juan considered it his
+privilege to laugh five times louder than any one, a quasi engagement
+resulted from this sudden harmony of temper. Colonel Perez shrugged his
+shoulders: Marcoy, as literary man, took down the name of the new-comer.
+The nephew of Aragon was so delighted that he gave vent to a little cry
+of pleasure, at the same time cutting a pirouette. This harmless caper
+allowed the party to detect; tied to his haversack, the local banjo, or
+_charango_, an instrument which the Paganinis of the country make for
+themselves out of half a calabash and the unfeeling bowels of the cat.
+
+[Illustration: "GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."]
+
+The priest, who had recommended Pepe Garcia, had made mention of that
+person's fine voice, with which the church of Marcapata was edified
+every Sunday. The gobernador, while putting in a word for his nephew,
+and particularizing the beauty of his execution on the guitar, had
+insinuated doubts of the baritone favored by the padre. Happy land,
+whose disputes are like the disputes of an opera company, and where
+people are recommended for business on the strength of their musical
+execution!
+
+Aragon quickly understood that his friend in the expedition was not
+Colonel Perez, who had insultingly dubbed him the Second Fiddle (or
+Charango). He attached himself therefore with the fidelity of a spaniel
+to Mr. Marcoy, walking alongside and resting his arm on the pommel of
+his saddle. After an hour's traverse of a comparatively desert plateau
+called the Pedregal, covered with rocks and smelling of the
+patchouli-scented flowers of the mimosa, Aragon pointed out the straw
+sheds and grassy plaza of Chile-Chile. This rustic metropolis is not
+indicated on many maps, but for the travelers it had a special
+importance, bearing upon the inca history and etymological roots of
+Peru, for it was the residence of their interpreter-in-chief, Pepe
+Garcia.
+
+Introduced by the latter, our explorers made a kind of triumphal entry
+into the village. The old Indian women dropped their spinning, the naked
+children ceased to play with the pigs and began to play with the
+garments and equipage of the visitors, and a couple of blind men, who
+were leading each other, remarked that they were glad to see them.
+
+Garcia the polyglot, radiant with importance, lost no time in dragging
+his guests toward his own residence, a large straw thatch surmounting
+walls of open-work, which took the fancy of the travelers from the
+singular trophy attached above the door. This trophy was composed of the
+heads of bucks and rams, with those of the fox and the ounce, where the
+shrunken skin displayed the pointed _sierra_ of the teeth, while the
+horns of oxen and goats, set end to end around the borders, formed dark
+and rigid festoons: all vacancies were filled up with the forms of bats,
+spread-eagled and nailed fast, from the smallest variety to the large,
+man-attacking _vespertilio_. As a contrast to this exterior decoration,
+the inside was severely simple: it was even a little bare. A partition
+of bamboo divided the hut into kitchen and bed-room, and that was all.
+Into the latter of these apartments Pepe Garcia dragged the saddles of
+his guests, and in the former his two twin-daughters, melancholy little
+half-breeds in ragged petticoats, assisted their father to prepare for
+the wanderers a hunter's supper.
+
+Every moment, in a dark corner or behind the backs of the company,
+Garcia was observed caressing these little girls in secret. Being
+rallied on his tenderness, he observed that the twins were the double
+pledge of a union "longer happy than was usual," and the only survivors
+of fifteen darlings whom he had given to the world in the various
+countries whither his wandering fortunes had led him. Still explaining
+and multiplying his caresses, the man of family went on with his
+exertions as cook, and in due time announced the meal.
+
+This festival consisted of sweet potatoes baked in the ashes, and steaks
+of bear broiled over the coals. The latter viand was repulsed with
+horror by the colonel, who in the effeminacy of a city life at Cuzeo had
+never tasted anything more outlandish than monkey. Seeing his companions
+eating without scruple, however, the valiant warrior extended his tin
+plate with a silent gesture of application. The first mouthful appeared
+hard to swallow, but at the second, looking round at his
+fellow-travelers with surprise and joy, he gave up his prejudices, and
+marked off the remainder of his steak with wonderful swiftness. Standing
+behind his boarders, Pepe Garcia had been watching the play of jaws and
+expressions of face with some uneasiness, but when the colonel gave in
+his adhesion his doubts were removed, and he smiled agreeably, flattered
+in his double quality of hunter and cook.
+
+The beds of the gentlemen-travelers were spread side by side in the
+adjoining room, and Garcia gravely assured them that they would sleep
+like the Three Wise Men of the East. Unable to see any personal analogy
+between themselves and the ancient Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar, the
+tired cavaliers turned in without remarking on the subject. They paused
+a moment, however, before taking up their candle, to set forth to Garcia
+in full the circumstances and nature of Juan of Aragon's engagement.
+This explanation, which the close quarters of the troop had made
+impossible during the journey, was received in excellent part by the
+interpreter-in-chief.
+
+[Illustration: "THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."]
+
+"Oh, I am not at all jealous of Aragon," said he, "and the gentlemen
+have done very well in taking him along. He will be of great use. He is
+a bright, capable mozo, who would walk twenty miles on his hands to gain
+a piastre. As an interpreter, I think he is almost as good as I am."
+
+Having thus smoothed away all grounds of rivalry, the colonel, the
+examinador and Marcoy took possession of their sleeping-room. Here, long
+after their light was put out, they watched the scene going on in the
+apartment they had just left, whose interior, illuminated by a candle
+and a lingering fire, was perfectly visible through the partition of
+bamboo. The dark-skinned girls, on their knees in a corner, were
+gathering together the shirts and stockings destined for the parental
+traveling-bag. Garcia, for his part, was occupied in cleaning with a bit
+of rag a portentous, long-barreled carbine, apparently dating back to
+the time of Pizarro, which he had been exhibiting during the day as his
+hunting rifle, and which he intended to carry along with him.
+
+The sleep under the thatched roof of Pepe Garcia, though somewhat less
+sound than that of the Three Magi in their tomb at Cologne, lasted until
+a ray of the morning sun had penetrated the open-work walls of the hut.
+The colonel rapidly dressed himself, and aroused the others. A
+disquieting silence reigned around the modest mansions of Chile-Chile.
+The interpreter was away, Juan of Aragon was away, the muleteers had
+returned, according to instructions received over-night, to Marcapata
+with the animals, and the peons were found dead-drunk behind the mud
+wall of the last house in the village.
+
+After three hours of impatient waiting there appeared--not Garcia and
+Aragon, whose absence was inexplicable, but--the faithful Bolivian
+bark-hunters in a body. Not caring to stupefy themselves with the peons,
+they had gone out for a reconnoissance in the environs. Contemplating
+the nodding forms of their comrades, they now let out the discouraging
+fact that these tame Indians, madly afraid of their wild brothers the
+Chunchos, had been fortifying themselves steadily with brandy and chicha
+all the way from Marcapata. Disgusted and helpless, Perez and the
+examinador betook themselves to reading tattered newspapers issued at
+Lima a month before, and Marcoy to his note-book. Suddenly a ferocious
+wild-beast cry was heard coming from the woods, and while the Indian
+porters tried to run away, and the white men looked at each other with
+apprehension, Pepe Garcia and Aragon appeared in the distance. Their
+arms were interlaced in a brother-like manner, they were poising
+themselves with much care on their legs, and they were drunk. Well had
+the elder interpreter said that he was not jealous of Aragon. They
+rolled forward toward the party, repeating their outrageous duet, whose
+reception by the staring peons appeared to gratify them immensely.
+
+The mozo, feeling his secondary position, had enervated himself
+slightly--the superior was magisterially tipsy. He wore a remarkable hat
+entirely without a brim, and patched all over the top with a lid of
+leather. His face, marked up to the eyes with the blue stubble of that
+beard which filled him with pride as a sign of European extraction, was
+swollen and hideous with drunkenness. He carried, besides the fearful
+blunder-buss of the night before, a belt full of pistols and hatchets. A
+short infantry-sword was banging away at his calves, and two long
+ox-horns rattled at his waist. The interpreters had been partaking of a
+little complimentary breakfast with the muleteers in whose care the
+animals had gone off to Marcapata.
+
+[Illustration: "CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."]
+
+A concentration of energy on the part of the chiefs of the expedition
+was required to set in movement this unpromising assemblage. The
+examinador undertook the peons: he rapped them smartly and repeatedly
+about the head and shoulders, until they staggered to their feet and
+declared that they were a match for whole hordes of Indians: this
+courage, borrowed from the flask, gave strong assurance that at the
+first alarm from genuine Chunchos they would take to their heels. Mr.
+Marcoy, feeling unable to do justice to the case of the nephew, turned
+him over to Perez, whose undisguised dislike made the work of correction
+at once grateful and thorough. Marcoy himself confronted the stolid and
+sullen Pepe Garcia, insisting upon the example he owed to the Indian
+porters and the responsibility of his Caucasian blood. The half-breed
+listened for a minute, his eyes fixed upon the ground: he then shook
+himself, looked an instant at his employer, and planted himself firmly
+on his legs. Then, determined to prove by a supreme effort that he was
+clear-headed and master of his motions, he suddenly drew his sword,
+hustled the Indians in a line by two and two, pointed out to Aragon his
+position as rear-guard, and cried with a voice of thunder, "_Adelante_!"
+The porters and peons staggered forward, knocking against each other's
+elbows and tottering on their stout legs. The three white men,
+burdenless, but regretting their horses, walked as they pleased, keeping
+the train in sight. And John the nephew of Aragon's guitar, dangling at
+his back, brought up the rear, with its suggestions of harmony and the
+amenities of life.
+
+The first trait of aboriginal character (after this parenthetical
+alacrity at drunkenness) was shown after some hours of marching and the
+passage of a dozen streams. The porters, weakened by their drink and the
+extreme heat, squatted down on the side of a hill by their own consent
+and with a single impulse. With that lamb-like placidity and that
+mule-like obstinacy which characterize the antique race of Quechuas,
+they observed to the chief interpreter that they were weary of falling
+on their backs or their stomachs at every other step, and that they were
+resolved to go no farther. Pepe Garcia caused the remark to be repeated
+once more, as if he had not understood it: then, convinced that an
+incipient rebellion was brewing, he sprang upon the fellow who happened
+to be nearest, haled him up from the ground by the ears, and, shaking
+him vigorously, proceeded to do as much for the rest of the band. In the
+flash of an eye, much to their astonishment, they found themselves on
+their feet.
+
+A judicious if not very discriminating award of blows from the sabre
+then followed, causing the Indians to change their resolve of remaining
+in that particular spot, and to show a lively determination to get away
+from it as quickly as possible. Each porter, forgetting his fatigue, and
+seeming never to have felt any, began to trot along, no longer languidly
+as before, but with a precision of step and a firmness in his round
+calves which surprised and charmed the travelers. Pepe Garcia, much
+refreshed by this exercise of discipline, and perspiring away his
+intoxication as he marched, began to give grounds for confidence from
+his steady and authoritative manner. By nightfall the whole troop was in
+harmony, and the strangers retired with hopeful hearts to the privacy of
+the hammocks which Juan of Aragon slung amongst the trees on the side of
+Mount Morayaca.
+
+No effect could seem finer, to wanderers from another latitude, than
+this first night-bivouac in the absolute wilderness. The moon, seeming
+to race through the clouds, and the camp-fire flashing in the wind,
+appeared to give movement and animation to the landscape. The Indians,
+grouped around the flame, seemed like swarthy imps tending the furnace
+of some fantastic pandemonium. Meanwhile, amidst the constant murmurs of
+the trees, the nephew of Aragon was heard drawing the notes of some kind
+of amorous despair from the hollow of his melodious calabash. The
+examinador and Colonel Perez lulled themselves to sleep with a
+conversation about the beauties and beatitudes of their wives, now
+playing the part of Penelopes in their absence. To hear the eulogies of
+the examinador, an angel fallen perpendicularly from heaven could hardly
+have realized the physical and moral qualities of the spouse he had left
+in Sorata. The Castilian tongue lent wonderful pomp and magnificence to
+this portrait, and as the metaphors thickened and the superb phrases
+lost themselves in hyperbole, one would have thought the lady in
+question was about to fly back to her native stars on a pair of
+resplendent wings. Colonel Perez furnished an equally elaborate
+delineation of his own fair helpmate. As for the wife of Lorenzo, nobody
+knew what she was like, and the panegyric from the lips of her faithful
+lord rolled on in safety and success. But the personage called by Perez
+"his Theresa" was a female whom anybody who had passed through the small
+shopkeeping quarters of Cuzco might have seen every day, as well as
+heard designated by her common nickname (given no one knows why) of
+Malignant Quinsy; and, arguing in algebraic fashion from the known to
+the unknown, it was not difficult to be convinced that the poetic
+flights of the examinador were equally the work of fond flattery.
+
+Surprised by a midnight storm, the camp was broken up before the early
+daylight, and our explorers' caravan moved on without breakfast. This
+necessary stop-gap was arranged for at the first pleasant spot on the
+route. An old clearing soon appeared, provided with the welcome
+accommodation of an _ajoupa_, or shed built upon four posts. At the
+command of _Alto alli!_--"Halt there!"--uttered by Perez in the tone he
+had formerly used in governing his troops, the whole band stopped as one
+person; the porters dumped their bales with a significant _ugh!_ the
+Bolivian bark-hunters laid down their axes; and the gentlemen arranged
+themselves around the parallelogram of the hut, attending the
+commissariat developments of Colonel Perez. The site which hazard had so
+conveniently offered was named Chaupichaca. It was the scene of an
+ancient wood-cutting, around which the trunks of the antique forests
+showed themselves in a warm soft light, like the columns of a temple or
+the shafts of a mosque.
+
+A detail which struck the travelers in arriving was very characteristic
+of these lands, filled so full of old traditions and inca customs.
+Chaupichaca was marked with a square terminal pillar, one of those
+boundaries of mud and stones, called _apachectas_, which Peruvian
+masonry lavishes over the country of Manco Capac. A rude cross of sticks
+surmounted this stone altar, on which some pious hand had laid a
+nosegay, now dried--signifying, in the language of flowers proper to
+masons and stone-cutters, that the work was finished and left. A little
+water and spirits spared from the travelers' meal gave a slight air of
+restoration to these mysterious offerings, and a couple of splendid
+butterflies, whether attracted by the flowers or the alcoholic perfume,
+commenced to waltz around the bouquet; but the corollas contained no
+honey for their diminutive trunks, and after a slight examination they
+danced contemptuously away.
+
+At seven or eight miles' distance another streamlet was reached, named
+the Mamabamba. It is a slender affluent of the Cconi, to be called a
+rivulet in any country but South America, but here named a river with
+the same proud effrontery which designates as a _city_ any collection of
+a dozen huts thrown into the ravine of a mountain. The Mamabamba was
+crossed by an extemporized bridge, constructed on the spot by the
+ingenuity of Garcia and his men. Strange and incalculable was the
+engineering of Pepe Garcia. Sometimes, across one of these
+continually-occurring streams, he would throw a hastily-felled tree,
+over which, glazed as it was by a night's rain or by the humidity of the
+forest, he would invite the travelers to pass. Sometimes, to a couple of
+logs rotting on the banks he would nail cross-strips like the rungs of a
+ladder, and, while the torrent boiled at a distance below, pass jauntily
+with his Indians, more sure-footed than goats. The wider the abyss the
+more insecure the causeway; and the terrible rope-bridges of South
+America, or the still more conjectural throw of a line of woven roots,
+would meet the travelers wherever the cleft was so wide as to render
+timbering an inconvenient trouble. Occasionally, on one of these damp
+and moss-grown ladders, a peon's foot would slip, and down he would go,
+the load strapped on his back catching him as he was passing through the
+aperture: then, using his hands to hold on by, he would compose, on the
+spur of the moment, a new and original language or telegraphy of the
+legs, _kicking_ for assistance with all his might. Juan of Aragon was
+usually the hero to extricate these poor estrays from the false step
+they had taken, the other peons regarding the scene with their tranquil
+stolidity. A glass of brandy to the unfortunate would always compose
+his nerves again, and make him hope for a few more accidents of a like
+nature and bringing a like consolation.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."]
+
+The bridge of the Mamabamba conducted the party to a site of the same
+name, through an interval of forest where might be counted most of the
+varieties of tree proper to the equatorial highlands. Up to this point
+the vegetation everywhere abounding had not indicated the presence, or
+even the vicinage, of the cinchona. The only circumstance which brought
+it to the notice of the inexperienced leaders of the expedition would be
+a halt made from time to time by the Bolivian bark-hunters. The
+examinador and his cascarilleros, touching one tree or another with
+their hatchets, would exchange remarks full of meaning and
+mysteriousness; but when the colonel or Mr. Marcoy came to ask the
+significance of so many hints and signals, they got the invariable
+answer of Sister Anna to the wife of Bluebeard: "I see nothing but the
+forest turning green and the sun turning red." The most practical
+reminder of the quest of cinchona which the travelers found was an
+occasional _ajoupa_ alone in the wilderness, with a broken pot and a
+rusted knife or axe beneath it--witness that some eager searcher had
+traveled the road before themselves. The cascarilleros are very
+avaricious and very brave, going out alone, setting up a hut in a
+probable-looking spot, and diverging from their head-quarters in every
+direction. If by any accident they get lost or their provisions are
+destroyed, they die of hunger. Doctor Weddell, on one occasion in
+Bolivia, landed on the beach of a river well shaded with trees. Here he
+found the cabin of a cascarillero, and near it a man stretched out upon
+the ground in the agonies of death. He was nearly naked, and covered
+with myriads of insects, whose stings had hastened his end. On the
+leaves which formed the roof of the hut were the remains of the
+unfortunate man's clothes, a straw hat and some rags, with a knife, an
+earthen pot containing the remains of his last meal, a little maize and
+two or three _chu�us_. Such is the end to which their hazardous
+occupation exposes the bark-collectors--death in the midst of the
+forests, far from home; a death without help and without consolation.
+
+It was not until after passing the elevated site of San Pedro, and
+clambering up the slippery shoulders of the hill called Huaynapata--the
+crossing of half a dozen intervening streamlets going for nothing--that
+the explorers were rewarded with a sight of their Canaan, the
+bark-producing region. To attain this summit of Huaynapata, however, the
+little tributary of Mendoza had to be first got over. This affluent of
+the Cconi, flowing in from the south-south-west, was very sluggish as
+far as it could be seen. Its banks, interrupted by large rocks clothed
+with moss, offered now and then promontories surrounded at the base with
+a bluish shade. At the end of the vista, a not very extensive one, a
+quantity of blocks of sandstone piled together resembled a crumbling
+wall. Other blocks were sprinkled over the bed of the stream; and by
+their aid the examinador and the colonel hopped valiantly over the
+Mendoza, leaving the peons, who were less afraid of rheumatism and more
+in danger of slipping, to ford the current at the depth of their
+suspender-buttons.
+
+It was on the top of Huaynapata, while the interpreters built a fire and
+prepared for supper a peccary killed upon the road, that Marcoy observed
+the examinador holding with his Bolivians a conversation in the Aymara
+dialect, in which could be detected such words as _anaranjada_ and
+_morada_. These were the well-known commercial names of two species of
+cinchona. The historiographer interrupted their conversation to ask if
+anything had yet been discovered.
+
+"Nothing yet," replied the examinador; "and this valley of the Cconi
+must be bewitched, for with the course that we have taken we should long
+ago have discovered what we are after. But this place looks more
+favorable than any we have met. I shall beat up the woods to-morrow with
+my men, and may my patron, Saint Lorenzo, return again to his gridiron
+if we do not date our first success in quinine-hunting from this very
+hillock of Huaynapata!"
+
+[Illustration: "THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE
+MENDOZA."]
+
+The above style of threatening the saints is thought very efficacious in
+all Spanish countries. Whether or not Saint Lawrence really dreaded
+another experience of broiling, at the end of certain hours the
+Bolivians reappeared, and their chief deposited in the hands of the
+colonel a few green and tender branches. At the joyful shout of Perez,
+the man of letters, who had been occupied in making a sketch, came
+running up. Two different species of cinchona were the trophy brought
+back by Lorenzo, like the olive-leaves in the beak of Noah's dove. One
+of these specimens was a variety of the _Carua-carua,_ with large
+leaves heavily veined: the other was an individual resembling those
+quinquinas which the botanists Ruiz and Pavon have discriminated from
+the cinchonas, to make a separate family called the _Quinquina
+cosmibuena._ After all, the discovery was rather an indication than a
+conquest of value. The examinador admitted as much, but observed that
+the presence of these baser species always argued the neighborhood of
+genuine quinine-yielding plants near by.
+
+In the presence of this first success on the part of the exploration set
+on foot by Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, we may insert a few words on
+the nature of the wonderful plant toward which its researches were
+directed.
+
+It is doubtful whether the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru, Bolivia and
+Ecuador were acquainted with the virtues of the cinchona plant as a
+febrifuge. It seems probable, nevertheless, that the Indians of Loxa,
+two hundred and thirty miles south of Peru, were aware of the qualities
+of the bark, for there its use was first made known to Europeans. It was
+forty years after the pacification of Peru however, before any
+communication of the remedial secret was made to the Spaniards. Joseph
+de Jussieu reports that in 1600 a Jesuit, who had a fever at Malacotas,
+was cured by Peruvian bark. In 1638 the countess Ana of Chinchon was
+suffering from tertian fever and ague at Lima, whither she had
+accompanied the viceroy, her husband. The corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan
+Lopez de Canizares, sent a parcel of powdered quinquina bark to her
+physician, Juan de Vega, assuring him that it was a sovereign and
+infallible remedy for "tertiana." It was administered to the countess,
+who was sixty-two years of age, and effected a complete cure. This
+countess, returning with her husband to Spain in 1640, brought with her
+a quantity of the healing bark. Hence it was sometimes called
+"countess's bark" and "countess's powder." Her famous cure induced
+Linnaeus, long after, to name the whole genus of quinine-bearing trees,
+in her honor, _Cinchona_. By modern writers the first _h_ has usually
+been dropped, and the word is now almost invariably spelled in that way,
+instead of the more etymological _Chinchona_. The Jesuits afterward made
+great and effective use of it in their missionary expeditions, and it
+was a ludicrous result of their patronage that its use should have been
+for a long time opposed by Protestants and favored by Catholics. In
+1679, Louis XIV. bought the secret of preparing quinquina from Sir
+Robert Talbor, an English doctor, for two thousand louis-d'or, a large
+pension and a title. Under the Grand Monarch it was used at dessert,
+mingled with Spanish wine. The delay of its discovery until the
+seventeenth century has probably lost to the world numbers of valuable
+lives. Had Alexander the Great, who died of the common remittent fever
+of Babylon, been acquainted with cinchona bark, his death would have
+been averted and the partition of the Macedonian empire indefinitely
+postponed. Oliver Cromwell was carried off by an ague, which the
+administration of quinine would easily have cured. The bigotry of
+medical science, even after its efficacy was known and proved, for a
+long time retarded its dissemination. In 1726, La Fontaine, at the
+instance of a lady who owed her life to it, the countess of Bouillon,
+composed a poem in two cantos to celebrate its virtues; but the
+remarkable beauty of the leaves of the cinchona and the delicious
+fragrance of its flowers, with allusions to which he might have adorned
+his verses, were still unknown in Europe.
+
+The cinchonas under favorable circumstances become large trees: at
+present, however, in any of the explored and exploited regions of their
+growth, the shoots or suckers of the plants are all that remain.
+Wherever they abound they form the handsomest foliage of the forest. The
+leaves are lanceolate, glossy and vividly green, traversed by rich
+crimson veins: the flowers hang in clustering pellicles, like lilacs, of
+deep rose-color, and fill the vicinity with rich perfume. Nineteen
+varieties of cinchonae have been established by Doctor Weddell. The
+cascarilleros of South America divide the species into a category of
+colors, according to the tinge of the bark: there are yellow, red,
+orange, violet, gray and white cinchonas. The yellow, among which figure
+the _Cinchona calisaya, lancifolia, condaminea, micrantha, pubescens,_
+etc., are placed in the first rank: the red, orange and gray are less
+esteemed. This arrangement is in proportion to the abundance of the
+alkaloid _quinine,_ now used in medicine instead of the bark itself.
+
+The specimens found by the examinador were carefully wrapped in
+blankets, and the march was resumed. After a slippery descent of the
+side of Huaynapata and the passage of a considerable number of babbling
+streams--each of which gave new occasion for the colonel to show his
+ingenuity in getting over dry shod, and so sparing his threatening
+rheumatism--the cry of "Sausipata!" was uttered by Pepe Garcia. Two neat
+mud cabins, each provided with a door furnished with the unusual luxury
+of a wooden latch, marked the plantation of Sausipata. The situation was
+level, and within the enclosing walls of the forest could be seen a
+plantation of bananas, a field of sugar-cane, with groves of coffee,
+orange-orchards and gardens of sweet potato and pineapple. The white
+visitors could not refrain from an exclamation of surprise at the
+neatness and civilization of such an Eden in the desert. At this point,
+Juan of Aragon, who had been going on ahead, turned around with an air
+of splendid welcome, and explained that the farm belonged to his uncle,
+the gobernador of Marcapata, who prayed them to make themselves at home.
+Introducing his guests into the largest of the houses, Juan presented
+them with some fine ripe fruit which he culled from the garden. Colonel
+Perez, who never lost occasion to give a sly stab to the mozo, asked, as
+he peeled a banana, if he was duly authorized to dispose so readily of
+the property of his uncle: the youth, without losing a particle of his
+magnificent adolescent courtesy, replied that as nephew and direct heir
+of the governor of Marcapata it was a right which he exercised in
+anticipation of inheritance; and that just as Pepe Garcia, the
+interpreter-in-chief, had regaled the party in his residence, he, Juan
+of Aragon, proposed to do in the family grange of Sausipata.
+
+Meantime, the examinador, who had pushed forward with his men, returned
+with a couple more specimens of quinquina, which they had discovered
+close by in clambering amongst the forest. Neither had flowers, but the
+one was recognizable by its flat leaf as the species called by the
+Indians _ichu-cascarilla,_ from the grain _ichu_ amongst which it is
+usually found at the base of the Cordilleras; and the other, from its
+fruit-capsules two inches in length, as the _Cinchona acutifolia_ of
+Ruiz and Pavon. To moderate the pleasures of this discovery, the
+examinador came up leaning upon the shoulder of his principal assistant,
+Eusebio, complaining of a frightful headache, and a weakness so extreme
+that he could not put one foot before the other.
+
+The sudden illness of their botanist-in-chief cast a gloom upon the
+party, and utterly spoiled the festive intentions of young Aragon.
+Lorenzo was put to bed, from which retreat, at midnight, his fearful
+groans summoned the colonel to his side. The latter found him tossing
+and murmuring, but incapable of uttering a word. His faithful Eusebio,
+at the head of the bed, answered for him. The honest fellow feared lest
+his master might have caught again a touch of the old fever which had
+formerly attacked him in searching for cascarillas in the environs of
+Tipoani in Bolivia. These symptoms, recurring in the lower valleys of
+the Cconi, would make it impossible for the brave explorer safely to
+continue with the party. As the mestizo propounded this inconvenient
+theory, a new burst of groans from the examinador seemed to confirm it.
+The grave news brought all the party to the sick bed. Colonel Perez,
+whom the touching comparison of wives made in the hammocks of Morayaca
+had sensibly attached to Lorenzo, endeavored to feel his pulse; but the
+patient, drawing in his hand by a peevish movement, only rolled himself
+more tightly in his blanket, and increased his groans to roars.
+Presently, exhausted by so much agony, he fell into a slumber.
+
+In the morning the examinador, in a dolorous voice, announced that he
+should be obliged to return to Cuzco. This resolution might have seemed
+the obstinate delirium of the fever but for the mournful and pathetic
+calmness of the victim. Eusebio, he said, should return with him as far
+as Chile-Chile, where a conveyance could be had; and he himself would
+give such explicit instructions to the cascarilleros that nothing would
+be lost by his absence to the purposes of the expedition. Yielding to
+pity and friendship, the colonel gave in his adhesion to the plan, and
+even proposed his own hammock as a sort of palanquin, and the loan of a
+pair of the peons for bearers. They could return with Eusebio to
+Sausipata, where the party would be obliged to wait for the three. After
+sketching out his plan, Colonel Perez looked for approval to Mr. Marcoy,
+and received an affirmative nod. The proposition seemed so agreeable to
+the sick man that already an alleviation of his misery appeared to be
+superinduced. He even smiled intelligently as he rolled into the
+hammock. In a very short time he made a sort of theatrical exit, borne
+in the hammock like an invalid princess, and fanned with a palm branch
+out of the garden by the faithful Eusebio.
+
+"Poor devil!" said Perez as the mournful procession departed: "who knows
+if he will ever see his dear wife at Sorata, or if he will even live to
+reach Chile-Chile?"
+
+"Do you really think him in any such danger?" asked the more suspicious
+Marcoy.
+
+"Danger! Did you not see his miserable appearance as he left us?"
+
+"I saw an appearance far from miserable, and therefore I am convinced
+that the man is no more sick than you or I."
+
+On hearing such a heartless heresy the colonel stepped back from his
+comrade with a shocked expression, and asked what had given him such an
+idea.
+
+"A number of things, of which I need only mention the principal. In the
+first place, the man's sickness falling on him like a thunder-clap;
+next, his haste in catching back his hand when you tried to feel his
+pulse; and then his smile, at once happy and mischievous, when you
+offered him the peons and he found his stratagem succeeding beyond his
+hopes."
+
+"Why, now, to think of it!" said the colonel sadly; "but what could have
+been his motive?"
+
+"This gentleman is too delicate to sustain our kind of life," suggested
+Marcoy. "He is tired of skinning his hands and legs in our service, and
+eating peccary, monkey and snails as we do. His Bolivians are perhaps
+quite as useful for our service, and while he is rioting at Cuzco we may
+be enriching ourselves with cinchonas."
+
+In effect, on the return of the peons ten days after, the examinador was
+reported to have got quit of his fever shortly after leaving Sausipata,
+and to have borne the journey to Chile-Chile remarkably well. He charged
+his men to take back his compliments and the regrets he felt, at not
+being able to keep with the company.
+
+Nothing detained the band longer at Sausipata. The ten days of hunting,
+botanizing, butterfly-catching and sketching had been an agreeable
+relief, and young Aragon had assumed, with sufficient grace, the task of
+attentive host and first player on the charango. The returning porters
+had scarcely enjoyed two hours of repose when the caravan took up its
+march once more.
+
+As usual, the interpreters assumed the head of the command: the Indians
+followed pellmell. Observing that some of them lingered behind, Mr.
+Marcoy had the curiosity to return on his steps. What was his surprise
+to find these honest fellows running furiously through the farm, and
+devastating with all their might those plantations which were the pride
+and the hope of the nephew of Aragon! They had already laid low several
+cocoa groves, torn up the sugar-canes, broken down the bananas, and
+sliced off the green pineapples.
+
+Indignant at such vandalism, Marcoy caught the first offender by the
+plaited tails at the back of the neck. "What are you doing?" he cried.
+
+"I am neither crazy nor drunk, Taytachay" (dear little father), calmly
+explained the peon with his placid smile. "But my fellows and I don't
+want to be sent any more to work at Sausipata." As the white man
+regarded him with stupefaction, "Thou art strange here," pursued the
+Indian, "and canst know nothing about us. Promise not to tell Aragon,
+and I will make thee wise."
+
+"Why Aragon more than anybody else?" asked Marcoy.
+
+"Because Senor Aragon is nephew to Don Rebollido, the governor, and
+Sausipata belongs to Rebollido; and if he were to learn what we have
+done, we should be flogged and sent to prison to rot."
+
+The explanation, drawn out with many threats when the Indians had been
+driven from their work of ruin and placed once more in line of march,
+was curious.
+
+The able gobernador of Marcapata had had the sagacious idea of making
+the local penitentiary out of his farm of Sausipata! It was cultivated
+entirely by the labor of his culprits. When culprits were scarce, the
+chicha-drinkers, the corner-loungers, became criminals and disturbers of
+the peace, for whom a sojourn at Sausipata was the obvious cure. Aragon,
+the nephew, shared his uncle's ability, and visited the plantation month
+by month. But the life in this paradise was not relished by the
+convicts. The regimen was strict, the food everywhere abounding, was not
+for them, and the vicinity of the wild Chunchos was not reassuring.
+Often a peon would appear in the market-place of Marcapata wrapped
+merely in a banana leaf, which, cracking in the sun, reduced all
+pretence of decent covering to an irony. This evidence of the spoliation
+of a Chuncho would be received in the worst possible part by the
+gobernador, who would beat the complainant back to his servitude,
+remarking with ingenuity that Providence was more responsible for the
+acts of the savages than he was.
+
+This strange history, told with profound earnestness, was enough to
+make any one laugh, but Marcoy could not be blind to its side of
+oppression and tyranny. This was the way, then, that the humble and
+primitive gobernador, who had presented himself to the travelers
+barefoot, was enriching himself by the knaveries of office! Marcoy could
+not take heart to inform Juan of Aragon of the devastation behind him,
+but on the other hand he resolved to correct the abuse on his return by
+appeal, if necessary, to the prefect of Cuzco.
+
+A frightful night in a deserted hut on a site called Jimiro--where
+Marcoy had for mattress the legs of one of the porters, and for pillow
+the back of a bark-hunter--followed the exodus from Sausipata. The
+Guarapascana, the Saniaca, the Chuntapunco, flowing into the Cconi on
+opposite sides, were successively left behind our adventurers, and they
+bowed for an instant before the tomb of a stranger, "a German from
+Germany," as Pepe Garcia said, "who pretended to know the language of
+the Chunchos, and who interpreted for himself, but who starved in the
+wilderness near the heap of stones you see." Leaving this resting-place
+of an interpreter who had interpreted so little, the party attained a
+stream of rather unusual importance. The reputed gold-bearing river of
+Ouitubamba rolled from its tunnel before them, exciting the most
+visionary schemes in the mind of Colonel Perez, to whom its auriferous
+reputation was familiar. Nothing would do but that the California
+process of "panning" must be carried out in these Peruvian waters, and
+the peons, _multum reluctantes,_ were summoned to the task, with all the
+crow-bars and shovels possessed by the expedition, supplemented by
+certain sauce-pans and dishes hypothecated from the culinary department.
+The issue of the stream from under a crown of indigenous growths was the
+site of this financial speculation. Pepe Garcia was placed at the head
+of the enterprise. A long ditch was dug, revealing milky quartz, ochres
+and clay. The deceptive hue of the yellow earth made the search a long
+and tantalizing one. At the moment when the colonel, attracted by
+something glistening in the large frying-pan which he was agitating at
+the edge of the stream, uttered an exclamation which drew all heads into
+the cavity of his receptacle, an answering sound from the heavens caused
+everybody suddenly to look up. An equatorial storm had gathered
+unnoticed over their heads. In a few minutes a solid sheet of warm
+rain, accompanied by a furious tornado sweeping through the valley,
+caused whites and Indians to scatter as if for their lives. The golden
+dream of Colonel Perez and the similar vision entertained by Pepe Garcia
+were dissipated promptly by this answer of the elements. On attaining
+the neighboring sheds of Maniri the gold--seekers abandoned their
+implements without remark to the services of the cooks, and betook
+themselves to wringing out their stockings as if they had never dreamed
+of walking in silver slippers through the streets of Cuzco. They made no
+further attempt to wring gold from the mouth of the Ouitubamba. As for
+Maniri, it was the last site or human resting-place of any, the very
+most trivial, kind before the opening of the utter wilderness which
+proceeded to accompany the course of the Cconi River.
+
+[Illustration: "THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM
+ITS TUNNEL."]
+
+The Bolivians imagined an exploration of a little stream on the left
+bank, the Chuntapunco, which they thought might issue from a
+quinine-bearing region. They built a little raft, and departed with
+provisions for three or four days. They returned, in fact, after a
+week's absence, with seven varieties of cinchona--the _hirsuta,
+lanceolata, purpurea_ and _ovata_ of Ruiz and Pavon, and three more of
+little value and unknown names.
+
+During the absence of the cascarilleros a flat calm reigned in the
+ajoupa of Maniri. Garcia and the colonel, the day after their
+unproductive gold-hunt, betook themselves into the forest, ostensibly
+for game, but in reality to review their hopeful labors by the banks of
+the Ouitubamba. Aragon was detailed by Mr. Marcoy to accompany him in
+his botanical and entomological tours. On these excursions the
+acquaintance between the mozo and the se�or was considerably developed.
+The youth had naturally a gay and confident disposition, and added not a
+little to the liveliness of the trips. Marcoy profited by their stricter
+connection to converse with him about the cultivation of the farm at
+Sausipata, making use of a venial deception to let him think that the
+plan of operations had been communicated by the governor himself.
+Aragon modestly replied that the plantation in question was only the
+first of a series of similar clearings contemplated by his uncle at
+various points in the valley. Arrangements made for this purpose with
+the governors of Ocongata and Asaroma, who were pledged with their
+support in return for heavy presents, would enable him soon to cultivate
+coffee and sugar and cocoa at once in a number of haciendas. The
+enterprise was a splendid one; and if God--Aragon pronounced the name
+without a particle of diffidence--deigned to bless it, the day was
+coming when the fortune of his uncle, solidly established, would make
+him the pride and the joy of the region.
+
+It may as well be mentioned here that the subsequent career of the
+chest-nut-colored interpreter is not entirely unknown. In 1860, Mr.
+Clement Markham, collecting quinine-plants for the British government,
+came upon a splendid hacienda thirty miles from the village of Ayapata,
+in a valley of the Andes near the scene of this exploration. Here, on
+the sugar-cane estate named San Jos� de Bellavista, he discovered "an
+intelligent and enterprising Peruvian" named Aragon, who appears to have
+been none other than our interpreter escaped from the chrysalis. His
+establishment was very large, and protected from the savages by two
+rivers, Aragon had made a mule-road of thirty miles to the village. He
+found the manufacture of spirits for the sugar-cane more profitable than
+digging for gold in the Ouitubamba or hunting for cascarillas along the
+Cconi. In 1860 he sent an expedition into the forest after wild
+cocoa-plants. An india-rubber manufactory had only failed for want of
+government assistance. He contemplated the establishment of a line of
+steamers on the neighboring rivers to carry off the commerce of his
+plantations. "Any scheme for developing the resources of the country is
+sure to receive his advocacy," says Mr. Markham: "it would be well for
+Peru if she contained many such men."
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+PROBATIONER LEONHARD;
+
+OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+OUR HERO.
+
+Young Mr. Leonhard Marten walked out on the promenade at the usual hour
+one afternoon, after a good deal of hesitation, for there was quite as
+little doubt in his mind as there is in mine that the thing to do was to
+remain within-doors and answer the letters--or rather the letter--lying
+on his table. The brief epistle which conveyed to him the regrets of the
+new female college building committee, that his plans were too elaborate
+and costly, and must therefore be declined, really demanded no reply,
+and would probably never have one. It was the hurried scrawl from his
+friend Wilberforce which claimed of his sense of honor an answer by the
+next mail. The letter from Wilberforce was dated Philadelphia, and ran
+thus:
+
+"DEAR LENNY: Please deposit five thousand for me in some good bank of
+Pennsylvania or New York. I shall want it, maybe, within a week or so. I
+am talking hard about going abroad. Why can't you go along? Say we sail
+on the first of next month. Richards is going, and I shall make enough
+out of the trip to pay expenses for all hands. You'll never know
+anything about your business, Mart, till you have studied in one of
+those old towns. Answer. Thine,
+
+"WIL."
+
+When I say that Leonhard had, or _had_ had, ten thousand dollars of
+Wilberforce's money, and that he was now about as unprepared to meet the
+demand recorded as he would have been if he had never seen a cent of the
+sum mentioned, the assertion, I think, is justified that his place was
+at his office-table, and not on the promenade. What if the town-clock
+had struck four? what if at this hour Miss Ayres usually rounded the
+corner of Granby street on her way home? But, poor fellow! he _had_
+tried to think his way through the difficulty. Every day for a week he
+had exercised himself in letter--writing: he had practiced every style,
+from the jocular to the gravely interrogative, and had succeeded pretty
+well as a stylist, but the point, the point, the bank deposit, remained
+still insurmountable and unapproachable.
+
+Once or twice he had thought that probably the best thing to do was to
+go off on a long journey, and by and by, when things had righted
+themselves somehow, find out where Wilberforce was and acknowledge his
+letter with regrets and explanations. He was considering this course
+when he destroyed his last effort, and went out on the promenade to get
+rid of his thoughts and himself and to meet Miss Ayres. The present
+contained Miss Ayres; as to the future, it was dark as midnight; for the
+past, it was not in the least pleasant to think of it, and how it had
+come to pass that Wilberforce trusted him.
+
+The days when he and Wilberforce were lads, poor, sad-hearted, all but
+homeless, returned upon him with their shadows. It was in those days
+that his friend formed so lofty an estimate of his exactness in figures
+and his skill in saving, and thus it had happened that when the engine
+constructed by Wilberforce began to pay him so past belief, he was
+really in the perplexity concerning places of deposit which he had
+expressed to Marten. Leonhard chanced to be with this young Croesus--who
+had begun life by dipping water for invalids at the springs--when the
+ten thousand dollars alluded to were paid him by a dealer; and the
+instant transfer of the money to his hands was one of those off-hand
+performances which, apparently trivial, in the end search a man to the
+foundations.
+
+What had become of the money? Seven thousand dollars were swallowed up
+in a gulf which never gives back its treasure. And oh on the verge of
+that same gulf how the siren had sung! A chance of clearing five
+thousand dollars by investing that amount presented itself to Leonhard:
+it was one of those investments which will double a man's money for him
+within three months, or six months at latest. The best men of A---- were
+in the enterprise, and by going into it Leonhard would reap every sort
+of advantage. He might give up teaching music, and confine himself to
+the studies which as an architect he ought to pursue; and to be known
+among the A--- landers as a young gentleman who had money to invest
+would secure to him that social position which the music-lessons he gave
+did no doubt in some quarters embarrass.
+
+It was while buoyed up by his "great expectations," and flattered by the
+attentions which strangely enough began to be extended toward him by
+some of the "best men"--who also were stockholders in the new
+sugar-refining process--that Leonhard took a room at the Granby House,
+and began to manifest a waning interest in his work as a music-master.
+
+This display of himself, modest though it was, cost money. Before the
+letter quoted was written Leonhard had begun to feel a little troubled:
+he had been obliged to add two thousand dollars to his original
+investment, and the thought that possibly there might be a demand for a
+yet further sum--for some unforeseen difficulty had arisen in the matter
+of machinery--had fixed in his mind a misgiving to which at odd moments
+he returned with a flutter of spirits amounting almost to panic.
+
+On the promenade he met Miss Ayres. She stood before the window of a
+music-dealer's shop, looking at the photograph of some celebrity--a tall
+and not too slightly-formed young lady, attired in a buff suit with
+brown trimmings, and a brown hat from which a pretty brown feather
+depended. On her round cheeks was a healthy glow, deepened perhaps by
+exercise on that warm afternoon, and a trifle in addition, it may be, by
+the sound of footsteps advancing. Yet as Leonhard approached, she,
+chancing to look around, did not seem surprised that he was so near. Not
+that she expected him! What reason had she for supposing that from his
+office-window he would see her the instant she turned the corner of
+Granby street and walked down the avenue fronting the parade-ground? No
+reason of course; but this had happened so many times that the meeting
+of the two somewhere in this vicinity was daily predicted by the wise
+prophets of the street.
+
+A rumor was going about A---- in those days which occasioned the mother
+of our young lady a little uneasiness. When Leonhard came to A---- it
+was to live by his profession--music. He was an enthusiast in the
+science, and the best people patronized him. He might have all the
+pupils he pleased now, and at his own prices, thought Mrs. Washington
+Ayres, who had herself taught music: why doesn't he stick to his
+business? But then, she reminded herself, they say he has money; and he
+is so bewitched about architecture that he can't let it alone. Too many
+irons in the fire to please me! Perhaps, though, if he has money, it
+makes not so much difference. But I don't like to see a young man
+dabbling in too many things: it looks as if he would never do anything
+to speak of. It is the only thing I ever heard of against him; but if he
+can't make up his mind, I don't know as there could be anything much
+worse to tell of a man.
+
+She was not far wrong in her thinking, and she had seen the great fault
+in the character of young Mr. Marten. It was his nature to take up and
+embrace cordially, as if for life, the objects that pleased him. Perhaps
+the tendency conduced to his popularity and reputation as a
+music-master, for his acquaintance with the works of composers was
+really vast; but the effect of it was not so hopeful when it set him to
+studying a difficult art almost without instruction, in the confidence
+that he should soon by his works take rank with Angelo, Wren and other
+great masters.
+
+At the music-dealer's window Mr. Leonhard stood for a moment beside
+Miss Marion, and then said with a queer smile, "How cool it looks over
+yonder among the trees! I wish somebody would like to walk there with an
+escort."
+
+"Anybody might, I should think," answered the young lady. "I have waded
+through hot dust, red-hot dust, all the afternoon. Besides, I want to
+ask you, Mr. Marten, what it means. Everybody is coming to me for
+lessons. Are you refusing instruction, or are you growing so unpopular
+of late? I have vexed myself trying to answer the question."
+
+"They all come to you, do they? Yes, I think I am growing unpopular. And
+I am rather glad of it, on the whole," answered Leonhard, not quite
+clear as to her meaning, but not at all disturbed by it.
+
+"I know they must all have gone to you first," she said. "Of course they
+all went to you first, and you wouldn't have them."
+
+Leonhard smiled on. Her odd talk was pleasant to him, and to look at her
+bright face was to forget every disagreeable thing in the world. "You
+know I have been thinking that I would give up instruction altogether,"
+said he; "but I suppose that unless I actually go away to get rid of my
+pupils, I shall have a few devoted followers to the last. The more you
+take off my hands the better I shall like it."
+
+"But how should everybody know that you _think_ of giving up
+instruction?" Miss Marion inquired.
+
+"Oh, I dare say I have told everybody," he answered carelessly.
+
+"Ah!" said she; and two or three thoughts passed through the mind of the
+young lady quite worthy the brain of her mother. "I am half sorry," she
+continued. "But at least you cannot forget what you know. That is a
+comfort. And I am sure you love music too well to let me go on
+committing barbarisms with my hands or voice without telling me."
+
+Leonhard hesitated. How far might he take this dear girl into his
+secrets? "My friend Wilberforce is always saying that I ought to study
+abroad in the old European towns before I launch out in earnest," said
+he finally.
+
+"As architect or musician?" asked the "dear girl."
+
+"As architect, of course," he answered, without manifesting surprise at
+the question. "He is going himself now, and he wants me to go with him."
+
+"Why don't you go?" The quick look with which he followed this question
+made Miss Marion add: "It would be the best thing in the world for--for
+a student, I should think. You said once that your indecision was the
+bane of your life. I beg your pardon for remembering it. When you have
+heard the best music and seen the best architecture, you can put an end
+to this 'thirty years' war,' and come back and settle down."
+
+"All very well," said he, "but please to tell me where I shall find you
+when I come home."
+
+"Oh, I shall be jogging along somewhere, depend."
+
+"With your mind made up concerning every event five years before it
+happens? If you had my choice to make, you think, I suppose, that you
+would decide in a minute which road to fame and fortune you would
+choose." Mr. Leonhard used his cane as vehemently while he spoke as if
+he were a conductor swinging his baton through the most exciting
+movement.
+
+"I don't understand your perplexity, that is the fact," said she with
+wonderful candor; "but then I have been trained to do one thing from the
+time I could wink."
+
+"It was expected of me that I should rival the greatest performers,"
+said Leonhard with a half-sad smile. "If I go abroad now, as you
+advise--"
+
+"Advise? I advise!"
+
+"Did you not?"
+
+"Not the least creature moving. Never!"
+
+"If you did you would say, 'Keep to music.'"
+
+"I should say, 'Keep to architecture.' Then--don't you see?--I should
+have all your pupils."
+
+"That would matter little: you have long had all that I could give you
+worth the giving, Miss Ayres."
+
+Were these words intent on having utterance, and seeking their
+opportunity?
+
+In the midst of her lightness and seeming unconcern the young lady found
+herself challenged, as it were, by the stern voice of a sentinel on
+guard. But she answered on the instant: "The most delicious music I have
+ever heard, for which I owe you endless thanks. I have said
+architecture; but I never advise, you know."
+
+"She has not understood me," thought Leonhard, but instead of taking
+advantage of that conclusion and retiring from the ground, he said,
+"Perhaps I must speak more clearly. I don't care what I do or where I
+go, Miss Marion, if you are indifferent. I love you."
+
+What did he read in the face which his dark eyes scanned as they turned
+full upon it? Was it "I love you"? Was it "Alas!"? He could not tell.
+
+"You are pledged to love 'the True and the Beautiful,'" said she quite
+gayly, "and so I am not surprised."
+
+Leonhard looked mortified and angry. A man of twenty-two declaring love
+for the first time to a woman had a right to expect better treatment.
+
+"I have offended you," she said instantly. "I only followed out your own
+train of thought. You may have half a dozen professions, and--"
+
+"I am at least clear that I love only you," he said. "I hoped you would
+feel that. It is certain, I think, that I shall confine myself to the
+studies of an architect hereafter. I will give no more lessons. And
+shall you care to know whether I go or stay?"
+
+Miss Ayres answered--almost as if in spite of herself and that good
+judgment for which she had been sufficiently praised during her eighteen
+years of existence--"Yes, I shall care a vast deal. That is the reason
+why I say, 'Go, if it seems best to you'--'Stay, if you think it more
+wise.' I have the confidence in you that sees you can conduct your own
+affairs."
+
+"If I go," he cried in a happy voice, in strong contrast with his words,
+"it will be to leave everything behind me that can make life sweet."
+
+"But if you go it will be to gain everything that can make life
+honorable. I did not understand that you thought of going for pleasure."
+Ah, how almost tender now her look and tone!
+
+"Say but once to me what I have said to you," said Leonhard joyfully,
+confident now that he had won the great prize.
+
+"Now? No: don't talk about it. Wait a while, and we will see if there is
+anything in it." What queer lover's mood was this? Miss Marion looked as
+if she had passed her fortieth birthday when she spoke in this wise.
+
+"Oh for a soft sweet breeze from the north-east to temper such cruel
+blasts!" exclaimed Leonhard. "Was ever man so treated as I am by this
+strong-minded young woman?"
+
+"Everybody on the grounds is looking, and wondering how she will get
+home with the intemperate young gentleman she is escorting. Did you say
+you were going to talk with your friend Mr. Wilberforce about going
+abroad with him for a year or two?"
+
+"I said no such thing, but perhaps I may. I was going to write, but it
+may be as easy to run down to Philadelphia."
+
+"Easier, I should say."
+
+So they talked, and when they parted Leonhard said: "If you do not see
+me to-morrow evening, you will know that I have gone to Philadelphia. I
+shall not write to let you know. You might feel that an answer was
+expected of you."
+
+"I have never been taught the arts of a correspondent, and it is quite
+too late to learn them," she answered.
+
+Miss Marion will probably never again feel as old as she does this
+afternoon, when she has half snubbed, half flattered and half accepted
+the man she admires and loves, but whose one fault she clearly perceives
+and is seriously afraid of.
+
+The next day Leonhard sat staring at Wilberforce's letter with a face as
+wrinkled as a young ape's in a cold morning fog. After one long serious
+effort he sprang from his seat, and I am afraid swore that he would go
+down to Philadelphia that very afternoon. Therefore (and because he
+clung to the determination all day) at six o'clock behold him passing
+with his satchel from the steps of the Granby House to the Grand
+Division D�p�t. He was always going to and fro, so his departure
+occasioned no remark. He supposed, for his own part, that he was going
+to talk with his friend Wilberforce, and his ticket ensured his passage
+to Philadelphia; and yet at eight o'clock he found himself standing on
+the steps of the Spenersberg Station, and saw the train move on. At the
+moment when his will seemed to him to be completely demoralized the
+engine-whistle sounded and the engine stopped. Utterly unnerved by his
+doubts, he slunk from the car like an escaping convict, and looked
+toward the narrow moonlit valley which was as a gate leading into this
+unknown Spenersberg. The path looked obscure and inviting, and so,
+without exchanging a word with any one, he walked forward, a more
+pitiable object than is pleasant to consider, for he was no coward and
+no fool.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+
+About the time that Leonhard Marten was paying for his ticket in the
+d�p�t at A----, how many events were taking place elsewhere! Multitudes,
+multitudes going up and down the earth perplexed, tempted, discouraged.
+What were _you_ doing at that hour? I wonder.
+
+Even here, at this Spenersberg, was Frederick Loretz--with reason deemed
+one of the most fortunate of the men gathered in the happy
+valley--asking himself, as he walked homeward from the factory, "What is
+the use?"
+
+When he spied his wife on the piazza he seemed to doubt for a second
+whether he should go backward or forward. Into that second of
+vacillation, however, the voice of the woman penetrated: "Husband, so
+early? Welcome home!"
+
+The voice decided him, and so he opened his gate, passed along the
+graveled walk to the piazza steps, ascended, wiping the perspiration
+from his bald head, dropped his handkerchief into his hat and his hat
+upon the floor, and sat down in one of the great wide-armed wooden
+chairs which visitors always found awaiting them on the piazza.
+
+His wife, having bestowed upon him one brief glance, quickly arose and
+went into the house: the next moment she came again, bringing with her a
+pitcher of iced water and a goblet, which she placed before him on a
+small rustic table. But a second glance showed her that he was suffering
+from something besides the heat and fatigue. There was a look on his
+broad honest face that told as distinctly as color and expression could
+tell of anguish, consternation, remorse. He drank from the goblet she
+had filled for him, and said, without looking at his wife, "I have
+brought you the worst news, Anna, that ever you heard." She must have
+guessed what it was instantly, but she made neither sign nor gesture.
+She could have enumerated there and then all the sorrows of her life;
+but for a moment it was not possible even for her to say that this
+impending affliction was, in view of all she had endured, a light one,
+easy to be borne.
+
+"It has gone against us," said Mr. Loretz, picking up his red silk
+handkerchief and passing it from one hand to another, and finally hiding
+his face within its ample dimensions for a moment.
+
+"Do you mean the lot?" Her voice wavered a little. Though she asked or
+refrained from asking, something had taken place which must be made
+known speedily. Wherefore, then, delay the evil knowledge?
+
+He signified by a nod that it was so.
+
+"And that is in store for our poor child!" said the mother.
+
+Mr. Loretz was now quite broken down. He passed his handkerchief across
+his face again, and this time made no answer.
+
+Then the mother, with lips firmly compressed, and eyes bent steadily
+upon the floor, and forehead crumpled somewhat, sat and held her peace.
+
+At last the father said, in a low tone that gave to his strong voice an
+awful pathos, "How can the child bear it, Anna? for she loves Spener
+well--and to love _him_ well!"
+
+"Oh, father," said the wife, who had by this time sounded the depth of
+this tribulation, and was already ascending, "how did we bear it when we
+had to give up Gabriel, and Jacob, and dear little Carl?"
+
+"For me," said the man, rising and looking over the piazza rail into the
+gay little flower-garden beneath--"for me all that was nothing to this."
+
+"O my boys!" the mother cried.
+
+"We know that they went home to a heavenly Parent, and to more delight
+and honor than all the earth could give them," the father said.
+
+"It rent the heart, Frederick, but into the gaping wound the balm of
+Gilead was poured."
+
+"There is no man alive to be compared with Albert Spener."
+
+"I know of one--but one."
+
+"Not one," he said with an emphasis which sternly rebuked the ill-timed,
+and, as he deemed, untruthful flattery. "There is not his like, go where
+you will."
+
+"Ah, how you have exalted him above all that is to be worshiped!" sighed
+the good woman, putting her hands together, and really as troubled and
+sympathetic, and cool and calculating, as she seemed to be.
+
+"I tell you I have never seen his equal! Look at this place here--hasn't
+he called it up out of the dust?"
+
+"Yes, yes, he did. He made it all," she said. "It must be conceded that
+Albert Spener is a great man--in Spenersberg."
+
+"How, then, can I keep back from him the best I have when he asks for it
+--asks for it as if I were a king to refuse him what he wanted if I
+pleased? I would give him my life!"
+
+"Ah, Frederick, you have! It isn't you that denies now--think of that!
+Remind him of it. _Who_ spoke by the lot? Where are you going, husband?"
+
+Mr. Loretz had turned away from the piazza rail and picked up his hat.
+His wife's question arrested him. "I--I thought I would speak with
+Brother Wenck," said he, somewhat confused by the question, and looking
+almost as if his sole purpose had been to go beyond the sound of his
+wife's remonstrating voice.
+
+"Husband, about this?"
+
+"Yes, Anna."
+
+"Don't go. What will he think?"
+
+"Nobody knows about it yet, except Wenck, unless he spoke to Brother
+Thorn."
+
+"Oh, Frederick, what are you thinking?"
+
+"I am thinking"--he paused and looked fixedly at his wife--"I am
+thinking that I have been beside myself, Anna--crazy, out and out, and
+this thing can't stand."
+
+"Husband, it was our wish to learn the will of God concerning this
+marriage, and we have learned it. The Lord----"
+
+"I will go back to the factory," said Mr. Loretz, turning quickly away
+from his wife. "I must see if everything is right there before it gets
+darker." He had caught sight of the tall figure of a woman at the gate
+when he snatched up his hat so suddenly and interrupted his wife. Then
+he turned to her again: "Is Elise within?"
+
+"No, husband: she went to the garden for twigs this afternoon."
+
+"She had not heard?"
+
+"No. It is Sister Benigna that is coming. Must you go back?" She poured
+another glass of water for her husband, and walked down the steps with
+him; and coming so, out from the shade into the sunlight, Sister Benigna
+was startled by their faces as though she had seen two ghosts.
+
+Two hours later, Mr. Loretz again turned his steps homeward, and Mr.
+Wenck, the minister, walked with him as far as the gate. They had met
+accidentally upon the sidewalk, and Mr. Loretz must of necessity make
+some allusion to the letter he had received from the minister that day
+acquainting him with the allotment which had made of him so hopeless a
+mourner. The good man hesitated a moment before making response: then
+he took both the hands of Loretz in his, and said in a deep, tender
+voice, "Brother, the wound smarts."
+
+"I cannot bear it!" cried Loretz. "It is all my doing, and I must have
+been crazy."
+
+"When in devout faith you sought to know God's will concerning your dear
+child?"
+
+"I cannot talk about it," was the impatient response. "And you cannot
+understand it," he continued, turning quickly upon his companion. "You
+have never had a daughter, and you don't understand Albert Spener."
+
+"I think," said the minister patiently--"I think I know him well enough
+to see what the consequence will be if he should suspect that Brother
+Loretz is like 'a wave of the sea, driven with the wind and tossed.'"
+
+Yet as the minister said this his head drooped, his voice softened, and
+he laid his hand on the shoulder of Mr. Loretz, as if he would fain
+speak on and in a different strain. It was evident that the distressed
+man did not understand him, and reproof or counsel was more than he
+could now bear. He walked on a little faster, and as he approached his
+gate voices from within were heard. They were singing a duet from _The
+Messiah_.
+
+"Come in," said Loretz, his face suddenly lighting up with almost hope.
+
+Mr. Wenck seemed disposed to accept the invitation: then, as he was
+about to pass through the gate, he was stayed by a recollection
+apparently, for he turned back, saying, "Not to-night, Brother Loretz.
+They will need all the time for practice. Let me tell you, I admire your
+daughter Elise beyond expression. I wish that Mr. Spener could hear that
+voice now: it is perfectly triumphant. You are happy, sir, in having
+such a daughter."
+
+As Mr. Wenck turned from the gate, Leonhard--our Leonhard
+Marten--approached swiftly from the opposite side of the street. He had
+been sitting under the trees half an hour listening to the singing, and,
+full of enthusiasm, now presented himself before Mr. Loretz,
+exclaiming, "Do tell me, sir, what singers are these?"
+
+Mr. Loretz knew every man in Spenersberg. He looked at the stranger, and
+answered dryly, "Very tolerable singers."
+
+"I should think so! I never heard anything so glorious. I am a stranger
+here, sir. Can you direct me to a public-house?"
+
+To answer was easy. There was but the one inn, called the Brethren's
+House, the sixth below the one before which they were standing. It was a
+long house, painted white, with a deep wide porch, where half a dozen
+young men probably sat smoking at this moment. Instead of giving this
+direction, however, Loretz said, after a brief consultation with
+himself, "I don't know as there's another house in Spenersberg that
+ought to be as open as mine. I live here, sir. How long have you been
+listening?"
+
+"Not long enough," said Leonhard; and he passed through the gate, which
+had been opened for the minister, and now was opened as widely for him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HIGH ART.
+
+The room into which Mr. Loretz conducted Leonhard seemed to our young
+friend, as he glanced around it, fit for the court of Apollo. Its
+proportions had obviously been assigned by some music-loving soul. It
+occupied two-thirds of the lower floor of the house, and its high
+ceiling was a noticeable feature. The furniture had all been made at the
+factory; the floor-mats were woven there; and one gazing around him
+might well have wondered to what useful or ornamental purpose the green
+willows growing everywhere in Spenersberg Valley might not be applied.
+The very pictures hanging on the wall--engraved likenesses of the great
+masters Mozart and Beethoven--had their frames of well-woven willow
+twigs; and the rack which held the books and sheets of music was
+ornamented on each side with raised wreaths of flowers wrought by deft
+hands from the same pliant material.
+
+At the piano, in the centre of the room, sat Sister Benigna--by her
+side, Elise Loretz.
+
+It seemed, when Elise's father entered with the stranger, as if there
+might be a suspension of the performance, but Loretz said, "Two
+listeners don't signify: we promise to make no noise. Sit down, sir:
+give me your bag;" and taking Leonhard's satchel, he retired with it to
+a corner, where he sat down, and with his elbows on his knees, his head
+between his hands, prepared himself to listen.
+
+Sister Benigna said to her companion, "It is time we practiced before an
+audience perhaps;" and they went on as if nothing had happened.
+
+And sitting in that cool room on the eve of a scorching and distracted
+day, is it any wonder that Leonhard composed himself to accept any
+marvel that might present itself? Once across the threshold of the
+Every-day, and there is nothing indeed for which one should not be
+prepared.
+
+If in mood somewhat less enthusiastic than that of our traveler we look
+in upon that little company, what shall we see?
+
+In the first place, inevitably, Sister Benigna. But describe a picture,
+will you, or the mountains, or the sea? It must have been something for
+the Spenersberg folk to know that such a woman dwelt among them, yet
+probably two-thirds of her influence was unconsciously put forth and as
+unconsciously received. They knew that in musical matters she inspired
+them and exacted of them to the uttermost, but they did not and could
+not know how much her life was worth to all of them, and that they lived
+on a higher plane because of those half dozen wonderful notes of hers,
+and the unflagging enthusiasm which needed but the name of love-feast or
+festival to bring a light into her lovely eyes that seemed to spread up
+and around her white forehead and beautiful hair like a supernatural
+lustre. There was a fire that animated her which nobody who saw its glow
+or felt its warmth could question. Without that altar of music--But why
+speculate on what she might have been if she had not been what she was?
+That would be to consider not Benigna, but somebody else.
+
+She was accompanying Elise through Handel's "Pastoral Symphony." Elise
+began: "He is the righteous Saviour, and He shall speak peace unto the
+heathen." At the first notes Leonhard looked hastily toward the window,
+and if it had been a door he would have passed out on to the piazza,
+that he might there have heard, unseeing, unseen. While he sat still and
+looked and listened it seemed to him as if he had been engaged in
+foolish games with children all his life. He sat as it were in the dust,
+scorning his own insignificance.
+
+The young girl who now sat, now stood beside her, must have been the
+child of her training. For six years, indeed, they have lived together
+under one roof, sharing one apartment. Within the hour just passed, that
+has been said by them toward which all the talk and all the action of
+the six years has tended, and the heart of the girl lies in the hand of
+the woman, and what will the woman do with it?
+
+Perhaps all that Benigna can do for Elise has to-day been accomplished.
+It may be that to grow beside her now will be to grow in the shade when
+shade is needed no longer, and when the effect will be to weaken life
+and to deepen the spirit of dependence. Possibly sunlight though
+scorching, winds though wild, would be better for Elise now than the
+protecting shadow of her friend.
+
+Looking at Elise, Leonhard feels more assured, more at home. She has a
+kindly face, a lovely face, he decides, and what a deliciously rich,
+smooth voice! She is rather after the willowy order in her slender
+person, and when she begins to sing "Rejoice greatly," he looks at her
+astonished, doubting whether the sound can really have proceeded from
+her slender throat. He is again reminded of Marion, but by nothing he
+hears or sees: poor Marion has her not small reputation as a singer in
+A----, yet her voice, compared with this, is as wire--gold wire
+indeed--wire with a _color_ of richness at least; while Elise's is as
+honey itself--honey with the flavor of the sweetest flowers in it, and,
+too, the suggestion of the bee's swift, strong wing.
+
+Into the room comes at last Mrs. Loretz. It is just as Elise takes up
+the final air of the symphony that she appears. She would look upon her
+daughter while she sings, "Come unto Him, all ye that labor and are
+heavy laden, and He shall give you rest. Take His yoke upon you, and
+learn of Him," etc. Chiefly to look upon her child she comes--to listen
+with her loving, confident eyes.
+
+But on the threshold of the music-room she pauses half a second,
+perceiving the stranger by the window: then she nods pleasantly to him,
+which motion sets the short silvery hair on her forehead waving, as
+curls would have waved there had she only let them. She wears a cap
+trimmed with a blue ribbon tied beneath her chin, and such is the order
+of her comely gown and apron that it commands attention always, like a
+true work of art.
+
+She sits down beside her husband, and presently, as by the flash of a
+single glance indeed, has taken the weight and measure of the gentleman
+opposite. She likes his appearance, admires his fine dark face and his
+fine dark eyes, wonders where he came from, what he wants, and--will he
+stay to tea?
+
+Gazing at her daughter, she looks a little sad: then she smooths her
+dress, straightens herself, shakes her head, and is absorbed in the
+music, beating time with tiny foot and hand, and following every strain
+with an intentness which draws her brows together into a slight frown.
+Elise almost smiles as she glances toward her mother: she knows where to
+find enthusiasm at a white heat when it is wanted. With the final
+repetition, "Ye shall find rest to your souls," the dame rises quickly,
+and hastening to her daughter embraces her; then passing to the next
+room, she pauses, perhaps long enough to wipe her eyes; then the jingle
+of a bell is heard.
+
+At the ringing of this bell, Sister Benigna rose instantly, saying,
+"Welcome sound!" Loretz also came forth from his corner. He was about to
+speak to Leonhard, when Benigna took up the trombone which was lying on
+the piano, and said, "I am curious to know how many rehearsals you have
+had, sir. It is time, Elise, that our trombonist reported."
+
+Loretz, casting an eye toward his daughter, said, "Never mind Sister
+Benigna. Our quartette will be all right." Then he turned to Leonhard:
+it was not now that he felt for the first time the relief of the
+stranger's presence. "We are going to take food," said he: "will you
+give me your name and come with us?"
+
+Leonhard gave his name, and moreover his opinion that he had trespassed
+too long already on the hospitality of the house.
+
+To this remark Loretz paid no attention. "Wife," he called out, "isn't
+that name down in the birthday book--_Leonhard Marten?_ I am sure of it.
+He was a Herrnhuter."
+
+"Very likely, husband," was the answer from the other room. "Will you
+come, good people?" The good people who heard that voice understood just
+what its tone meant, and there was an instant response.
+
+"Come in, sir," said Loretz; and the invitation admitted no argument,
+for he went forward at once with a show of alacrity sufficient to
+satisfy his wife. "This young man here was looking for a public-house.
+They are full at the Brethren's, I hear. I thought he could not do
+better than take luck with us," he said to her by way of explanation.
+
+"He is welcome," said the wife in a prompt, business-like tone, which
+was evidently her way. "Daughter!" She looked at Elise, and Elise
+brought a plate, knife and fork for "this young man," and placed them
+where her mother indicated--that is, next herself. Between the mother
+and daughter Leonhard therefore took refuge, as it were, from the rather
+too majestic presence opposite known as Sister Benigna. He should have
+felt at ease in the little circle, for not one of them but felt the
+addition to their party to be a diversion and a relief. As to Dame Anna
+Loretz, thoughts were passing through her mind which might pass through
+the minds of others also in the course of time should Leonhard prove to
+be a good Moravian and decide to remain among them. They were thoughts
+which would have sent a dubious smile around the board, however, could
+they have been made known just now to Elise and her father and Sister
+Benigna; and what would our young friend--from the city evidently--have
+looked or said could they have been communicated to him? Already the
+mind and heart of the mother of Elise, disconcerted and distracted for
+the moment by that untoward casting of the lot, had risen to a calm
+survey of the situation of things; and now she was endeavoring to
+reconcile herself to the prospect which imagination presented to the eye
+of faith, _If_ she had perceived in the unannounced appearing of the
+young gentleman who sat near her devouring with keen appetite the good
+fare before him, and apologizing for his hunger with a grace which
+ensured him constant renewal of vanishing dishes,--if she had perceived
+in it a manifestation of the will of Providence, she could not have
+smiled on Leonhard more kindly, or more successfully have exerted
+herself to make him feel at home.
+
+And might not Mr. Leonhard have congratulated himself? If there was a
+"great house" in Spenersberg, this was that mansion; and if there were
+great people there, these certainly were they. And to think of finding
+in this vale cultivators of high art, intelligent, simple-hearted,
+earnest, beautiful!
+
+CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH CAPITAL.
+
+The metropolis of Ireland about the middle of the last century was the
+fourth in Europe in point of size. Since then it has made little
+progress in comparison with many others. Yet it is a large place,
+covering a great area, and holding a population which numbers some three
+hundred thousand souls.
+
+It may further be said that notwithstanding the withdrawal, consequent
+on the Union, of the aristocratic classes from Dublin, the city has
+improved more in the last fifty years than at any previous period.
+Dublin, at the Union, and for some time after, was a very dirty place
+indeed. To-day, although, from that antipathy to paint common to the
+whole Irish nation--which can apparently never realize the Dutch
+proverb, that "paint costs nothing," or the English one, that "a stitch
+in time saves nine"--much of the town looks dingy, it is, as a whole,
+cleaner than almost any capital in Europe, so far as drainage and the
+sanitary state of the dwellings are concerned. And here we speak from
+experience, having last year, in company with detective officers,
+visited all its lowest and poorest haunts.
+
+The cause of this sanitary excellence is that matters of this kind are
+placed entirely in the hands of the police, who rigorously carry out the
+orders given to them on such points. It is devoutly to be hoped that a
+similar system will ere long be in vogue in the towns of our own
+country.
+
+The noblesse have now quite deserted the Irish capital. Besides the
+lord-chancellor, there is probably not a single peer occupying a house
+there to-day. Houses are excellent and very cheap. An immense mansion in
+the best situation can be had for a thousand dollars a year. The markets
+are capitally supplied, and the prices are generally about one-third of
+those of New York. Not a single item of living is dear. But,
+notwithstanding these and many other advantages, the place has lost
+popularity, has a "deadly-lively" air about it, and, it must be
+admitted, is in many respects wondrously dull, especially to those who
+have been used to the brisk life of a great commercial or
+pleasure-loving capital.
+
+"Cornelius O'Dowd" paid a visit to Dublin in 1871 after a long absence,
+and said some very pretty things about it. Never was the company or
+claret better. Well, the fact was, that while the great and lamented
+Cornelius was there he was f�ted and made much of. Lord Spencer gave him
+a dinner, so did other magnates, and his s�jour was one prolonged
+feasting; but nevertheless the every-day life of the Irish capital is
+awfully and wonderfully dull, as those who know it best, and have the
+cream of such society as it offers, would in strict confidence admit.
+From January to May there is an attempt at a "season," during the
+earlier part of which the viceroy gives a great many entertainments.
+These are remarkably well done, and the smaller parties are very
+agreeable. But politics intervene here, as in everything else in
+Ireland, to mar considerably the brilliancy of the vice-regal court.
+When the Whigs are "in" the Tory aristocracy hold off from "the Castle,"
+and _vice vers�_. Dublin is generally much more brilliant under a Tory
+viceroy, inasmuch as nine-tenths of the Irish peerage and landed gentry
+support that side of politics. The vice-reign of the duke of Abercorn,
+the last lord-lieutenant, will long be remembered as a period of
+exceptional splendor in the annals of Dublin. He maintained the dignity
+of the office in a style which had not been known for half a century,
+and in this respect proved particularly acceptable to people of all
+classes. Besides, he is a man of magnificent presence, and has a fitting
+helpmate (sister of Earl Russell) and beautiful daughters; and it was
+universally admitted that the round people had got into the round holes,
+so far as the duke and duchess were concerned.
+
+The lord-lieutenant's levees and drawing-rooms take place at night, and
+are therefore much more cheerful than similar ceremonials at Buckingham
+Palace. His Excellency kisses all the ladies presented to him. The
+vice-regal salary is one hundred thousand dollars, with allowances, but
+most viceroys spend a great deal more. There are in such a poor country,
+where people have no sort of qualms about asking, innumerable claims
+upon their purses.
+
+The office of viceroy of Ireland is one which prime ministers find it no
+easy task to fill. Just that kind of person is wanted for the office who
+has no wish to hold it. A great peer with half a million of dollars'
+income doesn't care about accepting troublesome and occasionally anxious
+duties, from which he, at all events, has nothing to gain. For some time
+Lord Derby was in a quandary to get any one who would do to take it, and
+it may be doubted whether the marquis of Abercorn would have sacrificed
+himself if the glittering prospect of a coronet all strawberry leaves
+(for he was created a duke while in office) had not been held before his
+eyes. The vice-regal lodge is a plain, unpretending building. It is
+charmingly situated in the Phoenix Park (1760 acres), and commands
+delightful views over the Wicklow Mountains. Within, it is comfortable
+and commodious. The viceroy resides there eight months in the year. He
+goes to "the Castle" from December to April. The Castle is "no great
+thing." It is situated in the heart of Dublin. Around it are the various
+government offices. St. Patrick's Hall is a fine apartment, but
+certainly does not deserve the name of magnificent, and is a very poor
+affair compared with the reception-saloons of third-rate continental
+princes.
+
+The Dublin season culminates, so far at least as the vice-regal
+entertainments go, in the ball given here on St. Patrick's Day (March
+17). On such occasions it is _de rigueur_ to wear a court-dress. Even
+those who venture to appear in the regulation trowsers admissible at a
+levee at St. James's are seriously cautioned "not to do it again."
+
+Though Dublin is now deserted by the aristocracy, most of the
+_grand-seigneur_ mansions are still standing. Leinster House, built
+about 1760, and said to have served as a model for the "White House,"
+was in 1815 sold by the duke to the Royal Dublin Society. Up to 1868 the
+duke of Leinster[1] was Ireland's only duke, and the house is certainly
+a stately and appropriate ducal residence.
+
+It must, however, be confessed that there is something decidedly
+_triste_ and severe about this big mansion. A celebrated whilom tenant
+of it, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, appeared to think so, for in 1791 he
+writes to his mother, after his return from the bright and sunny
+atmosphere of America: "I confess Leinster House does not inspire the
+brightest ideas. By the by, what a melancholy house it is! You can't
+conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from Kildare. A
+country housemaid I brought with me cried for two days, and said she
+thought that she was in a prison." It was at Leinster House that "Lord
+Edward"--he is to this day always thus known by the people of Ireland,
+who never think it needful to add his surname--after having joined "the
+United Irishmen," had interviews with the informer Reynolds, who, it is
+believed, afterward betrayed him.
+
+Lady Sarah Napier, mother of Sir William Napier, the well-known
+historian of the Peninsular War, and other eminent sons, was aunt to
+Lord Edward, being sister of his mother. These ladies were daughters of
+the duke of Richmond, and Lady Sarah was remarkable as being a lady to
+whom George III. was passionately attached, and whom, but for the
+vehement opposition of his mother and her _entourage_, he would have
+married. In a journal of this lady's I find the following interesting
+account of the search for her nephew: "The separate warrant went by a
+messenger, attended by the sheriff and a party of soldiers, into
+Leinster House. The servants ran to Lady Edward, who was ill, and told
+her. She said directly, 'There is no help: send them up.' They asked
+very civilly for her papers and for Edward's, and she gave them all.
+Her apparent distress moved Major O'Kelly to tears, and their whole
+conduct was proper."
+
+Lady Edward Fitzgerald (whose husband had served under Lord Moira in
+America) was at Moira House on the evening of her husband's arrest.
+Writing from Castletown, county Kildare, two days after that event, Lady
+Louisa Connolly, Lord Edward's aunt, says: "As soon as Edward's wound
+was dressed he desired the private secretary at the Castle to write for
+him to Lady Edward and tell her what had happened. The secretary carried
+the note himself. Lady E. was at Moira House, and a servant of Lady
+Mountcashel's came soon after to forbid Lady Edward's servants saying
+anything to her that night." She continued, after Lord E.'s death, to
+reside at Moira House till obliged by an order of the privy council to
+retire to England, where she became the guest of her husband's uncle,
+the duke of Richmond.[2]
+
+Lady Moira, who so kindly befriended Lady Edward, was unquestionably a
+very remarkable woman, and had considerable influence, politically and
+socially, in the Dublin of her day. Although an Englishwoman, she became
+in some respects _ipsis Hibernis Hibernior,_ and for a very long period
+prior to her death never quitted the soil of Ireland. Had the Irish
+aristocracy generally been of the complexion of those who assembled in
+the more intimate reunions at Moira House, the history of that country
+during the past century would have been a widely different one. The
+members of that brilliant circle were thorough anti-Unionists, and Lord
+Moira and his sons-in-law, the earls of Granard and Mountcashel, proved
+that they were not to be conciliated by bribes, either in money or
+honors, by entering their formal protest against that measure on the
+books of the Irish House of Lords.
+
+When the delegates on behalf of Catholic claims came to London in 1792,
+it was this enlightened Irish nobleman who received them, and who, in
+the event of the minister declining to admit them, intended as a peer to
+have claimed an audience of the king. Lord Moira both in the English and
+Irish Houses of Peers denounced the oppressive measures of the
+government, and his opposition gave so much offence that the English
+general Lake was reported to hayer declared that if a town in the North
+was to be burnt, they had best begin with Lord Moira's, causing him so
+much apprehension that he removed his collection, which was of
+extraordinary value, from his seat, Moira Hall, in the county Down, to
+England.
+
+The celebrated John Wesley visited Lady Moira at Moira House in 1775,
+"and was surprised to observe, though not a more grand, a far more
+elegant room than he had ever seen in England. It was an octagon, about
+twenty feet square, and fifteen or sixteen high, having one window (the
+sides of it inlaid throughout with mother-of-pearl) reaching from the
+top of the room to the bottom: the ceiling, sides and furniture of the
+room were equally elegant." It was here that two of the greatest members
+of their respective legislatures--Charles Fox and Henry Grattan--first
+met in 1777, and Moira House continued to be the scene of splendid
+entertainments up to the death of the first Lord Moira, in 1793. Wesley
+concludes his letter about Moira House by asking, "Must this too pass
+away like a dream?" Whether like a dream or no, it certainly has been
+signally the fate of this whilom proud mansion to pass from the highest
+to the very humblest almost at a bound. For some years after Lady
+Moira's death (in 1808) the house was kept up by the family, but in 1826
+it was let to an anti-mendicity society. The upper story was removed,
+the mansion was stripped throughout of its splendid decorations--some
+of the furniture is now at Castle Forbes, the seat of the earl of
+Granard, Lady Moira's great-grandson, a worthy descendant--and the
+saloons which were wont to be thronged with the most brilliant and
+splendid society of the Irish metropolis in its heyday are now the abode
+of perhaps the very poorest outcasts who are to be found in the whole
+wide world.
+
+The district in which Moira House stands has long ceased to be
+fashionable. The mansion stands close to the Liffey, a few yards back
+from the road. An elderly man who has charge of the mendicity
+institution for whose purposes the house is at present used, told me
+that he remembered it when kept up by the family, although its members
+were not actually residing there. What is now a fearfully dreary
+courtyard, where the outcasts of Dublin disport themselves, was then, he
+said, a fine garden with splendid mulberry trees, which he, being a
+favorite with the gardener, was permitted to climb--a circumstance which
+had naturally impressed itself on his childish memory. I told him that I
+had heard that long after the difficulties of the first marquis--who
+lent one hundred thousand pounds to George the Magnificent when that
+glorious prince was at the last gasp for _� s. d_.--had compelled him to
+part with his large estates; in the county Down, he had retained
+possession of this mansion, and that it had even descended to the last
+marquis, whose wild career concluded when he was only six-and-twenty;
+but the old man thought it had passed from them long before. He
+remembered, he said, the last peer (with whom the title became extinct)
+coming to Dublin, because he had an interview with him about some
+furniture for his yacht, my informant being at that time in business,
+and he thought he should have heard if the property had been still
+retained. I asked if the marquis had exhibited any interest as to the
+old historical mansion of his family. "Not the slightest," he replied.
+
+Hardy, in his well-known life of Lord Charlemont, says: "His (Lord
+Moira's) house will be long, very long, remembered: it was for many
+years the seat of refined hospitality, of good nature and of good
+conversation. In doing the honors of it, Lord Moira had certainly one
+advantage above most men, for he had every assistance that true
+magnificence, the nobleness of manners peculiar to exalted birth, and
+talents for society the most cultivated, could give him in his
+illustrious countess."
+
+Powerscourt House, a really noble mansion in St. Andrew street, is now
+used by a great wholesale firm, but is so little altered that it could
+be fitted for a private residence again in a very brief time. The
+staircase is grand in proportion, and the steps and balustrades are of
+polished mahogany, the last being richly carved.
+
+Tyrone House is now the Education Office, and Mornington House, where
+Wellington's father resided, and where or at Dangan--for it is a
+doubtful point--the duke was born, is also used for government purposes.
+
+The great squares of Dublin are St. Stephen's Green, Rutland, Mountjoy,
+Merrion and Fitzwilliam Squares. The first of these dates from the
+latter half of the seventeenth century, and is probably in a far more
+prosperous condition now than it ever was before. If we are to judge by
+Whitelaw's history, it presented in 1819 an aspect such as no public
+square out of Dublin--the enclosure of Leicester Square, London,
+excepted--could present. "Of that kind of architectural beauty," he
+says, "which arises from symmetry and regularity, here are no traces."
+Some houses were on a level with the streets, others were approached by
+a grand _perron_. The proprietors were of all degrees: here was the
+great house of a lord, there a miserable dramshop. The enclosure
+consisted of no less than thirteen acres, making Stephen's Green the
+largest public square in Europe. It was simply a great treeless field,
+with an equestrian statue of George II. stuck in the middle of it. The
+principal entrance to the ground is described as "decorated with four
+piers of black stone crowned with globes of mountain granite, once
+respectable, but exhibiting shameful symptoms of neglect and decay."
+There had been a gravel walk called the "Beaux' Walk," from its having
+been a fashionable resort, "but," says Whitelaw, "the ditch which bounds
+it is now usually filled with stagnant water, which seems to be the
+appropriate receptacle of animal bodies in a disgusting state of
+putrefaction." At night this charming recreation-ground was illumined by
+twenty-six lamps, at a distance of one hundred and seventy feet from
+each other, stuck on wooden poles. Such an account of the grand square
+of Dublin does not make one surprised to learn that the main approach to
+it from the heart of the city was of a very miserable description.
+
+In reading Whitelaw's history of Dublin it is impossible not to be
+struck with the fact that it records a degree of neglect and
+indifference on the part of the people and the local authorities to
+beauty, decency and order such as could scarcely be found in another
+country. In the centre of Merrion Square was a fountain of very
+ambitious expense and design, erected to the honor of the duke and
+duchess of Rutland, a lord and lady lieutenant. The fountain was only
+finished in 1791, but "from a fault in the foundation, or some shameful
+negligence in the construction, is already cracked and bulged in several
+places; and though intended as a monument to perpetuate the memory of an
+illustrious nobleman and his heroic father (the famous Lord Granby), is,
+after an existence of only sixteen years, tottering to its fall." Mr.
+Whitelaw continues: "Unhappily, _a savage barbarism that seems hostile
+to every idea of order or decency, of beauty and elegance, prevails
+among but too many of the lower orders_; and hence the decorations of
+almost every public fountain have been destroyed or disfigured: the
+figure, shamefully mutilated, of the water-nymph in this fountain has
+been reduced to a disgusting trunk, and the _alto relievo_ over it shows
+equal symptoms of decay, arising partly from violence, and partly,
+perhaps, from the perishable nature of the materials." Truly a forcible
+picture of art and the appreciation thereof in Ireland!
+
+During the last century some Italians came to Dublin, who left their
+mark upon the interior decorations of rich men's houses. Many of the old
+houses retain the beautiful mantelpieces designed and executed by these
+accomplished artists. A leading house-fitter of Dublin has, however,
+bought up a good many, and they are finding their way to London, where
+it is to be hoped they may produce a revolution in taste, for London
+mantelpieces are, as a rule, hideous. Some of these specimens of art
+have been bought by wealthy Irishmen and transferred to their
+country-houses. One nobleman, Lord Langford, whose ancestral home was
+wrecked in the rebellion of 1798, has lately been restoring it, and
+bought up many of the Dublin mantelpieces.
+
+The ornamentation of Belvedere House, in Gardener Row, is particularly
+elaborate and in wonderfully good repair.
+
+Irish family history contains few sadder stories than that of the first
+countess of Belvedere. Lord Belvedere was a man of fashion who much
+frequented St. James's, and indeed owed his elevation, first to a barony
+and then to an earldom, to the favor of that highly uninteresting
+monarch, George II. Leaving his wife sometimes for long periods at
+Gaulston, a vast and dreary residence (since pulled down) in Westmeath,
+he betook himself to London, and Lady Belvedere at such times lived much
+with her husband's brother, Mr. Arthur Rochfort, and his family. It is
+said that some woman with whom Lord Belvedere had long been connected
+was determined to make mischief between him and his wife. Eight years
+after their marriage, Lady Belvedere was accused of adultery with Mr.
+Rochfort: in an action of _crim. con._ damages to the extent of twenty
+thousand pounds were given, and the defendant was obliged to fly the
+country. For many years he lived abroad, but at length ventured to
+return, when his brother caused him to be arrested, and he died in
+confinement, protesting to the last, as did Lady Belvedere, his
+innocence. For Lady Belvedere a terrible punishment for her alleged
+misdeeds was in store. Her husband quitted Gaulston for a cheerful
+retreat in another part of the county, and henceforth that gloomy
+mansion became the prison-house of the unhappy countess.
+
+When her imprisonment commenced Lady Belvedere was twenty-five. For
+eighteen years she remained a prisoner. Her husband often visited
+Gaulston, but uniformly avoided all personal communication with her.
+Once she succeeded in speaking to him, but her entreaties were in vain,
+and thenceforward, whenever he was about the grounds at Gaulston, the
+attendant accompanying Lady Belvedere in her walks was instructed to
+ring a bell to give warning of her approach. At length, after twelve
+years of captivity, Lady Belvedere contrived to escape, but Lord
+Belvedere, who had been apprised of the fact, reached her father's house
+in Dublin before her, and she found that his representations had weighed
+so strongly with Lord Molesworth--who had married a second time--that
+orders had been given that she was not to be admitted. She then took a
+very unfortunate step by repairing to the house of her friends, the wife
+and family of the brother-in-law with whom she had been accused of being
+guilty of misconduct, Mr. Rochfort himself being in exile. She was
+presently seized and reconveyed to Gaulston, where a much more rigorous
+treatment was henceforth pursued toward her. At length her husband's
+death set her free.
+
+Lady Belvedere passed the rest of her days in peace and comfort at the
+house of her daughter and son-in-law, Lord and Lady Lanesborough. She
+did not long survive her husband, and on her deathbed, after partaking
+of the holy communion, affirmed with a most solemn oath her perfect
+innocence of the crime for which she had suffered so much.
+
+But perhaps in many respects Charlemont House has the most interesting
+recollections connected with it of all the _grand-seigneur_ mansions of
+the Irish metropolis. It was here that the first earl of Charlemont,
+the best specimen of a nobleman that Ireland has to boast of, passed the
+greater portion of his later life. Lord Charlemont's name is to be found
+in all the memoirs of eminent political and literary men of his time. He
+was the friend of Burke and Johnson, a popular member of _the_ club, and
+a munificent patron of literature and art. But more than all this, he
+stuck bravely to his country, and to no man in Ireland did the Stopford
+motto, _Patri� infelici fidelis_, more correctly apply. Had more of his
+order been like him, what a different country might Ireland have been!
+
+I found Charlemont House full of painters and glaziers. The mansion,
+which was retained _in statu quo_ by the late earl, although, for fifty
+years no member of the family had slept there, has now been sold to the
+government, and is being prepared for the accommodation of the survey
+department. The mouldings of the beautiful ceilings are still extant in
+some of the rooms, although what once was gilt is now white-wash. The
+library is much as it was, minus the very valuable collection of books,
+which were sold some time since by the present earl, and fetched a large
+sum, albeit many of the most valuable were destroyed in a fire which
+broke out at the auctioneer's where they were deposited in London.[3]
+
+With his friend Edmund Burke, Lord Charlemont maintained a close
+correspondence. One of Burke's published letters relates to an American
+gentleman, Mr. Shippen, whom he was introducing to the hospitalities of
+Charlemont House, and whom he describes as very agreeable, sensible and
+accomplished. "America and we," he concludes, "are not under the same
+crown, but if we are united by mutual good-will and reciprocal good
+offices, perhaps it may do almost as well. Mr. Shippen will give you no
+unfavorable specimen of the New World."
+
+From the middle of the last century Henrietta street,[4] on the north
+bank of the Liffey, was the residence of many of the leading members of
+the aristocracy. The street is a _cul-de-sac_, with the King's Inn (the
+Temple and Lincoln's Inn of Dublin) at the farther end. The houses are
+extremely spacious and richly ornamented; in fact, far finer in point of
+proportion and design than ordinary London houses of the first class.
+
+Through the politeness of a gentleman who possesses half the street, I
+went over some of the houses, which are extremely spacious, and contain
+beautifully-proportioned rooms richly ornamented with carving and
+moulding. In what was formerly Mountjoy House I found a dining-room
+whose cornices and ceilings were of the most elegant design and
+execution. This house had seen many curious scenes. It was formerly the
+town-house of the earl of Blessington--whose second title was Viscount
+Mountjoy--to whom the whole street belonged. The founder of this family,
+Luke Gardiner, rose from a humble origin by energy and intrigue, and his
+son married the heiress of the Mountjoys. It was occupied up to 1830 by
+the last earl of Blessington, husband of the celebrated literary star.
+Soon after their marriage Lady Blessington accompanied her husband to
+Ireland, and he invited some of his friends who were ignorant of the
+event to dine at his house in Henrietta street. These latter were
+somewhat startled when he entered the room with a beautiful woman
+leaning on his arm whom he introduced as his wife. Among the guests was
+a gentleman who had been in that room only four years before, when the
+walls were hung with black, and in the centre, on an elevated platform,
+was placed a coffin with a gorgeous velvet pall, with the remains in it
+of a woman once scarcely surpassed in loveliness by the lady then
+present in bridal costume. This was the first Lady Blessington.
+
+The last of the Irish noblesse in this street was Lady Harriet, widow of
+the Right Hon. Denis Bowes-Daly, on whom Grattan passed such warm
+eulogies, and who was the original of Lever's happiest creation, _The
+Knight of Gwynne_.
+
+It has been a frequent subject of conjecture why the Phoenix Park was so
+called. The best explanation seems to be that on a site within its
+boundaries there formerly stood, close to a remarkable spring of water,
+an ancient manor-house. The manor was called Fionn-uisge, pronounced
+_finnisk�_, which signifies clear or fair water, and this term easily
+became corrupted into Phoenix. The land became Crown property in 1559,
+and was made into a park in 1662. It was immensely improved and put into
+its present shape by the earl of Chesterfield, author of the
+_Letters_--one of the best viceroys Ireland ever had--about 1743. The
+area is seventeen hundred and sixty acres. With the exception of Windsor
+and our own Fairmount, no public park in the world can compare with it.
+The ground undulates charmingly, the views are extensive and beautiful.
+
+Grouped around the Phoenix Park are many beautiful seats: the finest is
+Woodlands. This belonged formerly to the Luttrells, a notorious family,
+the head of which was raised to the Irish peerage as earl of Carhampton.
+It was with a Lord Carhampton that his son declined to fight a duel, not
+at all because he was his father, but because he "did not consider him a
+gentleman." Early in the century, Woodlands, then known as
+Luttrellstown, became the property of Luke White, one of the most
+remarkable men that Ireland has produced. In 1778, Luke White was in the
+habit of buying cheap odds and ends of literature from a bookseller,
+named Warren, in Belfast to peddle about the country. In 1798 he loaned
+the Irish government, then in great difficulty, a million of pounds! Mr.
+Warren, who found him very punctual and exact, used to permit him to
+leave his pack behind his counter and call for it in the morning. No one
+would then have dreamed that the greasy bag was to lead to such results.
+By degrees, White scraped together some means. He used to take odd
+volumes to a binder in Belfast and employ him to get the "vol." at the
+beginning and end of an odd volume erased, so as to pass it off among
+the unwary as a perfect book, and generally furbish it up. Then he used
+to sell his literary wares by auction in the streets of Belfast. The
+knowledge he thus acquired of public sales procured him a clerkship with
+a Dublin auctioneer. He opened first a book-stall, and then a regular
+book-shop, in Dawson street, a leading thoroughfare of Dublin. There he
+became eminent. He sold lottery-tickets, speculated in the funds and
+contracted for government loans. In 1798, when the rebellion broke out,
+the Irish government was desperately in need of funds. They came into
+the Dublin market for a loan of a million, and the best terms they could
+get were from Luke White, who offered to take it at sixty-five pounds
+per one hundred pound share at five per cent.--not unremunerative terms.
+
+At the time of his death, in 1824, he had long been M.P. for Leitrim,
+and his son was member for the county of Dublin. He left property worth
+a hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars a year. Eventually almost
+the whole of it devolved on his fourth son, who some years ago was
+created a peer of the United Kingdom as Lord Annaly.
+
+The family has probably spent more than a million and a half of dollars
+on elections. It has always been on the Liberal side. The present peer
+has property in about a dozen counties, and is lord-lieutenant of
+Langford, whilst his younger son holds the same high office in Clare.
+
+The University of Dublin consists of a single college--Trinity. This
+edifice forms a prominent feature in the Irish metropolis. It stands in
+College Green, almost opposite to the Bank of Ireland, the former
+legislative chambers. Since the Union, Trinity College has been but
+little resorted to by men of the upper ranks of Irish society, although
+it has certainly contributed some very eminent men to the public
+service--notably, the late unfortunate governor-general, Lord Mayo, and
+Lord Cairns, ex-lord-chancellor of England. Trinity is one of the
+largest owners of real estate in the country. The fellowships are far
+better than those of the English universities. The provost, who occupies
+a large and stately mansion, has a separate estate worth some fifteen
+thousand dollars a year, which he manages himself.
+
+Trinity has a very fine library. It is one of the five which by an act
+of Parliament has a right to demand from the publisher a copy of every
+work published. The origin of the library is quite unique. It dates from
+a benefaction by the victorious English army after its defeat of the
+Spaniards at Kinsale in 1603, when they devoted one thousand eight
+hundred pounds--a sum equivalent to five times that money at present
+rates--to establish a library in the university, being, it may be
+presumed, instigated by some eminent personage, who suggested that such
+a course would be acceptable to the queen, who had founded the
+university.
+
+Dr. Chaloner and Mr. (afterward Archbishop) Ussher were appointed
+trustees of this donation; "and," says Dr. Parr, "it is somewhat
+remarkable that at this time, when the said persons were in London about
+laying out this money in books, they there met Sir Thomas Bodley, then
+buying books for his newly-erected library in Oxford; so that there
+began a correspondence between them upon this occasion, helping each
+other to procure the choicest and best books on moral subjects that
+could be gotten; so that the famous Bodleian Library at Oxford and that
+of Dublin began together."
+
+The private collection of Ussher himself, consisting of ten thousand
+volumes, was the first considerable donation which the library
+received, and for this also, curiously enough, it was again indebted to
+the English army. In 1640, Ussher left Ireland. The insurgents soon
+after destroyed all his effects with the exception of his books, which
+were secured and sent to London. In 1642--when the troubles between King
+and Parliament had broken out--Ussher was nominated one of the
+Westminster Assembly of Divines, but having offended the parliamentary
+authorities by refusing to attend, his library was confiscated as that
+of a delinquent by order of the House of Commons. However, his friend,
+the celebrated John Selden, got leave to buy the books, as though for
+himself, but really to restore them to Ussher. Narrow circumstances
+subsequently caused him to leave the library to his daughter, instead of
+to Trinity. Cardinal Mazarin and the king of Denmark made offers for it,
+but Cromwell interfered to prevent their acceptance. Soon after, the
+officers and, soldiers of Cromwell's army then in Ireland, wishing to
+emulate those of Elizabeth, purchased the whole library, together with
+all the archbishop's very valuable manuscripts and a choice collection
+of coins, for the purpose of presenting them to the college. But when
+these articles were brought over to Ireland, Cromwell refused to permit
+the intentions of the donors to be carried into effect, alleging that he
+intended to found a new college, in which the collection might more
+conveniently be preserved separate from all other books. The library was
+therefore deposited in Dublin Castle, and so neglected that a great
+number of valuable books and manuscripts were stolen or destroyed. At
+the Restoration, Charles II. ordered that what remained of the primate's
+library should be given to the university, as originally intended.
+
+One of the most extraordinary persons who ever occupied the position of
+provost, or indeed any position, was John Hely Hutchinson. He was a man
+of great ability, and perfectly determined to succeed, without being
+troubled with any very tiresome qualms as to the means he employed in
+the process. Such an officeholder as this man the world probably never
+saw. He was at the same time reversionary principal secretary of state
+for Ireland, a privy councilor, M.P. for Cork, provost of Trinity
+College, Dublin, major of the fourth regiment of horse, and searcher of
+the port of Strangford. When he was appointed provost--a situation
+always filled since the foundation by a bachelor--there was great
+indignation amongst the fellows, and to appease them he ultimately
+procured a decree permitting them to marry--a privilege which they,
+unlike their brethren at Oxford and Cambridge, enjoy to this day. His
+position as provost did not prevent his righting a duel with a Mr.
+Doyle, but neither was hurt. Mr. Hutchinson had a great dislike to a Mr.
+Shrewbridge, one of the junior fellows, who had shown opposition to him.
+Mr. Shrewbridge died, and the under--graduates attributed his death to
+the provost's having refused him permission to go away for change of
+air. A thoroughly Hiber-man _�meute_ was the consequence. The provost
+ordered that the great bell, which usually tolls for a fellow, should
+not toll, and that the body should be privately buried at six A.M. in
+the fellows' burial-ground. The students immediately posted up placards
+that the great bell _should_ toll, and that the funeral should be by
+torchlight. They carried the point. Almost all the students attended the
+corpse to the grave in scarfs and hatbands at their own expense, and
+when the funeral oration was pronounced they flew in wild excitement to
+the provost's house, burst open his doors and smashed the furniture to
+pieces. The provost had a hint given him, and with his family had
+retreated to his house near Dublin. It was subsequently stated on good
+authority that Mr. Shrewbridge could not in any case have recovered.
+
+Any one who takes an interest in the most original writer--not to say,
+man--of the eighteenth century will not fail to find his way to "the
+Liberties," as that queer district is called which surrounds St.
+Patrick's Cathedral. Some years ago the present writer made his way into
+the great deserted deanery--the then dean resided in another part of
+the city--got the old woman in charge of the house to open the shutters
+of the dining-room, and gazed at the original portrait of Jonathan
+Swift, which hangs there an heirloom to his successors. Of the precincts
+of his cathedral he writes to Pope: "I am lord-mayor of one hundred and
+twenty houses,[5] I am absolute lord of the greatest cathedral in the
+kingdom, and am at peace with the neighboring princes--_i.e._, the
+lord-mayor of the city and the archbishop of Dublin--but the latter
+sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions, as old Lewis did in
+Lorraine."
+
+Again, he writes to Dr. Sheridan: "No soul has broken his neck or is
+hanged or married; only Cancerina is dead.[6] I let her go to her grave
+without a coffin and without fees."
+
+St. Patrick's, which was, in a deplorable state during Swift's deanship,
+and indeed for a century after, is now restored to its original
+magnificence. Indeed, it may be doubted whether it is not in a condition
+superior to what it ever was. This superb work has been effected
+entirely by the princely munificence of the Guinness family, the great
+_stout_ brewers of Dublin; and Mr. Roe, a wealthy distiller, is now
+engaged in the work of restoring Christ Church, the other Protestant
+cathedral.
+
+I paid a visit to the Bank of Ireland, the edifice on which the hopes of
+so many patriotic Irishmen have been centred, insomuch as it is the old
+Parliament-house. The elderly official who conducted us over the
+building took us first through the bank-note manufacturing rooms, where
+we espied in a corner a queer wooden figure draped in a queerer
+uniform. Demanding its history, he said that the clothes had belonged to
+an old servant of the establishment, and were discovered after his
+decease a few years ago. Formerly the Bank of Ireland was guarded by a
+special corps of its own, and the ancient retainer, who had been a
+member of this very commercial regiment, was proud of it, and had kept
+his dress as a cherished memorial. When George IV. came to Ireland, on
+his celebrated popularity-hunt, in 1821--previous to which no English
+monarch had visited Ireland since William III.--he graciously
+condescended to give the bank a military guard, which has since been
+continued. On the day I went I found a number of soldiers of the Scots
+Fusileer Guards occupying the guard-room. The officer on duty receives
+an allowance of two dollars and a half for his dinner. At the Bank of
+England he gets instead a dinner for himself and a friend, and a couple
+of bottles of wine.
+
+The interior of the Parliament-house is almost the same as when Ireland
+had her own separate legislature. The House of Lords is in precisely the
+condition in which it was left in 1801. It is a large oak-paneled,
+oblong chamber of no particular beauty, and might very well pass for the
+dining-hall of a London guild. There is a handsome fireplace, and the
+walls are in great part covered with two fine pieces of tapestry
+representing the battle of the Boyne and the siege of Derry, King
+William, "of glorious, pious and immortal," etc., being of course the
+most conspicuous object in the foreground. The attendant stated that a
+special clause in the lease of the buildings, to the Bank of Ireland
+Company stipulated that the House of Lords was to remain _in statu quo_.
+Perhaps it may return some of these days to its former use. The House of
+Commons, a large stone hall of stately dimensions, is now the
+cash-office of the bank. There seemed nothing about it architecturally
+to call for special notice. I mooted the probability of the Parliament
+being restored, but found, rather to my surprise, that the attendant
+was by no means disposed to regard such a step with unqualified
+approval. It would be a blessing if the country was fit to govern
+itself, he said, or words to that effect, but looking at the religious
+dissension and political bitterness existing in the country, he feared
+that it wouldn't do yet a while; and I suspect he's right. Ireland is a
+house divided against itself: fifty years hence it may resemble
+Scotland. Meanwhile, there is no doubt whatever that a measure giving
+both Ireland and Scotland something in the nature of State legislatures
+would find favor with many English M.P.s, who greatly grudge having the
+valuable time of the imperial legislature wasted over a gas-bill in
+Tipperary or a water-works scheme for Dundee. The bank seemed to me to
+be guarded with extraordinary care. I went all over the roof, on which a
+guard is mounted at night. At "coigns of vantage" there is a
+bullet-proof palisading, with peepholes through which a volley of
+musketry might be poured. I should fancy that extra precautions have
+probably been taken since the Fenian _�meutes_ of the last ten years.
+
+Dublin swarms with soldiers, constabulary and police. The metropolitan
+police is divided into six divisions, each two hundred strong. Its men
+are, I believe, beyond a doubt the very finest in the world in point of
+physique. Numbers of them are six feet two or three inches high, and
+they are broad and athletic in proportion. Indeed, the magnificence of
+some of them who are detached for duty at certain "great confluences of
+human existence" is such that you see strangers standing and gaping at
+the giants in sheer amazement. The metropolitan police is quite distinct
+from the constabulary, and under a different chief.
+
+Outside the bank, in College Green, is the celebrated statue of William
+III. Its location has been more than once changed, and it is now placed
+where the officer on guard at the bank can keep an eye upon it. This
+fearful object, which would make a Pradier or Chantrey shudder, is
+painted and gilt annually. It has long served as a bone of contention
+between Protestant and Papist, and has come off very badly several times
+at the hands of the latter--a circumstance which probably accounts for
+one of the horse's legs being about a foot longer than the rest--half of
+that limb having been renewed after it had been lost in one of the many
+free fights in which this remarkable quadruped has seen service. The
+greatest proprietor of real estate in Dublin is the young earl of
+Pembroke, son of the late Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, so well known in
+connection with the Crimean war, who was created, shortly before his
+death, Lord Herbert of Lea. His estate, which is the most valuable in
+Ireland, comprises Merrion Square and all the most fashionable part of
+the Irish metropolis, and extends for several miles along the railway
+line running from Kingstown, the landing-place from England, to the
+capital. The property also includes Mount Merrion, a neglected seat
+about four miles from the city. This mansion, which might easily be made
+delightful, commands a charming view over the lovely bay, and is
+surrounded by a small but picturesque park containing deer. It was, with
+the rest of Lord Pembroke's estate, formerly the property of Viscount
+Fitzwilliam, who founded the Fitzwilliam Museum in the University of
+Cambridge.
+
+Lord Fitzwilliam was a somewhat eccentric person. His nearest relation
+had displeased him by some very trivial offence, such as coming down
+late for dinner, so he determined to leave his estate to his distant
+cousin, Lord Pembroke. Falling ill, Lord Fitzwilliam, desired that Lord
+Pembroke might be summoned from London. Word came back that it was
+unfortunately impossible for him to leave England immediately. Presently
+news arrived from Dublin that Lord Fitzwilliam was dead, and had
+bequeathed all--the property is now three hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars a year--to Lord Pembroke, with remainder to his second son. By
+the death of the late Lord Pembroke the English and Irish properties
+have become united, and are to-day worth not less than six hundred
+thousand dollars a year! It is this young nobleman who has lately
+written _The Earl and The Doctor_.
+
+REGINALD WYNFORD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The Fitzgeralds, of which family the duke of Leinster is
+chief, became Protestant in 1611, when George, sixteenth earl of
+Kildare, coming to the title and estates when eight years old, was given
+in ward, according to the custom of the time, to the duke of Lenox (then
+lord privy seal), who bred him a Protestant.]
+
+[Footnote 2: In June, 1798, the corpse of Lord Edward Fitzgerald was
+conveyed from the jail of Newgate and entombed in St. Werburgh's church,
+Dublin, until the times would admit of their being removed to the family
+vault at Kildare. "A guard," says his brother, "was to have attended at
+Newgate the night of my poor brother's burial, in order to provide
+against all interruption from the different guards and patrols in the
+streets: it never arrived, which caused the funeral to be several times
+stopped on its way, so that the funeral did not take place until nearly
+two in the morning, and the people attending were obliged to stay in
+church until a pass could be procured to permit them to go out."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Lord Charlemont had a seat called Marino, beautifully
+situated within a few miles of Dublin. There is within the grounds an
+exquisite building erected from designs of Sir William Chambers. It is a
+small villa, in its arrangements suggesting a _maison de joie_. The
+furniture is just as it was, and although sadly out of repair, the
+visitor can easily judge how exquisite the place must once have been.
+There is a superb mantelpiece, richly mounted in bronze and inlaid with
+lapis lazuli.]
+
+[Footnote 4: The occupants of Henrietta street in 1784 included--the
+primate (Lord Rokeby); the earl of Shannon; Hon. Dr. Maxwell, bishop of
+Meath; the bishop of Kilmore; the bishop of Clogher; Right Hon. Luke
+Gardiner, M.P.; Viscount Kingsborough; Right Hon. D. Bowes-Daly, M.P.;
+Sir E. Crofton, Bart.
+
+Twenty years later, Dublin was nearly deserted by the aristocracy on
+account of the Union. Up to that time nearly all the peers, except those
+really English, seem to have had residences in Dublin. In 1844, Lords
+Longford, De Vesci and Monck were the only peers who had houses there.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The precincts, including a portion of the Liberties, were
+then entirely under the jurisdiction of the dean of St. Patrick's.]
+
+[Footnote 6: It was a part of the grim and ghastly humor of this
+extraordinary man,
+
+    "Who left what little wealth he had
+    To found a home for fools or mad,
+    And prove by one satiric touch
+    No nation wanted it so much,"
+
+to give nicknames, of which Cancerina was one, to the poor old wretches
+he met in his walks, to whom he gave charity.
+
+Amongst Cancerina's sisters in misery were Stompanympha, Pullagowna,
+Friterilla, Stumphantha.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MAESTRO'S CONFESSION.
+
+(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO--1460.)
+
+    I.
+
+        Threescore and ten!
+          I wish it were all to live again.
+        Doesn't the Scripture somewhere say,
+        By reason of strength men oft-times may
+          Even reach fourscore? Alack! who knows?
+        Ten sweet, long years of life! I would paint
+        Our Lady and many and many a saint,
+          And thereby win my soul's repose.
+        Yet, Fra Bernardo, you shake your head:
+                Has the leech once said
+                I must die? But he
+        Is only a fallible man, you see:
+        Now, if it had been our father the pope,
+        I should _know_ there was then no hope.
+        Were only I sure of a few kind years
+        More to be merry in, then my fears
+        I'd slip for a while, and turn and smile
+        At their hated reckonings: whence the need
+        Of squaring accounts for word and deed
+        Till the lease is up?... How? hear I right?
+        No, no! You could not have said, _To-night_!
+
+        II.
+
+                Ah, well! ah, well!
+        "Confess"--you tell me--"and be forgiven."
+        Is there no easier path to heaven?
+          Santa Maria! how can I tell
+        What, now for a score of years and more,
+          I've buried away in my heart so deep
+        That, howso tired I've been, I've kept
+        Eyes waking when near me another slept,
+          Lest I might mutter it in my sleep?
+          And now at the last to blab it clear!
+        How the women will shrink from my pictures! And worse
+        Will the men do--spit on my name, and curse;
+          But then up in heaven I shall not hear.
+
+                I faint! I faint!
+        Quick, Fra Bernardo! The figure stands
+          There in the niche--my patron saint:
+        Put it within my trembling hands
+          Till they are steadier. So!
+                My brain
+        Whirled and grew dizzy with sudden pain,
+        Trying to span that gulf of years,
+        Fronting again those long laid fears.
+        _Confess_? Why, yes, if I must, I must.
+        Now good Sant' Andrea be my trust!
+        But fill me first, from that crystal flask,
+        Strong wine to strengthen me for my task.
+        (That thing is a gem of craftsmanship:
+        Just mark how its curvings fit the lip.)
+
+        Ah, you, in your dreamy, tranquil life,
+        How can _you_ fathom the rage and strife,
+        The blinding envy, the burning smart,
+        That, worm-like, gnaws the Maestro's heart
+        When he sees another snatch the prize
+        Out from under his very eyes,
+          For which he would barter his soul? You see
+        I taught him his art from first to last:
+          Whatever he was he owed to me.
+        And then to be browbeat, overpassed,
+        Stealthily jeered behind the hand!
+        Why that was more than a saint could stand;
+        And I was no saint. And if my soul,
+        With a pride like Lucifer's, mocked control,
+        And goaded me on to madness, till
+        I lost all measure of good or ill,
+        Whose gift was it, pray? Oh, many a day
+        I've cursed it, yet whose is the blame, I say?
+
+        _His name_? How strange that you question so,
+        When I'm sure I have told it o'er and o'er,
+        And why should you care to hear it more?
+
+        III.
+
+        Well, as I was saying, Domenico
+        Was wont of my skill to make such light,
+        That, seeing him go on a certain night
+        Out with his lute, I followed. Hot
+        From a war of words, I heeded not
+          Whither I went, till I heard him twang
+        A madrigal under the lattice where
+          Only the night before I sang.
+        --A double robbery! and I swear
+        'Twas overmuch for the flesh to bear.
+
+        _Don't ask me_. I knew not what I did,
+        But I hastened home with my rapier hid
+        Under my cloak, and the blade was wet.
+          Just open that cabinet there and see
+        The strange red rustiness on it yet.
+
+        A calm that was dead as dead could be
+        Numbed me: I seized my chalks to trace--
+        What think you?--_Judas Iscariot's face_!
+        I just had finished the scowl, no more,
+        When the shuffle of feet drew near my door
+          (We lived together, you know I said):
+        Then wide they flung it, and on the floor
+          Laid down Domenico--dead!
+
+        Back swam my senses: a sickening pain
+        Tingled like lightning through my brain,
+        And ere the spasm of fear was broke,
+        The men who had borne him homeward spoke
+        Soothingly: "Some assassin's knife
+        Had taken the innocent artist's life--
+        Wherefore, 'twere hard to say: all men
+        Were prone to have troubles now and then
+        The world knew naught of. Toward his friend
+        Florence stood waiting to extend
+        Tenderest dole." Then came my tears,
+        And I've been sorry these twenty years.
+
+        Now, Fra Bernardo, you have my sin:
+        Do you think Saint Peter will let me in?
+
+MARGARET J. PRESTON.
+
+
+
+
+MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT.
+
+"_La transfusion parait avoir eu quelque succes dans ces derniers
+temps_."
+
+A dejected man, M. le docteur Maurice Fournier locked the door of his
+physiological laboratory in the Place de l'�cole de M�decine, and walked
+away toward his rooms in the rue Rossini. At two-and-thirty, rich,
+brilliant, an ambitious graduate of l'�cole de M�decine, an enthusiastic
+pupil of Claude Bernard's, a devoted lover of science, and above all of
+physiology, yesterday he was without a care save to make his name great
+among the great names of science--to win for himself a place in the
+foremost rank of the followers of that mistress whom only he loved and
+worshiped. To-day a word had swept away all his fondest hopes.
+Trousseau, the keenest observer in all Paris, formerly his father's
+friend, now no less his own, had kindly but firmly called his attention
+to himself, and to the malady that had so imperceptibly and insidiously
+fastened itself upon him that until the moment he never dreamed of its
+approach. He had been too full of his work to think of himself. In any
+other case he would scarcely have dared to dispute the opinion of the
+highest medical authority in Europe; nevertheless in his own he began to
+argue the matter: "But, my dear doctor, I am well."
+
+"No, my friend, you are not. You are thin and pale, and I noticed the
+other night, when you came late to the meeting of the Institute, that
+your breathing was quick and labored, and that the reading of your
+excellent paper was frequently interrupted by a short cough."
+
+"That was nothing. I was hurried and excited, and I have been keeping
+myself too closely to my work. A run to Dunkerque, a week of rest and
+sea-air, will make all right again."
+
+But the great man shook his head gravely: "Not weeks, but years, of a
+different life are needed. You must give up the laboratory altogether if
+you want to live. Remember your mother's fate and your father's early
+death--think of the deadly blight that fell so soon upon the rare beauty
+of your sister. Some day you will realize your danger: realize it now,
+in time. Close your laboratory, lock up your library, say adieu to
+Paris, and lead the life of a traveler, an Arab, a Tartar. For the
+present cease to dream of the future: strength is better than a
+professorship in the College of France, and health more than the cross
+of the Legion of Honor."
+
+Fournier was at first surprised and incredulous: he became convinced,
+then alarmed. After some thought he was horribly dejected. At such a
+time an Englishman becomes stolid, a German gives up utterly, an
+American begins to live fast, since he may not live long; but he, being
+a Frenchman and a Parisian, had alternations--first, the idea of
+suicide, which means sleep; second, reaction, which is hopefulness.
+
+He chose to react, and did it promptly. A little time, and the rooms in
+the Place de l'�cole de M�decine, opposite the bookseller's, displayed a
+card stuck on the entrance-door with red wafers, "_� louer_," the hammer
+of the auctioneer knocked down the comfortable furniture of the
+apartments in the rue Rossini, while that of the carpenter nailed up the
+well-beloved books in stout boxes, and the places that had known M. le
+docteur knew him no more. None but those who have experienced the
+pleasures of a life devoted to scientific research can understand how
+hard all this was to him. The fulfillment of long-cherished desires, the
+completion of elaborate systematic investigations, the realization of
+pet theories, the establishment of new principles,--all, all abandoned
+after so much toil and care. To struggle painfully through a desert
+toward some beautiful height, which, at first dimly seen, has grown
+clearer and clearer and always more splendid as he advances, and now at
+its very foot to be turned back by a gloomy stream in whose depths lurks
+death itself; to reach out his hand to the golden truth, fruit of much
+winnowing of human knowledge, and as he grasps the precious grains to be
+borne back by a grim spectre whose very breath is horrible with the
+noisome odors of the tomb; to choose an arduous life, and learn to love
+it because it has high aims, and then to give it up at once and
+utterly!--alas, poor Fournier!
+
+"Nevertheless," he said as he turned his back on Paris, "even idle
+wanderings are better than dying of consumption."
+
+Behold the student of science a wanderer--sailing his yacht among the
+islands of the Mediterranean; making long journeys through the wild
+mountain-regions and lovely valleys of untraveled Spain; stemming the
+historic current of the Nile; among the nomad tribes, in Arab costume
+riding an Arabian mare, as wild an Arab as the wildest of them; killing
+tigers in India, tending stock in Australia, chasing buffaloes in
+Western America,--everywhere avoiding civilization and courting Nature
+and the company of men who either by birth or adoption were the children
+of Nature. By day the winds of heaven kissed his cheeks and the sun
+bronzed them: at night he often fell asleep wondering at the star-worlds
+that gemmed the only canopy over his welcome blanket-couch.
+
+His treatment of consumption was certainly a rational one, and perhaps
+the only one that is ever wholly successful. But, alas! few can take so
+costly a prescription.
+
+How often had his studies led him to dissect the bodies of animals that
+had died in their dens in the Jardin des Plantes! Often in the first
+generation of cage-life, almost always in the second, invariably in the
+third, they grow dull, listless, the fire goes out of their eyes, the
+litheness out of their limbs: they forget to eat, they cough, and soon
+they die. Of what? Consumption. Once our fathers were wild and lived in
+the open air: they scarcely ever died, as we do, of consumption.
+Crowded cities, bad drainage, overwork, want of healthful exercise,
+stimulating food, dissipation,--these are human cage-life. If a man is
+threatened with consumption, let him go back to the plains and forests
+before it is too late.
+
+Certainly the treatment benefited Fournier. By and by it did more--it
+cured him. The cough was forgotten, the cheeks filled out, the muscles
+became hard as bundles of steel wire, his strength was prodigious: he
+ate his food with a relish unknown in Paris, and slept like a child.
+
+Nevertheless, his mind, trained to habits of thought and observation,
+was not idle. When a city was his home he had been a physiologist and
+had studied _man_: he made the world his dwelling-place, and wandering
+among the nations he became an ethnologist and began to study _men_.
+
+A distinguished professor, writing of the influence of climate upon man,
+for the sake of illustration supposes the case of a human being whose
+life should be prolonged through many ages, and who should pass that
+life in journeying slowly from the arctic regions southward through the
+varying climates of the earth to the eternal winter of the antarctic
+zone. Always preserving his personal identity, this traveler would
+undergo remarkable changes in form, feature and complexion, in habits
+and modes of life, and in mental and moral attributes. Though he might
+have been perfectly white at first, his skin would pass through every
+degree of darkness until he reached the equator, when it would be black.
+Proceeding onward, he would gradually become fairer, and on reaching the
+end of his journey he would again be pale. His intellectual powers would
+vary also, and with them the shape of his skull. His forehead, low and
+retreating, would by degrees assume a nobler form as he advanced to more
+genial climes, the facial angle reaching its maximum in the temperate
+zone, only to gradually diminish as he journeyed toward the torrid, and
+to again exhibit under the equator its original base development. As he
+continued his journey toward the south pole he would undergo a second
+time this series of progressing and retrograding changes, until at
+length, as he laid his weary bones to rest in some icy cave in the drear
+antarctics,
+
+    Multum ille et terris jactatus et alto,
+
+he would be in every respect, save in age and a ripe experience, the
+same as at the outset of his wanderings.
+
+Extravagant as this illustration may appear, the professor goes on to
+say, philosophically, on the doctrine of the unity of the human race, it
+is not so; for what else than such an imaginary prolonged individual
+life is the life of the race? And what greater changes have occurred to
+our imaginary traveler than have actually befallen the human family?
+
+The facts are patent. Under the equator is found the negro, in the
+temperate zones the Indo-European, and toward the pole the Lapp and
+Esquimaux. They are as different as the climates in which they dwell;
+nevertheless, history, philology, the common traditions of the race,
+revelation, point to their brotherhood.
+
+How is it that climate can bring about such modifications in man? Is it
+possible that the sun, shining upon his face and his children's faces
+for ages, can make their skin dark, and their hair crisp and curly, and
+their foreheads low? Or that sunshine and shadow, spring-time and
+autumn, summer's showers beating upon him and winter's snows falling
+about his path, can make him fair and free? Or that the dreary night and
+cheerless day of many changeless arctic years can make him short and fat
+and stolid as a seal? Surely not. These avail much; but other
+influences, indirect and obscure in their workings, but not the less
+essentially climatic, are required. Food, raiment, shelter, occupation,
+amusement, influences that tell upon the very citadel and stronghold of
+life--and all in their very nature climatic, since they are controlled
+and modified by climate--are the means by which such changes are
+effected. The savage living in the open air, not trammeled with much
+clothing, anointing his skin with oil, eating uncooked food, delighting
+in the chase and in battle, and living thus because his surroundings
+indicate it, becomes swart and athletic, fierce, cunning and
+cruel--takes ethnologically the lowest place. Of literature, science,
+art, he knows nothing: for him will is justice, fear law, some miserable
+fetich God. Still, in his nature lie dormant all the capabilities of the
+noblest manhood, awaiting only favorable surroundings to call them into
+glorious being. It might shock the salt of the earth to reflect that
+some centuries of life among them and their fair descendants would make
+him like them.
+
+The arctic savage clad in furs and eating blubber does not differ
+essentially from his brother of the tropics. So much of his food is
+necessarily converted into heat that he cannot afford to lead so active
+a life; but he also, like him of the tropics, partakes with his
+surroundings in color. The one, living amid snowclad scenery, where the
+sparse vegetation is gray and grayish-green, and the birds and animals
+almost as white as the snow over which they wander, is pale, etiolated.
+The other, under a vertical sun, surrounded by a lush and lusty growth,
+whose flowers for variety and intensity of color are beyond description,
+and in which birds of brightest plumage and black and tawny beasts make
+their home, has the most marked supply of pigment--is dark-hued, black,
+in short a negro. Between these two extremes is the typical man, fair of
+face, with expanded brow and wavy hair, well fed, well clad, well
+housed, wresting from Nature her hidden things and making her mightiest
+forces the workers of his will; heaping together knowledge, cherishing
+art, reverencing justice, worshiping God. How startling the contrast
+between brothers!
+
+Such changes do not take place in a few generations. For their
+completion hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years must elapse. The
+descendants of the blacks who were carried from Africa to America as
+slaves two centuries and a half ago, save where their color has been
+modified by a mixed parentage, are still black. Already the influence
+of new climatic surroundings and of association has wrought great
+changes upon them: they are no longer savages. But their complexion is
+as dark as that of their kidnapped forefathers. Their original physical
+condition remains almost unaltered, and with it many mental
+characteristics: their love of display and of bright colors, their
+fondness for tune and the power of music to move them, their weird and
+fantastic belief in ghosts and spirits, in signs, omens and charms, and
+many other traits, still bear witness to their savage origin. But even
+these are fading away, and these men are slowly but not the less surely
+becoming civilized and _white_.
+
+The point of departure for every structural change in a living organism
+lies in the apparatus by which nutrition is maintained; and this in the
+higher classes is the blood. Most complex and wonderful of fluids, it
+contains in unexplained and inscrutable combination salts of iron, lime,
+soda and potassa, with water, oil, albumen, paraglobulin and fibrinogen,
+which united form fibrine--in fact, at times, some part of everything we
+eat and all that goes to form our bodies, which it everywhere permeates,
+vitalizes and sustains. Borne in countless numbers in its ever-ebbing
+and returning streams are little disks, flattened, bi-concave, not
+larger in man than one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, called
+red corpuscles, whose part it is to carry from the lungs to the tissues
+pure oxygen, without which the fire called life cannot be sustained, and
+back from the tissues to the lungs carbonic acid, one of the products of
+that fire; and larger, yet marvelously small, bodies called leucocytes
+or white corpuscles, whose precise origin and use to this day, in spite
+of all the labor that has been spent upon their study, remain unknown.
+But that which makes the blood wonderful above all other fluids is its
+vitality. Our common expression, "life's blood," is no idle phrase. The
+blood is indeed the very throne of life. If its springs are pure and
+bountiful, if its currents flow strong and free, muscle, bone and brain
+grow in symmetry and power, and there is cunning to devise and the
+strong right arm to execute. But if it be thin and poor, and its
+circulation feeble and uncertain, the will flags, the mind is weak and
+vacillating, the muscles grow puny, and the man becomes an unresisting
+prey to disease and circumstance. If it escape through a wound, strength
+ebbs with it, until at length life itself flows out with the unchecked
+crimson stream. Thus, then, by acting upon the blood, climate has
+wrought and is working such changes upon man. But why are
+constantly-acting causes so slow in producing their effects? How is it
+that countless generations must pass away before purely climatic causes,
+potent as they are, begin to manifest themselves in physical changes in
+the races of men exposed to them?
+
+Fournier, physiologist, as I have said, by the education of the schools,
+but by the broader education of his travels sociologist and ethnologist,
+devoted himself again to science, and framed this hypothesis: _Climatic
+influences, acting upon man, bring about physical changes exceedingly
+slowly, because they are resisted by an inveterate habit of
+assimilation. This habit pertains either to the blood or the tissues,
+possibly to both, probably to the blood alone_.
+
+To establish an hypothesis experiment is necessary. Physiology is a
+science of experiment. Hence the frequent uncertainty of its results,
+since no two observers conduct an experiment in exactly the same
+manner--certainly no two ever institute it under precisely the same
+conditions. Nevertheless, let us not decry science. Out of much
+searching after truth comes the finding of truth--after long groping in
+darkness one comes upon a ray of light.
+
+An experiment was necessary. To the ingenious mind of Fournier an
+elaborate one occurred. If he could perform it, not only would his
+hypothesis be established and confirmed beyond all cavil, but a, field
+of scientific research also be opened such as was yet undreamed of.
+However, for this experiment subjects were needed. Brutes, beasts of the
+field? Not so: that were easy to achieve. Human beings, two living,
+healthy men, one white, one black, were the requirements. Impossible!
+The experiment could never be performed: its requirements were
+unattainable. O tempora! O mores! Alas, for the degeneracy of the age!
+In the days of the Roman emperors men were fed, literally fed, to wild
+beasts in the arena--Gauls, Scythians, Nubians, even Roman freedmen when
+barbarians were scarce. This to amuse the populace alone. Frightful
+waste of life! In India, a thousand lives thrown away in a day under the
+wheels of Juggernaut; in Europe, tens of thousands to gratify the
+imperious wills of grasping monarchs; in America, hundreds to sate the
+greed of railroad corporations. And now not two men to be had for an
+experiment of untold value to science, that would scarcely endanger life
+in one of them, and in the other would necessitate only the merest
+scratch! To what are we coming? No one complains that tattooed heads are
+going out of fashion--that the king of the Cannibal Isles no longer
+flatters a ship's master by inquiring which head of all his subjects is
+ornamented most to his fancy, and the next day sending him that head as
+a souvenir of his visit to the anthropophagic shores. It is well that
+the custom is dead. But is there not danger of drifting too far even
+toward the shore of compassion? May it not be that there is something
+wrong with the bowels of mercy when criminals are executed barbarously,
+while science needs their lives, or at least an insight into the method
+of their dying; when precise examination of the manner of nerve and
+blood supply to the organs of a superannuated horse is heavily finable;
+when charitable but perchance too enthusiastic societies for the
+prevention of cruelty to animals push their earnestness even to
+interference with scientific researches, because, forsooth! they
+jeopardize the lives of rabbits, guinea-pigs and dogs? The legend _Cave
+canem_ bears a deeper meaning now than it did in the inlaid pavements
+of Pompeian vestibules. We dare not trample it under foot.
+
+Five years passed, and with restored health back came the old desires in
+redoubled force. Fournier longed to return to civilization and to work.
+The life that had been so delightful while it did him good became
+utterly unbearable when he had reaped its full benefit. I am tempted to
+quote a line about Europe and Cathay, but refrain: it will recur to the
+reader. He burned to renew the labors he had abandoned, to take up again
+the work he had laid down to do battle with disease, now that disease
+was vanquished. Thus the year 1863 found him in the city of Charleston,
+homeward bound in his journey around the world.
+
+While still in the wilds west of the Mississippi he could have shaped
+his course northward and readily proceeded directly by steamer from New
+York to Europe. But a determined purpose led him to choose a different
+course, though he was well aware that it would involve indefinite delay
+in reaching Paris, and great personal risk. The life he had been leading
+made him think lightly of danger, and years would be well spent if he
+could accomplish the plans that induced him to go into the disorganized
+country of the South.
+
+He straightway connected himself with the army as surgeon, and solicited
+a place at the front. He wanted active service. In this he was
+disappointed. Charleston, blockaded and beseiged, was in a state of
+military inaction. Save the occasional exchange of shot and shell at
+long range between the works on shore and those which the Unionists had
+erected and held upon the neighboring islands and marshes, nothing was
+done, and for nearly a year Fournier experienced the irksomeness of
+routine duty in a wretchedly arranged and appointed military hospital.
+Nevertheless, the time was not wholly wasted. From a planter fleeing
+from the anarchy of civil war he procured a native African slave, one of
+the shipload brought over a few years before in the Wanderer, the last
+slave-ship that put into an American harbor. This man he made his
+body-servant and kept always near him, partly to study him, but chiefly
+to secure his complete mental and moral thraldom. An almost unqualified
+savage, Fournier avoided systematiclly everything that would tend to
+civilize him. He taught him many things that were convenient in his
+higher mode of life, and taught him well, but of the great principles of
+civilization he strove to keep him in ignorance; and more, he so
+confused and distorted the few gleams of light that had reached that
+darkened soul that they made its gloom only the more hideous and
+profound. He wanted a man altogether savage, mentally, morally and
+physically. Instead of teaching him English or French, he learned from
+him many words of his own rude native tongue, and communicated with him
+as much as possible in that alone, aided by gesture, in which, like all
+Frenchmen, he possessed marvelous facility of expression. In the
+unexplored back-country of Africa the negro had been a prince, and
+Fournier bade him look forward to the time when he would return and
+rule. He always addressed him by his African name and title in his own
+tongue. He took him into the wards of his hospital, and taught him to be
+useful at surgical operations and to care for the instruments, that he
+might become familiar with them and with the sight of blood, which at
+first maddened him. Once he gave him a drug that made his head throb,
+and then bled him, with almost instant relief. He affected an interest
+in the amulets which hung at his neck, and besought him to give him one
+to wear. He committed to his care, with expressions of the greatest
+solicitude, a strong box, brass bound and carefully locked, which he
+told him contained his god, a most potent and cruel deity, who would,
+however, when it pleased him, give back the life of a dead man for
+_blood_. This box contained a silver cup, with a thermometer fixed in
+its side; a glass syringe holding about a third of a pint; a large
+curved needle perforated in its length like a tube, sharp at one end, at
+the other expanded to fit accurately the nozzle of the syringe; a
+little strainer also fitting the syringe; and last, a small bundle of
+wires with a handle like an egg-beater.
+
+For the rest, this savage was crooked, ill-shapen and hideous. His skin
+was as black as night; his head small, the face immensely
+disproportionate to the cranium; his jaws massive and armed with
+glittering white teeth filed to points; his cheeks full, his nose flat,
+his eyes little, deep-set, restless, wicked. The usage he received from
+his new master was so different from his former experience with white
+men, and so in accord with his own undisciplined nature, that it called
+forth all the sympathies of his character. He soon loved the Frenchman
+with an intensity of affection almost incomprehensible. It is no
+exaggeration to say that he would have willingly laid down his life to
+gratify his master's slightest wish. The latter's knowledge was to him
+so comprehensive, his power so boundless and his will so imperious and
+inflexible, that he feared and worshiped him as a god.
+
+Fournier looked upon his monster with satisfaction, and longed for a
+battle. His wish was at last gratified. On the Fourth of July, 1864, an
+engagement took place three miles north-west of Legar�ville, near the
+North Edisto River. A force of Union soldiery had been assembled from
+the Sea Islands and from Florida, massed on Seabrook Island, and pushed
+thence up into South Carolina. The object of this expedition was
+unknown; indeed, as nothing whatever was accomplished, the strategy of
+it remains to this day unexplained. However, forewarned is forearmed.
+Every movement was watched and reported by the rebel scouts; all the
+troops that could be spared from Charleston were sent out to oppose the
+invaders; roads were obstructed; bridges were destroyed, batteries
+erected in strong positions, everything prepared to impede their
+progress. Our story needs not that we should dwell upon the sufferings
+of the Union soldiers on that futile expedition, from the narrow, dusty
+roads, the frequent scarcity of water, the intense heat. With infinite
+fatigue and peril they advanced only five or six miles in a day's
+march. Many died of sunstroke, and many fell by the way utterly
+exhausted. There was occasional skirmishing; but one actual battle. To
+that the troops gave the name of "the battle of Bloody Bridge." Picture
+a slightly undulating country covered with thick low forest; a narrow
+road that by an open plank bridge crosses a wide, sluggish stream with
+marshy banks, and curves beyond abruptly to the right to avoid a low,
+steep hill facing the bridge; crowning this hill an earth-work, rude to
+be sure, but steep, sodded, almost impregnable to men without artillery
+to play upon it; within, two cannon, for which there is plenty of
+ammunition, and six hundred Confederate soldiers, fresh, eager,
+determined; on the road in front of the battery, but just out of range
+of its guns, the Union forces halting under arms, the leaders anxious
+and discouraged, the men exhausted, careworn, wondering what is to be
+done next, heartily sick of it all, yet willing to do their best; in the
+thicket on both sides the road, not sheltered, only covered, within
+pistol-shot of the enemy, six hundred United States soldiers, a
+Massachusetts colored regiment, one of the first recruited, without
+cannon, over-marched, overheated, a forlorn hope, _sent forward to take
+the battery_! These men, stealthily assembling there among the trees and
+bushes, are ready. Not one of them carries a pound of superfluous
+weight. Their rifles with fixed bayonets, a handful of cartridges, a
+canteen of water, are enough. They wear flannel shirts and blue
+trowsers; numbers are bareheaded, some have cut off the sleeves of their
+shirts: they know there is work before them. Many kneel in prayer;
+comrades exchange messages to loved ones at home, and give each other
+little keepsakes--the rings they wore or brier pipes carved over with
+the names of coast battles; others--perhaps they have no loved
+ones--look to the locks of their pieces and await impatiently the signal
+to advance. The officers--white men, most of them Boston society
+fellows, old Harvard boys who once thought a six-mile pull or a long
+innings at cricket on a hot day hard work, and knew no more of military
+tactics than the Lancers--move about among them, speaking to this one
+and to that one, calling each by name, jesting quietly with one,
+encouraging another, praising a third, endeavoring to inspire in all a
+hope which they dare not feel themselves.
+
+But hark! The signal to move. Quickly they form in the road, and with a
+shout advance at a run, their dusky faces glistening in that summer sun
+and their manly hearts beating bravely in the very jaws of death. Now
+the bridge trembles beneath their steady tread: the foremost are at the
+hill, yet no sign of life in the battery. Only the smooth green bank,
+the wretched flag in the distance, and those guns charged with death
+looking grimly down upon them and waiting. On they come, nearer and
+nearer, and now some are on the hill and begin to climb the steep that
+forms the defence, slowly and with difficulty, using at times their
+rifles as aids like alpenstocks. Not a word is spoken. It is hard to
+understand how so many men can move with so little noise. The silence is
+that which precedes all dreadful noises. It is ominous, terrible.
+Scarcely twenty feet more, and the foremost will reach the rampart.
+Haste! haste! The day is won!
+
+Suddenly a figure in gray leaps upon the breastwork: he waves his sword,
+utters a short quick word of command, and disappears. It is enough. The
+sleeping battery awakes. The silence becomes hideous uproar. The smooth
+green line of the sod against the sky is lined with marksmen, and in an
+instant fringed with fire. Then the cannon bellow and the breezeless air
+is dense with smoke. The attacking column hesitates, trembles, makes a
+useless effort to advance, and then falls back beyond the bridge. The
+officers endeavor to rally their men and renew the attack at once, but
+in vain: flesh and blood cannot stand in such a storm. Nevertheless, the
+brave fellows--God bless their memory!--halt at length, and form and
+charge once more. And so again and again and again; every time in vain
+and with new losses, until at last they cannot rally, but retreat,
+broken and bleeding, to the main body of the expedition, carrying with
+them such of the wounded and dead as they can snatch from under the fire
+of the rebel riflemen. Such was the battle of Bloody Bridge, and well
+was it named. Five times that gallant regiment charged the battery, and
+when the smoke of battle cleared away the sun shone down upon a piteous
+sight--blood dyeing the green of that sodded escarp--blood in great
+clots upon the rocks and stumps of the rugged hill below--blood poured
+plenteously upon the dusty road, making it horrible with purple
+mire--blood staining the bridge and gathering in little pools upon the
+planks, and dripping slowly down through the cracks between them into
+the sluggish stream, where it floated with the water in great red
+clouds, toward which creatures dwelling in slimy depths below came up
+lazily, but when they tasted it became furious and fought among
+themselves like demons--blood drying in hideous networks and arabesques
+upon the railing of the bridge--blood upon the fences, blood upon the
+trembling leaves of the bushes by the wayside--blood everywhere! And
+everywhere the upturned faces and torn bodies of men who had dared to do
+their duty and to die: side by side the white, who led and the black who
+followed--all set and motionless, but all wearing the same expression of
+brave but hopeless determination. That was a brave charge at Balaklava,
+but, trust me, there have been Balaklavas that are yet unsung.
+
+So the expedition went back, and its brigades were redistributed to the
+Sea Islands and to Florida; but why it was ever sent out, and why that
+regiment was sent forward to take the battery without artillery and
+without reinforcements, God, who knoweth all things, only knows. And God
+alone knows why there must be wars and rumors of wars, and why men made
+in his image must tear each other like maddened beasts.
+
+In this battle, heavy as the losses were, the Confederates took but one
+prisoner. At the third charge a tall, broad-shouldered captain, who
+seemed, like another son of Thetis, almost invulnerable, darted
+impetuously ahead of his men and reached the summit of the defence.
+Useless bravery! In an instant a volley point blank swept away the
+charging men behind him, and a gunner's sabrethrust bore him to the
+ground within the works, where he lay stunned and bleeding beside the
+gun he had striven so hard to take. The man who had captured him, wild
+with excitement and maddened with the powder that blackened him and the
+hot blood which jetted upon him, sprang down, spat upon him, spurned him
+with his foot, and would have dashed out his brains with the heavy hilt
+of his clubbed sword had not a strong hand grasped his uplifted wrist.
+
+It was Fournier, who had watched the battle with an interest as intense
+as that of the most ardent Southerner in the battery, though widely
+different in character. His interest was that of the naturalist who
+stands by eager and curious to see a rustic entrap some _rara avis_ that
+he desires to study, to use for his experiment. Better for the bird: it
+can suffer and die. Afterward what matter whether it stand neatly
+stuffed and mounted, a voiceless worshiper, in some glass mausoleum, or
+slowly moulder in a fence corner until its feathers are wafted far and
+wide, and only a little tuft of greener grass remains to its memory? As
+our naturalist's game was nobler and destined for more important study,
+so it was capable of lifelong suffering more subtle and intense. Perhaps
+Fournier had not fully considered, in his eagerness to prove his
+hypothesis, the dangers to the subjects of his experiment. Perhaps his
+mind was so intent upon the physical aspect of the questions that he had
+overlooked some of the intellectual and moral elements involved in the
+problem, and did not realize the enormities that would result should he
+succeed. On the other hand, perhaps he saw them, realized them fully,
+and was the more deeply fascinated with the research because of its
+leading into such gloomy and mysterious regions of speculation. Let us
+do him justice. Science was his god, and this idolater was willing to
+endure any labor and privation and to assume any responsibility in her
+service. Would that more who worship a greater God were as devoted!
+
+He was a physiologist, and was simply engaged in an experimental
+investigation, yet in its progress he had already uncivilized a man
+whose eyes were beginning dimly to see the truth, had poisoned his mind
+with lies, and had hurled him into depths of Plutonian ignorance
+inconceivably more profound than his original estate; and now he was
+about to debase another fellow-creature of his own race, to tamper with
+his manhood, to confuse his identity, to render him among his own
+kindred and people perhaps tabooed, ostracised, despised--perhaps an
+object of pity. If he should succeed? Surely he had not come thus near
+success to suffer his splendid Yankee captain to be brained there before
+his eyes. Like a hawk he had watched every incident of the fight, and
+was on the alert to act the part of surgeon toward any who might be
+either wounded in the battery or taken prisoner. He had even resolved,
+in case of the capture of the place, to represent his peculiar position
+to the United States officer in command, and to beg of him permission to
+make his experiment upon a wounded rebel.
+
+The gunner turned fiercely upon him, but dropped his arm and sheathed
+his sabre at his question, and then walked back to his gun abashed, for
+he was, after all, a brave and chivalrous man.
+
+Fournier simply asked: "Do Confederate soldiers _murder_ prisoners of
+war?" And added, "He is a wounded man--leave him to me."
+
+Then he knelt down beside him and examined his wound, and though he
+strove to be calm he trembled with excitement as he tore open the blue
+blouse and felt the warm blood welling over his fingers. It was a simple
+wound through the fleshy part of the shoulder: a strand of saddler's
+silk and a few strips of sticking-plaster would have sufficed to dress
+it, but the Frenchman smiled when he wiped away the clots and saw the
+blood spurting from two or three small divided arteries.
+
+Then he called his African, and they carried the wounded man back to a
+tent, and laid him on a bed of moss and cypress boughs, and left him
+there to bleed, while he went out into the air, and walked about, and
+tossed his hat and shouted with excitement like a madman. But the battle
+raged, and the gunners charged their guns and fired, and charged and
+fired again, and the men along the breastwork grew furious with the
+slaughter and the fiery draughts they took from their canteens through
+lips blackened with powder and defiled with grease and shreds of
+cartridge-paper; and no one noticed the doctor's mad conduct nor the
+savage standing guard before the tent; nor did any other save those two
+in the whole battery--no, not even the gunner who had captured him--give
+a thought to the prisoner who lay bleeding there, until the battle was
+over.
+
+And this prisoner, what of him? Any one, looking upon him as he lay upon
+the cypress boughs, would have known him to be thoroughbred. Everything
+about him proclaimed it. His face, manly but gentle, his figure, great
+in stature and strength, yet graceful in outline like a Grecian god, the
+very dress and accoutrements he wore, which were neat, strong,
+expensive, but without ornament, showed him to be a gentleman. And
+Robert Shirley was a gentleman. Probably no man in all the States could
+have been found who would have presented a greater contrast to the man
+standing guard outside the tent than this man who lay within it; and for
+that reason none who would have been so welcome to Fournier. As the one
+was a pure savage, the other was the realization of the most illustrious
+enlightenment; the one fierce, cunning, undisciplined, the other gentle,
+frank, considerate; as the one was hideous, ill-formed and black as
+night, so the other was radiant with manly beauty and fair as the
+morning. Each among his own people sprang from noble stock; the one a
+prince, the other the descendant of the purest Puritan race, which knew
+among its own divines and judges brave captains, and farther back a
+governor of the colony. But the guard and his people were at the foot of
+the scale, the guarded at the top. The blood flowing out upon the
+cypress bed was the best blood of America. It was blue blood and brave
+blood. Generation after generation it had flowed in the veins of fair
+women and noble men, and had never known dishonor. Yet Fournier let it
+flow. More, he was delighted that it continued to flow.
+
+Presently, however, he sobered down, and began to prepare for his work.
+He placed a large caldron of water over a fire; he brought basins,
+towels and his case of surgical instruments, and placed them in the,
+tent, and with them the case which he had taught the African to believe
+contained his god. While thus busied he did not neglect the subject of
+his experiment. His watchful eye noted everything--the mass, of clots
+growing like a great crimson fungus under the wounded shoulder, the
+deadly pallor, the dark circles forming around the sunken eyes, the
+blanched lips, the transparent nostrils, the slow, deep respiration.
+From time to time he felt the wounded man's pulse and counted it
+carefully. _Ninety_--he went out again into the open air; _one
+hundred_--"The loss of blood tells," he muttered, and began to rearrange
+his appliances and busy himself uneasily with them; _one hundred and
+thirty beats to the minute _--"He is failing too fast: I must stop this
+bleeding" said the experimenter. Then he cleansed the wound, and tied
+the arteries, and bound it up. But the loss of blood had been so great
+that the heart fluttered wildly and feebly in its efforts to contract
+upon its diminished contents, and Fournier, anxious, and pale himself
+almost as his victim, trembled when his finger felt in vain for the
+bleeding artery and caught only a faint tremulous thrill, so feeble that
+he scarcely knew whether the heart was beating at all or not. In terror
+he threw the ends of the little tent and fanned him, and moistened his
+lips, and gave him brandy, and hastened to begin the experiment for
+which he had waited so long and for which both subjects were at last
+ready.
+
+He told his savage that the Yankee was dying, but that he had communed
+with his god, who would let him live if blood was given in return. Then
+he reminded him of the time when he lost blood, and that it had done him
+no harm. The African, trained for this duty with so much care, did not
+fail him, but bared his arm and gave the blood. The god was brought
+forth and caught it, and the sacrifice began. As the silver, bowl
+floated in a basin of water so warm that the thermometer in its side
+marked ninety-eight degrees of Fahrenheit, Fournier stirred the blood
+flowing into it quickly with the bundle of wires, to collect the fibrine
+and prevent the formation of clots; he then drew it into the syringe
+through the strainer, and forced it through the perforated needle, which
+he had previously thrust into a large vein in Shirley's arm, carefully
+avoiding the introduction of the slightest bubble of air. Time after
+time he filled his syringe and emptied it into the veins of the wounded
+man, until at length he saw signs of reaction. The color came, the
+breathing became more natural, the pulse became slower, fuller, regular.
+By and by he moved, sighed, opened his eyes and spoke.
+
+He asked a question: "What has happened?"
+
+While he had been lying there much had happened. Life and death had
+battled over him, and life had triumphed. When he recovered from the
+effects of his fall and found himself bleeding, he tried to rise and
+stanch the flow, but, already exhausted, he fell back almost fainting
+from the effort. He called repeatedly for help, but his only reply was
+the hideous face of his guard, silently leering at him for a moment,
+then disappearing without a word, At last it occurred to him that he had
+been left there to die, and he roused all his energies to his aid. How
+we strive for our lives! But Shirley accomplished nothing, he could not
+even raise his hand to the bleeding shoulder, with every effort the
+blood flowed more copiously. His mind was rapidly becoming benumbed like
+his body, which shivered as though it were mid winter. Darkness came
+over his eyes, and as he listened to the din of the battle he fell into
+a dreamy state that soon passed into seeming unconsciousness again.
+Nevertheless, while the doctor came and went and did his work, and the
+savage scowled at him, yet gave his life's blood to save him, though he
+lay like a dead man and saw them not, nor heard them, nor even felt the
+needle in his flesh, his mind was not idle. Strange doubts and fears,
+wild longings and regrets, sweet thoughts of long-forgotten happiness,
+and fair visions of the future, busied his brain. Memory unrolled her
+scroll and breathed upon the letters of his story that lapse of time and
+press of circumstance had made dim, till they grew clear, and with
+himself he lived his life again, and nothing was lost out of it or
+forgotten. There was his mother's face again, with the old, old loving
+smile upon her lips and the tender mother-love in the depths of her
+beautiful blue eyes--lips that had so oven kissed away his childish
+tears, and had taught him to say at evening, "Our Father" and "Now I lay
+me down to sleep," eyes that had never looked upon him without something
+of the heavenly light of which they were now so full. There before him,
+bright and clear as ever, were the scenes of his boyhood--the
+school-forms defaced with many a rude cutting of names and dates, the
+master knitting his shaggy brows and tapping meaningly with his ruler
+upon the awful desk while some white haired urchin floundered through an
+ill-learned task and his classmates tittered at his blunders. Dear old
+classmates! How their faces shone and gladdened as they chased the
+bounding football! How merrily they flushed and glowed when the clear
+frosty air of the Northern winter quivered with the ring of their skates
+upon the hard ice! How soberly side by side they solved problems and
+looked up _sesquipedalia verba_ in big lexicons! And how happily the
+late evening hours wore away as they read _Ivanhoe_ and the _Leather
+Stocking Tales_ by the fireside with shellbarks and pippins!
+
+Then the college days flew by with all their romance and delight. Again
+there were bells ringing to morning prayers, recitations and lectures,
+examinations and prizes, speeches and medals, and the glorious
+friendships, pure, earnest, almost holy. Would there were more such
+friendships in the outer, wider world! Commencement with its "pomp and
+circumstance," its tedious ceremony and scholarly display, its friends
+from home--mothers, sisters, sweethearts, all bright eyes and fond
+hearts, its music and flowers, its caps, gowns, dress-coats and
+"spreads," and, last and worst of all, its sorrowful "good-byes," some
+of them, alas! for ever! Once more he trembled as he rose to make his
+commencement speech, but slowly, as he went on, his voice grew steady
+and his manner calmer, for, lad as he was, and tyro at "orations," he
+was in earnest. "May my light hand forget its cunning, O my brother! may
+my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, O ye oppressed! if ever there
+comes to me an opportunity to help you win your way to freedom and I
+fail you!" He, the aristocrat of his class, had chosen to speak "Against
+Caste," and though he spoke with the enthusiasm of an untried man, it
+was with devoted honesty of purpose, of which his earnestness was
+witness, and of which his future was to give ample proof. Again in
+vision he stood before that assembly and spoke for the lowly and
+oppressed. "Let every man have place and honor as he proves himself
+worthy. Make the way clear for all."
+
+Through the bewilderment of applause that greeted him as he finished he
+saw only the glad, smiling face of Alice Wentworth nodding approval of
+the rest, hundreds though they were, he saw nothing. Her congratulation
+was enough.
+
+Then came tenderer scenes, and Alice Wentworth was to be his wife.
+Another change, and he is in the midst of ruder scenes. There is war,
+civil war, and he is a soldier, once more he seems to be in Virginia,
+and there are marches and counter-marches, camps and barracks, battles
+and retreats, and all the great and little miseries of long campaigns.
+The silver leaflets of a major are exchanged for the golden eagles of a
+colonel, and all the time, amid sterner duties, he finds time to write
+to Alice Wentworth, and never a mail comes into camp but he is sure of
+letters dated 'Home' and full of words that make him hopeful and brave,
+"'Home!' Yes hers and mine too, if home's where the heart is!'" he
+thinks, and he loves her more dearly every day.
+
+Negro troops are raised, and, true to his principles and to himself, he
+resigns his commission to take a lower rank in a colored regiment. Now
+the scenes grow dim, confused sounds far off disturb him, low music,
+familiar yet strange, now distant, now at his very ear, attracts him, a
+weird, shadowy mist encloses him, concealing even the things which were
+visible to the mind's eye, and memory and thought have almost ceased.
+Yet while all else fades away, clear and beautiful before him are two
+faces that cannot be forgotten--his mother's face, and that other, which
+he loves, if that can be, even more. Thus, with the 'Our Father' not on
+his lips, but fixed in his mind, he feels himself drifting
+away--drifting away like a boat that has broken its moorings and drifts
+out with the ebbing tide--whither?
+
+But the rich, warm, lusty blood of the African quickly does its work.
+The heart, which had almost ceased to beat, because there was not blood
+enough for it to contract upon, reacted to the stimulus, and as it
+revived and sent the new life pulsating through all the body the whole
+man revived, and again:
+
+The fever called _living_ burned in his brain.
+
+Fournier, under one pretext or another, but really by the force of his
+relentless will, kept his victim by him for years after their escape
+from the South. He noted from time to time certain curious changes that
+took place in his physical nature, and recorded his observations with
+scientific precision in a book kept for the purpose, for the renewal of
+life had entailed results of an extraordinary character, as the reader
+may have already anticipated. At length he wrote 'My hypothesis is
+verified, it has become a theory. My theory is proved, it is a
+physiological law. _Climatic influences, acting upon man, bring about
+physical changes exceedingly slowly, because they are resisted by an
+inveterate habit of assimilation which pertains to the blood._'
+
+That day Shirley was free. His rescuer had finished his experiment.
+
+Alice Wentworth had never believed that her lover was dead. She had
+heard all with a troubled heart, but while his distant kinsmen, who were
+heirs-at-law, put on the deepest mourning and grew impatient of the
+law's delay, she simply said, "I will wait until there is some proof
+before I give him up! Proof! proof! Shall I be quicker than the law to
+give up every hope?" And in her heart she said, "He is not dead." Even
+when years had passed and the war was over, and her agent had searched
+everywhere and found no trace of him, she did not cease to hope that he
+would yet appear. So, when at length a letter came, it was welcome and
+expected. Not surprise but joy made her start and tremble as the old
+familiar superscription met her eyes.
+
+Such a letter!--filled with the spirit of his love, breathing in every
+word the tender, passionate devotion of an earlier day, and yet so sad.
+Tears dropped down through her smiles of joy and blurred the lines she
+read at first, but smiles and tears alike ceased as she read on. He had
+written many, many times, but he knew she had not got his letters. He
+had been a prisoner--not only prisoner of war, but afterward prisoner to
+a man whose will was iron. It could hardly be explained. This man had
+not only saved his life, but he had also rescued him from the horrors of
+a Southern prison--would God he had let him die!--and they had been
+living together in a ranch in a far off Mexican valley.
+
+Then the letter went on:
+
+"In my heart I am unchanged; my love for you is ever the same; yet I am
+no longer the Robert Shirley whom you knew. That has come upon me which
+will separate me from you for ever: I cannot ask you now to be my wife.
+You are free. It is through no fault of mine. It is my burden, the price
+of life, and I must bear it. God bless you and give you all happiness!
+
+"ROBERT SHIRLEY:"
+
+When she had read it all she bowed her head and wept again, and the face
+that had grown more and more beautiful with the years of waiting was
+radiant. Who can fathom the depths of a woman's love? Who can follow the
+subtle workings of a woman's thought? Who can comprehend a woman's
+boundless faith? Her course was clear. If misfortune had befallen him,
+if he were maimed, disfigured, crazed, even if he were loathsome to her
+eyes, she loved him, and she must see him: she would see him and speak
+to him, and love him still, even if she could not be his wife. What
+would she have done if she could have guessed the truth? As it was, she
+wrote upon her card, "If you love me, come to me," and sent it to him.
+And in answer to the summons he stood before her--not disfigured, not
+maimed, not crazed, not loathsome in any way, yet irrevocably separated
+from her for Dr. Fournier's experiment had succeeded, and Robert Shirley
+was a mulatto!
+
+CORNELIUS DEWEES.
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE KING OF AURORA.
+
+(FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)
+
+
+On the Oregon and California Railroad, twenty-eight miles south of the
+city of Portland in Oregon, lies the German colony of Aurora, a
+communist settlement under the direction of Doctor William Keil. In
+September, 1871, I made a second journey from San Francisco to Oregon,
+on which occasion I found both time and opportunity to carry out a
+long-cherished desire to visit this colony, already famous throughout
+all Oregon, and to make the acquaintance of the still more famous
+doctor, the so-called "king of Aurora." During the years in which I had
+formerly resided in Oregon, and especially on this last journey thither,
+I had frequently heard this settlement and its autocrat spoken of, and
+had been told the strangest stories as to the government of its
+self-made potentate. All reports agreed in stating that "Dutchtown," the
+generic appellation of German colonies among Americans, was an example
+to all settlements, and was distinguished above any other place in
+Oregon for order and prosperity. The hotel of "Dutchtown," which stands
+on the old Overland stage-route, and is now a station on the Oregon and
+California Railroad, has attained an enviable reputation, and is
+regarded by all travelers as the best in the State; and as to the colony
+itself, I heard nothing but praise. On the other hand, with regard to
+Doctor Keil the strangest reports were in circulation. He had been
+described to me in Portland as a most inaccessible person, showing
+himself extremely reserved toward strangers, and declining to give them
+the slightest satisfaction as to the interior management of the
+prosperous community over which he reigned a sovereign prince. The
+initiated maintained that this important personage had formerly been a
+tailor in Germany. He was at once the spiritual and secular head of the
+community: he solemnized marriages (much against his will, for,
+according to the rules of the society, he was obliged to provide a
+house for every newly-married couple); he was physician and preacher,
+judge, law-giver, secretary of state, administrator, and unlimited and
+irresponsible minister of finance to the colony; and held all the very
+valuable landed property of the settlement, with the consent of the
+colonists, in his own name; and while he certainly provided for his
+voluntarily obedient subjects an excellent maintenance for life, he
+reserved to himself the entire profits of the labor of all and the value
+of the joint property, notwithstanding that the colony was established
+on the broadest principles as a communist association.
+
+I had a great desire to see this original man--a kindred spirit of the
+renowned Mormon leader, Brigham Young--with my own eyes, and, so to
+speak, to visit the lion in his den. From Portland, where I was staying,
+the colony was easily accessible by rail, and before leaving I made the
+acquaintance of a. German life-insurance agent of a Chicago
+company--K�rner by name--who, like myself, wished to visit Aurora, and
+in whom I found a very agreeable traveling companion. He had procured in
+Portland letters of introduction to Doctor Keil, and had conceived the
+bold plan of doing a stroke of business in life insurance with him;
+indeed, his main object in going to Aurora was to induce the doctor to
+insure the lives of the entire colony--that is to say, of all his
+voluntary subjects--in the Chicago company, pay, as irresponsible
+treasurer of the association, the legal premiums, and upon the
+occurrence of a death pocket the amount of the policy.
+
+My fellow-traveler had great hopes of making the doctor see this project
+in the light of an advantageous speculation, and accordingly provided
+himself amply with the necessary tables of mortality and other
+statistics. It had been carefully impressed upon us in Portland always
+to address the _ci-devant_ tailor, now "king of Aurora," as "Doctor," of
+which title he was extremely vain, and to treat him with all the
+reverence which as sovereign republicans we could muster; otherwise he
+would probably turn his back on us without ceremony.
+
+On a pleasant September morning the steam ferry-boat conveyed us from
+Portland across the Willamette River to the d�p�t of the Oregon and
+California Railroad, and soon afterward we were rushing southward in the
+train along the right shore of that stream--here as broad as the
+Rhine--the rival of the mighty Columbia. After a pleasant and
+interesting journey through giant forests and over fertile prairies,
+some large, some small, embellished here and there with farms, villages
+and orchards, we reached Oregon City, which lies in a romantic region
+close to the Willamette: then leaving the river, we thundered on some
+miles farther through the majestic primitive forest, and soon entered
+upon a broad, wood-skirted prairie, over which here and there pretty
+farm-houses and groves are scattered; and presently beheld, peeping out
+from swelling hills and standing in the middle of a prosperous
+settlement embowered in verdure, the slender white church-tower of
+Aurora, and were at the end of our journey.
+
+Our first course after we left the cars was to the tavern, standing
+close to the railroad on a little hill, whither the passengers hurried
+for lunch. This so-called "hotel," the best known and most famous, as
+has already been said, in all Oregon, I might compare to an
+old-fashioned inn. The long table with its spotless table-cloth was
+lavishly spread with genuine German dishes, excellently cooked, and we
+were waited on by comely and neatly-dressed German girls; and though the
+dinner would not perhaps compare with the same meal at the club-house of
+the "San Francisco" I must confess that it was incomparably the best I
+ever tasted in Oregon, in which region neither the cooks nor the bills
+of fare are usually of the highest order.
+
+Dinner being over, we made inquiry for Doctor Keil, to whom we were now
+ready to pay our respects. Our host pointed out to us the doctor's
+dwelling-house, which looked, in the distance, like the premises of a
+well-to-do Low-Dutch farmer; and after passing over a long stretch of
+plank-road, we turned in the direction of the royal residence. On the
+way we met several laborers just coming from the field, who looked as if
+life went well with them--girls in short frocks with rake in hand, and
+boys comfortably smoking their clay pipes--and received from all an
+honest German greeting. Everything here had a German aspect--the houses
+pleasantly shaded by foliage, the barns, stables and well-cultivated
+fields, the flower and kitchen-gardens, the white church-steeple rising
+from a green hill: nothing but the fences which enclose the fields
+reminded us that we were in America.
+
+The doctor's residence was surrounded by a high white picket-fence:
+stately, widespreading live-oaks shaded it, and the spacious courtyard
+had a neat and carefully-kept aspect. Crowing cocks, and hens each with
+her brood, were scratching and picking about, the geese cackled, and
+several well-trained dogs gave us a noisy welcome. Upon our asking for
+the doctor, a friendly German matron directed us to the orchard, whither
+we immediately turned our steps. A really magnificent sight met our
+eyes--thousands of trees, whose branches, covered with the finest fruit,
+were so loaded that it had been necessary to place props under many of
+them, lest they should break beneath the weight of their luscious
+burden.
+
+Here we soon discovered the renowned doctor, in a toilette the very
+opposite of regal, zealously engaged in gathering his apples. He was
+standing on a high ladder, in his shirt sleeves, a cotton apron, a straw
+hat, picking the rosy-cheeked fruit in a hand-basket. Several laborers
+were busy under the trees assorting the gathered apples, and carefully
+packing in boxes the choicest of them--really splendid specimens of this
+fruit, which attains its utmost perfection in Oregon. As soon as the
+doctor perceived us he came down from the ladder, and asked somewhat
+sharply what our business there might be. My companion handed him the
+letters of introduction he had brought with him, which the doctor read
+attentively through: he then introduced my humble self as a literary man
+and assistant editor of a well-known magazine, who had come to Oregon
+for the special purpose of visiting Dr. Keil, and of inspecting his
+colony, of which such favorable reports had reached us. Without waiting
+for the doctor's reply, I asked him whether he were not a relative of
+K----, the principal editor of the magazine to which I was attached. I
+could scarcely, as it appeared, have hit upon a more opportune question,
+for the doctor was evidently flattered, and became at once extremely
+affable toward us. The relationship to which I had alluded he was
+obliged unwillingly to disclaim. I learned from him that his name was
+William Keil, and that he was born at Bleicherode in Prussian Saxony. He
+now left the apple-gathering to his men, and offered to show us whatever
+was interesting about the colony: as to the life-insurance project, he
+said he would take some more convenient opportunity to speak with Mr.
+K�rner about it.
+
+The doctor, who after this showed himself somewhat loquacious, was a man
+of agreeable appearance, perhaps of about sixty years of age, with white
+hair, a broad high forehead and an intelligent countenance. Sound as a
+nut, powerfully built, of vigorous constitution and with an air of
+authority, he gave the idea of a man born to rule. He seemed to wish to
+make a good impression on us, and I remarked several times in him a
+searching side-glance, as though he were trying to read our thoughts. He
+sustained the entire conversation himself, and it was somewhat difficult
+to follow his meaning: he spoke in an unctuous, oratorical tone, with
+extreme suavity, in very general terms, and evaded all direct questions.
+When I had listened to him for ten minutes I was not one whit wiser than
+before. His language was not remarkably choice, and he used liberally a
+mixture of words half English, half German, as uneducated
+German-Americans are apt to do.
+
+While we wandered through the orchard, the beauty and practical utility
+of which astonished me, the doctor, gave us a lecture on colonization,
+agriculture, gardening, horticulture, etc., which he flavored here and
+there with pious reflections. He pointed out with pride that all this
+was his own work, and described how he had transformed the wilderness
+into a garden. In the year 1856 he came with forty followers to Oregon,
+as a delegate from the parent association of Bethel in Missouri, in
+order to found in the far West, then so little known, a branch colony.
+At present the doctor is president both of Aurora and of the original
+settlement at Bethel: the latter consists of about four hundred members,
+the former of four hundred and ten.
+
+When he first came into this region he found the whole district now
+owned by his flourishing colony covered with marsh and forest. Instead,
+however, of establishing himself on the prairies lying farther south, in
+the midst of foreign settlers, he preferred a home shared only with his
+German brethren in the primitive woods; and here, having at that time
+very small means, he obtained from the government, gratis, land enough
+to provide homes for his colonists, and found in the timber a source of
+capital, which he at once made productive. He next proceeded to build a
+block-house as a defence against the Indians, who at that time were
+hostile in Oregon: then he erected a saw-mill and cleared off the
+timber, part of which he used to build houses for his colonists, and
+with part opened an advantageous trade with his American neighbors, who,
+living on the prairie, were soon entirely dependent on him for all their
+timber. The land, once cleared, was soon cultivated and planted, with
+orchards: the finer varieties of fruit he shipped for sale to Portland
+and San Francisco, and from the sour apples he either made vinegar or
+sold them to the older settlers, who very soon made themselves sick on
+them. He then attended them in the character of physician, and cured
+them of their ailments at a good round charge. This joke the good doctor
+related with especial satisfaction.
+
+By degrees, the doctor continued to say, the number of colonists
+increased; and his means and strength being thus enlarged, he
+established a tannery, a factory, looms, flouring-mills, built more
+houses for his colonists, cleared more land and drained the marshes,
+increased his orchards, laid out new farms, gave some attention to
+adornment, erected a church and school-houses, and purchased from the
+American settlers in the neighborhood their best lands for a song. He
+did everything systematically. He always assigned his colonists the sort
+of labor that they appeared to him best fitted for, and each one found
+the place best suited to his capabilities. If any one objected to doing
+his will and obeying his orders, he was driven out of the colony, for he
+would endure no opposition. He made the best leather, the best hams and
+gathered the best crops in all Oregon. The possessions of the colony,
+which he added to as he was able, extended already over twenty sections
+(a section contains six hundred and forty acres, or an English square
+mile), and the most perfect order and industry existed everywhere.
+
+Thus the doctor; and amid this and the like conversation we walked over
+an orchard covering forty acres. The eight thousand trees it contained
+yielded annually five thousand bushels of choice apples and eight
+thousand of the finest pears, and the crop increased yearly. The doctor
+pointed out repeatedly the excellence of his culture in contrast with
+the American mode, which leaves the weeds to grow undisturbed among the
+trees, and disregards entirely all regularity and beauty. He, on the
+contrary, insisted no less on embellishment than on neatness and order;
+and this was no vain boast. Carefully-kept walks led through the
+grounds; verdant turf, flowerbeds and charming shady arbors met us at
+every turn; there were long beds planted with flourishing currant,
+raspberry and blackberry bushes, and large tracts set with rows of
+bearing vines, on which luscious grapes hung invitingly. Order also
+reigned among the fruit trees: here were several acres of nothing but
+apples, again a plantation of pears or apricots, beneath which not a
+weed was to be seen: the hoe and the rake had done their work
+thoroughly. Everything was in the most perfect order: the courtgardener
+of a German prince might have been proud of it.
+
+We seated ourselves in a shady arbor, where the doctor entertained us
+further with an account of his religious belief. He had, he said, no
+fixed creed and no established religion: there were in the colony
+Protestants, Catholics, Methodists, Baptists, indeed Christians of every
+name, and even Jews. Every one was at liberty to hold what faith he
+pleased: he preached only natural religion, and whoever shaped his life
+according to that would be happy. After this he enlarged on the
+prosperity of the colony, which was founded on the principles of natural
+religion, and prosed about humility, love to our neighbor, kindness and
+carrying religion into everything; and then back he came to Nature and
+himself, until my head was perfectly bewildered. I had given up long
+before this, in despair, any questions as to the interior organization
+of the colony, for the doctor either gave me evasive answers or none at
+all. His colonists, he asserted, loved him as a father, and he cared for
+them accordingly: both these assertions were undoubtedly true. The deep
+respect with which those whom we occasionally met lifted their hats to
+"the doctor"--a form of greeting by no means universal in America--bore
+witness to their unbounded esteem for him. Toward us also they demeaned
+themselves with great respect, as to noble strangers whom the doctor
+deigned to honor with his society. As to his care for them, no one who
+witnessed it could deny the exceedingly flourishing condition of the
+settlement. Whether, however, in all this the doctor had not a keen eye
+to his own interest was an afterthought which involuntarily presented
+itself.
+
+As we left the orchard, the doctor pointed out to us several
+wheat-fields in the neighborhood, cultivated with true German love for
+neatness, which formed, with the pleasant dwellings adjoining, separate
+farms. The average yield per acre, he observed, was from twenty-five to
+forty bushels of wheat, and from forty to fifty of oats. He then took us
+into a neighboring grove, to a place where the pic-nics and holiday
+feasts of the colony are held: here we paused near a grassy knoll shaded
+by a sort of awning and surrounded by a moat. This, which bears the name
+of "The Temple Hill," forms the centre of a number of straight roads,
+which branch out from it into the woods in the shape of a fan. Not far
+from it I noticed a dancing ground covered by a circular open roof, and
+a pavilion for the music.
+
+"At our public feasts," said the doctor, "I have all these branching
+roads lighted with colored lanterns, and illuminate the temple, which,
+with its brilliant lamps, makes quite an imposing spectacle. When we
+celebrate our May-day festival it looks, after dark, like a scene out of
+the _Arabian Nights_; and when, added to this, we have beautiful music
+and fine singing, and the young folks are enjoying the dance, it is
+really very pleasant. But none are permitted to set foot on the Temple
+Hill, nor can they do it very easily if they would. Do you know the
+reason, gentlemen?" K�rner opined that it might be on account of the
+ditch, which would be difficult to pass, in which view I agreed.
+"Exactly so," remarked the doctor. "This Temple Hill has an especial
+significance: it represents the sovereign ruler of the people, on whose
+head no one may tread: on that account the ditch is there."
+
+After a walk of several hours we returned to the doctor's house, where
+he invited us to take a glass of homemade wine. As we had been informed
+that the sale and use of wine and spirits were strictly forbidden in the
+colony, this invitation was certainly an unprecedented exception. The
+wine, of which two kinds were placed before us--one made of wild grapes,
+and the other of currants--was very good, and was partaken of in the
+doctor's office. Here Mr. K�rner again brought forward his
+life-insurance project: the doctor gave him hopes that he would go into
+it, but he wished to give the matter due consideration, and to subject
+the advantages and disadvantages of the speculation to a strict
+investigation, before giving a definite answer; and with this ended our
+visit to the "king of Aurora."
+
+Before leaving the colony we obtained considerable information from the
+members as to their interior organization and government, the results of
+which, as well as what I further learned respecting Doctor Keil, I will
+state briefly.
+
+Should any one wish to become a member of the colony, he must, in the
+first place, put all his ready money into the hands of Doctor Keil: he
+will then be taken on trial. If the candidate satisfies the doctor, he
+can remain and become one of the community: should this, however, not be
+the case, he receives again the capital he paid in, but without
+interest. How long he must remain "on probation" in the colony, and work
+there, depends entirely on the doctor's pleasure. If a member leaves the
+community voluntarily--a thing almost unheard of--he receives back his
+capital without interest, together with a _pro rata_ share of the
+earnings of the community during his membership, as appraised by the
+doctor.
+
+All the ordinary necessaries of life are supplied gratuitously to the
+members of the community. The doctor holds the common purse, out of
+which all purchases are paid for, and into which go the profits from the
+agricultural and industrial products of the colony. If any member needs
+a coat or other article of clothing, flour, sugar or tobacco, he can get
+whatever he wants, without paying for it, at the "store:" in the same
+way he procures meat from the butcher and bread from the baker: spirits
+are forbidden except in case of sickness. The doctor also appoints the
+occupation of each member, so as to contribute to the best welfare of
+the colony--whether he shall be a farmer, a mechanic, a common laborer,
+or whatever he can be most usefully employed in; and the time and
+talents of each are regarded as belonging to the whole community,
+subject only to the doctor's judgment. If a member marries, a separate
+dwelling-house and a certain amount of land are assigned him, so that
+the families of the settlement are scattered about on farms. The elders
+of the colony support the doctor in the duties of his office by counsel
+and assistance.
+
+The lands of the colony are collectively recorded in Doctor Keil's name,
+in order, as he says, to avoid intricate and complicated law-papers. It
+would, however, be for the interest of the colonists to make, a speedy
+change in this respect, so that the members of the community, in case of
+the doctor's death, might obtain each his share of the lands without
+litigation. Should the doctor's decease occur soon, before this
+alteration is made, his natural heirs could claim the whole property of
+the colony, and the members would be left in the lurch. He does not
+appear, however, to be in great haste to effect this change, though it
+ought to have been done long ago. It is always said among the colonists,
+naturally enough, that all the ground is the common property of the
+community. Whether the doctor fully subscribes to this opinion in his
+secret heart might be a question.
+
+Doctor Keil is at the same time the religious head and the unlimited
+secular ruler of the colony of Aurora, and can ordain, with the consent
+of the elders (who very naturally uphold his authority), what he
+pleases. A life free from care and responsibility, such as the members
+of the community (who, for the most part, belong to the lower and
+uncultivated class) lead--a life in regard to which no one but the
+doctor has the trouble of thinking--is the main ground of the
+undisturbed continuance of the colony. The pre-eminent talent for
+organization, combined with the unlimited powers of command, which the
+doctor--justly named "king of Aurora"--possesses, together with the
+inborn industry peculiar to Germans, is the cause of the prosperity of
+the settlement, which calls itself communistic, but is certainly nothing
+more than a vast farm belonging to its talented founder. It has its
+schools, its churches, newspapers and books--the selection and tendency
+of which the doctor sees to--and no lack of social pleasures, music and
+singing. Taken together with an easily-procured livelihood, all this
+satisfies the desires of the colonists entirely, and the good doctor
+takes care of everything else.
+
+ELIZABETH SILL.
+
+
+
+GRAY EYES.
+
+
+I have always counted it among the larger blessings of Providence that
+a woman can bear up year after year under a weight of dullness which
+would drive a man of the same mental calibre to desperation in a month.
+
+I had no idea what a heavy burden mine had been until one day my brother
+asked me to go to sea with him on his next voyage. He and his wife were
+at the farm on their wedding-tour, and only the happiness of a
+bridegroom could have led him to hold out to me this way of escape.
+Christian's heart when he dropped his pack was not lighter than mine.
+Butter and cheese are good things in their way--the world would miss
+them if all the farmers' daughters went suddenly down to the sea in
+ships--but it is possible to have too much of a good thing, and such had
+been my feeling for some years.
+
+So suddenly and completely did my threadbare endurance give way that if
+Frank had revoked his words the next minute, I must have gone away at
+once to some crowded place and drawn a few deep breaths of excitement
+before I could have joined again the broken ends of my patience.
+
+No bride-elect poor in this world's goods ever went about the
+preparations for her wedding with more delicious awe than I felt in
+turning one old gown upside down, and another inside out, for seafaring
+use. There was excitement enough in the departure, the inevitable
+sea-changes, and finally the memory of it all, to keep my mind busy for
+a few weeks, but when we settled into the grooves of a tropical voyage,
+wafted along as easily by the trade winds as if some gigantic hand,
+unseen and steady, had us in its grasp, my life was wholly changed, and
+yet it bore an odd family resemblance to the days at the farm. It was a
+pleasant dullness, because, in the nature of things, it must soon have
+an end.
+
+I went on deck to look at a passing ship about as often as I used to run
+to the window at the sound of carriagewheels. One can't take a very
+intimate interest in whales and the other seamonsters unless one is
+scientific. Time died with me a slow but by no means a painful death. I
+used to fold my hands and look at them by the hour, internally
+rollicking over the idea that there was no milk to skim or dishes to
+wash, or any earthly wheel in motion that required my shoulder to turn
+it. I spent much time in a half-awake state in the long warm days, out
+of sheer delight in wasting time after saving it all my life.
+
+So it came about that I slept lightly o' nights. Every morning the
+steward came into the cabin with the first dawn of day to scour his
+floors before the captain should appear. He had a habit of talking to
+himself over this early labor, and one morning, more awake than usual, I
+found that he was praying. "O Lord, be good to me! I wasn't to blame. I
+would have helped her if I could. O Lord, be good to me!" and other
+homely entreaties were repeated again and again.
+
+He was a meek, bowed old negro, with snowy hair, and so many wrinkles
+that all expression was shrunk out of his face. He was an excellent
+cook, but he waited on table with a manner so utterly despairing that
+it took away one's appetite to look at him.
+
+For many mornings after this I listened to his prayers, which grew more
+and more earnest and importunate. I could not think he had done any harm
+with his own will. He must have been more sinned against than sinning.
+
+He brought me a shawl one cool evening as if it were my death-warrant,
+and I said, in the sepulchral tone that wins confidence, "Pedro, do you
+always say your prayers when you are alone?"
+
+"Yes, miss, 'board _this_ ship."
+
+"What's the matter with, this ship?"
+
+"I s'pose you don't have no faith in ghosts?"
+
+"Not much."
+
+"White folks mostly don't," said Pedro with aggravating meekness, and
+turned into his pantry.
+
+I followed him to the door, and stood in it so that he had no escape:
+"What has that to do with your prayers?"
+
+"This cabin has got a ghost in it."
+
+I looked over my shoulder into the dusk, and shivered a little, which
+was not lost on Pedro. He grew more solemn if possible than before: "I
+see her 'most every morning, and if my back is to the door, I see her
+all the same. She don't never touch me, but I keep at the prayers for
+fear she will."
+
+"Do you never see her except in the morning?"
+
+"Once or twice she has just put her head out of the door of the middle
+state-room when I was waitin' on table."
+
+"In broad daylight?"
+
+"Sartin. Them as sees ghosts sees 'em any time. Every morning, just at
+peep o' day, she comes out of that door and makes a dive for the stairs.
+She just gives me one look, and holds up her hand, and I don't see no
+more of her till next time."
+
+"How does she look?" I almost hoped he would not tell, but he did.
+
+"She's got hair as black as a coal, kind o' pushed back, as if she'd
+been runnin' her hands through it; she has big shiny eyes, swelled up as
+she'd been cryin' a great while; and she's always got on a gray dress,
+silvery-like, with a tear in one sleeve. There ain't nothin' more, only
+a handkerchief tied round her wrist, as if it had been hurt."
+
+"Is she handsome?"
+
+"Mebbe white folks'd think so."
+
+"Why does she show herself to you and no one else, do you suppose?"
+
+"Didn't I tell you the reason before?"
+
+"Of course you didn't."
+
+"Well, you see, she looked just so the last time I seen her alive. I
+must go and put in the biscuit now, miss."
+
+I submitted, knowing that white folks may be hurried, but black ones
+never; and I could not but admire the natural talent which Pedro shared
+with the authors of continued stories, of always dropping the thread at
+the most thrilling moment.
+
+"Who was she?" said I, lying in wait for him on his return.
+
+"She was cap'n's wife, miss--a young woman, and the cap'n was old, with
+a blazing kind of temper. He was dreffle sweet on her for about a month,
+and mebbe she was happy, mebbe she wa'n't: how should I know about white
+folks' feelin's? All of a suddent he said she was sick and couldn't go
+out of the middle state-room. The old man took in plenty of stuff to
+eat, but he never let me go near her. We was on just such a v'y'ge as
+this, only hotter. The cap'n would come out of that room lookin' black
+as thunder, and everybody scudded out of his sight when he put his head
+out of the gangway.
+
+"He was always bad enough, but he got wuss and wuss, and nothin'
+couldn't please him. Sometimes I'd hear the poor thing a-moaning to
+herself like a baby that's beat out with loud cryin' and hain't got no
+noise left. She was always cryin' in them days. Once the supercargo (he
+was a cool hand, any way) give me a bit of paper very private to give to
+her, and I slipped it under the door, but the old man had nailed
+somethin' down inside, an' he found it afore she did. Then there was a
+regular knockdown fight, and the supercargo was put in irons. The old
+man was in the middle room a long time that day, talkin' in a hissin'
+kind of a way, and the missus got a blow. Just after that a sort of a
+white squall struck the ship, and the old man give just the wrong
+orders. You see, he was clean out of his head. He got so worked up at
+last that he fell down in a fit, and they bundled him into his
+state-room and left him, 'cause nobody cared whether he was dead or
+alive. The mate took the irons off the supercargo first thing, and broke
+open the middle room. The supercargo went in there and stayed a long
+time, whispering to the missus, and she cried more'n ever, only it
+sounded different.
+
+"Toward night the old man come to, and begun to ask questions--as ugly
+as ever, only as weak as a baby. 'Bout midnight I was comin' out of his
+room, and I seen the missus in a gray dress, with her eyes shinin' like
+coals of fire, dive out of her room and up the stairs, and nobody never
+seen her afterward. The next morning the supercargo was gone too, and I
+think they just drownded themselves, 'cause they couldn't bear to live
+any more without each other. Mebbe the mate knew somethin' about it, but
+he never let on, and I dunno no more about it; only the old man had
+another fit when he heard it, and died without no mourners."
+
+"It might be she was saved, after all," I said, with true Yankee
+skepticism.
+
+"Then why should I see her ghost, if she ain't dead-drownded?"
+
+"Did you never find anything in the state-room that would explain?"
+
+"Well, I did find some bits of paper, but I couldn't read writin'."
+
+"Oh, what did you do with them?" I insisted, quivering with excitement.
+
+"You won't tell the cap'n?"
+
+"No, never."
+
+"You'll give 'em back to me?"
+
+"Yes, yes--of course."
+
+"Here they be," he said, opening his shirt, and showing a little bag
+hung round his neck like an amulet. He took out a little wad of brown
+paper, and gave it jealously into my hand.
+
+"I will give it back to you to-night," I said with the solemnity of an
+oath, and carried it to my room.
+
+It proved to be a short and fragmentary account of the sufferings which
+the "missus" had endured in the middle room, written in pencil on coarse
+wrapping-paper, and bearing marks of trembling hands and frequent tears.
+I thought I might copy the papers without breaking faith with Pedro. The
+outside paper bore these words:
+
+"Whoever finds this is besought for pity's sake, by its most unhappy
+writer, to send it as soon as possible to Mrs. Jane Atwood of
+Davidsville, Connecticut, United States of America."
+
+Then followed a letter to her mother:
+
+Dearest Mother: If I never see your blessed face again, I know you will
+not believe me guilty of what my husband accuses me of. I married
+Captain Eliot for your sake, believing, since Herbert had proved
+faithless, that no comfort was left to me except in pleasing others. I
+meant to be a good wife to Captain Eliot, and I believe I should have
+kept my vow all my days if the most unfortunate thing had not wakened
+his jealousy. Since then he has been almost or quite crazed.
+
+I knew we had a supercargo of whom Captain Eliot spoke highly. He kept
+his room for a month from sea-sickness, and when he came out it was
+Herbert. Of course I knew him, every line of his face had been so long
+written on my heart. I strove to treat him as if I had never seen him
+before, but the old familiar looks and tones were very hard to bear. If
+Herbert could only have submitted patiently to our fate! But it was not
+in him to be patient under anything, and one evening, when I was sitting
+alone on deck, he must needs pour out his soul in one great burst,
+trying to prove that he had never deserted me, but only circumstances
+had been cruel. I longed to believe him, but I could only keep repeating
+that it was too late.
+
+When I went down, Captain Eliot dragged me into the middle state-room,
+and gave vent to his jealous feelings. He must have listened to all that
+Herbert had said. His last words were that I should never leave that
+room alive. I had a wretched night, and the first time I fell into an
+uneasy sleep I started suddenly up to find my husband flashing the light
+of a lantern across my eyes. "Handsome and wicked," he muttered--"they
+always go together."
+
+I begged him to listen to the story of my engagement to Herbert, and he
+did listen, but it did not soften his heart. If he ever loved me, his
+jealousy has swallowed it up.
+
+I have been in this room just a week. My husband does not starve or beat
+me, but his taunts and threats are fearful, and his eyes when he looks
+at me grow wild, as if he had the longing of a beast to tear me in
+pieces.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_May_ 10. I placed a copy of the paper that is pinned to this letter in
+a little bottle that had escaped my husband's search, and threw it out
+of my window.
+
+I am Waitstill Atwood Eliot, wife of Captain Eliot of the ship Sapphire.
+I have been kept in solitary confinement and threatened with death for
+four weeks, for no just cause. I believe him to be insane, as he
+constantly threatens to burn or sink the ship. I pray that this paper
+may be picked up by some one who will board this ship and bring me help.
+
+Of course it is a most forlorn hope, but it keeps me from utter despair.
+
+20. Herbert tried to communicate with me by slipping a paper under the
+door, but I did not get it, and he has been put in irons. Captain Eliot
+boasts of it. I wish he would bind us together and let us drown in one
+another's arms, as they did in the Huguenot persecution.
+
+28. A little paper tied to a string hung in front of my bull's-eye
+window to-day: I took it in. The first officer had lowered it down:
+"Captain Eliot says you are ill, but I don't believe it. If he tries
+violence, scream, and I will break open the door. I am always on the
+watch. Keep your heart up."
+
+This is a drop of comfort in my black cup, but my little window was
+screwed down within an hour after I had read the paper.
+
+_June_ 10. My spirit is worn out: I can endure no more. I have begged my
+husband to kill me and end my misery. I don't know why he hesitated. He
+means to do it some time, but perhaps he cannot think of torture
+exquisite enough for his purpose.
+
+11. My husband came in about four in the afternoon, looking so
+vindictive that my heart stood still. He gradually worked himself into a
+frenzy, and aimed a blow at my head: instinct, rather than the love of
+life, made me parry it, and I got the stroke on my wrist.
+
+I screamed, and at the same moment there was a tumult on deck, and the
+ship quivered as if she too had been violently struck. Captain Eliot
+rushed on deck, and began to give hurried orders. I could hear the first
+officer contradict them, and then there was a heavy fall, and two or
+three men stumbled down the cabin stairs, carrying some weight between
+them.
+
+_Later_. My husband is helpless, and Herbert has been with me, urging me
+passionately to trust myself to him in a little boat at midnight. He
+says there are several ships in sight, and one of them will be almost
+sure to pick us up. He swears that he will leave me, and never see me
+again (if I say so), so soon as he has placed me in safety, but he will
+save me, by force if need be, from the brute into whose hands I fell so
+innocently. If the ship does not see us, it is but dying, after all.
+
+Good-bye, mother! I pray that this paper will reach you before Captain
+Eliot can send you his own account, but if it does not, you will believe
+me innocent all the same.
+
+This was the last, and I folded up the papers as they had come to me.
+That night I read them all to Pedro.
+
+"They was drownded--I knew it," said Pedro; and nothing could remove
+that opinion. A ghost is more convincing than logic.
+
+Our voyage wore on, with one day just like another: my brother looked at
+the sun every day, and put down a few cabalistic figures on a slate, but
+his steady business was reading novels to his wife and drinking weak
+claret and water.
+
+The sea was always the same, smiling and smooth, and the "man at the
+wheel" seemed to be always holding us back by main strength from the
+place where we wanted to go. I had a growing belief that we should sail
+for ever on this rippling mirror and never touch the frame of it. It
+struck me with a sense of intense surprise when a dark line loomed far
+ahead, and they told me quietly that that line meant Bombay.
+
+It seemed a matter of course to my brother that the desired port should
+heave in sight just when he expected it, but to me the efforts that he
+had made to accomplish this tremendous result were ridiculously small.
+
+"I have done more work in a week, and had nothing to show for it at
+last," said I, "than you have seemed to do in all this voyage."
+
+"Poor sister! don't you wish you were a man?"
+
+"Certainly, all women do who have any sense. I hold with that ancient
+Father of the Church who maintained that all women are changed into men
+on the judgment-day. The council said it was heresy, but that don't
+alter my faith."
+
+"I shouldn't like you half as well if you had been born a boy," said
+Frank.
+
+"But I should like myself vastly better," said I, clinging to the last
+word.
+
+Bombay is a city by itself: there is none like it on earth, whatever
+there may be in the heaven above or in the waters under it. From Sir
+Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's hospital for sick animals to the Olympian conceit
+of the English residents, there are infinite variations of people and
+things that I am persuaded can be matched nowhere else. I felt myself
+living in a series of pictures, a sort of supernumerary in a theatre,
+where they changed the play every night.
+
+One of the first who boarded our ship was Mr. Rayne, an old friend of
+Frank's. He insisted on our going to his house for a few days in a
+warm-hearted way that was irresistible.
+
+"Are you quite sure you want _me_?" I said dubiously. "Young married
+people make a kind of heaven for themselves, and do not want old maids
+looking over the wall."
+
+"But you _must_ go with us," said Frank, man-like, never seeing anything
+but the uppermost surface of a question.
+
+"Not at all. I'm quite strong-minded enough to stay on board ship; or,
+if that would not do in this heathen place, the missionaries are always
+ready to entertain strangers. A week in the missionhouse would make me
+for ever a shining light in the sewing circle at home.
+
+"A woman of so many resources would be welcome anywhere. For my part, an
+old maid is a perfect Godsend. The genus is unknown here, and the loss
+to society immense," said Mr. Rayne.
+
+"But what shall I do when Mrs. Rayne and my sister-in-law are comparing
+notes about the perfections of their husbands?"
+
+"Walk on the verandah with me and convert me to woman suffrage."
+
+Mr. Rayne had his barouche waiting on shore, and drove us first to the
+bandstand, where, in the coolness of sunset, all the Bombay world meet
+to see and to be seen. When the band paused, people drove slowly round
+the circle, seeking acquaintance. Among them one equipage was perfect--a
+small basket-phaeton, and two black ponies groomed within an inch of
+their lives. My eyes fell on the ponies first, but I saw them no more
+when the lady who drove them turned her face toward me.
+
+She wore a close-fitting black velvet habit and a little round hat with
+long black feather. Her hair might have been black velvet, too, as it
+fell low on her forehead, and was fastened somehow behind in a heavy
+coil. Black brows and lashes shaded clear gray eyes--the softest gray,
+without the least tint of green in them--such eyes as Quaker maidens
+ought to have under their gray bonnets. Little rose colored flushes kept
+coming and going in her cheeks as she talked.
+
+All at once I thought of Queen Guinevere,
+
+    As she fled fast thro' sun and shade,
+      With jingling bridle-reins.
+
+"Mr. Rayne, do you see that lady in black, with the ponies?"
+
+"Plainly."
+
+"If I were a man, that woman would be my Fate."
+
+"I thought women never admired each other's beauty."
+
+"You are mistaken. Heretofore I have met beautiful women only in poetry.
+Do you remember four lines about Queen Guinevere?--no, six lines, I
+mean:
+
+    "She looked so lovely as she swayed
+      The rein with dainty finger-tips,
+    A man had given all other bliss,
+    And all his worldly worth for this,
+    To waste his whole heart in one kiss
+      Upon her perfect lips.
+
+"I always thought them overstrained till now."
+
+"I perfectly agree with you," said Mr. Rayne: "I knew we were congenial
+spirits." Then he said a word or two in a diabolical language to his
+groom, who ran to the carriage which I had been watching and repeated it
+to the lady: she bowed and smiled to Mr. Rayne, and soon drew up her
+ponies beside us.
+
+"My wife," said Mr. Rayne with laughter in his eyes.
+
+Mrs. Rayne talked much like other people, and her beauty ceased to
+dazzle me after a few minutes; not that it grew less on near view, but,
+being a woman, I could not fall in love with her in the nature of
+things.
+
+When the music stopped we drove to Mr. Rayne's house, his wife keeping
+easily beside us. When she was occupied with the others Mr. Rayne
+whispered, "Her praises were so sweet in my ears that I would not own
+myself Sir Lancelot at once."
+
+"If you are Sir Lancelot," I said, "where is King Arthur?"
+
+"Forty fathoms deep, I hope," said Mr. Rayne with a sudden change in his
+voice and a darkening face. I had raised a ghost for him without knowing
+it, and he spoke no more till we reached the house.
+
+It was a long, low, spreading structure with a thatched roof, and a
+verandah round it. A wilderness of tropical plants hemmed it in. But all
+appearance of simplicity vanished on our entrance. In the matted hall
+stood a tree to receive the light coverings we had worn; not a "hat
+tree," as we say at home by poetic license, but the counterfeit
+presentment of a real tree, carved in branches and delicate foliage out
+of black wood. The drawing-room was eight-sided, and would have held,
+with some margin, the gambrel-roofed house, chimneys and all, in which I
+had spent my life. Two sides were open into other rooms, with Corinthian
+pillars reaching to the roof. Carved screens a little higher than our
+heads filled the space between the pillars, and separated the
+drawing-room from Mrs. Rayne's boudoir on the side and the dining-room
+on the other.
+
+The furniture of these rooms was like so many verses of a poem. Every
+chair and table had been designed by Mrs. Rayne, and then realized in
+black wood by the patient hands of natives.
+
+Another side opened by three glass doors on a verandah, and only a few
+rods below the house the sea dashed against a beach.
+
+After dinner I sat on the verandah drinking coffee and the sea-breeze by
+turns. The gentlemen walked up and down smoking the pipe of peace, while
+Mrs. Rayne sat within, talking with Rhoda in the candlelight. Opposite
+me, as I looked in at the open door, hung two Madonnas, the Sistine and
+the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. In front of each stood a tall
+flower-stand carved to imitate the leaves and blossoms of the calla
+lily. These black flowers held great bunches of the Annunciation lily,
+sacred to the Virgin through all the ages. Mrs. Rayne had taken off the
+close-buttoned jacket, and her dress was now open at the throat, with
+some rich old lace clinging about it and fastened with a pearl daisy.
+
+"Have you forgiven me the minute's deception I put upon you?" said Mr.
+Rayne, pausing beside me. "If I had not read admiration in your face, I
+would have told you the truth at once."
+
+"How could one help admiring her?"
+
+"I don't know, I'm sure: I never could."
+
+"She has the serenest face, like still, shaded water. I wonder how she
+would look in trouble?"
+
+"It is not becoming to her."
+
+"Are you sure?"
+
+"Quite."
+
+"Your way of life here seems so perfect! No hurry nor worry--nothing to
+make wrinkles."
+
+"You like this smooth Indian living, then?"
+
+"_Like it_! I hope you won't think me wholly given over to love of
+things that perish in the using, but if I could live this sort of life
+with the one I liked best, heaven would be a superfluity."
+
+"It is heaven indeed when I think of the purgatory from which we came
+into it," said Mr. Rayne, throwing away his cigar and carrying off my
+coffee-cup.
+
+"Do you know anything of Mrs. Rayne's history before her marriage?" I
+said to Frank as I joined him in his walk.
+
+"Nothing to speak of--only she was a widow."
+
+"Oh!" said I, feeling that a spot or two had suddenly appeared on the
+face of the sun.
+
+"That's nothing against her, is it?"
+
+"No, but I have no patience with second marriages."
+
+"Nor first ones, either," said Frank wickedly.
+
+"But seriously, Frank--would you like to have a wife so beautiful as
+Mrs. Rayne?"
+
+"Yes, if she had Rhoda's soul inside of her," said Frank stoutly.
+
+"I shouldn't."
+
+"Why not?"
+
+"Because all sorts of eyes gloat on her beauty and drink it in, and in
+one way appropriate it to themselves. Mr. Rayne is as proud of the
+admiration given to his wife as if it were a personal tribute to his own
+taste in selecting her. A beautiful woman never really and truly belongs
+to her husband unless he can keep a veil over her face, as the Turks
+do."
+
+"I knew you had 'views,'" said Mr. Rayne behind me, "but I had no idea
+they were so heathenish. What is New England coming to under the new
+rule? Are the plain women going to shut up all the handsome ones?"
+
+"I was only supposing a case."
+
+"Suppositions are dangerous. You first endure, then dally with them, and
+finally embrace them as established facts."
+
+"I was only saying that if I am a man when I come into the world next
+time (as the Hindoos say), I shall marry a plain woman with a charming
+disposition, and so, as it were, have my diamond all to myself by reason
+of its dull cover."
+
+"Jealousy, thy name is woman!" said Mr. Rayne. "When the Woman's
+Republic is set up, how I shall pity the handsome ones!"
+
+"They will all be banished to some desert island," said Frank.
+
+"And draw all men after them, as the 'Pied Piper of Hamelin' did the
+rats," said Mr. Rayne.
+
+"What are you talking about?" said Mrs. Rayne, joining us at this point.
+
+"The pity of it," said her husband, "that beauty is only skin deep."
+
+"That is deep enough," said Mrs. Rayne.
+
+"Yes, if age and sickness and trouble did not make one shed it so soon,"
+said I ungratefully.
+
+"Don't mention it," said Mrs. Rayne--"'tis bad enough when it comes. Do
+you remember that Greek woman in _Lothair,_ whose father was so
+fearfully rich that she seemed to be all crusted with precious stones?"
+
+"Perfectly."
+
+"To dance and sing was all she lived for, and Lothair must needs bring
+in the skeleton, as you did, by reminding her of the dolorous time when
+she would neither dance nor sing. You think she is crushed, to be sure,
+only Disraeli's characters never are crushed, any more than himself. 'Oh
+then,' she says, 'we will be part of the audience, and other people will
+dance and sing for us.' So beauty is always with us, though one person
+loses it."
+
+She gave a little shrug of her shoulders, which made her pearls and
+velvet shimmer in the moonlight. She looked so white and cool and
+perfect, so apart from common clay, that all at once Queen Guinevere
+ceased to be my type of her, and I thought of "Lilith, first wife of
+Adam," as we see her in Rossetti's fanciful poem:
+
+    Not a drop of her blood was human,
+    But she was made like a soft, sweet woman.
+
+We all went to our rooms after this, and in each of ours hung a
+full-length swinging mirror; I had never seen one before, except in a
+picture-shop or in a hotel.
+
+"Truly this is 'richness'!" I said, walking up and down and sideways
+from one to the other.
+
+"I had no idea you had so much vanity," said Frank, laughing at me, as
+he has done ever since he was born.
+
+"Vanity! not a spark. I am only seeing myself as others see me, for the
+first time."
+
+"I always had a glass like that in my room at home," said my
+sister-in-law, with the least morsel of disdain in her tone.
+
+"Had you? Then you have lost a great deal by growing up to such things.
+A first sensation at my age is delightful."
+
+Next day Rhoda and I were sitting with Mrs. Rayne in her dressing-room,
+with a great fan swinging overhead. We all had books in our hands, but I
+found more charming reading in my hostess, whose fascinations hourly
+grew upon me.
+
+She wore a long loose wrapper, clear blue in color, with little silver
+stars on it. I don't know how much of my admiration sprang from her
+perfect taste in dress. Raiment has an extraordinary effect on the whole
+machinery of life. Most people think too lightly of it. Somebody says if
+Cleopatra's nose had been a quarter of an inch shorter, the history of
+the world would have been utterly changed; but Antony might equally have
+been proof against a robe with high neck and tight sleeves. Mrs. Rayne's
+face always seemed to crown her costume like a rose out of green leaves,
+yet I cannot but think that if I had seen her first in a calico gown and
+sitting on a three-legged stool milking a cow, I should still have
+thought her a queen among women.
+
+While I sat like a lotos-eater, forgetful of home and butter-making, a
+servant brought in a parcel and a note. Mrs. Rayne tossed the note to me
+while she unfolded a roll of gray silk.
+
+
+Dear Guinevere: I send with this a bit of silk that old Fut'ali insisted
+on giving to me this morning. It is that horrid gray color which we both
+detest. I know you will never wear it, and you had better give it to
+Miss Blake to make a toga for her first appearance in the women's
+Senate. LANCELOT.
+
+"With all my heart!" said Mrs. Rayne as I gave back the note. "You will
+please us both far more than you can please yourself by wearing the
+dress with a thought of us. I wonder why Mr. Rayne calls me 'Guinevere'?
+But he has a new name for me every day, because he does not like my
+own."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"Waitstill. Did you ever hear it?"
+
+"Never but once," I said with a sudden tightness in my throat. I could
+scarcely speak my thanks for the dress.
+
+"I should never wear it," said Mrs. Rayne: "the color is associated with
+a very painful part of my life."
+
+"Do you suppose water would spot it?" asked Rhoda, who is of a practical
+turn of mind.
+
+"Take a bit and try it."
+
+"Water spots some grays" said Mrs. Rayne with a strange sort of smile as
+Rhoda went out, "especially salt water. I spent one night at sea in an
+open boat, with a gray dress clinging wet and salt to my limbs. When I
+tore it off in rags I seemed to shed all the misery I had ever known.
+All my life since then has been bright as you see it now. It would be a
+bad omen to put on a gray gown again."
+
+"Then you have made a sea-voyage, Mrs. Rayne?"
+
+"Yes, such a long voyage!--worse than the 'Ancient Mariner's.' No words
+can tell how I hate the sea." She sighed deeply, with a sudden darkening
+of her gray eyes till they were almost black, and grasped one wrist hard
+with the other hand.
+
+A sudden trembling seized me. I was almost as much agitated as Mrs.
+Rayne. I felt that I must clinch the matter somehow, but I took refuge
+in a platitude to gain time: "There is such a difference in ships,
+almost as much as in houses, and the comfort of the voyage depends
+greatly on that."
+
+"It may be so," she said wearily.
+
+"My brother's ship is old, but it has been refitted lately to something
+like comfort. It's old name was the Sapphire."
+
+This was my shot, and it hit hard.
+
+"The Sapphire! the Sapphire!" she whispered with dilated eyes. "Did you
+ever hear--did you ever find--But what nonsense! You must think me the
+absurdest of women."
+
+The color came back to her face, and she laughed quite naturally.
+
+"The fact is, Miss Blake, I was very ill and miserable when I was on
+shipboard, and to this day any sudden reminder of it gives me a
+shock.--Did water spot it?" she said to Rhoda, who came in at this
+point.
+
+I thought over all the threads of the circumstance that had come into my
+hand, and like Mr. Browning's lover I found "a thing to do."
+
+The next morning I made an excuse to go down to the ship with my
+brother, and there, by dint of pressure, I got those stained and dingy
+papers into my possession again. I had only that day before me, for we
+were going to a hotel the same evening, and the Raynes were to set out
+next day for their summer place among the hills, a long way back of
+Bombay. Our stay had already delayed their departure.
+
+This was my plot: Mrs. Rayne had been reading a book that I had bought
+for the home-voyage, and was to finish it before evening. I selected the
+duplicate of the paper which "Waitstill Atwood Eliot" had put in a
+bottle and cast adrift when her case had been desperate, and laid it in
+the book a page or two beyond Mrs. Rayne's mark. It seemed impossible
+that she could miss it: I watched her as a chemist watches his first
+experiment.
+
+Twice she took up the book, and was interrupted before she could open
+it: the third time she sat down so close to me that the folds of her
+dress touched mine. One page, two pages: in another instant she would
+have turned the leaf, and I held my breath, when a servant brought in a
+note. Her most intimate friend had been thrown from her carriage, and
+had sent for her. It was a matter of life and death, and brooked no
+delay. In ten minutes she had bidden us a cordial good-bye, and dropped
+out of my life for all time.
+
+She never finished _my_ book, nor I _hers_. I had had it in my heart, in
+return for her warm hospitality, to cast a great stone out of her past
+life into the still waters of her present, and her good angel had turned
+it aside just before it reached her. I might have asked Mr. Rayne in so
+many words if his wife's name had been Waitstill Atwood Eliot when he
+married her, but that would have savored of treachery to her, and I
+refrained.
+
+Often in the long calm days of the home-voyage, and oftener still in the
+night-watches, I pondered in my heart the items of Mrs. Rayne's history,
+and pieced them together like bits of mosaic--the gray eyes and the gray
+dress, the identity of name, the indefinite terrors of her sea-voyage,
+the little touch concerning Lancelot and Guinevere, her emotion when I
+mentioned the Sapphire. If circumstantial evidence can be trusted, I
+feel certain that Pedro's ghost appeared to me in the flesh.
+
+ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF FLORENCE.
+
+
+I had six months more to stay on the Continent, and I began for the
+first time to be discontented in Paris. There was no soul in that great
+city whom I had ever seen before, but this alone would hot have been
+sufficient to make me long for a change, except for an accident which
+unluckily surrounded me with my own countrymen. These I did not go
+abroad to see; and having lived almost entirely in the society of the
+French for over two years, it was with dismay that I saw my sanctum
+invaded daily by twos and threes of the aimless American nonentities who
+presume that their presence must be agreeable to any of their
+countrymen, and especially to any countrywoman, after a chance
+introduction on the boulevard or an hour spent together in a caf�.
+
+"Seeing these things," I determined to leave Paris, and the third day
+after found me traveling through picturesque Savoy toward Mont Cenis.
+All the afternoon the rugged hills had been growing higher and whiter
+with snow, and now, just before sunset, we reached the railway terminus,
+St. Michel, and were under the shadow of the Alps themselves.
+
+The previous night in the cars I had found myself the only woman among
+some half dozen French military officers, who paid me the most polite
+attention. They were charmed that I made no objection to their
+cigarettes, talked with me on various topics, criticised McClellan as a
+general, and were enthusiastic on the subject of our country generally.
+About midnight they prepared a grand repast from their traveling-bags,
+to which they gave me a cordial invitation. I begged to contribute my
+_mesquin_ supply of grapes and brioches, and the supper was a
+considerable event. Their canteens were filled with red wines, and one
+cup served the whole company. They drank my health and that of the
+President of the United States. Afterward we had vocal music, two of the
+officers being good singers. They sang Beranger's songs and the charming
+serenade from _Lalla Rookh_. I finally expressed a desire to hear the
+Marseillaise. This seemed to take them by surprise, but one of the
+singers, declaring that he had _"rien � refuser � madame"_ boldly struck
+up,
+
+    Allons, enfants de la patrie,
+    Le jour de gloire est arriv�;
+
+but his companions checked him before he had finished the first stanza.
+The law forbade, they said, the production of the Marseillaise in
+society. We were a society: the guard would hear us and might report it.
+
+"Vous voyez, madame," said the singer, "n'il n'est pas d�fendu d'�tre
+voleur, mais c'est d�fendu d'�tre attrap�" (It is not against the law to
+be a thief, but to be caught.)
+
+My traveling--companions reached their destination early in the morning,
+and, very gallantly expressing regrets that they were not going over the
+Alps, so as to bear mer company, bade me farewell.
+
+From the rear of the St. Michel hotel, called the Lion d'Or, I watched
+the preparations for crossing Mont Cenis. Three diligences were being
+crazily loaded with our baggage. The men who loaded them seemed
+imitating the Alpine structure. They piled trunk on trunk to the height
+of thirty feet, I verily believe; and if some one should nudge my elbow
+and say "fifty," I should write it down so without manifesting the least
+surprise.
+
+When the preparations were finished the setting sun was shining clearly
+on the white summits above, and we commenced slowly winding up the noble
+zigzag road. Rude mountain children kept up with our diligences, asked
+for sous and wished us _bon voyage_ in the name of the Virgin.
+
+The grandeur, but especially the extent and number, of the Alpine peaks
+impressed me with a vague, undefinable sense, which was not, I think,
+the anticipated sensation; and indeed if I had been in a poetic mood, it
+would have been quickly dissipated by the mock raptures of a young
+Englishman with a poodly moustache and an eye-glass. He called our
+attention to every chasm, gorge and waterfall, as if we had been wholly
+incapable of seeing or appreciating anything without his aid. As for me,
+I did not feel like disputing his susceptibility. I was suffering an
+uneasy apprehension of an avalanche--not of snow, but of trunks and
+boxes from the topheavy diligences ahead of us. However, we reached the
+top of Mont Cenis safely by means of thirteen mules to each coach,
+attached tandem, and we stopped at the queer relay-house there some
+thirty minutes. Here some women in the garb of nuns served me some soup
+with grated cheese, a compound which suggested a dishcloth in flavor,
+yet it was very good. I will not attempt to reconcile the two
+statements. After the soup I went out to see the Alps. The ecstatic
+Briton was still eating and drinking, and I could enjoy the scene
+unmolested. I crossed a little bridge near the inn. The night was cold
+and bright. Hundreds of snowy peaks above, below and in every direction,
+some of their hoary heads lost in the clouds, were glistening in the
+light of a clear September moon, and the stillness was only broken by a
+wild stream tumbling down the precipices which I looked up to as I
+crossed the bridge. It was indeed an impressive scene--cold, desolate,
+awful. I walked so near the freezing cataract that the icicles touched
+my face, and thinking that Dante, when he wrote his description of hell,
+might have been inspired by this very scene, I wrapped my cloak closer
+about me and went back to the inn.
+
+The diligences were ready, and we commenced a descent which I cannot
+even now think of without a shudder. To each of those heavily-laden
+stages were attached two horses only, and we bounded down the
+mountain-side like a huge loosened boulder. Imagine the sensation as
+you looked out of the windows and saw yourself whirling over yawning
+chasms and along the brinks of dizzy precipices, fully convinced that
+the driver was drunk and the horses goaded to madness by Alpine demons!
+I have been on the ocean in a storm sufficiently severe to make Jew and
+Christian pray amicably together; I have been set on fire by a fluid
+lamp, and have been dragged under the water by a drowning friend, but I
+think I never had such an alarming sense of coming destruction as in
+that diligence. I think of those sure-footed horses even now with
+gratitude.
+
+We arrived at Susa a long time before daylight. At first, I decided to
+stay and see this town, which was founded by a Roman colony in the time
+of Augustus. The arch built in his honor about eight years before Christ
+seemed a thing worth going to see; but a remark from my companion with
+the eye-glass made me determine to go on. He said he was going to "do"
+the arch, and I knew I should not be equal to witnessing any more of his
+ecstasies.
+
+My first astonishment in Italy was that hardly any of the railroad
+officials spoke French. I had always been told that with that language
+at your command you could travel all over the Continent. This is a grave
+error: even in Florence, although "Ici on parle fran�ais" is conspicuous
+in many shop-windows, I found I had to speak Italian or go unserved. I
+had a mortal dread of murdering the beautiful Italian language; so I
+wanted to speak it well before I commenced, like the Irishman who never
+could get his boots on until he had worn them a week.
+
+I stopped at Turin, then the capital of Italy, only a short time, and
+hurried on to Florence, for that was to be my home for the winter. It
+was delightful to come down from the Alpine snows and find myself face
+to face with roses and orange trees bearing fruit and blossom. Here I
+wandered through the olive-gardens alone, and gave way to the rapturous
+sense of simply being in the land of art and romance, the land of love
+and song; for there was no ecstatic person with me armed with _Murray_
+and prepared to admire anything recommended therein. Besides, I could
+enjoy Italy for days and months, and therefore was not obliged to "do"
+(detestable tourist slang!) anything in a given time. I was free as a
+bird. I knew no Americans in Florence, and determined to studiously
+avoid making acquaintances except among Italians, for I wished to learn
+the language as I had learned French, by constantly speaking it and no
+other.
+
+The day following my arrival in Florence I went out to look for
+lodgings, which I had the good fortune to find immediately. I secured
+the first I looked at. They were in the Borgo SS. Apostoli, in close
+proximity to the Piazza del Granduca, now Delia Signoria. I was passing
+this square, thinking of my good luck in finding my niche for the
+winter, when, much to my surprise, some one accosted me in English.
+Think of my dismay at seeing one of the irrepressible Paris bores I had
+fled from! He was in Florence before me, having come by a different
+route; and neither of us had known anything about the other's intention
+to quit Paris. He asked me at once where I was stopping, and I told him
+at the Hotel a la Fontana, not deeming it necessary to add that I was
+then on my way there to pack up my traveling-bag and pay my bill. As he
+was "doing" Florence in about three days, he never found me out. The
+next I heard of him he was "doing" Rome. This American prided himself on
+his knowledge of Italian; and one day in a restaurant, wishing for
+cauliflower _(cavolo fiore)_, he astonished the waiter by calling for
+_horse. "Cavallo"!_ he roared--"_Port�z me cavallo!_" "Cavallo!"
+repeated the waiter, with the characteristic Italian shrug. "_Non
+simangia in Italia, signore_" (It is not eaten in Italy, signore). Then
+followed more execrable Italian, and the waiter brought him something
+which elicited "_Non volo! non volo!_" (I don't fly! I don't fly!) from
+the American, and "_Lo credo, signore_" from the baffled waiter, much to
+the amusement of people at the adjacent tables.
+
+I liked my new quarters very much. They consisted of two goodly-sized
+rooms, carpeted with thick braided rag carpets, and decently furnished,
+olive oil provided for the quaint old classic-shaped lamp, and the rooms
+kept in order, for the astounding price of thirty francs a month. Wood I
+had to pay extra for when I needed a fire, and that indeed was
+expensive; for a bundle only sufficient to make a fire cost a franc.
+There were few days, however, even in that exceptional winter, which
+rendered a fire necessary. The _scaldino_ for the feet was generally
+sufficient, and this, replenished three times a day, was included in the
+rent.
+
+One of my windows looked out on olive-gardens and on the old church San
+Miniato, on the hill of the same name. Mr. Hart, the sculptor, told me
+that those rooms were very familiar to him. Buchanan Read, I think he
+said, had occupied them, and the walls in many places bore traces of
+artist vagaries. There were several nice caricatures penciled among the
+cheap frescoes of the walls. All the walls are frescoed in Florence.
+Think of having your ceiling and walls painted in a manner that
+constantly suggests Michael Angelo!
+
+After some weeks spent in looking at the art-wonders in Florence, I
+visited many of the studios of our artists. That of Mr. Hart, on the
+Piazza Independenza, was one of the most interesting. He had two very
+admirable busts of Henry Clay, and all his visitors, encouraged by his
+frank manner, criticised his works freely. Most people boldly pass
+judgment on any work of art, and "understand" Mrs. Browning when she
+says the Venus de' Medici "thunders white silence." I do not. I am sure
+I never can understand what a thundering silence means, whatever may be
+its color. These appreciators talked of the "word-painting" of Mrs.
+Browning.
+
+    They sit on their thrones in a purple sublimity,
+    And grind down men's bones to a pale unanimity.
+
+I suppose this is "word-painting." I can see the picture
+also--some kings, and possibly queens, seated on gorgeous thrones,
+engaged in the festive occupation of grinding bones! Oh, I degrade the
+subject, do I? Nonsense! The term is a stilted affectation, perhaps
+never better applied than to Mrs. Browning's descriptive spasms. Still,
+she was undoubtedly a poet. She wrote many beautiful subjective poems,
+but she wrote much that was not poetry, and which suggests only a
+deranged nervous system. I have a friend who maintains from her writings
+that she never loved, that she did not know what passion meant. However
+this may be, the author of the sonnet commencing--
+
+    Go from me! Yet I feel that I shall stand
+      Henceforward in thy shadow,
+
+deserves immortality.
+
+But to return to Mr. Hart's studio. One of the most remarkable things I
+saw in Florence was this artist's invention to reduce certain details of
+sculpture to a mechanical process. This machine at first sight struck me
+as a queer kind of ancient armor. In brief, the subject is placed in
+position, when the front part of this armor, set on some kind, of hinge,
+swings round before him, and the sculptor makes measurements by means of
+numberless long metal needles, which are so arranged as to run in and
+touch the subject: A stationary mark is placed where the needle touches,
+and then I think it is pulled back. So the artist goes on, until some
+hundreds of measurements are made, if necessary, when the process is
+finished and the subject is released. How these measurements are made to
+serve the artist in modeling the statue I cannot very well describe, but
+I understood that by their aid Mr. Hart had modeled a bust from life in
+the incredible space of two days! I further understood that Mr. Hart's
+portrait-busts are remarkable for their correct likeness, which of
+course they must be if they are mathematically correct in their
+proportions. Many of the artists in Florence have the bad taste to make
+sport of this machine; but if Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are what they
+have the reputation of being, this sport is only a mask for jealousy.
+Mr. Hart was extremely sensitive to the light manner Mr. Powers and
+others have of speaking of this invention. One day he was much annoyed
+when a visitor, after examining the machine very attentively for some
+time, exclaimed, "Mr. Hart, what if you should have a man shut in there
+among those points, and he should happen to sneeze?"
+
+The Pitti Palace was one of my favorite haunts, and I often spent whole
+hours there in a single salon. There I almost always saw Mr. G----, a
+German-American, copying from the masters; and he could copy too! What
+an indefatigable worker he was! Slight and delicate of frame, he seemed
+absolutely incapable of growing weary. He often toiled there all day
+long, his hands red and swollen with the cold, for the winter, as I have
+before remarked, was unusually severe. For many days I saw him working
+on a Descent from the Cross by Tintoretto--a bold attempt, for
+Tintoretto's colors are as baffling as those of the great Venetian
+master himself. This copy had received very general praise, and one day
+I took a Lucca friend, a dilettante, to see it. Mr. G---- brought the
+canvas out in the hall, that we might see it outside of the ocean of
+color which surrounded it in the gallery. When we reached the hall, Mr.
+G---- turned the picture full to the light. The effect was astounding.
+It was so brilliant that you could hardly look at it. It seemed a mass
+of molten gold reflecting the sun. "Good God!" exclaimed G----, "did I
+do that?" and an expression of bitter disappointment passed over his
+face. I ventured to suggest that as everybody had found it good while it
+was in the gallery, this brilliant effect must be from the cold gray
+marble of the hall. G---- could not pardon the picture, and nothing that
+the Italian or I could say had the least effect. He would hear no excuse
+for it, and, evidently quite mortified at the d�but of his Tintoretto,
+he hurried the canvas back to the easel. The sister of the czar of
+Russia was greatly pleased with this copy, and proposed to buy it, but
+whether she did or not I forgot to ascertain.
+
+Alone as I was in Florence, cultivating only the acquaintance of
+Italians, yet was I never troubled with _ennui_. I read much at
+Vieussieux's, and when I grew tired of that and of music, I made long
+sables on the Lung Arno to the Cascine, through the charming Boboli
+gardens, or out to Fiesole. Fiesole is some two miles from Florence, and
+once on my way there I stopped at the Protestant burying-ground and
+pilfered a little wildflower from Theodore Parker's grave to send home
+to one of his romantic admirers. Fiesole must be a very ancient town,
+for there is a ruined amphitheatre there, and the remains of walls so
+old that they are called Pelasgic in their origin; which is, I take it,
+sufficiently vague. The high hill is composed of the most solid marble;
+so the guidebooks say, at least. This is five hundred and seventy-five
+feet above the sea, and on its summit stands the cathedral, very old
+indeed, and built in the form of a basilica, like that of San Miniato.
+From this hill you look down upon the plain beneath, with the Arno
+winding through it, and upon Florence and the Apennine chain, above
+which rise the high mountains of Carrara. Here, on the highest available
+point of the rock, I used to sit reading, and looking upon the panorama
+beneath, until the sinking sun warned me that I had only time to reach
+the city before its setting. I used to love to look also at works of art
+in this way, for by so doing I fixed them in my mind for future
+reference. I never passed the Piazza della Signoria without standing
+some minutes before the Loggia dei Lanzi and the old ducal palace with
+its marvelous tower. Before this palace, exposed to the weather for
+three hundred and fifty years, stands Michael Angelo's David; to the
+left, the fountain on the spot where Savonarola was burnt alive by the
+order of Alexander VI.; and immediately facing this is the post-office.
+I never could pass the post-office without thinking of the poet Shelley,
+who was there brutally felled to the earth by an Englishman, who accused
+him of being an infidel, struck his blow and escaped.
+
+I made many visits to the Nuova Sacrista to see the tombs of the two
+Medici by Michael Angelo. The one at the right on entering is that of
+Giuliano, duke of Nemours, brother of Leo X. The two allegorical
+figures reclining beneath are Morning and Night. The tomb of Lorenzo de'
+Medici, duke of Urfrino, stands on the other side of the chapel, facing
+that of the duke de Nemours. The statue of Lorenzo, for grace of
+attitude and beauty of expression, has, in my opinion, never been
+equaled. The allegorical figures at the feet of this Medici are more
+beautiful and more easily understood than most of Michael Angelo's
+allegorical figures. Nevertheless, I used sometimes, when looking at
+these four figures, to think that they had been created merely as
+architectural auxiliaries, and that their expression was an accident or
+a freak of the artist's fancy, rather than the expression of some
+particular thought: at other times I saw as much in them as most
+enthusiasts do--enough, I have no doubt, to astonish their great author
+himself. I believe that very few people really experience rapturous
+sensations when they look at works of art. People are generally much
+more moved by the sight of the two canes preserved in Casa Buonarotti,
+upon which the great master in his latter days supported his tottering
+frame, than they are by the noblest achievements of his genius.
+
+The Carnival in Florence was a meagre affair compared with the same f�te
+in Rome. During the afternoon, however, there was goodly procession of
+masks in carriages on the Lung' Arno, and in the evening there was a
+feeble _moccoletti_ display. The grand masked ball at the Casino about
+this time presents an irresistible attraction to the floating population
+in Florence. I was foolish enough to go. All were obliged to be dressed
+in character or in full ball-costume: no dominoes allowed. The Casino, I
+was told, is the largest club-house in the world; and salon after salon
+of that immense building was so crowded that locomotion was nearly
+impossible. The floral decorations were magnificent, the music was
+excellent, and some of the ten thousand people present tried to dance,
+but the sets formed were soon squeezed into a ball. Then they gave up in
+despair, while the men swore under their breath, and the women repaired
+to the dressing-rooms to sew on flounces or other skirt-trimmings. Masks
+wriggled about, and spoke to each other in the ridiculously squeaky
+voice generally adopted on such occasions. Most of their conversation
+was English, and of this very exciting order: "You don't know me?" "Yes
+I do." "No you don't." "I know what you did yesterday," etc., etc., _ad
+nauseam._ How fine masked balls are in sensational novels! how
+absolutely flat and unsatisfactory in fact! There was on this occasion a
+vast display of dress and jewelry, and among the babel of languages
+spoken the most prominent was the beautiful London dialect sometimes
+irreverently called Cockney. I lost my cavalier at one time, and while I
+waited for him to find me I retired to a corner and challenged a mask to
+a game of chess. He proved to be a Russian who spoke neither French nor
+Italian. We got along famously, however. He said something very polite
+in Russian, I responded irrelevantly in French, and then we looked at
+each other and grinned. He subsequently, thinking he had made an
+impression, ventured to press my hand; I drew it away and told him he
+was an idiot, at which he was greatly flattered; and then we grinned at
+each other again. It was very exciting indeed. I won the game easily,
+because he knew nothing of chess, and then he said something in his
+mother-tongue, placing his hand upon his heart. I could have sworn that
+it meant, "Of course I would not be so rude as to win when playing with
+a lady." I thought so, principally because he was a man, for I never
+knew a man under such circumstances who did not immediately betray his
+self-conceit by making that gallant declaration. Feeling sure that the
+Russian had done so, when we placed the pieces on the board again I
+offered him my queen. He seemed astounded and hurt; and then for the
+first time I thought that if this Russian were an exception to his sex,
+and I had _not_ understood his remark, then it was a rudeness to offer
+him my queen. I was fortunately relieved from my perplexing situation
+by the approach of my cavalier, and as he led me away I gave my other
+hand to my antagonist in the most impressive manner, by way of atonement
+in case there _had_ been anything wrong in my conduct toward him.
+
+One day during the latter part of my stay in Florence I went the second
+time to the splendid studio of Mr. Powers. He talked very eloquently
+upon art. He said that some of the classic statues had become famous,
+and deservedly so, although they were sometimes false in proportion and
+disposed in attitudes quite impossible in nature. He illustrated this by
+a fine plaster cast of the Venus of Milo, before which we were standing.
+He showed that the spinal cord in the neck could never, from the
+position of the head, have joined that of the body, that there was a
+radical fault in the termination of the spinal column, and that the
+navel was located falsely with respect to height. As he proceeded he
+convinced me that he was correct; and in defence of this, my most
+cherished idol after the Apollo Belvedere, I only asked the iconoclast
+whether these defects might not have been intentional, in order to make
+the statue appear more natural when looked at in its elevated position
+from below. I subsequently repeated Mr. Powers's criticism of the Venus
+of Milo in the studio of another of our distinguished sculptors, and he
+treated it with great levity, especially when I told him my authority.
+There is a spirit of rivalry among sculptors which does not always
+manifest itself in that courteous and well-bred manner which
+distinguishes the medical faculty, for instance, in their dealings with
+each other. This courtesy is well illustrated by an anecdote I have
+recently heard. A gentleman fell down in a fit, and a physician entering
+saw a man kneeling over the patient and grasping him firmly by the
+throat; whereupon the physician exclaimed, "Why, sir, you are stopping
+the circulation in the jugular vein!" "Sir," replied the other, "I am a
+doctor of medicine." To which the first M.D. remarked, "Ah! I beg your
+pardon," and stood by very composedly until the patient was comfortably
+dead.
+
+While Mr. Powers was conversing with me about the Venus of Milo, there
+entered two Englishwomen dressed very richly in brocades and velvets.
+They seemed very anxious to see everything in the studio, talked in loud
+tones of the various objects of art, passed us, and occupied themselves
+for some time before the statue called California. I heard one of them
+say, "I wonder if there's anybody 'ere that talks Hinglish?" and in the
+same breath she called out to Mr. Powers, "Come 'ere!" He was at work
+that day, and wore his studio costume. I was somewhat surprised to see
+him immediately obey the rude command, and the following conversation
+occurred:
+
+"Do you speak Hinglish?"
+
+"Yes, ma'am."
+
+"What is this statue?"
+
+"It is called California, madam."
+
+"What has she got in 'er 'and?"
+
+"Thorns, madam, in the hand held behind the back; in the other she
+presents the quartz containing the tempting metal."
+
+"Oh!"
+
+We next entered a room where there was another work of the sculptor in
+process of formation. Mr. Powers and myself were engaged in an animated
+and, to me, very agreeable conversation, which was constantly
+interrupted by these ill-bred women, who kept all the time mistaking the
+plaster for the marble, and asked the artist the most pestering
+questions on the _modus operandi_ of sculpturing. I was astonished at
+the marvelous temper of Mr. Powers, who politely and patiently answered
+all their queries. By some lucky chance these women got out of the way
+during our slow progress back to the outer rooms, and I enjoyed Mr.
+Powers's conversation uninterruptedly. He showed me the beautiful baby
+hand in marble, a copy of his daughter's hand when an infant, and had
+just returned it to its shrine when the two women reappeared, and we all
+proceeded together. In the outer room there were several admirable
+busts, upon which these women passed comment freely. One of these busts
+was that of a lady, and they attacked it spitefully. "What an ugly
+face!" "What a mean expression about the mouth!" "Isn't it 'orrible?"
+
+"Who is it?" asked one of them, addressing Mr. Powers.
+
+"That is a portrait of my wife," said the artist modestly.
+
+"Your wife!" repeated one of the women, and then, nothing abashed,
+added, "Who are you?"
+
+"My name is Powers, madam," he answered very politely. This discovery
+evidently disconcerted the impudence even of these visitors, and they
+immediately left the studio.
+
+As the day approached for my departure I visited all my old haunts, and
+dwelt fondly upon scenes which I might never see again. My dear old
+music-master cried when I bade him farewell. Povero maestro! He used to
+think me so good that I was always ashamed of not being a veritable
+angel. I left Florence when
+
+        All the land in flowery squares,
+    Beneath a broad and equal-blowing wind,
+    Smelt of the coming summer.
+
+My last visit was with the maestro to the Cascine, where he gathered me
+a bunch of wild violets--cherished souvenir of a city I love, and of a
+friend whose like I "ne'er may look upon again."
+
+MARIE HOWLAND.
+
+
+
+
+THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.
+
+
+While Philadelphia hibernates in the ice and snow of February, the
+spring season opens in the Southern woods and pastures. The fragrant
+yellow jessamine clusters in golden bugles over shrubs and trees, and
+the sward is enameled with the white, yellow and blue violet. The crocus
+and cowslip, low anemone and colts-foot begin to show, and the land
+brightens with waxy flowers of the huckleberry, set in delicate gamboge
+edging. Yards, greeneries, conservatories breathe a June like fragrance,
+and aviaries are vocal with songsters, mocked outside by the American
+mocking-bird, who chants all night under the full moon, as if day was
+too short for his medley.
+
+New Orleans burgeons with the season. The broad fair avenues, the wide
+boulevards, famed Canal street, are luxuriant with spring life and
+drapery. Dashing equipages glance down the Shell Road with merry
+driving-and picnic-parties. There is boating on the lake, and delicious
+French collations at pleasant resorts, spread by neat-handed mulatto
+waiters speaking a patois of French, English and negro. There spring
+meats and sauces and light French wines allure to enjoyments less
+sensual than the coarser Northern climate affords.
+
+The unrivaled French opera is in season, the forcing house of that
+bright garden of exotics. Other and Northern cities boast of such
+entertainments, but I apprehend they resemble the Simon-Pure much as an
+Englishman's French resembles the native tongue. In New Orleans it is
+the natural, full-flavored article, lively with French taste and talent,
+and for a people instinct with a truer Gallic spirit, perhaps, than that
+of Paris itself. It is antique and colonial, but age and the sea-voyage
+have preserved more distinctly the native _bouquet_ of the wine after
+all grosser flavors have wasted away. The spectacle within the theatre
+on a fine night is brilliant, recherch� and French. From side-scene to
+dome, and from gallery after gallery to the gay parquette, glitters the
+bright, shining audience. There are loungers, American and French, blas�
+and rou�, who in the intervals drink brandy and whisky, or anisette,
+maraschino, cur�oa or some other fiery French cordial. The French
+loungers are gesticulatory, and shoulders, arms, fingers, eyes and
+eyebrows help out the tongue's rapid utterance; but they are never rude
+or boisterous. There are belles, pretty French belles, with just a tint
+of deceitless rouge for fashion's sake, and tinkling, crisp, low French
+voices modulated to chime with the music and not disharmonize it; nay,
+rather add to the sweetness of its concord.
+
+And there is the Creole dandy, the small master of the revels. There is
+nothing perfumed in the latest box of bonbons from Paris so exquisite,
+sparkling, racy, French and happy in its own sweet conceit as he is. He
+has hands and feet a Kentucky girl might envy for their shapely delicacy
+and dainty size, cased in the neatest kid and prunella. His hair is
+negligent in the elegantest grace of the perruquier's art, his dress
+fashioned to the very line of fastidious elegance and simplicity, yet a
+simplicity his Creole taste makes unique and attractive. He has the true
+French persiflage, founded on happy content, not the blank indifference
+of the Englishman's disregard. It becomes graceful self-forgetfulness,
+and yet his vanity is French and victorious. In the atmosphere of
+breathing music and faint perfume he looks around the glancing boxes,
+and knows he has but to throw his sultanic handkerchief to have the
+handsomest Circassian in the glowing circle of female beauty. But he
+does not throw it, for all that. His manner plainly says: "Beautiful
+dames, it would do me much of pleasure if I could elope with you all on
+the road of iron, but the _b�te noir_, the Moral, will not permit.
+Behold for which, as an opened box of Louvin's perfumeries, I dispense
+my fragrant affection to you all: breathe it and be happy!" Such homage
+he receives with graceful acquiescence, believing his recognition of it
+a sweet fruition to the fair adorers. He accepts it as he does the ices,
+wines and delicate French dishes familiar to his palate. Life is a
+fountain of eau sucr�e, where everything is sweet to him, and he tries
+to make it so to you, for he is a kindly-natured, true-hearted, valiant
+little French gentleman. His loves, his innocent dissipations, his grand
+passions, his rapier duels, would fill the volumes of a Le Sage or a
+Cervantes. In the gay circles of New Orleans he floats with lambent
+wings and irresistible fine eyes, its serenest butterfly, admired and
+spoiled alike by the French and American element.
+
+At this early spring season a new atom of the latter enters the charmed
+circle, breaking its merry round into other sparkles of foam. A
+well-formed, stately, rather florid gentleman alights at the St.
+Charles, and is ushered into the hospitalities of that elegant
+caravansary. There is something impressive about him, or there would be
+farther North. He is American, from the strong, careless Anglo-Saxon
+face, through all the stalwart bones and full figure, to the strong,
+firm, light step. He will crush through the lepidoptera of this
+half-French society like a silver knife through _Tourtereaux souffl�s �
+la cr�me_. He brings letters to this and that citizen, or he is well
+known already, and "coloneled" familiarly by stamp-expectant waiters and
+the courteous master of ceremonies at the clerk's desk. He calls, on his
+bankers, and is received with gracious familiarity in the pleasant
+bank-parlor. Correspondence has made them acquainted with Colonel
+Beverage in the way of business: they are glad to see him in person, and
+will be happy to wait on him. He makes them happy in that way, for they
+do wait upon him satisfactorily. There is a little pleasant interchange
+of news and city gossip, and of something else. There is a crinkling of
+a certain crispy, green foliage, and the colonel withdraws in the midst
+of civilities.
+
+He next appears on Canal street, by and beyond the Clay Monument, with
+occasional pauses at clothiers', and buys his shirts at Moody's, as he
+has probably often sworn not to do, because of its annoyingly frequent
+posters everywhere. He enters jewelers' shops and examines
+trinkets--serpents with ruby eyes curled in gold on beds of golden
+leaves with emerald dews upon them; pearls, pear-shaped and tearlike,
+brought up by swart, glittering divers, seven fathom deep, at Tuticorin
+or in the Persian Gulf; rubies and sapphires mined in Burmese Ava, and
+diamonds from Borneo and Brazil. Is he choosing a bridal present? It
+looks so; but no, he selects a splendid, brilliant solitaire, for which
+he pays eight hundred dollars out of a plethoric purse, and also a
+finger-ring, diamond too, for two hundred and fifty dollars. The
+jewelers are polite, as the bankers were. He must be a large
+cotton-planter, one of a class with whom a fondness for jewels serves as
+a means of dozing away life in a kind of crystallization. He otherwise
+adorns his stately person, till he has a Sublime Porte indeed, the very
+vizier of a fairy tale glittering in barbaric gems and gold. His taste,
+to speak it mildly, is expressed rather than subdued--not to be compared
+with the quiet elegance of your husband or lover, madam or miss, but not
+unsuited to his showy style, for all that. As the crimson-purple,
+plume-like prince's feather has its own royal charm in Southern gardens
+beside the pale and placidlily, so these luxuriant adornments, do not
+misbecome his full and not too fleshy person. There is a certain harmony
+in the Oriental sumptuousness of his attire, like radiant sunsets,
+appropriate to certain styles of man and woman. Let us humble creatures
+be content to have our portraits done in crayon, but the colonel calls
+for the color-box.
+
+So adorned and radiant, this variety of the American aloe floats into
+the charmed circle of New Orleans society--that lively, sparkling
+epitome and relic of the old r�gime. He has good letters and a fair
+name, and mingles in the Mystick Krewe, that curious club, possible
+nowhere else, that has raised mummery into the sphere of aesthetics.
+Perhaps he has worn the gray, perhaps the blue. It is only in the very
+arcana of exclusive passion it makes much difference. But gray or blue,
+or North or South in birth, he is in every essential a Southerner, as
+many, like S.S. Prentiss, curiously independent of nativity, are. He is
+well received and courteously entreated. He has his little suppers at
+Moreau's, and knows the ways of the place and names of the waiters. He
+has his promenades, his drives, his club visits, is seen everywhere--a
+brilliant convolvulus now, twining the espaliers of that Saracenic
+fabric of society; to speak architecturally, its very summer-house. He
+visits the opera and gives it his frank approval, but confesses a
+preference for the old plantation-melodies. He crushes through the
+meshes of the Creole dandies, not offensively, but as the law of his
+volume and momentum dictates, and they yield the _pas_ to his superior
+weight and metal. They are civil, and he is civil, but they do not like
+one another, for all that. That Zodiac passed, they continue their own
+summery orbit of charm and conquest. He tends toward the aureal spheres
+and the green and pleasant banks of issue. The colonel is not here for
+pleasure, though he takes a little pleasure, as is his way, seasonably;
+but he means business, and that several thirsty, eager cotton-houses of
+repute know.
+
+Of course they know. It came in his letters and distills in the aroma of
+his talk. It may even have slipped into the personals of the _Pic_ and
+_Times_ that Colonel Beverage has taken Millefleur and Rottenbottom
+plantations on Red River, and is going extensively into the cultivation
+of the staple. The colonel is modest over this: "not extensively, no,
+but to the extent of his limited means." In the mean while he looks out
+for some sound, well-recommended cotton-house.
+
+This means business. In the North the farmer raises his crop on his own
+capital, and turns it over unencumbered to the merchant for the public.
+The credit system prevails in the agriculture of the South, and brings
+another precarious element into the already hazardous occupation of
+cotton-growing. A new party appears in the cotton-merchant. He is not
+merely the broker, yielding the proceeds, less a commission, to the
+planter. Either, by hypothecation on advances made during the year, he
+secures a legal pre-emption in the crop, or, by initiatory contract, he
+becomes an actual partner of limited liability in the crop itself. He
+agrees to furnish so much cash capital at periods for the cultivation
+and securing of the crop, which is husbanded by the planter. The money
+for these advances he obtains from the banks; and hence it is that in
+every cotton-crop raised South there are three or more principals
+actually interested--the banker, the merchant and the planter. This
+condition of planting is almost invariable. Even the small farmer, whose
+crop is a few bags, is ground into it. In his case the country-side
+grocer and dealer is banker and merchant, and his advances the bare
+necessaries. In this blending of interests the curious partnership
+rises, thrives, labors and sometimes falls--the planter, as a rule,
+undermost in that accident.
+
+The Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations are famous, and a hand well
+over the crops raised under such shrewd, experienced management as that
+of Colonel Beverage is a stroke of policy. Therefore, as the bankers and
+jewelers have been polite, so now the cotton-merchants are civil; but
+the colonel is shy--an old bird and a game bird.
+
+Shy, but not suspicious. He chooses his own time, and at an early day
+walks into the business-house of Negocier & Duthem. They are pleased to
+see the colonel in the way of business, as they have been in society,
+and the pleasure is mutual. As he expounds his plans they are more and
+more convinced that he is a plumy bird of much waste feather.
+
+He has taken Rottenbottom and Millefleur, and is going pretty well
+into cotton. He thinks he understands it: he ought to. Then he
+has his own capital--an advantage, certainly. Some of his friends,
+So-and-so--running over commercial and bankable names easily--have
+suggested the usual co-operation with some reputable house, and an
+extension, but he believes He will stay within limits. He has five
+thousand dollars in cash he wishes to deposit with some good firm for
+the year's supplies. He believes that will be sufficient, and he has
+called to hear their terms. All this comes not at once, but here and
+there in the business-conversation.
+
+The reader will perceive one strong bait carelessly thrown out by the
+auriferous or folliferous colonel--the five thousand dollars cash in
+hand. The immediate use of that is a strong incentive to the house. They
+covet the colonel's business: they think well of the proposed extension.
+Cotton is sure to be up, and under practical, experienced cultivation
+must yield a handsome fortune. The result is foreseen. The cotton-house
+and the colonel enter into the usual agreement of such transactions. The
+colonel leaves his five thousand dollars, and draws on that, and for as
+much more as may be necessary in securing the crop.
+
+The commercial reader North who has had no dealings South will smile at
+the credulous merchant who entrusts his credit to such a full-blown,
+thirsty tropical pitcher-plant as the colonel, who carries childish
+extravagances in his very dress; but he will judge hastily. We have seen
+this gaudy efflorescence pass over the curiously-wrought enameled
+gold-work, opals, pearls and rubies, and adorn himself with solid
+diamonds. The careful economist North puts his superfluous thousands in
+government bonds, or gambles them away in Erie stocks, because he likes
+the increase of Jacob's speckled sheep. The Southerner invests his in
+diamonds because he likes show, and diamonds have a pretty steady market
+value. There is method, too, in the colonel's associations, and all his
+acquaintance is gilt-edged and bankable.
+
+His business is now done, and he does not tarry, but wings his way to
+Millefleur and Rottenbottom, where he moults all his fine feathers. He
+goes into fertilizers, beginning with crushed cotton-seed and barnyard
+manure, if possible, before February is over. He follows the
+shovel-plough with a slick-jack, and plants, and then the labor begins
+to fail him. He talks about importing Chinese, and writes about it in
+the local paper. He is sure it will do, as he is positive in all his
+opinions. He is true pluck, and tries to make new machinery make up for
+deficient labor. He buys "bull-tongues," "cotton-shovels," "fifteen-inch
+sweeps," "twenty-inch sweeps," "team-ploughs with seven-inch twisters,"
+and a "finishing sweep of twenty-six inches." He hears of other
+inventions, and orders them. The South is flooded with a thousand quack
+contrivances now, about as applicable to cotton-raising as a pair of
+nut-crackers; but the colonel buys them. He is going to dispense with
+the hoe. That is the plan; and by that plan of furnishing a large
+plantation with new tools before Lent is over the five thousand dollars
+are gone. But he writes cheerfully. It is his nature to be sanguine, and
+to hope loudly, vaingloriously; and he writes it honestly enough to his
+merchant--and draws. The labor gets worse and worse. In the indolent
+summer days the negro, careless, thriftless, ignorant, works only at
+intervals. Perhaps the June rise catches him, and there is a heavy
+expense in ditching and damming to save the Rottenbottom crop. Maybe the
+merchant hears of the army-worm and is alarmed, but the colonel writes
+back assuring letters that it is only the grasshopper, and the
+grasshopper has helped more than hurt--and draws. Then possibly the
+army-worm comes sure enough, and cripples him. But he keeps up his
+courage--and draws. The five thousand dollars appear to have been
+employed in digging or building a sluice through which a constant
+current of currency flows from the city to Rottenbottom and Millefleur.
+The merchant has gone into bank, and the tide flows on. At last the
+planter writes: "The most magnificent crop ever raised on Red River,
+just waiting for the necessary hands to gather it in!" Of course the
+necessary sums are supplied, and at last the crop gets to market. It
+finds the market low, and declining steadily week by week. The banks
+begin to press: money is tight, as it is now while I write. The crop is
+sacrificed, for the merchant cannot wait, and some fine morning the
+house of Negocier & Duthem is closed, and Colonel Beverage is bankrupt.
+
+And both are ruined? No. We will suppose the business-house is old and
+reputable: the banks are obliging and creditors prudently liberal, and
+by and by the firm resumes its old career. As for the colonel, the
+reader sees that to ruin him would be an absolute contradiction of
+nature. His friends or relations give him assistance, or he sells his
+diamonds, and soon you meet him at the St. Charles, as blooming,
+sanguine and splendiferous as ever. No, he cannot be ruined, but his is
+not an infrequent episode in the life of a Southern Planter.
+
+WILL WALLACE HARNEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+BABES IN THE WOOD.
+
+    I had two little babes, a boy and girl--
+      Two little babes that are not with me now:
+    On one bright brow full golden fell the curl--
+      The curl fell chestnut-brown on one bright brow.
+
+    I like to dream of them that some soft day,
+      Whilst wandering from home, their fitful feet
+    Went heedlessly through some still woodland way
+      Where light and shade harmoniously meet;
+
+    And that they wandered deeper and more deep
+      Into the forest's fragrant heart and fair,
+    Till just at evenfall they dropped asleep,
+      And ever since they have been resting there.
+
+    After their willful wandering that day
+      Each is so tired it does not wake at all,
+    Whilst over them the boughs that sigh and sway
+      Conspire to make perpetual evenfall.
+
+    And I, that must not join them, still am blest,
+      Passionately, though this poor heart grieves;
+    For memories, like birds, at my behest,
+      Have covered them with tender thoughts, like leaves.
+
+EDGAR FAWCETT.
+
+
+
+
+MY CHARGE ON THE LIFE-GUARDS.
+
+
+Now that our little international troubles about consequential damages
+and the like are happily settled, and there is no danger that my
+revelations will augment them in any degree, I think I may venture to
+give the particulars of an affair of honor which I once had with a
+gigantic member of Her Britannic Majesty's household troops.
+
+My guardian had a special veneration for England in general and for
+Oxford in particular, and I was brought up and sent to Yale with the
+full understanding that St. Bridget's, Oxon., was the place where I was
+to be "finished." I left Yale at the end of Junior year and crossed the
+ocean in the crack steamer of the then famous Collins line. I do not
+believe any young American ever had a more favorable introduction to
+England than I had, and the wonder is that, considering the
+philo-Anglican atmosphere in which I was educated, I did not become a
+thorough-paced renegade. I was, however, blessed with a tolerably
+independent spirit, and kept my nationality intact throughout my
+university course.
+
+Like Tom Brown, I felt myself drawn to the sporting set, and, as I was
+always an adept at athletics, soon won repute as an oarsman, and was
+well satisfied to be looked upon as the Yankee champion sundry amateur
+rowing-and boxing-matches, as well as in the lecture-room. Of course, I
+was the mark for no end of good-natured chaff about my nationality, but
+was nearly always able, I believe, to sustain the honor of the American
+name, and so at length graduated in the "firsts" as to scholarship, and
+enjoyed the distinguished honor of pulling number four in the "'Varsity
+eight" in our annual match with Cambridge on the Thames. Moreover, I
+stood six feet in my stockings, had the muscle of a gladiator, and was
+physically the equal of any man at Oxford.
+
+After the race was over my special cronies hung about London for a few
+days, usually making that classical "cave" of Evans's a rendezvous in
+the evening. Two or three young officers of the Guards were often with
+us, and one night, when the talk had turned, as it often did, on
+personal prowess, the superb average physique of their regiment was duly
+lauded by our soldier companions. At length one of them remarked, in
+that aggravatingly superior tone which some Englishmen assume, that any
+man in his troop could handle any two of the then present company. This
+provoked a general laugh of incredulity, and two or three of our college
+set turned to me with--"What do you say to that, Jonathan?"
+
+"Nonsense!" said I. "I'll put on the gloves with the biggest fellow
+among them, any day."
+
+This somewhat democratic readiness to spar with a private soldier led to
+remarks which I chose to consider insular, if not insolent, and I
+replied, supporting the principle of Yankee equality, until, losing my
+temper at something which one of the ensigns said, I delivered myself in
+some such fashion as this: "Well, gentlemen, I'm only one Yankee among
+many Englishmen, but I will bet a hundred guineas, and put up the money,
+that I will tumble one of those mighty warriors out of his saddle in
+front of the Horse Guards, and ride off on his horse before the guard
+can turn out and stop me."
+
+Of course my bet was instantly taken by the officers, but my friends
+were so astounded at my rashness that I found no backers. However, my
+blood was up, and, possibly because Evans's bitter beer was buzzing
+slightly in my head, I booked several more bets at large odds in my own
+favor. As the hour was late, we separated with an agreement to meet and
+arrange details on the following day, keeping the whole affair strictly
+secret meanwhile.
+
+I confess that my feelings were not of the pleasantest as I sat at my
+late London breakfast somewhere about noon the next day, and I was fain
+to admit to my special friend that I had put myself in an awkward, if
+not an unenviable, position. However, I was in for it, and being
+naturally of an elastic temperament, began to cast about for a cheerful
+view of my undertaking. In the course of the day preliminaries were
+arranged and reduced to writing with all the care which Englishmen
+practice in such affairs of "honor." I only stipulated that I should be
+allowed to use a stout walking-stick in my encounter; that I should be
+kept informed as to the detail for guard; that I should be freely
+allowed to see the regiment at drill and in quarters; and that I should
+select my time of attack within a fortnight, giving a few hours' notice
+to all parties concerned, so as to ensure their presence as witnesses.
+
+Every one who has ever visited London has seen and admired the gigantic
+horsemen who sit on mighty black steeds, one on either side of the
+archway facing Whitehall, and who are presumed at once to guard the
+commander-in-chief's head-quarters and to serve as "specimen bricks" of
+the finest cavalry corps in the world. Splendid fellows they are! None
+of them are under six feet high, and many of them are considerably above
+that mark. They wear polished steel corselets and helmets, white
+buck-skin trowsers, high jack-boots, and at the time of which I write
+their arms consisted of a brace of heavy, single-barreled pistols in
+holsters, a carbine and a sabre. The firearms were, under ordinary
+circumstances, not loaded, and the sabre was held at a "carry" in the
+right hand. This last was the weapon against which I must guard, and I
+accordingly placed a traveling cap and a coat in the hands of a discreet
+tailor, who sewed steel bands into the crown of one and into the
+shoulders of the other, in such a way as afforded very efficient
+protection against a possible downward cut.
+
+Besides attending to these defensive preparations, I at once looked
+about for a competent horseman with military experience who could give
+me some practical hints as to encounters between infantry and cavalry,
+and, singularly enough, was thrown in with that gallant young officer
+who rode into immortality in front of the Light Brigade at Balaklava a
+few years afterward. I learned that he was a superb horseman, was down
+upon the English system of cavalry training, and was using pen and
+tongue to bring about a change. A sudden inspiration led me to take him
+into my confidence, as the terms of our agreement permitted me to do. He
+caught the idea with enthusiasm. What an argument it would be in favor
+of his new system if a mere civilian unhorsed a Guardsman trained after
+the old fashion! For a week he drilled me more or less every day in
+getting him off his horse in various ways, and I speedily became a
+proficient in the art, he meanwhile gaining some new ideas on the
+subject, which were duly printed in his well-known book.
+
+Well, to make my story short, I gave notice to interested parties on the
+tenth day, put on my steel-ribbed cap and my armor-plated coat, and with
+stick in hand walked over to a hairdresser's with whom I had previously
+communicated, had my complexion darkened to a Spanish olive, put on a
+false beard, and was ready for service. I had arranged with this
+tonsorial artist, whose shop was in the Strand near Northumberland
+House, that he should be prepared to remove these traces of disguise as
+speedily as he had put them on, and that I should leave a stylish coat
+and hat in his charge, to be donned in haste should occasion require. I
+next engaged two boys to stand opposite Northumberland House, and be
+ready to hold a horse. These boys I partially paid beforehand, and
+promised more liberal largess if they did their duty. Preliminaries
+having been thus arranged, I strolled down Whitehall, feeling very much
+as I did years afterward when I found myself going into action for the
+first time in Dixie.
+
+It was early afternoon on a lovely spring day. The Strand was a roaring
+stream of omnibuses and drays, carriages were beginning to roll along
+the drives leading to Rotten Row, and all London was in the streets. I
+was assured that at this hour I should find a big but father clumsy
+giant on post; and there he was, sure enough, sitting like a colossal
+statue on his coal-black charger, the crest of his helmet almost
+touching the keystone of the arch under which he sat, his accoutrements
+shining like jewels, and he looking every inch a British cavalryman. I
+walked past on the opposite side of Whitehall, meeting, without being
+recognized, all my aiders and abettors in this most heinous attack on
+Her Majesty's Guards. I then crossed the street and took a good look at
+my man. He and his companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of
+officers in "mufti" on the opposite sidewalk, and kept their eyes
+immovably to the front. Evidently nothing much short of an earthquake
+could cause either to relax a muscle. The little circle of admiring
+beholders which is always on hand inspecting these splendid horsemen was
+present, of course, with varying elements, and I had to wait a few
+minutes until a small number of innocuous spectators coincided with the
+aphelion of the periodical policeman.
+
+It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate that tower of polished
+leather, brass and steel, with a man inside of it some forty pounds
+heavier than I, and think that in a minute or so we two should be
+engaged in a close grapple, whose termination involved considerable risk
+for me physically as well as pecuniarily. However, there was, in
+addition to the feeling of apprehension, a touch of elation at the
+thought that I, a lone Yankee, was about to beard the British lion in
+his most formidable shape, almost under the walls of Buckingham Palace.
+
+I looked my antagonist carefully over, deciding several minor points in
+my mind, and then at a favorable moment stepped quietly within striking
+distance, and delivered a sharp blow with my stick on his left instep,
+as far forward as I could without hitting the stirrup. The man seemed to
+be in a sort of military trance, for he never winced. Quick as thought,
+I repeated the blow, and this time the fellow fairly yelled with rage,
+astonishment and pain. I have since made up my mind that his nerve-fibre
+must have been of that inert sort which transmits waves of sensation but
+slowly, so that the perception of the first blow reached the interior of
+his helmet just about as the second descended. At all events, he jerked
+back his foot, and somehow, between the involuntary contraction of his
+flexor muscles from pain and the glancing of my stick, his foot slipped
+from the stirrup. This, as I had learned from my instructor, was a great
+point gained, and in an instant I had him by the ankle and by the top of
+his jack-boot, doubling his leg, at the same time heaving mightily
+upward.
+
+As I gave my whole strength to the effort I was dimly aware of screams
+and panic among the nursery--maids and children who were but a moment
+before my fellow-spectators. At the same time I caught the flash of the
+Guardsman's sabre as he cut down at me after the fashion prescribed in
+the broadsword exercise. Fortune, however, did not desert me. My
+antagonist had not enough elbow-room, and his sword-point was shivered
+against the stone arch overhead, the blade descending flatways and
+harmlessly upon my well-protected shoulder just as, with a final effort,
+I tumbled him out his saddle.
+
+The recollection of the ludicrous figure which that Guardsman cut haunts
+me still. His pipeclayed gloves clutched wildly at holster and cantle as
+he went over. Down came the gleaming helmet crashing upon the pavement,
+and with a calamitous rattle and bang the whole complicated structure of
+corselet, scabbard, carbine, cross-belts, spurs and boots went into the
+inside corner of the archway, a helpless heap.
+
+That started the horse. The noble animal had stood my assault as
+steadily as if he had been cast in bronze, but precisely such an
+emergency as this had never been contemplated in his training, as it had
+not in that of his master, and he now started forward rather wildly. I
+had my hand on the bridle before he had moved a foot, and swung myself
+half over his back as he dashed across the sidewalk and up Whitehall.
+The Guards' saddles are very easy when once you are in them, and I had
+reason, temporarily at least, to approve the English style of riding
+with short stirrups, for I readily found my seat, and ascertained that I
+could touch bottom with my toes. As I left the scene of my victory
+behind me I heard the guards turning out, and caught a glimpse as of all
+London running in my direction, but by the time that I had secured the
+control of my horse I had distanced the crowd, and as we entered the
+Strand we attracted comparatively little notice. In driving, the English
+turn out to the left instead of to the right, as is the custom here, and
+I was obliged to cross the westward-bound line of vehicles before I
+could fall in with that which would bring me to my boys. I decided to
+make a "carom" of it, and nearly took the heads off a pair of horses,
+and the pole off the omnibus to which they were attached, as I dashed
+through. Turning to the right, I soon lost the torrent of invective
+hurled after me by the driver and conductor of the discomfited 'bus, and
+in less than two minutes--which seemed to me an age, for the pursuit was
+drawing near--I reached my boys, dropped them a half sov. apiece, which
+I had ready in my hand, and bolted for my hairdresser's, the boys
+leading the horse in the opposite direction, as previously ordered.
+
+It was none too soon, for as I ran up stairs I saw three or four
+policemen running toward the horse, and there was a gleam of dancing
+plumes and shining helmets toward Whitehall. My false beard and
+complexion were changed with marvelous rapidity, and, assuming my
+promenade costume, I sauntered down stairs and out upon the sidewalk in
+time to see the whole street jammed with a crowd of excited Britons,
+while the recaptured horse was turned over to the Guardsmen, and the two
+boys were marched off to Bow street for examination before a magistrate.
+
+A private room and an elaborate dinner at the United Service Club
+closed the day; and I must admit that my military friends swallowed
+their evident chagrin with a very good grace. Of course I was told that
+I could not do it again, which I readily admitted; and that there was
+not another man in the troop whom I could have unhorsed--an assertion
+which I as persistently combated. The affair was officially hushed up,
+and probably not more than a few thousand people ever heard of it
+outside military circles.
+
+How I escaped arrest and punishment to the extent of the law I did not
+know for many years, for the duke of Wellington, who was then
+commander-in-chief, had only to order the officers concerned under
+arrest, and I should have been in honor bound to come forward with a
+voluntary confession.
+
+My giant was sent for to the old duke's private room the day after his
+overthrow, and questioned sharply by the adjutant, who, with pardonable
+incredulity, suspected that bribery alone could have brought about so
+direful a catastrophe. The duke was from the first convinced of the
+soldier's, honesty and bravery, and presently broke in upon the
+adjutant's examination with--"Well, well! speak to me now. What have you
+to say for yourself?"
+
+"May it please yer ludship," said the undismayed soldier, "I've never
+fought a civilian sence I 'listed, an' yer ludship will bear me witness
+that there's nothing in the cavalry drill about resisting a charge of
+foot when a mon's on post at the Horse Guards."
+
+This speech was delivered with the most perfect sincerity and sobriety,
+and although it reflected upon the efficiency of the army under the hero
+of Waterloo, the Iron Duke was so much impressed by the affair that he
+sent word to Lieutenant-Colonel Varian, commanding the regiment, not to
+order the man any punishment whatever, but to see that his command was
+thereafter trained in view of possible attacks, even when posted in
+front of army head-quarters.
+
+CHARLES L. NORTON.
+
+
+
+
+PAINTING AND A PAINTER.
+
+
+Charles V. once said, "Titian should be served by Caesar;" and Michael
+Angelo, we read, was treated by Lorenzo de' Medici "as a son;" Raphael,
+his contemporary, was great enough to revere him, and thank God he had
+lived at the same time. In England, in France, in Germany, in Italy, in
+Spain at this day, the poet and the painter stand hedged about by the
+divinity of their gifts, and the people are proud to recognize their
+kingship.
+
+Has "Reverence, that angel of the world," as Shakespeare beautifully
+says, forgot to visit America? Or must we consider ourselves less
+capable yet of delicate appreciation, such as older nations possess? Or
+are we over-occupied in gaining possession of material comforts and
+luxuries, and so forget to revere our poets and painters till it is too
+late, and the curtain has fallen upon their unobtrusive and often
+struggling earthly career? What a millennium will have arrived when we
+learn to be as _faithful_ to our love as we are sincere!
+
+Questions like these have been asked also in times preceding ours.
+Alfred de Musset wrote upon this subject in 1833, in Paris: "There are
+people who tell you our age is preoccupied, that men no longer read
+anything or care for anything. Napoleon was occupied, I think, at
+Beresina: he, however, had his _Ossian_ with him. When did Thought lose
+the power of being able to leap into the saddle behind Action? When did
+man forget to rush like Tyrtaeus to the combat, a sword in one hand, the
+lyre in the other? Since the world still has a body, it has a soul."
+
+Monsieur Charles Blanc writes: "In order to have an idea of the
+importance of the arts, it is enough to fancy what the great nations of
+the world would be if the monuments they have erected to their faiths,
+and the works whereon they have left the mark of their genius, were
+suppressed from history. It is with people as with men--after death only
+the emanations of their mind remain; that is to say, literature and art,
+written poems, and poems inscribed on stone, in marble or in color."
+
+The same writer, in his admirable book, _Grammaire des arts du dessin,_
+from which we are tempted to quote again and again, says: "The artist
+who limits himself simply to the imitation of Nature reaches only
+_individuality_: he is a slave. He who interprets Nature sees in her
+happy qualities; he evolves _character_ from her; he is master. The
+artist who idealizes her discovers in her or imprints upon her the image
+of _beauty_: this last is a great master.... Placed between Nature and
+the ideal, between what is and what must be, the artist has a vast
+career before him in order to pass from the reality he sees to the
+beauty he divines. If we follow him in this career, we see his model
+transform itself successively before his eyes.... But the artist must
+give to these creations of his soul the imprint of life, and he can only
+find this imprint in the individuals Nature has created. The two are
+inseparable--the type, which is a product of thought, and the
+individual, which is a child of life."
+
+With this excellent analysis before us, we will recall one by one some
+of the best-known and most interesting works of W.M. Hunt, a painter who
+now holds a prominent place among the artists of America. We will try to
+discover by careful observation if the high gifts of Verity and
+Imagination, the sign and seal of the true artist, really belong to him:
+if so, where these qualities are expressed, and what value we should set
+upon them.
+
+First, perhaps, for those readers remote from New England who may never
+have seen any pictures by this artist, a few words should be said by way
+of describing some characteristics of his work and the limitations of
+it; which limitations are rather loudly dwelt upon by connoisseurs and
+lovers of the popular modern French school. Artists discern these
+limitations of course more keenly even than others, but their tribute to
+verity and ideal beauty as represented by this painter is too sincere to
+allow caviling to find expression. This limitation to which we refer
+causes Mr. Hunt to allow _ideal suggestions_, rather than pictures, to
+pass from his studio, and makes him cowardly before his own work. It
+recalls in a contrary sense that saying of the sculptor Puget: "The
+marble trembles before me." Mr. Hunt trembles before his new-born idea.
+His swift nature has allowed him in the first hour of work to put into
+his picture the tenderness or rapture, the unconscious grace or
+tempestuous force, which he despaired at first of ever being able to
+express. In the flush of success he stops: he has it, the idea; the
+chief interest of the subject is portrayed before him; the delicate
+presence (and what can be more delicate than the thoughts he has
+delineated?) is there, and may vanish if touched in a less fortunate
+moment. But is this lack of fulfillment in the artist entirely without
+precedent or parallel? Had not Sir Joshua Reynolds a studio full of
+young artists who "finished off" his pictures? Were not the very faces
+themselves painted with such rapidity and want of proper method as to
+drop off, on occasion, entirely from the canvas, as in case of the boy's
+head, in being carried through the street? Hunt is of our own age, and
+would scorn the suggestion of having a hand or a foot painted for him,
+as if it were a matter of small importance what individual expression a
+hand or a foot should wear; but who can tell for what future age he has
+painted the wise, abrupt, kind, persistent, simple, strong old Judge in
+his Yankee coat; or the genial, resolute, hopeful, self-sacrificing
+governor of Massachusetts; and the Master of the boys, with his keen,
+loving, uncompromising face? These are pictures that, when children say,
+"Tell us about the Governor who helped Massachusetts bring her men first
+into the field during our war," we may lead them up before and reply,
+"He was this man!" So also with the portraits of the Judge, of the
+Master of the boys, of the old man with clear eyes and firm mouth, and
+that sweet American girl standing, unconscious of observation, plucking
+at the daisy in her hat and guessing at her fate.
+
+Hurry, impatience and a worship of crude thought are characteristics of
+our present American life. Hunt is one of us. If these faults mark and
+mar his work, they show him also to be a child of the time. His quick
+sympathies are caught by the wayside and somewhat frayed out among his
+fellows; but nevertheless one essential of a great painter, that of
+_Verity_, will be accorded to him after an examination of the pictures
+we have mentioned.
+
+But truth, character, skill, the many gifts and great labor which must
+unite to lead an artist to the foot of his shadowy, sun-crowned
+mountain, can then carry him no step farther unless ideal Beauty join
+him, and he comprehend her nature and follow to her height. Again we
+quote from Charles Blanc--for why should we rewrite what he says so
+ably?--"All the germs of beauty are in Nature, but it belongs to the
+spirit of man alone to disengage them. When Nature is beautiful, the
+painter _knows_ that she is beautiful, but Nature knows nothing of it.
+Thus beauty exists only on the condition of being understood--that is to
+say, of receiving a second life in the human thought. Art has something
+else to do than to copy Nature exactly: it must penetrate into the
+spirit of things, it must evoke the soul of its hero. It can then not
+only rival Nature, but surpass her. What is indeed the superiority of
+Nature? It is the life which animates all her forms. But man possesses a
+treasure which Nature does not possess--thought. Now thought is more
+than life, for it is life at its highest power, life in its glory. Man
+can then contest with Nature by manifesting thought in the forms of art,
+as Nature manifests life in her forms. In this sense the philosopher
+Hegel was able to say that the creations of art were truer than the
+phenomena of the physical world and the realities of history."
+
+Now, thought in the soul of the true artist for ever labors to evolve
+the beautiful. This is what the thought of a picture means to him--how
+to express beauty, which he finds underlying even the imperfect
+individual of Nature's decaying birth. To the high insight this is
+always discernible. None are so fallen that some ray of God's light may
+not touch them, and this possibility, the faith in light for ever,
+radiates from the spirit of the artist, and renders him a messenger of
+joy. No immortal works have bloomed in despondency: they may have taken
+root in the slime of the earth, but they have blossomed into lilies.
+
+We call this divine power to discern beauty in every manifestation of
+the Deity, imagination. As it expresses itself in painting, it is so
+closely allied with what is highest and holiest in our natures that
+painting has come to be esteemed a Christian art, as contrasted in its
+development subsequent to the Christian era with the less human works of
+sculpture. "Christianity came, and instead of physical beauty
+substituted moral beauty, infinitely preferring the expression of the
+soul to the perfection of the body. Every man was great in its eyes, not
+by his perishable members, but by his immortal soul. With this religion
+begins the reign of painting, which is a more subtle art, more
+immaterial, than the others--more expressive, and also more individual.
+We will give some proofs of it. Instead of acting, like architecture and
+sculpture, upon the three dimensions of heavy matter, painting acts only
+upon one surface, and produces its effects with an imponderable thing,
+which is color--that is to say, light. Hegel has said with admirable
+wisdom: 'In sculpture and architecture forms are rendered visible by
+exterior light. In painting, on the contrary, matter, obscure in itself,
+has within itself its internal element, its ideal--light: it draws from
+itself both clearness and obscurity. Now, unity, the combination of
+light and dark, is color.' The painter, then, proposes to himself to
+represent, not bodies with their real thickness, but simply their
+appearance, their image; but by this means it is the mind which he
+addresses. Visible but impalpable, and in some sense immaterial, his
+work does not meet the touch, which is the sight of the body: it only
+meets the eye, which is the touch of the soul. Painting is then, from
+this point of view, the essential art of Christianity.... If the
+painter, like Phidias or Lysippus, had only to portray the types of
+humanity, the majesty of Jupiter, the strength of Hercules, he might do
+without the riches of color, and paint in one tone, modified only by
+light and shade; but the most heroic man among Christians is not a
+demigod: he is a being profoundly individual, tormented, combating,
+suffering, and who throughout his real life shares with environing
+Nature, and receives from every side the reflection of her colors.
+Sculpture, generalizing, raises itself to the dignity of
+allegory--painting, individualizing, descends to the familiarity of
+portraiture."
+
+Let us now return to consider William Hunt's pictures from this second
+point of view. The gift of Verity having been already assumed, can we
+also discern that higher power of Imagination whose crown and seal is
+the Beautiful. To decide this question we have, unhappily, to consider
+his work as lyrical, rather than dramatic, and for this reason we must
+study his power under disadvantage. That he possesses dramatic power
+will hardly be denied by those who know his "Hamlet," "The Drummer-Boy,"
+and "The Boy and the Butterfly;" but the exigencies of life appear to
+prevent him from occupying himself with compositions such as filled
+years in the existence of the old painters.
+
+Portraiture being the highest and most difficult labor to which an
+artist can aspire, to this branch of art Hunt has chiefly confined
+himself, and from this point of view he must be studied. We do not
+forget, in saying this, his angel with the flaming torch, strong and
+beautiful and of unearthly presence, nor the shadowy, half-portrayed
+figures which dart and flit across his easel; but as we may
+_understand_ the power of Titian from his portraits, yet never
+revel in it fully until we look upon "The Presentation" or "The
+Assumption"--never comprehend the painter's joy or his divine rest in
+endeavor until the achievement lies before us--we must speak of Hunt
+only from the work to which he has devoted himself, and not do him the
+injustice to predict dramas he has never yet composed.
+
+First, pre-eminently appears that worship for moral beauty which suffers
+him to fear no ugliness. This power allies him with keen sympathy to
+every living thing. He sees kinship and the immortal spark in each
+breathing being. The soul of love goes out and paints the dark or the
+suffering or the repellant faithfully, bringing it in to the light where
+God's sunshine may fall upon it, and men and women, seeing for the first
+time, may help to wipe away the stain. This tendency he shares with the
+great French painter Millet, whom he loves to call Master, and with
+Dore, whose terrible picture of "The Mountebanks" should call men and
+women from their homes to penetrate the fastnesses of vice and strive to
+heal the sorrows of their kind.
+
+This love of moral beauty, which forces painters to paint such pictures,
+was never in any age more evident. Hunt in his beggar-man, in his
+forlorn children, and other pictures of the same class, unfolds a beauty
+that men should be thankful for.
+
+On the other hand, his love of beauty and his power of expressing it
+should be studied in its _direct_ influence. The beauty of flesh and
+blood, even the loveliness of children, seems to have slight hold upon
+him, compared with the significance of character and the lustre with
+which his imagination endows everything. This lustre is a distinguishing
+power with him. The depth to which he sees and feels causes him to give
+higher lights and deeper shadows than other men. White flowers are not
+only white to him--they shine like stars. His pictures give a sense of
+splendor.
+
+In his sketch of the poor mother cuddling her child, it is the feeling
+of rest, the mother's sleeping joy, the relaxed limbs, the folding
+embrace, which he has given us to enjoy. These are the beauty of the
+picture--not rounded flesh, nor graceful curves, nor fair complexion;
+and so with the singing-girls: they are not beautiful girls, but they
+are simple--they love to sing, they are full of tenderness and music. We
+might go over all his pictures to weariness in this way. The young girl
+plucking at the daisy as she stands in an open field must, however, not
+be omitted. The natural elegance of this portrait renders it peculiarly,
+we should say, such a one as any woman would be proud to see of herself.
+Doubtless this young girl, like others, may have worn ear-rings and
+chains and pins and rings, but the artist knew her better than she knew
+herself, and has portrayed that exquisite crown of simplicity with
+which, it should seem, Nature only endows beggars and her royal
+favorites.
+
+In all the ages since Hamlet was created there appears never to have
+been an era in which his character has excited such strong and universal
+interest as in America at this time. William Hunt has thrown upon the
+canvas a figure of Hamlet beautiful and living. There is no suggestion
+of any actor in it. Hamlet walks new-born from the painter's brain. His
+"cursed spite" bends the youthful shoulders, and the figure marches past
+unmindful of terrestrial presences.
+
+One other picture will illustrate more clearly, perhaps, than everything
+which has gone before, this gift of imagination. In "The Boy and the
+Butterfly," now on the walls of the Century Club-house, the loveliness
+of the child, the power of action, the subtle management of color and
+light, are all subordinated to the ideas of defeat and endeavor. Energy,
+the irrepressible strength of the spirit upheld by a divine light of
+indestructible youth, shines out from the canvas. The boy who cannot
+catch the butterfly is transmuted as we stand into the Soul of Beauty
+reaching out in vain for satisfaction, and ready to follow its
+aspiration to another sphere.
+
+
+
+
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+
+WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.
+
+
+German literature, despite its extraordinary productiveness and its
+possession of a few great masterpieces, is far from being rich in the
+department of belles-lettres, especially in works of fiction. It has no
+list of novelists like those which include such names as Fielding, Scott
+and Thackeray, Balzac, Hugo and Sand. In fact, there is scarcely an
+instance of a male writer in Germany who has devoted himself exclusively
+to this branch of literature, and has won high distinction in it. It has
+been cultivated with success chiefly by a few writers of the other sex,
+whose delineations have gained a popularity in America only less than
+that which they enjoy at home--in part because the life which they
+depict has closer internal analogies to our own than to that of England
+or of France, still more perhaps because the pictures themselves,
+whatever their intrinsic fidelity, are suffused with a romantic glow
+which has long since faded from those of the thoroughly realistic art
+now dominant in the two latter countries.
+
+In none of them is this characteristic more apparent than in the works
+of Wilhelmine von Hillern, which bear also in a marked degree the stamp
+of a mind at once vigorous and sympathetic, and are thus calculated to
+awaken the interest of readers in regard to the author's personal
+history.
+
+Her father, Doctor Christian Birch, a Dane by birth and originally a
+diplomatist by profession, held for many years the post of secretary of
+legation at London and Paris. He withdrew from this career on the
+occasion of his marriage with a German lady connected with the stage in
+the triple capacity of author, manager and actress. Madame
+Birch-Pfeiffer, as she is commonly called, was one of the celebrities of
+her time, and her dramatic productions still keep possession of the
+stage. Soon after the birth of her daughter, which took place at Munich,
+she was invited to assume the direction of the theatre of Zurich. Here
+Wilhelmine passed several years of her childhood, separated from her
+father, whose engagements as a political writer retained him in Germany,
+and scarcely less divided from her mother, whose duties at this period
+did not permit her to give much attention to domestic cares. Without
+companions of her own age, and left almost wholly to the charge of an
+invalid aunt, she led a monotonous existence, which left an impression
+on her mind all the more deep from its contrast with the life which
+opened upon her in her eighth year, when Madame Birch-Pfeiffer was
+summoned to Berlin to hold an appointment at the court theatre.
+
+In the Prussian capital the family was again united, and became the
+centre of a social circle embracing many persons connected with dramatic
+art and literature. Devrient, Dawison and Jenny Lind were among the
+visitors whose conversation was greedily listened to by the little girl
+while supposed to be immersed in her lessons or her plays. Under such
+influences it would have been strange if even a less active brain had
+not been fired with aspirations, which took the form of an irresistible
+impulse when, at thirteen, Wilhelmine was allowed for the first time to
+visit the theatre and witness the acting of Dawison in Hamlet and other
+parts. Henceforth all opposition had to give way, and in her seventeenth
+year she made her _d�but_ as Juliet at the ducal theatre of Coburg. Two
+qualities, we are told, distinguished her acting: a strong conception
+worked out in the minutest details, and an intensity of passion which
+knew no restraint, and at its culminating point overpowered even hostile
+criticism. Subsequently careful training under Edward Devrient and
+Madame Glossbrenner enabled her to bring her emotions under better
+control, repressing all tendency to extravagance; and, greeted with the
+assurance that she was destined to become the German Rachel, she entered
+upon her career with a round of performances at the principal theatres
+of Germany, including those of Frankfort, Hamburg and Berlin.
+
+These triumphs were followed by the acceptance of a permanent engagement
+at Mannheim, which, however, had hardly been concluded when it gave
+place to one of a different kind, followed by her marriage and sudden
+relinquishment of the vocation embraced with such ardor and pursued for
+a short period with such brilliant promise. Dawison is said to have
+remarked that by her retirement the German stage had lost its last
+genuine tragic actress.
+
+Since her marriage Madame von Hillern has resided at Freiburg, in the
+grand duchy of Baden, where her husband holds a legal position analogous
+to that of the judge of a superior court. Her social life is one of
+great activity, though much of her time is given to superintending the
+education of her two daughters. But the abounding energy of her nature
+made it inevitable that her artistic instincts, repressed in one
+direction, should seek their full development in another. Literature was
+naturally her choice. Her first work, _Doppelleben_, appeared in 1865,
+and though defective in construction, owing to a change of plan in the
+process of composition, served to give assurance of her powers and to
+inspire her with the requisite confidence. Three years later _Ein Arzt
+der Seele_, of which a translation under the title of _Only a Girl_ has
+been widely circulated in America, established her claim to a high place
+among the writers of her class. Her third work, _Aus eigener Kraft (By
+his own Might)_, met with equal success, securing for its author a large
+circle of readers on both sides of the Atlantic ready to welcome the
+future productions of her pen. The qualities which distinguish her
+writings are vigor of conception, sharpness of characterization, a moral
+earnestness pervading the judgments and reflections, and an ardor,
+sometimes too exuberant, which gives intensity to the delineation even
+while exciting doubts of its fidelity. Similar qualities had
+characterized her acting, and they spring from a nature which a close
+observer has described as clear in perception yet swayed by fantasy;
+strong of will yet impulsive as quicksilver; finding enjoyment now in
+animated discussion, now in impetuous riding, now in absolute repose;
+full of maternal tenderness, yet fond of splendor and the excitements of
+society; a nature, in short, abounding in contrasts, but substantially
+that of a true, noble and lovable woman.
+
+
+
+
+HIS NAME?
+
+(_An incident of the Boston fire_.)
+
+    I.
+
+             --Oh the billows of fire!
+            With ma�lstrom-like swirl,
+            Their surges they hurl
+              Over roof--over spire,
+              Mad--masterless--higher,--
+            Till with rumble--crack--crash,
+            Down boom with a flash,
+        Whole columns of granite and marble;--see! see!
+        Sucked in as a weed on the ocean might be,
+                    Or engulfed as a sail
+        In the hurricane riot and wreak of the gale!
+
+
+    II.
+
+        Ha! yonder they rush where the death-dealing stream,
+                    Over-pent, waits their gleam,
+        To shiver the city with earthquake!--Who, _who_
+        Will adventure, mid-flame, and unfasten the screw,--
+        Set the fiend loose, and save us so?--Fireman, you,
+        _You_ willing?--Would God you might hazard it!--
+              Nay,
+        The red tongues are licking the faucets now: Stay!
+                --Too late,--'tis too late!
+                If ruin comes, wait
+        Its coming: To go, is to perish:--Hold! Hold!
+                You are young,--I am old,--
+        You've a wife, too--and children?--O God! he is gone
+        Straight into destruction! The pipes, men! On, on,
+        Play the water-stream on him,--full--faster--the whole!
+                And now--Christ save his soul!
+
+
+    III.
+
+               --I stifle--I choke;
+        And _he_,--Heaven grant that he smother in smoke
+        Ere the fearful explosion comes. Hark! What's the shout?
+               --_Is he saved_?--_Is he out?_
+        --Did he compass his purpose,--the Hero?--_(One_ name
+        To-night we shall write on the records of fame,--
+        The perilous deed was so noble!) Why here
+                On my cheek is a tear,
+        Which not a whole city in ashes could claim!
+        --His name, now: _Can nobody tell me his name?_
+
+M. J. P.
+
+
+
+
+UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.
+
+
+[It has been a matter of congratulation that the destruction by the
+Boston fire was confined to buildings and other property representing
+simply the wealth of the city, and did not extend to its monuments or
+its artistic and literary treasures. The exceptions are, in fact,
+comparatively small in amount, yet they are such as must excite a
+general regret. The contents of the studios in Summer street, and the
+collection of armor, unique in this country, bequeathed by the late
+Colonel Bigelow Lawrence to the Boston Athenaeum, and temporarily
+deposited at 82 Milk street, could not perish without awaking other
+feelings besides that of sympathy with their past or prospective
+possessors. A similar loss was that of many of the books and manuscripts
+amassed by the historian Prescott, and comprising the collections
+pertaining to the Histories of the Conquest of Mexico and Peru and of
+Philip II. The manuscripts were comprised in some thirty or forty folio
+volumes, and consisted of copies or abstracts of documents in the public
+archives and libraries of Europe, in the family archives of several
+Spanish noblemen, and in private collections like that at Middle Hill.
+The printed books, of which there were perhaps a thousand, included many
+of great value and not a few of extreme rarity. A large mass of private
+correspondence was also consumed. We are not yet informed whether the
+same fate has befallen a small but very choice collection of autographs,
+embracing letters written or signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles
+V., Pope Clement VII., Prospero Colonna, the Great Captain, and other
+sovereigns and eminent personages of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries. Very few modern autographs were included in this collection,
+the only examples, we believe, being notes written by Queen Victoria,
+Prince Albert and the duke of Wellington, and a longer letter addressed
+by Lord Nelson to Lady Hamilton. This last, which we are permitted to
+print from a copy made some time ago, is not exactly a model of
+composition, but it is very characteristic, and shows the strength of
+that enthrallment which led him, despite his natural kindness of heart,
+to risk the lives of his men in order to communicate with the object of
+his passion.]
+
+
+SUNDAY NIGHT, Feb. 15, 9 o'clock [1801].
+
+MY DEAR AMIABLE FRIEND: Could you have seen the boat leave the ship, I
+am sure your heart would have sunk within you. _I would not have given
+sixpence for the lives of the men_: a tremendous wave broke and missed
+upsetting the boat by a miracle. O God, how my heart thumped to see them
+safe! Then they got safe on shore, and I had given a two-pound note to
+cheer up the poor fellows when they landed; _but I was so anxious to
+send a letter for you._ I knew it was impossible for any boat to come
+off to us since Friday noon, when the boat carried your letters enclosed
+for Napean, and she still remains on shore. Only rest assured I always
+write, and never doubt your old and dear friend, who never yet deserved
+it. The gale abates very little, if anything, and it is truly fortunate
+that our fleet is not in port, or some accident would most probably
+happen; but both St. George and this ship have new cables, which is all
+we have to trust to; but if my friend is true I have no fear. I can take
+all the care which human foresight can, and then we must trust to
+Providence, who keeps a lookout for poor Jack. I cannot, my dear friend,
+afford to buy the three pictures of the "Battle of the Nile," or I
+should like very much to have them, and Mr. Boyden cannot afford to
+trust me one year. If he could, perhaps I could manage it. I have
+desired my brother to examine the four numbers of the tickets I bought
+with Gibbs. I hope he has told you. I dare say in the office here is the
+numbers of the tickets my agents have bought for the ensuing lottery. I
+hope we shall be successful. I hope you always kiss my godchild for me:
+pray do, and _I will repay you ten times when we meet_, which I hope
+will be very soon. Monday morning. It is a little more moderate, and we
+are going to send a boat, but at present none can get to us, and,
+therefore, I send this letter No. (1) to say we are in being. I hope in
+the afternoon to be able to get letters, and, if possible, to answer
+them. Kiss my godchild for me, bless it, and Believe me ever yours,
+
+NELSON AND BRONTE.
+
+
+
+
+"WHITE-HAT" DAY.
+
+
+On one of the last days in September we were the astonished recipients
+of a singular and mysterious invitation from a member of the New York
+Board of Brokers. The note contained words like these: "Come to the
+Exchange on Monday, September 30th: white hats are declared confiscated
+on that day."
+
+It would have puzzled Oedipus or a Philadelphia lawyer to trace the
+connection between white hats and stocks, to tell what Hecuba was to
+them or they to Hecuba, and why they should be more interfered with by
+the New York Stock Exchange on the 30th of September than upon any other
+day. It is true that during the last summer some slight political bias
+was supposed to be hidden beneath that popular headpiece irreverently
+styled "a Greeley plug," but then stocks are not politics, nor would any
+but a punster trace an intimate connection between hats and polls. A
+story has gone through the papers, to be sure, about an unfortunate
+deacon who found it impossible to collect the coppers of the
+congregation in a Greeley hat, but then slight excuses have been made
+available on charitable occasions before the present election, and we
+decline to accept the sentiment of that congregation as unmixed devotion
+to the Republican candidates. They did not wish to Grant their money,
+that was all.
+
+And then, again, unlike the miller of the old conundrum, men generally
+wear _white_ hats to keep their heads cool; with which laudable endeavor
+why should the Stock Exchange wish to interfere? One never hears of a
+"corner" in hats. And then, too, was it the bulls or the bears who
+objected to them? Bulls, we all know, have an aversion to scarlet
+drapery, but Darwin, in his studies of the feeling for color among
+animals, has omitted any references to a horror of white hats even among
+the most accomplished of the anthropoid apes.
+
+Pondering all these problems, and many more, our puzzled trio went to
+the Stock Exchange on the last day of September. We were conducted into
+the safe seclusion of the Visitors' Gallery, from which coign of vantage
+we could look down unharmed upon the frantic multitude below. The room
+is large and very lofty, its prevailing tint a warm brown, relieved by
+bright decorations of the Byzantine order. Across one end runs a small
+gallery for visitors, without seats, and some twenty feet above the
+floor, and opposite the gallery is a raised platform, with a long table
+and majestic arm-chairs for the president and other officers of the
+Board. High on the wall above these elevated dignitaries glitters in
+large gold letters the mystic legend, "New York Stock Exchange." On the
+left of the platform stands a large blackboard, whereon the fluctuations
+in stocks are recorded, and around the sides of the room are displayed
+various signs bearing the names of different stocks (like the banners of
+the knights in royal chapels), beneath which eager groups collect. At
+the lower end of the room, under the Visitors' Gallery, are seats
+whereon weary brokers may repose after the brunt of battle. In the
+centre of the upper end of the vast apartment is a long oval
+cock-pit--if it may be so called--of two or three degrees, with a table
+in the lowest circle. It is so arranged as to give the brokers, standing
+upon the graded steps, full opportunity to see and to be seen. On the
+table, in singular contrast with the spirit of the place, was a large
+and beautiful basket of flowers. Anything more painfully incongruous it
+would be difficult to imagine. The poor flowers seemed to wear an air of
+patient suffering as they wasted their sweetness on that (literally)
+howling wilderness.
+
+It was just after ten, and the doors had been open but a few moments
+when we entered the gallery, already quite full of ladies and
+gentlemen--generally very young gentlemen, anxious to learn from the
+glorious example of their elders. The floor below us was fast being
+strewn with torn bits of paper, which have to be swept up several times
+a day. Eager groups were gathered under the various signs upon the walls
+and pillars, apparently playing the Italian game of _morra_, to judge by
+the quick gestures of their restless fingers. Some were scribbling
+cabalistic signs on little bits of paper, and almost all were howling
+like maniacs or wild beasts half starved. The only place I was ever in
+at all to be compared with it in volume and variety of noise is the
+parrot-room in the London Zoological Gardens. Bedlam and Pandemonium I
+have not visited--as yet--and consequently cannot speak from personal
+experience. But the parrots in that awful house in Regent's Park are
+capable of making more hideous noises in a given moment than any other
+wild beasts in the world, except brokers. Here the human animal comes
+out triumphantly supreme.
+
+To add to the refreshing variety of the din, long, lanky youths in gray
+sauntered about like the keepers of the carnivora, and bawled
+incessantly till they were red in the face. These, we were told, were
+the pages, who reported the state of the market and delivered orders and
+commissions. To the uninitiated they were a fraud and a delusion, but so
+was the whole thing. A crowd of men, walking about or standing in
+groups, note-book in hand, talking eagerly or yelling unintelligible
+nonsense at the top of their voices, and gesticulating with the fury of
+madmen, while in and around the crowd strolled those extraordinary
+pages, calmly shouting full in the brokers' faces,--this, we were told,
+was "business!" This is the mysterious occupation to which our friends,
+countrymen and lovers devote so large a portion of their time and
+thoughts. At this strange diversion millions of dollars change hands in
+a few hours, and bulls and bears in this little nest agree to make
+things generally uncomfortable and uncertain for the outside world.
+
+But where were the white hats, and what of their daring wearers? As the
+crowd thickened, they began to shine out upon the general blackness in
+obvious distinction. At first, the howling multitude, eager for filthy
+lucre, took no particular notice of them beyond an occasional hurried
+poke or pat, but this delusive mildness did not long continue. After the
+first fifteen or twenty minutes, during which the favorite stocks had
+been danced up and down a few times, like so many crying babies, the
+appetite of the hundred-headed hydra abated a little, and the general
+attention to business relaxed. Suddenly--no one knew whence or
+wherefore--up rose a white hat in the air, high above the heads of the
+people, and a bareheaded individual was seen struggling wildly in the
+arms of the mob, who set up ironical cheers at his unavailing efforts to
+regain his flying headpiece. It rose and fell faster and farther than
+any fancy stock of them all, now soaring to the vaulted roof, now being
+kicked along the dusty floor.
+
+    Press where ye see my white hat shine amidst the ranks of war,
+
+seemed to be the sentiment of the occasion, as the unruly mob swayed and
+struggled about the dilapidated victim of their sport. In one corner
+stood a quiet, dignified gentleman, talking sedately to a little knot of
+friends. He wore a tall white "stove-pipe" of the most obnoxious kind.
+In a twinkling it was seized and sent flying toward the roof with its
+softer predecessor. Its owner gave one glance over his shoulder, and
+"smiled a sickly smile," while it was very evident that
+
+    The subsequent proceedings interested him no more.
+
+The fun grew fast and furious, the air was literally darkened with
+flying hats of every shape and size, but all white. The stout tall
+beavers were converted into footballs till their crowns were kicked out
+and their brims torn off, when they were seized upon as instruments for
+further torture. Some innocent member of the large fraternity, now, to
+use a nautical phrase, scudding under bare _polls_, was pounced upon,
+and over his unfortunate head the crownless hat was drawn till the
+ragged remnant of its brim rested upon his shoulders. One poor creature
+was thus bonneted with at least three tiers of hats, and was last seen
+on the edge of the cockpit struggling with imminent suffocation.
+
+At the height of the howling, scuffling, kicking and fighting a short
+diversion was effected. A tall and portly broker appeared upon the scene
+in an entire suit of new broadcloth. It was unmistakably new, its
+brilliancy quite undimmed. Instantly a rush was made for him by the
+fickle crowd. They swept him, as by some mighty wave, into the centre of
+the room: they turned him round and round like a pivoted statue, and
+examined him and patted him approvingly on every side. Then they made a
+large ring round him and gave him three cheers. Not content with this,
+with one sudden impulse they rushed at him again, and tried to lift him
+upon the table, that they might see him better. But this the portly
+broker resisted: he fought like a good fellow, and the crowd, tired of
+struggling with a man of so much weight, gave one final cheer and went
+back to the chase of the white hats.
+
+We stayed about half an hour to watch these elegant and refined
+diversions: at the end of that time our patience and the white hats were
+giving out together. The din was deafening and the dust was rapidly
+rising. The floor was strewn with scraps of papers and the mangled
+remains of felt and beaver. Brimless hats and hatless brims, linings,
+bands, rent and tattered crowns, and ragged fragments of the fray, were
+all over the place. A writhing victim in gray, masked by a crownless
+hat, was struggling upon the table to the evident danger of those
+unhappy flowers; the president was calling across the tumult in
+stentorian tones; but the tumult refused to fall, and the imperturbable
+pages were bawling upon the skirts of the crowd with stolid pertinacity.
+The noise was terrific, the confusion indescribable.
+
+We are often told that women are unfitted for business pursuits. If this
+was business, I should say decidedly they were. My acquaintance with
+women has been large and varied, but I have yet to see the woman whom I
+consider qualified to be a member of the New York Board of Brokers. I
+have been present at many gatherings composed entirely of women, from
+the "Woman's Parliament" to country sewing-societies, but never, even in
+that much-abused body, the New York Sorosis, have I seen a crowd of
+women, however excited, however frolicsome, however full of fun, capable
+of playing football with each other's bonnets even upon April Fools'
+Day. I am convinced that not even Miss Anthony or Mrs. Stanton would
+have hesitated to admit, had she been present on the auspicious occasion
+above recorded, that there are limits even to woman's sphere. Let her
+preach and practice, and sail ships, and make horse-shoes, and command
+armies, if she will, let her vote for all sorts of disreputable
+characters to be set over her, if she choose, but let her recognize the
+fact that between her and the gentle amenities of the New York Stock
+Exchange there is a great gulf fixed, which only the superior being man,
+with his lordly intellect, his keen morality and his exquisite and
+unvarying courtesy, can bridge over.
+
+K.H.
+
+
+
+
+MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK.
+
+
+One hundred and thirty-five years ago two young men came up to London to
+try their fortune: half riding, half walking, the young fellows made
+their journey. One was thick-set, heavy and uncouth, and years afterward
+became known to men and fame as Samuel Johnson: the other was bright,
+slender, active, and was called David Garrick. Some ten years later,
+just before the battle of Culloden, a Dutch vessel, having crossed the
+Channel, landed at Harwich. There was on board an apparent page, in
+reality a young Viennese girl disguised in male attire, who journeyed up
+to London too, where she soon made her appearance as a dancer at the
+Hay-market Theatre: there she achieved great success, and became talked
+about as "La Violette." She was under the patronage of the earl and
+countess of Burlington, and finally became Mrs. Garrick. It is said
+that she was the daughter of a respectable citizen of Vienna--that she
+had been engaged to dance at the palace with the children of the empress
+Maria Teresa, but that, her charms proving too attractive to the
+emperor, the empress had packed her off to London with letters of
+recommendation to persons of quality there. It seems more probable,
+however, that she was am actress at Vienna, and simply crossed the sea
+to try her fortune in England. Becoming fascinated with Garrick's
+acting, she married him after refusing several more brilliant offers,
+and in spite of the opposition of her kind patroness, Lady Burlington,
+who wished her to marry so as to secure higher social position. This
+match gave rise to much romantic gossip. It was said that a wealthy
+young lady had fallen in love with the great actor one night in
+_Romeo_--that he had been induced by her father to come to the house and
+break the charm by feigning intoxication: some versions had it that he
+came disguised as a physician. A popular German comedy was written upon
+it, and still later Mr. Robertson dramatized it for the English stage,
+and produced a play in which we have lately had an opportunity of
+witnessing the fine acting of Mr. Sothern. Garrick was certainly
+fortunate among actors: he not only achieved high professional fame, but
+he accumulated a large private fortune and lived a happy domestic life
+in a splendid home filled with choice works of art. The traveler abroad
+who is favored with an invitation to the Garrick Club, may there see the
+picture of the great actor "in his habit as he lived," looking down
+nightly on a collection of the most renowned wits and authors of the
+metropolis; and to crown all, when Mr. Sothern acts--were it not for his
+moustache--we might suppose we saw the man himself alive before us.
+
+Concerning Mr. Sothern's acting, it affords a fine example of that
+quality--so very difficult of attainment, it would seem--perfect
+_repose_; and by repose we do not mean torpidity or sluggishness or
+inattention, as opposed to clamorous ranting, but we mean the complete
+subordination of subordinate parts; so that, if we may use the
+illustration, the gaudiness of the frame is not allowed to over-power
+and destroy the effect of the picture. Everything is clear, distinct and
+well marked: the forcible passages come with double effect in contrast
+with preceding serenity. The actor's manner is not confined behind the
+footlights: it diffuses itself, as it were, among his audience until it
+seems as if they too were acting with him. This arises from the
+perfection of the picture he presents, and that perfection is the result
+of careful avoidance of everything that is unnatural. There is no
+_unnecessary_ exertion put forth, no palpable straining after effect: he
+strives to hold the mirror up to Nature, not Art, and in Nature there is
+much repose between the tempests. Old players say that the most
+difficult thing to teach a tyro is to stand still, and some actors never
+learn it.
+
+Careful attention to costume is another trait exhibited by Mr. Sothern.
+He might easily make his first appearance as David Garrick in the
+wealthy merchant's house in ordinary walking-dress, which could be
+readily retained when he returns to the dinner-party to which he causes
+himself to be invited. Instead of that, he appears in the full
+riding-dress of the period--boots, spurs, whip, overcoat and all. This
+is rapidly changed in time for the dinner-scene for a full-dress suit,
+complete in every point--powdered hair, white silk stockings, and a
+little _brette_, or walking rapier, peeping out from under the coat
+skirt, not slung in a belt as heavier swords, but supported by light
+steel chains fastened to a _chatelaine_, which slips behind the
+waistband and can be taken off in a moment. In the last scene, where he
+goes out to fight the duel, his dress is changed again, and dark silk
+stockings are donned as more appropriate.
+
+The last point we shall mention here about Mr. Sothern is his scrupulous
+attention to the minor business of the stage: when he is not speaking
+himself, his looks act. It is said of Macready that he began to be
+Cardinal Richelieu at three o'clock in the afternoon, and that it was
+dangerous to speak to him after that time. When Mr. Sothern plays Lord
+Dundreary, if he is addressed on any subject during the progress of the
+play, he answers in his Dundreary drawl, so as not to lose his
+personality for a minute. The letter from his brother "Tham" he has
+written out and reads; not that he does not know every word by heart,
+for he must have read it a hundred times, but because he wants to _turn
+over_ at the proper place. We all know what he has made of that part. A
+play in which there is absolutely nothing of a plot, which would fall
+dead from the hands of an inferior actor, becomes with Mr. Sothern as
+popular as _Rip van Winkle_ is with Jefferson to play the sleepy hero.
+It is to be observed that the three essentials for good acting just
+mentioned--repose of manner, strict attention to dress, and strict
+attention to minor details of stage-business--may be acquired by any
+actor of average intellect who will devote proper time and study to the
+task: they are not, like a fine figure, a handsome face or a sonorous
+voice, adventitious gifts of Fortune which may be bestowed on one mortal
+and denied to another. Mr. Sothern owes his success, evidently, to long
+and careful preparation of his parts. In David Garrick he leaves but two
+points at which criticism can carp: his pathos somehow lacks sufficient
+tenderness, his love-making seems too devoid of passion. When young
+Garrick won the heart of La Violette, he put more fire into his speech
+and manner than Mr. Sothern exhibits at the close of the last act. He is
+represented as always loving Ida Ingot, but at first conceals and
+suppresses his love: when the avowal comes at last, it should be like
+the bursting forth of a volcano, hot, fiery and irresistible.
+
+M. M.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+Sir Richard Wallace evidently aims to make himself, in a small way, the
+Peabody of Paris. A cynic might maintain that his gifts were a trifle
+sensational, and shaped with a view to procure the greatest amount of
+notoriety at the price; but that they are frequent, and that they show
+a hearty love for Paris on the Englishman's part, none can deny. It was
+Sir Richard who not long ago gave about five thousand dollars to the use
+of the Paris poor; it was he who, in the late hunting-season, is said to
+have proposed to supply the city hospitals with fresh game--whether of
+his own shooting or of that of his compatriots does not appear; it is
+he, in fine, who has furnished to Paris eighty street-fountains, costing
+in the factory six hundred and seventy-five francs each, or a total of
+fifty-four thousand francs (say ten thousand eight hundred dollars), the
+expense of setting them up being undertaken by the city. These
+drinking-jets are in the main like those so familiar in American cities,
+and are provided, of course, with tin cups attached by iron chains--"_�
+la mode Anglaise_" add the French papers in an explanatory way. Now, the
+extraordinary fact concerning these fountains is, that no sooner had the
+first installment of nine been put up than all the tin cups, or
+"goblets," as the Parisians call them, were stolen. They were renewed,
+and again disappeared in a trice. In short, within fifteen days no less
+than forty-seven of these goblets were made way with, despite their
+strong fastenings--that is, an average of over five cups to each
+fountain. What the sum-total of plunder has been since the first
+fortnight, or whether the fountains are still as useless as spiked
+cannon or tongueless bells, we have yet to learn.
+
+Now comes a contrast. The countrymen of Sir Richard claim that in London
+from time immemorial not a single cup was ever stolen from the public
+fountains. So tempting a theme for generalization could not be resisted
+by the Paris newspaper philosophers, who have deduced from this theft of
+the cups a broad distinction between the British loafer and the French
+loafer, declaring that the former "respects any collective property
+which he partly shares," while the latter does not even draw this
+distinction, but grabs whatever he can lay his hands on. "The luck of
+the Wallace fountains," cries one moralizer, "shows how hard it is to
+reform the Paris _gamin_ so long as the law contents itself with its
+present measures. If the state does not speedily educate children found
+straying in the street, it is all up with the present generation."
+Thereupon follows a disquisition on the part which Paris children played
+in the Commune. "Now, the child," adds our newspaper Wordsworth, "is the
+man viewed through the big end of the opera-glass;" and he points his
+moral, therefore, with the need of compulsory education. "One of the
+first duties incumbent on the Chamber at the next session will be the
+solution of this question. Let it take as a perpetual goad the fate of
+the Wallace goblets. You begin by stealing a cup of tin--you end by
+firing the Tuileries or plundering the H�tel Thiers." There is a droll
+mingling of Isaac Watts and Victor Hugo in this _d�no�ment_, and despite
+its practical good sense one is amused at the evolution of a grave
+discourse from so trivial a text as the Wallace drinking-cups.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To people of a statistical rather than a sentimental turn, the
+mathematics of marriage in different countries may prove an attractive
+theme of meditation. It is found that young men from fifteen to twenty
+years of age marry young women averaging two or three years older than
+themselves, but if they delay marriage until they are twenty to
+twenty-five years old, their spouses average a year younger than
+themselves; and thenceforward this difference steadily increases, till
+in extreme old age on the bridegroom's part it is apt to be enormous.
+The inclination of octogenarians to wed misses in their teens is an
+every-day occurrence, but it is amusing to find in the love-matches of
+boys that the statistics bear out the satires of Thackeray and Balzac.
+Again, the husbands of young women aged twenty and under average a
+little above twenty-five years, and the inequality of age diminishes
+thenceforward, till for women who have reached thirty the respective
+ages are equal: after thirty-five years, women, like men, marry those
+younger than themselves, the disproportion increasing with age, till at
+fifty-five it averages nine years.
+
+The greatest number of marriages for men take place between the ages of
+twenty and twenty-five in England, between twenty five and thirty in
+France, and between twenty-five and thirty-five in Italy and Belgium.
+Finally, in Hungary the number of individuals who marry is seventy-two
+in a thousand each year; in England it is 64; in Denmark, 59; in France,
+57, the city of Paris showing 53; in the Netherlands, 52; in Belgium,
+43; in Norway, 36. Widowers indulge in second marriages three or four
+times as often as widows. For example, in England (land of Mrs. Bardell)
+there are 66 marriages of widowers against 21 of widows; in Belgium
+there are 48 to 16; in France, 40 to 12. Old Mr. Weller's paternal
+advice, to "beware of the widows," ought surely to be supplemented by a
+maxim to beware of widowers.
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE, in one of his most famous madrigals, draws a vivid contrast
+between youth and age, which, he declares, "cannot live together:"
+
+    Youth like summer morn,
+    Age like winter weather,
+    Youth like summer brave,
+    Age like winter bare:
+    Youth is hot and bold,
+    Age is weak and cold.
+
+Science, which ruthlessly destroys so much poetry by its mattock and
+spade, its scales, foot-rules and gauges, must now, we should judge,
+take grave exception to the preceding bit of poesy and to the thousand
+repetitions of its sentiment by the bards of all ages. By means of a
+thermometer lately constructed to register with exactitude the degree of
+heat in the human body, it is found, after numerous experiments under
+varying circumstances, that the instrument marks 37.08� of heat on an
+average for persons between twenty-one and thirty years of age, while it
+marks 37.46� for people aged eighty. In face of this fact what becomes
+of the "fervors of youth" and the "chills of age"? The highest average
+temperatures in the human body, as indicated by this gauge, are those
+which exist from birth to puberty--that is to say, 37.55� and 37.63�.
+From the latter epoch the heat gradually lowers, to rise again with the
+first approach of old age. Thus childhood shows the highest temperature,
+old age the next, and middle life the lowest. We may add that the
+greatest variations in the temperature of the body between health and
+sickness are only a few tenths of a degree, according to this
+measurement; for, the normal condition being 37.2� or 37.3�, an increase
+to 38� would mark a burning fever, and a decrease to 36� would note the
+icy approach of death. Hereafter, though we may graciously excuse to
+poetic license the assertion that
+
+    Crabbed Age and Youth
+    Cannot live together,
+
+we must yet sternly protest that the reason assigned--namely, that
+"youth is hot and age is cold"--is contradicted by the facts of science.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+
+
+The Life of Charles Dickens. By John Forster. Vol. II. Philadelphia:
+J.B. Lippincott & Co.
+
+Beginning with Dickens's return from America in 1842, this volume covers
+a period of less than ten years, the most productive, and apparently the
+happiest, of his life. It brings out in even stronger relief than the
+preceding volume his strong individuality, a trait which, whether it
+attracts or repels--and on most persons we think it produces alternately
+each of these effects--is full of interest, worthy of study and fruitful
+of suggestions. Its superabundant energy seemed to create demands in
+order that it might expend itself in satisfying them. Its persistence
+was toughened by failure as much as by success. Its vivacity, verging
+upon boisterousness, was incapable of being chilled. Its strenuousness
+knew no lassitude, and needed no repose. In play as in work, in physical
+exercise as in mental labor, in all his projects, purposes and
+performances, Dickens seems to have been in a perpetual state of tension
+that allowed of no reaction. His was a mind not morbidly self-conscious,
+but ever aglow with the consciousness of power and the ardor of its
+achievement, in-sensible of waste and undisturbed by critical
+introspection.
+
+The excitement into which he was thrown by the composition of his books
+exceeds anything of the kind recorded in literary history, and stands in
+strong contrast with the self-contained tranquillity with which Scott
+performed an equal or greater amount of labor. Yet it does not, like
+similar ebullitions in other men, suggest any notion of weakness or of a
+talent strained beyond its capacity. It was coupled with an enormous
+facility of execution and the ability to pass with undiminished
+freshness from one field of action to another. It sprang from the
+intensity with which every idea was conceived, and which belonged
+equally to his smallest with his greatest undertakings. "The book," he
+writes of the _Chimes_, "has made my face white in a foreign land. My
+cheeks, which were beginning to fill out, have sunk again; my eyes have
+grown immensely large; my hair is very lank, and the head inside the
+hair is hot and giddy. Read the scene at the end of the third part
+twice. I wouldn't write it twice for something.... Since I conceived, at
+the beginning of the second part, what must happen in the third, I have
+undergone as much sorrow and agitation as if the thing were real, and
+have wakened up with it at night. I was obliged to lock myself in when I
+finished it yesterday, for my face was swollen for the time to twice its
+proper size, and was hugely ridiculous." The little book was written at
+Genoa; and having finished it, he must make a winter journey to London,
+"because," as he writes to Forster, "of that unspeakable restless
+something which would render it almost as impossible for me to remain
+here, and not see the thing complete, as it would be for a full
+balloon, left to itself, not to go up." A further reason was to try the
+effect of the story upon a circle of listeners, to be assembled for the
+purpose: "Carlyle, indispensable, and I should like his wife of all
+things; _her_ judgment would be invaluable. You will ask Mac, and why
+not his sister? Stanny and Jerrold I should particularly wish. Edwin
+Landseer, Blanchard perhaps Harness; and what say you to Fonblanque and
+Fox?" After this it is amusing to read that the book "was not one of his
+greatest successes, and it raised him up some objectors;" but the
+reading was the germ of those which afterward brought him into such
+close relations with his public.
+
+Of another Christmas story he writes, "I dreamed _all last week_ that
+the _Battle of Life_ was a series of chambers, impossible to be got to
+rights or got out of, through which I wandered drearily all night. On
+Saturday night I don't think I slept an hour. I was perpetually roaming
+through the story, and endeavoring to dovetail the revolution here into
+the plot. The mental distress quite horrible." Here we have, perhaps, a
+clear case of the effects of overwork. But in general the details of his
+plots, the names of the characters, above all, the titles of the
+stories, were evolved with an amount of thought and discussion that
+might have sufficed for the plan and the preparations for a battle.
+"Martin Chuzzlewit" is not a name suggestive of long and serious
+deliberation: one might rather suppose that it had turned up
+accidentally and been accepted simply as being as good as another. Yet
+it was not adopted till after many others had been discussed and
+rejected. "Martin was the prefix to all, but the surname varied from its
+first form of Sweezleden, Sweezleback and Sweeztewag, to those of
+Chuzzletoe, Chuzzleboy, Chubblewig and Chuzzlewig." _David Copperfield_
+was preceded by a still longer list of abortions, and _Household Words,_
+as a mere title, was the result of a parturition far exceeding in length
+and severity any throes of travail known to natural history.
+
+All this was unaccompanied by any of the doubts and misgivings, the fits
+of depression and intervals of lassitude, which are the ordinary
+tortures of authorship. Nor had it any connection with the weaknesses of
+the craft, its small vanities and jealousies. "It was," as Mr. Forster
+well remarks, "part of the intense individuality by which he effected
+so much to set the high value which in general he did upon what he was
+striving to accomplish." Hence, too, no half-formed and then abandoned
+projects were among the stepping-stones of his career. A plan or an
+idea, once conceived, was certain to be shaped, developed and matured;
+and whatever the result, it left up disheartening effect, no feeling of
+distrust, to cripple a subsequent undertaking.
+
+Nor was Dickens so absorbed in his work as to leave it reluctantly, or
+to find no fullness of satisfaction in occupations or enjoyments of a
+different kind. On the contrary, no man ever threw himself so heartily
+and entirely into the business of the hour, or more eagerly sought
+diversion and change. Dinners, private and public, excursions in chosen
+companionship, amateur theatricals, schemes of charity or benevolence,
+occupied a large portion of his time, and were entered into with an
+ardor which never flagged or needed to be stimulated. His
+correspondence--an unfailing barometer to indicate the state of the
+mental atmosphere--is always full of life, overflowing, for the most
+part, with animal spirits, often vivid in description both of places and
+people, turning discomforts and embarrassments into subjects of lively
+narrative or indignant protest. The letters from Genoa and Lausanne are
+especially copious and entertaining, and form, we think, the most
+interesting portion of the book. The later chapters, giving the final
+year of his residence in Devonshire Terrace, are less satisfactory. We
+would fain have had a picture of that circle of which Dickens was one of
+the most prominent figures; but though his own personality is revealed
+in the fullest light, the group in the background is left indistinct,
+most of its members being barely visible, and none of them adequately
+portrayed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+�maux et Cam�es. Par Th�ophile Gautier. Nombre d�finitif. Paris:
+Charpentier; New York: F.W. Christern.
+
+Gautier was polishing and adding to his literary jewelry almost to the
+day of his death, and the final edition which he published among the
+last of his works about doubles the number of poems first issued. These
+verses are like nothing we have in English. Their imagery is strongly
+sophisticated, tortured, brought from vast distances, and then chilled
+into form. Yet they are the most sincere utterances of a soul fed
+perpetually among cabinets and picture-galleries, to whom their compact
+method of utterance is, so to speak, secondarily natural. That they are
+precious and beauteous no one can deny. How sparkling are the successive
+descriptions of women--blonde, brune, Spanish, contralto-voiced,
+coquettish, etc.--whom the poet, like some capricious artist, invites
+into his atelier, drapes hastily with old Moorish or Venetian or
+diaphanous costumes, and then reflects in a diminishing mirror, changing
+the model into a fine statuette of ivory and enamel! More virile and
+thoughtful images are intermixed: such are the figures of the old
+Invalides seen at the Column Vend�me in a December fog, and for whom he
+pleads: "Mock not those men whom the street urchin follows, laughing:
+they were the Day of which we are the twilight--maybe the night!" Not
+less fresh are the two "Homesick Obelisks"--that in the Place de la
+Concorde, wearying its stony heart out for Egypt, and that at Luxor,
+equally tired, and longing to be planted at Paris, among a living crowd.
+But Gautier is a colorist, an artist with words, and he is at his best
+when he works without much outline, celebrating draperies, bouquets and
+laces, to all of which he can give a meaning quite other than the
+milliner's, as where he asserts that the plaits of a rose-colored dress
+are "the lips of my unappeased desires," or describes March as a barber,
+powdering the wigs of the blossoming almond trees, and a valet, lacing
+up the rosebuds in their corsets of green velvet. Whatever he touches he
+leaves artificial, "enameled," yet charming. The verses added in the
+present edition are more pensive, even sombre. A life given to art
+wholly, without patriotism or religion or philosophy, does not prepare
+the greenest old age. There is a long and beautiful poem, "Le Ch�teau du
+Souvenir," which he fills, not exactly with Charles Lamb's "old familiar
+faces," but with portraits of his mistresses and of his old self. There
+is the "Last Vow"--to a woman he has pursued "for eighteen years," and
+whom he still accosts, though "the white graveyard lilacs have blossomed
+about my temples, and I shall soon have them tufting and shading all my
+forehead." There is also the accent of his irresponsible courtiership,
+the facile and unashamed flattery he paid to such a woman as Princess
+Mathilde. This personage was, or is, an artist; and we may not be
+mistaken in believing that we have seen, cast aside in the vast
+storerooms of Haseltine's galleries in this city--an example and gnomon
+of disenchanted glory--her water-color sketch called the "Fellah Woman,"
+and the very one of which Gautier sang: "Caprice of a fantastic brush
+and of an imperial leisure!... Those eyes, a whole poem of languor and
+pleasure, resolve the riddle and say, 'Be thou Love--I am Beauty.'"
+
+The late poems, however, as well as the old, are filled with felicities.
+They contain many a lesson of the word-master, who, though he did not
+attain the Academy, left the French language gold, which he found
+marble. The ornaments, exquisite licenses, foreign graces and wide
+researches which Gautier conferred upon his mother-tongue have enriched
+it for future time, and they are best seen in this volume.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Concord Days. By A. Bronson Alcott. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
+
+In these loose leaves we have the St. Martin's summer of a life. Mr.
+Alcott, from his quiet home in Concord, and from the edifice of his
+seventy-three years, picks out those mental growths and moral treasures
+which have kept their color through all the changes of the seasons. They
+bear the mark of selection, of choice, from out a vast abundance of
+material: to us readers the scissors have probably been a kinder
+implement than the pen. Be that as it may, the selections given are all
+worth saving, and the fragmentary resurrection is just about as much as
+our age has time to attend to of the growths that were formed when New
+England thought was young. That was the day when Mrs. Hominy fastened
+the cameo to her frontal bone and went to the sermon of Dr. Channing,
+when young Hawthorne chopped straw for the odious oxen at Brook Farm,
+and when a budding Booddha, called by his neighbors Thoreau, left
+mankind and proceeded to introvert himself by the borders of Walden
+Pond. Mr. Alcott's little diary gives us some of the best skimmings of
+that time of yeast. There is Emerson-worship, Channing-worship, Margaret
+Fuller-worship and the pale cast of _The Dial_. There is, besides, in
+another stratum that runs through the collection, a vein of very welcome
+investigation amongst old authors--Plutarch's charming letter of
+consolation to his wife on the death of their child; Crashaw's "Verses
+on a Prayer-Book;" Evelyn's letter on the origin of his _Sylva_; and
+many a jewel five-words-long filched from the authors whom modern taste
+votes slow and insupportable. We mention these to give some idea of the
+spirit in which this work of marquetry is executed--a work too
+fragmentary and incoherent to be easily describable except by its
+specimens. And while culling fragments, we cannot forbear mentioning the
+curious records of Mr. Alcott's "Conversations," held now with Frederika
+Bremer, now with a band of large-browed Concord children, held forty
+years ago, and turning perpetually upon the deeper questions of
+metaphysics and religion; we will even indulge ourselves with a short
+extract from one of the "Conversations with Children," reported verbatim
+by an apparently concealed auditress, and eliciting many a cunning bit
+of infantine wisdom, besides the following finer rhapsody, which Mr.
+Alcott succeeded in charming out of the lips of a boy six years of age:
+
+"Mr. Alcott! you know Mrs. Barbauld says in her hymns, everything is
+prayer; every action is prayer; all nature prays; the bird prays in
+singing; the tree prays in growing; men pray--men can pray _more_; we
+feel; we have more, more than Nature; we can know, and do right:
+_Conscience prays_; all our powers pray; action prays. Once we said,
+here, that there was a Christ in the bottom of our spirits, when we try
+to be good. Then we pray in Christ; and that is the whole!"
+
+To think that the lips of this ingenuous and golden-mouthed lad may be
+now pouring out patriotism in Congress is rather sad; but the author's
+own career tells us that there are some of the Chrysostoms of 1830 who
+have had the courage to keep quiet, and sweeten their own lives for
+family use. Mr. Alcott betrays in every line the kindest, sanest and
+humanest spirit; and we wish he could feel how grateful some of us are
+for his example of a thinker who can keep quiet, and a writer who can
+show the power of reticence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Thirty Years in the Harem; or, The Autobiography of Melek-Hanum, wife of
+H.H. Kibrizli-Mehemet-Pasha. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+We have had many revelations from the interior, but nothing quite like
+this. Most histories are valuable in proportion to the truthfulness of
+the narrator, but Mrs. Melek's story owes a large show of its interest
+to her obvious tension of the long-bow. It is, in fact, a
+self-revelation--the vain and audacious betrayal by an Oriental woman of
+the narrowness, the shallowness, the dishonesty which ages of false
+education have fastened upon her race. The lady in question is--and
+evidently knows herself to be--an exception among her countrywomen for
+ability and acumen: an extreme self-satisfaction and vanity are revealed
+in the recital of her most disreputable tricks. She passes for a white
+blackbird, a woman of intellect caught in the harem; and it needs but
+little ingenuity to guess the torment she must have been to her
+protectors--first to the excellent Dr. Millingen, with whom she formed a
+love-match, and whom she abuses--and then to her second husband,
+Kibrizli, ambassador in 1848 to the court of England, upon whom she
+attempted to palm off an heir by the ruse practiced by our own revered
+Mrs. Cunningham. Whatever the clever Melek does, or whatever treatment
+she receives, it is always she who is in the right, and her eternal
+"enemies" who are unjust, barbarous and stingy. The ferocious
+blackmailing of natives in the Holy Land which she practiced when her
+husband represented the sultan there, is represented as cleverness; but
+her divorce after the infamous false accouchement is a piece of
+persecution. The marriage and adventures of her daughter form a tangled
+romance through which we hear of a great deal more oppression and
+cruelty; and the escape into Europe, where the old enchantress appears
+to be now prowling in poverty and degradation, concludes the curious
+story. The narrative bears marks of having passed through a French
+translation and then a British version. To disentangle the thread of
+actuality that probably runs through it would be too troublesome and
+futile; but the truths that the wily Melek cannot help telling--the
+facts of the harem and of Eastern life that involuntarily sprinkle it
+all like a flavoring of strange spices--these are what give it the odd
+dash of interest which keeps it in our hands long after we had meant to
+toss it aside. Here is a "screaming sister" of the East--an odalisque
+who was not going to be oppressed and degraded like the other women, but
+who meant to be capable and cultivated and smart, just like the
+Christian ladies; and this bundle of lies and crimes and hates is what
+she arrives at.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hints on Dress; or, What to Wear, When to Wear it, and How to Buy it. By
+Ethel C. Gale, (Putnam's Handy-Book Series.) New York: G.P. Putnam &
+Sons.
+
+This little book will certainly elicit commendation from all who
+consider the subject of dress within the pale of aesthetic treatment;
+and, what is still more fortunate, it will probably serve to elevate, in
+some degree, the standard of taste among that large class of persons for
+whom handy volumes are chiefly compiled. Its statements and deductions
+are accurate, sensible, comprehensive and practical, and the style in
+which they are presented is simple and attractive. The color, form and
+suitability of dress, as well as the best methods of economy in its
+purchase and manufacture, are intelligently treated. We have only to
+regret the want of a chapter devoted to the hygiene of dress, which is a
+subject deserving the earnest attention of every friend of physical
+development. Ten or a dozen pages given to this topic might have done a
+service to hundreds who are willing enough to gather knowledge in
+passing, but who are repelled from the separate consideration of any
+subject which seems to call for the exercise of serious thought.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake Region of Central Africa,
+showing Dr. Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route. Folio,
+folded. Philadelphia: T. Elwood Zell.
+
+A clear, well-executed polychrome map, evidently copied from the one
+recently published in England, if not actually printed there. It
+exhibits not only the route of Dr. Livingstone during the period
+included between the years 1866 and 1872, and that taken by Mr. Stanley
+in his recent search, but also the course which the former proposes to
+follow in the prosecution of his discoveries. The boundaries of lakes
+and the courses of rivers, where definitely known, are indicated by
+unbroken lines--where still supposititious, by dotted ones. The map,
+which is printed on heavy paper, is thirteen inches wide by eighteen
+inches long, and being folded within a stiff duodecimo cover, can be
+easily preserved and readily consulted.
+
+
+
+
+_Books Received_.
+
+Papers relating to the Transit of Venus in 1874. Prepared under the
+Direction of the Commissioners authorized by Congress. Washington, D.C.:
+Government Printing-office.
+
+Reports on Observations of Encke's Comet during its Return in 1871. By
+Asaph Hall and Wm. Harkness. Washington, D.C.: Government
+Printing-Office.
+
+Harry Delaware; or, An American in Germany. By Mathilde Estvan. New
+York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+California for Health, Pleasure and Residence. By Charles Nordhoff. New
+York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+The Lives of General U.S. Grant and Henry Wilson. Philadelphia: T.B.
+Peterson & Brothers.
+
+The Romance of American History. By M. Schele de Vere. New York: G.P.
+Putnam & Sons.
+
+Book of Ballads, Tales and Stories. By Benjamin G. Herre. Lancaster,
+Pa.: Wylie & Griest.
+
+The Poet at the Breakfast Table. By Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston: James
+R. Osgood & Co.
+
+The Lawrence Speaker. By Philip Lawrence. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &
+Brothers.
+
+Memoir of a Huguenot Family. By Ann Maury. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+Within the Maze. By Mrs. Henry Wood. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &
+Brothers.
+
+Sermons. By Rev. C.D.N. Campbell, D.D. New York: Hurd & Houghton.
+
+Outlines of History. By Ed. A. Freeman, D.C.L. New York: Holt &
+Williams.
+
+The End of the World. By Edward Eggleston. New York: Orange Judd & Co.
+
+Sermons. By Rev. H.R. Haweis, M.A. New York: Holt & Williams.
+
+Kaloolah. By W.S. Mayo, M.D. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+Nast's Illustrated Almanac for 1873. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+A Summer Romance. By Mary Healy. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
+
+Song Life. By Philip Phillips. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+Gavroche. By M.C. Pyle. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR
+LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 14327-8.txt or 14327-8.zip *******
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873, by Various</title>
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+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873, by Various, Edited by John
+Foster Kirk</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: December 11, 2004  [eBook #14327]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Charles Aldarondo,<br />
+               and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h3>
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+    <h1>LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+    <h3>OF</h3>
+
+    <h2><i>POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.</i></h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>VOLUME XI. No. 22.<br />
+    January, 1873</h4>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <img src="images/logo.jpg"
+             width="54"
+             height="112"
+             alt="logo" />
+    </div>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+
+    <h3>CONTENTS.</h3>
+
+    <div class="toc">
+        <a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS">ILLUSTRATIONS</a>
+
+        <p><a href="#IRON_BRIDGES">IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR
+        CONSTRUCTION by EDWARD ROWLAND.</a></p>
+
+        <p>
+        <a href="#SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU">SEARCHING
+        FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#PROBATIONER_LEONHARD">PROBATIONER LEONHARD;
+        OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY  by CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#OUR_HERO">CHAPTER I. OUR
+        HERO.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY">CHAPTER II. IN
+        THE HAPPY VALLEY.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#HIGH_ART">CHAPTER III. HIGH
+        ART.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#THE_IRISH_CAPITAL">THE IRISH CAPITAL by REGINALD WYNFORD.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION">THE MAESTRO'S
+        CONFESSION.(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO&mdash;1460) by MARGARET J. PRESTON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT">MONSIEUR
+        FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT by CORNELIUS DEWEES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA">A VISIT TO THE
+        KING OF AURORA (FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE
+        KIRSCHOFF) by ELIZABETH SILL.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#GRAY_EYES">GRAY EYES by ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE">REMINISCENCES OF
+        FLORENCE by MARIE HOWLAND.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER">THE SOUTHERN
+        PLANTER by WILL WALLACE HARNEY.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#BABES_IN_THE_WOOD">BABES IN THE WOOD by EDGAR FAWCETT.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS">MY CHARGE ON THE
+        LIFE-GUARDS by CHARLES L. NORTON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER">PAINTING AND A
+        PAINTER.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP">OUR MONTHLY
+        GOSSIP.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN">WILHELMINE
+        VON HILLERN.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#HIS_NAME">HIS NAME? by M. J. P.</a></p>
+
+        <p>
+        <a href="#UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON">
+        UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY
+        HAMILTON.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#WHITE_HAT_DAY">"WHITE-HAT" DAY by K. H.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK">MR. SOTHERN AS
+        GARRICK by M. M.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#NOTES">NOTES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY">LITERATURE OF THE
+        DAY.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#CHARLES_DICKENS">Forster, John--The
+        Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#GAUTIER">Gautier,
+        Th&eacute;ophile--&Eacute;maux et Cam&eacute;es</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#ALCOTT">Alcott, A. Bronson--Concord
+        Days</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#HANUM">Hanum, Melek--Thirty Years
+        in the Harem</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#GALE">Gale, Ethel C.--Hints on
+        Dress</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4"><a href="#ZELL">Sketch Map of the Nile
+        Sources and Lake Region of Central Africa, showing Dr.
+        Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#Books_Received"><i>Books Received.</i></a></p>
+        <hr />
+        <a name="ILLUSTRATIONS"
+             id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>
+
+        <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_001">WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of
+        "Only a Girl," "By His Own Might," etc.<br />
+        [See Our Monthly Gossip.]</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_002">"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER
+        SHED.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_003">THE LYMAN VIADUCT.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_004">BLAST-FURNACES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_005">DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO
+        BLAST-FURNACES.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_006">ELEVATOR.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_007">THE ENGINE-ROOM.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_008">RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_009">CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_010">ROTARY SQUEEZER.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_011">BOILING-FURNACE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_012">THE ROLLS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_013">COLD SAW.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_014">HOT SAW.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_015">RIVETING A COLUMN.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_016">FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_017">VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_018">NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS
+        STAGING.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_019">BRIDGE AT ALBANY.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_020">LA SALLE BRIDGE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_021">BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_022">SACO BRIDGE.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_023">PHOENIX WORKS.</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_024">"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS
+        PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_025">"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF
+        ARAGON."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_026">"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA
+        OF CHILE-CHILE."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_027">"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A
+        SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_028">"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN
+        EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_029">"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL
+        HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA".</a></p>
+
+        <p><a href="#IMAGE_030">"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR
+        OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL."</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_001"
+             id="IMAGE_001"></a><img src="images/001.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="882"
+             alt="WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of &quot;Only a Girl,&quot; &quot;By His Own Might,&quot; etc. [See Our Monthly Gossip.]" />
+        <br />
+        <b>WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By His
+        Own Might," etc.<br />
+        [See Our Monthly Gossip.]</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+
+
+    <h2><a name="IRON_BRIDGES"
+       id="IRON_BRIDGES"></a>IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR
+       CONSTRUCTION.</h2>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_002"
+             id="IMAGE_002"></a><img src="images/002.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="412"
+             alt="&quot;ASSEMBLING&quot; BRIDGE UNDER SHED.&mdash;p. 22." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In a graveyard in Watertown, a village near Boston,
+    Massachusetts, there is a tombstone commemorating the claims of
+    the departed worthy who lies below to the eternal gratitude of
+    posterity. The inscription is dated in the early part of this
+    century (about 1810), but the name of him who was thus
+    immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my
+    memory, while the deed for which he was distinguished, and
+    which was recorded upon his tombstone, remains clear. "He built
+    the famous bridge over the Charles River in this town," says
+    the record. The Charles River is here a small stream, about
+    twenty to thirty feet wide, and the bridge was a simple wooden
+    structure.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_003"
+             id="IMAGE_003"></a><img src="images/003.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="390"
+             alt="THE LYMAN VIADUCT." /><br />
+        <b>THE LYMAN VIADUCT.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Doubtless in its day this structure was considered an
+    engineering feat worthy of such posthumous immortality as is
+    gained by an epitaph, and afforded such convenience for
+    transportation as was needed by the commercial activity of that
+    era. From that time, however, to this, the changes which have
+    occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are so fully
+    indicated by the changes of our manner and method of
+    bridge-building that it will not be a loss of time to
+    investigate the present condition of our abilities in this most
+    useful branch of engineering skill.</p>
+
+    <p>In the usual archaeological classification of eras the Stone
+    Age precedes that of Iron, and in the history of
+    bridge-building the same sequence has been preserved. Though
+    the knowledge of working iron was acquired by many nations at a
+    pre-historic period, yet in quite modern times&mdash;within
+    this century, even&mdash;the invention of new processes and the
+    experience gained of new methods have so completely
+    revolutionized this branch of industry, and given us such a
+    mastery over this material, enabling us to apply it to such new
+    uses, that for the future the real Age of Iron will date from
+    the present century.</p>
+
+    <p>The knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with
+    stone or brick&mdash;both of them materials aptly fitted for
+    resistance under pressure, but of comparatively no tensile
+    strength&mdash;enabled the Romans to surpass all nations that
+    had preceded them in the course of history in building bridges.
+    The bridge across the Danube, erected by Apollodorus, the
+    architect of Trajan's Column, was the largest bridge built by
+    the Romans. It was more than three hundred feet in height,
+    composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers, and
+    was about eight hundred feet in length. It was after a few
+    years destroyed by the emperor Adrian, lest it should afford a
+    means of passage to the barbarians, and its ruins are still to
+    be seen in Lower Hungary.</p>
+
+    <p>With the advent of railroads bridge-building became even a
+    greater necessity than it had ever been before, and the use of
+    iron has enabled engineers to grapple with and overcome
+    difficulties which only fifty years ago would have been
+    considered hopelessly insurmountable. In this modern use of
+    iron advantage is taken of its great tensile strength, and many
+    iron bridges, over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars
+    pass hourly, look as though they were spun from gossamer
+    threads, and yet are stronger than any structure of wood or
+    stone would be.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_004"
+             id="IMAGE_004"></a><img src="images/004.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="513"
+             alt="BLAST-FURNACES." /><br />
+        <b>BLAST-FURNACES.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Another great advantage of an iron bridge over one
+    constructed of wood or stone is the greater ease with which it
+    can, in every part of it, be constantly observed, and every
+    failing part replaced. Whatever material may be used, every
+    edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating influence
+    of time and the elements. In every such edifice as a bridge,
+    use is a process of constant weakening, which, if not as
+    constantly guarded against, must inevitably, in time, lead to
+    its destruction.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_005"
+             id="IMAGE_005"></a><img src="images/005.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="297"
+             alt="DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES." /><br />
+
+        <b>DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a
+    stone weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the
+    inspection of even the most vigilant observer until, when the
+    process has gone far enough, the bridge suddenly gives way
+    under a not unusual strain, and death and disaster shock the
+    community into a sense of the inherent defects of these
+    materials for such structures.</p>
+
+    <p>The introduction of the railroad has brought about also
+    another change in the bridge-building of modern times, compared
+    with that of all the ages which have preceded this nineteenth
+    century. The chief bridges of ancient times were built as great
+    public conveniences upon thoroughways over which there was a
+    large amount of travel, and consequently were near the cities
+    or commercial centres which attracted such travel, and were
+    therefore placed where they were seen by great numbers. Now,
+    however, the connection between the chief commercial centres is
+    made by the railroads, and these penetrate immense distances,
+    through comparatively unsettled districts, in order to bring
+    about the needed distribution; and in consequence many of the
+    great railroad bridges are built in the most unfrequented
+    spots, and are unseen by the numerous passengers who traverse
+    them, unconscious that they are thus easily passing over
+    specimens of engineering skill which surpass, as objects of
+    intelligent interest, many of the sights they may be traveling
+    to see.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_006"
+             id="IMAGE_006"></a><img src="images/006.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="631"
+             alt="ELEVATOR." /><br />
+        <b>ELEVATOR.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The various processes by which the iron is prepared to be
+    used in bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use
+    of this material for this purpose, and it will not be amiss to
+    spend a few moments in examining them before presenting to our
+    readers illustrations of some of the most remarkable structures
+    of this kind. Taking a train by the Reading Railroad from
+    Philadelphia, we arrive, in about an hour, at Phoenixville, in
+    the Schuylkill Valley, where the Phoenix Iron-and Bridge-works
+    are situated. In this establishment we can follow the iron from
+    its original condition of ore to a finished bridge, and it is
+    the only establishment in this country, and most probably in
+    the world, where this can be seen.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_007"
+             id="IMAGE_007"></a><img src="images/007.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="533"
+             alt="THE ENGINE-ROOM." /><br />
+        <b>THE ENGINE-ROOM.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>These works were established in 1790. In 1827 they came into
+    the possession of the late David Reeves, who by his energy and
+    enterprise increased their capacity to meet the growing demands
+    of the time, until they reached their present extent, employing
+    constantly over fifteen hundred hands.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_008"
+             id="IMAGE_008"></a><img src="images/008.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="682"
+             alt="RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS." /><br />
+        <b>RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace.
+    Here the ore, with coal and a flux of limestone, is piled in
+    and subjected to the heat of the fires, driven by a hot blast
+    and kept burning night and day. The iron, as it becomes melted,
+    flows to the bottom of the furnace, and is drawn off below in a
+    glowing stream. Into the top of the blast-furnaces the ore and
+    coal are dumped, having been raised to the top by an elevator
+    worked by a blast of air. It is curious to notice how slowly
+    the experience was gathered from which has re suited the
+    ability to work iron as it is done here. Though even at the
+    first settlement of this country the forests of England had
+    been so much thinned by their consumption in the form of
+    charcoal in her iron industry as to make a demand for timber
+    from this country a flourishing trade for the new settlers, yet
+    it was not until 1612 that a patent was granted to Simon
+    Sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous
+    coal. Another patent for the same invention was granted to John
+    Ravenson the next year, and in 1619 another to Lord Dudley; yet
+    the process did not come into general use until nearly a
+    hundred years later.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_009"
+             id="IMAGE_009"></a><img src="images/009.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="285"
+             alt="CARRYING THE IRON BALLS." /><br />
+        <b>CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines,
+    each of three hundred horse-power. The blast used here is, as
+    we have said, a hot one, the air being heated by the
+    consumption of the gases evolved from the material itself. The
+    gradual steps by which these successive modifications were
+    introduced is an evidence of how slowly industrial processes
+    have been perfected by the collective experience of
+    generations, and shows us how much we of the present day owe to
+    our predecessors. From the earliest times, as among the native
+    smiths of Africa to-day, the blast of a bellows has been used
+    in working iron to increase the heat of the combustion by a
+    more plentiful supply of oxygen. The blast-furnace is supposed
+    to have been first used in Belgium, and to have been introduced
+    into England in 1558. Next came the use of bituminous coal,
+    urged with a blast of cold air. But it was not until 1829 that
+    Neilson, an Englishman, conceived the idea of heating the air
+    of the blast, and carried it out at the Muirkirk furnaces. In
+    that year he obtained a patent for this process, and found that
+    he could from the same quantity of fuel make three times as
+    much iron. His patent made him very rich: in one single case of
+    infringement he received a cheque for damages for one hundred
+    and fifty thousand pounds. In his method, however, he used an
+    extra fire for heating the air of his blast. In 1837 the idea
+    of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated in the
+    process was first practically introduced by M. Faber Dufour at
+    Wasseralfingen in the kingdom of W&uuml;rtemberg.</p>
+
+    <p>In this country, charcoal was at first used universally for
+    smelting iron, anthracite coal being considered unfit for the
+    purpose. In 1820 an unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at
+    Mauch Chunk. In 1833, Frederick W. Geisenhainer of Schuylkill
+    obtained a patent for the use of the hot blast with anthracite,
+    and in 1835 produced the first iron made with this process. In
+    1841, C.E. Detmold adapted the consumption of the gases
+    produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite; and since
+    then it has become quite general, and has caused an almost
+    incalculable saving to the community in the price of iron.</p>
+
+    <p>The view of the engines which pump the blast will give an
+    idea of the immense power which the Phoenix company has at
+    command. Twice every day the furnace is tapped, and the stream
+    of liquid iron flows out into moulds formed in the sand, making
+    the iron into pigs&mdash;so called from a fancied resemblance
+    to the form of these animals. This makes the first process, and
+    in many smelting-establishments this is all that is done, the
+    iron in this form being sold and entering into the general
+    consumption.</p>
+
+    <p>The next process is "boiling," which is a modification of
+    "puddling," and is generally used in the best iron-works in
+    this country. The process of puddling was invented by Henry
+    Cort, an Englishman, and patented by him in 1783 and 1784 as a
+    new process for "shingling, welding and manufacturing iron and
+    steel into bars, plates and rods of purer quality and in larger
+    quantity than heretofore, by a more effectual application of
+    fire and machinery." For this invention Cort has been called
+    "the father of the iron-trade of the British nation," and it is
+    estimated that his invention has, during this century, given
+    employment to six millions of persons, and increased the wealth
+    of Great Britain by three thousand millions of dollars. In his
+    experiments for perfecting his process Mr. Cort spent his
+    fortune, and though it proved so valuable, he died poor, having
+    been involved by the government in a lawsuit concerning his
+    patent which beggared him. Six years before his death, the
+    government, as an acknowledgment of their wrong, granted him a
+    yearly pension of a thousand dollars, and at his death this
+    miserly recompense was reduced to his widow to six hundred and
+    twenty-five dollars.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_010"
+             id="IMAGE_010"></a><img src="images/010.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="625"
+             alt="ROTARY SQUEEZER." /><br />
+        <b>ROTARY SQUEEZER.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_011"
+             id="IMAGE_011"></a><img src="images/011.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="625"
+             alt="BOILING-FURNACE." /><br />
+        <b>BOILING-FURNACE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>When iron is simply melted and run into any mould, its
+    texture is granular, and it is so brittle as to be quite
+    unreliable for any use requiring much tensile strength. The
+    process of puddling consisted in stirring the molten iron run
+    out in a puddle, and had the effect of so changing its atomic
+    arrangement as to render the process of rolling it more
+    efficacious. The process of boiling is considered an
+    improvement upon this. The boiling-furnace is an oven heated to
+    an intense heat by a fire urged with a blast. The cast-iron
+    sides are double, and a constant circulation of water is kept
+    passing through the chamber thus made, in order to preserve the
+    structure from fusion by the heat. The inside is lined with
+    fire-brick covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom
+    and sides, and then, the oven being charged with the pigs of
+    iron, the heat is let on. The pigs melt, and the oven is filled
+    with molten iron. The puddler constantly stirs this mass with a
+    bar let through a hole in the door, until the iron boils up, or
+    "ferments," as it is called. This fermentation is caused by the
+    combustion of a portion of the carbon in the iron, and as soon
+    as the excess of this is consumed, the cinders and slag sink to
+    the bottom of the oven, leaving the semi-fluid mass on the top.
+    Stirring this about, the puddler forms it into balls of such a
+    size as he can conveniently handle, which are taken out and
+    carried on little cars, made to receive them, to "the
+    squeezer."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_012"
+             id="IMAGE_012"></a><img src="images/012.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="633"
+             alt="THE ROLLS." /><br />
+        <b>THE ROLLS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>To carry on this process properly requires great skill and
+    judgment in the puddler. The heat necessarily generated by the
+    operation is so great that very few persons have the physical
+    endurance to stand it. So great is it that the clothes upon the
+    person frequently catch fire. Such a strain upon the physical
+    powers naturally leads those subjected to it to indulge in
+    excesses. The perspiration which flows from the puddlers in
+    streams while engaged in their work is caused by the natural
+    effort of their bodies to preserve themselves from injury by
+    keeping their normal temperature. Such a consumption of the
+    fluids of the body causes great thirst, and the exhaustion of
+    the labor, both bodily and mental, leads often to the excessive
+    use of stimulants. In fact, the work is too laborious. Its
+    conditions are such that no one should be subjected to them.
+    The necessity, however, for judgment, experience and skill on
+    the part of the operator has up to this time prevented the
+    introduction of machinery to take the place of human labor in
+    this process. The successful substitution in modern times of
+    machines for performing various operations which formerly
+    seemed to require the intelligence and dexterity of a living
+    being for their execution, justifies the expectation that the
+    study now being given to the organization of industry will lead
+    to the invention of machines which will obviate the necessity
+    for human suffering in the process of puddling. Such a
+    consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned.
+    The attempts which have been made in this direction have not as
+    yet proved entirely successful.</p>
+
+    <p>In the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is
+    placed, and forced with a rotary motion through a spiral
+    passage, the diameter of which is constantly diminishing. The
+    effect of this operation is to squeeze all the slag and cinder
+    out of the ball, and force the iron to assume the shape of a
+    short thick cylinder, called "a bloom." This process was
+    formerly performed by striking the ball of iron repeatedly with
+    a tilt-hammer.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_013"
+             id="IMAGE_013"></a><img src="images/013.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="396"
+             alt="COLD SAW." /><br />
+        <b>COLD SAW.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The bloom is now re-heated and subjected to the process of
+    rolling. "The rolls" are heavy cylinders of cast iron placed
+    almost in contact, and revolving rapidly by steam-power. The
+    bloom is caught between these rollers, and passed backward and
+    forward until it is pressed into a flat bar, averaging from
+    four to six inches in width, and about an inch and a half
+    thick. These bars are then cut into short lengths, piled,
+    heated again in a furnace, and re-rolled. After going through
+    this process they form the bar iron of commerce. From the iron
+    reduced into this form the various parts used in the
+    construction of iron bridges are made by being rolled into
+    shape, the rolls through which the various parts pass having
+    grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_014"
+             id="IMAGE_014"></a><img src="images/014.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="372"
+             alt="HOT SAW." /><br />
+        <b>HOT SAW.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_015"
+             id="IMAGE_015"></a><img src="images/015.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="372"
+             alt="RIVETING A COLUMN" /><br />
+        <b>RIVETING A COLUMN.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>These rolls, when they are driven by steam, obtain this
+    generally from a boiler placed over the heating-or
+    puddling-furnace, and heated by the waste gases from the
+    furnace. This arrangement was first made by John Griffin, the
+    superintendent of the Phoenix Iron-works, under whose direction
+    the first rolled iron beams over nine inches thick that were
+    ever made were produced at these works. The process of rolling
+    toughens the iron, seeming to draw out its fibres; and iron
+    that has been twice rolled is considered fit for ordinary uses.
+    For the various parts of a bridge, however, where great
+    toughness and tensile strength are necessary, as well as
+    uniformity of texture, the iron is rolled a third time. The
+    bars are therefore cut again into pieces, piled, re-heated and
+    rolled again. A bar of iron which has been rolled twice is
+    formed from a pile of fourteen separate pieces of iron that
+    have been rolled only once, or "muck bar," as it is called;
+    while the thrice-rolled bar is made from a pile of eight
+    separate pieces of double-rolled iron. If, therefore, one of
+    the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect, it will
+    form only a hundred and twelfth part of the thrice-rolled bar.
+    The uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which
+    have been thrice rolled are so great that they may be twisted,
+    cold, into a knot without showing any signs of fracture. The
+    bars of iron, whether hot or cold, are sawn to the various
+    required lengths by the hot or cold saws shown in the
+    illustrations, which revolve with great rapidity.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_016"
+             id="IMAGE_016"></a><img src="images/016.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="288"
+             alt="FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE." /><br />
+        <b>FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>For the columns intended to sustain the compressive thrust
+    of heavy weights a form is used in this establishment of their
+    own design, and to which the name of the "Phoenix column" has
+    been given. They are tubes made from four or from eight
+    sections rolled in the usual way and riveted together at their
+    flanges. When necessary, such columns are joined together by
+    cast-iron joint-blocks, with circular tenons which fit into the
+    hollows of each tube.</p>
+
+    <p>To join two bars to resist a strain of tension, links or
+    eye-bars are used from three to six inches wide, and as long as
+    may be needed. At each end is an enlargement with a hole to
+    receive a pin. In this way any number of bars can be joined
+    together, and the result of numerous experiments made at this
+    establishment has shown that under sufficient strain they will
+    part as often in the body of the bar as at the joint. The heads
+    upon these bars are made by a process known as die-forging. The
+    bar is heated to a white heat, and under a die worked by
+    hydraulic pressure the head is shaped and the hole struck at
+    one operation. This method of joining by pins is much more
+    reliable than welding. The pins are made of cold-rolled
+    shafting, and fit to a nicety.</p>
+
+    <p>The general view of the machine-shop, which covers more than
+    an acre of ground, shows the various machines and tools by
+    which iron is planed, turned, drilled and handled as though it
+    were one of the softest of materials. Such a machine-shop is
+    one of the wonders of this century. Most of the operations
+    performed there, and all of the tools with which they are done,
+    are due entirely to modern invention, many of them within the
+    last ten years. By means of this application of machines great
+    accuracy of work is obtained, and each part of an iron bridge
+    can be exactly duplicated if necessary. This method of
+    construction is entirely American, the English still building
+    their iron bridges mostly with hand-labor. In consequence also
+    of this method of working, American iron bridges, despite the
+    higher price of our iron, can successfully compete in Canada
+    with bridges of English or Belgian construction. The American
+    iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations, but their
+    absolute strength is as great, since the weight which is saved
+    is all dead weight, and not necessary to the solidity of the
+    structure. The same difference is displayed here that is seen
+    in our carriages with their slender wheels, compared with the
+    lumbering, heavy wagons of European construction.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_017"
+             id="IMAGE_017"></a><img src="images/017.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="396"
+             alt="VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP" /><br />
+        <b>VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge
+    is begun the data and specifications are made, and a plan of
+    the structure is drawn, whether it is for a railroad or for
+    ordinary travel, whether for a double or single track, whether
+    the train is to pass on top or below, and so on. The
+    calculations and plans are then made for the use of such
+    dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the
+    structure shall not exceed a certain maximum, usually fixed at
+    ten thousand pounds to the square inch. As the weight of the
+    iron is known, and its tensile strength is estimated at sixty
+    thousand pounds per square inch, this estimate, which is
+    technically called "a factor of safety" of six, is a very safe
+    one. In other words, the bridge is planned and so constructed
+    that in supporting its own weight, together with any load of
+    locomotives or cars which can be placed upon it, it shall not
+    be subjected to a strain over one-sixth of its estimated
+    strength.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_018"
+             id="IMAGE_018"></a><img src="images/018.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="409"
+             alt="NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING." /><br />
+        <b>NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>After the plan is made, working drawings are prepared and
+    the process of manufacture commences. The eye-bars, when made,
+    are tested in a testing-machine at double the strain which by
+    any possibility they can be put to in the bridge itself. The
+    elasticity of the iron is such that after being submitted to a
+    tension of about thirty thousand pounds to the square inch it
+    will return to its original dimensions; while it is so tough
+    that the bars, as large as two inches in diameter, can be bent
+    double, when cold, without showing any signs of fracture.
+    Having stood these tests, the parts of the bridge are
+    considered fit to be used.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_019"
+             id="IMAGE_019"></a><img src="images/019.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="329"
+             alt="BRIDGE AT ALBANY." /><br />
+        <b>BRIDGE AT ALBANY.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>When completed the parts are put together&mdash;or
+    "assembled," as the technical phrase is&mdash;in order to see
+    that they are right in length, etc. Then they are marked with
+    letters or numbers, according to the working plan, and shipped
+    to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently erected.
+    Before the erection can be begun, however, a staging or
+    scaffolding of wood, strong enough to support the iron
+    structure until it is finished, has to be raised on the spot.
+    When the bridge is a large one this staging is of necessity an
+    important and costly structure. An illustration on another page
+    shows the staging erected for the support of the New River
+    bridge in West Virginia, on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio
+    Railway, near a romantic spot known as Hawksnest. About two
+    hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall, and while the
+    staging was still in use for its construction, the river, which
+    is very treacherous, suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few
+    hours, and became a roaring torrent.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_020"
+             id="IMAGE_020"></a><img src="images/020.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="356"
+             alt="LA SALLE BRIDGE." /><br />
+        <b>LA SALLE BRIDGE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit
+    exactly, and securing the ties by pins, is peculiarly American.
+    The plan still followed in Europe is that of using rivets,
+    which makes the erection of a bridge take much more time, and
+    cost, consequently, much more. A riveted lattice bridge one
+    hundred and sixty feet in span would require ten or twelve days
+    for its erection, while one of the Phoenixville bridges of this
+    size has been erected in eight and a half hours.</p>
+
+    <p>The view of the Albany bridge will show the style which is
+    technically called a "through" bridge, having the track at the
+    level of the lower chords. This view of the bridge is taken
+    from the west side of the Hudson, near the Delavan House in
+    Albany. The curved portion crosses the Albany basin, or outlet
+    of the Erie Canal, and consists of seven spans of seventy-three
+    feet each, one of sixty-three, and one of one hundred and ten.
+    That part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of
+    four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a draw
+    two hundred and seventy-four feet wide. The iron-work in this
+    bridge cost about three hundred and twenty thousand
+    dollars.</p>
+
+    <p>The bridge over the Illinois River at La Salle, on the
+    Illinois Central Railroad, shows the style of bridge
+    technically called a "deck" bridge, in which the train is on
+    the top. This bridge consists of eighteen spans of one hundred
+    and sixty feet each, and cost one hundred and eighty thousand
+    dollars. The bridge over the Kennebec River, on the line of the
+    Maine Central Railroad, at Augusta, Maine, is another instance
+    of a "through" bridge. It cost seventy-five thousand dollars,
+    has five spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and
+    was built to replace a wooden deck bridge which was carried
+    away by a freshet.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_021"
+             id="IMAGE_021"></a><img src="images/021.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="250"
+             alt="BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE." /><br />
+        <b>BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The bridge on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad which
+    crosses the Saco River is a very general type of a through
+    railway bridge. It consists of two spans of one hundred and
+    eighty-five feet each, and cost twenty thousand dollars. The
+    New River bridge in West Virginia consists of two spans of two
+    hundred and fifty feet each, and two others of seventy-five
+    feet each. Its cost was about seventy thousand dollars.</p>
+
+    <p>The Lyman Viaduct, on the Connecticut Air-line Railway, at
+    East Hampton, Connecticut, is one hundred and thirty-five feet
+    high and eleven thousand feet long.</p>
+
+    <p>These specimens will show the general character of the iron
+    bridges erected in this country. When iron was first used in
+    constructions of this kind, cast iron was employed, but its
+    brittleness and unreliability have led to its rejection for the
+    main portions of bridges. Experience has also led the best iron
+    bridge-builders of America to quite generally employ girders
+    with parallel top and bottom members, vertical posts (except at
+    the ends, where they are made inclined toward the centre of the
+    span), and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees. This
+    form takes the least material for the required strength.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_022"
+             id="IMAGE_022"></a><img src="images/022.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="325"
+             alt="SACO BRIDGE" /><br />
+        <b>SACO BRIDGE.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The safety of a bridge depends quite as much upon the design
+    and proportions of its details and connections as upon its
+    general shape. The strain which will compress or extend the
+    ties, chords and other parts can be calculated with
+    mathematical exactness. But the strains coming upon the
+    connections are very often indeterminate, and no mathematical
+    formula has yet been found for them. They are like the strains
+    which come upon the wheels, axles and moving parts of
+    carriages, cars and machinery. Yet experience and judgment have
+    led the best builders to a singular uniformity in their
+    treatment of these parts. Each bridge has been an experiment,
+    the lessons of which have been studied and turned to the best
+    effect.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_023"
+             id="IMAGE_023"></a><img src="images/023.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="331"
+             alt="PHOENIX WORKS." /><br />
+        <b>PHOENIX WORKS.</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>There is no doubt that iron bridges can be made perfectly
+    safe. Their margin is greater than that of the boiler, the
+    axles or the rail. To make them safe, European governments
+    depend upon rigid rules, and careful inspection to see that
+    they are carried out. In this country government inspection is
+    not relied on with such certainty, and the spirit of our
+    institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of
+    self-interest and the inherent trustworthiness of mankind when
+    indulged with freedom of action. Though at times this
+    confidence may seem vain, and "rings" in industrial pursuits,
+    as in politics, appear to corrupt the honesty which forms the
+    very foundation of freedom, yet their influence is but
+    temporary, and as soon as the best public sentiment becomes
+    convinced of the need for their removal their influence is
+    destroyed. Such evils are necessary incidents of our
+    transitional movement toward an industrial, social and
+    political organization in which the best intelligence and the
+    most trustworthy honesty shall control these interests for the
+    best advantage of society at large. In the mean time, the best
+    security for the safety of iron bridges is to be found in the
+    self-interest of the railway corporations, who certainly do not
+    desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to
+    damages from the breaking of their bridges, and who
+    consequently will employ for such constructions those whose
+    reputation has been fairly earned, and whose character is such
+    that reliance can be placed in the honesty of their work.
+    Experience has given the world the knowledge needed to build
+    bridges of iron which shall in all possible contingencies be
+    safe, and there is no excuse for a penny-wise and pound-foolish
+    policy when it leads to disaster.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">EDWARD ROWLAND.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU"
+       id="SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU"></a> SEARCHING
+       FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.</h2>
+
+    <h2>SECOND PAPER.</h2>
+
+    <p>The crystal peaks of the Andes were behind our explorers:
+    before, were their eastward-stretching spurs and their
+    eastward-falling rivers. On the mountain-flanks, as the last
+    landmark of Christian civilization, nestled the village of
+    Marcapata, whose square, thatched belfry faded gradually from
+    sight, reminding the travelers of the ghostly ministrations of
+    the padre and the secular protection of the gobernador. Neither
+    priest nor edile would they encounter until their return to the
+    same church-tower. Their patron, Don Juan Sanz de Santo
+    Domingo, was already picking his way along the snowy defiles of
+    the mountains to attain again his luxurious home in Cuzco.
+    Behind the adventurers lay companionship and
+    society&mdash;represented by the dubious orgies of the House of
+    Austria&mdash;and the security of civil
+    government&mdash;represented by the mortal ennui of a Peruvian
+    city. Before them lay difficulties and perhaps dangers, but
+    also at least variety, novelty and possible wealth.</p>
+
+    <p>Colonel Perez, Marcoy and the examinador retained their
+    horses, and a couple of the mozos their mules, the remainder of
+    the beasts being kept at livery in Marcapata, and the muleteers
+    volunteering to accompany the troupe as far as Chile-Chile: at
+    this point the bridle-path came to an end, and the gentlemen
+    would have to dismount, accompanying thenceforth their peons on
+    a literal "footing" of equality.</p>
+
+    <p>Two torrents which fall in perpendicular cataracts from the
+    mountains, the Kellunu ("yellow water") and the Cca-chi
+    ("salt"), run together at the distance of a league from their
+    place of precipitation. They enclose in their approach the hill
+    on which Marcapata is perched, and they form by their
+    confluence the considerable river which our travelers were
+    about to trace, and which is called by the Indians Cconi
+    ("warm"), but on the Spanish maps is termed the river of
+    Marcapata.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_024"
+             id="IMAGE_024"></a><img src="images/024.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="408"
+             alt="&quot;THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN&quot;&mdash;P. 27." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE
+        TOWN."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The first ford of the Cconi was passed just outside the
+    town, at a point where the right bank of the river, growing
+    steeper and steeper, became impracticable, and necessitated a
+    crossing to the left. The ford allowed the peons to stagger
+    through at mid-leg on the uneven pavement afforded by the large
+    pebbles of the bed. At this point the valley of the Cconi was
+    seen stretching indefinitely outward toward the east, enclosed
+    in two chains of conical peaks: their regular forms, running
+    into each other at the middle of their height, clothed with
+    interminable forests and bathed with light, melted regularly
+    away into the perspective. Indian huts buried in gardens of the
+    white lily which had seemed so beautiful in the chapel of
+    Lauramarca, hedges of aloe menacing the intruder with their
+    millions of steely-looking swords, slender bamboos daintily
+    rocking themselves over the water, and enormous curtains of
+    creepers hanging from the hillsides and waving to the wind in
+    vast breadths of green, were the decorations of this Peruvian
+    paradise.</p>
+
+    <p>The pretty lilies gradually disappeared, and the thatched
+    cabins became more and more sparse, when from one of the
+    latter, at a hundred paces from the caravan, issued a human
+    figure. The man struck an attitude in the pathway of the
+    travelers, his carbine on his shoulder, his fist on his hip and
+    his nose saucily turned up in the air. Neither his
+    Metamora-like posture nor his dress inspired confidence.</p>
+
+    <p>"He is evidently waiting for us," remarked Colonel Perez, an
+    heroic yet prudent personage: "fortunately, it is broad day. I
+    would not grant an interview to such a <i>salteador</i>
+    (brigand) alone at night and in a desert."</p>
+
+    <p>The salteador wore a low broad felt, on whose ample brim the
+    rain and sun had sketched a variety of vague designs. A gray
+    sack buttoned to the throat and confined by a leathern belt,
+    and trowsers of the same stuffed into his long coarse woolen
+    stockings, completed his costume. He was shod, like an Indian,
+    in <i>ojotas</i>, or sandals cut out of raw leather and laced
+    to his legs with thongs. Two ox-horns hanging at his side
+    contained his ammunition, and a light haversack was slung over
+    his back. This mozo, who at a distance would have passed for a
+    man of forty, appeared on examination to be under twenty-two
+    years of age. It was likewise observable on a nearer view that
+    his skin was brown and clear like a chestnut, and that his
+    lively eye, perfect teeth and air of decision were calculated
+    to please an Indian girl of his vicinity. To complete his
+    rehabilitation in the eyes of the party, his introductory
+    address was delivered with the grace of a Spanish cavalier.</p>
+
+    <p>"The gentlemen," said he, gracefully getting rid of his
+    superabundant hat, "will voluntarily excuse me for having
+    waited so long with my respects and offers of service. I should
+    have gone to meet them at Marcapata, but my uncle the
+    gobernador forbade me to do so for fear of displeasing the
+    priest. Gentlemen, I am Juan the nephew of Aragon. It is by the
+    advice of my uncle that I have come to place myself in your
+    way, and ask if you will admit me to your company as
+    mozo-assistant and interpreter."</p>
+
+    <p>The colonel, whose antipathy to the salteador did not yield
+    on a closer acquaintance, roughly asked the youth what he meant
+    by his assurance. Mr. Marcoy, however, was disposed to
+    temporize.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you are Juan the nephew of Aragon," said he, "you must
+    have already learned from your uncle that we have engaged an
+    interpreter, Pepe Garcia of Chile-Chile."</p>
+
+    <p>"Precisely what he told me, se&ntilde;or," replied the young
+    man; "but, for my part, I thought that if one interpreter would
+    be useful to these gentlemen on their journey, two interpreters
+    would be a good deal better, on account of the fact that we
+    walk better with two legs than with one: that is the reason I
+    have intercepted you, gentlemen."</p>
+
+    <p>This opinion made everybody laugh, and as Juan considered it
+    his privilege to laugh five times louder than any one, a quasi
+    engagement resulted from this sudden harmony of temper. Colonel
+    Perez shrugged his shoulders: Marcoy, as literary man, took
+    down the name of the new-comer. The nephew of Aragon was so
+    delighted that he gave vent to a little cry of pleasure, at the
+    same time cutting a pirouette. This harmless caper allowed the
+    party to detect; tied to his haversack, the local banjo, or
+    <i>charango</i>, an instrument which the Paganinis of the
+    country make for themselves out of half a calabash and the
+    unfeeling bowels of the cat.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_025"
+             id="IMAGE_025"></a><img src="images/025.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="951"
+             alt="&quot;GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON.&quot;&mdash;P. 28." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The priest, who had recommended Pepe Garcia, had made
+    mention of that person's fine voice, with which the church of
+    Marcapata was edified every Sunday. The gobernador, while
+    putting in a word for his nephew, and particularizing the
+    beauty of his execution on the guitar, had insinuated doubts of
+    the baritone favored by the padre. Happy land, whose disputes
+    are like the disputes of an opera company, and where people are
+    recommended for business on the strength of their musical
+    execution!</p>
+
+    <p>Aragon quickly understood that his friend in the expedition
+    was not Colonel Perez, who had insultingly dubbed him the
+    Second Fiddle (or Charango). He attached himself therefore with
+    the fidelity of a spaniel to Mr. Marcoy, walking alongside and
+    resting his arm on the pommel of his saddle. After an hour's
+    traverse of a comparatively desert plateau called the Pedregal,
+    covered with rocks and smelling of the patchouli-scented
+    flowers of the mimosa, Aragon pointed out the straw sheds and
+    grassy plaza of Chile-Chile. This rustic metropolis is not
+    indicated on many maps, but for the travelers it had a special
+    importance, bearing upon the inca history and etymological
+    roots of Peru, for it was the residence of their
+    interpreter-in-chief, Pepe Garcia.</p>
+
+    <p>Introduced by the latter, our explorers made a kind of
+    triumphal entry into the village. The old Indian women dropped
+    their spinning, the naked children ceased to play with the pigs
+    and began to play with the garments and equipage of the
+    visitors, and a couple of blind men, who were leading each
+    other, remarked that they were glad to see them.</p>
+
+    <p>Garcia the polyglot, radiant with importance, lost no time
+    in dragging his guests toward his own residence, a large straw
+    thatch surmounting walls of open-work, which took the fancy of
+    the travelers from the singular trophy attached above the door.
+    This trophy was composed of the heads of bucks and rams, with
+    those of the fox and the ounce, where the shrunken skin
+    displayed the pointed <i>sierra</i> of the teeth, while the
+    horns of oxen and goats, set end to end around the borders,
+    formed dark and rigid festoons: all vacancies were filled up
+    with the forms of bats, spread-eagled and nailed fast, from the
+    smallest variety to the large, man-attacking
+    <i>vespertilio</i>. As a contrast to this exterior decoration,
+    the inside was severely simple: it was even a little bare. A
+    partition of bamboo divided the hut into kitchen and bed-room,
+    and that was all. Into the latter of these apartments Pepe
+    Garcia dragged the saddles of his guests, and in the former his
+    two twin-daughters, melancholy little half-breeds in ragged
+    petticoats, assisted their father to prepare for the wanderers
+    a hunter's supper.</p>
+
+    <p>Every moment, in a dark corner or behind the backs of the
+    company, Garcia was observed caressing these little girls in
+    secret. Being rallied on his tenderness, he observed that the
+    twins were the double pledge of a union "longer happy than was
+    usual," and the only survivors of fifteen darlings whom he had
+    given to the world in the various countries whither his
+    wandering fortunes had led him. Still explaining and
+    multiplying his caresses, the man of family went on with his
+    exertions as cook, and in due time announced the meal.</p>
+
+    <p>This festival consisted of sweet potatoes baked in the
+    ashes, and steaks of bear broiled over the coals. The latter
+    viand was repulsed with horror by the colonel, who in the
+    effeminacy of a city life at Cuzeo had never tasted anything
+    more outlandish than monkey. Seeing his companions eating
+    without scruple, however, the valiant warrior extended his tin
+    plate with a silent gesture of application. The first mouthful
+    appeared hard to swallow, but at the second, looking round at
+    his fellow-travelers with surprise and joy, he gave up his
+    prejudices, and marked off the remainder of his steak with
+    wonderful swiftness. Standing behind his boarders, Pepe Garcia
+    had been watching the play of jaws and expressions of face with
+    some uneasiness, but when the colonel gave in his adhesion his
+    doubts were removed, and he smiled agreeably, flattered in his
+    double quality of hunter and cook.</p>
+
+    <p>The beds of the gentlemen-travelers were spread side by side
+    in the adjoining room, and Garcia gravely assured them that
+    they would sleep like the Three Wise Men of the East. Unable to
+    see any personal analogy between themselves and the ancient
+    Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar, the tired cavaliers turned in
+    without remarking on the subject. They paused a moment,
+    however, before taking up their candle, to set forth to Garcia
+    in full the circumstances and nature of Juan of Aragon's
+    engagement. This explanation, which the close quarters of the
+    troop had made impossible during the journey, was received in
+    excellent part by the interpreter-in-chief.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_026"
+             id="IMAGE_026"></a><img src="images/026.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="406"
+             alt="&quot;THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE&quot;&mdash;P. 30." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I am not at all jealous of Aragon," said he, "and the
+    gentlemen have done very well in taking him along. He will be
+    of great use. He is a bright, capable mozo, who would walk
+    twenty miles on his hands to gain a piastre. As an interpreter,
+    I think he is almost as good as I am."</p>
+
+    <p>Having thus smoothed away all grounds of rivalry, the
+    colonel, the examinador and Marcoy took possession of their
+    sleeping-room. Here, long after their light was put out, they
+    watched the scene going on in the apartment they had just left,
+    whose interior, illuminated by a candle and a lingering fire,
+    was perfectly visible through the partition of bamboo. The
+    dark-skinned girls, on their knees in a corner, were gathering
+    together the shirts and stockings destined for the parental
+    traveling-bag. Garcia, for his part, was occupied in cleaning
+    with a bit of rag a portentous, long-barreled carbine,
+    apparently dating back to the time of Pizarro, which he had
+    been exhibiting during the day as his hunting rifle, and which
+    he intended to carry along with him.</p>
+
+    <p>The sleep under the thatched roof of Pepe Garcia, though
+    somewhat less sound than that of the Three Magi in their tomb
+    at Cologne, lasted until a ray of the morning sun had
+    penetrated the open-work walls of the hut. The colonel rapidly
+    dressed himself, and aroused the others. A disquieting silence
+    reigned around the modest mansions of Chile-Chile. The
+    interpreter was away, Juan of Aragon was away, the muleteers
+    had returned, according to instructions received over-night, to
+    Marcapata with the animals, and the peons were found dead-drunk
+    behind the mud wall of the last house in the village.</p>
+
+    <p>After three hours of impatient waiting there
+    appeared&mdash;not Garcia and Aragon, whose absence was
+    inexplicable, but&mdash;the faithful Bolivian bark-hunters in a
+    body. Not caring to stupefy themselves with the peons, they had
+    gone out for a reconnoissance in the environs. Contemplating
+    the nodding forms of their comrades, they now let out the
+    discouraging fact that these tame Indians, madly afraid of
+    their wild brothers the Chunchos, had been fortifying
+    themselves steadily with brandy and chicha all the way from
+    Marcapata. Disgusted and helpless, Perez and the examinador
+    betook themselves to reading tattered newspapers issued at Lima
+    a month before, and Marcoy to his note-book. Suddenly a
+    ferocious wild-beast cry was heard coming from the woods, and
+    while the Indian porters tried to run away, and the white men
+    looked at each other with apprehension, Pepe Garcia and Aragon
+    appeared in the distance. Their arms were interlaced in a
+    brother-like manner, they were poising themselves with much
+    care on their legs, and they were drunk. Well had the elder
+    interpreter said that he was not jealous of Aragon. They rolled
+    forward toward the party, repeating their outrageous duet,
+    whose reception by the staring peons appeared to gratify them
+    immensely.</p>
+
+    <p>The mozo, feeling his secondary position, had enervated
+    himself slightly&mdash;the superior was magisterially tipsy. He
+    wore a remarkable hat entirely without a brim, and patched all
+    over the top with a lid of leather. His face, marked up to the
+    eyes with the blue stubble of that beard which filled him with
+    pride as a sign of European extraction, was swollen and hideous
+    with drunkenness. He carried, besides the fearful blunder-buss
+    of the night before, a belt full of pistols and hatchets. A
+    short infantry-sword was banging away at his calves, and two
+    long ox-horns rattled at his waist. The interpreters had been
+    partaking of a little complimentary breakfast with the
+    muleteers in whose care the animals had gone off to
+    Marcapata.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_027"
+             id="IMAGE_027"></a><img src="images/027.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="402"
+             alt="&quot;CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR.&quot;&mdash;P. 35." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL
+        PILLAR."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>A concentration of energy on the part of the chiefs of the
+    expedition was required to set in movement this unpromising
+    assemblage. The examinador undertook the peons: he rapped them
+    smartly and repeatedly about the head and shoulders, until they
+    staggered to their feet and declared that they were a match for
+    whole hordes of Indians: this courage, borrowed from the flask,
+    gave strong assurance that at the first alarm from genuine
+    Chunchos they would take to their heels. Mr. Marcoy, feeling
+    unable to do justice to the case of the nephew, turned him over
+    to Perez, whose undisguised dislike made the work of correction
+    at once grateful and thorough. Marcoy himself confronted the
+    stolid and sullen Pepe Garcia, insisting upon the example he
+    owed to the Indian porters and the responsibility of his
+    Caucasian blood. The half-breed listened for a minute, his eyes
+    fixed upon the ground: he then shook himself, looked an instant
+    at his employer, and planted himself firmly on his legs. Then,
+    determined to prove by a supreme effort that he was
+    clear-headed and master of his motions, he suddenly drew his
+    sword, hustled the Indians in a line by two and two, pointed
+    out to Aragon his position as rear-guard, and cried with a
+    voice of thunder, "<i>Adelante</i>!" The porters and peons
+    staggered forward, knocking against each other's elbows and
+    tottering on their stout legs. The three white men, burdenless,
+    but regretting their horses, walked as they pleased, keeping
+    the train in sight. And John the nephew of Aragon's guitar,
+    dangling at his back, brought up the rear, with its suggestions
+    of harmony and the amenities of life.</p>
+
+    <p>The first trait of aboriginal character (after this
+    parenthetical alacrity at drunkenness) was shown after some
+    hours of marching and the passage of a dozen streams. The
+    porters, weakened by their drink and the extreme heat, squatted
+    down on the side of a hill by their own consent and with a
+    single impulse. With that lamb-like placidity and that
+    mule-like obstinacy which characterize the antique race of
+    Quechuas, they observed to the chief interpreter that they were
+    weary of falling on their backs or their stomachs at every
+    other step, and that they were resolved to go no farther. Pepe
+    Garcia caused the remark to be repeated once more, as if he had
+    not understood it: then, convinced that an incipient rebellion
+    was brewing, he sprang upon the fellow who happened to be
+    nearest, haled him up from the ground by the ears, and, shaking
+    him vigorously, proceeded to do as much for the rest of the
+    band. In the flash of an eye, much to their astonishment, they
+    found themselves on their feet.</p>
+
+    <p>A judicious if not very discriminating award of blows from
+    the sabre then followed, causing the Indians to change their
+    resolve of remaining in that particular spot, and to show a
+    lively determination to get away from it as quickly as
+    possible. Each porter, forgetting his fatigue, and seeming
+    never to have felt any, began to trot along, no longer
+    languidly as before, but with a precision of step and a
+    firmness in his round calves which surprised and charmed the
+    travelers. Pepe Garcia, much refreshed by this exercise of
+    discipline, and perspiring away his intoxication as he marched,
+    began to give grounds for confidence from his steady and
+    authoritative manner. By nightfall the whole troop was in
+    harmony, and the strangers retired with hopeful hearts to the
+    privacy of the hammocks which Juan of Aragon slung amongst the
+    trees on the side of Mount Morayaca.</p>
+
+    <p>No effect could seem finer, to wanderers from another
+    latitude, than this first night-bivouac in the absolute
+    wilderness. The moon, seeming to race through the clouds, and
+    the camp-fire flashing in the wind, appeared to give movement
+    and animation to the landscape. The Indians, grouped around the
+    flame, seemed like swarthy imps tending the furnace of some
+    fantastic pandemonium. Meanwhile, amidst the constant murmurs
+    of the trees, the nephew of Aragon was heard drawing the notes
+    of some kind of amorous despair from the hollow of his
+    melodious calabash. The examinador and Colonel Perez lulled
+    themselves to sleep with a conversation about the beauties and
+    beatitudes of their wives, now playing the part of Penelopes in
+    their absence. To hear the eulogies of the examinador, an angel
+    fallen perpendicularly from heaven could hardly have realized
+    the physical and moral qualities of the spouse he had left in
+    Sorata. The Castilian tongue lent wonderful pomp and
+    magnificence to this portrait, and as the metaphors thickened
+    and the superb phrases lost themselves in hyperbole, one would
+    have thought the lady in question was about to fly back to her
+    native stars on a pair of resplendent wings. Colonel Perez
+    furnished an equally elaborate delineation of his own fair
+    helpmate. As for the wife of Lorenzo, nobody knew what she was
+    like, and the panegyric from the lips of her faithful lord
+    rolled on in safety and success. But the personage called by
+    Perez "his Theresa" was a female whom anybody who had passed
+    through the small shopkeeping quarters of Cuzco might have seen
+    every day, as well as heard designated by her common nickname
+    (given no one knows why) of Malignant Quinsy; and, arguing in
+    algebraic fashion from the known to the unknown, it was not
+    difficult to be convinced that the poetic flights of the
+    examinador were equally the work of fond flattery.</p>
+
+    <p>Surprised by a midnight storm, the camp was broken up before
+    the early daylight, and our explorers' caravan moved on without
+    breakfast. This necessary stop-gap was arranged for at the
+    first pleasant spot on the route. An old clearing soon
+    appeared, provided with the welcome accommodation of an
+    <i>ajoupa</i>, or shed built upon four posts. At the command of
+    <i>Alto alli!</i>&mdash;"Halt there!"&mdash;uttered by Perez in
+    the tone he had formerly used in governing his troops, the
+    whole band stopped as one person; the porters dumped their
+    bales with a significant <i>ugh!</i> the Bolivian bark-hunters
+    laid down their axes; and the gentlemen arranged themselves
+    around the parallelogram of the hut, attending the commissariat
+    developments of Colonel Perez. The site which hazard had so
+    conveniently offered was named Chaupichaca. It was the scene of
+    an ancient wood-cutting, around which the trunks of the antique
+    forests showed themselves in a warm soft light, like the
+    columns of a temple or the shafts of a mosque.</p>
+
+    <p>A detail which struck the travelers in arriving was very
+    characteristic of these lands, filled so full of old traditions
+    and inca customs. Chaupichaca was marked with a square terminal
+    pillar, one of those boundaries of mud and stones, called
+    <i>apachectas</i>, which Peruvian masonry lavishes over the
+    country of Manco Capac. A rude cross of sticks surmounted this
+    stone altar, on which some pious hand had laid a nosegay, now
+    dried&mdash;signifying, in the language of flowers proper to
+    masons and stone-cutters, that the work was finished and left.
+    A little water and spirits spared from the travelers' meal gave
+    a slight air of restoration to these mysterious offerings, and
+    a couple of splendid butterflies, whether attracted by the
+    flowers or the alcoholic perfume, commenced to waltz around the
+    bouquet; but the corollas contained no honey for their
+    diminutive trunks, and after a slight examination they danced
+    contemptuously away.</p>
+
+    <p>At seven or eight miles' distance another streamlet was
+    reached, named the Mamabamba. It is a slender affluent of the
+    Cconi, to be called a rivulet in any country but South America,
+    but here named a river with the same proud effrontery which
+    designates as a <i>city</i> any collection of a dozen huts
+    thrown into the ravine of a mountain. The Mamabamba was crossed
+    by an extemporized bridge, constructed on the spot by the
+    ingenuity of Garcia and his men. Strange and incalculable was
+    the engineering of Pepe Garcia. Sometimes, across one of these
+    continually-occurring streams, he would throw a hastily-felled
+    tree, over which, glazed as it was by a night's rain or by the
+    humidity of the forest, he would invite the travelers to pass.
+    Sometimes, to a couple of logs rotting on the banks he would
+    nail cross-strips like the rungs of a ladder, and, while the
+    torrent boiled at a distance below, pass jauntily with his
+    Indians, more sure-footed than goats. The wider the abyss the
+    more insecure the causeway; and the terrible rope-bridges of
+    South America, or the still more conjectural throw of a line of
+    woven roots, would meet the travelers wherever the cleft was so
+    wide as to render timbering an inconvenient trouble.
+    Occasionally, on one of these damp and moss-grown ladders, a
+    peon's foot would slip, and down he would go, the load strapped
+    on his back catching him as he was passing through the
+    aperture: then, using his hands to hold on by, he would
+    compose, on the spur of the moment, a new and original language
+    or telegraphy of the legs, <i>kicking</i> for assistance with
+    all his might. Juan of Aragon was usually the hero to extricate
+    these poor estrays from the false step they had taken, the
+    other peons regarding the scene with their tranquil stolidity.
+    A glass of brandy to the unfortunate would always compose his
+    nerves again, and make him hope for a few more accidents of a
+    like nature and bringing a like consolation.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_028"
+             id="IMAGE_028"></a><img src="images/028.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="861"
+             alt="&quot;THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE.&quot;&mdash;P. 35." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED
+        BRIDGE."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The bridge of the Mamabamba conducted the party to a site of
+    the same name, through an interval of forest where might be
+    counted most of the varieties of tree proper to the equatorial
+    highlands. Up to this point the vegetation everywhere abounding
+    had not indicated the presence, or even the vicinage, of the
+    cinchona. The only circumstance which brought it to the notice
+    of the inexperienced leaders of the expedition would be a halt
+    made from time to time by the Bolivian bark-hunters. The
+    examinador and his cascarilleros, touching one tree or another
+    with their hatchets, would exchange remarks full of meaning and
+    mysteriousness; but when the colonel or Mr. Marcoy came to ask
+    the significance of so many hints and signals, they got the
+    invariable answer of Sister Anna to the wife of Bluebeard: "I
+    see nothing but the forest turning green and the sun turning
+    red." The most practical reminder of the quest of cinchona
+    which the travelers found was an occasional <i>ajoupa</i> alone
+    in the wilderness, with a broken pot and a rusted knife or axe
+    beneath it&mdash;witness that some eager searcher had traveled
+    the road before themselves. The cascarilleros are very
+    avaricious and very brave, going out alone, setting up a hut in
+    a probable-looking spot, and diverging from their head-quarters
+    in every direction. If by any accident they get lost or their
+    provisions are destroyed, they die of hunger. Doctor Weddell,
+    on one occasion in Bolivia, landed on the beach of a river well
+    shaded with trees. Here he found the cabin of a cascarillero,
+    and near it a man stretched out upon the ground in the agonies
+    of death. He was nearly naked, and covered with myriads of
+    insects, whose stings had hastened his end. On the leaves which
+    formed the roof of the hut were the remains of the unfortunate
+    man's clothes, a straw hat and some rags, with a knife, an
+    earthen pot containing the remains of his last meal, a little
+    maize and two or three <i>chu&ntilde;us</i>. Such is the end to
+    which their hazardous occupation exposes the
+    bark-collectors&mdash;death in the midst of the forests, far
+    from home; a death without help and without consolation.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not until after passing the elevated site of San
+    Pedro, and clambering up the slippery shoulders of the hill
+    called Huaynapata&mdash;the crossing of half a dozen
+    intervening streamlets going for nothing&mdash;that the
+    explorers were rewarded with a sight of their Canaan, the
+    bark-producing region. To attain this summit of Huaynapata,
+    however, the little tributary of Mendoza had to be first got
+    over. This affluent of the Cconi, flowing in from the
+    south-south-west, was very sluggish as far as it could be seen.
+    Its banks, interrupted by large rocks clothed with moss,
+    offered now and then promontories surrounded at the base with a
+    bluish shade. At the end of the vista, a not very extensive
+    one, a quantity of blocks of sandstone piled together resembled
+    a crumbling wall. Other blocks were sprinkled over the bed of
+    the stream; and by their aid the examinador and the colonel
+    hopped valiantly over the Mendoza, leaving the peons, who were
+    less afraid of rheumatism and more in danger of slipping, to
+    ford the current at the depth of their suspender-buttons.</p>
+
+    <p>It was on the top of Huaynapata, while the interpreters
+    built a fire and prepared for supper a peccary killed upon the
+    road, that Marcoy observed the examinador holding with his
+    Bolivians a conversation in the Aymara dialect, in which could
+    be detected such words as <i>anaranjada</i> and <i>morada</i>.
+    These were the well-known commercial names of two species of
+    cinchona. The historiographer interrupted their conversation to
+    ask if anything had yet been discovered.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nothing yet," replied the examinador; "and this valley of
+    the Cconi must be bewitched, for with the course that we have
+    taken we should long ago have discovered what we are after. But
+    this place looks more favorable than any we have met. I shall
+    beat up the woods to-morrow with my men, and may my patron,
+    Saint Lorenzo, return again to his gridiron if we do not date
+    our first success in quinine-hunting from this very hillock of
+    Huaynapata!"</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_029"
+             id="IMAGE_029"></a><img src="images/029.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="398"
+             alt="&quot;THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA.&quot;&mdash;P. 37." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER
+        THE MENDOZA."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The above style of threatening the saints is thought very
+    efficacious in all Spanish countries. Whether or not Saint
+    Lawrence really dreaded another experience of broiling, at the
+    end of certain hours the Bolivians reappeared, and their chief
+    deposited in the hands of the colonel a few green and tender
+    branches. At the joyful shout of Perez, the man of letters, who
+    had been occupied in making a sketch, came running up. Two
+    different species of cinchona were the trophy brought back by
+    Lorenzo, like the olive-leaves in the beak of Noah's dove. One
+    of these specimens was a variety of the <i>Carua-carua,</i>
+    with large leaves heavily veined: the other was an individual
+    resembling those quinquinas which the botanists Ruiz and Pavon
+    have discriminated from the cinchonas, to make a separate
+    family called the <i>Quinquina cosmibuena.</i> After all, the
+    discovery was rather an indication than a conquest of value.
+    The examinador admitted as much, but observed that the presence
+    of these baser species always argued the neighborhood of
+    genuine quinine-yielding plants near by.</p>
+
+    <p>In the presence of this first success on the part of the
+    exploration set on foot by Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, we
+    may insert a few words on the nature of the wonderful plant
+    toward which its researches were directed.</p>
+
+    <p>It is doubtful whether the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru,
+    Bolivia and Ecuador were acquainted with the virtues of the
+    cinchona plant as a febrifuge. It seems probable, nevertheless,
+    that the Indians of Loxa, two hundred and thirty miles south of
+    Peru, were aware of the qualities of the bark, for there its
+    use was first made known to Europeans. It was forty years after
+    the pacification of Peru however, before any communication of
+    the remedial secret was made to the Spaniards. Joseph de
+    Jussieu reports that in 1600 a Jesuit, who had a fever at
+    Malacotas, was cured by Peruvian bark. In 1638 the countess Ana
+    of Chinchon was suffering from tertian fever and ague at Lima,
+    whither she had accompanied the viceroy, her husband. The
+    corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez de Canizares, sent a parcel
+    of powdered quinquina bark to her physician, Juan de Vega,
+    assuring him that it was a sovereign and infallible remedy for
+    "tertiana." It was administered to the countess, who was
+    sixty-two years of age, and effected a complete cure. This
+    countess, returning with her husband to Spain in 1640, brought
+    with her a quantity of the healing bark. Hence it was sometimes
+    called "countess's bark" and "countess's powder." Her famous
+    cure induced Linnaeus, long after, to name the whole genus of
+    quinine-bearing trees, in her honor, <i>Cinchona</i>. By modern
+    writers the first <i>h</i> has usually been dropped, and the
+    word is now almost invariably spelled in that way, instead of
+    the more etymological <i>Chinchona</i>. The Jesuits afterward
+    made great and effective use of it in their missionary
+    expeditions, and it was a ludicrous result of their patronage
+    that its use should have been for a long time opposed by
+    Protestants and favored by Catholics. In 1679, Louis XIV.
+    bought the secret of preparing quinquina from Sir Robert
+    Talbor, an English doctor, for two thousand louis-d'or, a large
+    pension and a title. Under the Grand Monarch it was used at
+    dessert, mingled with Spanish wine. The delay of its discovery
+    until the seventeenth century has probably lost to the world
+    numbers of valuable lives. Had Alexander the Great, who died of
+    the common remittent fever of Babylon, been acquainted with
+    cinchona bark, his death would have been averted and the
+    partition of the Macedonian empire indefinitely postponed.
+    Oliver Cromwell was carried off by an ague, which the
+    administration of quinine would easily have cured. The bigotry
+    of medical science, even after its efficacy was known and
+    proved, for a long time retarded its dissemination. In 1726, La
+    Fontaine, at the instance of a lady who owed her life to it,
+    the countess of Bouillon, composed a poem in two cantos to
+    celebrate its virtues; but the remarkable beauty of the leaves
+    of the cinchona and the delicious fragrance of its flowers,
+    with allusions to which he might have adorned his verses, were
+    still unknown in Europe.</p>
+
+    <p>The cinchonas under favorable circumstances become large
+    trees: at present, however, in any of the explored and
+    exploited regions of their growth, the shoots or suckers of the
+    plants are all that remain. Wherever they abound they form the
+    handsomest foliage of the forest. The leaves are lanceolate,
+    glossy and vividly green, traversed by rich crimson veins: the
+    flowers hang in clustering pellicles, like lilacs, of deep
+    rose-color, and fill the vicinity with rich perfume. Nineteen
+    varieties of cinchonae have been established by Doctor Weddell.
+    The cascarilleros of South America divide the species into a
+    category of colors, according to the tinge of the bark: there
+    are yellow, red, orange, violet, gray and white cinchonas. The
+    yellow, among which figure the <i>Cinchona calisaya,
+    lancifolia, condaminea, micrantha, pubescens,</i> etc., are
+    placed in the first rank: the red, orange and gray are less
+    esteemed. This arrangement is in proportion to the abundance of
+    the alkaloid <i>quinine,</i> now used in medicine instead of
+    the bark itself.</p>
+
+    <p>The specimens found by the examinador were carefully wrapped
+    in blankets, and the march was resumed. After a slippery
+    descent of the side of Huaynapata and the passage of a
+    considerable number of babbling streams&mdash;each of which
+    gave new occasion for the colonel to show his ingenuity in
+    getting over dry shod, and so sparing his threatening
+    rheumatism&mdash;the cry of "Sausipata!" was uttered by Pepe
+    Garcia. Two neat mud cabins, each provided with a door
+    furnished with the unusual luxury of a wooden latch, marked the
+    plantation of Sausipata. The situation was level, and within
+    the enclosing walls of the forest could be seen a plantation of
+    bananas, a field of sugar-cane, with groves of coffee,
+    orange-orchards and gardens of sweet potato and pineapple. The
+    white visitors could not refrain from an exclamation of
+    surprise at the neatness and civilization of such an Eden in
+    the desert. At this point, Juan of Aragon, who had been going
+    on ahead, turned around with an air of splendid welcome, and
+    explained that the farm belonged to his uncle, the gobernador
+    of Marcapata, who prayed them to make themselves at home.
+    Introducing his guests into the largest of the houses, Juan
+    presented them with some fine ripe fruit which he culled from
+    the garden. Colonel Perez, who never lost occasion to give a
+    sly stab to the mozo, asked, as he peeled a banana, if he was
+    duly authorized to dispose so readily of the property of his
+    uncle: the youth, without losing a particle of his magnificent
+    adolescent courtesy, replied that as nephew and direct heir of
+    the governor of Marcapata it was a right which he exercised in
+    anticipation of inheritance; and that just as Pepe Garcia, the
+    interpreter-in-chief, had regaled the party in his residence,
+    he, Juan of Aragon, proposed to do in the family grange of
+    Sausipata.</p>
+
+    <p>Meantime, the examinador, who had pushed forward with his
+    men, returned with a couple more specimens of quinquina, which
+    they had discovered close by in clambering amongst the forest.
+    Neither had flowers, but the one was recognizable by its flat
+    leaf as the species called by the Indians
+    <i>ichu-cascarilla,</i> from the grain <i>ichu</i> amongst
+    which it is usually found at the base of the Cordilleras; and
+    the other, from its fruit-capsules two inches in length, as the
+    <i>Cinchona acutifolia</i> of Ruiz and Pavon. To moderate the
+    pleasures of this discovery, the examinador came up leaning
+    upon the shoulder of his principal assistant, Eusebio,
+    complaining of a frightful headache, and a weakness so extreme
+    that he could not put one foot before the other.</p>
+
+    <p>The sudden illness of their botanist-in-chief cast a gloom
+    upon the party, and utterly spoiled the festive intentions of
+    young Aragon. Lorenzo was put to bed, from which retreat, at
+    midnight, his fearful groans summoned the colonel to his side.
+    The latter found him tossing and murmuring, but incapable of
+    uttering a word. His faithful Eusebio, at the head of the bed,
+    answered for him. The honest fellow feared lest his master
+    might have caught again a touch of the old fever which had
+    formerly attacked him in searching for cascarillas in the
+    environs of Tipoani in Bolivia. These symptoms, recurring in
+    the lower valleys of the Cconi, would make it impossible for
+    the brave explorer safely to continue with the party. As the
+    mestizo propounded this inconvenient theory, a new burst of
+    groans from the examinador seemed to confirm it. The grave news
+    brought all the party to the sick bed. Colonel Perez, whom the
+    touching comparison of wives made in the hammocks of Morayaca
+    had sensibly attached to Lorenzo, endeavored to feel his pulse;
+    but the patient, drawing in his hand by a peevish movement,
+    only rolled himself more tightly in his blanket, and increased
+    his groans to roars. Presently, exhausted by so much agony, he
+    fell into a slumber.</p>
+
+    <p>In the morning the examinador, in a dolorous voice,
+    announced that he should be obliged to return to Cuzco. This
+    resolution might have seemed the obstinate delirium of the
+    fever but for the mournful and pathetic calmness of the victim.
+    Eusebio, he said, should return with him as far as Chile-Chile,
+    where a conveyance could be had; and he himself would give such
+    explicit instructions to the cascarilleros that nothing would
+    be lost by his absence to the purposes of the expedition.
+    Yielding to pity and friendship, the colonel gave in his
+    adhesion to the plan, and even proposed his own hammock as a
+    sort of palanquin, and the loan of a pair of the peons for
+    bearers. They could return with Eusebio to Sausipata, where the
+    party would be obliged to wait for the three. After sketching
+    out his plan, Colonel Perez looked for approval to Mr. Marcoy,
+    and received an affirmative nod. The proposition seemed so
+    agreeable to the sick man that already an alleviation of his
+    misery appeared to be superinduced. He even smiled
+    intelligently as he rolled into the hammock. In a very short
+    time he made a sort of theatrical exit, borne in the hammock
+    like an invalid princess, and fanned with a palm branch out of
+    the garden by the faithful Eusebio.</p>
+
+    <p>"Poor devil!" said Perez as the mournful procession
+    departed: "who knows if he will ever see his dear wife at
+    Sorata, or if he will even live to reach Chile-Chile?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you really think him in any such danger?" asked the more
+    suspicious Marcoy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Danger! Did you not see his miserable appearance as he left
+    us?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I saw an appearance far from miserable, and therefore I am
+    convinced that the man is no more sick than you or I."</p>
+
+    <p>On hearing such a heartless heresy the colonel stepped back
+    from his comrade with a shocked expression, and asked what had
+    given him such an idea.</p>
+
+    <p>"A number of things, of which I need only mention the
+    principal. In the first place, the man's sickness falling on
+    him like a thunder-clap; next, his haste in catching back his
+    hand when you tried to feel his pulse; and then his smile, at
+    once happy and mischievous, when you offered him the peons and
+    he found his stratagem succeeding beyond his hopes."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, now, to think of it!" said the colonel sadly; "but
+    what could have been his motive?"</p>
+
+    <p>"This gentleman is too delicate to sustain our kind of
+    life," suggested Marcoy. "He is tired of skinning his hands and
+    legs in our service, and eating peccary, monkey and snails as
+    we do. His Bolivians are perhaps quite as useful for our
+    service, and while he is rioting at Cuzco we may be enriching
+    ourselves with cinchonas."</p>
+
+    <p>In effect, on the return of the peons ten days after, the
+    examinador was reported to have got quit of his fever shortly
+    after leaving Sausipata, and to have borne the journey to
+    Chile-Chile remarkably well. He charged his men to take back
+    his compliments and the regrets he felt, at not being able to
+    keep with the company.</p>
+
+    <p>Nothing detained the band longer at Sausipata. The ten days
+    of hunting, botanizing, butterfly-catching and sketching had
+    been an agreeable relief, and young Aragon had assumed, with
+    sufficient grace, the task of attentive host and first player
+    on the charango. The returning porters had scarcely enjoyed two
+    hours of repose when the caravan took up its march once
+    more.</p>
+
+    <p>As usual, the interpreters assumed the head of the command:
+    the Indians followed pellmell. Observing that some of them
+    lingered behind, Mr. Marcoy had the curiosity to return on his
+    steps. What was his surprise to find these honest fellows
+    running furiously through the farm, and devastating with all
+    their might those plantations which were the pride and the hope
+    of the nephew of Aragon! They had already laid low several
+    cocoa groves, torn up the sugar-canes, broken down the bananas,
+    and sliced off the green pineapples.</p>
+
+    <p>Indignant at such vandalism, Marcoy caught the first
+    offender by the plaited tails at the back of the neck. "What
+    are you doing?" he cried.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am neither crazy nor drunk, Taytachay" (dear little
+    father), calmly explained the peon with his placid smile. "But
+    my fellows and I don't want to be sent any more to work at
+    Sausipata." As the white man regarded him with stupefaction,
+    "Thou art strange here," pursued the Indian, "and canst know
+    nothing about us. Promise not to tell Aragon, and I will make
+    thee wise."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why Aragon more than anybody else?" asked Marcoy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Because Senor Aragon is nephew to Don Rebollido, the
+    governor, and Sausipata belongs to Rebollido; and if he were to
+    learn what we have done, we should be flogged and sent to
+    prison to rot."</p>
+
+    <p>The explanation, drawn out with many threats when the
+    Indians had been driven from their work of ruin and placed once
+    more in line of march, was curious.</p>
+
+    <p>The able gobernador of Marcapata had had the sagacious idea
+    of making the local penitentiary out of his farm of Sausipata!
+    It was cultivated entirely by the labor of his culprits. When
+    culprits were scarce, the chicha-drinkers, the corner-loungers,
+    became criminals and disturbers of the peace, for whom a
+    sojourn at Sausipata was the obvious cure. Aragon, the nephew,
+    shared his uncle's ability, and visited the plantation month by
+    month. But the life in this paradise was not relished by the
+    convicts. The regimen was strict, the food everywhere
+    abounding, was not for them, and the vicinity of the wild
+    Chunchos was not reassuring. Often a peon would appear in the
+    market-place of Marcapata wrapped merely in a banana leaf,
+    which, cracking in the sun, reduced all pretence of decent
+    covering to an irony. This evidence of the spoliation of a
+    Chuncho would be received in the worst possible part by the
+    gobernador, who would beat the complainant back to his
+    servitude, remarking with ingenuity that Providence was more
+    responsible for the acts of the savages than he was.</p>
+
+    <p>This strange history, told with profound earnestness, was
+    enough to make any one laugh, but Marcoy could not be blind to
+    its side of oppression and tyranny. This was the way, then,
+    that the humble and primitive gobernador, who had presented
+    himself to the travelers barefoot, was enriching himself by the
+    knaveries of office! Marcoy could not take heart to inform Juan
+    of Aragon of the devastation behind him, but on the other hand
+    he resolved to correct the abuse on his return by appeal, if
+    necessary, to the prefect of Cuzco.</p>
+
+    <p>A frightful night in a deserted hut on a site called
+    Jimiro&mdash;where Marcoy had for mattress the legs of one of
+    the porters, and for pillow the back of a
+    bark-hunter&mdash;followed the exodus from Sausipata. The
+    Guarapascana, the Saniaca, the Chuntapunco, flowing into the
+    Cconi on opposite sides, were successively left behind our
+    adventurers, and they bowed for an instant before the tomb of a
+    stranger, "a German from Germany," as Pepe Garcia said, "who
+    pretended to know the language of the Chunchos, and who
+    interpreted for himself, but who starved in the wilderness near
+    the heap of stones you see." Leaving this resting-place of an
+    interpreter who had interpreted so little, the party attained a
+    stream of rather unusual importance. The reputed gold-bearing
+    river of Ouitubamba rolled from its tunnel before them,
+    exciting the most visionary schemes in the mind of Colonel
+    Perez, to whom its auriferous reputation was familiar. Nothing
+    would do but that the California process of "panning" must be
+    carried out in these Peruvian waters, and the peons, <i>multum
+    reluctantes,</i> were summoned to the task, with all the
+    crow-bars and shovels possessed by the expedition, supplemented
+    by certain sauce-pans and dishes hypothecated from the culinary
+    department. The issue of the stream from under a crown of
+    indigenous growths was the site of this financial speculation.
+    Pepe Garcia was placed at the head of the enterprise. A long
+    ditch was dug, revealing milky quartz, ochres and clay. The
+    deceptive hue of the yellow earth made the search a long and
+    tantalizing one. At the moment when the colonel, attracted by
+    something glistening in the large frying-pan which he was
+    agitating at the edge of the stream, uttered an exclamation
+    which drew all heads into the cavity of his receptacle, an
+    answering sound from the heavens caused everybody suddenly to
+    look up. An equatorial storm had gathered unnoticed over their
+    heads. In a few minutes a solid sheet of warm rain, accompanied
+    by a furious tornado sweeping through the valley, caused whites
+    and Indians to scatter as if for their lives. The golden dream
+    of Colonel Perez and the similar vision entertained by Pepe
+    Garcia were dissipated promptly by this answer of the elements.
+    On attaining the neighboring sheds of Maniri the
+    gold&mdash;seekers abandoned their implements without remark to
+    the services of the cooks, and betook themselves to wringing
+    out their stockings as if they had never dreamed of walking in
+    silver slippers through the streets of Cuzco. They made no
+    further attempt to wring gold from the mouth of the Ouitubamba.
+    As for Maniri, it was the last site or human resting-place of
+    any, the very most trivial, kind before the opening of the
+    utter wilderness which proceeded to accompany the course of the
+    Cconi River.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a name="IMAGE_030"
+             id="IMAGE_030"></a><img src="images/030.jpg"
+             width="600"
+             height="396"
+             alt="&quot;THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL.&quot;&mdash;P. 42." />
+        <br />
+        <b>"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED
+        FROM ITS TUNNEL."</b>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The Bolivians imagined an exploration of a little stream on
+    the left bank, the Chuntapunco, which they thought might issue
+    from a quinine-bearing region. They built a little raft, and
+    departed with provisions for three or four days. They returned,
+    in fact, after a week's absence, with seven varieties of
+    cinchona&mdash;the <i>hirsuta, lanceolata, purpurea</i> and
+    <i>ovata</i> of Ruiz and Pavon, and three more of little value
+    and unknown names.</p>
+
+    <p>During the absence of the cascarilleros a flat calm reigned
+    in the ajoupa of Maniri. Garcia and the colonel, the day after
+    their unproductive gold-hunt, betook themselves into the
+    forest, ostensibly for game, but in reality to review their
+    hopeful labors by the banks of the Ouitubamba. Aragon was
+    detailed by Mr. Marcoy to accompany him in his botanical and
+    entomological tours. On these excursions the acquaintance
+    between the mozo and the se&ntilde;or was considerably
+    developed. The youth had naturally a gay and confident
+    disposition, and added not a little to the liveliness of the
+    trips. Marcoy profited by their stricter connection to converse
+    with him about the cultivation of the farm at Sausipata, making
+    use of a venial deception to let him think that the plan of
+    operations had been communicated by the governor himself.
+    Aragon modestly replied that the plantation in question was
+    only the first of a series of similar clearings contemplated by
+    his uncle at various points in the valley. Arrangements made
+    for this purpose with the governors of Ocongata and Asaroma,
+    who were pledged with their support in return for heavy
+    presents, would enable him soon to cultivate coffee and sugar
+    and cocoa at once in a number of haciendas. The enterprise was
+    a splendid one; and if God&mdash;Aragon pronounced the name
+    without a particle of diffidence&mdash;deigned to bless it, the
+    day was coming when the fortune of his uncle, solidly
+    established, would make him the pride and the joy of the
+    region.</p>
+
+    <p>It may as well be mentioned here that the subsequent career
+    of the chest-nut-colored interpreter is not entirely unknown.
+    In 1860, Mr. Clement Markham, collecting quinine-plants for the
+    British government, came upon a splendid hacienda thirty miles
+    from the village of Ayapata, in a valley of the Andes near the
+    scene of this exploration. Here, on the sugar-cane estate named
+    San Jos&eacute; de Bellavista, he discovered "an intelligent
+    and enterprising Peruvian" named Aragon, who appears to have
+    been none other than our interpreter escaped from the
+    chrysalis. His establishment was very large, and protected from
+    the savages by two rivers, Aragon had made a mule-road of
+    thirty miles to the village. He found the manufacture of
+    spirits for the sugar-cane more profitable than digging for
+    gold in the Ouitubamba or hunting for cascarillas along the
+    Cconi. In 1860 he sent an expedition into the forest after wild
+    cocoa-plants. An india-rubber manufactory had only failed for
+    want of government assistance. He contemplated the
+    establishment of a line of steamers on the neighboring rivers
+    to carry off the commerce of his plantations. "Any scheme for
+    developing the resources of the country is sure to receive his
+    advocacy," says Mr. Markham: "it would be well for Peru if she
+    contained many such men."</p>
+
+    <p class="center">[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="PROBATIONER_LEONHARD"
+       id="PROBATIONER_LEONHARD"></a>PROBATIONER LEONHARD;<br />
+    OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="OUR_HERO"
+       id="OUR_HERO"></a>CHAPTER I.</h3>
+
+    <h3>OUR HERO.</h3>
+
+    <p>Young Mr. Leonhard Marten walked out on the promenade at the
+    usual hour one afternoon, after a good deal of hesitation, for
+    there was quite as little doubt in his mind as there is in mine
+    that the thing to do was to remain within-doors and answer the
+    letters&mdash;or rather the letter&mdash;lying on his table.
+    The brief epistle which conveyed to him the regrets of the new
+    female college building committee, that his plans were too
+    elaborate and costly, and must therefore be declined, really
+    demanded no reply, and would probably never have one. It was
+    the hurried scrawl from his friend Wilberforce which claimed of
+    his sense of honor an answer by the next mail. The letter from
+    Wilberforce was dated Philadelphia, and ran thus:</p>
+
+    <p>"DEAR LENNY: Please deposit five thousand for me in some
+    good bank of Pennsylvania or New York. I shall want it, maybe,
+    within a week or so. I am talking hard about going abroad. Why
+    can't you go along? Say we sail on the first of next month.
+    Richards is going, and I shall make enough out of the trip to
+    pay expenses for all hands. You'll never know anything about
+    your business, Mart, till you have studied in one of those old
+    towns. Answer. Thine,</p>
+
+    <p class="author">"WIL."</p>
+
+    <p>When I say that Leonhard had, or <i>had</i> had, ten
+    thousand dollars of Wilberforce's money, and that he was now
+    about as unprepared to meet the demand recorded as he would
+    have been if he had never seen a cent of the sum mentioned, the
+    assertion, I think, is justified that his place was at his
+    office-table, and not on the promenade. What if the town-clock
+    had struck four? what if at this hour Miss Ayres usually
+    rounded the corner of Granby street on her way home? But, poor
+    fellow! he <i>had</i> tried to think his way through the
+    difficulty. Every day for a week he had exercised himself in
+    letter&mdash;writing: he had practiced every style, from the
+    jocular to the gravely interrogative, and had succeeded pretty
+    well as a stylist, but the point, the point, the bank deposit,
+    remained still insurmountable and unapproachable.</p>
+
+    <p>Once or twice he had thought that probably the best thing to
+    do was to go off on a long journey, and by and by, when things
+    had righted themselves somehow, find out where Wilberforce was
+    and acknowledge his letter with regrets and explanations. He
+    was considering this course when he destroyed his last effort,
+    and went out on the promenade to get rid of his thoughts and
+    himself and to meet Miss Ayres. The present contained Miss
+    Ayres; as to the future, it was dark as midnight; for the past,
+    it was not in the least pleasant to think of it, and how it had
+    come to pass that Wilberforce trusted him.</p>
+
+    <p>The days when he and Wilberforce were lads, poor,
+    sad-hearted, all but homeless, returned upon him with their
+    shadows. It was in those days that his friend formed so lofty
+    an estimate of his exactness in figures and his skill in
+    saving, and thus it had happened that when the engine
+    constructed by Wilberforce began to pay him so past belief, he
+    was really in the perplexity concerning places of deposit which
+    he had expressed to Marten. Leonhard chanced to be with this
+    young Croesus&mdash;who had begun life by dipping water for
+    invalids at the springs&mdash;when the ten thousand dollars
+    alluded to were paid him by a dealer; and the instant transfer
+    of the money to his hands was one of those off-hand
+    performances which, apparently trivial, in the end search a man
+    to the foundations.</p>
+
+    <p>What had become of the money? Seven thousand dollars were
+    swallowed up in a gulf which never gives back its treasure. And
+    oh on the verge of that same gulf how the siren had sung! A
+    chance of clearing five thousand dollars by investing that
+    amount presented itself to Leonhard: it was one of those
+    investments which will double a man's money for him within
+    three months, or six months at latest. The best men of
+    A&mdash;&mdash; were in the enterprise, and by going into it
+    Leonhard would reap every sort of advantage. He might give up
+    teaching music, and confine himself to the studies which as an
+    architect he ought to pursue; and to be known among the
+    A&mdash;- landers as a young gentleman who had money to invest
+    would secure to him that social position which the
+    music-lessons he gave did no doubt in some quarters
+    embarrass.</p>
+
+    <p>It was while buoyed up by his "great expectations," and
+    flattered by the attentions which strangely enough began to be
+    extended toward him by some of the "best men"&mdash;who also
+    were stockholders in the new sugar-refining process&mdash;that
+    Leonhard took a room at the Granby House, and began to manifest
+    a waning interest in his work as a music-master.</p>
+
+    <p>This display of himself, modest though it was, cost money.
+    Before the letter quoted was written Leonhard had begun to feel
+    a little troubled: he had been obliged to add two thousand
+    dollars to his original investment, and the thought that
+    possibly there might be a demand for a yet further
+    sum&mdash;for some unforeseen difficulty had arisen in the
+    matter of machinery&mdash;had fixed in his mind a misgiving to
+    which at odd moments he returned with a flutter of spirits
+    amounting almost to panic.</p>
+
+    <p>On the promenade he met Miss Ayres. She stood before the
+    window of a music-dealer's shop, looking at the photograph of
+    some celebrity&mdash;a tall and not too slightly-formed young
+    lady, attired in a buff suit with brown trimmings, and a brown
+    hat from which a pretty brown feather depended. On her round
+    cheeks was a healthy glow, deepened perhaps by exercise on that
+    warm afternoon, and a trifle in addition, it may be, by the
+    sound of footsteps advancing. Yet as Leonhard approached, she,
+    chancing to look around, did not seem surprised that he was so
+    near. Not that she expected him! What reason had she for
+    supposing that from his office-window he would see her the
+    instant she turned the corner of Granby street and walked down
+    the avenue fronting the parade-ground? No reason of course; but
+    this had happened so many times that the meeting of the two
+    somewhere in this vicinity was daily predicted by the wise
+    prophets of the street.</p>
+
+    <p>A rumor was going about A&mdash;&mdash; in those days which
+    occasioned the mother of our young lady a little uneasiness.
+    When Leonhard came to A&mdash;&mdash; it was to live by his
+    profession&mdash;music. He was an enthusiast in the science,
+    and the best people patronized him. He might have all the
+    pupils he pleased now, and at his own prices, thought Mrs.
+    Washington Ayres, who had herself taught music: why doesn't he
+    stick to his business? But then, she reminded herself, they say
+    he has money; and he is so bewitched about architecture that he
+    can't let it alone. Too many irons in the fire to please me!
+    Perhaps, though, if he has money, it makes not so much
+    difference. But I don't like to see a young man dabbling in too
+    many things: it looks as if he would never do anything to speak
+    of. It is the only thing I ever heard of against him; but if he
+    can't make up his mind, I don't know as there could be anything
+    much worse to tell of a man.</p>
+
+    <p>She was not far wrong in her thinking, and she had seen the
+    great fault in the character of young Mr. Marten. It was his
+    nature to take up and embrace cordially, as if for life, the
+    objects that pleased him. Perhaps the tendency conduced to his
+    popularity and reputation as a music-master, for his
+    acquaintance with the works of composers was really vast; but
+    the effect of it was not so hopeful when it set him to studying
+    a difficult art almost without instruction, in the confidence
+    that he should soon by his works take rank with Angelo, Wren
+    and other great masters.</p>
+
+    <p>At the music-dealer's window Mr. Leonhard stood for a moment
+    beside Miss Marion, and then said with a queer smile, "How cool
+    it looks over yonder among the trees! I wish somebody would
+    like to walk there with an escort."</p>
+
+    <p>"Anybody might, I should think," answered the young lady. "I
+    have waded through hot dust, red-hot dust, all the afternoon.
+    Besides, I want to ask you, Mr. Marten, what it means.
+    Everybody is coming to me for lessons. Are you refusing
+    instruction, or are you growing so unpopular of late? I have
+    vexed myself trying to answer the question."</p>
+
+    <p>"They all come to you, do they? Yes, I think I am growing
+    unpopular. And I am rather glad of it, on the whole," answered
+    Leonhard, not quite clear as to her meaning, but not at all
+    disturbed by it.</p>
+
+    <p>"I know they must all have gone to you first," she said. "Of
+    course they all went to you first, and you wouldn't have
+    them."</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard smiled on. Her odd talk was pleasant to him, and to
+    look at her bright face was to forget every disagreeable thing
+    in the world. "You know I have been thinking that I would give
+    up instruction altogether," said he; "but I suppose that unless
+    I actually go away to get rid of my pupils, I shall have a few
+    devoted followers to the last. The more you take off my hands
+    the better I shall like it."</p>
+
+    <p>"But how should everybody know that you <i>think</i> of
+    giving up instruction?" Miss Marion inquired.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I dare say I have told everybody," he answered
+    carelessly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah!" said she; and two or three thoughts passed through the
+    mind of the young lady quite worthy the brain of her mother. "I
+    am half sorry," she continued. "But at least you cannot forget
+    what you know. That is a comfort. And I am sure you love music
+    too well to let me go on committing barbarisms with my hands or
+    voice without telling me."</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard hesitated. How far might he take this dear girl
+    into his secrets? "My friend Wilberforce is always saying that
+    I ought to study abroad in the old European towns before I
+    launch out in earnest," said he finally.</p>
+
+    <p>"As architect or musician?" asked the "dear girl."</p>
+
+    <p>"As architect, of course," he answered, without manifesting
+    surprise at the question. "He is going himself now, and he
+    wants me to go with him."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why don't you go?" The quick look with which he followed
+    this question made Miss Marion add: "It would be the best thing
+    in the world for&mdash;for a student, I should think. You said
+    once that your indecision was the bane of your life. I beg your
+    pardon for remembering it. When you have heard the best music
+    and seen the best architecture, you can put an end to this
+    'thirty years' war,' and come back and settle down."</p>
+
+    <p>"All very well," said he, "but please to tell me where I
+    shall find you when I come home."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I shall be jogging along somewhere, depend."</p>
+
+    <p>"With your mind made up concerning every event five years
+    before it happens? If you had my choice to make, you think, I
+    suppose, that you would decide in a minute which road to fame
+    and fortune you would choose." Mr. Leonhard used his cane as
+    vehemently while he spoke as if he were a conductor swinging
+    his baton through the most exciting movement.</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't understand your perplexity, that is the fact," said
+    she with wonderful candor; "but then I have been trained to do
+    one thing from the time I could wink."</p>
+
+    <p>"It was expected of me that I should rival the greatest
+    performers," said Leonhard with a half-sad smile. "If I go
+    abroad now, as you advise&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Advise? I advise!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you not?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not the least creature moving. Never!"</p>
+
+    <p>"If you did you would say, 'Keep to music.'"</p>
+
+    <p>"I should say, 'Keep to architecture.' Then&mdash;don't you
+    see?&mdash;I should have all your pupils."</p>
+
+    <p>"That would matter little: you have long had all that I
+    could give you worth the giving, Miss Ayres."</p>
+
+    <p>Were these words intent on having utterance, and seeking
+    their opportunity?</p>
+
+    <p>In the midst of her lightness and seeming unconcern the
+    young lady found herself challenged, as it were, by the stern
+    voice of a sentinel on guard. But she answered on the instant:
+    "The most delicious music I have ever heard, for which I owe
+    you endless thanks. I have said architecture; but I never
+    advise, you know."</p>
+
+    <p>"She has not understood me," thought Leonhard, but instead
+    of taking advantage of that conclusion and retiring from the
+    ground, he said, "Perhaps I must speak more clearly. I don't
+    care what I do or where I go, Miss Marion, if you are
+    indifferent. I love you."</p>
+
+    <p>What did he read in the face which his dark eyes scanned as
+    they turned full upon it? Was it "I love you"? Was it "Alas!"?
+    He could not tell.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are pledged to love 'the True and the Beautiful,'" said
+    she quite gayly, "and so I am not surprised."</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard looked mortified and angry. A man of twenty-two
+    declaring love for the first time to a woman had a right to
+    expect better treatment.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have offended you," she said instantly. "I only followed
+    out your own train of thought. You may have half a dozen
+    professions, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I am at least clear that I love only you," he said. "I
+    hoped you would feel that. It is certain, I think, that I shall
+    confine myself to the studies of an architect hereafter. I will
+    give no more lessons. And shall you care to know whether I go
+    or stay?"</p>
+
+    <p>Miss Ayres answered&mdash;almost as if in spite of herself
+    and that good judgment for which she had been sufficiently
+    praised during her eighteen years of existence&mdash;"Yes, I
+    shall care a vast deal. That is the reason why I say, 'Go, if
+    it seems best to you'&mdash;'Stay, if you think it more wise.'
+    I have the confidence in you that sees you can conduct your own
+    affairs."</p>
+
+    <p>"If I go," he cried in a happy voice, in strong contrast
+    with his words, "it will be to leave everything behind me that
+    can make life sweet."</p>
+
+    <p>"But if you go it will be to gain everything that can make
+    life honorable. I did not understand that you thought of going
+    for pleasure." Ah, how almost tender now her look and tone!</p>
+
+    <p>"Say but once to me what I have said to you," said Leonhard
+    joyfully, confident now that he had won the great prize.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now? No: don't talk about it. Wait a while, and we will see
+    if there is anything in it." What queer lover's mood was this?
+    Miss Marion looked as if she had passed her fortieth birthday
+    when she spoke in this wise.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh for a soft sweet breeze from the north-east to temper
+    such cruel blasts!" exclaimed Leonhard. "Was ever man so
+    treated as I am by this strong-minded young woman?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Everybody on the grounds is looking, and wondering how she
+    will get home with the intemperate young gentleman she is
+    escorting. Did you say you were going to talk with your friend
+    Mr. Wilberforce about going abroad with him for a year or
+    two?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I said no such thing, but perhaps I may. I was going to
+    write, but it may be as easy to run down to Philadelphia."</p>
+
+    <p>"Easier, I should say."</p>
+
+    <p>So they talked, and when they parted Leonhard said: "If you
+    do not see me to-morrow evening, you will know that I have gone
+    to Philadelphia. I shall not write to let you know. You might
+    feel that an answer was expected of you."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have never been taught the arts of a correspondent, and
+    it is quite too late to learn them," she answered.</p>
+
+    <p>Miss Marion will probably never again feel as old as she
+    does this afternoon, when she has half snubbed, half flattered
+    and half accepted the man she admires and loves, but whose one
+    fault she clearly perceives and is seriously afraid of.</p>
+
+    <p>The next day Leonhard sat staring at Wilberforce's letter
+    with a face as wrinkled as a young ape's in a cold morning fog.
+    After one long serious effort he sprang from his seat, and I am
+    afraid swore that he would go down to Philadelphia that very
+    afternoon. Therefore (and because he clung to the determination
+    all day) at six o'clock behold him passing with his satchel
+    from the steps of the Granby House to the Grand Division
+    D&eacute;p&ocirc;t. He was always going to and fro, so his
+    departure occasioned no remark. He supposed, for his own part,
+    that he was going to talk with his friend Wilberforce, and his
+    ticket ensured his passage to Philadelphia; and yet at eight
+    o'clock he found himself standing on the steps of the
+    Spenersberg Station, and saw the train move on. At the moment
+    when his will seemed to him to be completely demoralized the
+    engine-whistle sounded and the engine stopped. Utterly unnerved
+    by his doubts, he slunk from the car like an escaping convict,
+    and looked toward the narrow moonlit valley which was as a gate
+    leading into this unknown Spenersberg. The path looked obscure
+    and inviting, and so, without exchanging a word with any one,
+    he walked forward, a more pitiable object than is pleasant to
+    consider, for he was no coward and no fool.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY"
+       id="IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY"></a>CHAPTER II.</h3>
+
+    <h3>IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.</h3>
+
+    <p>About the time that Leonhard Marten was paying for his
+    ticket in the d&eacute;p&ocirc;t at A&mdash;&mdash;, how many
+    events were taking place elsewhere! Multitudes, multitudes
+    going up and down the earth perplexed, tempted, discouraged.
+    What were <i>you</i> doing at that hour? I wonder.</p>
+
+    <p>Even here, at this Spenersberg, was Frederick
+    Loretz&mdash;with reason deemed one of the most fortunate of
+    the men gathered in the happy valley&mdash;asking himself, as
+    he walked homeward from the factory, "What is the use?"</p>
+
+    <p>When he spied his wife on the piazza he seemed to doubt for
+    a second whether he should go backward or forward. Into that
+    second of vacillation, however, the voice of the woman
+    penetrated: "Husband, so early? Welcome home!"</p>
+
+    <p>The voice decided him, and so he opened his gate, passed
+    along the graveled walk to the piazza steps, ascended, wiping
+    the perspiration from his bald head, dropped his handkerchief
+    into his hat and his hat upon the floor, and sat down in one of
+    the great wide-armed wooden chairs which visitors always found
+    awaiting them on the piazza.</p>
+
+    <p>His wife, having bestowed upon him one brief glance, quickly
+    arose and went into the house: the next moment she came again,
+    bringing with her a pitcher of iced water and a goblet, which
+    she placed before him on a small rustic table. But a second
+    glance showed her that he was suffering from something besides
+    the heat and fatigue. There was a look on his broad honest face
+    that told as distinctly as color and expression could tell of
+    anguish, consternation, remorse. He drank from the goblet she
+    had filled for him, and said, without looking at his wife, "I
+    have brought you the worst news, Anna, that ever you heard."
+    She must have guessed what it was instantly, but she made
+    neither sign nor gesture. She could have enumerated there and
+    then all the sorrows of her life; but for a moment it was not
+    possible even for her to say that this impending affliction
+    was, in view of all she had endured, a light one, easy to be
+    borne.</p>
+
+    <p>"It has gone against us," said Mr. Loretz, picking up his
+    red silk handkerchief and passing it from one hand to another,
+    and finally hiding his face within its ample dimensions for a
+    moment.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you mean the lot?" Her voice wavered a little. Though
+    she asked or refrained from asking, something had taken place
+    which must be made known speedily. Wherefore, then, delay the
+    evil knowledge?</p>
+
+    <p>He signified by a nod that it was so.</p>
+
+    <p>"And that is in store for our poor child!" said the
+    mother.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Loretz was now quite broken down. He passed his
+    handkerchief across his face again, and this time made no
+    answer.</p>
+
+    <p>Then the mother, with lips firmly compressed, and eyes bent
+    steadily upon the floor, and forehead crumpled somewhat, sat
+    and held her peace.</p>
+
+    <p>At last the father said, in a low tone that gave to his
+    strong voice an awful pathos, "How can the child bear it, Anna?
+    for she loves Spener well&mdash;and to love <i>him</i>
+    well!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, father," said the wife, who had by this time sounded
+    the depth of this tribulation, and was already ascending, "how
+    did we bear it when we had to give up Gabriel, and Jacob, and
+    dear little Carl?"</p>
+
+    <p>"For me," said the man, rising and looking over the piazza
+    rail into the gay little flower-garden beneath&mdash;"for me
+    all that was nothing to this."</p>
+
+    <p>"O my boys!" the mother cried.</p>
+
+    <p>"We know that they went home to a heavenly Parent, and to
+    more delight and honor than all the earth could give them," the
+    father said.</p>
+
+    <p>"It rent the heart, Frederick, but into the gaping wound the
+    balm of Gilead was poured."</p>
+
+    <p>"There is no man alive to be compared with Albert
+    Spener."</p>
+
+    <p>"I know of one&mdash;but one."</p>
+
+    <p>"Not one," he said with an emphasis which sternly rebuked
+    the ill-timed, and, as he deemed, untruthful flattery. "There
+    is not his like, go where you will."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, how you have exalted him above all that is to be
+    worshiped!" sighed the good woman, putting her hands together,
+    and really as troubled and sympathetic, and cool and
+    calculating, as she seemed to be.</p>
+
+    <p>"I tell you I have never seen his equal! Look at this place
+    here&mdash;hasn't he called it up out of the dust?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes, he did. He made it all," she said. "It must be
+    conceded that Albert Spener is a great man&mdash;in
+    Spenersberg."</p>
+
+    <p>"How, then, can I keep back from him the best I have when he
+    asks for it &mdash;asks for it as if I were a king to refuse
+    him what he wanted if I pleased? I would give him my life!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, Frederick, you have! It isn't you that denies
+    now&mdash;think of that! Remind him of it. <i>Who</i> spoke by
+    the lot? Where are you going, husband?"</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Loretz had turned away from the piazza rail and picked
+    up his hat. His wife's question arrested him. "I&mdash;I
+    thought I would speak with Brother Wenck," said he, somewhat
+    confused by the question, and looking almost as if his sole
+    purpose had been to go beyond the sound of his wife's
+    remonstrating voice.</p>
+
+    <p>"Husband, about this?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, Anna."</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't go. What will he think?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nobody knows about it yet, except Wenck, unless he spoke to
+    Brother Thorn."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, Frederick, what are you thinking?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I am thinking"&mdash;he paused and looked fixedly at his
+    wife&mdash;"I am thinking that I have been beside myself,
+    Anna&mdash;crazy, out and out, and this thing can't stand."</p>
+
+    <p>"Husband, it was our wish to learn the will of God
+    concerning this marriage, and we have learned it. The
+    Lord&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I will go back to the factory," said Mr. Loretz, turning
+    quickly away from his wife. "I must see if everything is right
+    there before it gets darker." He had caught sight of the tall
+    figure of a woman at the gate when he snatched up his hat so
+    suddenly and interrupted his wife. Then he turned to her again:
+    "Is Elise within?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, husband: she went to the garden for twigs this
+    afternoon."</p>
+
+    <p>"She had not heard?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No. It is Sister Benigna that is coming. Must you go back?"
+    She poured another glass of water for her husband, and walked
+    down the steps with him; and coming so, out from the shade into
+    the sunlight, Sister Benigna was startled by their faces as
+    though she had seen two ghosts.</p>
+
+    <p>Two hours later, Mr. Loretz again turned his steps homeward,
+    and Mr. Wenck, the minister, walked with him as far as the
+    gate. They had met accidentally upon the sidewalk, and Mr.
+    Loretz must of necessity make some allusion to the letter he
+    had received from the minister that day acquainting him with
+    the allotment which had made of him so hopeless a mourner. The
+    good man hesitated a moment before making response: then he
+    took both the hands of Loretz in his, and said in a deep,
+    tender voice, "Brother, the wound smarts."</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot bear it!" cried Loretz. "It is all my doing, and I
+    must have been crazy."</p>
+
+    <p>"When in devout faith you sought to know God's will
+    concerning your dear child?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot talk about it," was the impatient response. "And
+    you cannot understand it," he continued, turning quickly upon
+    his companion. "You have never had a daughter, and you don't
+    understand Albert Spener."</p>
+
+    <p>"I think," said the minister patiently&mdash;"I think I know
+    him well enough to see what the consequence will be if he
+    should suspect that Brother Loretz is like 'a wave of the sea,
+    driven with the wind and tossed.'"</p>
+
+    <p>Yet as the minister said this his head drooped, his voice
+    softened, and he laid his hand on the shoulder of Mr. Loretz,
+    as if he would fain speak on and in a different strain. It was
+    evident that the distressed man did not understand him, and
+    reproof or counsel was more than he could now bear. He walked
+    on a little faster, and as he approached his gate voices from
+    within were heard. They were singing a duet from <i>The
+    Messiah</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>"Come in," said Loretz, his face suddenly lighting up with
+    almost hope.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Wenck seemed disposed to accept the invitation: then, as
+    he was about to pass through the gate, he was stayed by a
+    recollection apparently, for he turned back, saying, "Not
+    to-night, Brother Loretz. They will need all the time for
+    practice. Let me tell you, I admire your daughter Elise beyond
+    expression. I wish that Mr. Spener could hear that voice now:
+    it is perfectly triumphant. You are happy, sir, in having such
+    a daughter."</p>
+
+    <p>As Mr. Wenck turned from the gate, Leonhard&mdash;our
+    Leonhard Marten&mdash;approached swiftly from the opposite side
+    of the street. He had been sitting under the trees half an hour
+    listening to the singing, and, full of enthusiasm, now
+    presented himself before Mr. Loretz, exclaiming, "Do tell me,
+    sir, what singers are these?"</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Loretz knew every man in Spenersberg. He looked at the
+    stranger, and answered dryly, "Very tolerable singers."</p>
+
+    <p>"I should think so! I never heard anything so glorious. I am
+    a stranger here, sir. Can you direct me to a public-house?"</p>
+
+    <p>To answer was easy. There was but the one inn, called the
+    Brethren's House, the sixth below the one before which they
+    were standing. It was a long house, painted white, with a deep
+    wide porch, where half a dozen young men probably sat smoking
+    at this moment. Instead of giving this direction, however,
+    Loretz said, after a brief consultation with himself, "I don't
+    know as there's another house in Spenersberg that ought to be
+    as open as mine. I live here, sir. How long have you been
+    listening?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not long enough," said Leonhard; and he passed through the
+    gate, which had been opened for the minister, and now was
+    opened as widely for him.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="HIGH_ART"
+       id="HIGH_ART"></a>CHAPTER III.</h3>
+
+    <h3>HIGH ART.</h3>
+
+    <p>The room into which Mr. Loretz conducted Leonhard seemed to
+    our young friend, as he glanced around it, fit for the court of
+    Apollo. Its proportions had obviously been assigned by some
+    music-loving soul. It occupied two-thirds of the lower floor of
+    the house, and its high ceiling was a noticeable feature. The
+    furniture had all been made at the factory; the floor-mats were
+    woven there; and one gazing around him might well have wondered
+    to what useful or ornamental purpose the green willows growing
+    everywhere in Spenersberg Valley might not be applied. The very
+    pictures hanging on the wall&mdash;engraved likenesses of the
+    great masters Mozart and Beethoven&mdash;had their frames of
+    well-woven willow twigs; and the rack which held the books and
+    sheets of music was ornamented on each side with raised wreaths
+    of flowers wrought by deft hands from the same pliant
+    material.</p>
+
+    <p>At the piano, in the centre of the room, sat Sister
+    Benigna&mdash;by her side, Elise Loretz.</p>
+
+    <p>It seemed, when Elise's father entered with the stranger, as
+    if there might be a suspension of the performance, but Loretz
+    said, "Two listeners don't signify: we promise to make no
+    noise. Sit down, sir: give me your bag;" and taking Leonhard's
+    satchel, he retired with it to a corner, where he sat down, and
+    with his elbows on his knees, his head between his hands,
+    prepared himself to listen.</p>
+
+    <p>Sister Benigna said to her companion, "It is time we
+    practiced before an audience perhaps;" and they went on as if
+    nothing had happened.</p>
+
+    <p>And sitting in that cool room on the eve of a scorching and
+    distracted day, is it any wonder that Leonhard composed himself
+    to accept any marvel that might present itself? Once across the
+    threshold of the Every-day, and there is nothing indeed for
+    which one should not be prepared.</p>
+
+    <p>If in mood somewhat less enthusiastic than that of our
+    traveler we look in upon that little company, what shall we
+    see?</p>
+
+    <p>In the first place, inevitably, Sister Benigna. But describe
+    a picture, will you, or the mountains, or the sea? It must have
+    been something for the Spenersberg folk to know that such a
+    woman dwelt among them, yet probably two-thirds of her
+    influence was unconsciously put forth and as unconsciously
+    received. They knew that in musical matters she inspired them
+    and exacted of them to the uttermost, but they did not and
+    could not know how much her life was worth to all of them, and
+    that they lived on a higher plane because of those half dozen
+    wonderful notes of hers, and the unflagging enthusiasm which
+    needed but the name of love-feast or festival to bring a light
+    into her lovely eyes that seemed to spread up and around her
+    white forehead and beautiful hair like a supernatural lustre.
+    There was a fire that animated her which nobody who saw its
+    glow or felt its warmth could question. Without that altar of
+    music&mdash;But why speculate on what she might have been if
+    she had not been what she was? That would be to consider not
+    Benigna, but somebody else.</p>
+
+    <p>She was accompanying Elise through Handel's "Pastoral
+    Symphony." Elise began: "He is the righteous Saviour, and He
+    shall speak peace unto the heathen." At the first notes
+    Leonhard looked hastily toward the window, and if it had been a
+    door he would have passed out on to the piazza, that he might
+    there have heard, unseeing, unseen. While he sat still and
+    looked and listened it seemed to him as if he had been engaged
+    in foolish games with children all his life. He sat as it were
+    in the dust, scorning his own insignificance.</p>
+
+    <p>The young girl who now sat, now stood beside her, must have
+    been the child of her training. For six years, indeed, they
+    have lived together under one roof, sharing one apartment.
+    Within the hour just passed, that has been said by them toward
+    which all the talk and all the action of the six years has
+    tended, and the heart of the girl lies in the hand of the
+    woman, and what will the woman do with it?</p>
+
+    <p>Perhaps all that Benigna can do for Elise has to-day been
+    accomplished. It may be that to grow beside her now will be to
+    grow in the shade when shade is needed no longer, and when the
+    effect will be to weaken life and to deepen the spirit of
+    dependence. Possibly sunlight though scorching, winds though
+    wild, would be better for Elise now than the protecting shadow
+    of her friend.</p>
+
+    <p>Looking at Elise, Leonhard feels more assured, more at home.
+    She has a kindly face, a lovely face, he decides, and what a
+    deliciously rich, smooth voice! She is rather after the willowy
+    order in her slender person, and when she begins to sing
+    "Rejoice greatly," he looks at her astonished, doubting whether
+    the sound can really have proceeded from her slender throat. He
+    is again reminded of Marion, but by nothing he hears or sees:
+    poor Marion has her not small reputation as a singer in
+    A&mdash;&mdash;, yet her voice, compared with this, is as
+    wire&mdash;gold wire indeed&mdash;wire with a <i>color</i> of
+    richness at least; while Elise's is as honey itself&mdash;honey
+    with the flavor of the sweetest flowers in it, and, too, the
+    suggestion of the bee's swift, strong wing.</p>
+
+    <p>Into the room comes at last Mrs. Loretz. It is just as Elise
+    takes up the final air of the symphony that she appears. She
+    would look upon her daughter while she sings, "Come unto Him,
+    all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and He shall give you
+    rest. Take His yoke upon you, and learn of Him," etc. Chiefly
+    to look upon her child she comes&mdash;to listen with her
+    loving, confident eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>But on the threshold of the music-room she pauses half a
+    second, perceiving the stranger by the window: then she nods
+    pleasantly to him, which motion sets the short silvery hair on
+    her forehead waving, as curls would have waved there had she
+    only let them. She wears a cap trimmed with a blue ribbon tied
+    beneath her chin, and such is the order of her comely gown and
+    apron that it commands attention always, like a true work of
+    art.</p>
+
+    <p>She sits down beside her husband, and presently, as by the
+    flash of a single glance indeed, has taken the weight and
+    measure of the gentleman opposite. She likes his appearance,
+    admires his fine dark face and his fine dark eyes, wonders
+    where he came from, what he wants, and&mdash;will he stay to
+    tea?</p>
+
+    <p>Gazing at her daughter, she looks a little sad: then she
+    smooths her dress, straightens herself, shakes her head, and is
+    absorbed in the music, beating time with tiny foot and hand,
+    and following every strain with an intentness which draws her
+    brows together into a slight frown. Elise almost smiles as she
+    glances toward her mother: she knows where to find enthusiasm
+    at a white heat when it is wanted. With the final repetition,
+    "Ye shall find rest to your souls," the dame rises quickly, and
+    hastening to her daughter embraces her; then passing to the
+    next room, she pauses, perhaps long enough to wipe her eyes;
+    then the jingle of a bell is heard.</p>
+
+    <p>At the ringing of this bell, Sister Benigna rose instantly,
+    saying, "Welcome sound!" Loretz also came forth from his
+    corner. He was about to speak to Leonhard, when Benigna took up
+    the trombone which was lying on the piano, and said, "I am
+    curious to know how many rehearsals you have had, sir. It is
+    time, Elise, that our trombonist reported."</p>
+
+    <p>Loretz, casting an eye toward his daughter, said, "Never
+    mind Sister Benigna. Our quartette will be all right." Then he
+    turned to Leonhard: it was not now that he felt for the first
+    time the relief of the stranger's presence. "We are going to
+    take food," said he: "will you give me your name and come with
+    us?"</p>
+
+    <p>Leonhard gave his name, and moreover his opinion that he had
+    trespassed too long already on the hospitality of the
+    house.</p>
+
+    <p>To this remark Loretz paid no attention. "Wife," he called
+    out, "isn't that name down in the birthday
+    book&mdash;<i>Leonhard Marten?</i> I am sure of it. He was a
+    Herrnhuter."</p>
+
+    <p>"Very likely, husband," was the answer from the other room.
+    "Will you come, good people?" The good people who heard that
+    voice understood just what its tone meant, and there was an
+    instant response.</p>
+
+    <p>"Come in, sir," said Loretz; and the invitation admitted no
+    argument, for he went forward at once with a show of alacrity
+    sufficient to satisfy his wife. "This young man here was
+    looking for a public-house. They are full at the Brethren's, I
+    hear. I thought he could not do better than take luck with us,"
+    he said to her by way of explanation.</p>
+
+    <p>"He is welcome," said the wife in a prompt, business-like
+    tone, which was evidently her way. "Daughter!" She looked at
+    Elise, and Elise brought a plate, knife and fork for "this
+    young man," and placed them where her mother
+    indicated&mdash;that is, next herself. Between the mother and
+    daughter Leonhard therefore took refuge, as it were, from the
+    rather too majestic presence opposite known as Sister Benigna.
+    He should have felt at ease in the little circle, for not one
+    of them but felt the addition to their party to be a diversion
+    and a relief. As to Dame Anna Loretz, thoughts were passing
+    through her mind which might pass through the minds of others
+    also in the course of time should Leonhard prove to be a good
+    Moravian and decide to remain among them. They were thoughts
+    which would have sent a dubious smile around the board,
+    however, could they have been made known just now to Elise and
+    her father and Sister Benigna; and what would our young
+    friend&mdash;from the city evidently&mdash;have looked or said
+    could they have been communicated to him? Already the mind and
+    heart of the mother of Elise, disconcerted and distracted for
+    the moment by that untoward casting of the lot, had risen to a
+    calm survey of the situation of things; and now she was
+    endeavoring to reconcile herself to the prospect which
+    imagination presented to the eye of faith, <i>If</i> she had
+    perceived in the unannounced appearing of the young gentleman
+    who sat near her devouring with keen appetite the good fare
+    before him, and apologizing for his hunger with a grace which
+    ensured him constant renewal of vanishing dishes,&mdash;if she
+    had perceived in it a manifestation of the will of Providence,
+    she could not have smiled on Leonhard more kindly, or more
+    successfully have exerted herself to make him feel at home.</p>
+
+    <p>And might not Mr. Leonhard have congratulated himself? If
+    there was a "great house" in Spenersberg, this was that
+    mansion; and if there were great people there, these certainly
+    were they. And to think of finding in this vale cultivators of
+    high art, intelligent, simple-hearted, earnest, beautiful!</p>
+
+    <p class="author">CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.</p>
+
+    <p class="center">[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="THE_IRISH_CAPITAL"
+       id="THE_IRISH_CAPITAL"></a>THE IRISH CAPITAL.</h2>
+
+    <p>The metropolis of Ireland about the middle of the last
+    century was the fourth in Europe in point of size. Since then
+    it has made little progress in comparison with many others. Yet
+    it is a large place, covering a great area, and holding a
+    population which numbers some three hundred thousand souls.</p>
+
+    <p>It may further be said that notwithstanding the withdrawal,
+    consequent on the Union, of the aristocratic classes from
+    Dublin, the city has improved more in the last fifty years than
+    at any previous period. Dublin, at the Union, and for some time
+    after, was a very dirty place indeed. To-day, although, from
+    that antipathy to paint common to the whole Irish
+    nation&mdash;which can apparently never realize the Dutch
+    proverb, that "paint costs nothing," or the English one, that
+    "a stitch in time saves nine"&mdash;much of the town looks
+    dingy, it is, as a whole, cleaner than almost any capital in
+    Europe, so far as drainage and the sanitary state of the
+    dwellings are concerned. And here we speak from experience,
+    having last year, in company with detective officers, visited
+    all its lowest and poorest haunts.</p>
+
+    <p>The cause of this sanitary excellence is that matters of
+    this kind are placed entirely in the hands of the police, who
+    rigorously carry out the orders given to them on such points.
+    It is devoutly to be hoped that a similar system will ere long
+    be in vogue in the towns of our own country.</p>
+
+    <p>The noblesse have now quite deserted the Irish capital.
+    Besides the lord-chancellor, there is probably not a single
+    peer occupying a house there to-day. Houses are excellent and
+    very cheap. An immense mansion in the best situation can be had
+    for a thousand dollars a year. The markets are capitally
+    supplied, and the prices are generally about one-third of those
+    of New York. Not a single item of living is dear. But,
+    notwithstanding these and many other advantages, the place has
+    lost popularity, has a "deadly-lively" air about it, and, it
+    must be admitted, is in many respects wondrously dull,
+    especially to those who have been used to the brisk life of a
+    great commercial or pleasure-loving capital.</p>
+
+    <p>"Cornelius O'Dowd" paid a visit to Dublin in 1871 after a
+    long absence, and said some very pretty things about it. Never
+    was the company or claret better. Well, the fact was, that
+    while the great and lamented Cornelius was there he was
+    f&ecirc;ted and made much of. Lord Spencer gave him a dinner,
+    so did other magnates, and his s&eacute;jour was one prolonged
+    feasting; but nevertheless the every-day life of the Irish
+    capital is awfully and wonderfully dull, as those who know it
+    best, and have the cream of such society as it offers, would in
+    strict confidence admit. From January to May there is an
+    attempt at a "season," during the earlier part of which the
+    viceroy gives a great many entertainments. These are remarkably
+    well done, and the smaller parties are very agreeable. But
+    politics intervene here, as in everything else in Ireland, to
+    mar considerably the brilliancy of the vice-regal court. When
+    the Whigs are "in" the Tory aristocracy hold off from "the
+    Castle," and <i>vice vers&acirc;</i>. Dublin is generally much
+    more brilliant under a Tory viceroy, inasmuch as nine-tenths of
+    the Irish peerage and landed gentry support that side of
+    politics. The vice-reign of the duke of Abercorn, the last
+    lord-lieutenant, will long be remembered as a period of
+    exceptional splendor in the annals of Dublin. He maintained the
+    dignity of the office in a style which had not been known for
+    half a century, and in this respect proved particularly
+    acceptable to people of all classes. Besides, he is a man of
+    magnificent presence, and has a fitting helpmate (sister of
+    Earl Russell) and beautiful daughters; and it was universally
+    admitted that the round people had got into the round holes, so
+    far as the duke and duchess were concerned.</p>
+
+    <p>The lord-lieutenant's levees and drawing-rooms take place at
+    night, and are therefore much more cheerful than similar
+    ceremonials at Buckingham Palace. His Excellency kisses all the
+    ladies presented to him. The vice-regal salary is one hundred
+    thousand dollars, with allowances, but most viceroys spend a
+    great deal more. There are in such a poor country, where people
+    have no sort of qualms about asking, innumerable claims upon
+    their purses.</p>
+
+    <p>The office of viceroy of Ireland is one which prime
+    ministers find it no easy task to fill. Just that kind of
+    person is wanted for the office who has no wish to hold it. A
+    great peer with half a million of dollars' income doesn't care
+    about accepting troublesome and occasionally anxious duties,
+    from which he, at all events, has nothing to gain. For some
+    time Lord Derby was in a quandary to get any one who would do
+    to take it, and it may be doubted whether the marquis of
+    Abercorn would have sacrificed himself if the glittering
+    prospect of a coronet all strawberry leaves (for he was created
+    a duke while in office) had not been held before his eyes. The
+    vice-regal lodge is a plain, unpretending building. It is
+    charmingly situated in the Phoenix Park (1760 acres), and
+    commands delightful views over the Wicklow Mountains. Within,
+    it is comfortable and commodious. The viceroy resides there
+    eight months in the year. He goes to "the Castle" from December
+    to April. The Castle is "no great thing." It is situated in the
+    heart of Dublin. Around it are the various government offices.
+    St. Patrick's Hall is a fine apartment, but certainly does not
+    deserve the name of magnificent, and is a very poor affair
+    compared with the reception-saloons of third-rate continental
+    princes.</p>
+
+    <p>The Dublin season culminates, so far at least as the
+    vice-regal entertainments go, in the ball given here on St.
+    Patrick's Day (March 17). On such occasions it is <i>de
+    rigueur</i> to wear a court-dress. Even those who venture to
+    appear in the regulation trowsers admissible at a levee at St.
+    James's are seriously cautioned "not to do it again."</p>
+
+    <p>Though Dublin is now deserted by the aristocracy, most of
+    the <i>grand-seigneur</i> mansions are still standing. Leinster
+    House, built about 1760, and said to have served as a model for
+    the "White House," was in 1815 sold by the duke to the Royal
+    Dublin Society. Up to 1868 the duke of
+    Leinster<a name="FNanchor_1_1"
+       id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1"
+       class="fnanchor">[1]</a> was Ireland's only duke, and the
+       house is certainly a stately and appropriate ducal
+       residence.</p>
+
+    <p>It must, however, be confessed that there is something
+    decidedly <i>triste</i> and severe about this big mansion. A
+    celebrated whilom tenant of it, Lord Edward Fitzgerald,
+    appeared to think so, for in 1791 he writes to his mother,
+    after his return from the bright and sunny atmosphere of
+    America: "I confess Leinster House does not inspire the
+    brightest ideas. By the by, what a melancholy house it is! You
+    can't conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from
+    Kildare. A country housemaid I brought with me cried for two
+    days, and said she thought that she was in a prison." It was at
+    Leinster House that "Lord Edward"&mdash;he is to this day
+    always thus known by the people of Ireland, who never think it
+    needful to add his surname&mdash;after having joined "the
+    United Irishmen," had interviews with the informer Reynolds,
+    who, it is believed, afterward betrayed him.</p>
+
+    <p>Lady Sarah Napier, mother of Sir William Napier, the
+    well-known historian of the Peninsular War, and other eminent
+    sons, was aunt to Lord Edward, being sister of his mother.
+    These ladies were daughters of the duke of Richmond, and Lady
+    Sarah was remarkable as being a lady to whom George III. was
+    passionately attached, and whom, but for the vehement
+    opposition of his mother and her <i>entourage</i>, he would
+    have married. In a journal of this lady's I find the following
+    interesting account of the search for her nephew: "The separate
+    warrant went by a messenger, attended by the sheriff and a
+    party of soldiers, into Leinster House. The servants ran to
+    Lady Edward, who was ill, and told her. She said directly,
+    'There is no help: send them up.' They asked very civilly for
+    her papers and for Edward's, and she gave them all. Her
+    apparent distress moved Major O'Kelly to tears, and their whole
+    conduct was proper."</p>
+
+    <p>Lady Edward Fitzgerald (whose husband had served under Lord
+    Moira in America) was at Moira House on the evening of her
+    husband's arrest. Writing from Castletown, county Kildare, two
+    days after that event, Lady Louisa Connolly, Lord Edward's
+    aunt, says: "As soon as Edward's wound was dressed he desired
+    the private secretary at the Castle to write for him to Lady
+    Edward and tell her what had happened. The secretary carried
+    the note himself. Lady E. was at Moira House, and a servant of
+    Lady Mountcashel's came soon after to forbid Lady Edward's
+    servants saying anything to her that night." She continued,
+    after Lord E.'s death, to reside at Moira House till obliged by
+    an order of the privy council to retire to England, where she
+    became the guest of her husband's uncle, the duke of
+    Richmond.<a name="FNanchor_2_2"
+       id="FNanchor_2_2"></a> <a href="#Footnote_2_2"
+       class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+    <p>Lady Moira, who so kindly befriended Lady Edward, was
+    unquestionably a very remarkable woman, and had considerable
+    influence, politically and socially, in the Dublin of her day.
+    Although an Englishwoman, she became in some respects <i>ipsis
+    Hibernis Hibernior,</i> and for a very long period prior to her
+    death never quitted the soil of Ireland. Had the Irish
+    aristocracy generally been of the complexion of those who
+    assembled in the more intimate reunions at Moira House, the
+    history of that country during the past century would have been
+    a widely different one. The members of that brilliant circle
+    were thorough anti-Unionists, and Lord Moira and his
+    sons-in-law, the earls of Granard and Mountcashel, proved that
+    they were not to be conciliated by bribes, either in money or
+    honors, by entering their formal protest against that measure
+    on the books of the Irish House of Lords.</p>
+
+    <p>When the delegates on behalf of Catholic claims came to
+    London in 1792, it was this enlightened Irish nobleman who
+    received them, and who, in the event of the minister declining
+    to admit them, intended as a peer to have claimed an audience
+    of the king. Lord Moira both in the English and Irish Houses of
+    Peers denounced the oppressive measures of the government, and
+    his opposition gave so much offence that the English general
+    Lake was reported to hayer declared that if a town in the North
+    was to be burnt, they had best begin with Lord Moira's, causing
+    him so much apprehension that he removed his collection, which
+    was of extraordinary value, from his seat, Moira Hall, in the
+    county Down, to England.</p>
+
+    <p>The celebrated John Wesley visited Lady Moira at Moira House
+    in 1775, "and was surprised to observe, though not a more
+    grand, a far more elegant room than he had ever seen in
+    England. It was an octagon, about twenty feet square, and
+    fifteen or sixteen high, having one window (the sides of it
+    inlaid throughout with mother-of-pearl) reaching from the top
+    of the room to the bottom: the ceiling, sides and furniture of
+    the room were equally elegant." It was here that two of the
+    greatest members of their respective legislatures&mdash;Charles
+    Fox and Henry Grattan&mdash;first met in 1777, and Moira House
+    continued to be the scene of splendid entertainments up to the
+    death of the first Lord Moira, in 1793. Wesley concludes his
+    letter about Moira House by asking, "Must this too pass away
+    like a dream?" Whether like a dream or no, it certainly has
+    been signally the fate of this whilom proud mansion to pass
+    from the highest to the very humblest almost at a bound. For
+    some years after Lady Moira's death (in 1808) the house was
+    kept up by the family, but in 1826 it was let to an
+    anti-mendicity society. The upper story was removed, the
+    mansion was stripped throughout of its splendid
+    decorations&mdash;some of the furniture is now at Castle
+    Forbes, the seat of the earl of Granard, Lady Moira's
+    great-grandson, a worthy descendant&mdash;and the saloons which
+    were wont to be thronged with the most brilliant and splendid
+    society of the Irish metropolis in its heyday are now the abode
+    of perhaps the very poorest outcasts who are to be found in the
+    whole wide world.</p>
+
+    <p>The district in which Moira House stands has long ceased to
+    be fashionable. The mansion stands close to the Liffey, a few
+    yards back from the road. An elderly man who has charge of the
+    mendicity institution for whose purposes the house is at
+    present used, told me that he remembered it when kept up by the
+    family, although its members were not actually residing there.
+    What is now a fearfully dreary courtyard, where the outcasts of
+    Dublin disport themselves, was then, he said, a fine garden
+    with splendid mulberry trees, which he, being a favorite with
+    the gardener, was permitted to climb&mdash;a circumstance which
+    had naturally impressed itself on his childish memory. I told
+    him that I had heard that long after the difficulties of the
+    first marquis&mdash;who lent one hundred thousand pounds to
+    George the Magnificent when that glorious prince was at the
+    last gasp for <i>&pound; s. d</i>.&mdash;had compelled him to
+    part with his large estates; in the county Down, he had
+    retained possession of this mansion, and that it had even
+    descended to the last marquis, whose wild career concluded when
+    he was only six-and-twenty; but the old man thought it had
+    passed from them long before. He remembered, he said, the last
+    peer (with whom the title became extinct) coming to Dublin,
+    because he had an interview with him about some furniture for
+    his yacht, my informant being at that time in business, and he
+    thought he should have heard if the property had been still
+    retained. I asked if the marquis had exhibited any interest as
+    to the old historical mansion of his family. "Not the
+    slightest," he replied.</p>
+
+    <p>Hardy, in his well-known life of Lord Charlemont, says: "His
+    (Lord Moira's) house will be long, very long, remembered: it
+    was for many years the seat of refined hospitality, of good
+    nature and of good conversation. In doing the honors of it,
+    Lord Moira had certainly one advantage above most men, for he
+    had every assistance that true magnificence, the nobleness of
+    manners peculiar to exalted birth, and talents for society the
+    most cultivated, could give him in his illustrious
+    countess."</p>
+
+    <p>Powerscourt House, a really noble mansion in St. Andrew
+    street, is now used by a great wholesale firm, but is so little
+    altered that it could be fitted for a private residence again
+    in a very brief time. The staircase is grand in proportion, and
+    the steps and balustrades are of polished mahogany, the last
+    being richly carved.</p>
+
+    <p>Tyrone House is now the Education Office, and Mornington
+    House, where Wellington's father resided, and where or at
+    Dangan&mdash;for it is a doubtful point&mdash;the duke was
+    born, is also used for government purposes.</p>
+
+    <p>The great squares of Dublin are St. Stephen's Green,
+    Rutland, Mountjoy, Merrion and Fitzwilliam Squares. The first
+    of these dates from the latter half of the seventeenth century,
+    and is probably in a far more prosperous condition now than it
+    ever was before. If we are to judge by Whitelaw's history, it
+    presented in 1819 an aspect such as no public square out of
+    Dublin&mdash;the enclosure of Leicester Square, London,
+    excepted&mdash;could present. "Of that kind of architectural
+    beauty," he says, "which arises from symmetry and regularity,
+    here are no traces." Some houses were on a level with the
+    streets, others were approached by a grand <i>perron</i>. The
+    proprietors were of all degrees: here was the great house of a
+    lord, there a miserable dramshop. The enclosure consisted of no
+    less than thirteen acres, making Stephen's Green the largest
+    public square in Europe. It was simply a great treeless field,
+    with an equestrian statue of George II. stuck in the middle of
+    it. The principal entrance to the ground is described as
+    "decorated with four piers of black stone crowned with globes
+    of mountain granite, once respectable, but exhibiting shameful
+    symptoms of neglect and decay." There had been a gravel walk
+    called the "Beaux' Walk," from its having been a fashionable
+    resort, "but," says Whitelaw, "the ditch which bounds it is now
+    usually filled with stagnant water, which seems to be the
+    appropriate receptacle of animal bodies in a disgusting state
+    of putrefaction." At night this charming recreation-ground was
+    illumined by twenty-six lamps, at a distance of one hundred and
+    seventy feet from each other, stuck on wooden poles. Such an
+    account of the grand square of Dublin does not make one
+    surprised to learn that the main approach to it from the heart
+    of the city was of a very miserable description.</p>
+
+    <p>In reading Whitelaw's history of Dublin it is impossible not
+    to be struck with the fact that it records a degree of neglect
+    and indifference on the part of the people and the local
+    authorities to beauty, decency and order such as could scarcely
+    be found in another country. In the centre of Merrion Square
+    was a fountain of very ambitious expense and design, erected to
+    the honor of the duke and duchess of Rutland, a lord and lady
+    lieutenant. The fountain was only finished in 1791, but "from a
+    fault in the foundation, or some shameful negligence in the
+    construction, is already cracked and bulged in several places;
+    and though intended as a monument to perpetuate the memory of
+    an illustrious nobleman and his heroic father (the famous Lord
+    Granby), is, after an existence of only sixteen years,
+    tottering to its fall." Mr. Whitelaw continues: "Unhappily,
+    <i>a savage barbarism that seems hostile to every idea of order
+    or decency, of beauty and elegance, prevails among but too many
+    of the lower orders</i>; and hence the decorations of almost
+    every public fountain have been destroyed or disfigured: the
+    figure, shamefully mutilated, of the water-nymph in this
+    fountain has been reduced to a disgusting trunk, and the
+    <i>alto relievo</i> over it shows equal symptoms of decay,
+    arising partly from violence, and partly, perhaps, from the
+    perishable nature of the materials." Truly a forcible picture
+    of art and the appreciation thereof in Ireland!</p>
+
+    <p>During the last century some Italians came to Dublin, who
+    left their mark upon the interior decorations of rich men's
+    houses. Many of the old houses retain the beautiful
+    mantelpieces designed and executed by these accomplished
+    artists. A leading house-fitter of Dublin has, however, bought
+    up a good many, and they are finding their way to London, where
+    it is to be hoped they may produce a revolution in taste, for
+    London mantelpieces are, as a rule, hideous. Some of these
+    specimens of art have been bought by wealthy Irishmen and
+    transferred to their country-houses. One nobleman, Lord
+    Langford, whose ancestral home was wrecked in the rebellion of
+    1798, has lately been restoring it, and bought up many of the
+    Dublin mantelpieces.</p>
+
+    <p>The ornamentation of Belvedere House, in Gardener Row, is
+    particularly elaborate and in wonderfully good repair.</p>
+
+    <p>Irish family history contains few sadder stories than that
+    of the first countess of Belvedere. Lord Belvedere was a man of
+    fashion who much frequented St. James's, and indeed owed his
+    elevation, first to a barony and then to an earldom, to the
+    favor of that highly uninteresting monarch, George II. Leaving
+    his wife sometimes for long periods at Gaulston, a vast and
+    dreary residence (since pulled down) in Westmeath, he betook
+    himself to London, and Lady Belvedere at such times lived much
+    with her husband's brother, Mr. Arthur Rochfort, and his
+    family. It is said that some woman with whom Lord Belvedere had
+    long been connected was determined to make mischief between him
+    and his wife. Eight years after their marriage, Lady Belvedere
+    was accused of adultery with Mr. Rochfort: in an action of
+    <i>crim. con.</i> damages to the extent of twenty thousand
+    pounds were given, and the defendant was obliged to fly the
+    country. For many years he lived abroad, but at length ventured
+    to return, when his brother caused him to be arrested, and he
+    died in confinement, protesting to the last, as did Lady
+    Belvedere, his innocence. For Lady Belvedere a terrible
+    punishment for her alleged misdeeds was in store. Her husband
+    quitted Gaulston for a cheerful retreat in another part of the
+    county, and henceforth that gloomy mansion became the
+    prison-house of the unhappy countess.</p>
+
+    <p>When her imprisonment commenced Lady Belvedere was
+    twenty-five. For eighteen years she remained a prisoner. Her
+    husband often visited Gaulston, but uniformly avoided all
+    personal communication with her. Once she succeeded in speaking
+    to him, but her entreaties were in vain, and thenceforward,
+    whenever he was about the grounds at Gaulston, the attendant
+    accompanying Lady Belvedere in her walks was instructed to ring
+    a bell to give warning of her approach. At length, after twelve
+    years of captivity, Lady Belvedere contrived to escape, but
+    Lord Belvedere, who had been apprised of the fact, reached her
+    father's house in Dublin before her, and she found that his
+    representations had weighed so strongly with Lord
+    Molesworth&mdash;who had married a second time&mdash;that
+    orders had been given that she was not to be admitted. She then
+    took a very unfortunate step by repairing to the house of her
+    friends, the wife and family of the brother-in-law with whom
+    she had been accused of being guilty of misconduct, Mr.
+    Rochfort himself being in exile. She was presently seized and
+    reconveyed to Gaulston, where a much more rigorous treatment
+    was henceforth pursued toward her. At length her husband's
+    death set her free.</p>
+
+    <p>Lady Belvedere passed the rest of her days in peace and
+    comfort at the house of her daughter and son-in-law, Lord and
+    Lady Lanesborough. She did not long survive her husband, and on
+    her deathbed, after partaking of the holy communion, affirmed
+    with a most solemn oath her perfect innocence of the crime for
+    which she had suffered so much.</p>
+
+    <p>But perhaps in many respects Charlemont House has the most
+    interesting recollections connected with it of all the
+    <i>grand-seigneur</i> mansions of the Irish metropolis. It was
+    here that the first earl of Charlemont, the best specimen of a
+    nobleman that Ireland has to boast of, passed the greater
+    portion of his later life. Lord Charlemont's name is to be
+    found in all the memoirs of eminent political and literary men
+    of his time. He was the friend of Burke and Johnson, a popular
+    member of <i>the</i> club, and a munificent patron of
+    literature and art. But more than all this, he stuck bravely to
+    his country, and to no man in Ireland did the Stopford motto,
+    <i>Patri&aelig; infelici fidelis</i>, more correctly apply. Had
+    more of his order been like him, what a different country might
+    Ireland have been!</p>
+
+    <p>I found Charlemont House full of painters and glaziers. The
+    mansion, which was retained <i>in statu quo</i> by the late
+    earl, although, for fifty years no member of the family had
+    slept there, has now been sold to the government, and is being
+    prepared for the accommodation of the survey department. The
+    mouldings of the beautiful ceilings are still extant in some of
+    the rooms, although what once was gilt is now white-wash. The
+    library is much as it was, minus the very valuable collection
+    of books, which were sold some time since by the present earl,
+    and fetched a large sum, albeit many of the most valuable were
+    destroyed in a fire which broke out at the auctioneer's where
+    they were deposited in London.<a name="FNanchor_3_3"
+       id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3"
+       class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+    <p>With his friend Edmund Burke, Lord Charlemont maintained a
+    close correspondence. One of Burke's published letters relates
+    to an American gentleman, Mr. Shippen, whom he was introducing
+    to the hospitalities of Charlemont House, and whom he describes
+    as very agreeable, sensible and accomplished. "America and we,"
+    he concludes, "are not under the same crown, but if we are
+    united by mutual good-will and reciprocal good offices, perhaps
+    it may do almost as well. Mr. Shippen will give you no
+    unfavorable specimen of the New World."</p>
+
+    <p>From the middle of the last century Henrietta
+    street,<a name="FNanchor_4_4"
+       id="FNanchor_4_4"></a> <a href="#Footnote_4_4"
+       class="fnanchor">[4]</a> on the north bank of the Liffey,
+       was the residence of many of the leading members of the
+       aristocracy. The street is a <i>cul-de-sac</i>, with the
+       King's Inn (the Temple and Lincoln's Inn of Dublin) at the
+       farther end. The houses are extremely spacious and richly
+       ornamented; in fact, far finer in point of proportion and
+       design than ordinary London houses of the first class.</p>
+
+    <p>Through the politeness of a gentleman who possesses half the
+    street, I went over some of the houses, which are extremely
+    spacious, and contain beautifully-proportioned rooms richly
+    ornamented with carving and moulding. In what was formerly
+    Mountjoy House I found a dining-room whose cornices and
+    ceilings were of the most elegant design and execution. This
+    house had seen many curious scenes. It was formerly the
+    town-house of the earl of Blessington&mdash;whose second title
+    was Viscount Mountjoy&mdash;to whom the whole street belonged.
+    The founder of this family, Luke Gardiner, rose from a humble
+    origin by energy and intrigue, and his son married the heiress
+    of the Mountjoys. It was occupied up to 1830 by the last earl
+    of Blessington, husband of the celebrated literary star. Soon
+    after their marriage Lady Blessington accompanied her husband
+    to Ireland, and he invited some of his friends who were
+    ignorant of the event to dine at his house in Henrietta street.
+    These latter were somewhat startled when he entered the room
+    with a beautiful woman leaning on his arm whom he introduced as
+    his wife. Among the guests was a gentleman who had been in that
+    room only four years before, when the walls were hung with
+    black, and in the centre, on an elevated platform, was placed a
+    coffin with a gorgeous velvet pall, with the remains in it of a
+    woman once scarcely surpassed in loveliness by the lady then
+    present in bridal costume. This was the first Lady
+    Blessington.</p>
+
+    <p>The last of the Irish noblesse in this street was Lady
+    Harriet, widow of the Right Hon. Denis Bowes-Daly, on whom
+    Grattan passed such warm eulogies, and who was the original of
+    Lever's happiest creation, <i>The Knight of Gwynne</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>It has been a frequent subject of conjecture why the Phoenix
+    Park was so called. The best explanation seems to be that on a
+    site within its boundaries there formerly stood, close to a
+    remarkable spring of water, an ancient manor-house. The manor
+    was called Fionn-uisge, pronounced <i>finnisk&eacute;</i>,
+    which signifies clear or fair water, and this term easily
+    became corrupted into Phoenix. The land became Crown property
+    in 1559, and was made into a park in 1662. It was immensely
+    improved and put into its present shape by the earl of
+    Chesterfield, author of the <i>Letters</i>&mdash;one of the
+    best viceroys Ireland ever had&mdash;about 1743. The area is
+    seventeen hundred and sixty acres. With the exception of
+    Windsor and our own Fairmount, no public park in the world can
+    compare with it. The ground undulates charmingly, the views are
+    extensive and beautiful.</p>
+
+    <p>Grouped around the Phoenix Park are many beautiful seats:
+    the finest is Woodlands. This belonged formerly to the
+    Luttrells, a notorious family, the head of which was raised to
+    the Irish peerage as earl of Carhampton. It was with a Lord
+    Carhampton that his son declined to fight a duel, not at all
+    because he was his father, but because he "did not consider him
+    a gentleman." Early in the century, Woodlands, then known as
+    Luttrellstown, became the property of Luke White, one of the
+    most remarkable men that Ireland has produced. In 1778, Luke
+    White was in the habit of buying cheap odds and ends of
+    literature from a bookseller, named Warren, in Belfast to
+    peddle about the country. In 1798 he loaned the Irish
+    government, then in great difficulty, a million of pounds! Mr.
+    Warren, who found him very punctual and exact, used to permit
+    him to leave his pack behind his counter and call for it in the
+    morning. No one would then have dreamed that the greasy bag was
+    to lead to such results. By degrees, White scraped together
+    some means. He used to take odd volumes to a binder in Belfast
+    and employ him to get the "vol." at the beginning and end of an
+    odd volume erased, so as to pass it off among the unwary as a
+    perfect book, and generally furbish it up. Then he used to sell
+    his literary wares by auction in the streets of Belfast. The
+    knowledge he thus acquired of public sales procured him a
+    clerkship with a Dublin auctioneer. He opened first a
+    book-stall, and then a regular book-shop, in Dawson street, a
+    leading thoroughfare of Dublin. There he became eminent. He
+    sold lottery-tickets, speculated in the funds and contracted
+    for government loans. In 1798, when the rebellion broke out,
+    the Irish government was desperately in need of funds. They
+    came into the Dublin market for a loan of a million, and the
+    best terms they could get were from Luke White, who offered to
+    take it at sixty-five pounds per one hundred pound share at
+    five per cent.&mdash;not unremunerative terms.</p>
+
+    <p>At the time of his death, in 1824, he had long been M.P. for
+    Leitrim, and his son was member for the county of Dublin. He
+    left property worth a hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars
+    a year. Eventually almost the whole of it devolved on his
+    fourth son, who some years ago was created a peer of the United
+    Kingdom as Lord Annaly.</p>
+
+    <p>The family has probably spent more than a million and a half
+    of dollars on elections. It has always been on the Liberal
+    side. The present peer has property in about a dozen counties,
+    and is lord-lieutenant of Langford, whilst his younger son
+    holds the same high office in Clare.</p>
+
+    <p>The University of Dublin consists of a single
+    college&mdash;Trinity. This edifice forms a prominent feature
+    in the Irish metropolis. It stands in College Green, almost
+    opposite to the Bank of Ireland, the former legislative
+    chambers. Since the Union, Trinity College has been but little
+    resorted to by men of the upper ranks of Irish society,
+    although it has certainly contributed some very eminent men to
+    the public service&mdash;notably, the late unfortunate
+    governor-general, Lord Mayo, and Lord Cairns,
+    ex-lord-chancellor of England. Trinity is one of the largest
+    owners of real estate in the country. The fellowships are far
+    better than those of the English universities. The provost, who
+    occupies a large and stately mansion, has a separate estate
+    worth some fifteen thousand dollars a year, which he manages
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>Trinity has a very fine library. It is one of the five which
+    by an act of Parliament has a right to demand from the
+    publisher a copy of every work published. The origin of the
+    library is quite unique. It dates from a benefaction by the
+    victorious English army after its defeat of the Spaniards at
+    Kinsale in 1603, when they devoted one thousand eight hundred
+    pounds&mdash;a sum equivalent to five times that money at
+    present rates&mdash;to establish a library in the university,
+    being, it may be presumed, instigated by some eminent
+    personage, who suggested that such a course would be acceptable
+    to the queen, who had founded the university.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Chaloner and Mr. (afterward Archbishop) Ussher were
+    appointed trustees of this donation; "and," says Dr. Parr, "it
+    is somewhat remarkable that at this time, when the said persons
+    were in London about laying out this money in books, they there
+    met Sir Thomas Bodley, then buying books for his newly-erected
+    library in Oxford; so that there began a correspondence between
+    them upon this occasion, helping each other to procure the
+    choicest and best books on moral subjects that could be gotten;
+    so that the famous Bodleian Library at Oxford and that of
+    Dublin began together."</p>
+
+    <p>The private collection of Ussher himself, consisting of ten
+    thousand volumes, was the first considerable donation which the
+    library received, and for this also, curiously enough, it was
+    again indebted to the English army. In 1640, Ussher left
+    Ireland. The insurgents soon after destroyed all his effects
+    with the exception of his books, which were secured and sent to
+    London. In 1642&mdash;when the troubles between King and
+    Parliament had broken out&mdash;Ussher was nominated one of the
+    Westminster Assembly of Divines, but having offended the
+    parliamentary authorities by refusing to attend, his library
+    was confiscated as that of a delinquent by order of the House
+    of Commons. However, his friend, the celebrated John Selden,
+    got leave to buy the books, as though for himself, but really
+    to restore them to Ussher. Narrow circumstances subsequently
+    caused him to leave the library to his daughter, instead of to
+    Trinity. Cardinal Mazarin and the king of Denmark made offers
+    for it, but Cromwell interfered to prevent their acceptance.
+    Soon after, the officers and, soldiers of Cromwell's army then
+    in Ireland, wishing to emulate those of Elizabeth, purchased
+    the whole library, together with all the archbishop's very
+    valuable manuscripts and a choice collection of coins, for the
+    purpose of presenting them to the college. But when these
+    articles were brought over to Ireland, Cromwell refused to
+    permit the intentions of the donors to be carried into effect,
+    alleging that he intended to found a new college, in which the
+    collection might more conveniently be preserved separate from
+    all other books. The library was therefore deposited in Dublin
+    Castle, and so neglected that a great number of valuable books
+    and manuscripts were stolen or destroyed. At the Restoration,
+    Charles II. ordered that what remained of the primate's library
+    should be given to the university, as originally intended.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the most extraordinary persons who ever occupied the
+    position of provost, or indeed any position, was John Hely
+    Hutchinson. He was a man of great ability, and perfectly
+    determined to succeed, without being troubled with any very
+    tiresome qualms as to the means he employed in the process.
+    Such an officeholder as this man the world probably never saw.
+    He was at the same time reversionary principal secretary of
+    state for Ireland, a privy councilor, M.P. for Cork, provost of
+    Trinity College, Dublin, major of the fourth regiment of horse,
+    and searcher of the port of Strangford. When he was appointed
+    provost&mdash;a situation always filled since the foundation by
+    a bachelor&mdash;there was great indignation amongst the
+    fellows, and to appease them he ultimately procured a decree
+    permitting them to marry&mdash;a privilege which they, unlike
+    their brethren at Oxford and Cambridge, enjoy to this day. His
+    position as provost did not prevent his righting a duel with a
+    Mr. Doyle, but neither was hurt. Mr. Hutchinson had a great
+    dislike to a Mr. Shrewbridge, one of the junior fellows, who
+    had shown opposition to him. Mr. Shrewbridge died, and the
+    under&mdash;graduates attributed his death to the provost's
+    having refused him permission to go away for change of air. A
+    thoroughly Hiber-man <i>&eacute;meute</i> was the consequence.
+    The provost ordered that the great bell, which usually tolls
+    for a fellow, should not toll, and that the body should be
+    privately buried at six A.M. in the fellows' burial-ground. The
+    students immediately posted up placards that the great bell
+    <i>should</i> toll, and that the funeral should be by
+    torchlight. They carried the point. Almost all the students
+    attended the corpse to the grave in scarfs and hatbands at
+    their own expense, and when the funeral oration was pronounced
+    they flew in wild excitement to the provost's house, burst open
+    his doors and smashed the furniture to pieces. The provost had
+    a hint given him, and with his family had retreated to his
+    house near Dublin. It was subsequently stated on good authority
+    that Mr. Shrewbridge could not in any case have recovered.</p>
+
+    <p>Any one who takes an interest in the most original
+    writer&mdash;not to say, man&mdash;of the eighteenth century
+    will not fail to find his way to "the Liberties," as that queer
+    district is called which surrounds St. Patrick's Cathedral.
+    Some years ago the present writer made his way into the great
+    deserted deanery&mdash;the then dean resided in another part of
+    the city&mdash;got the old woman in charge of the house to open
+    the shutters of the dining-room, and gazed at the original
+    portrait of Jonathan Swift, which hangs there an heirloom to
+    his successors. Of the precincts of his cathedral he writes to
+    Pope: "I am lord-mayor of one hundred and twenty
+    houses,<a name="FNanchor_5_5"
+       id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5"
+       class="fnanchor">[5]</a> I am absolute lord of the greatest
+       cathedral in the kingdom, and am at peace with the
+       neighboring princes&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, the lord-mayor of the
+       city and the archbishop of Dublin&mdash;but the latter
+       sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions, as old
+       Lewis did in Lorraine."</p>
+
+    <p>Again, he writes to Dr. Sheridan: "No soul has broken his
+    neck or is hanged or married; only Cancerina is
+    dead.<a name="FNanchor_6_6"
+       id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6"
+       class="fnanchor">[6]</a> I let her go to her grave without a
+       coffin and without fees."</p>
+
+    <p>St. Patrick's, which was, in a deplorable state during
+    Swift's deanship, and indeed for a century after, is now
+    restored to its original magnificence. Indeed, it may be
+    doubted whether it is not in a condition superior to what it
+    ever was. This superb work has been effected entirely by the
+    princely munificence of the Guinness family, the great
+    <i>stout</i> brewers of Dublin; and Mr. Roe, a wealthy
+    distiller, is now engaged in the work of restoring Christ
+    Church, the other Protestant cathedral.</p>
+
+    <p>I paid a visit to the Bank of Ireland, the edifice on which
+    the hopes of so many patriotic Irishmen have been centred,
+    insomuch as it is the old Parliament-house. The elderly
+    official who conducted us over the building took us first
+    through the bank-note manufacturing rooms, where we espied in a
+    corner a queer wooden figure draped in a queerer uniform.
+    Demanding its history, he said that the clothes had belonged to
+    an old servant of the establishment, and were discovered after
+    his decease a few years ago. Formerly the Bank of Ireland was
+    guarded by a special corps of its own, and the ancient
+    retainer, who had been a member of this very commercial
+    regiment, was proud of it, and had kept his dress as a
+    cherished memorial. When George IV. came to Ireland, on his
+    celebrated popularity-hunt, in 1821&mdash;previous to which no
+    English monarch had visited Ireland since William III.&mdash;he
+    graciously condescended to give the bank a military guard,
+    which has since been continued. On the day I went I found a
+    number of soldiers of the Scots Fusileer Guards occupying the
+    guard-room. The officer on duty receives an allowance of two
+    dollars and a half for his dinner. At the Bank of England he
+    gets instead a dinner for himself and a friend, and a couple of
+    bottles of wine.</p>
+
+    <p>The interior of the Parliament-house is almost the same as
+    when Ireland had her own separate legislature. The House of
+    Lords is in precisely the condition in which it was left in
+    1801. It is a large oak-paneled, oblong chamber of no
+    particular beauty, and might very well pass for the dining-hall
+    of a London guild. There is a handsome fireplace, and the walls
+    are in great part covered with two fine pieces of tapestry
+    representing the battle of the Boyne and the siege of Derry,
+    King William, "of glorious, pious and immortal," etc., being of
+    course the most conspicuous object in the foreground. The
+    attendant stated that a special clause in the lease of the
+    buildings, to the Bank of Ireland Company stipulated that the
+    House of Lords was to remain <i>in statu quo</i>. Perhaps it
+    may return some of these days to its former use. The House of
+    Commons, a large stone hall of stately dimensions, is now the
+    cash-office of the bank. There seemed nothing about it
+    architecturally to call for special notice. I mooted the
+    probability of the Parliament being restored, but found, rather
+    to my surprise, that the attendant was by no means disposed to
+    regard such a step with unqualified approval. It would be a
+    blessing if the country was fit to govern itself, he said, or
+    words to that effect, but looking at the religious dissension
+    and political bitterness existing in the country, he feared
+    that it wouldn't do yet a while; and I suspect he's right.
+    Ireland is a house divided against itself: fifty years hence it
+    may resemble Scotland. Meanwhile, there is no doubt whatever
+    that a measure giving both Ireland and Scotland something in
+    the nature of State legislatures would find favor with many
+    English M.P.s, who greatly grudge having the valuable time of
+    the imperial legislature wasted over a gas-bill in Tipperary or
+    a water-works scheme for Dundee. The bank seemed to me to be
+    guarded with extraordinary care. I went all over the roof, on
+    which a guard is mounted at night. At "coigns of vantage" there
+    is a bullet-proof palisading, with peepholes through which a
+    volley of musketry might be poured. I should fancy that extra
+    precautions have probably been taken since the Fenian
+    <i>&eacute;meutes</i> of the last ten years.</p>
+
+    <p>Dublin swarms with soldiers, constabulary and police. The
+    metropolitan police is divided into six divisions, each two
+    hundred strong. Its men are, I believe, beyond a doubt the very
+    finest in the world in point of physique. Numbers of them are
+    six feet two or three inches high, and they are broad and
+    athletic in proportion. Indeed, the magnificence of some of
+    them who are detached for duty at certain "great confluences of
+    human existence" is such that you see strangers standing and
+    gaping at the giants in sheer amazement. The metropolitan
+    police is quite distinct from the constabulary, and under a
+    different chief.</p>
+
+    <p>Outside the bank, in College Green, is the celebrated statue
+    of William III. Its location has been more than once changed,
+    and it is now placed where the officer on guard at the bank can
+    keep an eye upon it. This fearful object, which would make a
+    Pradier or Chantrey shudder, is painted and gilt annually. It
+    has long served as a bone of contention between Protestant and
+    Papist, and has come off very badly several times at the hands
+    of the latter&mdash;a circumstance which probably accounts for
+    one of the horse's legs being about a foot longer than the
+    rest&mdash;half of that limb having been renewed after it had
+    been lost in one of the many free fights in which this
+    remarkable quadruped has seen service. The greatest proprietor
+    of real estate in Dublin is the young earl of Pembroke, son of
+    the late Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, so well known in connection
+    with the Crimean war, who was created, shortly before his
+    death, Lord Herbert of Lea. His estate, which is the most
+    valuable in Ireland, comprises Merrion Square and all the most
+    fashionable part of the Irish metropolis, and extends for
+    several miles along the railway line running from Kingstown,
+    the landing-place from England, to the capital. The property
+    also includes Mount Merrion, a neglected seat about four miles
+    from the city. This mansion, which might easily be made
+    delightful, commands a charming view over the lovely bay, and
+    is surrounded by a small but picturesque park containing deer.
+    It was, with the rest of Lord Pembroke's estate, formerly the
+    property of Viscount Fitzwilliam, who founded the Fitzwilliam
+    Museum in the University of Cambridge.</p>
+
+    <p>Lord Fitzwilliam was a somewhat eccentric person. His
+    nearest relation had displeased him by some very trivial
+    offence, such as coming down late for dinner, so he determined
+    to leave his estate to his distant cousin, Lord Pembroke.
+    Falling ill, Lord Fitzwilliam, desired that Lord Pembroke might
+    be summoned from London. Word came back that it was
+    unfortunately impossible for him to leave England immediately.
+    Presently news arrived from Dublin that Lord Fitzwilliam was
+    dead, and had bequeathed all&mdash;the property is now three
+    hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year&mdash;to Lord
+    Pembroke, with remainder to his second son. By the death of the
+    late Lord Pembroke the English and Irish properties have become
+    united, and are to-day worth not less than six hundred thousand
+    dollars a year! It is this young nobleman who has lately
+    written <i>The Earl and The Doctor</i>.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">REGINALD WYNFORD.</p>
+
+    <div class="footnotes">
+        <h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_1_1"
+               id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">
+            [1]</span></a> The Fitzgeralds, of which family the
+            duke of Leinster is chief, became Protestant in 1611,
+            when George, sixteenth earl of Kildare, coming to the
+            title and estates when eight years old, was given in
+            ward, according to the custom of the time, to the duke
+            of Lenox (then lord privy seal), who bred him a
+            Protestant.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_2_2"
+               id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">
+            [2]</span></a> In June, 1798, the corpse of Lord Edward
+            Fitzgerald was conveyed from the jail of Newgate and
+            entombed in St. Werburgh's church, Dublin, until the
+            times would admit of their being removed to the family
+            vault at Kildare. "A guard," says his brother, "was to
+            have attended at Newgate the night of my poor brother's
+            burial, in order to provide against all interruption
+            from the different guards and patrols in the streets:
+            it never arrived, which caused the funeral to be
+            several times stopped on its way, so that the funeral
+            did not take place until nearly two in the morning, and
+            the people attending were obliged to stay in church
+            until a pass could be procured to permit them to go
+            out."</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_3_3"
+               id="Footnote_3_3"></a>
+               <a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+               Lord Charlemont had a seat called Marino,
+               beautifully situated within a few miles of Dublin.
+               There is within the grounds an exquisite building
+               erected from designs of Sir William Chambers. It is
+               a small villa, in its arrangements suggesting a
+               <i>maison de joie</i>. The furniture is just as it
+               was, and although sadly out of repair, the visitor
+               can easily judge how exquisite the place must once
+               have been. There is a superb mantelpiece, richly
+               mounted in bronze and inlaid with lapis lazuli.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_4_4"
+               id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">
+            [4]</span></a> The occupants of Henrietta street in
+            1784 included&mdash;the primate (Lord Rokeby); the earl
+            of Shannon; Hon. Dr. Maxwell, bishop of Meath; the
+            bishop of Kilmore; the bishop of Clogher; Right Hon.
+            Luke Gardiner, M.P.; Viscount Kingsborough; Right Hon.
+            D. Bowes-Daly, M.P.; Sir E. Crofton, Bart.</p>
+
+            <p>Twenty years later, Dublin was nearly deserted by
+            the aristocracy on account of the Union. Up to that
+            time nearly all the peers, except those really English,
+            seem to have had residences in Dublin. In 1844, Lords
+            Longford, De Vesci and Monck were the only peers who
+            had houses there.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_5_5"
+               id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">
+            [5]</span></a> The precincts, including a portion of
+            the Liberties, were then entirely under the
+            jurisdiction of the dean of St. Patrick's.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="footnote">
+            <p><a name="Footnote_6_6"
+               id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">
+            [6]</span></a> It was a part of the grim and ghastly
+            humor of this extraordinary man,</p>
+
+            <div class="poem">
+                <div class="stanza">
+                    <p>"Who left what little wealth he had</p>
+
+                    <p>To found a home for fools or mad,</p>
+
+                    <p>And prove by one satiric touch</p>
+
+                    <p>No nation wanted it so much,"</p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p>to give nicknames, of which Cancerina was one, to
+            the poor old wretches he met in his walks, to whom he
+            gave charity.</p>
+
+            <p>Amongst Cancerina's sisters in misery were
+            Stompanympha, Pullagowna, Friterilla, Stumphantha.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2><a name="THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION"
+       id="THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION"></a>THE MAESTRO'S
+       CONFESSION.</h2>
+
+    <h3>(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO&mdash;1460.)</h3>
+
+    <h3>I.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Threescore and ten!</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">I wish it were all to live again.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Doesn't the Scripture somewhere say,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">By reason of strength men oft-times
+            may</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Even reach fourscore? Alack! who
+            knows?</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Ten sweet, long years of life! I would
+            paint</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Our Lady and many and many a saint,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">And thereby win my soul's repose.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Yet, Fra Bernardo, you shake your
+            head:</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">Has the leech once said</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">I must die? But he</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Is only a fallible man, you see:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Now, if it had been our father the
+            pope,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I should <i>know</i> there was then no
+            hope.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Were only I sure of a few kind years</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">More to be merry in, then my fears</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I'd slip for a while, and turn and
+            smile</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">At their hated reckonings: whence the
+            need</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Of squaring accounts for word and
+            deed</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Till the lease is up?... How? hear I
+            right?</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">No, no! You could not have said,
+            <i>To-night</i>!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>II.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i12">Ah, well! ah, well!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">"Confess"&mdash;you tell me&mdash;"and be
+            forgiven."</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Is there no easier path to heaven?</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Santa Maria! how can I tell</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">What, now for a score of years and
+            more,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">I've buried away in my heart so deep</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">That, howso tired I've been, I've
+            kept</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Eyes waking when near me another
+            slept,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Lest I might mutter it in my sleep?</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">And now at the last to blab it clear!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">How the women will shrink from my
+            pictures! And worse</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Will the men do&mdash;spit on my name,
+            and curse;</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">But then up in heaven I shall not
+            hear.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i12">I faint! I faint!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Quick, Fra Bernardo! The figure
+            stands</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">There in the niche&mdash;my patron
+            saint:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Put it within my trembling hands</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Till they are steadier. So!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">My brain</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Whirled and grew dizzy with sudden
+            pain,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Trying to p that gulf of years,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Fronting again those long laid fears.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4"><i>Confess</i>? Why, yes, if I must, I
+            must.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Now good Sant' Andrea be my trust!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">But fill me first, from that crystal
+            flask,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Strong wine to strengthen me for my
+            task.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">(That thing is a gem of
+            craftsmanship:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Just mark how its curvings fit the
+            lip.)</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Ah, you, in your dreamy, tranquil
+            life,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">How can <i>you</i> fathom the rage and
+            strife,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The blinding envy, the burning smart,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">That, worm-like, gnaws the Maestro's
+            heart</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">When he sees another snatch the prize</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Out from under his very eyes,</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">For which he would barter his soul? You
+            see</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I taught him his art from first to
+            last:</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Whatever he was he owed to me.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And then to be browbeat, overpassed,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Stealthily jeered behind the hand!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Why that was more than a saint could
+            stand;</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And I was no saint. And if my soul,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">With a pride like Lucifer's, mocked
+            control,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And goaded me on to madness, till</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I lost all measure of good or ill,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Whose gift was it, pray? Oh, many a
+            day</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I've cursed it, yet whose is the blame, I
+            say?</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4"><i>His name</i>? How strange that you
+            question so,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">When I'm sure I have told it o'er and
+            o'er,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And why should you care to hear it
+            more?</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>III.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Well, as I was saying, Domenico</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Was wont of my skill to make such
+            light,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">That, seeing him go on a certain
+            night</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Out with his lute, I followed. Hot</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">From a war of words, I heeded not</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Whither I went, till I heard him
+            twang</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">A madrigal under the lattice where</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Only the night before <i>I</i> sang.</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">&mdash;A double robbery! and I swear</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">'Twas overmuch for the flesh to bear.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4"><i>Don't ask me</i>. I knew not what I
+            did,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">But I hastened home with my rapier
+            hid</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Under my cloak, and the blade was
+            wet.</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Just open that cabinet there and see</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The strange red rustiness on it yet.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">A calm that was dead as dead could be</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Numbed me: I seized my chalks to
+            trace&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">What think you?&mdash;<i>Judas Iscariot's
+            face</i>!</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">I just had finished the scowl, no
+            more,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">When the shuffle of feet drew near my
+            door</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">(We lived together, you know I said):</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Then wide they flung it, and on the
+            floor</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Laid down Domenico&mdash;dead!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Back swam my senses: a sickening pain</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Tingled like lightning through my
+            brain,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And ere the spasm of fear was broke,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The men who had borne him homeward
+            spoke</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Soothingly: "Some assassin's knife</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Had taken the innocent artist's
+            life&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Wherefore, 'twere hard to say: all
+            men</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Were prone to have troubles now and
+            then</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">The world knew naught of. Toward his
+            friend</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Florence stood waiting to extend</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Tenderest dole." Then came my tears,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">And I've been sorry these twenty
+            years.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i4">Now, Fra Bernardo, you have my sin:</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Do you think Saint Peter will let me
+            in?</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="center">MARGARET J. PRESTON.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT"
+       id="MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT"></a>MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S
+       EXPERIMENT.</h2>
+
+    <p class="center">"<i>La transfusion parait avoir eu quelque
+    succes dans ces derniers temps</i>."</p>
+
+    <p>A dejected man, M. le docteur Maurice Fournier locked the
+    door of his physiological laboratory in the Place de
+    l'&Eacute;cole de M&eacute;decine, and walked away toward his
+    rooms in the rue Rossini. At two-and-thirty, rich, brilliant,
+    an ambitious graduate of l'&Eacute;cole de M&eacute;decine, an
+    enthusiastic pupil of Claude Bernard's, a devoted lover of
+    science, and above all of physiology, yesterday he was without
+    a care save to make his name great among the great names of
+    science&mdash;to win for himself a place in the foremost rank
+    of the followers of that mistress whom only he loved and
+    worshiped. To-day a word had swept away all his fondest hopes.
+    Trousseau, the keenest observer in all Paris, formerly his
+    father's friend, now no less his own, had kindly but firmly
+    called his attention to himself, and to the malady that had so
+    imperceptibly and insidiously fastened itself upon him that
+    until the moment he never dreamed of its approach. He had been
+    too full of his work to think of himself. In any other case he
+    would scarcely have dared to dispute the opinion of the highest
+    medical authority in Europe; nevertheless in his own he began
+    to argue the matter: "But, my dear doctor, I am well."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, my friend, you are not. You are thin and pale, and I
+    noticed the other night, when you came late to the meeting of
+    the Institute, that your breathing was quick and labored, and
+    that the reading of your excellent paper was frequently
+    interrupted by a short cough."</p>
+
+    <p>"That was nothing. I was hurried and excited, and I have
+    been keeping myself too closely to my work. A run to Dunkerque,
+    a week of rest and sea-air, will make all right again."</p>
+
+    <p>But the great man shook his head gravely: "Not weeks, but
+    years, of a different life are needed. You must give up the
+    laboratory altogether if you want to live. Remember your
+    mother's fate and your father's early death&mdash;think of the
+    deadly blight that fell so soon upon the rare beauty of your
+    sister. Some day you will realize your danger: realize it now,
+    in time. Close your laboratory, lock up your library, say adieu
+    to Paris, and lead the life of a traveler, an Arab, a Tartar.
+    For the present cease to dream of the future: strength is
+    better than a professorship in the College of France, and
+    health more than the cross of the Legion of Honor."</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier was at first surprised and incredulous: he became
+    convinced, then alarmed. After some thought he was horribly
+    dejected. At such a time an Englishman becomes stolid, a German
+    gives up utterly, an American begins to live fast, since he may
+    not live long; but he, being a Frenchman and a Parisian, had
+    alternations&mdash;first, the idea of suicide, which means
+    sleep; second, reaction, which is hopefulness.</p>
+
+    <p>He chose to react, and did it promptly. A little time, and
+    the rooms in the Place de l'&Eacute;cole de M&eacute;decine,
+    opposite the bookseller's, displayed a card stuck on the
+    entrance-door with red wafers, "<i>&agrave; louer</i>," the
+    hammer of the auctioneer knocked down the comfortable furniture
+    of the apartments in the rue Rossini, while that of the
+    carpenter nailed up the well-beloved books in stout boxes, and
+    the places that had known M. le docteur knew him no more. None
+    but those who have experienced the pleasures of a life devoted
+    to scientific research can understand how hard all this was to
+    him. The fulfillment of long-cherished desires, the completion
+    of elaborate systematic investigations, the realization of pet
+    theories, the establishment of new principles,&mdash;all, all
+    abandoned after so much toil and care. To struggle painfully
+    through a desert toward some beautiful height, which, at first
+    dimly seen, has grown clearer and clearer and always more
+    splendid as he advances, and now at its very foot to be turned
+    back by a gloomy stream in whose depths lurks death itself; to
+    reach out his hand to the golden truth, fruit of much winnowing
+    of human knowledge, and as he grasps the precious grains to be
+    borne back by a grim spectre whose very breath is horrible with
+    the noisome odors of the tomb; to choose an arduous life, and
+    learn to love it because it has high aims, and then to give it
+    up at once and utterly!&mdash;alas, poor Fournier!</p>
+
+    <p>"Nevertheless," he said as he turned his back on Paris,
+    "even idle wanderings are better than dying of
+    consumption."</p>
+
+    <p>Behold the student of science a wanderer&mdash;sailing his
+    yacht among the islands of the Mediterranean; making long
+    journeys through the wild mountain-regions and lovely valleys
+    of untraveled Spain; stemming the historic current of the Nile;
+    among the nomad tribes, in Arab costume riding an Arabian mare,
+    as wild an Arab as the wildest of them; killing tigers in
+    India, tending stock in Australia, chasing buffaloes in Western
+    America,&mdash;everywhere avoiding civilization and courting
+    Nature and the company of men who either by birth or adoption
+    were the children of Nature. By day the winds of heaven kissed
+    his cheeks and the sun bronzed them: at night he often fell
+    asleep wondering at the star-worlds that gemmed the only canopy
+    over his welcome blanket-couch.</p>
+
+    <p>His treatment of consumption was certainly a rational one,
+    and perhaps the only one that is ever wholly successful. But,
+    alas! few can take so costly a prescription.</p>
+
+    <p>How often had his studies led him to dissect the bodies of
+    animals that had died in their dens in the Jardin des Plantes!
+    Often in the first generation of cage-life, almost always in
+    the second, invariably in the third, they grow dull, listless,
+    the fire goes out of their eyes, the litheness out of their
+    limbs: they forget to eat, they cough, and soon they die. Of
+    what? Consumption. Once our fathers were wild and lived in the
+    open air: they scarcely ever died, as we do, of consumption.
+    Crowded cities, bad drainage, overwork, want of healthful
+    exercise, stimulating food, dissipation,&mdash;these are human
+    cage-life. If a man is threatened with consumption, let him go
+    back to the plains and forests before it is too late.</p>
+
+    <p>Certainly the treatment benefited Fournier. By and by it did
+    more&mdash;it cured him. The cough was forgotten, the cheeks
+    filled out, the muscles became hard as bundles of steel wire,
+    his strength was prodigious: he ate his food with a relish
+    unknown in Paris, and slept like a child.</p>
+
+    <p>Nevertheless, his mind, trained to habits of thought and
+    observation, was not idle. When a city was his home he had been
+    a physiologist and had studied <i>man</i>: he made the world
+    his dwelling-place, and wandering among the nations he became
+    an ethnologist and began to study <i>men</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>A distinguished professor, writing of the influence of
+    climate upon man, for the sake of illustration supposes the
+    case of a human being whose life should be prolonged through
+    many ages, and who should pass that life in journeying slowly
+    from the arctic regions southward through the varying climates
+    of the earth to the eternal winter of the antarctic zone.
+    Always preserving his personal identity, this traveler would
+    undergo remarkable changes in form, feature and complexion, in
+    habits and modes of life, and in mental and moral attributes.
+    Though he might have been perfectly white at first, his skin
+    would pass through every degree of darkness until he reached
+    the equator, when it would be black. Proceeding onward, he
+    would gradually become fairer, and on reaching the end of his
+    journey he would again be pale. His intellectual powers would
+    vary also, and with them the shape of his skull. His forehead,
+    low and retreating, would by degrees assume a nobler form as he
+    advanced to more genial climes, the facial angle reaching its
+    maximum in the temperate zone, only to gradually diminish as he
+    journeyed toward the torrid, and to again exhibit under the
+    equator its original base development. As he continued his
+    journey toward the south pole he would undergo a second time
+    this series of progressing and retrograding changes, until at
+    length, as he laid his weary bones to rest in some icy cave in
+    the drear antarctics,</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Multum ille et terris jactatus et alto,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>he would be in every respect, save in age and a ripe
+    experience, the same as at the outset of his wanderings.</p>
+
+    <p>Extravagant as this illustration may appear, the professor
+    goes on to say, philosophically, on the doctrine of the unity
+    of the human race, it is not so; for what else than such an
+    imaginary prolonged individual life is the life of the race?
+    And what greater changes have occurred to our imaginary
+    traveler than have actually befallen the human family?</p>
+
+    <p>The facts are patent. Under the equator is found the negro,
+    in the temperate zones the Indo-European, and toward the pole
+    the Lapp and Esquimaux. They are as different as the climates
+    in which they dwell; nevertheless, history, philology, the
+    common traditions of the race, revelation, point to their
+    brotherhood.</p>
+
+    <p>How is it that climate can bring about such modifications in
+    man? Is it possible that the sun, shining upon his face and his
+    children's faces for ages, can make their skin dark, and their
+    hair crisp and curly, and their foreheads low? Or that sunshine
+    and shadow, spring-time and autumn, summer's showers beating
+    upon him and winter's snows falling about his path, can make
+    him fair and free? Or that the dreary night and cheerless day
+    of many changeless arctic years can make him short and fat and
+    stolid as a seal? Surely not. These avail much; but other
+    influences, indirect and obscure in their workings, but not the
+    less essentially climatic, are required. Food, raiment,
+    shelter, occupation, amusement, influences that tell upon the
+    very citadel and stronghold of life&mdash;and all in their very
+    nature climatic, since they are controlled and modified by
+    climate&mdash;are the means by which such changes are effected.
+    The savage living in the open air, not trammeled with much
+    clothing, anointing his skin with oil, eating uncooked food,
+    delighting in the chase and in battle, and living thus because
+    his surroundings indicate it, becomes swart and athletic,
+    fierce, cunning and cruel&mdash;takes ethnologically the lowest
+    place. Of literature, science, art, he knows nothing: for him
+    will is justice, fear law, some miserable fetich God. Still, in
+    his nature lie dormant all the capabilities of the noblest
+    manhood, awaiting only favorable surroundings to call them into
+    glorious being. It might shock the salt of the earth to reflect
+    that some centuries of life among them and their fair
+    descendants would make him like them.</p>
+
+    <p>The arctic savage clad in furs and eating blubber does not
+    differ essentially from his brother of the tropics. So much of
+    his food is necessarily converted into heat that he cannot
+    afford to lead so active a life; but he also, like him of the
+    tropics, partakes with his surroundings in color. The one,
+    living amid snowclad scenery, where the sparse vegetation is
+    gray and grayish-green, and the birds and animals almost as
+    white as the snow over which they wander, is pale, etiolated.
+    The other, under a vertical sun, surrounded by a lush and lusty
+    growth, whose flowers for variety and intensity of color are
+    beyond description, and in which birds of brightest plumage and
+    black and tawny beasts make their home, has the most marked
+    supply of pigment&mdash;is dark-hued, black, in short a negro.
+    Between these two extremes is the typical man, fair of face,
+    with expanded brow and wavy hair, well fed, well clad, well
+    housed, wresting from Nature her hidden things and making her
+    mightiest forces the workers of his will; heaping together
+    knowledge, cherishing art, reverencing justice, worshiping God.
+    How startling the contrast between brothers!</p>
+
+    <p>Such changes do not take place in a few generations. For
+    their completion hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years must
+    elapse. The descendants of the blacks who were carried from
+    Africa to America as slaves two centuries and a half ago, save
+    where their color has been modified by a mixed parentage, are
+    still black. Already the influence of new climatic surroundings
+    and of association has wrought great changes upon them: they
+    are no longer savages. But their complexion is as dark as that
+    of their kidnapped forefathers. Their original physical
+    condition remains almost unaltered, and with it many mental
+    characteristics: their love of display and of bright colors,
+    their fondness for tune and the power of music to move them,
+    their weird and fantastic belief in ghosts and spirits, in
+    signs, omens and charms, and many other traits, still bear
+    witness to their savage origin. But even these are fading away,
+    and these men are slowly but not the less surely becoming
+    civilized and <i>white</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>The point of departure for every structural change in a
+    living organism lies in the apparatus by which nutrition is
+    maintained; and this in the higher classes is the blood. Most
+    complex and wonderful of fluids, it contains in unexplained and
+    inscrutable combination salts of iron, lime, soda and potassa,
+    with water, oil, albumen, paraglobulin and fibrinogen, which
+    united form fibrine&mdash;in fact, at times, some part of
+    everything we eat and all that goes to form our bodies, which
+    it everywhere permeates, vitalizes and sustains. Borne in
+    countless numbers in its ever-ebbing and returning streams are
+    little disks, flattened, bi-concave, not larger in man than
+    one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, called red
+    corpuscles, whose part it is to carry from the lungs to the
+    tissues pure oxygen, without which the fire called life cannot
+    be sustained, and back from the tissues to the lungs carbonic
+    acid, one of the products of that fire; and larger, yet
+    marvelously small, bodies called leucocytes or white
+    corpuscles, whose precise origin and use to this day, in spite
+    of all the labor that has been spent upon their study, remain
+    unknown. But that which makes the blood wonderful above all
+    other fluids is its vitality. Our common expression, "life's
+    blood," is no idle phrase. The blood is indeed the very throne
+    of life. If its springs are pure and bountiful, if its currents
+    flow strong and free, muscle, bone and brain grow in symmetry
+    and power, and there is cunning to devise and the strong right
+    arm to execute. But if it be thin and poor, and its circulation
+    feeble and uncertain, the will flags, the mind is weak and
+    vacillating, the muscles grow puny, and the man becomes an
+    unresisting prey to disease and circumstance. If it escape
+    through a wound, strength ebbs with it, until at length life
+    itself flows out with the unchecked crimson stream. Thus, then,
+    by acting upon the blood, climate has wrought and is working
+    such changes upon man. But why are constantly-acting causes so
+    slow in producing their effects? How is it that countless
+    generations must pass away before purely climatic causes,
+    potent as they are, begin to manifest themselves in physical
+    changes in the races of men exposed to them?</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier, physiologist, as I have said, by the education of
+    the schools, but by the broader education of his travels
+    sociologist and ethnologist, devoted himself again to science,
+    and framed this hypothesis: <i>Climatic influences, acting upon
+    man, bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly, because
+    they are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation. This
+    habit pertains either to the blood or the tissues, possibly to
+    both, probably to the blood alone</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>To establish an hypothesis experiment is necessary.
+    Physiology is a science of experiment. Hence the frequent
+    uncertainty of its results, since no two observers conduct an
+    experiment in exactly the same manner&mdash;certainly no two
+    ever institute it under precisely the same conditions.
+    Nevertheless, let us not decry science. Out of much searching
+    after truth comes the finding of truth&mdash;after long groping
+    in darkness one comes upon a ray of light.</p>
+
+    <p>An experiment was necessary. To the ingenious mind of
+    Fournier an elaborate one occurred. If he could perform it, not
+    only would his hypothesis be established and confirmed beyond
+    all cavil, but a, field of scientific research also be opened
+    such as was yet undreamed of. However, for this experiment
+    subjects were needed. Brutes, beasts of the field? Not so: that
+    were easy to achieve. Human beings, two living, healthy men,
+    one white, one black, were the requirements. Impossible! The
+    experiment could never be performed: its requirements were
+    unattainable. O tempora! O mores! Alas, for the degeneracy of
+    the age! In the days of the Roman emperors men were fed,
+    literally fed, to wild beasts in the arena&mdash;Gauls,
+    Scythians, Nubians, even Roman freedmen when barbarians were
+    scarce. This to amuse the populace alone. Frightful waste of
+    life! In India, a thousand lives thrown away in a day under the
+    wheels of Juggernaut; in Europe, tens of thousands to gratify
+    the imperious wills of grasping monarchs; in America, hundreds
+    to sate the greed of railroad corporations. And now not two men
+    to be had for an experiment of untold value to science, that
+    would scarcely endanger life in one of them, and in the other
+    would necessitate only the merest scratch! To what are we
+    coming? No one complains that tattooed heads are going out of
+    fashion&mdash;that the king of the Cannibal Isles no longer
+    flatters a ship's master by inquiring which head of all his
+    subjects is ornamented most to his fancy, and the next day
+    sending him that head as a souvenir of his visit to the
+    anthropophagic shores. It is well that the custom is dead. But
+    is there not danger of drifting too far even toward the shore
+    of compassion? May it not be that there is something wrong with
+    the bowels of mercy when criminals are executed barbarously,
+    while science needs their lives, or at least an insight into
+    the method of their dying; when precise examination of the
+    manner of nerve and blood supply to the organs of a
+    superannuated horse is heavily finable; when charitable but
+    perchance too enthusiastic societies for the prevention of
+    cruelty to animals push their earnestness even to interference
+    with scientific researches, because, forsooth! they jeopardize
+    the lives of rabbits, guinea-pigs and dogs? The legend <i>Cave
+    canem</i> bears a deeper meaning now than it did in the inlaid
+    pavements of Pompeian vestibules. We dare not trample it under
+    foot.</p>
+
+    <p>Five years passed, and with restored health back came the
+    old desires in redoubled force. Fournier longed to return to
+    civilization and to work. The life that had been so delightful
+    while it did him good became utterly unbearable when he had
+    reaped its full benefit. I am tempted to quote a line about
+    Europe and Cathay, but refrain: it will recur to the reader. He
+    burned to renew the labors he had abandoned, to take up again
+    the work he had laid down to do battle with disease, now that
+    disease was vanquished. Thus the year 1863 found him in the
+    city of Charleston, homeward bound in his journey around the
+    world.</p>
+
+    <p>While still in the wilds west of the Mississippi he could
+    have shaped his course northward and readily proceeded directly
+    by steamer from New York to Europe. But a determined purpose
+    led him to choose a different course, though he was well aware
+    that it would involve indefinite delay in reaching Paris, and
+    great personal risk. The life he had been leading made him
+    think lightly of danger, and years would be well spent if he
+    could accomplish the plans that induced him to go into the
+    disorganized country of the South.</p>
+
+    <p>He straightway connected himself with the army as surgeon,
+    and solicited a place at the front. He wanted active service.
+    In this he was disappointed. Charleston, blockaded and
+    beseiged, was in a state of military inaction. Save the
+    occasional exchange of shot and shell at long range between the
+    works on shore and those which the Unionists had erected and
+    held upon the neighboring islands and marshes, nothing was
+    done, and for nearly a year Fournier experienced the
+    irksomeness of routine duty in a wretchedly arranged and
+    appointed military hospital. Nevertheless, the time was not
+    wholly wasted. From a planter fleeing from the anarchy of civil
+    war he procured a native African slave, one of the shipload
+    brought over a few years before in the Wanderer, the last
+    slave-ship that put into an American harbor. This man he made
+    his body-servant and kept always near him, partly to study him,
+    but chiefly to secure his complete mental and moral thraldom.
+    An almost unqualified savage, Fournier avoided systematiclly
+    everything that would tend to civilize him. He taught him many
+    things that were convenient in his higher mode of life, and
+    taught him well, but of the great principles of civilization he
+    strove to keep him in ignorance; and more, he so confused and
+    distorted the few gleams of light that had reached that
+    darkened soul that they made its gloom only the more hideous
+    and profound. He wanted a man altogether savage, mentally,
+    morally and physically. Instead of teaching him English or
+    French, he learned from him many words of his own rude native
+    tongue, and communicated with him as much as possible in that
+    alone, aided by gesture, in which, like all Frenchmen, he
+    possessed marvelous facility of expression. In the unexplored
+    back-country of Africa the negro had been a prince, and
+    Fournier bade him look forward to the time when he would return
+    and rule. He always addressed him by his African name and title
+    in his own tongue. He took him into the wards of his hospital,
+    and taught him to be useful at surgical operations and to care
+    for the instruments, that he might become familiar with them
+    and with the sight of blood, which at first maddened him. Once
+    he gave him a drug that made his head throb, and then bled him,
+    with almost instant relief. He affected an interest in the
+    amulets which hung at his neck, and besought him to give him
+    one to wear. He committed to his care, with expressions of the
+    greatest solicitude, a strong box, brass bound and carefully
+    locked, which he told him contained his god, a most potent and
+    cruel deity, who would, however, when it pleased him, give back
+    the life of a dead man for <i>blood</i>. This box contained a
+    silver cup, with a thermometer fixed in its side; a glass
+    syringe holding about a third of a pint; a large curved needle
+    perforated in its length like a tube, sharp at one end, at the
+    other expanded to fit accurately the nozzle of the syringe; a
+    little strainer also fitting the syringe; and last, a small
+    bundle of wires with a handle like an egg-beater.</p>
+
+    <p>For the rest, this savage was crooked, ill-shapen and
+    hideous. His skin was as black as night; his head small, the
+    face immensely disproportionate to the cranium; his jaws
+    massive and armed with glittering white teeth filed to points;
+    his cheeks full, his nose flat, his eyes little, deep-set,
+    restless, wicked. The usage he received from his new master was
+    so different from his former experience with white men, and so
+    in accord with his own undisciplined nature, that it called
+    forth all the sympathies of his character. He soon loved the
+    Frenchman with an intensity of affection almost
+    incomprehensible. It is no exaggeration to say that he would
+    have willingly laid down his life to gratify his master's
+    slightest wish. The latter's knowledge was to him so
+    comprehensive, his power so boundless and his will so imperious
+    and inflexible, that he feared and worshiped him as a god.</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier looked upon his monster with satisfaction, and
+    longed for a battle. His wish was at last gratified. On the
+    Fourth of July, 1864, an engagement took place three miles
+    north-west of Legar&eacute;ville, near the North Edisto River.
+    A force of Union soldiery had been assembled from the Sea
+    Islands and from Florida, massed on Seabrook Island, and pushed
+    thence up into South Carolina. The object of this expedition
+    was unknown; indeed, as nothing whatever was accomplished, the
+    strategy of it remains to this day unexplained. However,
+    forewarned is forearmed. Every movement was watched and
+    reported by the rebel scouts; all the troops that could be
+    spared from Charleston were sent out to oppose the invaders;
+    roads were obstructed; bridges were destroyed, batteries
+    erected in strong positions, everything prepared to impede
+    their progress. Our story needs not that we should dwell upon
+    the sufferings of the Union soldiers on that futile expedition,
+    from the narrow, dusty roads, the frequent scarcity of water,
+    the intense heat. With infinite fatigue and peril they advanced
+    only five or six miles in a day's march. Many died of
+    sunstroke, and many fell by the way utterly exhausted. There
+    was occasional skirmishing; but one actual battle. To that the
+    troops gave the name of "the battle of Bloody Bridge." Picture
+    a slightly undulating country covered with thick low forest; a
+    narrow road that by an open plank bridge crosses a wide,
+    sluggish stream with marshy banks, and curves beyond abruptly
+    to the right to avoid a low, steep hill facing the bridge;
+    crowning this hill an earth-work, rude to be sure, but steep,
+    sodded, almost impregnable to men without artillery to play
+    upon it; within, two cannon, for which there is plenty of
+    ammunition, and six hundred Confederate soldiers, fresh, eager,
+    determined; on the road in front of the battery, but just out
+    of range of its guns, the Union forces halting under arms, the
+    leaders anxious and discouraged, the men exhausted, careworn,
+    wondering what is to be done next, heartily sick of it all, yet
+    willing to do their best; in the thicket on both sides the
+    road, not sheltered, only covered, within pistol-shot of the
+    enemy, six hundred United States soldiers, a Massachusetts
+    colored regiment, one of the first recruited, without cannon,
+    over-marched, overheated, a forlorn hope, <i>sent forward to
+    take the battery</i>! These men, stealthily assembling there
+    among the trees and bushes, are ready. Not one of them carries
+    a pound of superfluous weight. Their rifles with fixed
+    bayonets, a handful of cartridges, a canteen of water, are
+    enough. They wear flannel shirts and blue trowsers; numbers are
+    bareheaded, some have cut off the sleeves of their shirts: they
+    know there is work before them. Many kneel in prayer; comrades
+    exchange messages to loved ones at home, and give each other
+    little keepsakes&mdash;the rings they wore or brier pipes
+    carved over with the names of coast battles;
+    others&mdash;perhaps they have no loved ones&mdash;look to the
+    locks of their pieces and await impatiently the signal to
+    advance. The officers&mdash;white men, most of them Boston
+    society fellows, old Harvard boys who once thought a six-mile
+    pull or a long innings at cricket on a hot day hard work, and
+    knew no more of military tactics than the Lancers&mdash;move
+    about among them, speaking to this one and to that one, calling
+    each by name, jesting quietly with one, encouraging another,
+    praising a third, endeavoring to inspire in all a hope which
+    they dare not feel themselves.</p>
+
+    <p>But hark! The signal to move. Quickly they form in the road,
+    and with a shout advance at a run, their dusky faces glistening
+    in that summer sun and their manly hearts beating bravely in
+    the very jaws of death. Now the bridge trembles beneath their
+    steady tread: the foremost are at the hill, yet no sign of life
+    in the battery. Only the smooth green bank, the wretched flag
+    in the distance, and those guns charged with death looking
+    grimly down upon them and waiting. On they come, nearer and
+    nearer, and now some are on the hill and begin to climb the
+    steep that forms the defence, slowly and with difficulty, using
+    at times their rifles as aids like alpenstocks. Not a word is
+    spoken. It is hard to understand how so many men can move with
+    so little noise. The silence is that which precedes all
+    dreadful noises. It is ominous, terrible. Scarcely twenty feet
+    more, and the foremost will reach the rampart. Haste! haste!
+    The day is won!</p>
+
+    <p>Suddenly a figure in gray leaps upon the breastwork: he
+    waves his sword, utters a short quick word of command, and
+    disappears. It is enough. The sleeping battery awakes. The
+    silence becomes hideous uproar. The smooth green line of the
+    sod against the sky is lined with marksmen, and in an instant
+    fringed with fire. Then the cannon bellow and the breezeless
+    air is dense with smoke. The attacking column hesitates,
+    trembles, makes a useless effort to advance, and then falls
+    back beyond the bridge. The officers endeavor to rally their
+    men and renew the attack at once, but in vain: flesh and blood
+    cannot stand in such a storm. Nevertheless, the brave
+    fellows&mdash;God bless their memory!&mdash;halt at length, and
+    form and charge once more. And so again and again and again;
+    every time in vain and with new losses, until at last they
+    cannot rally, but retreat, broken and bleeding, to the main
+    body of the expedition, carrying with them such of the wounded
+    and dead as they can snatch from under the fire of the rebel
+    riflemen. Such was the battle of Bloody Bridge, and well was it
+    named. Five times that gallant regiment charged the battery,
+    and when the smoke of battle cleared away the sun shone down
+    upon a piteous sight&mdash;blood dyeing the green of that
+    sodded escarp&mdash;blood in great clots upon the rocks and
+    stumps of the rugged hill below&mdash;blood poured plenteously
+    upon the dusty road, making it horrible with purple
+    mire&mdash;blood staining the bridge and gathering in little
+    pools upon the planks, and dripping slowly down through the
+    cracks between them into the sluggish stream, where it floated
+    with the water in great red clouds, toward which creatures
+    dwelling in slimy depths below came up lazily, but when they
+    tasted it became furious and fought among themselves like
+    demons&mdash;blood drying in hideous networks and arabesques
+    upon the railing of the bridge&mdash;blood upon the fences,
+    blood upon the trembling leaves of the bushes by the
+    wayside&mdash;blood everywhere! And everywhere the upturned
+    faces and torn bodies of men who had dared to do their duty and
+    to die: side by side the white, who led and the black who
+    followed&mdash;all set and motionless, but all wearing the same
+    expression of brave but hopeless determination. That was a
+    brave charge at Balaklava, but, trust me, there have been
+    Balaklavas that are yet unsung.</p>
+
+    <p>So the expedition went back, and its brigades were
+    redistributed to the Sea Islands and to Florida; but why it was
+    ever sent out, and why that regiment was sent forward to take
+    the battery without artillery and without reinforcements, God,
+    who knoweth all things, only knows. And God alone knows why
+    there must be wars and rumors of wars, and why men made in his
+    image must tear each other like maddened beasts.</p>
+
+    <p>In this battle, heavy as the losses were, the Confederates
+    took but one prisoner. At the third charge a tall,
+    broad-shouldered captain, who seemed, like another son of
+    Thetis, almost invulnerable, darted impetuously ahead of his
+    men and reached the summit of the defence. Useless bravery! In
+    an instant a volley point blank swept away the charging men
+    behind him, and a gunner's sabrethrust bore him to the ground
+    within the works, where he lay stunned and bleeding beside the
+    gun he had striven so hard to take. The man who had captured
+    him, wild with excitement and maddened with the powder that
+    blackened him and the hot blood which jetted upon him, sprang
+    down, spat upon him, spurned him with his foot, and would have
+    dashed out his brains with the heavy hilt of his clubbed sword
+    had not a strong hand grasped his uplifted wrist.</p>
+
+    <p>It was Fournier, who had watched the battle with an interest
+    as intense as that of the most ardent Southerner in the
+    battery, though widely different in character. His interest was
+    that of the naturalist who stands by eager and curious to see a
+    rustic entrap some <i>rara avis</i> that he desires to study,
+    to use for his experiment. Better for the bird: it can suffer
+    and die. Afterward what matter whether it stand neatly stuffed
+    and mounted, a voiceless worshiper, in some glass mausoleum, or
+    slowly moulder in a fence corner until its feathers are wafted
+    far and wide, and only a little tuft of greener grass remains
+    to its memory? As our naturalist's game was nobler and destined
+    for more important study, so it was capable of lifelong
+    suffering more subtle and intense. Perhaps Fournier had not
+    fully considered, in his eagerness to prove his hypothesis, the
+    dangers to the subjects of his experiment. Perhaps his mind was
+    so intent upon the physical aspect of the questions that he had
+    overlooked some of the intellectual and moral elements involved
+    in the problem, and did not realize the enormities that would
+    result should he succeed. On the other hand, perhaps he saw
+    them, realized them fully, and was the more deeply fascinated
+    with the research because of its leading into such gloomy and
+    mysterious regions of speculation. Let us do him justice.
+    Science was his god, and this idolater was willing to endure
+    any labor and privation and to assume any responsibility in her
+    service. Would that more who worship a greater God were as
+    devoted!</p>
+
+    <p>He was a physiologist, and was simply engaged in an
+    experimental investigation, yet in its progress he had already
+    uncivilized a man whose eyes were beginning dimly to see the
+    truth, had poisoned his mind with lies, and had hurled him into
+    depths of Plutonian ignorance inconceivably more profound than
+    his original estate; and now he was about to debase another
+    fellow-creature of his own race, to tamper with his manhood, to
+    confuse his identity, to render him among his own kindred and
+    people perhaps tabooed, ostracised, despised&mdash;perhaps an
+    object of pity. If he should succeed? Surely he had not come
+    thus near success to suffer his splendid Yankee captain to be
+    brained there before his eyes. Like a hawk he had watched every
+    incident of the fight, and was on the alert to act the part of
+    surgeon toward any who might be either wounded in the battery
+    or taken prisoner. He had even resolved, in case of the capture
+    of the place, to represent his peculiar position to the United
+    States officer in command, and to beg of him permission to make
+    his experiment upon a wounded rebel.</p>
+
+    <p>The gunner turned fiercely upon him, but dropped his arm and
+    sheathed his sabre at his question, and then walked back to his
+    gun abashed, for he was, after all, a brave and chivalrous
+    man.</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier simply asked: "Do Confederate soldiers
+    <i>murder</i> prisoners of war?" And added, "He is a wounded
+    man&mdash;leave him to me."</p>
+
+    <p>Then he knelt down beside him and examined his wound, and
+    though he strove to be calm he trembled with excitement as he
+    tore open the blue blouse and felt the warm blood welling over
+    his fingers. It was a simple wound through the fleshy part of
+    the shoulder: a strand of saddler's silk and a few strips of
+    sticking-plaster would have sufficed to dress it, but the
+    Frenchman smiled when he wiped away the clots and saw the blood
+    spurting from two or three small divided arteries.</p>
+
+    <p>Then he called his African, and they carried the wounded man
+    back to a tent, and laid him on a bed of moss and cypress
+    boughs, and left him there to bleed, while he went out into the
+    air, and walked about, and tossed his hat and shouted with
+    excitement like a madman. But the battle raged, and the gunners
+    charged their guns and fired, and charged and fired again, and
+    the men along the breastwork grew furious with the slaughter
+    and the fiery draughts they took from their canteens through
+    lips blackened with powder and defiled with grease and shreds
+    of cartridge-paper; and no one noticed the doctor's mad conduct
+    nor the savage standing guard before the tent; nor did any
+    other save those two in the whole battery&mdash;no, not even
+    the gunner who had captured him&mdash;give a thought to the
+    prisoner who lay bleeding there, until the battle was over.</p>
+
+    <p>And this prisoner, what of him? Any one, looking upon him as
+    he lay upon the cypress boughs, would have known him to be
+    thoroughbred. Everything about him proclaimed it. His face,
+    manly but gentle, his figure, great in stature and strength,
+    yet graceful in outline like a Grecian god, the very dress and
+    accoutrements he wore, which were neat, strong, expensive, but
+    without ornament, showed him to be a gentleman. And Robert
+    Shirley was a gentleman. Probably no man in all the States
+    could have been found who would have presented a greater
+    contrast to the man standing guard outside the tent than this
+    man who lay within it; and for that reason none who would have
+    been so welcome to Fournier. As the one was a pure savage, the
+    other was the realization of the most illustrious
+    enlightenment; the one fierce, cunning, undisciplined, the
+    other gentle, frank, considerate; as the one was hideous,
+    ill-formed and black as night, so the other was radiant with
+    manly beauty and fair as the morning. Each among his own people
+    sprang from noble stock; the one a prince, the other the
+    descendant of the purest Puritan race, which knew among its own
+    divines and judges brave captains, and farther back a governor
+    of the colony. But the guard and his people were at the foot of
+    the scale, the guarded at the top. The blood flowing out upon
+    the cypress bed was the best blood of America. It was blue
+    blood and brave blood. Generation after generation it had
+    flowed in the veins of fair women and noble men, and had never
+    known dishonor. Yet Fournier let it flow. More, he was
+    delighted that it continued to flow.</p>
+
+    <p>Presently, however, he sobered down, and began to prepare
+    for his work. He placed a large caldron of water over a fire;
+    he brought basins, towels and his case of surgical instruments,
+    and placed them in the, tent, and with them the case which he
+    had taught the African to believe contained his god. While thus
+    busied he did not neglect the subject of his experiment. His
+    watchful eye noted everything&mdash;the mass, of clots growing
+    like a great crimson fungus under the wounded shoulder, the
+    deadly pallor, the dark circles forming around the sunken eyes,
+    the blanched lips, the transparent nostrils, the slow, deep
+    respiration. From time to time he felt the wounded man's pulse
+    and counted it carefully. <i>Ninety</i>&mdash;he went out again
+    into the open air; <i>one hundred</i>&mdash;"The loss of blood
+    tells," he muttered, and began to rearrange his appliances and
+    busy himself uneasily with them; <i>one hundred and thirty
+    beats to the minute</i> &mdash;"He is failing too fast: I must
+    stop this bleeding" said the experimenter. Then he cleansed the
+    wound, and tied the arteries, and bound it up. But the loss of
+    blood had been so great that the heart fluttered wildly and
+    feebly in its efforts to contract upon its diminished contents,
+    and Fournier, anxious, and pale himself almost as his victim,
+    trembled when his finger felt in vain for the bleeding artery
+    and caught only a faint tremulous thrill, so feeble that he
+    scarcely knew whether the heart was beating at all or not. In
+    terror he threw the ends of the little tent and fanned him, and
+    moistened his lips, and gave him brandy, and hastened to begin
+    the experiment for which he had waited so long and for which
+    both subjects were at last ready.</p>
+
+    <p>He told his savage that the Yankee was dying, but that he
+    had communed with his god, who would let him live if blood was
+    given in return. Then he reminded him of the time when he lost
+    blood, and that it had done him no harm. The African, trained
+    for this duty with so much care, did not fail him, but bared
+    his arm and gave the blood. The god was brought forth and
+    caught it, and the sacrifice began. As the silver, bowl floated
+    in a basin of water so warm that the thermometer in its side
+    marked ninety-eight degrees of Fahrenheit, Fournier stirred the
+    blood flowing into it quickly with the bundle of wires, to
+    collect the fibrine and prevent the formation of clots; he then
+    drew it into the syringe through the strainer, and forced it
+    through the perforated needle, which he had previously thrust
+    into a large vein in Shirley's arm, carefully avoiding the
+    introduction of the slightest bubble of air. Time after time he
+    filled his syringe and emptied it into the veins of the wounded
+    man, until at length he saw signs of reaction. The color came,
+    the breathing became more natural, the pulse became slower,
+    fuller, regular. By and by he moved, sighed, opened his eyes
+    and spoke.</p>
+
+    <p>He asked a question: "What has happened?"</p>
+
+    <p>While he had been lying there much had happened. Life and
+    death had battled over him, and life had triumphed. When he
+    recovered from the effects of his fall and found himself
+    bleeding, he tried to rise and stanch the flow, but, already
+    exhausted, he fell back almost fainting from the effort. He
+    called repeatedly for help, but his only reply was the hideous
+    face of his guard, silently leering at him for a moment, then
+    disappearing without a word, At last it occurred to him that he
+    had been left there to die, and he roused all his energies to
+    his aid. How we strive for our lives! But Shirley accomplished
+    nothing, he could not even raise his hand to the bleeding
+    shoulder, with every effort the blood flowed more copiously.
+    His mind was rapidly becoming benumbed like his body, which
+    shivered as though it were mid winter. Darkness came over his
+    eyes, and as he listened to the din of the battle he fell into
+    a dreamy state that soon passed into seeming unconsciousness
+    again. Nevertheless, while the doctor came and went and did his
+    work, and the savage scowled at him, yet gave his life's blood
+    to save him, though he lay like a dead man and saw them not,
+    nor heard them, nor even felt the needle in his flesh, his mind
+    was not idle. Strange doubts and fears, wild longings and
+    regrets, sweet thoughts of long-forgotten happiness, and fair
+    visions of the future, busied his brain. Memory unrolled her
+    scroll and breathed upon the letters of his story that lapse of
+    time and press of circumstance had made dim, till they grew
+    clear, and with himself he lived his life again, and nothing
+    was lost out of it or forgotten. There was his mother's face
+    again, with the old, old loving smile upon her lips and the
+    tender mother-love in the depths of her beautiful blue
+    eyes&mdash;lips that had so oven kissed away his childish
+    tears, and had taught him to say at evening, "Our Father" and
+    "Now I lay me down to sleep," eyes that had never looked upon
+    him without something of the heavenly light of which they were
+    now so full. There before him, bright and clear as ever, were
+    the scenes of his boyhood&mdash;the school-forms defaced with
+    many a rude cutting of names and dates, the master knitting his
+    shaggy brows and tapping meaningly with his ruler upon the
+    awful desk while some white haired urchin floundered through an
+    ill-learned task and his classmates tittered at his blunders.
+    Dear old classmates! How their faces shone and gladdened as
+    they chased the bounding football! How merrily they flushed and
+    glowed when the clear frosty air of the Northern winter
+    quivered with the ring of their skates upon the hard ice! How
+    soberly side by side they solved problems and looked up
+    <i>sesquipedalia verba</i> in big lexicons! And how happily the
+    late evening hours wore away as they read <i>Ivanhoe</i> and
+    the <i>Leather Stocking Tales</i> by the fireside with
+    shellbarks and pippins!</p>
+
+    <p>Then the college days flew by with all their romance and
+    delight. Again there were bells ringing to morning prayers,
+    recitations and lectures, examinations and prizes, speeches and
+    medals, and the glorious friendships, pure, earnest, almost
+    holy. Would there were more such friendships in the outer,
+    wider world! Commencement with its "pomp and circumstance," its
+    tedious ceremony and scholarly display, its friends from
+    home&mdash;mothers, sisters, sweethearts, all bright eyes and
+    fond hearts, its music and flowers, its caps, gowns,
+    dress-coats and "spreads," and, last and worst of all, its
+    sorrowful "good-byes," some of them, alas! for ever! Once more
+    he trembled as he rose to make his commencement speech, but
+    slowly, as he went on, his voice grew steady and his manner
+    calmer, for, lad as he was, and tyro at "orations," he was in
+    earnest. "May my light hand forget its cunning, O my brother!
+    may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, O ye oppressed!
+    if ever there comes to me an opportunity to help you win your
+    way to freedom and I fail you!" He, the aristocrat of his
+    class, had chosen to speak "Against Caste," and though he spoke
+    with the enthusiasm of an untried man, it was with devoted
+    honesty of purpose, of which his earnestness was witness, and
+    of which his future was to give ample proof. Again in vision he
+    stood before that assembly and spoke for the lowly and
+    oppressed. "Let every man have place and honor as he proves
+    himself worthy. Make the way clear for all."</p>
+
+    <p>Through the bewilderment of applause that greeted him as he
+    finished he saw only the glad, smiling face of Alice Wentworth
+    nodding approval of the rest, hundreds though they were, he saw
+    nothing. Her congratulation was enough.</p>
+
+    <p>Then came tenderer scenes, and Alice Wentworth was to be his
+    wife. Another change, and he is in the midst of ruder scenes.
+    There is war, civil war, and he is a soldier, once more he
+    seems to be in Virginia, and there are marches and
+    counter-marches, camps and barracks, battles and retreats, and
+    all the great and little miseries of long campaigns. The silver
+    leaflets of a major are exchanged for the golden eagles of a
+    colonel, and all the time, amid sterner duties, he finds time
+    to write to Alice Wentworth, and never a mail comes into camp
+    but he is sure of letters dated 'Home' and full of words that
+    make him hopeful and brave, "'Home!' Yes hers and mine too, if
+    home's where the heart is!'" he thinks, and he loves her more
+    dearly every day.</p>
+
+    <p>Negro troops are raised, and, true to his principles and to
+    himself, he resigns his commission to take a lower rank in a
+    colored regiment. Now the scenes grow dim, confused sounds far
+    off disturb him, low music, familiar yet strange, now distant,
+    now at his very ear, attracts him, a weird, shadowy mist
+    encloses him, concealing even the things which were visible to
+    the mind's eye, and memory and thought have almost ceased. Yet
+    while all else fades away, clear and beautiful before him are
+    two faces that cannot be forgotten&mdash;his mother's face, and
+    that other, which he loves, if that can be, even more. Thus,
+    with the 'Our Father' not on his lips, but fixed in his mind,
+    he feels himself drifting away&mdash;drifting away like a boat
+    that has broken its moorings and drifts out with the ebbing
+    tide&mdash;whither?</p>
+
+    <p>But the rich, warm, lusty blood of the African quickly does
+    its work. The heart, which had almost ceased to beat, because
+    there was not blood enough for it to contract upon, reacted to
+    the stimulus, and as it revived and sent the new life pulsating
+    through all the body the whole man revived, and again:</p>
+
+    <p>The fever called <i>living</i> burned in his brain.</p>
+
+    <p>Fournier, under one pretext or another, but really by the
+    force of his relentless will, kept his victim by him for years
+    after their escape from the South. He noted from time to time
+    certain curious changes that took place in his physical nature,
+    and recorded his observations with scientific precision in a
+    book kept for the purpose, for the renewal of life had entailed
+    results of an extraordinary character, as the reader may have
+    already anticipated. At length he wrote 'My hypothesis is
+    verified, it has become a theory. My theory is proved, it is a
+    physiological law. <i>Climatic influences, acting upon man,
+    bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly, because they
+    are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation which
+    pertains to the blood.</i>'</p>
+
+    <p>That day Shirley was free. His rescuer had finished his
+    experiment.</p>
+
+    <p>Alice Wentworth had never believed that her lover was dead.
+    She had heard all with a troubled heart, but while his distant
+    kinsmen, who were heirs-at-law, put on the deepest mourning and
+    grew impatient of the law's delay, she simply said, "I will
+    wait until there is some proof before I give him up! Proof!
+    proof! Shall I be quicker than the law to give up every hope?"
+    And in her heart she said, "He is not dead." Even when years
+    had passed and the war was over, and her agent had searched
+    everywhere and found no trace of him, she did not cease to hope
+    that he would yet appear. So, when at length a letter came, it
+    was welcome and expected. Not surprise but joy made her start
+    and tremble as the old familiar superscription met her
+    eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>Such a letter!&mdash;filled with the spirit of his love,
+    breathing in every word the tender, passionate devotion of an
+    earlier day, and yet so sad. Tears dropped down through her
+    smiles of joy and blurred the lines she read at first, but
+    smiles and tears alike ceased as she read on. He had written
+    many, many times, but he knew she had not got his letters. He
+    had been a prisoner&mdash;not only prisoner of war, but
+    afterward prisoner to a man whose will was iron. It could
+    hardly be explained. This man had not only saved his life, but
+    he had also rescued him from the horrors of a Southern
+    prison&mdash;would God he had let him die!&mdash;and they had
+    been living together in a ranch in a far off Mexican
+    valley.</p>
+
+    <p>Then the letter went on:</p>
+
+    <p>"In my heart I am unchanged; my love for you is ever the
+    same; yet I am no longer the Robert Shirley whom you knew. That
+    has come upon me which will separate me from you for ever: I
+    cannot ask you now to be my wife. You are free. It is through
+    no fault of mine. It is my burden, the price of life, and I
+    must bear it. God bless you and give you all happiness!</p>
+
+    <p>"ROBERT SHIRLEY:"</p>
+
+    <p>When she had read it all she bowed her head and wept again,
+    and the face that had grown more and more beautiful with the
+    years of waiting was radiant. Who can fathom the depths of a
+    woman's love? Who can follow the subtle workings of a woman's
+    thought? Who can comprehend a woman's boundless faith? Her
+    course was clear. If misfortune had befallen him, if he were
+    maimed, disfigured, crazed, even if he were loathsome to her
+    eyes, she loved him, and she must see him: she would see him
+    and speak to him, and love him still, even if she could not be
+    his wife. What would she have done if she could have guessed
+    the truth? As it was, she wrote upon her card, "If you love me,
+    come to me," and sent it to him. And in answer to the summons
+    he stood before her&mdash;not disfigured, not maimed, not
+    crazed, not loathsome in any way, yet irrevocably separated
+    from her for Dr. Fournier's experiment had succeeded, and
+    Robert Shirley was a mulatto!</p>
+
+    <p class="author">CORNELIUS DEWEES.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA"
+       id="A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA"></a> A VISIT TO THE KING
+       OF AURORA.</h2>
+
+    <h3>(FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)</h3>
+
+    <p>On the Oregon and California Railroad, twenty-eight miles
+    south of the city of Portland in Oregon, lies the German colony
+    of Aurora, a communist settlement under the direction of Doctor
+    William Keil. In September, 1871, I made a second journey from
+    San Francisco to Oregon, on which occasion I found both time
+    and opportunity to carry out a long-cherished desire to visit
+    this colony, already famous throughout all Oregon, and to make
+    the acquaintance of the still more famous doctor, the so-called
+    "king of Aurora." During the years in which I had formerly
+    resided in Oregon, and especially on this last journey thither,
+    I had frequently heard this settlement and its autocrat spoken
+    of, and had been told the strangest stories as to the
+    government of its self-made potentate. All reports agreed in
+    stating that "Dutchtown," the generic appellation of German
+    colonies among Americans, was an example to all settlements,
+    and was distinguished above any other place in Oregon for order
+    and prosperity. The hotel of "Dutchtown," which stands on the
+    old Overland stage-route, and is now a station on the Oregon
+    and California Railroad, has attained an enviable reputation,
+    and is regarded by all travelers as the best in the State; and
+    as to the colony itself, I heard nothing but praise. On the
+    other hand, with regard to Doctor Keil the strangest reports
+    were in circulation. He had been described to me in Portland as
+    a most inaccessible person, showing himself extremely reserved
+    toward strangers, and declining to give them the slightest
+    satisfaction as to the interior management of the prosperous
+    community over which he reigned a sovereign prince. The
+    initiated maintained that this important personage had formerly
+    been a tailor in Germany. He was at once the spiritual and
+    secular head of the community: he solemnized marriages (much
+    against his will, for, according to the rules of the society,
+    he was obliged to provide a house for every newly-married
+    couple); he was physician and preacher, judge, law-giver,
+    secretary of state, administrator, and unlimited and
+    irresponsible minister of finance to the colony; and held all
+    the very valuable landed property of the settlement, with the
+    consent of the colonists, in his own name; and while he
+    certainly provided for his voluntarily obedient subjects an
+    excellent maintenance for life, he reserved to himself the
+    entire profits of the labor of all and the value of the joint
+    property, notwithstanding that the colony was established on
+    the broadest principles as a communist association.</p>
+
+    <p>I had a great desire to see this original man&mdash;a
+    kindred spirit of the renowned Mormon leader, Brigham
+    Young&mdash;with my own eyes, and, so to speak, to visit the
+    lion in his den. From Portland, where I was staying, the colony
+    was easily accessible by rail, and before leaving I made the
+    acquaintance of a. German life-insurance agent of a Chicago
+    company&mdash;K&ouml;rner by name&mdash;who, like myself,
+    wished to visit Aurora, and in whom I found a very agreeable
+    traveling companion. He had procured in Portland letters of
+    introduction to Doctor Keil, and had conceived the bold plan of
+    doing a stroke of business in life insurance with him; indeed,
+    his main object in going to Aurora was to induce the doctor to
+    insure the lives of the entire colony&mdash;that is to say, of
+    all his voluntary subjects&mdash;in the Chicago company, pay,
+    as irresponsible treasurer of the association, the legal
+    premiums, and upon the occurrence of a death pocket the amount
+    of the policy.</p>
+
+    <p>My fellow-traveler had great hopes of making the doctor see
+    this project in the light of an advantageous speculation, and
+    accordingly provided himself amply with the necessary tables of
+    mortality and other statistics. It had been carefully impressed
+    upon us in Portland always to address the <i>ci-devant</i>
+    tailor, now "king of Aurora," as "Doctor," of which title he
+    was extremely vain, and to treat him with all the reverence
+    which as sovereign republicans we could muster; otherwise he
+    would probably turn his back on us without ceremony.</p>
+
+    <p>On a pleasant September morning the steam ferry-boat
+    conveyed us from Portland across the Willamette River to the
+    d&eacute;p&ocirc;t of the Oregon and California Railroad, and
+    soon afterward we were rushing southward in the train along the
+    right shore of that stream&mdash;here as broad as the
+    Rhine&mdash;the rival of the mighty Columbia. After a pleasant
+    and interesting journey through giant forests and over fertile
+    prairies, some large, some small, embellished here and there
+    with farms, villages and orchards, we reached Oregon City,
+    which lies in a romantic region close to the Willamette: then
+    leaving the river, we thundered on some miles farther through
+    the majestic primitive forest, and soon entered upon a broad,
+    wood-skirted prairie, over which here and there pretty
+    farm-houses and groves are scattered; and presently beheld,
+    peeping out from swelling hills and standing in the middle of a
+    prosperous settlement embowered in verdure, the slender white
+    church-tower of Aurora, and were at the end of our journey.</p>
+
+    <p>Our first course after we left the cars was to the tavern,
+    standing close to the railroad on a little hill, whither the
+    passengers hurried for lunch. This so-called "hotel," the best
+    known and most famous, as has already been said, in all Oregon,
+    I might compare to an old-fashioned inn. The long table with
+    its spotless table-cloth was lavishly spread with genuine
+    German dishes, excellently cooked, and we were waited on by
+    comely and neatly-dressed German girls; and though the dinner
+    would not perhaps compare with the same meal at the club-house
+    of the "San Francisco" I must confess that it was incomparably
+    the best I ever tasted in Oregon, in which region neither the
+    cooks nor the bills of fare are usually of the highest
+    order.</p>
+
+    <p>Dinner being over, we made inquiry for Doctor Keil, to whom
+    we were now ready to pay our respects. Our host pointed out to
+    us the doctor's dwelling-house, which looked, in the distance,
+    like the premises of a well-to-do Low-Dutch farmer; and after
+    passing over a long stretch of plank-road, we turned in the
+    direction of the royal residence. On the way we met several
+    laborers just coming from the field, who looked as if life went
+    well with them&mdash;girls in short frocks with rake in hand,
+    and boys comfortably smoking their clay pipes&mdash;and
+    received from all an honest German greeting. Everything here
+    had a German aspect&mdash;the houses pleasantly shaded by
+    foliage, the barns, stables and well-cultivated fields, the
+    flower and kitchen-gardens, the white church-steeple rising
+    from a green hill: nothing but the fences which enclose the
+    fields reminded us that we were in America.</p>
+
+    <p>The doctor's residence was surrounded by a high white
+    picket-fence: stately, widespreading live-oaks shaded it, and
+    the spacious courtyard had a neat and carefully-kept aspect.
+    Crowing cocks, and hens each with her brood, were scratching
+    and picking about, the geese cackled, and several well-trained
+    dogs gave us a noisy welcome. Upon our asking for the doctor, a
+    friendly German matron directed us to the orchard, whither we
+    immediately turned our steps. A really magnificent sight met
+    our eyes&mdash;thousands of trees, whose branches, covered with
+    the finest fruit, were so loaded that it had been necessary to
+    place props under many of them, lest they should break beneath
+    the weight of their luscious burden.</p>
+
+    <p>Here we soon discovered the renowned doctor, in a toilette
+    the very opposite of regal, zealously engaged in gathering his
+    apples. He was standing on a high ladder, in his shirt sleeves,
+    a cotton apron, a straw hat, picking the rosy-cheeked fruit in
+    a hand-basket. Several laborers were busy under the trees
+    assorting the gathered apples, and carefully packing in boxes
+    the choicest of them&mdash;really splendid specimens of this
+    fruit, which attains its utmost perfection in Oregon. As soon
+    as the doctor perceived us he came down from the ladder, and
+    asked somewhat sharply what our business there might be. My
+    companion handed him the letters of introduction he had brought
+    with him, which the doctor read attentively through: he then
+    introduced my humble self as a literary man and assistant
+    editor of a well-known magazine, who had come to Oregon for the
+    special purpose of visiting Dr. Keil, and of inspecting his
+    colony, of which such favorable reports had reached us. Without
+    waiting for the doctor's reply, I asked him whether he were not
+    a relative of K&mdash;&mdash;, the principal editor of the
+    magazine to which I was attached. I could scarcely, as it
+    appeared, have hit upon a more opportune question, for the
+    doctor was evidently flattered, and became at once extremely
+    affable toward us. The relationship to which I had alluded he
+    was obliged unwillingly to disclaim. I learned from him that
+    his name was William Keil, and that he was born at Bleicherode
+    in Prussian Saxony. He now left the apple-gathering to his men,
+    and offered to show us whatever was interesting about the
+    colony: as to the life-insurance project, he said he would take
+    some more convenient opportunity to speak with Mr. K&ouml;rner
+    about it.</p>
+
+    <p>The doctor, who after this showed himself somewhat
+    loquacious, was a man of agreeable appearance, perhaps of about
+    sixty years of age, with white hair, a broad high forehead and
+    an intelligent countenance. Sound as a nut, powerfully built,
+    of vigorous constitution and with an air of authority, he gave
+    the idea of a man born to rule. He seemed to wish to make a
+    good impression on us, and I remarked several times in him a
+    searching side-glance, as though he were trying to read our
+    thoughts. He sustained the entire conversation himself, and it
+    was somewhat difficult to follow his meaning: he spoke in an
+    unctuous, oratorical tone, with extreme suavity, in very
+    general terms, and evaded all direct questions. When I had
+    listened to him for ten minutes I was not one whit wiser than
+    before. His language was not remarkably choice, and he used
+    liberally a mixture of words half English, half German, as
+    uneducated German-Americans are apt to do.</p>
+
+    <p>While we wandered through the orchard, the beauty and
+    practical utility of which astonished me, the doctor, gave us a
+    lecture on colonization, agriculture, gardening, horticulture,
+    etc., which he flavored here and there with pious reflections.
+    He pointed out with pride that all this was his own work, and
+    described how he had transformed the wilderness into a garden.
+    In the year 1856 he came with forty followers to Oregon, as a
+    delegate from the parent association of Bethel in Missouri, in
+    order to found in the far West, then so little known, a branch
+    colony. At present the doctor is president both of Aurora and
+    of the original settlement at Bethel: the latter consists of
+    about four hundred members, the former of four hundred and
+    ten.</p>
+
+    <p>When he first came into this region he found the whole
+    district now owned by his flourishing colony covered with marsh
+    and forest. Instead, however, of establishing himself on the
+    prairies lying farther south, in the midst of foreign settlers,
+    he preferred a home shared only with his German brethren in the
+    primitive woods; and here, having at that time very small
+    means, he obtained from the government, gratis, land enough to
+    provide homes for his colonists, and found in the timber a
+    source of capital, which he at once made productive. He next
+    proceeded to build a block-house as a defence against the
+    Indians, who at that time were hostile in Oregon: then he
+    erected a saw-mill and cleared off the timber, part of which he
+    used to build houses for his colonists, and with part opened an
+    advantageous trade with his American neighbors, who, living on
+    the prairie, were soon entirely dependent on him for all their
+    timber. The land, once cleared, was soon cultivated and
+    planted, with orchards: the finer varieties of fruit he shipped
+    for sale to Portland and San Francisco, and from the sour
+    apples he either made vinegar or sold them to the older
+    settlers, who very soon made themselves sick on them. He then
+    attended them in the character of physician, and cured them of
+    their ailments at a good round charge. This joke the good
+    doctor related with especial satisfaction.</p>
+
+    <p>By degrees, the doctor continued to say, the number of
+    colonists increased; and his means and strength being thus
+    enlarged, he established a tannery, a factory, looms,
+    flouring-mills, built more houses for his colonists, cleared
+    more land and drained the marshes, increased his orchards, laid
+    out new farms, gave some attention to adornment, erected a
+    church and school-houses, and purchased from the American
+    settlers in the neighborhood their best lands for a song. He
+    did everything systematically. He always assigned his colonists
+    the sort of labor that they appeared to him best fitted for,
+    and each one found the place best suited to his capabilities.
+    If any one objected to doing his will and obeying his orders,
+    he was driven out of the colony, for he would endure no
+    opposition. He made the best leather, the best hams and
+    gathered the best crops in all Oregon. The possessions of the
+    colony, which he added to as he was able, extended already over
+    twenty sections (a section contains six hundred and forty
+    acres, or an English square mile), and the most perfect order
+    and industry existed everywhere.</p>
+
+    <p>Thus the doctor; and amid this and the like conversation we
+    walked over an orchard covering forty acres. The eight thousand
+    trees it contained yielded annually five thousand bushels of
+    choice apples and eight thousand of the finest pears, and the
+    crop increased yearly. The doctor pointed out repeatedly the
+    excellence of his culture in contrast with the American mode,
+    which leaves the weeds to grow undisturbed among the trees, and
+    disregards entirely all regularity and beauty. He, on the
+    contrary, insisted no less on embellishment than on neatness
+    and order; and this was no vain boast. Carefully-kept walks led
+    through the grounds; verdant turf, flowerbeds and charming
+    shady arbors met us at every turn; there were long beds planted
+    with flourishing currant, raspberry and blackberry bushes, and
+    large tracts set with rows of bearing vines, on which luscious
+    grapes hung invitingly. Order also reigned among the fruit
+    trees: here were several acres of nothing but apples, again a
+    plantation of pears or apricots, beneath which not a weed was
+    to be seen: the hoe and the rake had done their work
+    thoroughly. Everything was in the most perfect order: the
+    courtgardener of a German prince might have been proud of
+    it.</p>
+
+    <p>We seated ourselves in a shady arbor, where the doctor
+    entertained us further with an account of his religious belief.
+    He had, he said, no fixed creed and no established religion:
+    there were in the colony Protestants, Catholics, Methodists,
+    Baptists, indeed Christians of every name, and even Jews. Every
+    one was at liberty to hold what faith he pleased: he preached
+    only natural religion, and whoever shaped his life according to
+    that would be happy. After this he enlarged on the prosperity
+    of the colony, which was founded on the principles of natural
+    religion, and prosed about humility, love to our neighbor,
+    kindness and carrying religion into everything; and then back
+    he came to Nature and himself, until my head was perfectly
+    bewildered. I had given up long before this, in despair, any
+    questions as to the interior organization of the colony, for
+    the doctor either gave me evasive answers or none at all. His
+    colonists, he asserted, loved him as a father, and he cared for
+    them accordingly: both these assertions were undoubtedly true.
+    The deep respect with which those whom we occasionally met
+    lifted their hats to "the doctor"&mdash;a form of greeting by
+    no means universal in America&mdash;bore witness to their
+    unbounded esteem for him. Toward us also they demeaned
+    themselves with great respect, as to noble strangers whom the
+    doctor deigned to honor with his society. As to his care for
+    them, no one who witnessed it could deny the exceedingly
+    flourishing condition of the settlement. Whether, however, in
+    all this the doctor had not a keen eye to his own interest was
+    an afterthought which involuntarily presented itself.</p>
+
+    <p>As we left the orchard, the doctor pointed out to us several
+    wheat-fields in the neighborhood, cultivated with true German
+    love for neatness, which formed, with the pleasant dwellings
+    adjoining, separate farms. The average yield per acre, he
+    observed, was from twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat, and
+    from forty to fifty of oats. He then took us into a neighboring
+    grove, to a place where the pic-nics and holiday feasts of the
+    colony are held: here we paused near a grassy knoll shaded by a
+    sort of awning and surrounded by a moat. This, which bears the
+    name of "The Temple Hill," forms the centre of a number of
+    straight roads, which branch out from it into the woods in the
+    shape of a fan. Not far from it I noticed a dancing ground
+    covered by a circular open roof, and a pavilion for the
+    music.</p>
+
+    <p>"At our public feasts," said the doctor, "I have all these
+    branching roads lighted with colored lanterns, and illuminate
+    the temple, which, with its brilliant lamps, makes quite an
+    imposing spectacle. When we celebrate our May-day festival it
+    looks, after dark, like a scene out of the <i>Arabian
+    Nights</i>; and when, added to this, we have beautiful music
+    and fine singing, and the young folks are enjoying the dance,
+    it is really very pleasant. But none are permitted to set foot
+    on the Temple Hill, nor can they do it very easily if they
+    would. Do you know the reason, gentlemen?" K&ouml;rner opined
+    that it might be on account of the ditch, which would be
+    difficult to pass, in which view I agreed. "Exactly so,"
+    remarked the doctor. "This Temple Hill has an especial
+    significance: it represents the sovereign ruler of the people,
+    on whose head no one may tread: on that account the ditch is
+    there."</p>
+
+    <p>After a walk of several hours we returned to the doctor's
+    house, where he invited us to take a glass of homemade wine. As
+    we had been informed that the sale and use of wine and spirits
+    were strictly forbidden in the colony, this invitation was
+    certainly an unprecedented exception. The wine, of which two
+    kinds were placed before us&mdash;one made of wild grapes, and
+    the other of currants&mdash;was very good, and was partaken of
+    in the doctor's office. Here Mr. K&ouml;rner again brought
+    forward his life-insurance project: the doctor gave him hopes
+    that he would go into it, but he wished to give the matter due
+    consideration, and to subject the advantages and disadvantages
+    of the speculation to a strict investigation, before giving a
+    definite answer; and with this ended our visit to the "king of
+    Aurora."</p>
+
+    <p>Before leaving the colony we obtained considerable
+    information from the members as to their interior organization
+    and government, the results of which, as well as what I further
+    learned respecting Doctor Keil, I will state briefly.</p>
+
+    <p>Should any one wish to become a member of the colony, he
+    must, in the first place, put all his ready money into the
+    hands of Doctor Keil: he will then be taken on trial. If the
+    candidate satisfies the doctor, he can remain and become one of
+    the community: should this, however, not be the case, he
+    receives again the capital he paid in, but without interest.
+    How long he must remain "on probation" in the colony, and work
+    there, depends entirely on the doctor's pleasure. If a member
+    leaves the community voluntarily&mdash;a thing almost unheard
+    of&mdash;he receives back his capital without interest,
+    together with a <i>pro rata</i> share of the earnings of the
+    community during his membership, as appraised by the
+    doctor.</p>
+
+    <p>All the ordinary necessaries of life are supplied
+    gratuitously to the members of the community. The doctor holds
+    the common purse, out of which all purchases are paid for, and
+    into which go the profits from the agricultural and industrial
+    products of the colony. If any member needs a coat or other
+    article of clothing, flour, sugar or tobacco, he can get
+    whatever he wants, without paying for it, at the "store:" in
+    the same way he procures meat from the butcher and bread from
+    the baker: spirits are forbidden except in case of sickness.
+    The doctor also appoints the occupation of each member, so as
+    to contribute to the best welfare of the colony&mdash;whether
+    he shall be a farmer, a mechanic, a common laborer, or whatever
+    he can be most usefully employed in; and the time and talents
+    of each are regarded as belonging to the whole community,
+    subject only to the doctor's judgment. If a member marries, a
+    separate dwelling-house and a certain amount of land are
+    assigned him, so that the families of the settlement are
+    scattered about on farms. The elders of the colony support the
+    doctor in the duties of his office by counsel and
+    assistance.</p>
+
+    <p>The lands of the colony are collectively recorded in Doctor
+    Keil's name, in order, as he says, to avoid intricate and
+    complicated law-papers. It would, however, be for the interest
+    of the colonists to make, a speedy change in this respect, so
+    that the members of the community, in case of the doctor's
+    death, might obtain each his share of the lands without
+    litigation. Should the doctor's decease occur soon, before this
+    alteration is made, his natural heirs could claim the whole
+    property of the colony, and the members would be left in the
+    lurch. He does not appear, however, to be in great haste to
+    effect this change, though it ought to have been done long ago.
+    It is always said among the colonists, naturally enough, that
+    all the ground is the common property of the community. Whether
+    the doctor fully subscribes to this opinion in his secret heart
+    might be a question.</p>
+
+    <p>Doctor Keil is at the same time the religious head and the
+    unlimited secular ruler of the colony of Aurora, and can
+    ordain, with the consent of the elders (who very naturally
+    uphold his authority), what he pleases. A life free from care
+    and responsibility, such as the members of the community (who,
+    for the most part, belong to the lower and uncultivated class)
+    lead&mdash;a life in regard to which no one but the doctor has
+    the trouble of thinking&mdash;is the main ground of the
+    undisturbed continuance of the colony. The pre-eminent talent
+    for organization, combined with the unlimited powers of
+    command, which the doctor&mdash;justly named "king of
+    Aurora"&mdash;possesses, together with the inborn industry
+    peculiar to Germans, is the cause of the prosperity of the
+    settlement, which calls itself communistic, but is certainly
+    nothing more than a vast farm belonging to its talented
+    founder. It has its schools, its churches, newspapers and
+    books&mdash;the selection and tendency of which the doctor sees
+    to&mdash;and no lack of social pleasures, music and singing.
+    Taken together with an easily-procured livelihood, all this
+    satisfies the desires of the colonists entirely, and the good
+    doctor takes care of everything else.</p>
+
+    <p class="Author">ELIZABETH SILL.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="GRAY_EYES"
+       id="GRAY_EYES"></a>GRAY EYES.</h2>
+
+    <p>I have always counted it among the larger blessings of
+    Providence that a woman can bear up year after year under a
+    weight of dullness which would drive a man of the same mental
+    calibre to desperation in a month.</p>
+
+    <p>I had no idea what a heavy burden mine had been until one
+    day my brother asked me to go to sea with him on his next
+    voyage. He and his wife were at the farm on their wedding-tour,
+    and only the happiness of a bridegroom could have led him to
+    hold out to me this way of escape. Christian's heart when he
+    dropped his pack was not lighter than mine. Butter and cheese
+    are good things in their way&mdash;the world would miss them if
+    all the farmers' daughters went suddenly down to the sea in
+    ships&mdash;but it is possible to have too much of a good
+    thing, and such had been my feeling for some years.</p>
+
+    <p>So suddenly and completely did my threadbare endurance give
+    way that if Frank had revoked his words the next minute, I must
+    have gone away at once to some crowded place and drawn a few
+    deep breaths of excitement before I could have joined again the
+    broken ends of my patience.</p>
+
+    <p>No bride-elect poor in this world's goods ever went about
+    the preparations for her wedding with more delicious awe than I
+    felt in turning one old gown upside down, and another inside
+    out, for seafaring use. There was excitement enough in the
+    departure, the inevitable sea-changes, and finally the memory
+    of it all, to keep my mind busy for a few weeks, but when we
+    settled into the grooves of a tropical voyage, wafted along as
+    easily by the trade winds as if some gigantic hand, unseen and
+    steady, had us in its grasp, my life was wholly changed, and
+    yet it bore an odd family resemblance to the days at the farm.
+    It was a pleasant dullness, because, in the nature of things,
+    it must soon have an end.</p>
+
+    <p>I went on deck to look at a passing ship about as often as I
+    used to run to the window at the sound of carriagewheels. One
+    can't take a very intimate interest in whales and the other
+    seamonsters unless one is scientific. Time died with me a slow
+    but by no means a painful death. I used to fold my hands and
+    look at them by the hour, internally rollicking over the idea
+    that there was no milk to skim or dishes to wash, or any
+    earthly wheel in motion that required my shoulder to turn it. I
+    spent much time in a half-awake state in the long warm days,
+    out of sheer delight in wasting time after saving it all my
+    life.</p>
+
+    <p>So it came about that I slept lightly o' nights. Every
+    morning the steward came into the cabin with the first dawn of
+    day to scour his floors before the captain should appear. He
+    had a habit of talking to himself over this early labor, and
+    one morning, more awake than usual, I found that he was
+    praying. "O Lord, be good to me! I wasn't to blame. I would
+    have helped her if I could. O Lord, be good to me!" and other
+    homely entreaties were repeated again and again.</p>
+
+    <p>He was a meek, bowed old negro, with snowy hair, and so many
+    wrinkles that all expression was shrunk out of his face. He was
+    an excellent cook, but he waited on table with a manner so
+    utterly despairing that it took away one's appetite to look at
+    him.</p>
+
+    <p>For many mornings after this I listened to his prayers,
+    which grew more and more earnest and importunate. I could not
+    think he had done any harm with his own will. He must have been
+    more sinned against than sinning.</p>
+
+    <p>He brought me a shawl one cool evening as if it were my
+    death-warrant, and I said, in the sepulchral tone that wins
+    confidence, "Pedro, do you always say your prayers when you are
+    alone?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, miss, 'board <i>this</i> ship."</p>
+
+    <p>"What's the matter with, this ship?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I s'pose you don't have no faith in ghosts?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not much."</p>
+
+    <p>"White folks mostly don't," said Pedro with aggravating
+    meekness, and turned into his pantry.</p>
+
+    <p>I followed him to the door, and stood in it so that he had
+    no escape: "What has that to do with your prayers?"</p>
+
+    <p>"This cabin has got a ghost in it."</p>
+
+    <p>I looked over my shoulder into the dusk, and shivered a
+    little, which was not lost on Pedro. He grew more solemn if
+    possible than before: "I see her 'most every morning, and if my
+    back is to the door, I see her all the same. She don't never
+    touch me, but I keep at the prayers for fear she will."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you never see her except in the morning?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Once or twice she has just put her head out of the door of
+    the middle state-room when I was waitin' on table."</p>
+
+    <p>"In broad daylight?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Sartin. Them as sees ghosts sees 'em any time. Every
+    morning, just at peep o' day, she comes out of that door and
+    makes a dive for the stairs. She just gives me one look, and
+    holds up her hand, and I don't see no more of her till next
+    time."</p>
+
+    <p>"How does she look?" I almost hoped he would not tell, but
+    he did.</p>
+
+    <p>"She's got hair as black as a coal, kind o' pushed back, as
+    if she'd been runnin' her hands through it; she has big shiny
+    eyes, swelled up as she'd been cryin' a great while; and she's
+    always got on a gray dress, silvery-like, with a tear in one
+    sleeve. There ain't nothin' more, only a handkerchief tied
+    round her wrist, as if it had been hurt."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is she handsome?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Mebbe white folks'd think so."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why does she show herself to you and no one else, do you
+    suppose?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Didn't I tell you the reason before?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Of course you didn't."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, you see, she looked just so the last time I seen her
+    alive. I must go and put in the biscuit now, miss."</p>
+
+    <p>I submitted, knowing that white folks may be hurried, but
+    black ones never; and I could not but admire the natural talent
+    which Pedro shared with the authors of continued stories, of
+    always dropping the thread at the most thrilling moment.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who was she?" said I, lying in wait for him on his
+    return.</p>
+
+    <p>"She was cap'n's wife, miss&mdash;a young woman, and the
+    cap'n was old, with a blazing kind of temper. He was dreffle
+    sweet on her for about a month, and mebbe she was happy, mebbe
+    she wa'n't: how should I know about white folks' feelin's? All
+    of a suddent he said she was sick and couldn't go out of the
+    middle state-room. The old man took in plenty of stuff to eat,
+    but he never let me go near her. We was on just such a v'y'ge
+    as this, only hotter. The cap'n would come out of that room
+    lookin' black as thunder, and everybody scudded out of his
+    sight when he put his head out of the gangway.</p>
+
+    <p>"He was always bad enough, but he got wuss and wuss, and
+    nothin' couldn't please him. Sometimes I'd hear the poor thing
+    a-moaning to herself like a baby that's beat out with loud
+    cryin' and hain't got no noise left. She was always cryin' in
+    them days. Once the supercargo (he was a cool hand, any way)
+    give me a bit of paper very private to give to her, and I
+    slipped it under the door, but the old man had nailed somethin'
+    down inside, an' he found it afore she did. Then there was a
+    regular knockdown fight, and the supercargo was put in irons.
+    The old man was in the middle room a long time that day,
+    talkin' in a hissin' kind of a way, and the missus got a blow.
+    Just after that a sort of a white squall struck the ship, and
+    the old man give just the wrong orders. You see, he was clean
+    out of his head. He got so worked up at last that he fell down
+    in a fit, and they bundled him into his state-room and left
+    him, 'cause nobody cared whether he was dead or alive. The mate
+    took the irons off the supercargo first thing, and broke open
+    the middle room. The supercargo went in there and stayed a long
+    time, whispering to the missus, and she cried more'n ever, only
+    it sounded different.</p>
+
+    <p>"Toward night the old man come to, and begun to ask
+    questions&mdash;as ugly as ever, only as weak as a baby. 'Bout
+    midnight I was comin' out of his room, and I seen the missus in
+    a gray dress, with her eyes shinin' like coals of fire, dive
+    out of her room and up the stairs, and nobody never seen her
+    afterward. The next morning the supercargo was gone too, and I
+    think they just drownded themselves, 'cause they couldn't bear
+    to live any more without each other. Mebbe the mate knew
+    somethin' about it, but he never let on, and I dunno no more
+    about it; only the old man had another fit when he heard it,
+    and died without no mourners."</p>
+
+    <p>"It might be she was saved, after all," I said, with true
+    Yankee skepticism.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then why should I see her ghost, if she ain't
+    dead-drownded?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you never find anything in the state-room that would
+    explain?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I did find some bits of paper, but I couldn't read
+    writin'."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, what did you do with them?" I insisted, quivering with
+    excitement.</p>
+
+    <p>"You won't tell the cap'n?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, never."</p>
+
+    <p>"You'll give 'em back to me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes&mdash;of course."</p>
+
+    <p>"Here they be," he said, opening his shirt, and showing a
+    little bag hung round his neck like an amulet. He took out a
+    little wad of brown paper, and gave it jealously into my
+    hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"I will give it back to you to-night," I said with the
+    solemnity of an oath, and carried it to my room.</p>
+
+    <p>It proved to be a short and fragmentary account of the
+    sufferings which the "missus" had endured in the middle room,
+    written in pencil on coarse wrapping-paper, and bearing marks
+    of trembling hands and frequent tears. I thought I might copy
+    the papers without breaking faith with Pedro. The outside paper
+    bore these words:</p>
+
+    <p>"Whoever finds this is besought for pity's sake, by its most
+    unhappy writer, to send it as soon as possible to Mrs. Jane
+    Atwood of Davidsville, Connecticut, United States of
+    America."</p>
+
+    <p>Then followed a letter to her mother:</p>
+
+    <p>DEAREST MOTHER: If I never see your blessed face again, I
+    know you will not believe me guilty of what my husband accuses
+    me of. I married Captain Eliot for your sake, believing, since
+    Herbert had proved faithless, that no comfort was left to me
+    except in pleasing others. I meant to be a good wife to Captain
+    Eliot, and I believe I should have kept my vow all my days if
+    the most unfortunate thing had not wakened his jealousy. Since
+    then he has been almost or quite crazed.</p>
+
+    <p>I knew we had a supercargo of whom Captain Eliot spoke
+    highly. He kept his room for a month from sea-sickness, and
+    when he came out it was Herbert. Of course I knew him, every
+    line of his face had been so long written on my heart. I strove
+    to treat him as if I had never seen him before, but the old
+    familiar looks and tones were very hard to bear. If Herbert
+    could only have submitted patiently to our fate! But it was not
+    in him to be patient under anything, and one evening, when I
+    was sitting alone on deck, he must needs pour out his soul in
+    one great burst, trying to prove that he had never deserted me,
+    but only circumstances had been cruel. I longed to believe him,
+    but I could only keep repeating that it was too late.</p>
+
+    <p>When I went down, Captain Eliot dragged me into the middle
+    state-room, and gave vent to his jealous feelings. He must have
+    listened to all that Herbert had said. His last words were that
+    I should never leave that room alive. I had a wretched night,
+    and the first time I fell into an uneasy sleep I started
+    suddenly up to find my husband flashing the light of a lantern
+    across my eyes. "Handsome and wicked," he muttered&mdash;"they
+    always go together."</p>
+
+    <p>I begged him to listen to the story of my engagement to
+    Herbert, and he did listen, but it did not soften his heart. If
+    he ever loved me, his jealousy has swallowed it up.</p>
+
+    <p>I have been in this room just a week. My husband does not
+    starve or beat me, but his taunts and threats are fearful, and
+    his eyes when he looks at me grow wild, as if he had the
+    longing of a beast to tear me in pieces.</p>
+    <hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+    <p><i>May</i> 10. I placed a copy of the paper that is pinned
+    to this letter in a little bottle that had escaped my husband's
+    search, and threw it out of my window.</p>
+
+    <p>I am Waitstill Atwood Eliot, wife of Captain Eliot of the
+    ship Sapphire. I have been kept in solitary confinement and
+    threatened with death for four weeks, for no just cause. I
+    believe him to be insane, as he constantly threatens to burn or
+    sink the ship. I pray that this paper may be picked up by some
+    one who will board this ship and bring me help.</p>
+
+    <p>Of course it is a most forlorn hope, but it keeps me from
+    utter despair.</p>
+
+    <p>20. Herbert tried to communicate with me by slipping a paper
+    under the door, but I did not get it, and he has been put in
+    irons. Captain Eliot boasts of it. I wish he would bind us
+    together and let us drown in one another's arms, as they did in
+    the Huguenot persecution.</p>
+
+    <p>28. A little paper tied to a string hung in front of my
+    bull's-eye window to-day: I took it in. The first officer had
+    lowered it down: "Captain Eliot says you are ill, but I don't
+    believe it. If he tries violence, scream, and I will break open
+    the door. I am always on the watch. Keep your heart up."</p>
+
+    <p>This is a drop of comfort in my black cup, but my little
+    window was screwed down within an hour after I had read the
+    paper.</p>
+
+    <p><i>June</i> 10. My spirit is worn out: I can endure no more.
+    I have begged my husband to kill me and end my misery. I don't
+    know why he hesitated. He means to do it some time, but perhaps
+    he cannot think of torture exquisite enough for his
+    purpose.</p>
+
+    <p>11. My husband came in about four in the afternoon, looking
+    so vindictive that my heart stood still. He gradually worked
+    himself into a frenzy, and aimed a blow at my head: instinct,
+    rather than the love of life, made me parry it, and I got the
+    stroke on my wrist.</p>
+
+    <p>I screamed, and at the same moment there was a tumult on
+    deck, and the ship quivered as if she too had been violently
+    struck. Captain Eliot rushed on deck, and began to give hurried
+    orders. I could hear the first officer contradict them, and
+    then there was a heavy fall, and two or three men stumbled down
+    the cabin stairs, carrying some weight between them.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Later</i>. My husband is helpless, and Herbert has been
+    with me, urging me passionately to trust myself to him in a
+    little boat at midnight. He says there are several ships in
+    sight, and one of them will be almost sure to pick us up. He
+    swears that he will leave me, and never see me again (if I say
+    so), so soon as he has placed me in safety, but he will save
+    me, by force if need be, from the brute into whose hands I fell
+    so innocently. If the ship does not see us, it is but dying,
+    after all.</p>
+
+    <p>Good-bye, mother! I pray that this paper will reach you
+    before Captain Eliot can send you his own account, but if it
+    does not, you will believe me innocent all the same.</p>
+
+    <p>This was the last, and I folded up the papers as they had
+    come to me. That night I read them all to Pedro.</p>
+
+    <p>"They was drownded&mdash;I knew it," said Pedro; and nothing
+    could remove that opinion. A ghost is more convincing than
+    logic.</p>
+
+    <p>Our voyage wore on, with one day just like another: my
+    brother looked at the sun every day, and put down a few
+    cabalistic figures on a slate, but his steady business was
+    reading novels to his wife and drinking weak claret and
+    water.</p>
+
+    <p>The sea was always the same, smiling and smooth, and the
+    "man at the wheel" seemed to be always holding us back by main
+    strength from the place where we wanted to go. I had a growing
+    belief that we should sail for ever on this rippling mirror and
+    never touch the frame of it. It struck me with a sense of
+    intense surprise when a dark line loomed far ahead, and they
+    told me quietly that that line meant Bombay.</p>
+
+    <p>It seemed a matter of course to my brother that the desired
+    port should heave in sight just when he expected it, but to me
+    the efforts that he had made to accomplish this tremendous
+    result were ridiculously small.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have done more work in a week, and had nothing to show
+    for it at last," said I, "than you have seemed to do in all
+    this voyage."</p>
+
+    <p>"Poor sister! don't you wish you were a man?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly, all women do who have any sense. I hold with
+    that ancient Father of the Church who maintained that all women
+    are changed into men on the judgment-day. The council said it
+    was heresy, but that don't alter my faith."</p>
+
+    <p>"I shouldn't like you half as well if you had been born a
+    boy," said Frank.</p>
+
+    <p>"But I should like myself vastly better," said I, clinging
+    to the last word.</p>
+
+    <p>Bombay is a city by itself: there is none like it on earth,
+    whatever there may be in the heaven above or in the waters
+    under it. From Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's hospital for sick
+    animals to the Olympian conceit of the English residents, there
+    are infinite variations of people and things that I am
+    persuaded can be matched nowhere else. I felt myself living in
+    a series of pictures, a sort of supernumerary in a theatre,
+    where they changed the play every night.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the first who boarded our ship was Mr. Rayne, an old
+    friend of Frank's. He insisted on our going to his house for a
+    few days in a warm-hearted way that was irresistible.</p>
+
+    <p>"Are you quite sure you want <i>me</i>?" I said dubiously.
+    "Young married people make a kind of heaven for themselves, and
+    do not want old maids looking over the wall."</p>
+
+    <p>"But you <i>must</i> go with us," said Frank, man-like,
+    never seeing anything but the uppermost surface of a
+    question.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not at all. I'm quite strong-minded enough to stay on board
+    ship; or, if that would not do in this heathen place, the
+    missionaries are always ready to entertain strangers. A week in
+    the missionhouse would make me for ever a shining light in the
+    sewing circle at home.</p>
+
+    <p>"A woman of so many resources would be welcome anywhere. For
+    my part, an old maid is a perfect Godsend. The genus is unknown
+    here, and the loss to society immense," said Mr. Rayne.</p>
+
+    <p>"But what shall I do when Mrs. Rayne and my sister-in-law
+    are comparing notes about the perfections of their
+    husbands?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Walk on the verandah with me and convert me to woman
+    suffrage."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Rayne had his barouche waiting on shore, and drove us
+    first to the bandstand, where, in the coolness of sunset, all
+    the Bombay world meet to see and to be seen. When the band
+    paused, people drove slowly round the circle, seeking
+    acquaintance. Among them one equipage was perfect&mdash;a small
+    basket-phaeton, and two black ponies groomed within an inch of
+    their lives. My eyes fell on the ponies first, but I saw them
+    no more when the lady who drove them turned her face toward
+    me.</p>
+
+    <p>She wore a close-fitting black velvet habit and a little
+    round hat with long black feather. Her hair might have been
+    black velvet, too, as it fell low on her forehead, and was
+    fastened somehow behind in a heavy coil. Black brows and lashes
+    shaded clear gray eyes&mdash;the softest gray, without the
+    least tint of green in them&mdash;such eyes as Quaker maidens
+    ought to have under their gray bonnets. Little rose colored
+    flushes kept coming and going in her cheeks as she talked.</p>
+
+    <p>All at once I thought of Queen Guinevere,</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>As she fled fast thro' sun and shade,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">With jingling bridle-reins.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Rayne, do you see that lady in black, with the
+    ponies?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Plainly."</p>
+
+    <p>"If I were a man, that woman would be my Fate."</p>
+
+    <p>"I thought women never admired each other's beauty."</p>
+
+    <p>"You are mistaken. Heretofore I have met beautiful women
+    only in poetry. Do you remember four lines about Queen
+    Guinevere?&mdash;no, six lines, I mean:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>&quot;She looked so lovely as she swayed</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The rein with dainty finger-tips,</p>
+
+            <p>A man had given all other bliss,</p>
+
+            <p>And all his worldly worth for this,</p>
+
+            <p>To waste his whole heart in one kiss</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Upon her perfect lips.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"I always thought them overstrained till now."</p>
+
+    <p>"I perfectly agree with you," said Mr. Rayne: "I knew we
+    were congenial spirits." Then he said a word or two in a
+    diabolical language to his groom, who ran to the carriage which
+    I had been watching and repeated it to the lady: she bowed and
+    smiled to Mr. Rayne, and soon drew up her ponies beside us.</p>
+
+    <p>"My wife," said Mr. Rayne with laughter in his eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>Mrs. Rayne talked much like other people, and her beauty
+    ceased to dazzle me after a few minutes; not that it grew less
+    on near view, but, being a woman, I could not fall in love with
+    her in the nature of things.</p>
+
+    <p>When the music stopped we drove to Mr. Rayne's house, his
+    wife keeping easily beside us. When she was occupied with the
+    others Mr. Rayne whispered, "Her praises were so sweet in my
+    ears that I would not own myself Sir Lancelot at once."</p>
+
+    <p>"If you are Sir Lancelot," I said, "where is King
+    Arthur?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Forty fathoms deep, I hope," said Mr. Rayne with a sudden
+    change in his voice and a darkening face. I had raised a ghost
+    for him without knowing it, and he spoke no more till we
+    reached the house.</p>
+
+    <p>It was a long, low, spreading structure with a thatched
+    roof, and a verandah round it. A wilderness of tropical plants
+    hemmed it in. But all appearance of simplicity vanished on our
+    entrance. In the matted hall stood a tree to receive the light
+    coverings we had worn; not a "hat tree," as we say at home by
+    poetic license, but the counterfeit presentment of a real tree,
+    carved in branches and delicate foliage out of black wood. The
+    drawing-room was eight-sided, and would have held, with some
+    margin, the gambrel-roofed house, chimneys and all, in which I
+    had spent my life. Two sides were open into other rooms, with
+    Corinthian pillars reaching to the roof. Carved screens a
+    little higher than our heads filled the space between the
+    pillars, and separated the drawing-room from Mrs. Rayne's
+    boudoir on the side and the dining-room on the other.</p>
+
+    <p>The furniture of these rooms was like so many verses of a
+    poem. Every chair and table had been designed by Mrs. Rayne,
+    and then realized in black wood by the patient hands of
+    natives.</p>
+
+    <p>Another side opened by three glass doors on a verandah, and
+    only a few rods below the house the sea dashed against a
+    beach.</p>
+
+    <p>After dinner I sat on the verandah drinking coffee and the
+    sea-breeze by turns. The gentlemen walked up and down smoking
+    the pipe of peace, while Mrs. Rayne sat within, talking with
+    Rhoda in the candlelight. Opposite me, as I looked in at the
+    open door, hung two Madonnas, the Sistine and the Virgin of the
+    Immaculate Conception. In front of each stood a tall
+    flower-stand carved to imitate the leaves and blossoms of the
+    calla lily. These black flowers held great bunches of the
+    Annunciation lily, sacred to the Virgin through all the ages.
+    Mrs. Rayne had taken off the close-buttoned jacket, and her
+    dress was now open at the throat, with some rich old lace
+    clinging about it and fastened with a pearl daisy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Have you forgiven me the minute's deception I put upon
+    you?" said Mr. Rayne, pausing beside me. "If I had not read
+    admiration in your face, I would have told you the truth at
+    once."</p>
+
+    <p>"How could one help admiring her?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't know, I'm sure: I never could."</p>
+
+    <p>"She has the serenest face, like still, shaded water. I
+    wonder how she would look in trouble?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It is not becoming to her."</p>
+
+    <p>"Are you sure?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Quite."</p>
+
+    <p>"Your way of life here seems so perfect! No hurry nor
+    worry&mdash;nothing to make wrinkles."</p>
+
+    <p>"You like this smooth Indian living, then?"</p>
+
+    <p>"<i>Like it</i>! I hope you won't think me wholly given over
+    to love of things that perish in the using, but if I could live
+    this sort of life with the one I liked best, heaven would be a
+    superfluity."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is heaven indeed when I think of the purgatory from
+    which we came into it," said Mr. Rayne, throwing away his cigar
+    and carrying off my coffee-cup.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you know anything of Mrs. Rayne's history before her
+    marriage?" I said to Frank as I joined him in his walk.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nothing to speak of&mdash;only she was a widow."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh!" said I, feeling that a spot or two had suddenly
+    appeared on the face of the sun.</p>
+
+    <p>"That's nothing against her, is it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, but I have no patience with second marriages."</p>
+
+    <p>"Nor first ones, either," said Frank wickedly.</p>
+
+    <p>"But seriously, Frank&mdash;would you like to have a wife so
+    beautiful as Mrs. Rayne?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, if she had Rhoda's soul inside of her," said Frank
+    stoutly.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shouldn't."</p>
+
+    <p>"Why not?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Because all sorts of eyes gloat on her beauty and drink it
+    in, and in one way appropriate it to themselves. Mr. Rayne is
+    as proud of the admiration given to his wife as if it were a
+    personal tribute to his own taste in selecting her. A beautiful
+    woman never really and truly belongs to her husband unless he
+    can keep a veil over her face, as the Turks do."</p>
+
+    <p>"I knew you had 'views,'" said Mr. Rayne behind me, "but I
+    had no idea they were so heathenish. What is New England coming
+    to under the new rule? Are the plain women going to shut up all
+    the handsome ones?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I was only supposing a case."</p>
+
+    <p>"Suppositions are dangerous. You first endure, then dally
+    with them, and finally embrace them as established facts."</p>
+
+    <p>"I was only saying that if I am a man when I come into the
+    world next time (as the Hindoos say), I shall marry a plain
+    woman with a charming disposition, and so, as it were, have my
+    diamond all to myself by reason of its dull cover."</p>
+
+    <p>"Jealousy, thy name is woman!" said Mr. Rayne. "When the
+    Woman's Republic is set up, how I shall pity the handsome
+    ones!"</p>
+
+    <p>"They will all be banished to some desert island," said
+    Frank.</p>
+
+    <p>"And draw all men after them, as the 'Pied Piper of Hamelin'
+    did the rats," said Mr. Rayne.</p>
+
+    <p>"What are you talking about?" said Mrs. Rayne, joining us at
+    this point.</p>
+
+    <p>"The pity of it," said her husband, "that beauty is only
+    skin deep."</p>
+
+    <p>"That is deep enough," said Mrs. Rayne.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, if age and sickness and trouble did not make one shed
+    it so soon," said I ungratefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't mention it," said Mrs. Rayne&mdash;"'tis bad enough
+    when it comes. Do you remember that Greek woman in
+    <i>Lothair,</i> whose father was so fearfully rich that she
+    seemed to be all crusted with precious stones?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Perfectly."</p>
+
+    <p>"To dance and sing was all she lived for, and Lothair must
+    needs bring in the skeleton, as you did, by reminding her of
+    the dolorous time when she would neither dance nor sing. You
+    think she is crushed, to be sure, only Disraeli's characters
+    never are crushed, any more than himself. 'Oh then,' she says,
+    'we will be part of the audience, and other people will dance
+    and sing for us.' So beauty is always with us, though one
+    person loses it."</p>
+
+    <p>She gave a little shrug of her shoulders, which made her
+    pearls and velvet shimmer in the moonlight. She looked so white
+    and cool and perfect, so apart from common clay, that all at
+    once Queen Guinevere ceased to be my type of her, and I thought
+    of "Lilith, first wife of Adam," as we see her in Rossetti's
+    fanciful poem:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Not a drop of her blood was human,</p>
+
+            <p>But she was made like a soft, sweet woman.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>We all went to our rooms after this, and in each of ours
+    hung a full-length swinging mirror; I had never seen one
+    before, except in a picture-shop or in a hotel.</p>
+
+    <p>"Truly this is 'richness'!" I said, walking up and down and
+    sideways from one to the other.</p>
+
+    <p>"I had no idea you had so much vanity," said Frank, laughing
+    at me, as he has done ever since he was born.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vanity! not a spark. I am only seeing myself as others see
+    me, for the first time."</p>
+
+    <p>"I always had a glass like that in my room at home," said my
+    sister-in-law, with the least morsel of disdain in her
+    tone.</p>
+
+    <p>"Had you? Then you have lost a great deal by growing up to
+    such things. A first sensation at my age is delightful."</p>
+
+    <p>Next day Rhoda and I were sitting with Mrs. Rayne in her
+    dressing-room, with a great fan swinging overhead. We all had
+    books in our hands, but I found more charming reading in my
+    hostess, whose fascinations hourly grew upon me.</p>
+
+    <p>She wore a long loose wrapper, clear blue in color, with
+    little silver stars on it. I don't know how much of my
+    admiration sprang from her perfect taste in dress. Raiment has
+    an extraordinary effect on the whole machinery of life. Most
+    people think too lightly of it. Somebody says if Cleopatra's
+    nose had been a quarter of an inch shorter, the history of the
+    world would have been utterly changed; but Antony might equally
+    have been proof against a robe with high neck and tight
+    sleeves. Mrs. Rayne's face always seemed to crown her costume
+    like a rose out of green leaves, yet I cannot but think that if
+    I had seen her first in a calico gown and sitting on a
+    three-legged stool milking a cow, I should still have thought
+    her a queen among women.</p>
+
+    <p>While I sat like a lotos-eater, forgetful of home and
+    butter-making, a servant brought in a parcel and a note. Mrs.
+    Rayne tossed the note to me while she unfolded a roll of gray
+    silk.</p>
+
+    <p>DEAR GUINEVERE: I send with this a bit of silk that old
+    Fut'ali insisted on giving to me this morning. It is that
+    horrid gray color which we both detest. I know you will never
+    wear it, and you had better give it to Miss Blake to make a
+    toga for her first appearance in the women's Senate.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">LANCELOT.</p>
+
+    <p>"With all my heart!" said Mrs. Rayne as I gave back the
+    note. "You will please us both far more than you can please
+    yourself by wearing the dress with a thought of us. I wonder
+    why Mr. Rayne calls me 'Guinevere'? But he has a new name for
+    me every day, because he does not like my own."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Waitstill. Did you ever hear it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Never but once," I said with a sudden tightness in my
+    throat. I could scarcely speak my thanks for the dress.</p>
+
+    <p>"I should never wear it," said Mrs. Rayne: "the color is
+    associated with a very painful part of my life."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you suppose water would spot it?" asked Rhoda, who is of
+    a practical turn of mind.</p>
+
+    <p>"Take a bit and try it."</p>
+
+    <p>"Water spots some grays" said Mrs. Rayne with a strange sort
+    of smile as Rhoda went out, "especially salt water. I spent one
+    night at sea in an open boat, with a gray dress clinging wet
+    and salt to my limbs. When I tore it off in rags I seemed to
+    shed all the misery I had ever known. All my life since then
+    has been bright as you see it now. It would be a bad omen to
+    put on a gray gown again."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then you have made a sea-voyage, Mrs. Rayne?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, such a long voyage!&mdash;worse than the 'Ancient
+    Mariner's.' No words can tell how I hate the sea." She sighed
+    deeply, with a sudden darkening of her gray eyes till they were
+    almost black, and grasped one wrist hard with the other
+    hand.</p>
+
+    <p>A sudden trembling seized me. I was almost as much agitated
+    as Mrs. Rayne. I felt that I must clinch the matter somehow,
+    but I took refuge in a platitude to gain time: "There is such a
+    difference in ships, almost as much as in houses, and the
+    comfort of the voyage depends greatly on that."</p>
+
+    <p>"It may be so," she said wearily.</p>
+
+    <p>"My brother's ship is old, but it has been refitted lately
+    to something like comfort. It's old name was the Sapphire."</p>
+
+    <p>This was my shot, and it hit hard.</p>
+
+    <p>"The Sapphire! the Sapphire!" she whispered with dilated
+    eyes. "Did you ever hear&mdash;did you ever find&mdash;But what
+    nonsense! You must think me the absurdest of women."</p>
+
+    <p>The color came back to her face, and she laughed quite
+    naturally.</p>
+
+    <p>"The fact is, Miss Blake, I was very ill and miserable when
+    I was on shipboard, and to this day any sudden reminder of it
+    gives me a shock.&mdash;Did water spot it?" she said to Rhoda,
+    who came in at this point.</p>
+
+    <p>I thought over all the threads of the circumstance that had
+    come into my hand, and like Mr. Browning's lover I found "a
+    thing to do."</p>
+
+    <p>The next morning I made an excuse to go down to the ship
+    with my brother, and there, by dint of pressure, I got those
+    stained and dingy papers into my possession again. I had only
+    that day before me, for we were going to a hotel the same
+    evening, and the Raynes were to set out next day for their
+    summer place among the hills, a long way back of Bombay. Our
+    stay had already delayed their departure.</p>
+
+    <p>This was my plot: Mrs. Rayne had been reading a book that I
+    had bought for the home-voyage, and was to finish it before
+    evening. I selected the duplicate of the paper which "Waitstill
+    Atwood Eliot" had put in a bottle and cast adrift when her case
+    had been desperate, and laid it in the book a page or two
+    beyond Mrs. Rayne's mark. It seemed impossible that she could
+    miss it: I watched her as a chemist watches his first
+    experiment.</p>
+
+    <p>Twice she took up the book, and was interrupted before she
+    could open it: the third time she sat down so close to me that
+    the folds of her dress touched mine. One page, two pages: in
+    another instant she would have turned the leaf, and I held my
+    breath, when a servant brought in a note. Her most intimate
+    friend had been thrown from her carriage, and had sent for her.
+    It was a matter of life and death, and brooked no delay. In ten
+    minutes she had bidden us a cordial good-bye, and dropped out
+    of my life for all time.</p>
+
+    <p>She never finished <i>my</i> book, nor I <i>hers</i>. I had
+    had it in my heart, in return for her warm hospitality, to cast
+    a great stone out of her past life into the still waters of her
+    present, and her good angel had turned it aside just before it
+    reached her. I might have asked Mr. Rayne in so many words if
+    his wife's name had been Waitstill Atwood Eliot when he married
+    her, but that would have savored of treachery to her, and I
+    refrained.</p>
+
+    <p>Often in the long calm days of the home-voyage, and oftener
+    still in the night-watches, I pondered in my heart the items of
+    Mrs. Rayne's history, and pieced them together like bits of
+    mosaic&mdash;the gray eyes and the gray dress, the identity of
+    name, the indefinite terrors of her sea-voyage, the little
+    touch concerning Lancelot and Guinevere, her emotion when I
+    mentioned the Sapphire. If circumstantial evidence can be
+    trusted, I feel certain that Pedro's ghost appeared to me in
+    the flesh.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE"
+       id="REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE"></a>REMINISCENCES OF
+       FLORENCE.</h2>
+
+    <p>I had six months more to stay on the Continent, and I began
+    for the first time to be discontented in Paris. There was no
+    soul in that great city whom I had ever seen before, but this
+    alone would hot have been sufficient to make me long for a
+    change, except for an accident which unluckily surrounded me
+    with my own countrymen. These I did not go abroad to see; and
+    having lived almost entirely in the society of the French for
+    over two years, it was with dismay that I saw my sanctum
+    invaded daily by twos and threes of the aimless American
+    nonentities who presume that their presence must be agreeable
+    to any of their countrymen, and especially to any countrywoman,
+    after a chance introduction on the boulevard or an hour spent
+    together in a caf&eacute;.</p>
+
+    <p>"Seeing these things," I determined to leave Paris, and the
+    third day after found me traveling through picturesque Savoy
+    toward Mont Cenis. All the afternoon the rugged hills had been
+    growing higher and whiter with snow, and now, just before
+    sunset, we reached the railway terminus, St. Michel, and were
+    under the shadow of the Alps themselves.</p>
+
+    <p>The previous night in the cars I had found myself the only
+    woman among some half dozen French military officers, who paid
+    me the most polite attention. They were charmed that I made no
+    objection to their cigarettes, talked with me on various
+    topics, criticised McClellan as a general, and were
+    enthusiastic on the subject of our country generally. About
+    midnight they prepared a grand repast from their
+    traveling-bags, to which they gave me a cordial invitation. I
+    begged to contribute my <i>mesquin</i> supply of grapes and
+    brioches, and the supper was a considerable event. Their
+    canteens were filled with red wines, and one cup served the
+    whole company. They drank my health and that of the President
+    of the United States. Afterward we had vocal music, two of the
+    officers being good singers. They sang Beranger's songs and the
+    charming serenade from <i>Lalla Rookh</i>. I finally expressed
+    a desire to hear the Marseillaise. This seemed to take them by
+    surprise, but one of the singers, declaring that he had
+    <i>"rien &agrave; refuser &agrave; madame"</i> boldly struck
+    up,</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Allons, enfants de la patrie,</p>
+
+            <p>Le jour de gloire est arriv&eacute;;</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>but his companions checked him before he had finished the
+    first stanza. The law forbade, they said, the production of the
+    Marseillaise in society. We were a society: the guard would
+    hear us and might report it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vous voyez, madame," said the singer, "n'il n'est pas
+    d&eacute;fendu d'&ecirc;tre voleur, mais c'est d&eacute;fendu
+    d'&ecirc;tre attrap&eacute;" (It is not against the law to be a
+    thief, but to be caught.)</p>
+
+    <p>My traveling&mdash;companions reached their destination
+    early in the morning, and, very gallantly expressing regrets
+    that they were not going over the Alps, so as to bear mer
+    company, bade me farewell.</p>
+
+    <p>From the rear of the St. Michel hotel, called the Lion d'Or,
+    I watched the preparations for crossing Mont Cenis. Three
+    diligences were being crazily loaded with our baggage. The men
+    who loaded them seemed imitating the Alpine structure. They
+    piled trunk on trunk to the height of thirty feet, I verily
+    believe; and if some one should nudge my elbow and say "fifty,"
+    I should write it down so without manifesting the least
+    surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>When the preparations were finished the setting sun was
+    shining clearly on the white summits above, and we commenced
+    slowly winding up the noble zigzag road. Rude mountain children
+    kept up with our diligences, asked for sous and wished us
+    <i>bon voyage</i> in the name of the Virgin.</p>
+
+    <p>The grandeur, but especially the extent and number, of the
+    Alpine peaks impressed me with a vague, undefinable sense,
+    which was not, I think, the anticipated sensation; and indeed
+    if I had been in a poetic mood, it would have been quickly
+    dissipated by the mock raptures of a young Englishman with a
+    poodly moustache and an eye-glass. He called our attention to
+    every chasm, gorge and waterfall, as if we had been wholly
+    incapable of seeing or appreciating anything without his aid.
+    As for me, I did not feel like disputing his susceptibility. I
+    was suffering an uneasy apprehension of an avalanche&mdash;not
+    of snow, but of trunks and boxes from the topheavy diligences
+    ahead of us. However, we reached the top of Mont Cenis safely
+    by means of thirteen mules to each coach, attached tandem, and
+    we stopped at the queer relay-house there some thirty minutes.
+    Here some women in the garb of nuns served me some soup with
+    grated cheese, a compound which suggested a dishcloth in
+    flavor, yet it was very good. I will not attempt to reconcile
+    the two statements. After the soup I went out to see the Alps.
+    The ecstatic Briton was still eating and drinking, and I could
+    enjoy the scene unmolested. I crossed a little bridge near the
+    inn. The night was cold and bright. Hundreds of snowy peaks
+    above, below and in every direction, some of their hoary heads
+    lost in the clouds, were glistening in the light of a clear
+    September moon, and the stillness was only broken by a wild
+    stream tumbling down the precipices which I looked up to as I
+    crossed the bridge. It was indeed an impressive
+    scene&mdash;cold, desolate, awful. I walked so near the
+    freezing cataract that the icicles touched my face, and
+    thinking that Dante, when he wrote his description of hell,
+    might have been inspired by this very scene, I wrapped my cloak
+    closer about me and went back to the inn.</p>
+
+    <p>The diligences were ready, and we commenced a descent which
+    I cannot even now think of without a shudder. To each of those
+    heavily-laden stages were attached two horses only, and we
+    bounded down the mountain-side like a huge loosened boulder.
+    Imagine the sensation as you looked out of the windows and saw
+    yourself whirling over yawning chasms and along the brinks of
+    dizzy precipices, fully convinced that the driver was drunk and
+    the horses goaded to madness by Alpine demons! I have been on
+    the ocean in a storm sufficiently severe to make Jew and
+    Christian pray amicably together; I have been set on fire by a
+    fluid lamp, and have been dragged under the water by a drowning
+    friend, but I think I never had such an alarming sense of
+    coming destruction as in that diligence. I think of those
+    sure-footed horses even now with gratitude.</p>
+
+    <p>We arrived at Susa a long time before daylight. At first, I
+    decided to stay and see this town, which was founded by a Roman
+    colony in the time of Augustus. The arch built in his honor
+    about eight years before Christ seemed a thing worth going to
+    see; but a remark from my companion with the eye-glass made me
+    determine to go on. He said he was going to "do" the arch, and
+    I knew I should not be equal to witnessing any more of his
+    ecstasies.</p>
+
+    <p>My first astonishment in Italy was that hardly any of the
+    railroad officials spoke French. I had always been told that
+    with that language at your command you could travel all over
+    the Continent. This is a grave error: even in Florence,
+    although "Ici on parle fran&ccedil;ais" is conspicuous in many
+    shop-windows, I found I had to speak Italian or go unserved. I
+    had a mortal dread of murdering the beautiful Italian language;
+    so I wanted to speak it well before I commenced, like the
+    Irishman who never could get his boots on until he had worn
+    them a week.</p>
+
+    <p>I stopped at Turin, then the capital of Italy, only a short
+    time, and hurried on to Florence, for that was to be my home
+    for the winter. It was delightful to come down from the Alpine
+    snows and find myself face to face with roses and orange trees
+    bearing fruit and blossom. Here I wandered through the
+    olive-gardens alone, and gave way to the rapturous sense of
+    simply being in the land of art and romance, the land of love
+    and song; for there was no ecstatic person with me armed with
+    <i>Murray</i> and prepared to admire anything recommended
+    therein. Besides, I could enjoy Italy for days and months, and
+    therefore was not obliged to "do" (detestable tourist slang!)
+    anything in a given time. I was free as a bird. I knew no
+    Americans in Florence, and determined to studiously avoid
+    making acquaintances except among Italians, for I wished to
+    learn the language as I had learned French, by constantly
+    speaking it and no other.</p>
+
+    <p>The day following my arrival in Florence I went out to look
+    for lodgings, which I had the good fortune to find immediately.
+    I secured the first I looked at. They were in the Borgo SS.
+    Apostoli, in close proximity to the Piazza del Granduca, now
+    Delia Signoria. I was passing this square, thinking of my good
+    luck in finding my niche for the winter, when, much to my
+    surprise, some one accosted me in English. Think of my dismay
+    at seeing one of the irrepressible Paris bores I had fled from!
+    He was in Florence before me, having come by a different route;
+    and neither of us had known anything about the other's
+    intention to quit Paris. He asked me at once where I was
+    stopping, and I told him at the Hotel a la Fontana, not deeming
+    it necessary to add that I was then on my way there to pack up
+    my traveling-bag and pay my bill. As he was "doing" Florence in
+    about three days, he never found me out. The next I heard of
+    him he was "doing" Rome. This American prided himself on his
+    knowledge of Italian; and one day in a restaurant, wishing for
+    cauliflower <i>(cavolo fiore)</i>, he astonished the waiter by
+    calling for <i>horse. "Cavallo"!</i> he
+    roared&mdash;"<i>Port&eacute;z me cavallo!</i>" "Cavallo!"
+    repeated the waiter, with the characteristic Italian shrug.
+    "<i>Non simangia in Italia, signore</i>" (It is not eaten in
+    Italy, signore). Then followed more execrable Italian, and the
+    waiter brought him something which elicited "<i>Non volo! non
+    volo!</i>" (I don't fly! I don't fly!) from the American, and
+    "<i>Lo credo, signore</i>" from the baffled waiter, much to the
+    amusement of people at the adjacent tables.</p>
+
+    <p>I liked my new quarters very much. They consisted of two
+    goodly-sized rooms, carpeted with thick braided rag carpets,
+    and decently furnished, olive oil provided for the quaint old
+    classic-shaped lamp, and the rooms kept in order, for the
+    astounding price of thirty francs a month. Wood I had to pay
+    extra for when I needed a fire, and that indeed was expensive;
+    for a bundle only sufficient to make a fire cost a franc. There
+    were few days, however, even in that exceptional winter, which
+    rendered a fire necessary. The <i>scaldino</i> for the feet was
+    generally sufficient, and this, replenished three times a day,
+    was included in the rent.</p>
+
+    <p>One of my windows looked out on olive-gardens and on the old
+    church San Miniato, on the hill of the same name. Mr. Hart, the
+    sculptor, told me that those rooms were very familiar to him.
+    Buchanan Read, I think he said, had occupied them, and the
+    walls in many places bore traces of artist vagaries. There were
+    several nice caricatures penciled among the cheap frescoes of
+    the walls. All the walls are frescoed in Florence. Think of
+    having your ceiling and walls painted in a manner that
+    constantly suggests Michael Angelo!</p>
+
+    <p>After some weeks spent in looking at the art-wonders in
+    Florence, I visited many of the studios of our artists. That of
+    Mr. Hart, on the Piazza Independenza, was one of the most
+    interesting. He had two very admirable busts of Henry Clay, and
+    all his visitors, encouraged by his frank manner, criticised
+    his works freely. Most people boldly pass judgment on any work
+    of art, and "understand" Mrs. Browning when she says the Venus
+    de' Medici "thunders white silence." I do not. I am sure I
+    never can understand what a thundering silence means, whatever
+    may be its color. These appreciators talked of the
+    "word-painting" of Mrs. Browning.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>They sit on their thrones in a purple sublimity,</p>
+
+            <p>And grind down men's bones to a pale unanimity.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I suppose this is "word-painting." <i>I</i> can see the
+    picture also&mdash;some kings, and possibly queens, seated on
+    gorgeous thrones, engaged in the festive occupation of grinding
+    bones! Oh, I degrade the subject, do I? Nonsense! The term is a
+    stilted affectation, perhaps never better applied than to Mrs.
+    Browning's descriptive spasms. Still, she was undoubtedly a
+    poet. She wrote many beautiful subjective poems, but she wrote
+    much that was not poetry, and which suggests only a deranged
+    nervous system. I have a friend who maintains from her writings
+    that she never loved, that she did not know what passion meant.
+    However this may be, the author of the sonnet
+    commencing&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Go from me! Yet I feel that I shall stand</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Henceforward in thy shadow,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>deserves immortality.</p>
+
+    <p>But to return to Mr. Hart's studio. One of the most
+    remarkable things I saw in Florence was this artist's invention
+    to reduce certain details of sculpture to a mechanical process.
+    This machine at first sight struck me as a queer kind of
+    ancient armor. In brief, the subject is placed in position,
+    when the front part of this armor, set on some kind, of hinge,
+    swings round before him, and the sculptor makes measurements by
+    means of numberless long metal needles, which are so arranged
+    as to run in and touch the subject: A stationary mark is placed
+    where the needle touches, and then I think it is pulled back.
+    So the artist goes on, until some hundreds of measurements are
+    made, if necessary, when the process is finished and the
+    subject is released. How these measurements are made to serve
+    the artist in modeling the statue I cannot very well describe,
+    but I understood that by their aid Mr. Hart had modeled a bust
+    from life in the incredible space of two days! I further
+    understood that Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are remarkable for
+    their correct likeness, which of course they must be if they
+    are mathematically correct in their proportions. Many of the
+    artists in Florence have the bad taste to make sport of this
+    machine; but if Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are what they have
+    the reputation of being, this sport is only a mask for
+    jealousy. Mr. Hart was extremely sensitive to the light manner
+    Mr. Powers and others have of speaking of this invention. One
+    day he was much annoyed when a visitor, after examining the
+    machine very attentively for some time, exclaimed, "Mr. Hart,
+    what if you should have a man shut in there among those points,
+    and he should happen to sneeze?"</p>
+
+    <p>The Pitti Palace was one of my favorite haunts, and I often
+    spent whole hours there in a single salon. There I almost
+    always saw Mr. G&mdash;&mdash;, a German-American, copying from
+    the masters; and he could copy too! What an indefatigable
+    worker he was! Slight and delicate of frame, he seemed
+    absolutely incapable of growing weary. He often toiled there
+    all day long, his hands red and swollen with the cold, for the
+    winter, as I have before remarked, was unusually severe. For
+    many days I saw him working on a Descent from the Cross by
+    Tintoretto&mdash;a bold attempt, for Tintoretto's colors are as
+    baffling as those of the great Venetian master himself. This
+    copy had received very general praise, and one day I took a
+    Lucca friend, a dilettante, to see it. Mr. G&mdash;&mdash;
+    brought the canvas out in the hall, that we might see it
+    outside of the ocean of color which surrounded it in the
+    gallery. When we reached the hall, Mr. G&mdash;&mdash; turned
+    the picture full to the light. The effect was astounding. It
+    was so brilliant that you could hardly look at it. It seemed a
+    mass of molten gold reflecting the sun. "Good God!" exclaimed
+    G&mdash;&mdash;, "did I do that?" and an expression of bitter
+    disappointment passed over his face. I ventured to suggest that
+    as everybody had found it good while it was in the gallery,
+    this brilliant effect must be from the cold gray marble of the
+    hall. G&mdash;&mdash; could not pardon the picture, and nothing
+    that the Italian or I could say had the least effect. He would
+    hear no excuse for it, and, evidently quite mortified at the
+    d&eacute;but of his Tintoretto, he hurried the canvas back to
+    the easel. The sister of the czar of Russia was greatly pleased
+    with this copy, and proposed to buy it, but whether she did or
+    not I forgot to ascertain.</p>
+
+    <p>Alone as I was in Florence, cultivating only the
+    acquaintance of Italians, yet was I never troubled with
+    <i>ennui</i>. I read much at Vieussieux's, and when I grew
+    tired of that and of music, I made long sables on the Lung Arno
+    to the Cascine, through the charming Boboli gardens, or out to
+    Fiesole. Fiesole is some two miles from Florence, and once on
+    my way there I stopped at the Protestant burying-ground and
+    pilfered a little wildflower from Theodore Parker's grave to
+    send home to one of his romantic admirers. Fiesole must be a
+    very ancient town, for there is a ruined amphitheatre there,
+    and the remains of walls so old that they are called Pelasgic
+    in their origin; which is, I take it, sufficiently vague. The
+    high hill is composed of the most solid marble; so the
+    guidebooks say, at least. This is five hundred and seventy-five
+    feet above the sea, and on its summit stands the cathedral,
+    very old indeed, and built in the form of a basilica, like that
+    of San Miniato. From this hill you look down upon the plain
+    beneath, with the Arno winding through it, and upon Florence
+    and the Apennine chain, above which rise the high mountains of
+    Carrara. Here, on the highest available point of the rock, I
+    used to sit reading, and looking upon the panorama beneath,
+    until the sinking sun warned me that I had only time to reach
+    the city before its setting. I used to love to look also at
+    works of art in this way, for by so doing I fixed them in my
+    mind for future reference. I never passed the Piazza della
+    Signoria without standing some minutes before the Loggia dei
+    Lanzi and the old ducal palace with its marvelous tower. Before
+    this palace, exposed to the weather for three hundred and fifty
+    years, stands Michael Angelo's David; to the left, the fountain
+    on the spot where Savonarola was burnt alive by the order of
+    Alexander VI.; and immediately facing this is the post-office.
+    I never could pass the post-office without thinking of the poet
+    Shelley, who was there brutally felled to the earth by an
+    Englishman, who accused him of being an infidel, struck his
+    blow and escaped.</p>
+
+    <p>I made many visits to the Nuova Sacrista to see the tombs of
+    the two Medici by Michael Angelo. The one at the right on
+    entering is that of Giuliano, duke of Nemours, brother of Leo
+    X. The two allegorical figures reclining beneath are Morning
+    and Night. The tomb of Lorenzo de' Medici, duke of Urfrino,
+    stands on the other side of the chapel, facing that of the duke
+    de Nemours. The statue of Lorenzo, for grace of attitude and
+    beauty of expression, has, in my opinion, never been equaled.
+    The allegorical figures at the feet of this Medici are more
+    beautiful and more easily understood than most of Michael
+    Angelo's allegorical figures. Nevertheless, I used sometimes,
+    when looking at these four figures, to think that they had been
+    created merely as architectural auxiliaries, and that their
+    expression was an accident or a freak of the artist's fancy,
+    rather than the expression of some particular thought: at other
+    times I saw as much in them as most enthusiasts
+    do&mdash;enough, I have no doubt, to astonish their great
+    author himself. I believe that very few people really
+    experience rapturous sensations when they look at works of art.
+    People are generally much more moved by the sight of the two
+    canes preserved in Casa Buonarotti, upon which the great master
+    in his latter days supported his tottering frame, than they are
+    by the noblest achievements of his genius.</p>
+
+    <p>The Carnival in Florence was a meagre affair compared with
+    the same f&ecirc;te in Rome. During the afternoon, however,
+    there was goodly procession of masks in carriages on the Lung'
+    Arno, and in the evening there was a feeble <i>moccoletti</i>
+    display. The grand masked ball at the Casino about this time
+    presents an irresistible attraction to the floating population
+    in Florence. I was foolish enough to go. All were obliged to be
+    dressed in character or in full ball-costume: no dominoes
+    allowed. The Casino, I was told, is the largest club-house in
+    the world; and salon after salon of that immense building was
+    so crowded that locomotion was nearly impossible. The floral
+    decorations were magnificent, the music was excellent, and some
+    of the ten thousand people present tried to dance, but the sets
+    formed were soon squeezed into a ball. Then they gave up in
+    despair, while the men swore under their breath, and the women
+    repaired to the dressing-rooms to sew on flounces or other
+    skirt-trimmings. Masks wriggled about, and spoke to each other
+    in the ridiculously squeaky voice generally adopted on such
+    occasions. Most of their conversation was English, and of this
+    very exciting order: "You don't know me?" "Yes I do." "No you
+    don't." "I know what you did yesterday," etc., etc., <i>ad
+    nauseam.</i> How fine masked balls are in sensational novels!
+    how absolutely flat and unsatisfactory in fact! There was on
+    this occasion a vast display of dress and jewelry, and among
+    the babel of languages spoken the most prominent was the
+    beautiful London dialect sometimes irreverently called Cockney.
+    I lost my cavalier at one time, and while I waited for him to
+    find me I retired to a corner and challenged a mask to a game
+    of chess. He proved to be a Russian who spoke neither French
+    nor Italian. We got along famously, however. He said something
+    very polite in Russian, I responded irrelevantly in French, and
+    then we looked at each other and grinned. He subsequently,
+    thinking he had made an impression, ventured to press my hand;
+    I drew it away and told him he was an idiot, at which he was
+    greatly flattered; and then we grinned at each other again. It
+    was very exciting indeed. I won the game easily, because he
+    knew nothing of chess, and then he said something in his
+    mother-tongue, placing his hand upon his heart. I could have
+    sworn that it meant, "Of course I would not be so rude as to
+    win when playing with a lady." I thought so, principally
+    because he was a man, for I never knew a man under such
+    circumstances who did not immediately betray his self-conceit
+    by making that gallant declaration. Feeling sure that the
+    Russian had done so, when we placed the pieces on the board
+    again I offered him my queen. He seemed astounded and hurt; and
+    then for the first time I thought that if this Russian were an
+    exception to his sex, and I had <i>not</i> understood his
+    remark, then it was a rudeness to offer him my queen. I was
+    fortunately relieved from my perplexing situation by the
+    approach of my cavalier, and as he led me away I gave my other
+    hand to my antagonist in the most impressive manner, by way of
+    atonement in case there <i>had</i> been anything wrong in my
+    conduct toward him.</p>
+
+    <p>One day during the latter part of my stay in Florence I went
+    the second time to the splendid studio of Mr. Powers. He talked
+    very eloquently upon art. He said that some of the classic
+    statues had become famous, and deservedly so, although they
+    were sometimes false in proportion and disposed in attitudes
+    quite impossible in nature. He illustrated this by a fine
+    plaster cast of the Venus of Milo, before which we were
+    standing. He showed that the spinal cord in the neck could
+    never, from the position of the head, have joined that of the
+    body, that there was a radical fault in the termination of the
+    spinal column, and that the navel was located falsely with
+    respect to height. As he proceeded he convinced me that he was
+    correct; and in defence of this, my most cherished idol after
+    the Apollo Belvedere, I only asked the iconoclast whether these
+    defects might not have been intentional, in order to make the
+    statue appear more natural when looked at in its elevated
+    position from below. I subsequently repeated Mr. Powers's
+    criticism of the Venus of Milo in the studio of another of our
+    distinguished sculptors, and he treated it with great levity,
+    especially when I told him my authority. There is a spirit of
+    rivalry among sculptors which does not always manifest itself
+    in that courteous and well-bred manner which distinguishes the
+    medical faculty, for instance, in their dealings with each
+    other. This courtesy is well illustrated by an anecdote I have
+    recently heard. A gentleman fell down in a fit, and a physician
+    entering saw a man kneeling over the patient and grasping him
+    firmly by the throat; whereupon the physician exclaimed, "Why,
+    sir, you are stopping the circulation in the jugular vein!"
+    "Sir," replied the other, "I am a doctor of medicine." To which
+    the first M.D. remarked, "Ah! I beg your pardon," and stood by
+    very composedly until the patient was comfortably dead.</p>
+
+    <p>While Mr. Powers was conversing with me about the Venus of
+    Milo, there entered two Englishwomen dressed very richly in
+    brocades and velvets. They seemed very anxious to see
+    everything in the studio, talked in loud tones of the various
+    objects of art, passed us, and occupied themselves for some
+    time before the statue called California. I heard one of them
+    say, "I wonder if there's anybody 'ere that talks Hinglish?"
+    and in the same breath she called out to Mr. Powers, "Come
+    'ere!" He was at work that day, and wore his studio costume. I
+    was somewhat surprised to see him immediately obey the rude
+    command, and the following conversation occurred:</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you speak Hinglish?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, ma'am."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is this statue?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It is called California, madam."</p>
+
+    <p>"What has she got in 'er 'and?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Thorns, madam, in the hand held behind the back; in the
+    other she presents the quartz containing the tempting
+    metal."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh!"</p>
+
+    <p>We next entered a room where there was another work of the
+    sculptor in process of formation. Mr. Powers and myself were
+    engaged in an animated and, to me, very agreeable conversation,
+    which was constantly interrupted by these ill-bred women, who
+    kept all the time mistaking the plaster for the marble, and
+    asked the artist the most pestering questions on the <i>modus
+    operandi</i> of sculpturing. I was astonished at the marvelous
+    temper of Mr. Powers, who politely and patiently answered all
+    their queries. By some lucky chance these women got out of the
+    way during our slow progress back to the outer rooms, and I
+    enjoyed Mr. Powers's conversation uninterruptedly. He showed me
+    the beautiful baby hand in marble, a copy of his daughter's
+    hand when an infant, and had just returned it to its shrine
+    when the two women reappeared, and we all proceeded together.
+    In the outer room there were several admirable busts, upon
+    which these women passed comment freely. One of these busts was
+    that of a lady, and they attacked it spitefully. "What an ugly
+    face!" "What a mean expression about the mouth!" "Isn't it
+    'orrible?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Who is it?" asked one of them, addressing Mr. Powers.</p>
+
+    <p>"That is a portrait of my wife," said the artist
+    modestly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your wife!" repeated one of the women, and then, nothing
+    abashed, added, "Who are you?"</p>
+
+    <p>"My name is Powers, madam," he answered very politely. This
+    discovery evidently disconcerted the impudence even of these
+    visitors, and they immediately left the studio.</p>
+
+    <p>As the day approached for my departure I visited all my old
+    haunts, and dwelt fondly upon scenes which I might never see
+    again. My dear old music-master cried when I bade him farewell.
+    Povero maestro! He used to think me so good that I was always
+    ashamed of not being a veritable angel. I left Florence
+    when</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i8">All the land in flowery squares,</p>
+
+            <p>Beneath a broad and equal-blowing wind,</p>
+
+            <p>Smelt of the coming summer.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>My last visit was with the maestro to the Cascine, where he
+    gathered me a bunch of wild violets&mdash;cherished souvenir of
+    a city I love, and of a friend whose like I "ne'er may look
+    upon again."</p>
+
+    <p class="author">MARIE HOWLAND.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER"
+       id="THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER"></a>THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.</h2>
+
+    <p>While Philadelphia hibernates in the ice and snow of
+    February, the spring season opens in the Southern woods and
+    pastures. The fragrant yellow jessamine clusters in golden
+    bugles over shrubs and trees, and the sward is enameled with
+    the white, yellow and blue violet. The crocus and cowslip, low
+    anemone and colts-foot begin to show, and the land brightens
+    with waxy flowers of the huckleberry, set in delicate gamboge
+    edging. Yards, greeneries, conservatories breathe a June like
+    fragrance, and aviaries are vocal with songsters, mocked
+    outside by the American mocking-bird, who chants all night
+    under the full moon, as if day was too short for his
+    medley.</p>
+
+    <p>New Orleans burgeons with the season. The broad fair
+    avenues, the wide boulevards, famed Canal street, are luxuriant
+    with spring life and drapery. Dashing equipages glance down the
+    Shell Road with merry driving-and picnic-parties. There is
+    boating on the lake, and delicious French collations at
+    pleasant resorts, spread by neat-handed mulatto waiters
+    speaking a patois of French, English and negro. There spring
+    meats and sauces and light French wines allure to enjoyments
+    less sensual than the coarser Northern climate affords.</p>
+
+    <p>The unrivaled French opera is in season, the forcing house
+    of that bright garden of exotics. Other and Northern cities
+    boast of such entertainments, but I apprehend they resemble the
+    Simon-Pure much as an Englishman's French resembles the native
+    tongue. In New Orleans it is the natural, full-flavored
+    article, lively with French taste and talent, and for a people
+    instinct with a truer Gallic spirit, perhaps, than that of
+    Paris itself. It is antique and colonial, but age and the
+    sea-voyage have preserved more distinctly the native
+    <i>bouquet</i> of the wine after all grosser flavors have
+    wasted away. The spectacle within the theatre on a fine night
+    is brilliant, recherch&eacute; and French. From side-scene to
+    dome, and from gallery after gallery to the gay parquette,
+    glitters the bright, shining audience. There are loungers,
+    American and French, blas&eacute; and rou&eacute;, who in the
+    intervals drink brandy and whisky, or anisette, maraschino,
+    cur&ccedil;oa or some other fiery French cordial. The French
+    loungers are gesticulatory, and shoulders, arms, fingers, eyes
+    and eyebrows help out the tongue's rapid utterance; but they
+    are never rude or boisterous. There are belles, pretty French
+    belles, with just a tint of deceitless rouge for fashion's
+    sake, and tinkling, crisp, low French voices modulated to chime
+    with the music and not disharmonize it; nay, rather add to the
+    sweetness of its concord.</p>
+
+    <p>And there is the Creole dandy, the small master of the
+    revels. There is nothing perfumed in the latest box of bonbons
+    from Paris so exquisite, sparkling, racy, French and happy in
+    its own sweet conceit as he is. He has hands and feet a
+    Kentucky girl might envy for their shapely delicacy and dainty
+    size, cased in the neatest kid and prunella. His hair is
+    negligent in the elegantest grace of the perruquier's art, his
+    dress fashioned to the very line of fastidious elegance and
+    simplicity, yet a simplicity his Creole taste makes unique and
+    attractive. He has the true French persiflage, founded on happy
+    content, not the blank indifference of the Englishman's
+    disregard. It becomes graceful self-forgetfulness, and yet his
+    vanity is French and victorious. In the atmosphere of breathing
+    music and faint perfume he looks around the glancing boxes, and
+    knows he has but to throw his sultanic handkerchief to have the
+    handsomest Circassian in the glowing circle of female beauty.
+    But he does not throw it, for all that. His manner plainly
+    says: "Beautiful dames, it would do me much of pleasure if I
+    could elope with you all on the road of iron, but the
+    <i>b&ecirc;te noir</i>, the Moral, will not permit. Behold for
+    which, as an opened box of Louvin's perfumeries, I dispense my
+    fragrant affection to you all: breathe it and be happy!" Such
+    homage he receives with graceful acquiescence, believing his
+    recognition of it a sweet fruition to the fair adorers. He
+    accepts it as he does the ices, wines and delicate French
+    dishes familiar to his palate. Life is a fountain of eau
+    sucr&eacute;e, where everything is sweet to him, and he tries
+    to make it so to you, for he is a kindly-natured, true-hearted,
+    valiant little French gentleman. His loves, his innocent
+    dissipations, his grand passions, his rapier duels, would fill
+    the volumes of a Le Sage or a Cervantes. In the gay circles of
+    New Orleans he floats with lambent wings and irresistible fine
+    eyes, its serenest butterfly, admired and spoiled alike by the
+    French and American element.</p>
+
+    <p>At this early spring season a new atom of the latter enters
+    the charmed circle, breaking its merry round into other
+    sparkles of foam. A well-formed, stately, rather florid
+    gentleman alights at the St. Charles, and is ushered into the
+    hospitalities of that elegant caravansary. There is something
+    impressive about him, or there would be farther North. He is
+    American, from the strong, careless Anglo-Saxon face, through
+    all the stalwart bones and full figure, to the strong, firm,
+    light step. He will crush through the lepidoptera of this
+    half-French society like a silver knife through <i>Tourtereaux
+    souffl&eacute;s &agrave; la cr&ecirc;me</i>. He brings letters
+    to this and that citizen, or he is well known already, and
+    "coloneled" familiarly by stamp-expectant waiters and the
+    courteous master of ceremonies at the clerk's desk. He calls,
+    on his bankers, and is received with gracious familiarity in
+    the pleasant bank-parlor. Correspondence has made them
+    acquainted with Colonel Beverage in the way of business: they
+    are glad to see him in person, and will be happy to wait on
+    him. He makes them happy in that way, for they do wait upon him
+    satisfactorily. There is a little pleasant interchange of news
+    and city gossip, and of something else. There is a crinkling of
+    a certain crispy, green foliage, and the colonel withdraws in
+    the midst of civilities.</p>
+
+    <p>He next appears on Canal street, by and beyond the Clay
+    Monument, with occasional pauses at clothiers', and buys his
+    shirts at Moody's, as he has probably often sworn not to do,
+    because of its annoyingly frequent posters everywhere. He
+    enters jewelers' shops and examines trinkets&mdash;serpents
+    with ruby eyes curled in gold on beds of golden leaves with
+    emerald dews upon them; pearls, pear-shaped and tearlike,
+    brought up by swart, glittering divers, seven fathom deep, at
+    Tuticorin or in the Persian Gulf; rubies and sapphires mined in
+    Burmese Ava, and diamonds from Borneo and Brazil. Is he
+    choosing a bridal present? It looks so; but no, he selects a
+    splendid, brilliant solitaire, for which he pays eight hundred
+    dollars out of a plethoric purse, and also a finger-ring,
+    diamond too, for two hundred and fifty dollars. The jewelers
+    are polite, as the bankers were. He must be a large
+    cotton-planter, one of a class with whom a fondness for jewels
+    serves as a means of dozing away life in a kind of
+    crystallization. He otherwise adorns his stately person, till
+    he has a Sublime Porte indeed, the very vizier of a fairy tale
+    glittering in barbaric gems and gold. His taste, to speak it
+    mildly, is expressed rather than subdued&mdash;not to be
+    compared with the quiet elegance of your husband or lover,
+    madam or miss, but not unsuited to his showy style, for all
+    that. As the crimson-purple, plume-like prince's feather has
+    its own royal charm in Southern gardens beside the pale and
+    placidlily, so these luxuriant adornments, do not misbecome his
+    full and not too fleshy person. There is a certain harmony in
+    the Oriental sumptuousness of his attire, like radiant sunsets,
+    appropriate to certain styles of man and woman. Let us humble
+    creatures be content to have our portraits done in crayon, but
+    the colonel calls for the color-box.</p>
+
+    <p>So adorned and radiant, this variety of the American aloe
+    floats into the charmed circle of New Orleans
+    society&mdash;that lively, sparkling epitome and relic of the
+    old r&eacute;gime. He has good letters and a fair name, and
+    mingles in the Mystick Krewe, that curious club, possible
+    nowhere else, that has raised mummery into the sphere of
+    aesthetics. Perhaps he has worn the gray, perhaps the blue. It
+    is only in the very arcana of exclusive passion it makes much
+    difference. But gray or blue, or North or South in birth, he is
+    in every essential a Southerner, as many, like S.S. Prentiss,
+    curiously independent of nativity, are. He is well received and
+    courteously entreated. He has his little suppers at Moreau's,
+    and knows the ways of the place and names of the waiters. He
+    has his promenades, his drives, his club visits, is seen
+    everywhere&mdash;a brilliant convolvulus now, twining the
+    espaliers of that Saracenic fabric of society; to speak
+    architecturally, its very summer-house. He visits the opera and
+    gives it his frank approval, but confesses a preference for the
+    old plantation-melodies. He crushes through the meshes of the
+    Creole dandies, not offensively, but as the law of his volume
+    and momentum dictates, and they yield the <i>pas</i> to his
+    superior weight and metal. They are civil, and he is civil, but
+    they do not like one another, for all that. That Zodiac passed,
+    they continue their own summery orbit of charm and conquest. He
+    tends toward the aureal spheres and the green and pleasant
+    banks of issue. The colonel is not here for pleasure, though he
+    takes a little pleasure, as is his way, seasonably; but he
+    means business, and that several thirsty, eager cotton-houses
+    of repute know.</p>
+
+    <p>Of course they know. It came in his letters and distills in
+    the aroma of his talk. It may even have slipped into the
+    personals of the <i>Pic</i> and <i>Times</i> that Colonel
+    Beverage has taken Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations on
+    Red River, and is going extensively into the cultivation of the
+    staple. The colonel is modest over this: "not extensively, no,
+    but to the extent of his limited means." In the mean while he
+    looks out for some sound, well-recommended cotton-house.</p>
+
+    <p>This means business. In the North the farmer raises his crop
+    on his own capital, and turns it over unencumbered to the
+    merchant for the public. The credit system prevails in the
+    agriculture of the South, and brings another precarious element
+    into the already hazardous occupation of cotton-growing. A new
+    party appears in the cotton-merchant. He is not merely the
+    broker, yielding the proceeds, less a commission, to the
+    planter. Either, by hypothecation on advances made during the
+    year, he secures a legal pre-emption in the crop, or, by
+    initiatory contract, he becomes an actual partner of limited
+    liability in the crop itself. He agrees to furnish so much cash
+    capital at periods for the cultivation and securing of the
+    crop, which is husbanded by the planter. The money for these
+    advances he obtains from the banks; and hence it is that in
+    every cotton-crop raised South there are three or more
+    principals actually interested&mdash;the banker, the merchant
+    and the planter. This condition of planting is almost
+    invariable. Even the small farmer, whose crop is a few bags, is
+    ground into it. In his case the country-side grocer and dealer
+    is banker and merchant, and his advances the bare necessaries.
+    In this blending of interests the curious partnership rises,
+    thrives, labors and sometimes falls&mdash;the planter, as a
+    rule, undermost in that accident.</p>
+
+    <p>The Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations are famous, and
+    a hand well over the crops raised under such shrewd,
+    experienced management as that of Colonel Beverage is a stroke
+    of policy. Therefore, as the bankers and jewelers have been
+    polite, so now the cotton-merchants are civil; but the colonel
+    is shy&mdash;an old bird and a game bird.</p>
+
+    <p>Shy, but not suspicious. He chooses his own time, and at an
+    early day walks into the business-house of Negocier &amp;
+    Duthem. They are pleased to see the colonel in the way of
+    business, as they have been in society, and the pleasure is
+    mutual. As he expounds his plans they are more and more
+    convinced that he is a plumy bird of much waste feather.</p>
+
+    <p>He has taken Rottenbottom and Millefleur, and is going
+    pretty well into cotton. He thinks he understands it: he ought
+    to. Then he has his own capital&mdash;an advantage, certainly.
+    Some of his friends, So-and-so&mdash;running over commercial
+    and bankable names easily&mdash;have suggested the usual
+    co-operation with some reputable house, and an extension, but
+    he believes He will stay within limits. He has five thousand
+    dollars in cash he wishes to deposit with some good firm for
+    the year's supplies. He believes that will be sufficient, and
+    he has called to hear their terms. All this comes not at once,
+    but here and there in the business-conversation.</p>
+
+    <p>The reader will perceive one strong bait carelessly thrown
+    out by the auriferous or folliferous colonel&mdash;the five
+    thousand dollars cash in hand. The immediate use of that is a
+    strong incentive to the house. They covet the colonel's
+    business: they think well of the proposed extension. Cotton is
+    sure to be up, and under practical, experienced cultivation
+    must yield a handsome fortune. The result is foreseen. The
+    cotton-house and the colonel enter into the usual agreement of
+    such transactions. The colonel leaves his five thousand
+    dollars, and draws on that, and for as much more as may be
+    necessary in securing the crop.</p>
+
+    <p>The commercial reader North who has had no dealings South
+    will smile at the credulous merchant who entrusts his credit to
+    such a full-blown, thirsty tropical pitcher-plant as the
+    colonel, who carries childish extravagances in his very dress;
+    but he will judge hastily. We have seen this gaudy
+    efflorescence pass over the curiously-wrought enameled
+    gold-work, opals, pearls and rubies, and adorn himself with
+    solid diamonds. The careful economist North puts his
+    superfluous thousands in government bonds, or gambles them away
+    in Erie stocks, because he likes the increase of Jacob's
+    speckled sheep. The Southerner invests his in diamonds because
+    he likes show, and diamonds have a pretty steady market value.
+    There is method, too, in the colonel's associations, and all
+    his acquaintance is gilt-edged and bankable.</p>
+
+    <p>His business is now done, and he does not tarry, but wings
+    his way to Millefleur and Rottenbottom, where he moults all his
+    fine feathers. He goes into fertilizers, beginning with crushed
+    cotton-seed and barnyard manure, if possible, before February
+    is over. He follows the shovel-plough with a slick-jack, and
+    plants, and then the labor begins to fail him. He talks about
+    importing Chinese, and writes about it in the local paper. He
+    is sure it will do, as he is positive in all his opinions. He
+    is true pluck, and tries to make new machinery make up for
+    deficient labor. He buys "bull-tongues," "cotton-shovels,"
+    "fifteen-inch sweeps," "twenty-inch sweeps," "team-ploughs with
+    seven-inch twisters," and a "finishing sweep of twenty-six
+    inches." He hears of other inventions, and orders them. The
+    South is flooded with a thousand quack contrivances now, about
+    as applicable to cotton-raising as a pair of nut-crackers; but
+    the colonel buys them. He is going to dispense with the hoe.
+    That is the plan; and by that plan of furnishing a large
+    plantation with new tools before Lent is over the five thousand
+    dollars are gone. But he writes cheerfully. It is his nature to
+    be sanguine, and to hope loudly, vaingloriously; and he writes
+    it honestly enough to his merchant&mdash;and draws. The labor
+    gets worse and worse. In the indolent summer days the negro,
+    careless, thriftless, ignorant, works only at intervals.
+    Perhaps the June rise catches him, and there is a heavy expense
+    in ditching and damming to save the Rottenbottom crop. Maybe
+    the merchant hears of the army-worm and is alarmed, but the
+    colonel writes back assuring letters that it is only the
+    grasshopper, and the grasshopper has helped more than
+    hurt&mdash;and draws. Then possibly the army-worm comes sure
+    enough, and cripples him. But he keeps up his courage&mdash;and
+    draws. The five thousand dollars appear to have been employed
+    in digging or building a sluice through which a constant
+    current of currency flows from the city to Rottenbottom and
+    Millefleur. The merchant has gone into bank, and the tide flows
+    on. At last the planter writes: "The most magnificent crop ever
+    raised on Red River, just waiting for the necessary hands to
+    gather it in!" Of course the necessary sums are supplied, and
+    at last the crop gets to market. It finds the market low, and
+    declining steadily week by week. The banks begin to press:
+    money is tight, as it is now while I write. The crop is
+    sacrificed, for the merchant cannot wait, and some fine morning
+    the house of Negocier &amp; Duthem is closed, and Colonel
+    Beverage is bankrupt.</p>
+
+    <p>And both are ruined? No. We will suppose the business-house
+    is old and reputable: the banks are obliging and creditors
+    prudently liberal, and by and by the firm resumes its old
+    career. As for the colonel, the reader sees that to ruin him
+    would be an absolute contradiction of nature. His friends or
+    relations give him assistance, or he sells his diamonds, and
+    soon you meet him at the St. Charles, as blooming, sanguine and
+    splendiferous as ever. No, he cannot be ruined, but his is not
+    an infrequent episode in the life of a Southern Planter.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">WILL WALLACE HARNEY.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="BABES_IN_THE_WOOD"
+       id="BABES_IN_THE_WOOD"></a>BABES IN THE WOOD.</h2>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I had two little babes, a boy and girl&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Two little babes that are not with me
+            now:</p>
+
+            <p>On one bright brow full golden fell the
+            curl&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The curl fell chestnut-brown on one
+            bright brow.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I like to dream of them that some soft day,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Whilst wandering from home, their fitful
+            feet</p>
+
+            <p>Went heedlessly through some still woodland way</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Where light and shade harmoniously
+            meet;</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>And that they wandered deeper and more deep</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Into the forest's fragrant heart and
+            fair,</p>
+
+            <p>Till just at evenfall they dropped asleep,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And ever since they have been resting
+            there.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>After their willful wandering that day</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Each is so tired it does not wake at
+            all,</p>
+
+            <p>Whilst over them the boughs that sigh and sway</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Conspire to make perpetual evenfall.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>And I, that must not join them, still am blest,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Passionately, though this poor heart
+            grieves;</p>
+
+            <p>For memories, like birds, at my behest,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Have covered them with tender thoughts,
+            like leaves.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="center">EDGAR FAWCETT.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS"
+       id="MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS"></a>MY CHARGE ON THE
+       LIFE-GUARDS.</h2>
+
+    <p>Now that our little international troubles about
+    consequential damages and the like are happily settled, and
+    there is no danger that my revelations will augment them in any
+    degree, I think I may venture to give the particulars of an
+    affair of honor which I once had with a gigantic member of Her
+    Britannic Majesty's household troops.</p>
+
+    <p>My guardian had a special veneration for England in general
+    and for Oxford in particular, and I was brought up and sent to
+    Yale with the full understanding that St. Bridget's, Oxon., was
+    the place where I was to be "finished." I left Yale at the end
+    of Junior year and crossed the ocean in the crack steamer of
+    the then famous Collins line. I do not believe any young
+    American ever had a more favorable introduction to England than
+    I had, and the wonder is that, considering the philo-Anglican
+    atmosphere in which I was educated, I did not become a
+    thorough-paced renegade. I was, however, blessed with a
+    tolerably independent spirit, and kept my nationality intact
+    throughout my university course.</p>
+
+    <p>Like Tom Brown, I felt myself drawn to the sporting set,
+    and, as I was always an adept at athletics, soon won repute as
+    an oarsman, and was well satisfied to be looked upon as the
+    Yankee champion sundry amateur rowing-and boxing-matches, as
+    well as in the lecture-room. Of course, I was the mark for no
+    end of good-natured chaff about my nationality, but was nearly
+    always able, I believe, to sustain the honor of the American
+    name, and so at length graduated in the "firsts" as to
+    scholarship, and enjoyed the distinguished honor of pulling
+    number four in the "'Varsity eight" in our annual match with
+    Cambridge on the Thames. Moreover, I stood six feet in my
+    stockings, had the muscle of a gladiator, and was physically
+    the equal of any man at Oxford.</p>
+
+    <p>After the race was over my special cronies hung about London
+    for a few days, usually making that classical "cave" of Evans's
+    a rendezvous in the evening. Two or three young officers of the
+    Guards were often with us, and one night, when the talk had
+    turned, as it often did, on personal prowess, the superb
+    average physique of their regiment was duly lauded by our
+    soldier companions. At length one of them remarked, in that
+    aggravatingly superior tone which some Englishmen assume, that
+    any man in his troop could handle any two of the then present
+    company. This provoked a general laugh of incredulity, and two
+    or three of our college set turned to me with&mdash;"What do
+    you say to that, Jonathan?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nonsense!" said I. "I'll put on the gloves with the biggest
+    fellow among them, any day."</p>
+
+    <p>This somewhat democratic readiness to spar with a private
+    soldier led to remarks which I chose to consider insular, if
+    not insolent, and I replied, supporting the principle of Yankee
+    equality, until, losing my temper at something which one of the
+    ensigns said, I delivered myself in some such fashion as this:
+    "Well, gentlemen, I'm only one Yankee among many Englishmen,
+    but I will bet a hundred guineas, and put up the money, that I
+    will tumble one of those mighty warriors out of his saddle in
+    front of the Horse Guards, and ride off on his horse before the
+    guard can turn out and stop me."</p>
+
+    <p>Of course my bet was instantly taken by the officers, but my
+    friends were so astounded at my rashness that I found no
+    backers. However, my blood was up, and, possibly because
+    Evans's bitter beer was buzzing slightly in my head, I booked
+    several more bets at large odds in my own favor. As the hour
+    was late, we separated with an agreement to meet and arrange
+    details on the following day, keeping the whole affair strictly
+    secret meanwhile.</p>
+
+    <p>I confess that my feelings were not of the pleasantest as I
+    sat at my late London breakfast somewhere about noon the next
+    day, and I was fain to admit to my special friend that I had
+    put myself in an awkward, if not an unenviable, position.
+    However, I was in for it, and being naturally of an elastic
+    temperament, began to cast about for a cheerful view of my
+    undertaking. In the course of the day preliminaries were
+    arranged and reduced to writing with all the care which
+    Englishmen practice in such affairs of "honor." I only
+    stipulated that I should be allowed to use a stout
+    walking-stick in my encounter; that I should be kept informed
+    as to the detail for guard; that I should be freely allowed to
+    see the regiment at drill and in quarters; and that I should
+    select my time of attack within a fortnight, giving a few
+    hours' notice to all parties concerned, so as to ensure their
+    presence as witnesses.</p>
+
+    <p>Every one who has ever visited London has seen and admired
+    the gigantic horsemen who sit on mighty black steeds, one on
+    either side of the archway facing Whitehall, and who are
+    presumed at once to guard the commander-in-chief's
+    head-quarters and to serve as "specimen bricks" of the finest
+    cavalry corps in the world. Splendid fellows they are! None of
+    them are under six feet high, and many of them are considerably
+    above that mark. They wear polished steel corselets and
+    helmets, white buck-skin trowsers, high jack-boots, and at the
+    time of which I write their arms consisted of a brace of heavy,
+    single-barreled pistols in holsters, a carbine and a sabre. The
+    firearms were, under ordinary circumstances, not loaded, and
+    the sabre was held at a "carry" in the right hand. This last
+    was the weapon against which I must guard, and I accordingly
+    placed a traveling cap and a coat in the hands of a discreet
+    tailor, who sewed steel bands into the crown of one and into
+    the shoulders of the other, in such a way as afforded very
+    efficient protection against a possible downward cut.</p>
+
+    <p>Besides attending to these defensive preparations, I at once
+    looked about for a competent horseman with military experience
+    who could give me some practical hints as to encounters between
+    infantry and cavalry, and, singularly enough, was thrown in
+    with that gallant young officer who rode into immortality in
+    front of the Light Brigade at Balaklava a few years afterward.
+    I learned that he was a superb horseman, was down upon the
+    English system of cavalry training, and was using pen and
+    tongue to bring about a change. A sudden inspiration led me to
+    take him into my confidence, as the terms of our agreement
+    permitted me to do. He caught the idea with enthusiasm. What an
+    argument it would be in favor of his new system if a mere
+    civilian unhorsed a Guardsman trained after the old fashion!
+    For a week he drilled me more or less every day in getting him
+    off his horse in various ways, and I speedily became a
+    proficient in the art, he meanwhile gaining some new ideas on
+    the subject, which were duly printed in his well-known
+    book.</p>
+
+    <p>Well, to make my story short, I gave notice to interested
+    parties on the tenth day, put on my steel-ribbed cap and my
+    armor-plated coat, and with stick in hand walked over to a
+    hairdresser's with whom I had previously communicated, had my
+    complexion darkened to a Spanish olive, put on a false beard,
+    and was ready for service. I had arranged with this tonsorial
+    artist, whose shop was in the Strand near Northumberland House,
+    that he should be prepared to remove these traces of disguise
+    as speedily as he had put them on, and that I should leave a
+    stylish coat and hat in his charge, to be donned in haste
+    should occasion require. I next engaged two boys to stand
+    opposite Northumberland House, and be ready to hold a horse.
+    These boys I partially paid beforehand, and promised more
+    liberal largess if they did their duty. Preliminaries having
+    been thus arranged, I strolled down Whitehall, feeling very
+    much as I did years afterward when I found myself going into
+    action for the first time in Dixie.</p>
+
+    <p>It was early afternoon on a lovely spring day. The Strand
+    was a roaring stream of omnibuses and drays, carriages were
+    beginning to roll along the drives leading to Rotten Row, and
+    all London was in the streets. I was assured that at this hour
+    I should find a big but father clumsy giant on post; and there
+    he was, sure enough, sitting like a colossal statue on his
+    coal-black charger, the crest of his helmet almost touching the
+    keystone of the arch under which he sat, his accoutrements
+    shining like jewels, and he looking every inch a British
+    cavalryman. I walked past on the opposite side of Whitehall,
+    meeting, without being recognized, all my aiders and abettors
+    in this most heinous attack on Her Majesty's Guards. I then
+    crossed the street and took a good look at my man. He and his
+    companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of officers in
+    "mufti" on the opposite sidewalk, and kept their eyes immovably
+    to the front. Evidently nothing much short of an earthquake
+    could cause either to relax a muscle. The little circle of
+    admiring beholders which is always on hand inspecting these
+    splendid horsemen was present, of course, with varying
+    elements, and I had to wait a few minutes until a small number
+    of innocuous spectators coincided with the aphelion of the
+    periodical policeman.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate that tower of
+    polished leather, brass and steel, with a man inside of it some
+    forty pounds heavier than I, and think that in a minute or so
+    we two should be engaged in a close grapple, whose termination
+    involved considerable risk for me physically as well as
+    pecuniarily. However, there was, in addition to the feeling of
+    apprehension, a touch of elation at the thought that I, a lone
+    Yankee, was about to beard the British lion in his most
+    formidable shape, almost under the walls of Buckingham
+    Palace.</p>
+
+    <p>I looked my antagonist carefully over, deciding several
+    minor points in my mind, and then at a favorable moment stepped
+    quietly within striking distance, and delivered a sharp blow
+    with my stick on his left instep, as far forward as I could
+    without hitting the stirrup. The man seemed to be in a sort of
+    military trance, for he never winced. Quick as thought, I
+    repeated the blow, and this time the fellow fairly yelled with
+    rage, astonishment and pain. I have since made up my mind that
+    his nerve-fibre must have been of that inert sort which
+    transmits waves of sensation but slowly, so that the perception
+    of the first blow reached the interior of his helmet just about
+    as the second descended. At all events, he jerked back his
+    foot, and somehow, between the involuntary contraction of his
+    flexor muscles from pain and the glancing of my stick, his foot
+    slipped from the stirrup. This, as I had learned from my
+    instructor, was a great point gained, and in an instant I had
+    him by the ankle and by the top of his jack-boot, doubling his
+    leg, at the same time heaving mightily upward.</p>
+
+    <p>As I gave my whole strength to the effort I was dimly aware
+    of screams and panic among the nursery&mdash;maids and children
+    who were but a moment before my fellow-spectators. At the same
+    time I caught the flash of the Guardsman's sabre as he cut down
+    at me after the fashion prescribed in the broadsword exercise.
+    Fortune, however, did not desert me. My antagonist had not
+    enough elbow-room, and his sword-point was shivered against the
+    stone arch overhead, the blade descending flatways and
+    harmlessly upon my well-protected shoulder just as, with a
+    final effort, I tumbled him out his saddle.</p>
+
+    <p>The recollection of the ludicrous figure which that
+    Guardsman cut haunts me still. His pipeclayed gloves clutched
+    wildly at holster and cantle as he went over. Down came the
+    gleaming helmet crashing upon the pavement, and with a
+    calamitous rattle and bang the whole complicated structure of
+    corselet, scabbard, carbine, cross-belts, spurs and boots went
+    into the inside corner of the archway, a helpless heap.</p>
+
+    <p>That started the horse. The noble animal had stood my
+    assault as steadily as if he had been cast in bronze, but
+    precisely such an emergency as this had never been contemplated
+    in his training, as it had not in that of his master, and he
+    now started forward rather wildly. I had my hand on the bridle
+    before he had moved a foot, and swung myself half over his back
+    as he dashed across the sidewalk and up Whitehall. The Guards'
+    saddles are very easy when once you are in them, and I had
+    reason, temporarily at least, to approve the English style of
+    riding with short stirrups, for I readily found my seat, and
+    ascertained that I could touch bottom with my toes. As I left
+    the scene of my victory behind me I heard the guards turning
+    out, and caught a glimpse as of all London running in my
+    direction, but by the time that I had secured the control of my
+    horse I had distanced the crowd, and as we entered the Strand
+    we attracted comparatively little notice. In driving, the
+    English turn out to the left instead of to the right, as is the
+    custom here, and I was obliged to cross the westward-bound line
+    of vehicles before I could fall in with that which would bring
+    me to my boys. I decided to make a "carom" of it, and nearly
+    took the heads off a pair of horses, and the pole off the
+    omnibus to which they were attached, as I dashed through.
+    Turning to the right, I soon lost the torrent of invective
+    hurled after me by the driver and conductor of the discomfited
+    'bus, and in less than two minutes&mdash;which seemed to me an
+    age, for the pursuit was drawing near&mdash;I reached my boys,
+    dropped them a half sov. apiece, which I had ready in my hand,
+    and bolted for my hairdresser's, the boys leading the horse in
+    the opposite direction, as previously ordered.</p>
+
+    <p>It was none too soon, for as I ran up stairs I saw three or
+    four policemen running toward the horse, and there was a gleam
+    of dancing plumes and shining helmets toward Whitehall. My
+    false beard and complexion were changed with marvelous
+    rapidity, and, assuming my promenade costume, I sauntered down
+    stairs and out upon the sidewalk in time to see the whole
+    street jammed with a crowd of excited Britons, while the
+    recaptured horse was turned over to the Guardsmen, and the two
+    boys were marched off to Bow street for examination before a
+    magistrate.</p>
+
+    <p>A private room and an elaborate dinner at the United Service
+    Club closed the day; and I must admit that my military friends
+    swallowed their evident chagrin with a very good grace. Of
+    course I was told that I could not do it again, which I readily
+    admitted; and that there was not another man in the troop whom
+    I could have unhorsed&mdash;an assertion which I as
+    persistently combated. The affair was officially hushed up, and
+    probably not more than a few thousand people ever heard of it
+    outside military circles.</p>
+
+    <p>How I escaped arrest and punishment to the extent of the law
+    I did not know for many years, for the duke of Wellington, who
+    was then commander-in-chief, had only to order the officers
+    concerned under arrest, and I should have been in honor bound
+    to come forward with a voluntary confession.</p>
+
+    <p>My giant was sent for to the old duke's private room the day
+    after his overthrow, and questioned sharply by the adjutant,
+    who, with pardonable incredulity, suspected that bribery alone
+    could have brought about so direful a catastrophe. The duke was
+    from the first convinced of the soldier's, honesty and bravery,
+    and presently broke in upon the adjutant's examination
+    with&mdash;"Well, well! speak to me now. What have you to say
+    for yourself?"</p>
+
+    <p>"May it please yer ludship," said the undismayed soldier,
+    "I've never fought a civilian sence I 'listed, an' yer ludship
+    will bear me witness that there's nothing in the cavalry drill
+    about resisting a charge of foot when a mon's on post at the
+    Horse Guards."</p>
+
+    <p>This speech was delivered with the most perfect sincerity
+    and sobriety, and although it reflected upon the efficiency of
+    the army under the hero of Waterloo, the Iron Duke was so much
+    impressed by the affair that he sent word to Lieutenant-Colonel
+    Varian, commanding the regiment, not to order the man any
+    punishment whatever, but to see that his command was thereafter
+    trained in view of possible attacks, even when posted in front
+    of army head-quarters.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">CHARLES L. NORTON.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER"
+       id="PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER"></a>PAINTING AND A PAINTER.</h2>
+
+    <p>Charles V. once said, "Titian should be served by Caesar;"
+    and Michael Angelo, we read, was treated by Lorenzo de' Medici
+    "as a son;" Raphael, his contemporary, was great enough to
+    revere him, and thank God he had lived at the same time. In
+    England, in France, in Germany, in Italy, in Spain at this day,
+    the poet and the painter stand hedged about by the divinity of
+    their gifts, and the people are proud to recognize their
+    kingship.</p>
+
+    <p>Has "Reverence, that angel of the world," as Shakespeare
+    beautifully says, forgot to visit America? Or must we consider
+    ourselves less capable yet of delicate appreciation, such as
+    older nations possess? Or are we over-occupied in gaining
+    possession of material comforts and luxuries, and so forget to
+    revere our poets and painters till it is too late, and the
+    curtain has fallen upon their unobtrusive and often struggling
+    earthly career? What a millennium will have arrived when we
+    learn to be as <i>faithful</i> to our love as we are
+    sincere!</p>
+
+    <p>Questions like these have been asked also in times preceding
+    ours. Alfred de Musset wrote upon this subject in 1833, in
+    Paris: "There are people who tell you our age is preoccupied,
+    that men no longer read anything or care for anything. Napoleon
+    was occupied, I think, at Beresina: he, however, had his
+    <i>Ossian</i> with him. When did Thought lose the power of
+    being able to leap into the saddle behind Action? When did man
+    forget to rush like Tyrtaeus to the combat, a sword in one
+    hand, the lyre in the other? Since the world still has a body,
+    it has a soul."</p>
+
+    <p>Monsieur Charles Blanc writes: "In order to have an idea of
+    the importance of the arts, it is enough to fancy what the
+    great nations of the world would be if the monuments they have
+    erected to their faiths, and the works whereon they have left
+    the mark of their genius, were suppressed from history. It is
+    with people as with men&mdash;after death only the emanations
+    of their mind remain; that is to say, literature and art,
+    written poems, and poems inscribed on stone, in marble or in
+    color."</p>
+
+    <p>The same writer, in his admirable book, <i>Grammaire des
+    arts du dessin,</i> from which we are tempted to quote again
+    and again, says: "The artist who limits himself simply to the
+    imitation of Nature reaches only <i>individuality</i>: he is a
+    slave. He who interprets Nature sees in her happy qualities; he
+    evolves <i>character</i> from her; he is master. The artist who
+    idealizes her discovers in her or imprints upon her the image
+    of <i>beauty</i>: this last is a great master.... Placed
+    between Nature and the ideal, between what is and what must be,
+    the artist has a vast career before him in order to pass from
+    the reality he sees to the beauty he divines. If we follow him
+    in this career, we see his model transform itself successively
+    before his eyes.... But the artist must give to these creations
+    of his soul the imprint of life, and he can only find this
+    imprint in the individuals Nature has created. The two are
+    inseparable&mdash;the type, which is a product of thought, and
+    the individual, which is a child of life."</p>
+
+    <p>With this excellent analysis before us, we will recall one
+    by one some of the best-known and most interesting works of
+    W.M. Hunt, a painter who now holds a prominent place among the
+    artists of America. We will try to discover by careful
+    observation if the high gifts of Verity and Imagination, the
+    sign and seal of the true artist, really belong to him: if so,
+    where these qualities are expressed, and what value we should
+    set upon them.</p>
+
+    <p>First, perhaps, for those readers remote from New England
+    who may never have seen any pictures by this artist, a few
+    words should be said by way of describing some characteristics
+    of his work and the limitations of it; which limitations are
+    rather loudly dwelt upon by connoisseurs and lovers of the
+    popular modern French school. Artists discern these limitations
+    of course more keenly even than others, but their tribute to
+    verity and ideal beauty as represented by this painter is too
+    sincere to allow caviling to find expression. This limitation
+    to which we refer causes Mr. Hunt to allow <i>ideal
+    suggestions</i>, rather than pictures, to pass from his studio,
+    and makes him cowardly before his own work. It recalls in a
+    contrary sense that saying of the sculptor Puget: "The marble
+    trembles before me." Mr. Hunt trembles before his new-born
+    idea. His swift nature has allowed him in the first hour of
+    work to put into his picture the tenderness or rapture, the
+    unconscious grace or tempestuous force, which he despaired at
+    first of ever being able to express. In the flush of success he
+    stops: he has it, the idea; the chief interest of the subject
+    is portrayed before him; the delicate presence (and what can be
+    more delicate than the thoughts he has delineated?) is there,
+    and may vanish if touched in a less fortunate moment. But is
+    this lack of fulfillment in the artist entirely without
+    precedent or parallel? Had not Sir Joshua Reynolds a studio
+    full of young artists who "finished off" his pictures? Were not
+    the very faces themselves painted with such rapidity and want
+    of proper method as to drop off, on occasion, entirely from the
+    canvas, as in case of the boy's head, in being carried through
+    the street? Hunt is of our own age, and would scorn the
+    suggestion of having a hand or a foot painted for him, as if it
+    were a matter of small importance what individual expression a
+    hand or a foot should wear; but who can tell for what future
+    age he has painted the wise, abrupt, kind, persistent, simple,
+    strong old Judge in his Yankee coat; or the genial, resolute,
+    hopeful, self-sacrificing governor of Massachusetts; and the
+    Master of the boys, with his keen, loving, uncompromising face?
+    These are pictures that, when children say, "Tell us about the
+    Governor who helped Massachusetts bring her men first into the
+    field during our war," we may lead them up before and reply,
+    "He was this man!" So also with the portraits of the Judge, of
+    the Master of the boys, of the old man with clear eyes and firm
+    mouth, and that sweet American girl standing, unconscious of
+    observation, plucking at the daisy in her hat and guessing at
+    her fate.</p>
+
+    <p>Hurry, impatience and a worship of crude thought are
+    characteristics of our present American life. Hunt is one of
+    us. If these faults mark and mar his work, they show him also
+    to be a child of the time. His quick sympathies are caught by
+    the wayside and somewhat frayed out among his fellows; but
+    nevertheless one essential of a great painter, that of
+    <i>Verity</i>, will be accorded to him after an examination of
+    the pictures we have mentioned.</p>
+
+    <p>But truth, character, skill, the many gifts and great labor
+    which must unite to lead an artist to the foot of his shadowy,
+    sun-crowned mountain, can then carry him no step farther unless
+    ideal Beauty join him, and he comprehend her nature and follow
+    to her height. Again we quote from Charles Blanc&mdash;for why
+    should we rewrite what he says so ably?&mdash;"All the germs of
+    beauty are in Nature, but it belongs to the spirit of man alone
+    to disengage them. When Nature is beautiful, the painter
+    <i>knows</i> that she is beautiful, but Nature knows nothing of
+    it. Thus beauty exists only on the condition of being
+    understood&mdash;that is to say, of receiving a second life in
+    the human thought. Art has something else to do than to copy
+    Nature exactly: it must penetrate into the spirit of things, it
+    must evoke the soul of its hero. It can then not only rival
+    Nature, but surpass her. What is indeed the superiority of
+    Nature? It is the life which animates all her forms. But man
+    possesses a treasure which Nature does not
+    possess&mdash;thought. Now thought is more than life, for it is
+    life at its highest power, life in its glory. Man can then
+    contest with Nature by manifesting thought in the forms of art,
+    as Nature manifests life in her forms. In this sense the
+    philosopher Hegel was able to say that the creations of art
+    were truer than the phenomena of the physical world and the
+    realities of history."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, thought in the soul of the true artist for ever labors
+    to evolve the beautiful. This is what the thought of a picture
+    means to him&mdash;how to express beauty, which he finds
+    underlying even the imperfect individual of Nature's decaying
+    birth. To the high insight this is always discernible. None are
+    so fallen that some ray of God's light may not touch them, and
+    this possibility, the faith in light for ever, radiates from
+    the spirit of the artist, and renders him a messenger of joy.
+    No immortal works have bloomed in despondency: they may have
+    taken root in the slime of the earth, but they have blossomed
+    into lilies.</p>
+
+    <p>We call this divine power to discern beauty in every
+    manifestation of the Deity, imagination. As it expresses itself
+    in painting, it is so closely allied with what is highest and
+    holiest in our natures that painting has come to be esteemed a
+    Christian art, as contrasted in its development subsequent to
+    the Christian era with the less human works of sculpture.
+    "Christianity came, and instead of physical beauty substituted
+    moral beauty, infinitely preferring the expression of the soul
+    to the perfection of the body. Every man was great in its eyes,
+    not by his perishable members, but by his immortal soul. With
+    this religion begins the reign of painting, which is a more
+    subtle art, more immaterial, than the others&mdash;more
+    expressive, and also more individual. We will give some proofs
+    of it. Instead of acting, like architecture and sculpture, upon
+    the three dimensions of heavy matter, painting acts only upon
+    one surface, and produces its effects with an imponderable
+    thing, which is color&mdash;that is to say, light. Hegel has
+    said with admirable wisdom: 'In sculpture and architecture
+    forms are rendered visible by exterior light. In painting, on
+    the contrary, matter, obscure in itself, has within itself its
+    internal element, its ideal&mdash;light: it draws from itself
+    both clearness and obscurity. Now, unity, the combination of
+    light and dark, is color.' The painter, then, proposes to
+    himself to represent, not bodies with their real thickness, but
+    simply their appearance, their image; but by this means it is
+    the mind which he addresses. Visible but impalpable, and in
+    some sense immaterial, his work does not meet the touch, which
+    is the sight of the body: it only meets the eye, which is the
+    touch of the soul. Painting is then, from this point of view,
+    the essential art of Christianity.... If the painter, like
+    Phidias or Lysippus, had only to portray the types of humanity,
+    the majesty of Jupiter, the strength of Hercules, he might do
+    without the riches of color, and paint in one tone, modified
+    only by light and shade; but the most heroic man among
+    Christians is not a demigod: he is a being profoundly
+    individual, tormented, combating, suffering, and who throughout
+    his real life shares with environing Nature, and receives from
+    every side the reflection of her colors. Sculpture,
+    generalizing, raises itself to the dignity of
+    allegory&mdash;painting, individualizing, descends to the
+    familiarity of portraiture."</p>
+
+    <p>Let us now return to consider William Hunt's pictures from
+    this second point of view. The gift of Verity having been
+    already assumed, can we also discern that higher power of
+    Imagination whose crown and seal is the Beautiful. To decide
+    this question we have, unhappily, to consider his work as
+    lyrical, rather than dramatic, and for this reason we must
+    study his power under disadvantage. That he possesses dramatic
+    power will hardly be denied by those who know his "Hamlet,"
+    "The Drummer-Boy," and "The Boy and the Butterfly;" but the
+    exigencies of life appear to prevent him from occupying himself
+    with compositions such as filled years in the existence of the
+    old painters.</p>
+
+    <p>Portraiture being the highest and most difficult labor to
+    which an artist can aspire, to this branch of art Hunt has
+    chiefly confined himself, and from this point of view he must
+    be studied. We do not forget, in saying this, his angel with
+    the flaming torch, strong and beautiful and of unearthly
+    presence, nor the shadowy, half-portrayed figures which dart
+    and flit across his easel; but as we may <i>understand</i> the
+    power of Titian from his portraits, yet never revel in it fully
+    until we look upon "The Presentation" or "The
+    Assumption"&mdash;never comprehend the painter's joy or his
+    divine rest in endeavor until the achievement lies before
+    us&mdash;we must speak of Hunt only from the work to which he
+    has devoted himself, and not do him the injustice to predict
+    dramas he has never yet composed.</p>
+
+    <p>First, pre-eminently appears that worship for moral beauty
+    which suffers him to fear no ugliness. This power allies him
+    with keen sympathy to every living thing. He sees kinship and
+    the immortal spark in each breathing being. The soul of love
+    goes out and paints the dark or the suffering or the repellant
+    faithfully, bringing it in to the light where God's sunshine
+    may fall upon it, and men and women, seeing for the first time,
+    may help to wipe away the stain. This tendency he shares with
+    the great French painter Millet, whom he loves to call Master,
+    and with Dore, whose terrible picture of "The Mountebanks"
+    should call men and women from their homes to penetrate the
+    fastnesses of vice and strive to heal the sorrows of their
+    kind.</p>
+
+    <p>This love of moral beauty, which forces painters to paint
+    such pictures, was never in any age more evident. Hunt in his
+    beggar-man, in his forlorn children, and other pictures of the
+    same class, unfolds a beauty that men should be thankful
+    for.</p>
+
+    <p>On the other hand, his love of beauty and his power of
+    expressing it should be studied in its <i>direct</i> influence.
+    The beauty of flesh and blood, even the loveliness of children,
+    seems to have slight hold upon him, compared with the
+    significance of character and the lustre with which his
+    imagination endows everything. This lustre is a distinguishing
+    power with him. The depth to which he sees and feels causes him
+    to give higher lights and deeper shadows than other men. White
+    flowers are not only white to him&mdash;they shine like stars.
+    His pictures give a sense of splendor.</p>
+
+    <p>In his sketch of the poor mother cuddling her child, it is
+    the feeling of rest, the mother's sleeping joy, the relaxed
+    limbs, the folding embrace, which he has given us to enjoy.
+    These are the beauty of the picture&mdash;not rounded flesh,
+    nor graceful curves, nor fair complexion; and so with the
+    singing-girls: they are not beautiful girls, but they are
+    simple&mdash;they love to sing, they are full of tenderness and
+    music. We might go over all his pictures to weariness in this
+    way. The young girl plucking at the daisy as she stands in an
+    open field must, however, not be omitted. The natural elegance
+    of this portrait renders it peculiarly, we should say, such a
+    one as any woman would be proud to see of herself. Doubtless
+    this young girl, like others, may have worn ear-rings and
+    chains and pins and rings, but the artist knew her better than
+    she knew herself, and has portrayed that exquisite crown of
+    simplicity with which, it should seem, Nature only endows
+    beggars and her royal favorites.</p>
+
+    <p>In all the ages since Hamlet was created there appears never
+    to have been an era in which his character has excited such
+    strong and universal interest as in America at this time.
+    William Hunt has thrown upon the canvas a figure of Hamlet
+    beautiful and living. There is no suggestion of any actor in
+    it. Hamlet walks new-born from the painter's brain. His "cursed
+    spite" bends the youthful shoulders, and the figure marches
+    past unmindful of terrestrial presences.</p>
+
+    <p>One other picture will illustrate more clearly, perhaps,
+    than everything which has gone before, this gift of
+    imagination. In "The Boy and the Butterfly," now on the walls
+    of the Century Club-house, the loveliness of the child, the
+    power of action, the subtle management of color and light, are
+    all subordinated to the ideas of defeat and endeavor. Energy,
+    the irrepressible strength of the spirit upheld by a divine
+    light of indestructible youth, shines out from the canvas. The
+    boy who cannot catch the butterfly is transmuted as we stand
+    into the Soul of Beauty reaching out in vain for satisfaction,
+    and ready to follow its aspiration to another sphere.</p>
+
+    <h2><a name="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP"
+       id="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP"></a>OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN"
+       id="WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN"></a>WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.</h3>
+
+    <p>German literature, despite its extraordinary productiveness
+    and its possession of a few great masterpieces, is far from
+    being rich in the department of belles-lettres, especially in
+    works of fiction. It has no list of novelists like those which
+    include such names as Fielding, Scott and Thackeray, Balzac,
+    Hugo and Sand. In fact, there is scarcely an instance of a male
+    writer in Germany who has devoted himself exclusively to this
+    branch of literature, and has won high distinction in it. It
+    has been cultivated with success chiefly by a few writers of
+    the other sex, whose delineations have gained a popularity in
+    America only less than that which they enjoy at home&mdash;in
+    part because the life which they depict has closer internal
+    analogies to our own than to that of England or of France,
+    still more perhaps because the pictures themselves, whatever
+    their intrinsic fidelity, are suffused with a romantic glow
+    which has long since faded from those of the thoroughly
+    realistic art now dominant in the two latter countries.</p>
+
+    <p>In none of them is this characteristic more apparent than in
+    the works of Wilhelmine von Hillern, which bear also in a
+    marked degree the stamp of a mind at once vigorous and
+    sympathetic, and are thus calculated to awaken the interest of
+    readers in regard to the author's personal history.</p>
+
+    <p>Her father, Doctor Christian Birch, a Dane by birth and
+    originally a diplomatist by profession, held for many years the
+    post of secretary of legation at London and Paris. He withdrew
+    from this career on the occasion of his marriage with a German
+    lady connected with the stage in the triple capacity of author,
+    manager and actress. Madame Birch-Pfeiffer, as she is commonly
+    called, was one of the celebrities of her time, and her
+    dramatic productions still keep possession of the stage. Soon
+    after the birth of her daughter, which took place at Munich,
+    she was invited to assume the direction of the theatre of
+    Zurich. Here Wilhelmine passed several years of her childhood,
+    separated from her father, whose engagements as a political
+    writer retained him in Germany, and scarcely less divided from
+    her mother, whose duties at this period did not permit her to
+    give much attention to domestic cares. Without companions of
+    her own age, and left almost wholly to the charge of an invalid
+    aunt, she led a monotonous existence, which left an impression
+    on her mind all the more deep from its contrast with the life
+    which opened upon her in her eighth year, when Madame
+    Birch-Pfeiffer was summoned to Berlin to hold an appointment at
+    the court theatre.</p>
+
+    <p>In the Prussian capital the family was again united, and
+    became the centre of a social circle embracing many persons
+    connected with dramatic art and literature. Devrient, Dawison
+    and Jenny Lind were among the visitors whose conversation was
+    greedily listened to by the little girl while supposed to be
+    immersed in her lessons or her plays. Under such influences it
+    would have been strange if even a less active brain had not
+    been fired with aspirations, which took the form of an
+    irresistible impulse when, at thirteen, Wilhelmine was allowed
+    for the first time to visit the theatre and witness the acting
+    of Dawison in Hamlet and other parts. Henceforth all opposition
+    had to give way, and in her seventeenth year she made her
+    <i>d&eacute;but</i> as Juliet at the ducal theatre of Coburg.
+    Two qualities, we are told, distinguished her acting: a strong
+    conception worked out in the minutest details, and an intensity
+    of passion which knew no restraint, and at its culminating
+    point overpowered even hostile criticism. Subsequently careful
+    training under Edward Devrient and Madame Glossbrenner enabled
+    her to bring her emotions under better control, repressing all
+    tendency to extravagance; and, greeted with the assurance that
+    she was destined to become the German Rachel, she entered upon
+    her career with a round of performances at the principal
+    theatres of Germany, including those of Frankfort, Hamburg and
+    Berlin.</p>
+
+    <p>These triumphs were followed by the acceptance of a
+    permanent engagement at Mannheim, which, however, had hardly
+    been concluded when it gave place to one of a different kind,
+    followed by her marriage and sudden relinquishment of the
+    vocation embraced with such ardor and pursued for a short
+    period with such brilliant promise. Dawison is said to have
+    remarked that by her retirement the German stage had lost its
+    last genuine tragic actress.</p>
+
+    <p>Since her marriage Madame von Hillern has resided at
+    Freiburg, in the grand duchy of Baden, where her husband holds
+    a legal position analogous to that of the judge of a superior
+    court. Her social life is one of great activity, though much of
+    her time is given to superintending the education of her two
+    daughters. But the abounding energy of her nature made it
+    inevitable that her artistic instincts, repressed in one
+    direction, should seek their full development in another.
+    Literature was naturally her choice. Her first work,
+    <i>Doppelleben</i>, appeared in 1865, and though defective in
+    construction, owing to a change of plan in the process of
+    composition, served to give assurance of her powers and to
+    inspire her with the requisite confidence. Three years later
+    <i>Ein Arzt der Seele</i>, of which a translation under the
+    title of <i>Only a Girl</i> has been widely circulated in
+    America, established her claim to a high place among the
+    writers of her class. Her third work, <i>Aus eigener Kraft (By
+    his own Might)</i>, met with equal success, securing for its
+    author a large circle of readers on both sides of the Atlantic
+    ready to welcome the future productions of her pen. The
+    qualities which distinguish her writings are vigor of
+    conception, sharpness of characterization, a moral earnestness
+    pervading the judgments and reflections, and an ardor,
+    sometimes too exuberant, which gives intensity to the
+    delineation even while exciting doubts of its fidelity. Similar
+    qualities had characterized her acting, and they spring from a
+    nature which a close observer has described as clear in
+    perception yet swayed by fantasy; strong of will yet impulsive
+    as quicksilver; finding enjoyment now in animated discussion,
+    now in impetuous riding, now in absolute repose; full of
+    maternal tenderness, yet fond of splendor and the excitements
+    of society; a nature, in short, abounding in contrasts, but
+    substantially that of a true, noble and lovable woman.</p>
+    <hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+    <h2><a name="HIS_NAME"
+       id="HIS_NAME"></a>HIS NAME?</h2>
+
+    <p class="center">(<i>An incident of the Boston fire</i>.)</p>
+
+    <h3>I.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i10">&mdash;Oh the billows of fire!</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">With ma&euml;lstrom-like swirl,</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">Their surges they hurl</p>
+
+            <p class="i10">Over roof&mdash;over spire,</p>
+
+            <p class="i10">
+            Mad&mdash;masterless&mdash;higher,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">Till with
+            rumble&mdash;crack&mdash;crash,</p>
+
+            <p class="i8">Down boom with a flash,</p>
+
+            <p>Whole columns of granite and marble;&mdash;see!
+            see!</p>
+
+            <p>Sucked in as a weed on the ocean might be,</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">Or engulfed as a sail</p>
+
+            <p>In the hurricane riot and wreak of the gale!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>II.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Ha! yonder they rush where the death-dealing
+            stream,</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">Over-pent, waits their gleam,</p>
+
+            <p>To shiver the city with earthquake!&mdash;Who,
+            <i>who</i></p>
+
+            <p>Will adventure, mid-flame, and unfasten the
+            screw,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Set the fiend loose, and save us so?&mdash;Fireman,
+            you,</p>
+
+            <p><i>You</i> willing?&mdash;Would God you might hazard
+            it!&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i6">Nay,</p>
+
+            <p>The red tongues are licking the faucets now:
+            Stay!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">&mdash;Too late,&mdash;'tis too
+            late!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">If ruin comes, wait</p>
+
+            <p>Its coming: To go, is to perish:&mdash;Hold!
+            Hold!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">You are young,&mdash;I am
+            old,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>You've a wife, too&mdash;and children?&mdash;O God!
+            he is gone</p>
+
+            <p>Straight into destruction! The pipes, men! On,
+            on,</p>
+
+            <p>Play the water-stream on
+            him,&mdash;full&mdash;faster&mdash;the whole!</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">And now&mdash;Christ save his soul!</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h3>III.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p class="i10">&mdash;I stifle&mdash;I choke;</p>
+
+            <p>And <i>he</i>,&mdash;Heaven grant that he smother in
+            smoke</p>
+
+            <p>Ere the fearful explosion comes. Hark! What's the
+            shout?</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">&mdash;<i>Is he saved</i>?&mdash;<i>Is
+            he out?</i></p>
+
+            <p>&mdash;Did he compass his purpose,&mdash;the
+            Hero?&mdash;<i>(One</i> name</p>
+
+            <p>To-night we shall write on the records of
+            fame,&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>The perilous deed was so noble!) Why here</p>
+
+            <p class="i12">On my cheek is a tear,</p>
+
+            <p>Which not a whole city in ashes could claim!</p>
+
+            <p>&mdash;His name, now: <i>Can nobody tell me his
+            name?</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="center">M. J. P.</p>
+
+    <h3>
+    <a name="UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON"
+       id="UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON"></a>
+       UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.</h3>
+
+    <p>[It has been a matter of congratulation that the destruction
+    by the Boston fire was confined to buildings and other property
+    representing simply the wealth of the city, and did not extend
+    to its monuments or its artistic and literary treasures. The
+    exceptions are, in fact, comparatively small in amount, yet
+    they are such as must excite a general regret. The contents of
+    the studios in Summer street, and the collection of armor,
+    unique in this country, bequeathed by the late Colonel Bigelow
+    Lawrence to the Boston Athenaeum, and temporarily deposited at
+    82 Milk street, could not perish without awaking other feelings
+    besides that of sympathy with their past or prospective
+    possessors. A similar loss was that of many of the books and
+    manuscripts amassed by the historian Prescott, and comprising
+    the collections pertaining to the Histories of the Conquest of
+    Mexico and Peru and of Philip II. The manuscripts were
+    comprised in some thirty or forty folio volumes, and consisted
+    of copies or abstracts of documents in the public archives and
+    libraries of Europe, in the family archives of several Spanish
+    noblemen, and in private collections like that at Middle Hill.
+    The printed books, of which there were perhaps a thousand,
+    included many of great value and not a few of extreme rarity. A
+    large mass of private correspondence was also consumed. We are
+    not yet informed whether the same fate has befallen a small but
+    very choice collection of autographs, embracing letters written
+    or signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V., Pope Clement
+    VII., Prospero Colonna, the Great Captain, and other sovereigns
+    and eminent personages of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+    centuries. Very few modern autographs were included in this
+    collection, the only examples, we believe, being notes written
+    by Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and the duke of Wellington,
+    and a longer letter addressed by Lord Nelson to Lady Hamilton.
+    This last, which we are permitted to print from a copy made
+    some time ago, is not exactly a model of composition, but it is
+    very characteristic, and shows the strength of that
+    enthrallment which led him, despite his natural kindness of
+    heart, to risk the lives of his men in order to communicate
+    with the object of his passion.]</p>
+
+    <p class="author">SUNDAY NIGHT, Feb. 15, 9 o'clock [1801].</p>
+
+    <p>MY DEAR AMIABLE FRIEND: Could you have seen the boat leave
+    the ship, I am sure your heart would have sunk within you. <i>I
+    would not have given sixpence for the lives of the men</i>: a
+    tremendous wave broke and missed upsetting the boat by a
+    miracle. O God, how my heart thumped to see them safe! Then
+    they got safe on shore, and I had given a two-pound note to
+    cheer up the poor fellows when they landed; <i>but I was so
+    anxious to send a letter for you.</i> I knew it was impossible
+    for any boat to come off to us since Friday noon, when the boat
+    carried your letters enclosed for Napean, and she still remains
+    on shore. Only rest assured I always write, and never doubt
+    your old and dear friend, who never yet deserved it. The gale
+    abates very little, if anything, and it is truly fortunate that
+    our fleet is not in port, or some accident would most probably
+    happen; but both St. George and this ship have new cables,
+    which is all we have to trust to; but if my friend is true I
+    have no fear. I can take all the care which human foresight
+    can, and then we must trust to Providence, who keeps a lookout
+    for poor Jack. I cannot, my dear friend, afford to buy the
+    three pictures of the "Battle of the Nile," or I should like
+    very much to have them, and Mr. Boyden cannot afford to trust
+    me one year. If he could, perhaps I could manage it. I have
+    desired my brother to examine the four numbers of the tickets I
+    bought with Gibbs. I hope he has told you. I dare say in the
+    office here is the numbers of the tickets my agents have bought
+    for the ensuing lottery. I hope we shall be successful. I hope
+    you always kiss my godchild for me: pray do, and <i>I will
+    repay you ten times when we meet</i>, which I hope will be very
+    soon. Monday morning. It is a little more moderate, and we are
+    going to send a boat, but at present none can get to us, and,
+    therefore, I send this letter No. (1) to say we are in being. I
+    hope in the afternoon to be able to get letters, and, if
+    possible, to answer them. Kiss my godchild for me, bless it,
+    and Believe me ever yours,</p>
+
+    <p class="author">NELSON AND BRONTE.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="WHITE_HAT_DAY"
+       id="WHITE_HAT_DAY"></a>"WHITE-HAT" DAY.</h3>
+
+    <p>On one of the last days in September we were the astonished
+    recipients of a singular and mysterious invitation from a
+    member of the New York Board of Brokers. The note contained
+    words like these: "Come to the Exchange on Monday, September
+    30th: white hats are declared confiscated on that day."</p>
+
+    <p>It would have puzzled Oedipus or a Philadelphia lawyer to
+    trace the connection between white hats and stocks, to tell
+    what Hecuba was to them or they to Hecuba, and why they should
+    be more interfered with by the New York Stock Exchange on the
+    30th of September than upon any other day. It is true that
+    during the last summer some slight political bias was supposed
+    to be hidden beneath that popular headpiece irreverently styled
+    "a Greeley plug," but then stocks are not politics, nor would
+    any but a punster trace an intimate connection between hats and
+    polls. A story has gone through the papers, to be sure, about
+    an unfortunate deacon who found it impossible to collect the
+    coppers of the congregation in a Greeley hat, but then slight
+    excuses have been made available on charitable occasions before
+    the present election, and we decline to accept the sentiment of
+    that congregation as unmixed devotion to the Republican
+    candidates. They did not wish to Grant their money, that was
+    all.</p>
+
+    <p>And then, again, unlike the miller of the old conundrum, men
+    generally wear <i>white</i> hats to keep their heads cool; with
+    which laudable endeavor why should the Stock Exchange wish to
+    interfere? One never hears of a "corner" in hats. And then,
+    too, was it the bulls or the bears who objected to them? Bulls,
+    we all know, have an aversion to scarlet drapery, but Darwin,
+    in his studies of the feeling for color among animals, has
+    omitted any references to a horror of white hats even among the
+    most accomplished of the anthropoid apes.</p>
+
+    <p>Pondering all these problems, and many more, our puzzled
+    trio went to the Stock Exchange on the last day of September.
+    We were conducted into the safe seclusion of the Visitors'
+    Gallery, from which coign of vantage we could look down
+    unharmed upon the frantic multitude below. The room is large
+    and very lofty, its prevailing tint a warm brown, relieved by
+    bright decorations of the Byzantine order. Across one end runs
+    a small gallery for visitors, without seats, and some twenty
+    feet above the floor, and opposite the gallery is a raised
+    platform, with a long table and majestic arm-chairs for the
+    president and other officers of the Board. High on the wall
+    above these elevated dignitaries glitters in large gold letters
+    the mystic legend, "New York Stock Exchange." On the left of
+    the platform stands a large blackboard, whereon the
+    fluctuations in stocks are recorded, and around the sides of
+    the room are displayed various signs bearing the names of
+    different stocks (like the banners of the knights in royal
+    chapels), beneath which eager groups collect. At the lower end
+    of the room, under the Visitors' Gallery, are seats whereon
+    weary brokers may repose after the brunt of battle. In the
+    centre of the upper end of the vast apartment is a long oval
+    cock-pit&mdash;if it may be so called&mdash;of two or three
+    degrees, with a table in the lowest circle. It is so arranged
+    as to give the brokers, standing upon the graded steps, full
+    opportunity to see and to be seen. On the table, in singular
+    contrast with the spirit of the place, was a large and
+    beautiful basket of flowers. Anything more painfully
+    incongruous it would be difficult to imagine. The poor flowers
+    seemed to wear an air of patient suffering as they wasted their
+    sweetness on that (literally) howling wilderness.</p>
+
+    <p>It was just after ten, and the doors had been open but a few
+    moments when we entered the gallery, already quite full of
+    ladies and gentlemen&mdash;generally very young gentlemen,
+    anxious to learn from the glorious example of their elders. The
+    floor below us was fast being strewn with torn bits of paper,
+    which have to be swept up several times a day. Eager groups
+    were gathered under the various signs upon the walls and
+    pillars, apparently playing the Italian game of <i>morra</i>,
+    to judge by the quick gestures of their restless fingers. Some
+    were scribbling cabalistic signs on little bits of paper, and
+    almost all were howling like maniacs or wild beasts half
+    starved. The only place I was ever in at all to be compared
+    with it in volume and variety of noise is the parrot-room in
+    the London Zoological Gardens. Bedlam and Pandemonium I have
+    not visited&mdash;as yet&mdash;and consequently cannot speak
+    from personal experience. But the parrots in that awful house
+    in Regent's Park are capable of making more hideous noises in a
+    given moment than any other wild beasts in the world, except
+    brokers. Here the human animal comes out triumphantly
+    supreme.</p>
+
+    <p>To add to the refreshing variety of the din, long, lanky
+    youths in gray sauntered about like the keepers of the
+    carnivora, and bawled incessantly till they were red in the
+    face. These, we were told, were the pages, who reported the
+    state of the market and delivered orders and commissions. To
+    the uninitiated they were a fraud and a delusion, but so was
+    the whole thing. A crowd of men, walking about or standing in
+    groups, note-book in hand, talking eagerly or yelling
+    unintelligible nonsense at the top of their voices, and
+    gesticulating with the fury of madmen, while in and around the
+    crowd strolled those extraordinary pages, calmly shouting full
+    in the brokers' faces,&mdash;this, we were told, was
+    "business!" This is the mysterious occupation to which our
+    friends, countrymen and lovers devote so large a portion of
+    their time and thoughts. At this strange diversion millions of
+    dollars change hands in a few hours, and bulls and bears in
+    this little nest agree to make things generally uncomfortable
+    and uncertain for the outside world.</p>
+
+    <p>But where were the white hats, and what of their daring
+    wearers? As the crowd thickened, they began to shine out upon
+    the general blackness in obvious distinction. At first, the
+    howling multitude, eager for filthy lucre, took no particular
+    notice of them beyond an occasional hurried poke or pat, but
+    this delusive mildness did not long continue. After the first
+    fifteen or twenty minutes, during which the favorite stocks had
+    been danced up and down a few times, like so many crying
+    babies, the appetite of the hundred-headed hydra abated a
+    little, and the general attention to business relaxed.
+    Suddenly&mdash;no one knew whence or wherefore&mdash;up rose a
+    white hat in the air, high above the heads of the people, and a
+    bareheaded individual was seen struggling wildly in the arms of
+    the mob, who set up ironical cheers at his unavailing efforts
+    to regain his flying headpiece. It rose and fell faster and
+    farther than any fancy stock of them all, now soaring to the
+    vaulted roof, now being kicked along the dusty floor.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Press where ye see my white hat shine amidst the
+            ranks of war,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>seemed to be the sentiment of the occasion, as the unruly
+    mob swayed and struggled about the dilapidated victim of their
+    sport. In one corner stood a quiet, dignified gentleman,
+    talking sedately to a little knot of friends. He wore a tall
+    white "stove-pipe" of the most obnoxious kind. In a twinkling
+    it was seized and sent flying toward the roof with its softer
+    predecessor. Its owner gave one glance over his shoulder, and
+    "smiled a sickly smile," while it was very evident that</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>The subsequent proceedings interested him no
+            more.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The fun grew fast and furious, the air was literally
+    darkened with flying hats of every shape and size, but all
+    white. The stout tall beavers were converted into footballs
+    till their crowns were kicked out and their brims torn off,
+    when they were seized upon as instruments for further torture.
+    Some innocent member of the large fraternity, now, to use a
+    nautical phrase, scudding under bare <i>polls</i>, was pounced
+    upon, and over his unfortunate head the crownless hat was drawn
+    till the ragged remnant of its brim rested upon his shoulders.
+    One poor creature was thus bonneted with at least three tiers
+    of hats, and was last seen on the edge of the cockpit
+    struggling with imminent suffocation.</p>
+
+    <p>At the height of the howling, scuffling, kicking and
+    fighting a short diversion was effected. A tall and portly
+    broker appeared upon the scene in an entire suit of new
+    broadcloth. It was unmistakably new, its brilliancy quite
+    undimmed. Instantly a rush was made for him by the fickle
+    crowd. They swept him, as by some mighty wave, into the centre
+    of the room: they turned him round and round like a pivoted
+    statue, and examined him and patted him approvingly on every
+    side. Then they made a large ring round him and gave him three
+    cheers. Not content with this, with one sudden impulse they
+    rushed at him again, and tried to lift him upon the table, that
+    they might see him better. But this the portly broker resisted:
+    he fought like a good fellow, and the crowd, tired of
+    struggling with a man of so much weight, gave one final cheer
+    and went back to the chase of the white hats.</p>
+
+    <p>We stayed about half an hour to watch these elegant and
+    refined diversions: at the end of that time our patience and
+    the white hats were giving out together. The din was deafening
+    and the dust was rapidly rising. The floor was strewn with
+    scraps of papers and the mangled remains of felt and beaver.
+    Brimless hats and hatless brims, linings, bands, rent and
+    tattered crowns, and ragged fragments of the fray, were all
+    over the place. A writhing victim in gray, masked by a
+    crownless hat, was struggling upon the table to the evident
+    danger of those unhappy flowers; the president was calling
+    across the tumult in stentorian tones; but the tumult refused
+    to fall, and the imperturbable pages were bawling upon the
+    skirts of the crowd with stolid pertinacity. The noise was
+    terrific, the confusion indescribable.</p>
+
+    <p>We are often told that women are unfitted for business
+    pursuits. If this was business, I should say decidedly they
+    were. My acquaintance with women has been large and varied, but
+    I have yet to see the woman whom I consider qualified to be a
+    member of the New York Board of Brokers. I have been present at
+    many gatherings composed entirely of women, from the "Woman's
+    Parliament" to country sewing-societies, but never, even in
+    that much-abused body, the New York Sorosis, have I seen a
+    crowd of women, however excited, however frolicsome, however
+    full of fun, capable of playing football with each other's
+    bonnets even upon April Fools' Day. I am convinced that not
+    even Miss Anthony or Mrs. Stanton would have hesitated to
+    admit, had she been present on the auspicious occasion above
+    recorded, that there are limits even to woman's sphere. Let her
+    preach and practice, and sail ships, and make horse-shoes, and
+    command armies, if she will, let her vote for all sorts of
+    disreputable characters to be set over her, if she choose, but
+    let her recognize the fact that between her and the gentle
+    amenities of the New York Stock Exchange there is a great gulf
+    fixed, which only the superior being man, with his lordly
+    intellect, his keen morality and his exquisite and unvarying
+    courtesy, can bridge over.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">K. H.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK"
+       id="MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK"></a> MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK.</h3>
+
+    <p>One hundred and thirty-five years ago two young men came up
+    to London to try their fortune: half riding, half walking, the
+    young fellows made their journey. One was thick-set, heavy and
+    uncouth, and years afterward became known to men and fame as
+    Samuel Johnson: the other was bright, slender, active, and was
+    called David Garrick. Some ten years later, just before the
+    battle of Culloden, a Dutch vessel, having crossed the Channel,
+    landed at Harwich. There was on board an apparent page, in
+    reality a young Viennese girl disguised in male attire, who
+    journeyed up to London too, where she soon made her appearance
+    as a dancer at the Hay-market Theatre: there she achieved great
+    success, and became talked about as "La Violette." She was
+    under the patronage of the earl and countess of Burlington, and
+    finally became Mrs. Garrick. It is said that she was the
+    daughter of a respectable citizen of Vienna&mdash;that she had
+    been engaged to dance at the palace with the children of the
+    empress Maria Teresa, but that, her charms proving too
+    attractive to the emperor, the empress had packed her off to
+    London with letters of recommendation to persons of quality
+    there. It seems more probable, however, that she was am actress
+    at Vienna, and simply crossed the sea to try her fortune in
+    England. Becoming fascinated with Garrick's acting, she married
+    him after refusing several more brilliant offers, and in spite
+    of the opposition of her kind patroness, Lady Burlington, who
+    wished her to marry so as to secure higher social position.
+    This match gave rise to much romantic gossip. It was said that
+    a wealthy young lady had fallen in love with the great actor
+    one night in <i>Romeo</i>&mdash;that he had been induced by her
+    father to come to the house and break the charm by feigning
+    intoxication: some versions had it that he came disguised as a
+    physician. A popular German comedy was written upon it, and
+    still later Mr. Robertson dramatized it for the English stage,
+    and produced a play in which we have lately had an opportunity
+    of witnessing the fine acting of Mr. Sothern. Garrick was
+    certainly fortunate among actors: he not only achieved high
+    professional fame, but he accumulated a large private fortune
+    and lived a happy domestic life in a splendid home filled with
+    choice works of art. The traveler abroad who is favored with an
+    invitation to the Garrick Club, may there see the picture of
+    the great actor "in his habit as he lived," looking down
+    nightly on a collection of the most renowned wits and authors
+    of the metropolis; and to crown all, when Mr. Sothern
+    acts&mdash;were it not for his moustache&mdash;we might suppose
+    we saw the man himself alive before us.</p>
+
+    <p>Concerning Mr. Sothern's acting, it affords a fine example
+    of that quality&mdash;so very difficult of attainment, it would
+    seem&mdash;perfect <i>repose</i>; and by repose we do not mean
+    torpidity or sluggishness or inattention, as opposed to
+    clamorous ranting, but we mean the complete subordination of
+    subordinate parts; so that, if we may use the illustration, the
+    gaudiness of the frame is not allowed to over-power and destroy
+    the effect of the picture. Everything is clear, distinct and
+    well marked: the forcible passages come with double effect in
+    contrast with preceding serenity. The actor's manner is not
+    confined behind the footlights: it diffuses itself, as it were,
+    among his audience until it seems as if they too were acting
+    with him. This arises from the perfection of the picture he
+    presents, and that perfection is the result of careful
+    avoidance of everything that is unnatural. There is no
+    <i>unnecessary</i> exertion put forth, no palpable straining
+    after effect: he strives to hold the mirror up to Nature, not
+    Art, and in Nature there is much repose between the tempests.
+    Old players say that the most difficult thing to teach a tyro
+    is to stand still, and some actors never learn it.</p>
+
+    <p>Careful attention to costume is another trait exhibited by
+    Mr. Sothern. He might easily make his first appearance as David
+    Garrick in the wealthy merchant's house in ordinary
+    walking-dress, which could be readily retained when he returns
+    to the dinner-party to which he causes himself to be invited.
+    Instead of that, he appears in the full riding-dress of the
+    period&mdash;boots, spurs, whip, overcoat and all. This is
+    rapidly changed in time for the dinner-scene for a full-dress
+    suit, complete in every point&mdash;powdered hair, white silk
+    stockings, and a little <i>brette</i>, or walking rapier,
+    peeping out from under the coat skirt, not slung in a belt as
+    heavier swords, but supported by light steel chains fastened to
+    a <i>chatelaine</i>, which slips behind the waistband and can
+    be taken off in a moment. In the last scene, where he goes out
+    to fight the duel, his dress is changed again, and dark silk
+    stockings are donned as more appropriate.</p>
+
+    <p>The last point we shall mention here about Mr. Sothern is
+    his scrupulous attention to the minor business of the stage:
+    when he is not speaking himself, his looks act. It is said of
+    Macready that he began to be Cardinal Richelieu at three
+    o'clock in the afternoon, and that it was dangerous to speak to
+    him after that time. When Mr. Sothern plays Lord Dundreary, if
+    he is addressed on any subject during the progress of the play,
+    he answers in his Dundreary drawl, so as not to lose his
+    personality for a minute. The letter from his brother "Tham" he
+    has written out and reads; not that he does not know every word
+    by heart, for he must have read it a hundred times, but because
+    he wants to <i>turn over</i> at the proper place. We all know
+    what he has made of that part. A play in which there is
+    absolutely nothing of a plot, which would fall dead from the
+    hands of an inferior actor, becomes with Mr. Sothern as popular
+    as <i>Rip van Winkle</i> is with Jefferson to play the sleepy
+    hero. It is to be observed that the three essentials for good
+    acting just mentioned&mdash;repose of manner, strict attention
+    to dress, and strict attention to minor details of
+    stage-business&mdash;may be acquired by any actor of average
+    intellect who will devote proper time and study to the task:
+    they are not, like a fine figure, a handsome face or a sonorous
+    voice, adventitious gifts of Fortune which may be bestowed on
+    one mortal and denied to another. Mr. Sothern owes his success,
+    evidently, to long and careful preparation of his parts. In
+    David Garrick he leaves but two points at which criticism can
+    carp: his pathos somehow lacks sufficient tenderness, his
+    love-making seems too devoid of passion. When young Garrick won
+    the heart of La Violette, he put more fire into his speech and
+    manner than Mr. Sothern exhibits at the close of the last act.
+    He is represented as always loving Ida Ingot, but at first
+    conceals and suppresses his love: when the avowal comes at
+    last, it should be like the bursting forth of a volcano, hot,
+    fiery and irresistible.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">M. M.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="NOTES"
+       id="NOTES"></a>NOTES.</h3>
+
+    <p>Sir Richard Wallace evidently aims to make himself, in a
+    small way, the Peabody of Paris. A cynic might maintain that
+    his gifts were a trifle sensational, and shaped with a view to
+    procure the greatest amount of notoriety at the price; but that
+    they are frequent, and that they show a hearty love for Paris
+    on the Englishman's part, none can deny. It was Sir Richard who
+    not long ago gave about five thousand dollars to the use of the
+    Paris poor; it was he who, in the late hunting-season, is said
+    to have proposed to supply the city hospitals with fresh
+    game&mdash;whether of his own shooting or of that of his
+    compatriots does not appear; it is he, in fine, who has
+    furnished to Paris eighty street-fountains, costing in the
+    factory six hundred and seventy-five francs each, or a total of
+    fifty-four thousand francs (say ten thousand eight hundred
+    dollars), the expense of setting them up being undertaken by
+    the city. These drinking-jets are in the main like those so
+    familiar in American cities, and are provided, of course, with
+    tin cups attached by iron chains&mdash;"<i>&agrave; la mode
+    Anglaise</i>" add the French papers in an explanatory way. Now,
+    the extraordinary fact concerning these fountains is, that no
+    sooner had the first installment of nine been put up than all
+    the tin cups, or "goblets," as the Parisians call them, were
+    stolen. They were renewed, and again disappeared in a trice. In
+    short, within fifteen days no less than forty-seven of these
+    goblets were made way with, despite their strong
+    fastenings&mdash;that is, an average of over five cups to each
+    fountain. What the sum-total of plunder has been since the
+    first fortnight, or whether the fountains are still as useless
+    as spiked cannon or tongueless bells, we have yet to learn.</p>
+
+    <p>Now comes a contrast. The countrymen of Sir Richard claim
+    that in London from time immemorial not a single cup was ever
+    stolen from the public fountains. So tempting a theme for
+    generalization could not be resisted by the Paris newspaper
+    philosophers, who have deduced from this theft of the cups a
+    broad distinction between the British loafer and the French
+    loafer, declaring that the former "respects any collective
+    property which he partly shares," while the latter does not
+    even draw this distinction, but grabs whatever he can lay his
+    hands on. "The luck of the Wallace fountains," cries one
+    moralizer, "shows how hard it is to reform the Paris
+    <i>gamin</i> so long as the law contents itself with its
+    present measures. If the state does not speedily educate
+    children found straying in the street, it is all up with the
+    present generation." Thereupon follows a disquisition on the
+    part which Paris children played in the Commune. "Now, the
+    child," adds our newspaper Wordsworth, "is the man viewed
+    through the big end of the opera-glass;" and he points his
+    moral, therefore, with the need of compulsory education. "One
+    of the first duties incumbent on the Chamber at the next
+    session will be the solution of this question. Let it take as a
+    perpetual goad the fate of the Wallace goblets. You begin by
+    stealing a cup of tin&mdash;you end by firing the Tuileries or
+    plundering the H&ocirc;tel Thiers." There is a droll mingling
+    of Isaac Watts and Victor Hugo in this
+    <i>d&eacute;no&ucirc;ment</i>, and despite its practical good
+    sense one is amused at the evolution of a grave discourse from
+    so trivial a text as the Wallace drinking-cups.</p>
+    <hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+    <p>To people of a statistical rather than a sentimental turn,
+    the mathematics of marriage in different countries may prove an
+    attractive theme of meditation. It is found that young men from
+    fifteen to twenty years of age marry young women averaging two
+    or three years older than themselves, but if they delay
+    marriage until they are twenty to twenty-five years old, their
+    spouses average a year younger than themselves; and
+    thenceforward this difference steadily increases, till in
+    extreme old age on the bridegroom's part it is apt to be
+    enormous. The inclination of octogenarians to wed misses in
+    their teens is an every-day occurrence, but it is amusing to
+    find in the love-matches of boys that the statistics bear out
+    the satires of Thackeray and Balzac. Again, the husbands of
+    young women aged twenty and under average a little above
+    twenty-five years, and the inequality of age diminishes
+    thenceforward, till for women who have reached thirty the
+    respective ages are equal: after thirty-five years, women, like
+    men, marry those younger than themselves, the disproportion
+    increasing with age, till at fifty-five it averages nine
+    years.</p>
+
+    <p>The greatest number of marriages for men take place between
+    the ages of twenty and twenty-five in England, between twenty
+    five and thirty in France, and between twenty-five and
+    thirty-five in Italy and Belgium. Finally, in Hungary the
+    number of individuals who marry is seventy-two in a thousand
+    each year; in England it is 64; in Denmark, 59; in France, 57,
+    the city of Paris showing 53; in the Netherlands, 52; in
+    Belgium, 43; in Norway, 36. Widowers indulge in second
+    marriages three or four times as often as widows. For example,
+    in England (land of Mrs. Bardell) there are 66 marriages of
+    widowers against 21 of widows; in Belgium there are 48 to 16;
+    in France, 40 to 12. Old Mr. Weller's paternal advice, to
+    "beware of the widows," ought surely to be supplemented by a
+    maxim to beware of widowers.</p>
+
+    <p>SHAKESPEARE, in one of his most famous madrigals, draws a
+    vivid contrast between youth and age, which, he declares,
+    "cannot live together:"</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Youth like summer morn,</p>
+
+            <p>Age like winter weather,</p>
+
+            <p>Youth like summer brave,</p>
+
+            <p>Age like winter bare:</p>
+
+            <p>Youth is hot and bold,</p>
+
+            <p>Age is weak and cold.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Science, which ruthlessly destroys so much poetry by its
+    mattock and spade, its scales, foot-rules and gauges, must now,
+    we should judge, take grave exception to the preceding bit of
+    poesy and to the thousand repetitions of its sentiment by the
+    bards of all ages. By means of a thermometer lately constructed
+    to register with exactitude the degree of heat in the human
+    body, it is found, after numerous experiments under varying
+    circumstances, that the instrument marks 37.08&deg; of heat on
+    an average for persons between twenty-one and thirty years of
+    age, while it marks 37.46&deg; for people aged eighty. In face
+    of this fact what becomes of the "fervors of youth" and the
+    "chills of age"? The highest average temperatures in the human
+    body, as indicated by this gauge, are those which exist from
+    birth to puberty&mdash;that is to say, 37.55&deg; and
+    37.63&deg;. From the latter epoch the heat gradually lowers, to
+    rise again with the first approach of old age. Thus childhood
+    shows the highest temperature, old age the next, and middle
+    life the lowest. We may add that the greatest variations in the
+    temperature of the body between health and sickness are only a
+    few tenths of a degree, according to this measurement; for, the
+    normal condition being 37.2&deg; or 37.3&deg;, an increase to
+    38&deg; would mark a burning fever, and a decrease to 36&deg;
+    would note the icy approach of death. Hereafter, though we may
+    graciously excuse to poetic license the assertion that</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Crabbed Age and Youth</p>
+
+            <p>Cannot live together,</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>we must yet sternly protest that the reason
+    assigned&mdash;namely, that "youth is hot and age is
+    cold"&mdash;is contradicted by the facts of science.</p>
+    <hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+    <h2><a name="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY"
+       id="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY"></a>LITERATURE OF THE DAY.</h2>
+
+    <h4><a name="CHARLES_DICKENS"
+       id="CHARLES_DICKENS"></a>The Life of Charles Dickens. By
+       John Forster. Vol. II. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott &amp;
+       Co.</h4>
+
+    <p>Beginning with Dickens's return from America in 1842, this
+    volume covers a period of less than ten years, the most
+    productive, and apparently the happiest, of his life. It brings
+    out in even stronger relief than the preceding volume his
+    strong individuality, a trait which, whether it attracts or
+    repels&mdash;and on most persons we think it produces
+    alternately each of these effects&mdash;is full of interest,
+    worthy of study and fruitful of suggestions. Its superabundant
+    energy seemed to create demands in order that it might expend
+    itself in satisfying them. Its persistence was toughened by
+    failure as much as by success. Its vivacity, verging upon
+    boisterousness, was incapable of being chilled. Its
+    strenuousness knew no lassitude, and needed no repose. In play
+    as in work, in physical exercise as in mental labor, in all his
+    projects, purposes and performances, Dickens seems to have been
+    in a perpetual state of tension that allowed of no reaction.
+    His was a mind not morbidly self-conscious, but ever aglow with
+    the consciousness of power and the ardor of its achievement,
+    in-sensible of waste and undisturbed by critical
+    introspection.</p>
+
+    <p>The excitement into which he was thrown by the composition
+    of his books exceeds anything of the kind recorded in literary
+    history, and stands in strong contrast with the self-contained
+    tranquillity with which Scott performed an equal or greater
+    amount of labor. Yet it does not, like similar ebullitions in
+    other men, suggest any notion of weakness or of a talent
+    strained beyond its capacity. It was coupled with an enormous
+    facility of execution and the ability to pass with undiminished
+    freshness from one field of action to another. It sprang from
+    the intensity with which every idea was conceived, and which
+    belonged equally to his smallest with his greatest
+    undertakings. "The book," he writes of the <i>Chimes</i>, "has
+    made my face white in a foreign land. My cheeks, which were
+    beginning to fill out, have sunk again; my eyes have grown
+    immensely large; my hair is very lank, and the head inside the
+    hair is hot and giddy. Read the scene at the end of the third
+    part twice. I wouldn't write it twice for something.... Since I
+    conceived, at the beginning of the second part, what must
+    happen in the third, I have undergone as much sorrow and
+    agitation as if the thing were real, and have wakened up with
+    it at night. I was obliged to lock myself in when I finished it
+    yesterday, for my face was swollen for the time to twice its
+    proper size, and was hugely ridiculous." The little book was
+    written at Genoa; and having finished it, he must make a winter
+    journey to London, "because," as he writes to Forster, "of that
+    unspeakable restless something which would render it almost as
+    impossible for me to remain here, and not see the thing
+    complete, as it would be for a full balloon, left to itself,
+    not to go up." A further reason was to try the effect of the
+    story upon a circle of listeners, to be assembled for the
+    purpose: "Carlyle, indispensable, and I should like his wife of
+    all things; <i>her</i> judgment would be invaluable. You will
+    ask Mac, and why not his sister? Stanny and Jerrold I should
+    particularly wish. Edwin Landseer, Blanchard perhaps Harness;
+    and what say you to Fonblanque and Fox?" After this it is
+    amusing to read that the book "was not one of his greatest
+    successes, and it raised him up some objectors;" but the
+    reading was the germ of those which afterward brought him into
+    such close relations with his public.</p>
+
+    <p>Of another Christmas story he writes, "I dreamed <i>all last
+    week</i> that the <i>Battle of Life</i> was a series of
+    chambers, impossible to be got to rights or got out of, through
+    which I wandered drearily all night. On Saturday night I don't
+    think I slept an hour. I was perpetually roaming through the
+    story, and endeavoring to dovetail the revolution here into the
+    plot. The mental distress quite horrible." Here we have,
+    perhaps, a clear case of the effects of overwork. But in
+    general the details of his plots, the names of the characters,
+    above all, the titles of the stories, were evolved with an
+    amount of thought and discussion that might have sufficed for
+    the plan and the preparations for a battle. "Martin Chuzzlewit"
+    is not a name suggestive of long and serious deliberation: one
+    might rather suppose that it had turned up accidentally and
+    been accepted simply as being as good as another. Yet it was
+    not adopted till after many others had been discussed and
+    rejected. "Martin was the prefix to all, but the surname varied
+    from its first form of Sweezleden, Sweezleback and Sweeztewag,
+    to those of Chuzzletoe, Chuzzleboy, Chubblewig and Chuzzlewig."
+    <i>David Copperfield</i> was preceded by a still longer list of
+    abortions, and <i>Household Words,</i> as a mere title, was the
+    result of a parturition far exceeding in length and severity
+    any throes of travail known to natural history.</p>
+
+    <p>All this was unaccompanied by any of the doubts and
+    misgivings, the fits of depression and intervals of lassitude,
+    which are the ordinary tortures of authorship. Nor had it any
+    connection with the weaknesses of the craft, its small vanities
+    and jealousies. "It was," as Mr. Forster well remarks, "part of
+    the intense individuality by which he effected so much to set
+    the high value which in general he did upon what he was
+    striving to accomplish." Hence, too, no half-formed and then
+    abandoned projects were among the stepping-stones of his
+    career. A plan or an idea, once conceived, was certain to be
+    shaped, developed and matured; and whatever the result, it left
+    up disheartening effect, no feeling of distrust, to cripple a
+    subsequent undertaking.</p>
+
+    <p>Nor was Dickens so absorbed in his work as to leave it
+    reluctantly, or to find no fullness of satisfaction in
+    occupations or enjoyments of a different kind. On the contrary,
+    no man ever threw himself so heartily and entirely into the
+    business of the hour, or more eagerly sought diversion and
+    change. Dinners, private and public, excursions in chosen
+    companionship, amateur theatricals, schemes of charity or
+    benevolence, occupied a large portion of his time, and were
+    entered into with an ardor which never flagged or needed to be
+    stimulated. His correspondence&mdash;an unfailing barometer to
+    indicate the state of the mental atmosphere&mdash;is always
+    full of life, overflowing, for the most part, with animal
+    spirits, often vivid in description both of places and people,
+    turning discomforts and embarrassments into subjects of lively
+    narrative or indignant protest. The letters from Genoa and
+    Lausanne are especially copious and entertaining, and form, we
+    think, the most interesting portion of the book. The later
+    chapters, giving the final year of his residence in Devonshire
+    Terrace, are less satisfactory. We would fain have had a
+    picture of that circle of which Dickens was one of the most
+    prominent figures; but though his own personality is revealed
+    in the fullest light, the group in the background is left
+    indistinct, most of its members being barely visible, and none
+    of them adequately portrayed.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="GAUTIER"
+       id="GAUTIER"></a>&Eacute;maux et Cam&eacute;es. Par
+       Th&eacute;ophile Gautier. Nombre d&eacute;finitif. Paris:
+       Charpentier; New York: F.W. Christern.</h4>
+
+    <p>Gautier was polishing and adding to his literary jewelry
+    almost to the day of his death, and the final edition which he
+    published among the last of his works about doubles the number
+    of poems first issued. These verses are like nothing we have in
+    English. Their imagery is strongly sophisticated, tortured,
+    brought from vast distances, and then chilled into form. Yet
+    they are the most sincere utterances of a soul fed perpetually
+    among cabinets and picture-galleries, to whom their compact
+    method of utterance is, so to speak, secondarily natural. That
+    they are precious and beauteous no one can deny. How sparkling
+    are the successive descriptions of women&mdash;blonde, brune,
+    Spanish, contralto-voiced, coquettish, etc.&mdash;whom the
+    poet, like some capricious artist, invites into his atelier,
+    drapes hastily with old Moorish or Venetian or diaphanous
+    costumes, and then reflects in a diminishing mirror, changing
+    the model into a fine statuette of ivory and enamel! More
+    virile and thoughtful images are intermixed: such are the
+    figures of the old Invalides seen at the Column Vend&ocirc;me
+    in a December fog, and for whom he pleads: "Mock not those men
+    whom the street urchin follows, laughing: they were the Day of
+    which we are the twilight&mdash;maybe the night!" Not less
+    fresh are the two "Homesick Obelisks"&mdash;that in the Place
+    de la Concorde, wearying its stony heart out for Egypt, and
+    that at Luxor, equally tired, and longing to be planted at
+    Paris, among a living crowd. But Gautier is a colorist, an
+    artist with words, and he is at his best when he works without
+    much outline, celebrating draperies, bouquets and laces, to all
+    of which he can give a meaning quite other than the milliner's,
+    as where he asserts that the plaits of a rose-colored dress are
+    "the lips of my unappeased desires," or describes March as a
+    barber, powdering the wigs of the blossoming almond trees, and
+    a valet, lacing up the rosebuds in their corsets of green
+    velvet. Whatever he touches he leaves artificial, "enameled,"
+    yet charming. The verses added in the present edition are more
+    pensive, even sombre. A life given to art wholly, without
+    patriotism or religion or philosophy, does not prepare the
+    greenest old age. There is a long and beautiful poem, "Le
+    Ch&acirc;teau du Souvenir," which he fills, not exactly with
+    Charles Lamb's "old familiar faces," but with portraits of his
+    mistresses and of his old self. There is the "Last
+    Vow"&mdash;to a woman he has pursued "for eighteen years," and
+    whom he still accosts, though "the white graveyard lilacs have
+    blossomed about my temples, and I shall soon have them tufting
+    and shading all my forehead." There is also the accent of his
+    irresponsible courtiership, the facile and unashamed flattery
+    he paid to such a woman as Princess Mathilde. This personage
+    was, or is, an artist; and we may not be mistaken in believing
+    that we have seen, cast aside in the vast storerooms of
+    Haseltine's galleries in this city&mdash;an example and gnomon
+    of disenchanted glory&mdash;her water-color sketch called the
+    "Fellah Woman," and the very one of which Gautier sang:
+    "Caprice of a fantastic brush and of an imperial leisure!...
+    Those eyes, a whole poem of languor and pleasure, resolve the
+    riddle and say, 'Be thou Love&mdash;I am Beauty.'"</p>
+
+    <p>The late poems, however, as well as the old, are filled with
+    felicities. They contain many a lesson of the word-master, who,
+    though he did not attain the Academy, left the French language
+    gold, which he found marble. The ornaments, exquisite licenses,
+    foreign graces and wide researches which Gautier conferred upon
+    his mother-tongue have enriched it for future time, and they
+    are best seen in this volume.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="ALCOTT"
+       id="ALCOTT"></a> Concord Days. By A. Bronson Alcott. Boston:
+       Roberts Brothers.</h4>
+
+    <p>In these loose leaves we have the St. Martin's summer of a
+    life. Mr. Alcott, from his quiet home in Concord, and from the
+    edifice of his seventy-three years, picks out those mental
+    growths and moral treasures which have kept their color through
+    all the changes of the seasons. They bear the mark of
+    selection, of choice, from out a vast abundance of material: to
+    us readers the scissors have probably been a kinder implement
+    than the pen. Be that as it may, the selections given are all
+    worth saving, and the fragmentary resurrection is just about as
+    much as our age has time to attend to of the growths that were
+    formed when New England thought was young. That was the day
+    when Mrs. Hominy fastened the cameo to her frontal bone and
+    went to the sermon of Dr. Channing, when young Hawthorne
+    chopped straw for the odious oxen at Brook Farm, and when a
+    budding Booddha, called by his neighbors Thoreau, left mankind
+    and proceeded to introvert himself by the borders of Walden
+    Pond. Mr. Alcott's little diary gives us some of the best
+    skimmings of that time of yeast. There is Emerson-worship,
+    Channing-worship, Margaret Fuller-worship and the pale cast of
+    <i>The Dial</i>. There is, besides, in another stratum that
+    runs through the collection, a vein of very welcome
+    investigation amongst old authors&mdash;Plutarch's charming
+    letter of consolation to his wife on the death of their child;
+    Crashaw's "Verses on a Prayer-Book;" Evelyn's letter on the
+    origin of his <i>Sylva</i>; and many a jewel five-words-long
+    filched from the authors whom modern taste votes slow and
+    insupportable. We mention these to give some idea of the spirit
+    in which this work of marquetry is executed&mdash;a work too
+    fragmentary and incoherent to be easily describable except by
+    its specimens. And while culling fragments, we cannot forbear
+    mentioning the curious records of Mr. Alcott's "Conversations,"
+    held now with Frederika Bremer, now with a band of large-browed
+    Concord children, held forty years ago, and turning perpetually
+    upon the deeper questions of metaphysics and religion; we will
+    even indulge ourselves with a short extract from one of the
+    "Conversations with Children," reported verbatim by an
+    apparently concealed auditress, and eliciting many a cunning
+    bit of infantine wisdom, besides the following finer rhapsody,
+    which Mr. Alcott succeeded in charming out of the lips of a boy
+    six years of age:</p>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Alcott! you know Mrs. Barbauld says in her hymns,
+    everything is prayer; every action is prayer; all nature prays;
+    the bird prays in singing; the tree prays in growing; men
+    pray&mdash;men can pray <i>more</i>; we feel; we have more,
+    more than Nature; we can know, and do right: <i>Conscience
+    prays</i>; all our powers pray; action prays. Once we said,
+    here, that there was a Christ in the bottom of our spirits,
+    when we try to be good. Then we pray in Christ; and that is the
+    whole!"</p>
+
+    <p>To think that the lips of this ingenuous and golden-mouthed
+    lad may be now pouring out patriotism in Congress is rather
+    sad; but the author's own career tells us that there are some
+    of the Chrysostoms of 1830 who have had the courage to keep
+    quiet, and sweeten their own lives for family use. Mr. Alcott
+    betrays in every line the kindest, sanest and humanest spirit;
+    and we wish he could feel how grateful some of us are for his
+    example of a thinker who can keep quiet, and a writer who can
+    show the power of reticence.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="HANUM"
+       id="HANUM"></a>Thirty Years in the Harem; or, The
+       Autobiography of Melek-Hanum, wife of H.H.
+       Kibrizli-Mehemet-Pasha. New York: Harper &amp;
+       Brothers.</h4>
+
+    <p>We have had many revelations from the interior, but nothing
+    quite like this. Most histories are valuable in proportion to
+    the truthfulness of the narrator, but Mrs. Melek's story owes a
+    large show of its interest to her obvious tension of the
+    long-bow. It is, in fact, a self-revelation&mdash;the vain and
+    audacious betrayal by an Oriental woman of the narrowness, the
+    shallowness, the dishonesty which ages of false education have
+    fastened upon her race. The lady in question is&mdash;and
+    evidently knows herself to be&mdash;an exception among her
+    countrywomen for ability and acumen: an extreme
+    self-satisfaction and vanity are revealed in the recital of her
+    most disreputable tricks. She passes for a white blackbird, a
+    woman of intellect caught in the harem; and it needs but little
+    ingenuity to guess the torment she must have been to her
+    protectors&mdash;first to the excellent Dr. Millingen, with
+    whom she formed a love-match, and whom she abuses&mdash;and
+    then to her second husband, Kibrizli, ambassador in 1848 to the
+    court of England, upon whom she attempted to palm off an heir
+    by the ruse practiced by our own revered Mrs. Cunningham.
+    Whatever the clever Melek does, or whatever treatment she
+    receives, it is always she who is in the right, and her eternal
+    "enemies" who are unjust, barbarous and stingy. The ferocious
+    blackmailing of natives in the Holy Land which she practiced
+    when her husband represented the sultan there, is represented
+    as cleverness; but her divorce after the infamous false
+    accouchement is a piece of persecution. The marriage and
+    adventures of her daughter form a tangled romance through which
+    we hear of a great deal more oppression and cruelty; and the
+    escape into Europe, where the old enchantress appears to be now
+    prowling in poverty and degradation, concludes the curious
+    story. The narrative bears marks of having passed through a
+    French translation and then a British version. To disentangle
+    the thread of actuality that probably runs through it would be
+    too troublesome and futile; but the truths that the wily Melek
+    cannot help telling&mdash;the facts of the harem and of Eastern
+    life that involuntarily sprinkle it all like a flavoring of
+    strange spices&mdash;these are what give it the odd dash of
+    interest which keeps it in our hands long after we had meant to
+    toss it aside. Here is a "screaming sister" of the
+    East&mdash;an odalisque who was not going to be oppressed and
+    degraded like the other women, but who meant to be capable and
+    cultivated and smart, just like the Christian ladies; and this
+    bundle of lies and crimes and hates is what she arrives at.</p>
+
+    <h4><a name="GALE"
+       id="GALE"></a>Hints on Dress; or, What to Wear, When to Wear
+       it, and How to Buy it. By Ethel C. Gale, (Putnam's
+       Handy-Book Series.) New York: G.P. Putnam &amp; Sons.</h4>
+
+    <p>This little book will certainly elicit commendation from all
+    who consider the subject of dress within the pale of aesthetic
+    treatment; and, what is still more fortunate, it will probably
+    serve to elevate, in some degree, the standard of taste among
+    that large class of persons for whom handy volumes are chiefly
+    compiled. Its statements and deductions are accurate, sensible,
+    comprehensive and practical, and the style in which they are
+    presented is simple and attractive. The color, form and
+    suitability of dress, as well as the best methods of economy in
+    its purchase and manufacture, are intelligently treated. We
+    have only to regret the want of a chapter devoted to the
+    hygiene of dress, which is a subject deserving the earnest
+    attention of every friend of physical development. Ten or a
+    dozen pages given to this topic might have done a service to
+    hundreds who are willing enough to gather knowledge in passing,
+    but who are repelled from the separate consideration of any
+    subject which seems to call for the exercise of serious
+    thought.</p>
+
+    <h3><a name="ZELL"
+       id="ZELL"></a>A Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake
+       Region of Central Africa, showing Dr. Livingstone's
+       Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route. Folio, folded.
+       Philadelphia: T. Elwood Zell.</h3>
+
+    <p>A clear, well-executed polychrome map, evidently copied from
+    the one recently published in England, if not actually printed
+    there. It exhibits not only the route of Dr. Livingstone during
+    the period included between the years 1866 and 1872, and that
+    taken by Mr. Stanley in his recent search, but also the course
+    which the former proposes to follow in the prosecution of his
+    discoveries. The boundaries of lakes and the courses of rivers,
+    where definitely known, are indicated by unbroken
+    lines&mdash;where still supposititious, by dotted ones. The
+    map, which is printed on heavy paper, is thirteen inches wide
+    by eighteen inches long, and being folded within a stiff
+    duodecimo cover, can be easily preserved and readily
+    consulted.</p>
+    <hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+    <h3><a name="Books_Received"
+       id="Books_Received"></a><i>Books Received</i>.</h3>
+
+    <p>Papers relating to the Transit of Venus in 1874. Prepared
+    under the Direction of the Commissioners authorized by
+    Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing-office.</p>
+
+    <p>Reports on Observations of Encke's Comet during its Return
+    in 1871. By Asaph Hall and Wm. Harkness. Washington, D.C.:
+    Government Printing-Office.</p>
+
+    <p>Harry Delaware; or, An American in Germany. By Mathilde
+    Estvan. New York: G.P. Putnam &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>California for Health, Pleasure and Residence. By Charles
+    Nordhoff. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>The Lives of General U.S. Grant and Henry Wilson.
+    Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>The Romance of American History. By M. Schele de Vere. New
+    York: G.P. Putnam &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Book of Ballads, Tales and Stories. By Benjamin G. Herre.
+    Lancaster, Pa.: Wylie &amp; Griest.</p>
+
+    <p>The Poet at the Breakfast Table. By Oliver Wendell Holmes.
+    Boston: James R. Osgood &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>The Lawrence Speaker. By Philip Lawrence. Philadelphia: T.B.
+    Peterson &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Memoir of a Huguenot Family. By Ann Maury. New York: G.P.
+    Putnam &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Within the Maze. By Mrs. Henry Wood. Philadelphia: T.B.
+    Peterson &amp; Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Sermons. By Rev. C.D.N. Campbell, D.D. New York: Hurd &amp;
+    Houghton.</p>
+
+    <p>Outlines of History. By Ed. A. Freeman, D.C.L. New York:
+    Holt &amp; Williams.</p>
+
+    <p>The End of the World. By Edward Eggleston. New York: Orange
+    Judd &amp; Co.</p>
+
+    <p>Sermons. By Rev. H.R. Haweis, M.A. New York: Holt &amp;
+    Williams.</p>
+
+    <p>Kaloolah. By W.S. Mayo, M.D. New York: G.P. Putnam &amp;
+    Sons.</p>
+
+    <p>Nast's Illustrated Almanac for 1873. New York: Harper &amp;
+    Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>A Summer Romance. By Mary Healy. Boston: Roberts
+    Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Song Life. By Philip Phillips. New York: Harper &amp;
+    Brothers.</p>
+
+    <p>Gavroche. By M.C. Pyle. Philadelphia: Porter &amp;
+    Coates.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 14327-h.txt or 14327-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/3/2/14327">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/3/2/14327</a></p>
+<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.</p>
+
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+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
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@@ -0,0 +1,7722 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature
+and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873, by Various, Edited by John
+Foster Kirk
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Vol. 11,
+No. 22, January, 1873
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 11, 2004  [eBook #14327]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR
+LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Charles Aldarondo, and the Project
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+
+LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+January, 1873
+
+Volume XI, No. 22
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION by EDWARD ROWLAND.
+SEARCHING FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.
+PROBATIONER LEONHARD; OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY
+    by CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.
+    CHAPTER I. OUR HERO.
+    CHAPTER II. IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+    CHAPTER III. HIGH ART.
+THE IRISH CAPITAL by REGINALD WYNFORD.
+THE MAESTRO'S CONFESSION (ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO--1460.)
+    by MARGARET J. PRESTON.
+MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT by CORNELIUS DEWEES.
+A VISIT TO THE KING OF AURORA (FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)
+    by ELIZABETH SILL.
+GRAY EYES by ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.
+REMINISCENCES OF FLORENCE by MARIE HOWLAND.
+THE SOUTHERN PLANTER by WILL WALLACE HARNEY.
+BABES IN THE WOOD by EDGAR FAWCETT.
+MY CHARGE ON THE LIFE-GUARDS by CHARLES L. NORTON.
+PAINTING AND A PAINTER.
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+    WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.
+HIS NAME? by M. J. P.
+UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.
+"WHITE-HAT" DAY by K. H.
+MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK by M. M.
+NOTES.
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+    Forster, John--The Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II
+    Gautier, Theophile--Emaux et Camees
+    Alcott, A. Bronson--Concord Days
+    Hanum, Melek--Thirty Years in the Harem
+    Gale, Ethel C.--Hints on Dress
+    Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake Region of Central
+      Africa, showing Dr. Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's
+      Route
+Books Received
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By His Own Might," etc.
+[See Our Monthly Gossip.]
+
+"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.
+
+THE LYMAN VIADUCT.
+
+BLAST-FURNACES.
+
+DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.
+
+ELEVATOR.
+
+THE ENGINE-ROOM.
+
+RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.
+
+CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.
+
+ROTARY SQUEEZER.
+
+BOILING-FURNACE.
+
+THE ROLLS.
+
+COLD SAW.
+
+HOT SAW.
+
+RIVETING A COLUMN.
+
+FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.
+
+VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP
+
+NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.
+
+BRIDGE AT ALBANY.
+
+LA SALLE BRIDGE.
+
+BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.
+
+SACO BRIDGE.
+
+PHOENIX WORKS.
+
+"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN."
+
+"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."
+
+"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."
+
+"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."
+
+"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."
+
+"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA".
+
+"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By
+His Own Might," etc. (See Our Monthly Gossip.)]
+
+
+
+
+IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION.
+
+[Illustration: "ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.]
+
+
+In a graveyard in Watertown, a village near Boston, Massachusetts, there
+is a tombstone commemorating the claims of the departed worthy who lies
+below to the eternal gratitude of posterity. The inscription is dated in
+the early part of this century (about 1810), but the name of him who was
+thus immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my memory,
+while the deed for which he was distinguished, and which was recorded
+upon his tombstone, remains clear. "He built the famous bridge over the
+Charles River in this town," says the record. The Charles River is here
+a small stream, about twenty to thirty feet wide, and the bridge was a
+simple wooden structure.
+
+[Illustration: THE LYMAN VIADUCT.]
+
+Doubtless in its day this structure was considered an engineering feat
+worthy of such posthumous immortality as is gained by an epitaph, and
+afforded such convenience for transportation as was needed by the
+commercial activity of that era. From that time, however, to this, the
+changes which have occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are
+so fully indicated by the changes of our manner and method of
+bridge-building that it will not be a loss of time to investigate the
+present condition of our abilities in this most useful branch of
+engineering skill.
+
+In the usual archaeological classification of eras the Stone Age
+precedes that of Iron, and in the history of bridge-building the same
+sequence has been preserved. Though the knowledge of working iron was
+acquired by many nations at a pre-historic period, yet in quite modern
+times--within this century, even--the invention of new processes and the
+experience gained of new methods have so completely revolutionized this
+branch of industry, and given us such a mastery over this material,
+enabling us to apply it to such new uses, that for the future the real
+Age of Iron will date from the present century.
+
+The knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with stone or
+brick--both of them materials aptly fitted for resistance under
+pressure, but of comparatively no tensile strength--enabled the Romans
+to surpass all nations that had preceded them in the course of history
+in building bridges. The bridge across the Danube, erected by
+Apollodorus, the architect of Trajan's Column, was the largest bridge
+built by the Romans. It was more than three hundred feet in height,
+composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers, and was about
+eight hundred feet in length. It was after a few years destroyed by the
+emperor Adrian, lest it should afford a means of passage to the
+barbarians, and its ruins are still to be seen in Lower Hungary.
+
+With the advent of railroads bridge-building became even a greater
+necessity than it had ever been before, and the use of iron has enabled
+engineers to grapple with and overcome difficulties which only fifty
+years ago would have been considered hopelessly insurmountable. In this
+modern use of iron advantage is taken of its great tensile strength, and
+many iron bridges, over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars
+pass hourly, look as though they were spun from gossamer threads, and
+yet are stronger than any structure of wood or stone would be.
+
+[Illustration: BLAST-FURNACES.]
+
+Another great advantage of an iron bridge over one constructed of wood
+or stone is the greater ease with which it can, in every part of it, be
+constantly observed, and every failing part replaced. Whatever material
+may be used, every edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating
+influence of time and the elements. In every such edifice as a bridge,
+use is a process of constant weakening, which, if not as constantly
+guarded against, must inevitably, in time, lead to its destruction.
+
+[Illustration: DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.]
+
+In a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a stone
+weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the inspection of
+even the most vigilant observer until, when the process has gone far
+enough, the bridge suddenly gives way under a not unusual strain, and
+death and disaster shock the community into a sense of the inherent
+defects of these materials for such structures.
+
+The introduction of the railroad has brought about also another change
+in the bridge-building of modern times, compared with that of all the
+ages which have preceded this nineteenth century. The chief bridges of
+ancient times were built as great public conveniences upon thoroughways
+over which there was a large amount of travel, and consequently were
+near the cities or commercial centres which attracted such travel, and
+were therefore placed where they were seen by great numbers. Now,
+however, the connection between the chief commercial centres is made by
+the railroads, and these penetrate immense distances, through
+comparatively unsettled districts, in order to bring about the needed
+distribution; and in consequence many of the great railroad bridges are
+built in the most unfrequented spots, and are unseen by the numerous
+passengers who traverse them, unconscious that they are thus easily
+passing over specimens of engineering skill which surpass, as objects of
+intelligent interest, many of the sights they may be traveling to see.
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATOR.]
+
+The various processes by which the iron is prepared to be used in
+bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use of this material
+for this purpose, and it will not be amiss to spend a few moments in
+examining them before presenting to our readers illustrations of some of
+the most remarkable structures of this kind. Taking a train by the
+Reading Railroad from Philadelphia, we arrive, in about an hour, at
+Phoenixville, in the Schuylkill Valley, where the Phoenix Iron-and
+Bridge-works are situated. In this establishment we can follow the iron
+from its original condition of ore to a finished bridge, and it is the
+only establishment in this country, and most probably in the world,
+where this can be seen.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINE-ROOM.]
+
+These works were established in 1790. In 1827 they came into the
+possession of the late David Reeves, who by his energy and enterprise
+increased their capacity to meet the growing demands of the time, until
+they reached their present extent, employing constantly over fifteen
+hundred hands.
+
+[Illustration: RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.]
+
+The first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace. Here the ore,
+with coal and a flux of limestone, is piled in and subjected to the heat
+of the fires, driven by a hot blast and kept burning night and day. The
+iron, as it becomes melted, flows to the bottom of the furnace, and is
+drawn off below in a glowing stream. Into the top of the blast-furnaces
+the ore and coal are dumped, having been raised to the top by an
+elevator worked by a blast of air. It is curious to notice how slowly
+the experience was gathered from which has re suited the ability to
+work iron as it is done here. Though even at the first settlement of
+this country the forests of England had been so much thinned by their
+consumption in the form of charcoal in her iron industry as to make a
+demand for timber from this country a flourishing trade for the new
+settlers, yet it was not until 1612 that a patent was granted to Simon
+Sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous coal.
+Another patent for the same invention was granted to John Ravenson the
+next year, and in 1619 another to Lord Dudley; yet the process did not
+come into general use until nearly a hundred years later.
+
+[Illustration: CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.]
+
+The blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines, each of
+three hundred horse-power. The blast used here is, as we have said, a
+hot one, the air being heated by the consumption of the gases evolved
+from the material itself. The gradual steps by which these successive
+modifications were introduced is an evidence of how slowly industrial
+processes have been perfected by the collective experience of
+generations, and shows us how much we of the present day owe to our
+predecessors. From the earliest times, as among the native smiths of
+Africa to-day, the blast of a bellows has been used in working iron to
+increase the heat of the combustion by a more plentiful supply of
+oxygen. The blast-furnace is supposed to have been first used in
+Belgium, and to have been introduced into England in 1558. Next came the
+use of bituminous coal, urged with a blast of cold air. But it was not
+until 1829 that Neilson, an Englishman, conceived the idea of heating
+the air of the blast, and carried it out at the Muirkirk furnaces. In
+that year he obtained a patent for this process, and found that he could
+from the same quantity of fuel make three times as much iron. His patent
+made him very rich: in one single case of infringement he received a
+cheque for damages for one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. In his
+method, however, he used an extra fire for heating the air of his blast.
+In 1837 the idea of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated
+in the process was first practically introduced by M. Faber Dufour at
+Wasseralfingen in the kingdom of Wuertemberg.
+
+In this country, charcoal was at first used universally for smelting
+iron, anthracite coal being considered unfit for the purpose. In 1820 an
+unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at Mauch Chunk. In 1833,
+Frederick W. Geisenhainer of Schuylkill obtained a patent for the use of
+the hot blast with anthracite, and in 1835 produced the first iron made
+with this process. In 1841, C.E. Detmold adapted the consumption of the
+gases produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite; and since then
+it has become quite general, and has caused an almost incalculable
+saving to the community in the price of iron.
+
+The view of the engines which pump the blast will give an idea of the
+immense power which the Phoenix company has at command. Twice every day
+the furnace is tapped, and the stream of liquid iron flows out into
+moulds formed in the sand, making the iron into pigs--so called from a
+fancied resemblance to the form of these animals. This makes the first
+process, and in many smelting-establishments this is all that is done,
+the iron in this form being sold and entering into the general
+consumption.
+
+The next process is "boiling," which is a modification of "puddling,"
+and is generally used in the best iron-works in this country. The
+process of puddling was invented by Henry Cort, an Englishman, and
+patented by him in 1783 and 1784 as a new process for "shingling,
+welding and manufacturing iron and steel into bars, plates and rods of
+purer quality and in larger quantity than heretofore, by a more
+effectual application of fire and machinery." For this invention Cort
+has been called "the father of the iron-trade of the British nation,"
+and it is estimated that his invention has, during this century, given
+employment to six millions of persons, and increased the wealth of Great
+Britain by three thousand millions of dollars. In his experiments for
+perfecting his process Mr. Cort spent his fortune, and though it proved
+so valuable, he died poor, having been involved by the government in a
+lawsuit concerning his patent which beggared him. Six years before his
+death, the government, as an acknowledgment of their wrong, granted him
+a yearly pension of a thousand dollars, and at his death this miserly
+recompense was reduced to his widow to six hundred and twenty-five
+dollars.
+
+[Illustration: ROTARY SQUEEZER.]
+
+[Illustration: BOILING-FURNACE.]
+
+When iron is simply melted and run into any mould, its texture is
+granular, and it is so brittle as to be quite unreliable for any use
+requiring much tensile strength. The process of puddling consisted in
+stirring the molten iron run out in a puddle, and had the effect of so
+changing its atomic arrangement as to render the process of rolling it
+more efficacious. The process of boiling is considered an improvement
+upon this. The boiling-furnace is an oven heated to an intense heat by a
+fire urged with a blast. The cast-iron sides are double, and a constant
+circulation of water is kept passing through the chamber thus made, in
+order to preserve the structure from fusion by the heat. The inside is
+lined with fire-brick covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom
+and sides, and then, the oven being charged with the pigs of iron, the
+heat is let on. The pigs melt, and the oven is filled with molten iron.
+The puddler constantly stirs this mass with a bar let through a hole in
+the door, until the iron boils up, or "ferments," as it is called. This
+fermentation is caused by the combustion of a portion of the carbon in
+the iron, and as soon as the excess of this is consumed, the cinders
+and slag sink to the bottom of the oven, leaving the semi-fluid mass on
+the top. Stirring this about, the puddler forms it into balls of such a
+size as he can conveniently handle, which are taken out and carried on
+little cars, made to receive them, to "the squeezer."
+
+[Illustration: THE ROLLS.]
+
+To carry on this process properly requires great skill and judgment in
+the puddler. The heat necessarily generated by the operation is so great
+that very few persons have the physical endurance to stand it. So great
+is it that the clothes upon the person frequently catch fire. Such a
+strain upon the physical powers naturally leads those subjected to it to
+indulge in excesses. The perspiration which flows from the puddlers in
+streams while engaged in their work is caused by the natural effort of
+their bodies to preserve themselves from injury by keeping their normal
+temperature. Such a consumption of the fluids of the body causes great
+thirst, and the exhaustion of the labor, both bodily and mental, leads
+often to the excessive use of stimulants. In fact, the work is too
+laborious. Its conditions are such that no one should be subjected to
+them. The necessity, however, for judgment, experience and skill on the
+part of the operator has up to this time prevented the introduction of
+machinery to take the place of human labor in this process. The
+successful substitution in modern times of machines for performing
+various operations which formerly seemed to require the intelligence and
+dexterity of a living being for their execution, justifies the
+expectation that the study now being given to the organization of
+industry will lead to the invention of machines which will obviate the
+necessity for human suffering in the process of puddling. Such a
+consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned. The
+attempts which have been made in this direction have not as yet proved
+entirely successful.
+
+In the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is placed, and forced
+with a rotary motion through a spiral passage, the diameter of which is
+constantly diminishing. The effect of this operation is to squeeze all
+the slag and cinder out of the ball, and force the iron to assume the
+shape of a short thick cylinder, called "a bloom." This process was
+formerly performed by striking the ball of iron repeatedly with a
+tilt-hammer.
+
+[Illustration: COLD SAW.]
+
+The bloom is now re-heated and subjected to the process of rolling. "The
+rolls" are heavy cylinders of cast iron placed almost in contact, and
+revolving rapidly by steam-power. The bloom is caught between these
+rollers, and passed backward and forward until it is pressed into a flat
+bar, averaging from four to six inches in width, and about an inch and a
+half thick. These bars are then cut into short lengths, piled, heated
+again in a furnace, and re-rolled. After going through this process they
+form the bar iron of commerce. From the iron reduced into this form the
+various parts used in the construction of iron bridges are made by being
+rolled into shape, the rolls through which the various parts pass having
+grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces.
+
+[Illustration: HOT SAW.]
+
+[Illustration: RIVETING A COLUMN.]
+
+These rolls, when they are driven by steam, obtain this generally from a
+boiler placed over the heating-or puddling-furnace, and heated by the
+waste gases from the furnace. This arrangement was first made by John
+Griffin, the superintendent of the Phoenix Iron-works, under whose
+direction the first rolled iron beams over nine inches thick that were
+ever made were produced at these works. The process of rolling toughens
+the iron, seeming to draw out its fibres; and iron that has been twice
+rolled is considered fit for ordinary uses. For the various parts of a
+bridge, however, where great toughness and tensile strength are
+necessary, as well as uniformity of texture, the iron is rolled a third
+time. The bars are therefore cut again into pieces, piled, re-heated and
+rolled again. A bar of iron which has been rolled twice is formed from
+a pile of fourteen separate pieces of iron that have been rolled only
+once, or "muck bar," as it is called; while the thrice-rolled bar is
+made from a pile of eight separate pieces of double-rolled iron. If,
+therefore, one of the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect, it
+will form only a hundred and twelfth part of the thrice-rolled bar. The
+uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which have been
+thrice rolled are so great that they may be twisted, cold, into a knot
+without showing any signs of fracture. The bars of iron, whether hot or
+cold, are sawn to the various required lengths by the hot or cold saws
+shown in the illustrations, which revolve with great rapidity.
+
+[Illustration: FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.]
+
+For the columns intended to sustain the compressive thrust of heavy
+weights a form is used in this establishment of their own design, and to
+which the name of the "Phoenix column" has been given. They are tubes
+made from four or from eight sections rolled in the usual way and
+riveted together at their flanges. When necessary, such columns are
+joined together by cast-iron joint-blocks, with circular tenons which
+fit into the hollows of each tube.
+
+To join two bars to resist a strain of tension, links or eye-bars are
+used from three to six inches wide, and as long as may be needed. At
+each end is an enlargement with a hole to receive a pin. In this way any
+number of bars can be joined together, and the result of numerous
+experiments made at this establishment has shown that under sufficient
+strain they will part as often in the body of the bar as at the joint.
+The heads upon these bars are made by a process known as die-forging.
+The bar is heated to a white heat, and under a die worked by hydraulic
+pressure the head is shaped and the hole struck at one operation. This
+method of joining by pins is much more reliable than welding. The pins
+are made of cold-rolled shafting, and fit to a nicety.
+
+The general view of the machine-shop, which covers more than an acre of
+ground, shows the various machines and tools by which iron is planed,
+turned, drilled and handled as though it were one of the softest of
+materials. Such a machine-shop is one of the wonders of this century.
+Most of the operations performed there, and all of the tools with which
+they are done, are due entirely to modern invention, many of them within
+the last ten years. By means of this application of machines great
+accuracy of work is obtained, and each part of an iron bridge can be
+exactly duplicated if necessary. This method of construction is entirely
+American, the English still building their iron bridges mostly with
+hand-labor. In consequence also of this method of working, American iron
+bridges, despite the higher price of our iron, can successfully compete
+in Canada with bridges of English or Belgian construction. The American
+iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations, but their absolute
+strength is as great, since the weight which is saved is all dead
+weight, and not necessary to the solidity of the structure. The same
+difference is displayed here that is seen in our carriages with their
+slender wheels, compared with the lumbering, heavy wagons of European
+construction.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP.]
+
+Before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge is begun the
+data and specifications are made, and a plan of the structure is drawn,
+whether it is for a railroad or for ordinary travel, whether for a
+double or single track, whether the train is to pass on top or below,
+and so on. The calculations and plans are then made for the use of such
+dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the structure shall
+not exceed a certain maximum, usually fixed at ten thousand pounds to
+the square inch. As the weight of the iron is known, and its tensile
+strength is estimated at sixty thousand pounds per square inch, this
+estimate, which is technically called "a factor of safety" of six, is a
+very safe one. In other words, the bridge is planned and so constructed
+that in supporting its own weight, together with any load of locomotives
+or cars which can be placed upon it, it shall not be subjected to a
+strain over one-sixth of its estimated strength.
+
+[Illustration: NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.]
+
+After the plan is made, working drawings are prepared and the process of
+manufacture commences. The eye-bars, when made, are tested in a
+testing-machine at double the strain which by any possibility they can
+be put to in the bridge itself. The elasticity of the iron is such that
+after being submitted to a tension of about thirty thousand pounds to
+the square inch it will return to its original dimensions; while it is
+so tough that the bars, as large as two inches in diameter, can be bent
+double, when cold, without showing any signs of fracture. Having stood
+these tests, the parts of the bridge are considered fit to be used.
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE AT ALBANY.]
+
+When completed the parts are put together--or "assembled," as the
+technical phrase is--in order to see that they are right in length, etc.
+Then they are marked with letters or numbers, according to the working
+plan, and shipped to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently
+erected. Before the erection can be begun, however, a staging or
+scaffolding of wood, strong enough to support the iron structure until
+it is finished, has to be raised on the spot. When the bridge is a large
+one this staging is of necessity an important and costly structure. An
+illustration on another page shows the staging erected for the support
+of the New River bridge in West Virginia, on the line of the Chesapeake
+and Ohio Railway, near a romantic spot known as Hawksnest. About two
+hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall, and while the staging
+was still in use for its construction, the river, which is very
+treacherous, suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few hours, and became
+a roaring torrent.
+
+[Illustration: LA SALLE BRIDGE.]
+
+The method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit exactly, and
+securing the ties by pins, is peculiarly American. The plan still
+followed in Europe is that of using rivets, which makes the erection of
+a bridge take much more time, and cost, consequently, much more. A
+riveted lattice bridge one hundred and sixty feet in span would require
+ten or twelve days for its erection, while one of the Phoenixville
+bridges of this size has been erected in eight and a half hours.
+
+The view of the Albany bridge will show the style which is technically
+called a "through" bridge, having the track at the level of the lower
+chords. This view of the bridge is taken from the west side of the
+Hudson, near the Delavan House in Albany. The curved portion crosses the
+Albany basin, or outlet of the Erie Canal, and consists of seven spans
+of seventy-three feet each, one of sixty-three, and one of one hundred
+and ten. That part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of
+four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a draw two
+hundred and seventy-four feet wide. The iron-work in this bridge cost
+about three hundred and twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The bridge over the Illinois River at La Salle, on the Illinois Central
+Railroad, shows the style of bridge technically called a "deck" bridge,
+in which the train is on the top. This bridge consists of eighteen spans
+of one hundred and sixty feet each, and cost one hundred and eighty
+thousand dollars. The bridge over the Kennebec River, on the line of the
+Maine Central Railroad, at Augusta, Maine, is another instance of a
+"through" bridge. It cost seventy-five thousand dollars, has five spans
+of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and was built to replace a
+wooden deck bridge which was carried away by a freshet.
+
+[Illustration: BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.]
+
+The bridge on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad which crosses the
+Saco River is a very general type of a through railway bridge. It
+consists of two spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and cost
+twenty thousand dollars. The New River bridge in West Virginia consists
+of two spans of two hundred and fifty feet each, and two others of
+seventy-five feet each. Its cost was about seventy thousand dollars.
+
+The Lyman Viaduct, on the Connecticut Air-line Railway, at East Hampton,
+Connecticut, is one hundred and thirty-five feet high and eleven
+thousand feet long.
+
+These specimens will show the general character of the iron bridges
+erected in this country. When iron was first used in constructions of
+this kind, cast iron was employed, but its brittleness and unreliability
+have led to its rejection for the main portions of bridges. Experience
+has also led the best iron bridge-builders of America to quite generally
+employ girders with parallel top and bottom members, vertical posts
+(except at the ends, where they are made inclined toward the centre of
+the span), and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees. This
+form takes the least material for the required strength.
+
+[Illustration: SACO BRIDGE.]
+
+The safety of a bridge depends quite as much upon the design and
+proportions of its details and connections as upon its general shape.
+The strain which will compress or extend the ties, chords and other
+parts can be calculated with mathematical exactness. But the strains
+coming upon the connections are very often indeterminate, and no
+mathematical formula has yet been found for them. They are like the
+strains which come upon the wheels, axles and moving parts of
+carriages, cars and machinery. Yet experience and judgment have led the
+best builders to a singular uniformity in their treatment of these
+parts. Each bridge has been an experiment, the lessons of which have
+been studied and turned to the best effect.
+
+[Illustration: PHOENIX WORKS.]
+
+There is no doubt that iron bridges can be made perfectly safe. Their
+margin is greater than that of the boiler, the axles or the rail. To
+make them safe, European governments depend upon rigid rules, and
+careful inspection to see that they are carried out. In this country
+government inspection is not relied on with such certainty, and the
+spirit of our institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of
+self-interest and the inherent trustworthiness of mankind when indulged
+with freedom of action. Though at times this confidence may seem vain,
+and "rings" in industrial pursuits, as in politics, appear to corrupt
+the honesty which forms the very foundation of freedom, yet their
+influence is but temporary, and as soon as the best public sentiment
+becomes convinced of the need for their removal their influence is
+destroyed. Such evils are necessary incidents of our transitional
+movement toward an industrial, social and political organization in
+which the best intelligence and the most trustworthy honesty shall
+control these interests for the best advantage of society at large. In
+the mean time, the best security for the safety of iron bridges is to be
+found in the self-interest of the railway corporations, who certainly do
+not desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to
+damages from the breaking of their bridges, and who consequently will
+employ for such constructions those whose reputation has been fairly
+earned, and whose character is such that reliance can be placed in the
+honesty of their work. Experience has given the world the knowledge
+needed to build bridges of iron which shall in all possible
+contingencies be safe, and there is no excuse for a penny-wise and
+pound-foolish policy when it leads to disaster.
+
+EDWARD ROWLAND.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SEARCHING FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.
+
+
+SECOND PAPER.
+
+The crystal peaks of the Andes were behind our explorers: before, were
+their eastward-stretching spurs and their eastward-falling rivers. On
+the mountain-flanks, as the last landmark of Christian civilization,
+nestled the village of Marcapata, whose square, thatched belfry faded
+gradually from sight, reminding the travelers of the ghostly
+ministrations of the padre and the secular protection of the gobernador.
+Neither priest nor edile would they encounter until their return to the
+same church-tower. Their patron, Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, was
+already picking his way along the snowy defiles of the mountains to
+attain again his luxurious home in Cuzco. Behind the adventurers lay
+companionship and society--represented by the dubious orgies of the
+House of Austria--and the security of civil government--represented by
+the mortal ennui of a Peruvian city. Before them lay difficulties and
+perhaps dangers, but also at least variety, novelty and possible wealth.
+
+Colonel Perez, Marcoy and the examinador retained their horses, and a
+couple of the mozos their mules, the remainder of the beasts being kept
+at livery in Marcapata, and the muleteers volunteering to accompany the
+troupe as far as Chile-Chile: at this point the bridle-path came to an
+end, and the gentlemen would have to dismount, accompanying thenceforth
+their peons on a literal "footing" of equality.
+
+Two torrents which fall in perpendicular cataracts from the mountains,
+the Kellunu ("yellow water") and the Cca-chi ("salt"), run together at
+the distance of a league from their place of precipitation. They enclose
+in their approach the hill on which Marcapata is perched, and they form
+by their confluence the considerable river which our travelers were
+about to trace, and which is called by the Indians Cconi ("warm"), but
+on the Spanish maps is termed the river of Marcapata.
+
+[Illustration: "THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE
+TOWN."]
+
+The first ford of the Cconi was passed just outside the town, at a point
+where the right bank of the river, growing steeper and steeper, became
+impracticable, and necessitated a crossing to the left. The ford allowed
+the peons to stagger through at mid-leg on the uneven pavement afforded
+by the large pebbles of the bed. At this point the valley of the Cconi
+was seen stretching indefinitely outward toward the east, enclosed in
+two chains of conical peaks: their regular forms, running into each
+other at the middle of their height, clothed with interminable forests
+and bathed with light, melted regularly away into the perspective.
+Indian huts buried in gardens of the white lily which had seemed so
+beautiful in the chapel of Lauramarca, hedges of aloe menacing the
+intruder with their millions of steely-looking swords, slender bamboos
+daintily rocking themselves over the water, and enormous curtains of
+creepers hanging from the hillsides and waving to the wind in vast
+breadths of green, were the decorations of this Peruvian paradise.
+
+The pretty lilies gradually disappeared, and the thatched cabins became
+more and more sparse, when from one of the latter, at a hundred paces
+from the caravan, issued a human figure. The man struck an attitude in
+the pathway of the travelers, his carbine on his shoulder, his fist on
+his hip and his nose saucily turned up in the air. Neither his
+Metamora-like posture nor his dress inspired confidence.
+
+"He is evidently waiting for us," remarked Colonel Perez, an heroic yet
+prudent personage: "fortunately, it is broad day. I would not grant an
+interview to such a _salteador_ (brigand) alone at night and in a
+desert."
+
+The salteador wore a low broad felt, on whose ample brim the rain and
+sun had sketched a variety of vague designs. A gray sack buttoned to the
+throat and confined by a leathern belt, and trowsers of the same stuffed
+into his long coarse woolen stockings, completed his costume. He was
+shod, like an Indian, in _ojotas_, or sandals cut out of raw leather and
+laced to his legs with thongs. Two ox-horns hanging at his side
+contained his ammunition, and a light haversack was slung over his back.
+This mozo, who at a distance would have passed for a man of forty,
+appeared on examination to be under twenty-two years of age. It was
+likewise observable on a nearer view that his skin was brown and clear
+like a chestnut, and that his lively eye, perfect teeth and air of
+decision were calculated to please an Indian girl of his vicinity. To
+complete his rehabilitation in the eyes of the party, his introductory
+address was delivered with the grace of a Spanish cavalier.
+
+"The gentlemen," said he, gracefully getting rid of his superabundant
+hat, "will voluntarily excuse me for having waited so long with my
+respects and offers of service. I should have gone to meet them at
+Marcapata, but my uncle the gobernador forbade me to do so for fear of
+displeasing the priest. Gentlemen, I am Juan the nephew of Aragon. It is
+by the advice of my uncle that I have come to place myself in your way,
+and ask if you will admit me to your company as mozo-assistant and
+interpreter."
+
+The colonel, whose antipathy to the salteador did not yield on a closer
+acquaintance, roughly asked the youth what he meant by his assurance.
+Mr. Marcoy, however, was disposed to temporize.
+
+"If you are Juan the nephew of Aragon," said he, "you must have already
+learned from your uncle that we have engaged an interpreter, Pepe Garcia
+of Chile-Chile."
+
+"Precisely what he told me, senor," replied the young man; "but, for my
+part, I thought that if one interpreter would be useful to these
+gentlemen on their journey, two interpreters would be a good deal
+better, on account of the fact that we walk better with two legs than
+with one: that is the reason I have intercepted you, gentlemen."
+
+This opinion made everybody laugh, and as Juan considered it his
+privilege to laugh five times louder than any one, a quasi engagement
+resulted from this sudden harmony of temper. Colonel Perez shrugged his
+shoulders: Marcoy, as literary man, took down the name of the new-comer.
+The nephew of Aragon was so delighted that he gave vent to a little cry
+of pleasure, at the same time cutting a pirouette. This harmless caper
+allowed the party to detect; tied to his haversack, the local banjo, or
+_charango_, an instrument which the Paganinis of the country make for
+themselves out of half a calabash and the unfeeling bowels of the cat.
+
+[Illustration: "GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."]
+
+The priest, who had recommended Pepe Garcia, had made mention of that
+person's fine voice, with which the church of Marcapata was edified
+every Sunday. The gobernador, while putting in a word for his nephew,
+and particularizing the beauty of his execution on the guitar, had
+insinuated doubts of the baritone favored by the padre. Happy land,
+whose disputes are like the disputes of an opera company, and where
+people are recommended for business on the strength of their musical
+execution!
+
+Aragon quickly understood that his friend in the expedition was not
+Colonel Perez, who had insultingly dubbed him the Second Fiddle (or
+Charango). He attached himself therefore with the fidelity of a spaniel
+to Mr. Marcoy, walking alongside and resting his arm on the pommel of
+his saddle. After an hour's traverse of a comparatively desert plateau
+called the Pedregal, covered with rocks and smelling of the
+patchouli-scented flowers of the mimosa, Aragon pointed out the straw
+sheds and grassy plaza of Chile-Chile. This rustic metropolis is not
+indicated on many maps, but for the travelers it had a special
+importance, bearing upon the inca history and etymological roots of
+Peru, for it was the residence of their interpreter-in-chief, Pepe
+Garcia.
+
+Introduced by the latter, our explorers made a kind of triumphal entry
+into the village. The old Indian women dropped their spinning, the naked
+children ceased to play with the pigs and began to play with the
+garments and equipage of the visitors, and a couple of blind men, who
+were leading each other, remarked that they were glad to see them.
+
+Garcia the polyglot, radiant with importance, lost no time in dragging
+his guests toward his own residence, a large straw thatch surmounting
+walls of open-work, which took the fancy of the travelers from the
+singular trophy attached above the door. This trophy was composed of the
+heads of bucks and rams, with those of the fox and the ounce, where the
+shrunken skin displayed the pointed _sierra_ of the teeth, while the
+horns of oxen and goats, set end to end around the borders, formed dark
+and rigid festoons: all vacancies were filled up with the forms of bats,
+spread-eagled and nailed fast, from the smallest variety to the large,
+man-attacking _vespertilio_. As a contrast to this exterior decoration,
+the inside was severely simple: it was even a little bare. A partition
+of bamboo divided the hut into kitchen and bed-room, and that was all.
+Into the latter of these apartments Pepe Garcia dragged the saddles of
+his guests, and in the former his two twin-daughters, melancholy little
+half-breeds in ragged petticoats, assisted their father to prepare for
+the wanderers a hunter's supper.
+
+Every moment, in a dark corner or behind the backs of the company,
+Garcia was observed caressing these little girls in secret. Being
+rallied on his tenderness, he observed that the twins were the double
+pledge of a union "longer happy than was usual," and the only survivors
+of fifteen darlings whom he had given to the world in the various
+countries whither his wandering fortunes had led him. Still explaining
+and multiplying his caresses, the man of family went on with his
+exertions as cook, and in due time announced the meal.
+
+This festival consisted of sweet potatoes baked in the ashes, and steaks
+of bear broiled over the coals. The latter viand was repulsed with
+horror by the colonel, who in the effeminacy of a city life at Cuzeo had
+never tasted anything more outlandish than monkey. Seeing his companions
+eating without scruple, however, the valiant warrior extended his tin
+plate with a silent gesture of application. The first mouthful appeared
+hard to swallow, but at the second, looking round at his
+fellow-travelers with surprise and joy, he gave up his prejudices, and
+marked off the remainder of his steak with wonderful swiftness. Standing
+behind his boarders, Pepe Garcia had been watching the play of jaws and
+expressions of face with some uneasiness, but when the colonel gave in
+his adhesion his doubts were removed, and he smiled agreeably, flattered
+in his double quality of hunter and cook.
+
+The beds of the gentlemen-travelers were spread side by side in the
+adjoining room, and Garcia gravely assured them that they would sleep
+like the Three Wise Men of the East. Unable to see any personal analogy
+between themselves and the ancient Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar, the
+tired cavaliers turned in without remarking on the subject. They paused
+a moment, however, before taking up their candle, to set forth to Garcia
+in full the circumstances and nature of Juan of Aragon's engagement.
+This explanation, which the close quarters of the troop had made
+impossible during the journey, was received in excellent part by the
+interpreter-in-chief.
+
+[Illustration: "THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."]
+
+"Oh, I am not at all jealous of Aragon," said he, "and the gentlemen
+have done very well in taking him along. He will be of great use. He is
+a bright, capable mozo, who would walk twenty miles on his hands to gain
+a piastre. As an interpreter, I think he is almost as good as I am."
+
+Having thus smoothed away all grounds of rivalry, the colonel, the
+examinador and Marcoy took possession of their sleeping-room. Here, long
+after their light was put out, they watched the scene going on in the
+apartment they had just left, whose interior, illuminated by a candle
+and a lingering fire, was perfectly visible through the partition of
+bamboo. The dark-skinned girls, on their knees in a corner, were
+gathering together the shirts and stockings destined for the parental
+traveling-bag. Garcia, for his part, was occupied in cleaning with a bit
+of rag a portentous, long-barreled carbine, apparently dating back to
+the time of Pizarro, which he had been exhibiting during the day as his
+hunting rifle, and which he intended to carry along with him.
+
+The sleep under the thatched roof of Pepe Garcia, though somewhat less
+sound than that of the Three Magi in their tomb at Cologne, lasted until
+a ray of the morning sun had penetrated the open-work walls of the hut.
+The colonel rapidly dressed himself, and aroused the others. A
+disquieting silence reigned around the modest mansions of Chile-Chile.
+The interpreter was away, Juan of Aragon was away, the muleteers had
+returned, according to instructions received over-night, to Marcapata
+with the animals, and the peons were found dead-drunk behind the mud
+wall of the last house in the village.
+
+After three hours of impatient waiting there appeared--not Garcia and
+Aragon, whose absence was inexplicable, but--the faithful Bolivian
+bark-hunters in a body. Not caring to stupefy themselves with the peons,
+they had gone out for a reconnoissance in the environs. Contemplating
+the nodding forms of their comrades, they now let out the discouraging
+fact that these tame Indians, madly afraid of their wild brothers the
+Chunchos, had been fortifying themselves steadily with brandy and chicha
+all the way from Marcapata. Disgusted and helpless, Perez and the
+examinador betook themselves to reading tattered newspapers issued at
+Lima a month before, and Marcoy to his note-book. Suddenly a ferocious
+wild-beast cry was heard coming from the woods, and while the Indian
+porters tried to run away, and the white men looked at each other with
+apprehension, Pepe Garcia and Aragon appeared in the distance. Their
+arms were interlaced in a brother-like manner, they were poising
+themselves with much care on their legs, and they were drunk. Well had
+the elder interpreter said that he was not jealous of Aragon. They
+rolled forward toward the party, repeating their outrageous duet, whose
+reception by the staring peons appeared to gratify them immensely.
+
+The mozo, feeling his secondary position, had enervated himself
+slightly--the superior was magisterially tipsy. He wore a remarkable hat
+entirely without a brim, and patched all over the top with a lid of
+leather. His face, marked up to the eyes with the blue stubble of that
+beard which filled him with pride as a sign of European extraction, was
+swollen and hideous with drunkenness. He carried, besides the fearful
+blunder-buss of the night before, a belt full of pistols and hatchets. A
+short infantry-sword was banging away at his calves, and two long
+ox-horns rattled at his waist. The interpreters had been partaking of a
+little complimentary breakfast with the muleteers in whose care the
+animals had gone off to Marcapata.
+
+[Illustration: "CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."]
+
+A concentration of energy on the part of the chiefs of the expedition
+was required to set in movement this unpromising assemblage. The
+examinador undertook the peons: he rapped them smartly and repeatedly
+about the head and shoulders, until they staggered to their feet and
+declared that they were a match for whole hordes of Indians: this
+courage, borrowed from the flask, gave strong assurance that at the
+first alarm from genuine Chunchos they would take to their heels. Mr.
+Marcoy, feeling unable to do justice to the case of the nephew, turned
+him over to Perez, whose undisguised dislike made the work of correction
+at once grateful and thorough. Marcoy himself confronted the stolid and
+sullen Pepe Garcia, insisting upon the example he owed to the Indian
+porters and the responsibility of his Caucasian blood. The half-breed
+listened for a minute, his eyes fixed upon the ground: he then shook
+himself, looked an instant at his employer, and planted himself firmly
+on his legs. Then, determined to prove by a supreme effort that he was
+clear-headed and master of his motions, he suddenly drew his sword,
+hustled the Indians in a line by two and two, pointed out to Aragon his
+position as rear-guard, and cried with a voice of thunder, "_Adelante_!"
+The porters and peons staggered forward, knocking against each other's
+elbows and tottering on their stout legs. The three white men,
+burdenless, but regretting their horses, walked as they pleased, keeping
+the train in sight. And John the nephew of Aragon's guitar, dangling at
+his back, brought up the rear, with its suggestions of harmony and the
+amenities of life.
+
+The first trait of aboriginal character (after this parenthetical
+alacrity at drunkenness) was shown after some hours of marching and the
+passage of a dozen streams. The porters, weakened by their drink and the
+extreme heat, squatted down on the side of a hill by their own consent
+and with a single impulse. With that lamb-like placidity and that
+mule-like obstinacy which characterize the antique race of Quechuas,
+they observed to the chief interpreter that they were weary of falling
+on their backs or their stomachs at every other step, and that they were
+resolved to go no farther. Pepe Garcia caused the remark to be repeated
+once more, as if he had not understood it: then, convinced that an
+incipient rebellion was brewing, he sprang upon the fellow who happened
+to be nearest, haled him up from the ground by the ears, and, shaking
+him vigorously, proceeded to do as much for the rest of the band. In the
+flash of an eye, much to their astonishment, they found themselves on
+their feet.
+
+A judicious if not very discriminating award of blows from the sabre
+then followed, causing the Indians to change their resolve of remaining
+in that particular spot, and to show a lively determination to get away
+from it as quickly as possible. Each porter, forgetting his fatigue, and
+seeming never to have felt any, began to trot along, no longer languidly
+as before, but with a precision of step and a firmness in his round
+calves which surprised and charmed the travelers. Pepe Garcia, much
+refreshed by this exercise of discipline, and perspiring away his
+intoxication as he marched, began to give grounds for confidence from
+his steady and authoritative manner. By nightfall the whole troop was in
+harmony, and the strangers retired with hopeful hearts to the privacy of
+the hammocks which Juan of Aragon slung amongst the trees on the side of
+Mount Morayaca.
+
+No effect could seem finer, to wanderers from another latitude, than
+this first night-bivouac in the absolute wilderness. The moon, seeming
+to race through the clouds, and the camp-fire flashing in the wind,
+appeared to give movement and animation to the landscape. The Indians,
+grouped around the flame, seemed like swarthy imps tending the furnace
+of some fantastic pandemonium. Meanwhile, amidst the constant murmurs of
+the trees, the nephew of Aragon was heard drawing the notes of some kind
+of amorous despair from the hollow of his melodious calabash. The
+examinador and Colonel Perez lulled themselves to sleep with a
+conversation about the beauties and beatitudes of their wives, now
+playing the part of Penelopes in their absence. To hear the eulogies of
+the examinador, an angel fallen perpendicularly from heaven could hardly
+have realized the physical and moral qualities of the spouse he had left
+in Sorata. The Castilian tongue lent wonderful pomp and magnificence to
+this portrait, and as the metaphors thickened and the superb phrases
+lost themselves in hyperbole, one would have thought the lady in
+question was about to fly back to her native stars on a pair of
+resplendent wings. Colonel Perez furnished an equally elaborate
+delineation of his own fair helpmate. As for the wife of Lorenzo, nobody
+knew what she was like, and the panegyric from the lips of her faithful
+lord rolled on in safety and success. But the personage called by Perez
+"his Theresa" was a female whom anybody who had passed through the small
+shopkeeping quarters of Cuzco might have seen every day, as well as
+heard designated by her common nickname (given no one knows why) of
+Malignant Quinsy; and, arguing in algebraic fashion from the known to
+the unknown, it was not difficult to be convinced that the poetic
+flights of the examinador were equally the work of fond flattery.
+
+Surprised by a midnight storm, the camp was broken up before the early
+daylight, and our explorers' caravan moved on without breakfast. This
+necessary stop-gap was arranged for at the first pleasant spot on the
+route. An old clearing soon appeared, provided with the welcome
+accommodation of an _ajoupa_, or shed built upon four posts. At the
+command of _Alto alli!_--"Halt there!"--uttered by Perez in the tone he
+had formerly used in governing his troops, the whole band stopped as one
+person; the porters dumped their bales with a significant _ugh!_ the
+Bolivian bark-hunters laid down their axes; and the gentlemen arranged
+themselves around the parallelogram of the hut, attending the
+commissariat developments of Colonel Perez. The site which hazard had so
+conveniently offered was named Chaupichaca. It was the scene of an
+ancient wood-cutting, around which the trunks of the antique forests
+showed themselves in a warm soft light, like the columns of a temple or
+the shafts of a mosque.
+
+A detail which struck the travelers in arriving was very characteristic
+of these lands, filled so full of old traditions and inca customs.
+Chaupichaca was marked with a square terminal pillar, one of those
+boundaries of mud and stones, called _apachectas_, which Peruvian
+masonry lavishes over the country of Manco Capac. A rude cross of sticks
+surmounted this stone altar, on which some pious hand had laid a
+nosegay, now dried--signifying, in the language of flowers proper to
+masons and stone-cutters, that the work was finished and left. A little
+water and spirits spared from the travelers' meal gave a slight air of
+restoration to these mysterious offerings, and a couple of splendid
+butterflies, whether attracted by the flowers or the alcoholic perfume,
+commenced to waltz around the bouquet; but the corollas contained no
+honey for their diminutive trunks, and after a slight examination they
+danced contemptuously away.
+
+At seven or eight miles' distance another streamlet was reached, named
+the Mamabamba. It is a slender affluent of the Cconi, to be called a
+rivulet in any country but South America, but here named a river with
+the same proud effrontery which designates as a _city_ any collection of
+a dozen huts thrown into the ravine of a mountain. The Mamabamba was
+crossed by an extemporized bridge, constructed on the spot by the
+ingenuity of Garcia and his men. Strange and incalculable was the
+engineering of Pepe Garcia. Sometimes, across one of these
+continually-occurring streams, he would throw a hastily-felled tree,
+over which, glazed as it was by a night's rain or by the humidity of the
+forest, he would invite the travelers to pass. Sometimes, to a couple of
+logs rotting on the banks he would nail cross-strips like the rungs of a
+ladder, and, while the torrent boiled at a distance below, pass jauntily
+with his Indians, more sure-footed than goats. The wider the abyss the
+more insecure the causeway; and the terrible rope-bridges of South
+America, or the still more conjectural throw of a line of woven roots,
+would meet the travelers wherever the cleft was so wide as to render
+timbering an inconvenient trouble. Occasionally, on one of these damp
+and moss-grown ladders, a peon's foot would slip, and down he would go,
+the load strapped on his back catching him as he was passing through the
+aperture: then, using his hands to hold on by, he would compose, on the
+spur of the moment, a new and original language or telegraphy of the
+legs, _kicking_ for assistance with all his might. Juan of Aragon was
+usually the hero to extricate these poor estrays from the false step
+they had taken, the other peons regarding the scene with their tranquil
+stolidity. A glass of brandy to the unfortunate would always compose
+his nerves again, and make him hope for a few more accidents of a like
+nature and bringing a like consolation.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."]
+
+The bridge of the Mamabamba conducted the party to a site of the same
+name, through an interval of forest where might be counted most of the
+varieties of tree proper to the equatorial highlands. Up to this point
+the vegetation everywhere abounding had not indicated the presence, or
+even the vicinage, of the cinchona. The only circumstance which brought
+it to the notice of the inexperienced leaders of the expedition would be
+a halt made from time to time by the Bolivian bark-hunters. The
+examinador and his cascarilleros, touching one tree or another with
+their hatchets, would exchange remarks full of meaning and
+mysteriousness; but when the colonel or Mr. Marcoy came to ask the
+significance of so many hints and signals, they got the invariable
+answer of Sister Anna to the wife of Bluebeard: "I see nothing but the
+forest turning green and the sun turning red." The most practical
+reminder of the quest of cinchona which the travelers found was an
+occasional _ajoupa_ alone in the wilderness, with a broken pot and a
+rusted knife or axe beneath it--witness that some eager searcher had
+traveled the road before themselves. The cascarilleros are very
+avaricious and very brave, going out alone, setting up a hut in a
+probable-looking spot, and diverging from their head-quarters in every
+direction. If by any accident they get lost or their provisions are
+destroyed, they die of hunger. Doctor Weddell, on one occasion in
+Bolivia, landed on the beach of a river well shaded with trees. Here he
+found the cabin of a cascarillero, and near it a man stretched out upon
+the ground in the agonies of death. He was nearly naked, and covered
+with myriads of insects, whose stings had hastened his end. On the
+leaves which formed the roof of the hut were the remains of the
+unfortunate man's clothes, a straw hat and some rags, with a knife, an
+earthen pot containing the remains of his last meal, a little maize and
+two or three _chunus_. Such is the end to which their hazardous
+occupation exposes the bark-collectors--death in the midst of the
+forests, far from home; a death without help and without consolation.
+
+It was not until after passing the elevated site of San Pedro, and
+clambering up the slippery shoulders of the hill called Huaynapata--the
+crossing of half a dozen intervening streamlets going for nothing--that
+the explorers were rewarded with a sight of their Canaan, the
+bark-producing region. To attain this summit of Huaynapata, however, the
+little tributary of Mendoza had to be first got over. This affluent of
+the Cconi, flowing in from the south-south-west, was very sluggish as
+far as it could be seen. Its banks, interrupted by large rocks clothed
+with moss, offered now and then promontories surrounded at the base with
+a bluish shade. At the end of the vista, a not very extensive one, a
+quantity of blocks of sandstone piled together resembled a crumbling
+wall. Other blocks were sprinkled over the bed of the stream; and by
+their aid the examinador and the colonel hopped valiantly over the
+Mendoza, leaving the peons, who were less afraid of rheumatism and more
+in danger of slipping, to ford the current at the depth of their
+suspender-buttons.
+
+It was on the top of Huaynapata, while the interpreters built a fire and
+prepared for supper a peccary killed upon the road, that Marcoy observed
+the examinador holding with his Bolivians a conversation in the Aymara
+dialect, in which could be detected such words as _anaranjada_ and
+_morada_. These were the well-known commercial names of two species of
+cinchona. The historiographer interrupted their conversation to ask if
+anything had yet been discovered.
+
+"Nothing yet," replied the examinador; "and this valley of the Cconi
+must be bewitched, for with the course that we have taken we should long
+ago have discovered what we are after. But this place looks more
+favorable than any we have met. I shall beat up the woods to-morrow with
+my men, and may my patron, Saint Lorenzo, return again to his gridiron
+if we do not date our first success in quinine-hunting from this very
+hillock of Huaynapata!"
+
+[Illustration: "THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE
+MENDOZA."]
+
+The above style of threatening the saints is thought very efficacious in
+all Spanish countries. Whether or not Saint Lawrence really dreaded
+another experience of broiling, at the end of certain hours the
+Bolivians reappeared, and their chief deposited in the hands of the
+colonel a few green and tender branches. At the joyful shout of Perez,
+the man of letters, who had been occupied in making a sketch, came
+running up. Two different species of cinchona were the trophy brought
+back by Lorenzo, like the olive-leaves in the beak of Noah's dove. One
+of these specimens was a variety of the _Carua-carua,_ with large
+leaves heavily veined: the other was an individual resembling those
+quinquinas which the botanists Ruiz and Pavon have discriminated from
+the cinchonas, to make a separate family called the _Quinquina
+cosmibuena._ After all, the discovery was rather an indication than a
+conquest of value. The examinador admitted as much, but observed that
+the presence of these baser species always argued the neighborhood of
+genuine quinine-yielding plants near by.
+
+In the presence of this first success on the part of the exploration set
+on foot by Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, we may insert a few words on
+the nature of the wonderful plant toward which its researches were
+directed.
+
+It is doubtful whether the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru, Bolivia and
+Ecuador were acquainted with the virtues of the cinchona plant as a
+febrifuge. It seems probable, nevertheless, that the Indians of Loxa,
+two hundred and thirty miles south of Peru, were aware of the qualities
+of the bark, for there its use was first made known to Europeans. It was
+forty years after the pacification of Peru however, before any
+communication of the remedial secret was made to the Spaniards. Joseph
+de Jussieu reports that in 1600 a Jesuit, who had a fever at Malacotas,
+was cured by Peruvian bark. In 1638 the countess Ana of Chinchon was
+suffering from tertian fever and ague at Lima, whither she had
+accompanied the viceroy, her husband. The corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan
+Lopez de Canizares, sent a parcel of powdered quinquina bark to her
+physician, Juan de Vega, assuring him that it was a sovereign and
+infallible remedy for "tertiana." It was administered to the countess,
+who was sixty-two years of age, and effected a complete cure. This
+countess, returning with her husband to Spain in 1640, brought with her
+a quantity of the healing bark. Hence it was sometimes called
+"countess's bark" and "countess's powder." Her famous cure induced
+Linnaeus, long after, to name the whole genus of quinine-bearing trees,
+in her honor, _Cinchona_. By modern writers the first _h_ has usually
+been dropped, and the word is now almost invariably spelled in that way,
+instead of the more etymological _Chinchona_. The Jesuits afterward made
+great and effective use of it in their missionary expeditions, and it
+was a ludicrous result of their patronage that its use should have been
+for a long time opposed by Protestants and favored by Catholics. In
+1679, Louis XIV. bought the secret of preparing quinquina from Sir
+Robert Talbor, an English doctor, for two thousand louis-d'or, a large
+pension and a title. Under the Grand Monarch it was used at dessert,
+mingled with Spanish wine. The delay of its discovery until the
+seventeenth century has probably lost to the world numbers of valuable
+lives. Had Alexander the Great, who died of the common remittent fever
+of Babylon, been acquainted with cinchona bark, his death would have
+been averted and the partition of the Macedonian empire indefinitely
+postponed. Oliver Cromwell was carried off by an ague, which the
+administration of quinine would easily have cured. The bigotry of
+medical science, even after its efficacy was known and proved, for a
+long time retarded its dissemination. In 1726, La Fontaine, at the
+instance of a lady who owed her life to it, the countess of Bouillon,
+composed a poem in two cantos to celebrate its virtues; but the
+remarkable beauty of the leaves of the cinchona and the delicious
+fragrance of its flowers, with allusions to which he might have adorned
+his verses, were still unknown in Europe.
+
+The cinchonas under favorable circumstances become large trees: at
+present, however, in any of the explored and exploited regions of their
+growth, the shoots or suckers of the plants are all that remain.
+Wherever they abound they form the handsomest foliage of the forest. The
+leaves are lanceolate, glossy and vividly green, traversed by rich
+crimson veins: the flowers hang in clustering pellicles, like lilacs, of
+deep rose-color, and fill the vicinity with rich perfume. Nineteen
+varieties of cinchonae have been established by Doctor Weddell. The
+cascarilleros of South America divide the species into a category of
+colors, according to the tinge of the bark: there are yellow, red,
+orange, violet, gray and white cinchonas. The yellow, among which figure
+the _Cinchona calisaya, lancifolia, condaminea, micrantha, pubescens,_
+etc., are placed in the first rank: the red, orange and gray are less
+esteemed. This arrangement is in proportion to the abundance of the
+alkaloid _quinine,_ now used in medicine instead of the bark itself.
+
+The specimens found by the examinador were carefully wrapped in
+blankets, and the march was resumed. After a slippery descent of the
+side of Huaynapata and the passage of a considerable number of babbling
+streams--each of which gave new occasion for the colonel to show his
+ingenuity in getting over dry shod, and so sparing his threatening
+rheumatism--the cry of "Sausipata!" was uttered by Pepe Garcia. Two neat
+mud cabins, each provided with a door furnished with the unusual luxury
+of a wooden latch, marked the plantation of Sausipata. The situation was
+level, and within the enclosing walls of the forest could be seen a
+plantation of bananas, a field of sugar-cane, with groves of coffee,
+orange-orchards and gardens of sweet potato and pineapple. The white
+visitors could not refrain from an exclamation of surprise at the
+neatness and civilization of such an Eden in the desert. At this point,
+Juan of Aragon, who had been going on ahead, turned around with an air
+of splendid welcome, and explained that the farm belonged to his uncle,
+the gobernador of Marcapata, who prayed them to make themselves at home.
+Introducing his guests into the largest of the houses, Juan presented
+them with some fine ripe fruit which he culled from the garden. Colonel
+Perez, who never lost occasion to give a sly stab to the mozo, asked, as
+he peeled a banana, if he was duly authorized to dispose so readily of
+the property of his uncle: the youth, without losing a particle of his
+magnificent adolescent courtesy, replied that as nephew and direct heir
+of the governor of Marcapata it was a right which he exercised in
+anticipation of inheritance; and that just as Pepe Garcia, the
+interpreter-in-chief, had regaled the party in his residence, he, Juan
+of Aragon, proposed to do in the family grange of Sausipata.
+
+Meantime, the examinador, who had pushed forward with his men, returned
+with a couple more specimens of quinquina, which they had discovered
+close by in clambering amongst the forest. Neither had flowers, but the
+one was recognizable by its flat leaf as the species called by the
+Indians _ichu-cascarilla,_ from the grain _ichu_ amongst which it is
+usually found at the base of the Cordilleras; and the other, from its
+fruit-capsules two inches in length, as the _Cinchona acutifolia_ of
+Ruiz and Pavon. To moderate the pleasures of this discovery, the
+examinador came up leaning upon the shoulder of his principal assistant,
+Eusebio, complaining of a frightful headache, and a weakness so extreme
+that he could not put one foot before the other.
+
+The sudden illness of their botanist-in-chief cast a gloom upon the
+party, and utterly spoiled the festive intentions of young Aragon.
+Lorenzo was put to bed, from which retreat, at midnight, his fearful
+groans summoned the colonel to his side. The latter found him tossing
+and murmuring, but incapable of uttering a word. His faithful Eusebio,
+at the head of the bed, answered for him. The honest fellow feared lest
+his master might have caught again a touch of the old fever which had
+formerly attacked him in searching for cascarillas in the environs of
+Tipoani in Bolivia. These symptoms, recurring in the lower valleys of
+the Cconi, would make it impossible for the brave explorer safely to
+continue with the party. As the mestizo propounded this inconvenient
+theory, a new burst of groans from the examinador seemed to confirm it.
+The grave news brought all the party to the sick bed. Colonel Perez,
+whom the touching comparison of wives made in the hammocks of Morayaca
+had sensibly attached to Lorenzo, endeavored to feel his pulse; but the
+patient, drawing in his hand by a peevish movement, only rolled himself
+more tightly in his blanket, and increased his groans to roars.
+Presently, exhausted by so much agony, he fell into a slumber.
+
+In the morning the examinador, in a dolorous voice, announced that he
+should be obliged to return to Cuzco. This resolution might have seemed
+the obstinate delirium of the fever but for the mournful and pathetic
+calmness of the victim. Eusebio, he said, should return with him as far
+as Chile-Chile, where a conveyance could be had; and he himself would
+give such explicit instructions to the cascarilleros that nothing would
+be lost by his absence to the purposes of the expedition. Yielding to
+pity and friendship, the colonel gave in his adhesion to the plan, and
+even proposed his own hammock as a sort of palanquin, and the loan of a
+pair of the peons for bearers. They could return with Eusebio to
+Sausipata, where the party would be obliged to wait for the three. After
+sketching out his plan, Colonel Perez looked for approval to Mr. Marcoy,
+and received an affirmative nod. The proposition seemed so agreeable to
+the sick man that already an alleviation of his misery appeared to be
+superinduced. He even smiled intelligently as he rolled into the
+hammock. In a very short time he made a sort of theatrical exit, borne
+in the hammock like an invalid princess, and fanned with a palm branch
+out of the garden by the faithful Eusebio.
+
+"Poor devil!" said Perez as the mournful procession departed: "who knows
+if he will ever see his dear wife at Sorata, or if he will even live to
+reach Chile-Chile?"
+
+"Do you really think him in any such danger?" asked the more suspicious
+Marcoy.
+
+"Danger! Did you not see his miserable appearance as he left us?"
+
+"I saw an appearance far from miserable, and therefore I am convinced
+that the man is no more sick than you or I."
+
+On hearing such a heartless heresy the colonel stepped back from his
+comrade with a shocked expression, and asked what had given him such an
+idea.
+
+"A number of things, of which I need only mention the principal. In the
+first place, the man's sickness falling on him like a thunder-clap;
+next, his haste in catching back his hand when you tried to feel his
+pulse; and then his smile, at once happy and mischievous, when you
+offered him the peons and he found his stratagem succeeding beyond his
+hopes."
+
+"Why, now, to think of it!" said the colonel sadly; "but what could have
+been his motive?"
+
+"This gentleman is too delicate to sustain our kind of life," suggested
+Marcoy. "He is tired of skinning his hands and legs in our service, and
+eating peccary, monkey and snails as we do. His Bolivians are perhaps
+quite as useful for our service, and while he is rioting at Cuzco we may
+be enriching ourselves with cinchonas."
+
+In effect, on the return of the peons ten days after, the examinador was
+reported to have got quit of his fever shortly after leaving Sausipata,
+and to have borne the journey to Chile-Chile remarkably well. He charged
+his men to take back his compliments and the regrets he felt, at not
+being able to keep with the company.
+
+Nothing detained the band longer at Sausipata. The ten days of hunting,
+botanizing, butterfly-catching and sketching had been an agreeable
+relief, and young Aragon had assumed, with sufficient grace, the task of
+attentive host and first player on the charango. The returning porters
+had scarcely enjoyed two hours of repose when the caravan took up its
+march once more.
+
+As usual, the interpreters assumed the head of the command: the Indians
+followed pellmell. Observing that some of them lingered behind, Mr.
+Marcoy had the curiosity to return on his steps. What was his surprise
+to find these honest fellows running furiously through the farm, and
+devastating with all their might those plantations which were the pride
+and the hope of the nephew of Aragon! They had already laid low several
+cocoa groves, torn up the sugar-canes, broken down the bananas, and
+sliced off the green pineapples.
+
+Indignant at such vandalism, Marcoy caught the first offender by the
+plaited tails at the back of the neck. "What are you doing?" he cried.
+
+"I am neither crazy nor drunk, Taytachay" (dear little father), calmly
+explained the peon with his placid smile. "But my fellows and I don't
+want to be sent any more to work at Sausipata." As the white man
+regarded him with stupefaction, "Thou art strange here," pursued the
+Indian, "and canst know nothing about us. Promise not to tell Aragon,
+and I will make thee wise."
+
+"Why Aragon more than anybody else?" asked Marcoy.
+
+"Because Senor Aragon is nephew to Don Rebollido, the governor, and
+Sausipata belongs to Rebollido; and if he were to learn what we have
+done, we should be flogged and sent to prison to rot."
+
+The explanation, drawn out with many threats when the Indians had been
+driven from their work of ruin and placed once more in line of march,
+was curious.
+
+The able gobernador of Marcapata had had the sagacious idea of making
+the local penitentiary out of his farm of Sausipata! It was cultivated
+entirely by the labor of his culprits. When culprits were scarce, the
+chicha-drinkers, the corner-loungers, became criminals and disturbers of
+the peace, for whom a sojourn at Sausipata was the obvious cure. Aragon,
+the nephew, shared his uncle's ability, and visited the plantation month
+by month. But the life in this paradise was not relished by the
+convicts. The regimen was strict, the food everywhere abounding, was not
+for them, and the vicinity of the wild Chunchos was not reassuring.
+Often a peon would appear in the market-place of Marcapata wrapped
+merely in a banana leaf, which, cracking in the sun, reduced all
+pretence of decent covering to an irony. This evidence of the spoliation
+of a Chuncho would be received in the worst possible part by the
+gobernador, who would beat the complainant back to his servitude,
+remarking with ingenuity that Providence was more responsible for the
+acts of the savages than he was.
+
+This strange history, told with profound earnestness, was enough to
+make any one laugh, but Marcoy could not be blind to its side of
+oppression and tyranny. This was the way, then, that the humble and
+primitive gobernador, who had presented himself to the travelers
+barefoot, was enriching himself by the knaveries of office! Marcoy could
+not take heart to inform Juan of Aragon of the devastation behind him,
+but on the other hand he resolved to correct the abuse on his return by
+appeal, if necessary, to the prefect of Cuzco.
+
+A frightful night in a deserted hut on a site called Jimiro--where
+Marcoy had for mattress the legs of one of the porters, and for pillow
+the back of a bark-hunter--followed the exodus from Sausipata. The
+Guarapascana, the Saniaca, the Chuntapunco, flowing into the Cconi on
+opposite sides, were successively left behind our adventurers, and they
+bowed for an instant before the tomb of a stranger, "a German from
+Germany," as Pepe Garcia said, "who pretended to know the language of
+the Chunchos, and who interpreted for himself, but who starved in the
+wilderness near the heap of stones you see." Leaving this resting-place
+of an interpreter who had interpreted so little, the party attained a
+stream of rather unusual importance. The reputed gold-bearing river of
+Ouitubamba rolled from its tunnel before them, exciting the most
+visionary schemes in the mind of Colonel Perez, to whom its auriferous
+reputation was familiar. Nothing would do but that the California
+process of "panning" must be carried out in these Peruvian waters, and
+the peons, _multum reluctantes,_ were summoned to the task, with all the
+crow-bars and shovels possessed by the expedition, supplemented by
+certain sauce-pans and dishes hypothecated from the culinary department.
+The issue of the stream from under a crown of indigenous growths was the
+site of this financial speculation. Pepe Garcia was placed at the head
+of the enterprise. A long ditch was dug, revealing milky quartz, ochres
+and clay. The deceptive hue of the yellow earth made the search a long
+and tantalizing one. At the moment when the colonel, attracted by
+something glistening in the large frying-pan which he was agitating at
+the edge of the stream, uttered an exclamation which drew all heads into
+the cavity of his receptacle, an answering sound from the heavens caused
+everybody suddenly to look up. An equatorial storm had gathered
+unnoticed over their heads. In a few minutes a solid sheet of warm
+rain, accompanied by a furious tornado sweeping through the valley,
+caused whites and Indians to scatter as if for their lives. The golden
+dream of Colonel Perez and the similar vision entertained by Pepe Garcia
+were dissipated promptly by this answer of the elements. On attaining
+the neighboring sheds of Maniri the gold--seekers abandoned their
+implements without remark to the services of the cooks, and betook
+themselves to wringing out their stockings as if they had never dreamed
+of walking in silver slippers through the streets of Cuzco. They made no
+further attempt to wring gold from the mouth of the Ouitubamba. As for
+Maniri, it was the last site or human resting-place of any, the very
+most trivial, kind before the opening of the utter wilderness which
+proceeded to accompany the course of the Cconi River.
+
+[Illustration: "THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM
+ITS TUNNEL."]
+
+The Bolivians imagined an exploration of a little stream on the left
+bank, the Chuntapunco, which they thought might issue from a
+quinine-bearing region. They built a little raft, and departed with
+provisions for three or four days. They returned, in fact, after a
+week's absence, with seven varieties of cinchona--the _hirsuta,
+lanceolata, purpurea_ and _ovata_ of Ruiz and Pavon, and three more of
+little value and unknown names.
+
+During the absence of the cascarilleros a flat calm reigned in the
+ajoupa of Maniri. Garcia and the colonel, the day after their
+unproductive gold-hunt, betook themselves into the forest, ostensibly
+for game, but in reality to review their hopeful labors by the banks of
+the Ouitubamba. Aragon was detailed by Mr. Marcoy to accompany him in
+his botanical and entomological tours. On these excursions the
+acquaintance between the mozo and the senor was considerably developed.
+The youth had naturally a gay and confident disposition, and added not a
+little to the liveliness of the trips. Marcoy profited by their stricter
+connection to converse with him about the cultivation of the farm at
+Sausipata, making use of a venial deception to let him think that the
+plan of operations had been communicated by the governor himself.
+Aragon modestly replied that the plantation in question was only the
+first of a series of similar clearings contemplated by his uncle at
+various points in the valley. Arrangements made for this purpose with
+the governors of Ocongata and Asaroma, who were pledged with their
+support in return for heavy presents, would enable him soon to cultivate
+coffee and sugar and cocoa at once in a number of haciendas. The
+enterprise was a splendid one; and if God--Aragon pronounced the name
+without a particle of diffidence--deigned to bless it, the day was
+coming when the fortune of his uncle, solidly established, would make
+him the pride and the joy of the region.
+
+It may as well be mentioned here that the subsequent career of the
+chest-nut-colored interpreter is not entirely unknown. In 1860, Mr.
+Clement Markham, collecting quinine-plants for the British government,
+came upon a splendid hacienda thirty miles from the village of Ayapata,
+in a valley of the Andes near the scene of this exploration. Here, on
+the sugar-cane estate named San Jose de Bellavista, he discovered "an
+intelligent and enterprising Peruvian" named Aragon, who appears to have
+been none other than our interpreter escaped from the chrysalis. His
+establishment was very large, and protected from the savages by two
+rivers, Aragon had made a mule-road of thirty miles to the village. He
+found the manufacture of spirits for the sugar-cane more profitable than
+digging for gold in the Ouitubamba or hunting for cascarillas along the
+Cconi. In 1860 he sent an expedition into the forest after wild
+cocoa-plants. An india-rubber manufactory had only failed for want of
+government assistance. He contemplated the establishment of a line of
+steamers on the neighboring rivers to carry off the commerce of his
+plantations. "Any scheme for developing the resources of the country is
+sure to receive his advocacy," says Mr. Markham: "it would be well for
+Peru if she contained many such men."
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+PROBATIONER LEONHARD;
+
+OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+OUR HERO.
+
+Young Mr. Leonhard Marten walked out on the promenade at the usual hour
+one afternoon, after a good deal of hesitation, for there was quite as
+little doubt in his mind as there is in mine that the thing to do was to
+remain within-doors and answer the letters--or rather the letter--lying
+on his table. The brief epistle which conveyed to him the regrets of the
+new female college building committee, that his plans were too elaborate
+and costly, and must therefore be declined, really demanded no reply,
+and would probably never have one. It was the hurried scrawl from his
+friend Wilberforce which claimed of his sense of honor an answer by the
+next mail. The letter from Wilberforce was dated Philadelphia, and ran
+thus:
+
+"DEAR LENNY: Please deposit five thousand for me in some good bank of
+Pennsylvania or New York. I shall want it, maybe, within a week or so. I
+am talking hard about going abroad. Why can't you go along? Say we sail
+on the first of next month. Richards is going, and I shall make enough
+out of the trip to pay expenses for all hands. You'll never know
+anything about your business, Mart, till you have studied in one of
+those old towns. Answer. Thine,
+
+"WIL."
+
+When I say that Leonhard had, or _had_ had, ten thousand dollars of
+Wilberforce's money, and that he was now about as unprepared to meet the
+demand recorded as he would have been if he had never seen a cent of the
+sum mentioned, the assertion, I think, is justified that his place was
+at his office-table, and not on the promenade. What if the town-clock
+had struck four? what if at this hour Miss Ayres usually rounded the
+corner of Granby street on her way home? But, poor fellow! he _had_
+tried to think his way through the difficulty. Every day for a week he
+had exercised himself in letter--writing: he had practiced every style,
+from the jocular to the gravely interrogative, and had succeeded pretty
+well as a stylist, but the point, the point, the bank deposit, remained
+still insurmountable and unapproachable.
+
+Once or twice he had thought that probably the best thing to do was to
+go off on a long journey, and by and by, when things had righted
+themselves somehow, find out where Wilberforce was and acknowledge his
+letter with regrets and explanations. He was considering this course
+when he destroyed his last effort, and went out on the promenade to get
+rid of his thoughts and himself and to meet Miss Ayres. The present
+contained Miss Ayres; as to the future, it was dark as midnight; for the
+past, it was not in the least pleasant to think of it, and how it had
+come to pass that Wilberforce trusted him.
+
+The days when he and Wilberforce were lads, poor, sad-hearted, all but
+homeless, returned upon him with their shadows. It was in those days
+that his friend formed so lofty an estimate of his exactness in figures
+and his skill in saving, and thus it had happened that when the engine
+constructed by Wilberforce began to pay him so past belief, he was
+really in the perplexity concerning places of deposit which he had
+expressed to Marten. Leonhard chanced to be with this young Croesus--who
+had begun life by dipping water for invalids at the springs--when the
+ten thousand dollars alluded to were paid him by a dealer; and the
+instant transfer of the money to his hands was one of those off-hand
+performances which, apparently trivial, in the end search a man to the
+foundations.
+
+What had become of the money? Seven thousand dollars were swallowed up
+in a gulf which never gives back its treasure. And oh on the verge of
+that same gulf how the siren had sung! A chance of clearing five
+thousand dollars by investing that amount presented itself to Leonhard:
+it was one of those investments which will double a man's money for him
+within three months, or six months at latest. The best men of A---- were
+in the enterprise, and by going into it Leonhard would reap every sort
+of advantage. He might give up teaching music, and confine himself to
+the studies which as an architect he ought to pursue; and to be known
+among the A--- landers as a young gentleman who had money to invest
+would secure to him that social position which the music-lessons he gave
+did no doubt in some quarters embarrass.
+
+It was while buoyed up by his "great expectations," and flattered by the
+attentions which strangely enough began to be extended toward him by
+some of the "best men"--who also were stockholders in the new
+sugar-refining process--that Leonhard took a room at the Granby House,
+and began to manifest a waning interest in his work as a music-master.
+
+This display of himself, modest though it was, cost money. Before the
+letter quoted was written Leonhard had begun to feel a little troubled:
+he had been obliged to add two thousand dollars to his original
+investment, and the thought that possibly there might be a demand for a
+yet further sum--for some unforeseen difficulty had arisen in the matter
+of machinery--had fixed in his mind a misgiving to which at odd moments
+he returned with a flutter of spirits amounting almost to panic.
+
+On the promenade he met Miss Ayres. She stood before the window of a
+music-dealer's shop, looking at the photograph of some celebrity--a tall
+and not too slightly-formed young lady, attired in a buff suit with
+brown trimmings, and a brown hat from which a pretty brown feather
+depended. On her round cheeks was a healthy glow, deepened perhaps by
+exercise on that warm afternoon, and a trifle in addition, it may be, by
+the sound of footsteps advancing. Yet as Leonhard approached, she,
+chancing to look around, did not seem surprised that he was so near. Not
+that she expected him! What reason had she for supposing that from his
+office-window he would see her the instant she turned the corner of
+Granby street and walked down the avenue fronting the parade-ground? No
+reason of course; but this had happened so many times that the meeting
+of the two somewhere in this vicinity was daily predicted by the wise
+prophets of the street.
+
+A rumor was going about A---- in those days which occasioned the mother
+of our young lady a little uneasiness. When Leonhard came to A---- it
+was to live by his profession--music. He was an enthusiast in the
+science, and the best people patronized him. He might have all the
+pupils he pleased now, and at his own prices, thought Mrs. Washington
+Ayres, who had herself taught music: why doesn't he stick to his
+business? But then, she reminded herself, they say he has money; and he
+is so bewitched about architecture that he can't let it alone. Too many
+irons in the fire to please me! Perhaps, though, if he has money, it
+makes not so much difference. But I don't like to see a young man
+dabbling in too many things: it looks as if he would never do anything
+to speak of. It is the only thing I ever heard of against him; but if he
+can't make up his mind, I don't know as there could be anything much
+worse to tell of a man.
+
+She was not far wrong in her thinking, and she had seen the great fault
+in the character of young Mr. Marten. It was his nature to take up and
+embrace cordially, as if for life, the objects that pleased him. Perhaps
+the tendency conduced to his popularity and reputation as a
+music-master, for his acquaintance with the works of composers was
+really vast; but the effect of it was not so hopeful when it set him to
+studying a difficult art almost without instruction, in the confidence
+that he should soon by his works take rank with Angelo, Wren and other
+great masters.
+
+At the music-dealer's window Mr. Leonhard stood for a moment beside
+Miss Marion, and then said with a queer smile, "How cool it looks over
+yonder among the trees! I wish somebody would like to walk there with an
+escort."
+
+"Anybody might, I should think," answered the young lady. "I have waded
+through hot dust, red-hot dust, all the afternoon. Besides, I want to
+ask you, Mr. Marten, what it means. Everybody is coming to me for
+lessons. Are you refusing instruction, or are you growing so unpopular
+of late? I have vexed myself trying to answer the question."
+
+"They all come to you, do they? Yes, I think I am growing unpopular. And
+I am rather glad of it, on the whole," answered Leonhard, not quite
+clear as to her meaning, but not at all disturbed by it.
+
+"I know they must all have gone to you first," she said. "Of course they
+all went to you first, and you wouldn't have them."
+
+Leonhard smiled on. Her odd talk was pleasant to him, and to look at her
+bright face was to forget every disagreeable thing in the world. "You
+know I have been thinking that I would give up instruction altogether,"
+said he; "but I suppose that unless I actually go away to get rid of my
+pupils, I shall have a few devoted followers to the last. The more you
+take off my hands the better I shall like it."
+
+"But how should everybody know that you _think_ of giving up
+instruction?" Miss Marion inquired.
+
+"Oh, I dare say I have told everybody," he answered carelessly.
+
+"Ah!" said she; and two or three thoughts passed through the mind of the
+young lady quite worthy the brain of her mother. "I am half sorry," she
+continued. "But at least you cannot forget what you know. That is a
+comfort. And I am sure you love music too well to let me go on
+committing barbarisms with my hands or voice without telling me."
+
+Leonhard hesitated. How far might he take this dear girl into his
+secrets? "My friend Wilberforce is always saying that I ought to study
+abroad in the old European towns before I launch out in earnest," said
+he finally.
+
+"As architect or musician?" asked the "dear girl."
+
+"As architect, of course," he answered, without manifesting surprise at
+the question. "He is going himself now, and he wants me to go with him."
+
+"Why don't you go?" The quick look with which he followed this question
+made Miss Marion add: "It would be the best thing in the world for--for
+a student, I should think. You said once that your indecision was the
+bane of your life. I beg your pardon for remembering it. When you have
+heard the best music and seen the best architecture, you can put an end
+to this 'thirty years' war,' and come back and settle down."
+
+"All very well," said he, "but please to tell me where I shall find you
+when I come home."
+
+"Oh, I shall be jogging along somewhere, depend."
+
+"With your mind made up concerning every event five years before it
+happens? If you had my choice to make, you think, I suppose, that you
+would decide in a minute which road to fame and fortune you would
+choose." Mr. Leonhard used his cane as vehemently while he spoke as if
+he were a conductor swinging his baton through the most exciting
+movement.
+
+"I don't understand your perplexity, that is the fact," said she with
+wonderful candor; "but then I have been trained to do one thing from the
+time I could wink."
+
+"It was expected of me that I should rival the greatest performers,"
+said Leonhard with a half-sad smile. "If I go abroad now, as you
+advise--"
+
+"Advise? I advise!"
+
+"Did you not?"
+
+"Not the least creature moving. Never!"
+
+"If you did you would say, 'Keep to music.'"
+
+"I should say, 'Keep to architecture.' Then--don't you see?--I should
+have all your pupils."
+
+"That would matter little: you have long had all that I could give you
+worth the giving, Miss Ayres."
+
+Were these words intent on having utterance, and seeking their
+opportunity?
+
+In the midst of her lightness and seeming unconcern the young lady found
+herself challenged, as it were, by the stern voice of a sentinel on
+guard. But she answered on the instant: "The most delicious music I have
+ever heard, for which I owe you endless thanks. I have said
+architecture; but I never advise, you know."
+
+"She has not understood me," thought Leonhard, but instead of taking
+advantage of that conclusion and retiring from the ground, he said,
+"Perhaps I must speak more clearly. I don't care what I do or where I
+go, Miss Marion, if you are indifferent. I love you."
+
+What did he read in the face which his dark eyes scanned as they turned
+full upon it? Was it "I love you"? Was it "Alas!"? He could not tell.
+
+"You are pledged to love 'the True and the Beautiful,'" said she quite
+gayly, "and so I am not surprised."
+
+Leonhard looked mortified and angry. A man of twenty-two declaring love
+for the first time to a woman had a right to expect better treatment.
+
+"I have offended you," she said instantly. "I only followed out your own
+train of thought. You may have half a dozen professions, and--"
+
+"I am at least clear that I love only you," he said. "I hoped you would
+feel that. It is certain, I think, that I shall confine myself to the
+studies of an architect hereafter. I will give no more lessons. And
+shall you care to know whether I go or stay?"
+
+Miss Ayres answered--almost as if in spite of herself and that good
+judgment for which she had been sufficiently praised during her eighteen
+years of existence--"Yes, I shall care a vast deal. That is the reason
+why I say, 'Go, if it seems best to you'--'Stay, if you think it more
+wise.' I have the confidence in you that sees you can conduct your own
+affairs."
+
+"If I go," he cried in a happy voice, in strong contrast with his words,
+"it will be to leave everything behind me that can make life sweet."
+
+"But if you go it will be to gain everything that can make life
+honorable. I did not understand that you thought of going for pleasure."
+Ah, how almost tender now her look and tone!
+
+"Say but once to me what I have said to you," said Leonhard joyfully,
+confident now that he had won the great prize.
+
+"Now? No: don't talk about it. Wait a while, and we will see if there is
+anything in it." What queer lover's mood was this? Miss Marion looked as
+if she had passed her fortieth birthday when she spoke in this wise.
+
+"Oh for a soft sweet breeze from the north-east to temper such cruel
+blasts!" exclaimed Leonhard. "Was ever man so treated as I am by this
+strong-minded young woman?"
+
+"Everybody on the grounds is looking, and wondering how she will get
+home with the intemperate young gentleman she is escorting. Did you say
+you were going to talk with your friend Mr. Wilberforce about going
+abroad with him for a year or two?"
+
+"I said no such thing, but perhaps I may. I was going to write, but it
+may be as easy to run down to Philadelphia."
+
+"Easier, I should say."
+
+So they talked, and when they parted Leonhard said: "If you do not see
+me to-morrow evening, you will know that I have gone to Philadelphia. I
+shall not write to let you know. You might feel that an answer was
+expected of you."
+
+"I have never been taught the arts of a correspondent, and it is quite
+too late to learn them," she answered.
+
+Miss Marion will probably never again feel as old as she does this
+afternoon, when she has half snubbed, half flattered and half accepted
+the man she admires and loves, but whose one fault she clearly perceives
+and is seriously afraid of.
+
+The next day Leonhard sat staring at Wilberforce's letter with a face as
+wrinkled as a young ape's in a cold morning fog. After one long serious
+effort he sprang from his seat, and I am afraid swore that he would go
+down to Philadelphia that very afternoon. Therefore (and because he
+clung to the determination all day) at six o'clock behold him passing
+with his satchel from the steps of the Granby House to the Grand
+Division Depot. He was always going to and fro, so his departure
+occasioned no remark. He supposed, for his own part, that he was going
+to talk with his friend Wilberforce, and his ticket ensured his passage
+to Philadelphia; and yet at eight o'clock he found himself standing on
+the steps of the Spenersberg Station, and saw the train move on. At the
+moment when his will seemed to him to be completely demoralized the
+engine-whistle sounded and the engine stopped. Utterly unnerved by his
+doubts, he slunk from the car like an escaping convict, and looked
+toward the narrow moonlit valley which was as a gate leading into this
+unknown Spenersberg. The path looked obscure and inviting, and so,
+without exchanging a word with any one, he walked forward, a more
+pitiable object than is pleasant to consider, for he was no coward and
+no fool.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.
+
+About the time that Leonhard Marten was paying for his ticket in the
+depot at A----, how many events were taking place elsewhere! Multitudes,
+multitudes going up and down the earth perplexed, tempted, discouraged.
+What were _you_ doing at that hour? I wonder.
+
+Even here, at this Spenersberg, was Frederick Loretz--with reason deemed
+one of the most fortunate of the men gathered in the happy
+valley--asking himself, as he walked homeward from the factory, "What is
+the use?"
+
+When he spied his wife on the piazza he seemed to doubt for a second
+whether he should go backward or forward. Into that second of
+vacillation, however, the voice of the woman penetrated: "Husband, so
+early? Welcome home!"
+
+The voice decided him, and so he opened his gate, passed along the
+graveled walk to the piazza steps, ascended, wiping the perspiration
+from his bald head, dropped his handkerchief into his hat and his hat
+upon the floor, and sat down in one of the great wide-armed wooden
+chairs which visitors always found awaiting them on the piazza.
+
+His wife, having bestowed upon him one brief glance, quickly arose and
+went into the house: the next moment she came again, bringing with her a
+pitcher of iced water and a goblet, which she placed before him on a
+small rustic table. But a second glance showed her that he was suffering
+from something besides the heat and fatigue. There was a look on his
+broad honest face that told as distinctly as color and expression could
+tell of anguish, consternation, remorse. He drank from the goblet she
+had filled for him, and said, without looking at his wife, "I have
+brought you the worst news, Anna, that ever you heard." She must have
+guessed what it was instantly, but she made neither sign nor gesture.
+She could have enumerated there and then all the sorrows of her life;
+but for a moment it was not possible even for her to say that this
+impending affliction was, in view of all she had endured, a light one,
+easy to be borne.
+
+"It has gone against us," said Mr. Loretz, picking up his red silk
+handkerchief and passing it from one hand to another, and finally hiding
+his face within its ample dimensions for a moment.
+
+"Do you mean the lot?" Her voice wavered a little. Though she asked or
+refrained from asking, something had taken place which must be made
+known speedily. Wherefore, then, delay the evil knowledge?
+
+He signified by a nod that it was so.
+
+"And that is in store for our poor child!" said the mother.
+
+Mr. Loretz was now quite broken down. He passed his handkerchief across
+his face again, and this time made no answer.
+
+Then the mother, with lips firmly compressed, and eyes bent steadily
+upon the floor, and forehead crumpled somewhat, sat and held her peace.
+
+At last the father said, in a low tone that gave to his strong voice an
+awful pathos, "How can the child bear it, Anna? for she loves Spener
+well--and to love _him_ well!"
+
+"Oh, father," said the wife, who had by this time sounded the depth of
+this tribulation, and was already ascending, "how did we bear it when we
+had to give up Gabriel, and Jacob, and dear little Carl?"
+
+"For me," said the man, rising and looking over the piazza rail into the
+gay little flower-garden beneath--"for me all that was nothing to this."
+
+"O my boys!" the mother cried.
+
+"We know that they went home to a heavenly Parent, and to more delight
+and honor than all the earth could give them," the father said.
+
+"It rent the heart, Frederick, but into the gaping wound the balm of
+Gilead was poured."
+
+"There is no man alive to be compared with Albert Spener."
+
+"I know of one--but one."
+
+"Not one," he said with an emphasis which sternly rebuked the ill-timed,
+and, as he deemed, untruthful flattery. "There is not his like, go where
+you will."
+
+"Ah, how you have exalted him above all that is to be worshiped!" sighed
+the good woman, putting her hands together, and really as troubled and
+sympathetic, and cool and calculating, as she seemed to be.
+
+"I tell you I have never seen his equal! Look at this place here--hasn't
+he called it up out of the dust?"
+
+"Yes, yes, he did. He made it all," she said. "It must be conceded that
+Albert Spener is a great man--in Spenersberg."
+
+"How, then, can I keep back from him the best I have when he asks for it
+--asks for it as if I were a king to refuse him what he wanted if I
+pleased? I would give him my life!"
+
+"Ah, Frederick, you have! It isn't you that denies now--think of that!
+Remind him of it. _Who_ spoke by the lot? Where are you going, husband?"
+
+Mr. Loretz had turned away from the piazza rail and picked up his hat.
+His wife's question arrested him. "I--I thought I would speak with
+Brother Wenck," said he, somewhat confused by the question, and looking
+almost as if his sole purpose had been to go beyond the sound of his
+wife's remonstrating voice.
+
+"Husband, about this?"
+
+"Yes, Anna."
+
+"Don't go. What will he think?"
+
+"Nobody knows about it yet, except Wenck, unless he spoke to Brother
+Thorn."
+
+"Oh, Frederick, what are you thinking?"
+
+"I am thinking"--he paused and looked fixedly at his wife--"I am
+thinking that I have been beside myself, Anna--crazy, out and out, and
+this thing can't stand."
+
+"Husband, it was our wish to learn the will of God concerning this
+marriage, and we have learned it. The Lord----"
+
+"I will go back to the factory," said Mr. Loretz, turning quickly away
+from his wife. "I must see if everything is right there before it gets
+darker." He had caught sight of the tall figure of a woman at the gate
+when he snatched up his hat so suddenly and interrupted his wife. Then
+he turned to her again: "Is Elise within?"
+
+"No, husband: she went to the garden for twigs this afternoon."
+
+"She had not heard?"
+
+"No. It is Sister Benigna that is coming. Must you go back?" She poured
+another glass of water for her husband, and walked down the steps with
+him; and coming so, out from the shade into the sunlight, Sister Benigna
+was startled by their faces as though she had seen two ghosts.
+
+Two hours later, Mr. Loretz again turned his steps homeward, and Mr.
+Wenck, the minister, walked with him as far as the gate. They had met
+accidentally upon the sidewalk, and Mr. Loretz must of necessity make
+some allusion to the letter he had received from the minister that day
+acquainting him with the allotment which had made of him so hopeless a
+mourner. The good man hesitated a moment before making response: then
+he took both the hands of Loretz in his, and said in a deep, tender
+voice, "Brother, the wound smarts."
+
+"I cannot bear it!" cried Loretz. "It is all my doing, and I must have
+been crazy."
+
+"When in devout faith you sought to know God's will concerning your dear
+child?"
+
+"I cannot talk about it," was the impatient response. "And you cannot
+understand it," he continued, turning quickly upon his companion. "You
+have never had a daughter, and you don't understand Albert Spener."
+
+"I think," said the minister patiently--"I think I know him well enough
+to see what the consequence will be if he should suspect that Brother
+Loretz is like 'a wave of the sea, driven with the wind and tossed.'"
+
+Yet as the minister said this his head drooped, his voice softened, and
+he laid his hand on the shoulder of Mr. Loretz, as if he would fain
+speak on and in a different strain. It was evident that the distressed
+man did not understand him, and reproof or counsel was more than he
+could now bear. He walked on a little faster, and as he approached his
+gate voices from within were heard. They were singing a duet from _The
+Messiah_.
+
+"Come in," said Loretz, his face suddenly lighting up with almost hope.
+
+Mr. Wenck seemed disposed to accept the invitation: then, as he was
+about to pass through the gate, he was stayed by a recollection
+apparently, for he turned back, saying, "Not to-night, Brother Loretz.
+They will need all the time for practice. Let me tell you, I admire your
+daughter Elise beyond expression. I wish that Mr. Spener could hear that
+voice now: it is perfectly triumphant. You are happy, sir, in having
+such a daughter."
+
+As Mr. Wenck turned from the gate, Leonhard--our Leonhard
+Marten--approached swiftly from the opposite side of the street. He had
+been sitting under the trees half an hour listening to the singing, and,
+full of enthusiasm, now presented himself before Mr. Loretz,
+exclaiming, "Do tell me, sir, what singers are these?"
+
+Mr. Loretz knew every man in Spenersberg. He looked at the stranger, and
+answered dryly, "Very tolerable singers."
+
+"I should think so! I never heard anything so glorious. I am a stranger
+here, sir. Can you direct me to a public-house?"
+
+To answer was easy. There was but the one inn, called the Brethren's
+House, the sixth below the one before which they were standing. It was a
+long house, painted white, with a deep wide porch, where half a dozen
+young men probably sat smoking at this moment. Instead of giving this
+direction, however, Loretz said, after a brief consultation with
+himself, "I don't know as there's another house in Spenersberg that
+ought to be as open as mine. I live here, sir. How long have you been
+listening?"
+
+"Not long enough," said Leonhard; and he passed through the gate, which
+had been opened for the minister, and now was opened as widely for him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HIGH ART.
+
+The room into which Mr. Loretz conducted Leonhard seemed to our young
+friend, as he glanced around it, fit for the court of Apollo. Its
+proportions had obviously been assigned by some music-loving soul. It
+occupied two-thirds of the lower floor of the house, and its high
+ceiling was a noticeable feature. The furniture had all been made at the
+factory; the floor-mats were woven there; and one gazing around him
+might well have wondered to what useful or ornamental purpose the green
+willows growing everywhere in Spenersberg Valley might not be applied.
+The very pictures hanging on the wall--engraved likenesses of the great
+masters Mozart and Beethoven--had their frames of well-woven willow
+twigs; and the rack which held the books and sheets of music was
+ornamented on each side with raised wreaths of flowers wrought by deft
+hands from the same pliant material.
+
+At the piano, in the centre of the room, sat Sister Benigna--by her
+side, Elise Loretz.
+
+It seemed, when Elise's father entered with the stranger, as if there
+might be a suspension of the performance, but Loretz said, "Two
+listeners don't signify: we promise to make no noise. Sit down, sir:
+give me your bag;" and taking Leonhard's satchel, he retired with it to
+a corner, where he sat down, and with his elbows on his knees, his head
+between his hands, prepared himself to listen.
+
+Sister Benigna said to her companion, "It is time we practiced before an
+audience perhaps;" and they went on as if nothing had happened.
+
+And sitting in that cool room on the eve of a scorching and distracted
+day, is it any wonder that Leonhard composed himself to accept any
+marvel that might present itself? Once across the threshold of the
+Every-day, and there is nothing indeed for which one should not be
+prepared.
+
+If in mood somewhat less enthusiastic than that of our traveler we look
+in upon that little company, what shall we see?
+
+In the first place, inevitably, Sister Benigna. But describe a picture,
+will you, or the mountains, or the sea? It must have been something for
+the Spenersberg folk to know that such a woman dwelt among them, yet
+probably two-thirds of her influence was unconsciously put forth and as
+unconsciously received. They knew that in musical matters she inspired
+them and exacted of them to the uttermost, but they did not and could
+not know how much her life was worth to all of them, and that they lived
+on a higher plane because of those half dozen wonderful notes of hers,
+and the unflagging enthusiasm which needed but the name of love-feast or
+festival to bring a light into her lovely eyes that seemed to spread up
+and around her white forehead and beautiful hair like a supernatural
+lustre. There was a fire that animated her which nobody who saw its glow
+or felt its warmth could question. Without that altar of music--But why
+speculate on what she might have been if she had not been what she was?
+That would be to consider not Benigna, but somebody else.
+
+She was accompanying Elise through Handel's "Pastoral Symphony." Elise
+began: "He is the righteous Saviour, and He shall speak peace unto the
+heathen." At the first notes Leonhard looked hastily toward the window,
+and if it had been a door he would have passed out on to the piazza,
+that he might there have heard, unseeing, unseen. While he sat still and
+looked and listened it seemed to him as if he had been engaged in
+foolish games with children all his life. He sat as it were in the dust,
+scorning his own insignificance.
+
+The young girl who now sat, now stood beside her, must have been the
+child of her training. For six years, indeed, they have lived together
+under one roof, sharing one apartment. Within the hour just passed, that
+has been said by them toward which all the talk and all the action of
+the six years has tended, and the heart of the girl lies in the hand of
+the woman, and what will the woman do with it?
+
+Perhaps all that Benigna can do for Elise has to-day been accomplished.
+It may be that to grow beside her now will be to grow in the shade when
+shade is needed no longer, and when the effect will be to weaken life
+and to deepen the spirit of dependence. Possibly sunlight though
+scorching, winds though wild, would be better for Elise now than the
+protecting shadow of her friend.
+
+Looking at Elise, Leonhard feels more assured, more at home. She has a
+kindly face, a lovely face, he decides, and what a deliciously rich,
+smooth voice! She is rather after the willowy order in her slender
+person, and when she begins to sing "Rejoice greatly," he looks at her
+astonished, doubting whether the sound can really have proceeded from
+her slender throat. He is again reminded of Marion, but by nothing he
+hears or sees: poor Marion has her not small reputation as a singer in
+A----, yet her voice, compared with this, is as wire--gold wire
+indeed--wire with a _color_ of richness at least; while Elise's is as
+honey itself--honey with the flavor of the sweetest flowers in it, and,
+too, the suggestion of the bee's swift, strong wing.
+
+Into the room comes at last Mrs. Loretz. It is just as Elise takes up
+the final air of the symphony that she appears. She would look upon her
+daughter while she sings, "Come unto Him, all ye that labor and are
+heavy laden, and He shall give you rest. Take His yoke upon you, and
+learn of Him," etc. Chiefly to look upon her child she comes--to listen
+with her loving, confident eyes.
+
+But on the threshold of the music-room she pauses half a second,
+perceiving the stranger by the window: then she nods pleasantly to him,
+which motion sets the short silvery hair on her forehead waving, as
+curls would have waved there had she only let them. She wears a cap
+trimmed with a blue ribbon tied beneath her chin, and such is the order
+of her comely gown and apron that it commands attention always, like a
+true work of art.
+
+She sits down beside her husband, and presently, as by the flash of a
+single glance indeed, has taken the weight and measure of the gentleman
+opposite. She likes his appearance, admires his fine dark face and his
+fine dark eyes, wonders where he came from, what he wants, and--will he
+stay to tea?
+
+Gazing at her daughter, she looks a little sad: then she smooths her
+dress, straightens herself, shakes her head, and is absorbed in the
+music, beating time with tiny foot and hand, and following every strain
+with an intentness which draws her brows together into a slight frown.
+Elise almost smiles as she glances toward her mother: she knows where to
+find enthusiasm at a white heat when it is wanted. With the final
+repetition, "Ye shall find rest to your souls," the dame rises quickly,
+and hastening to her daughter embraces her; then passing to the next
+room, she pauses, perhaps long enough to wipe her eyes; then the jingle
+of a bell is heard.
+
+At the ringing of this bell, Sister Benigna rose instantly, saying,
+"Welcome sound!" Loretz also came forth from his corner. He was about to
+speak to Leonhard, when Benigna took up the trombone which was lying on
+the piano, and said, "I am curious to know how many rehearsals you have
+had, sir. It is time, Elise, that our trombonist reported."
+
+Loretz, casting an eye toward his daughter, said, "Never mind Sister
+Benigna. Our quartette will be all right." Then he turned to Leonhard:
+it was not now that he felt for the first time the relief of the
+stranger's presence. "We are going to take food," said he: "will you
+give me your name and come with us?"
+
+Leonhard gave his name, and moreover his opinion that he had trespassed
+too long already on the hospitality of the house.
+
+To this remark Loretz paid no attention. "Wife," he called out, "isn't
+that name down in the birthday book--_Leonhard Marten?_ I am sure of it.
+He was a Herrnhuter."
+
+"Very likely, husband," was the answer from the other room. "Will you
+come, good people?" The good people who heard that voice understood just
+what its tone meant, and there was an instant response.
+
+"Come in, sir," said Loretz; and the invitation admitted no argument,
+for he went forward at once with a show of alacrity sufficient to
+satisfy his wife. "This young man here was looking for a public-house.
+They are full at the Brethren's, I hear. I thought he could not do
+better than take luck with us," he said to her by way of explanation.
+
+"He is welcome," said the wife in a prompt, business-like tone, which
+was evidently her way. "Daughter!" She looked at Elise, and Elise
+brought a plate, knife and fork for "this young man," and placed them
+where her mother indicated--that is, next herself. Between the mother
+and daughter Leonhard therefore took refuge, as it were, from the rather
+too majestic presence opposite known as Sister Benigna. He should have
+felt at ease in the little circle, for not one of them but felt the
+addition to their party to be a diversion and a relief. As to Dame Anna
+Loretz, thoughts were passing through her mind which might pass through
+the minds of others also in the course of time should Leonhard prove to
+be a good Moravian and decide to remain among them. They were thoughts
+which would have sent a dubious smile around the board, however, could
+they have been made known just now to Elise and her father and Sister
+Benigna; and what would our young friend--from the city evidently--have
+looked or said could they have been communicated to him? Already the
+mind and heart of the mother of Elise, disconcerted and distracted for
+the moment by that untoward casting of the lot, had risen to a calm
+survey of the situation of things; and now she was endeavoring to
+reconcile herself to the prospect which imagination presented to the eye
+of faith, _If_ she had perceived in the unannounced appearing of the
+young gentleman who sat near her devouring with keen appetite the good
+fare before him, and apologizing for his hunger with a grace which
+ensured him constant renewal of vanishing dishes,--if she had perceived
+in it a manifestation of the will of Providence, she could not have
+smiled on Leonhard more kindly, or more successfully have exerted
+herself to make him feel at home.
+
+And might not Mr. Leonhard have congratulated himself? If there was a
+"great house" in Spenersberg, this was that mansion; and if there were
+great people there, these certainly were they. And to think of finding
+in this vale cultivators of high art, intelligent, simple-hearted,
+earnest, beautiful!
+
+CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH CAPITAL.
+
+The metropolis of Ireland about the middle of the last century was the
+fourth in Europe in point of size. Since then it has made little
+progress in comparison with many others. Yet it is a large place,
+covering a great area, and holding a population which numbers some three
+hundred thousand souls.
+
+It may further be said that notwithstanding the withdrawal, consequent
+on the Union, of the aristocratic classes from Dublin, the city has
+improved more in the last fifty years than at any previous period.
+Dublin, at the Union, and for some time after, was a very dirty place
+indeed. To-day, although, from that antipathy to paint common to the
+whole Irish nation--which can apparently never realize the Dutch
+proverb, that "paint costs nothing," or the English one, that "a stitch
+in time saves nine"--much of the town looks dingy, it is, as a whole,
+cleaner than almost any capital in Europe, so far as drainage and the
+sanitary state of the dwellings are concerned. And here we speak from
+experience, having last year, in company with detective officers,
+visited all its lowest and poorest haunts.
+
+The cause of this sanitary excellence is that matters of this kind are
+placed entirely in the hands of the police, who rigorously carry out the
+orders given to them on such points. It is devoutly to be hoped that a
+similar system will ere long be in vogue in the towns of our own
+country.
+
+The noblesse have now quite deserted the Irish capital. Besides the
+lord-chancellor, there is probably not a single peer occupying a house
+there to-day. Houses are excellent and very cheap. An immense mansion in
+the best situation can be had for a thousand dollars a year. The markets
+are capitally supplied, and the prices are generally about one-third of
+those of New York. Not a single item of living is dear. But,
+notwithstanding these and many other advantages, the place has lost
+popularity, has a "deadly-lively" air about it, and, it must be
+admitted, is in many respects wondrously dull, especially to those who
+have been used to the brisk life of a great commercial or
+pleasure-loving capital.
+
+"Cornelius O'Dowd" paid a visit to Dublin in 1871 after a long absence,
+and said some very pretty things about it. Never was the company or
+claret better. Well, the fact was, that while the great and lamented
+Cornelius was there he was feted and made much of. Lord Spencer gave him
+a dinner, so did other magnates, and his sejour was one prolonged
+feasting; but nevertheless the every-day life of the Irish capital is
+awfully and wonderfully dull, as those who know it best, and have the
+cream of such society as it offers, would in strict confidence admit.
+From January to May there is an attempt at a "season," during the
+earlier part of which the viceroy gives a great many entertainments.
+These are remarkably well done, and the smaller parties are very
+agreeable. But politics intervene here, as in everything else in
+Ireland, to mar considerably the brilliancy of the vice-regal court.
+When the Whigs are "in" the Tory aristocracy hold off from "the Castle,"
+and _vice versa_. Dublin is generally much more brilliant under a Tory
+viceroy, inasmuch as nine-tenths of the Irish peerage and landed gentry
+support that side of politics. The vice-reign of the duke of Abercorn,
+the last lord-lieutenant, will long be remembered as a period of
+exceptional splendor in the annals of Dublin. He maintained the dignity
+of the office in a style which had not been known for half a century,
+and in this respect proved particularly acceptable to people of all
+classes. Besides, he is a man of magnificent presence, and has a fitting
+helpmate (sister of Earl Russell) and beautiful daughters; and it was
+universally admitted that the round people had got into the round holes,
+so far as the duke and duchess were concerned.
+
+The lord-lieutenant's levees and drawing-rooms take place at night, and
+are therefore much more cheerful than similar ceremonials at Buckingham
+Palace. His Excellency kisses all the ladies presented to him. The
+vice-regal salary is one hundred thousand dollars, with allowances, but
+most viceroys spend a great deal more. There are in such a poor country,
+where people have no sort of qualms about asking, innumerable claims
+upon their purses.
+
+The office of viceroy of Ireland is one which prime ministers find it no
+easy task to fill. Just that kind of person is wanted for the office who
+has no wish to hold it. A great peer with half a million of dollars'
+income doesn't care about accepting troublesome and occasionally anxious
+duties, from which he, at all events, has nothing to gain. For some time
+Lord Derby was in a quandary to get any one who would do to take it, and
+it may be doubted whether the marquis of Abercorn would have sacrificed
+himself if the glittering prospect of a coronet all strawberry leaves
+(for he was created a duke while in office) had not been held before his
+eyes. The vice-regal lodge is a plain, unpretending building. It is
+charmingly situated in the Phoenix Park (1760 acres), and commands
+delightful views over the Wicklow Mountains. Within, it is comfortable
+and commodious. The viceroy resides there eight months in the year. He
+goes to "the Castle" from December to April. The Castle is "no great
+thing." It is situated in the heart of Dublin. Around it are the various
+government offices. St. Patrick's Hall is a fine apartment, but
+certainly does not deserve the name of magnificent, and is a very poor
+affair compared with the reception-saloons of third-rate continental
+princes.
+
+The Dublin season culminates, so far at least as the vice-regal
+entertainments go, in the ball given here on St. Patrick's Day (March
+17). On such occasions it is _de rigueur_ to wear a court-dress. Even
+those who venture to appear in the regulation trowsers admissible at a
+levee at St. James's are seriously cautioned "not to do it again."
+
+Though Dublin is now deserted by the aristocracy, most of the
+_grand-seigneur_ mansions are still standing. Leinster House, built
+about 1760, and said to have served as a model for the "White House,"
+was in 1815 sold by the duke to the Royal Dublin Society. Up to 1868 the
+duke of Leinster[1] was Ireland's only duke, and the house is certainly
+a stately and appropriate ducal residence.
+
+It must, however, be confessed that there is something decidedly
+_triste_ and severe about this big mansion. A celebrated whilom tenant
+of it, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, appeared to think so, for in 1791 he
+writes to his mother, after his return from the bright and sunny
+atmosphere of America: "I confess Leinster House does not inspire the
+brightest ideas. By the by, what a melancholy house it is! You can't
+conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from Kildare. A
+country housemaid I brought with me cried for two days, and said she
+thought that she was in a prison." It was at Leinster House that "Lord
+Edward"--he is to this day always thus known by the people of Ireland,
+who never think it needful to add his surname--after having joined "the
+United Irishmen," had interviews with the informer Reynolds, who, it is
+believed, afterward betrayed him.
+
+Lady Sarah Napier, mother of Sir William Napier, the well-known
+historian of the Peninsular War, and other eminent sons, was aunt to
+Lord Edward, being sister of his mother. These ladies were daughters of
+the duke of Richmond, and Lady Sarah was remarkable as being a lady to
+whom George III. was passionately attached, and whom, but for the
+vehement opposition of his mother and her _entourage_, he would have
+married. In a journal of this lady's I find the following interesting
+account of the search for her nephew: "The separate warrant went by a
+messenger, attended by the sheriff and a party of soldiers, into
+Leinster House. The servants ran to Lady Edward, who was ill, and told
+her. She said directly, 'There is no help: send them up.' They asked
+very civilly for her papers and for Edward's, and she gave them all.
+Her apparent distress moved Major O'Kelly to tears, and their whole
+conduct was proper."
+
+Lady Edward Fitzgerald (whose husband had served under Lord Moira in
+America) was at Moira House on the evening of her husband's arrest.
+Writing from Castletown, county Kildare, two days after that event, Lady
+Louisa Connolly, Lord Edward's aunt, says: "As soon as Edward's wound
+was dressed he desired the private secretary at the Castle to write for
+him to Lady Edward and tell her what had happened. The secretary carried
+the note himself. Lady E. was at Moira House, and a servant of Lady
+Mountcashel's came soon after to forbid Lady Edward's servants saying
+anything to her that night." She continued, after Lord E.'s death, to
+reside at Moira House till obliged by an order of the privy council to
+retire to England, where she became the guest of her husband's uncle,
+the duke of Richmond.[2]
+
+Lady Moira, who so kindly befriended Lady Edward, was unquestionably a
+very remarkable woman, and had considerable influence, politically and
+socially, in the Dublin of her day. Although an Englishwoman, she became
+in some respects _ipsis Hibernis Hibernior,_ and for a very long period
+prior to her death never quitted the soil of Ireland. Had the Irish
+aristocracy generally been of the complexion of those who assembled in
+the more intimate reunions at Moira House, the history of that country
+during the past century would have been a widely different one. The
+members of that brilliant circle were thorough anti-Unionists, and Lord
+Moira and his sons-in-law, the earls of Granard and Mountcashel, proved
+that they were not to be conciliated by bribes, either in money or
+honors, by entering their formal protest against that measure on the
+books of the Irish House of Lords.
+
+When the delegates on behalf of Catholic claims came to London in 1792,
+it was this enlightened Irish nobleman who received them, and who, in
+the event of the minister declining to admit them, intended as a peer to
+have claimed an audience of the king. Lord Moira both in the English and
+Irish Houses of Peers denounced the oppressive measures of the
+government, and his opposition gave so much offence that the English
+general Lake was reported to hayer declared that if a town in the North
+was to be burnt, they had best begin with Lord Moira's, causing him so
+much apprehension that he removed his collection, which was of
+extraordinary value, from his seat, Moira Hall, in the county Down, to
+England.
+
+The celebrated John Wesley visited Lady Moira at Moira House in 1775,
+"and was surprised to observe, though not a more grand, a far more
+elegant room than he had ever seen in England. It was an octagon, about
+twenty feet square, and fifteen or sixteen high, having one window (the
+sides of it inlaid throughout with mother-of-pearl) reaching from the
+top of the room to the bottom: the ceiling, sides and furniture of the
+room were equally elegant." It was here that two of the greatest members
+of their respective legislatures--Charles Fox and Henry Grattan--first
+met in 1777, and Moira House continued to be the scene of splendid
+entertainments up to the death of the first Lord Moira, in 1793. Wesley
+concludes his letter about Moira House by asking, "Must this too pass
+away like a dream?" Whether like a dream or no, it certainly has been
+signally the fate of this whilom proud mansion to pass from the highest
+to the very humblest almost at a bound. For some years after Lady
+Moira's death (in 1808) the house was kept up by the family, but in 1826
+it was let to an anti-mendicity society. The upper story was removed,
+the mansion was stripped throughout of its splendid decorations--some
+of the furniture is now at Castle Forbes, the seat of the earl of
+Granard, Lady Moira's great-grandson, a worthy descendant--and the
+saloons which were wont to be thronged with the most brilliant and
+splendid society of the Irish metropolis in its heyday are now the abode
+of perhaps the very poorest outcasts who are to be found in the whole
+wide world.
+
+The district in which Moira House stands has long ceased to be
+fashionable. The mansion stands close to the Liffey, a few yards back
+from the road. An elderly man who has charge of the mendicity
+institution for whose purposes the house is at present used, told me
+that he remembered it when kept up by the family, although its members
+were not actually residing there. What is now a fearfully dreary
+courtyard, where the outcasts of Dublin disport themselves, was then, he
+said, a fine garden with splendid mulberry trees, which he, being a
+favorite with the gardener, was permitted to climb--a circumstance which
+had naturally impressed itself on his childish memory. I told him that I
+had heard that long after the difficulties of the first marquis--who
+lent one hundred thousand pounds to George the Magnificent when that
+glorious prince was at the last gasp for _L s. d_.--had compelled him to
+part with his large estates; in the county Down, he had retained
+possession of this mansion, and that it had even descended to the last
+marquis, whose wild career concluded when he was only six-and-twenty;
+but the old man thought it had passed from them long before. He
+remembered, he said, the last peer (with whom the title became extinct)
+coming to Dublin, because he had an interview with him about some
+furniture for his yacht, my informant being at that time in business,
+and he thought he should have heard if the property had been still
+retained. I asked if the marquis had exhibited any interest as to the
+old historical mansion of his family. "Not the slightest," he replied.
+
+Hardy, in his well-known life of Lord Charlemont, says: "His (Lord
+Moira's) house will be long, very long, remembered: it was for many
+years the seat of refined hospitality, of good nature and of good
+conversation. In doing the honors of it, Lord Moira had certainly one
+advantage above most men, for he had every assistance that true
+magnificence, the nobleness of manners peculiar to exalted birth, and
+talents for society the most cultivated, could give him in his
+illustrious countess."
+
+Powerscourt House, a really noble mansion in St. Andrew street, is now
+used by a great wholesale firm, but is so little altered that it could
+be fitted for a private residence again in a very brief time. The
+staircase is grand in proportion, and the steps and balustrades are of
+polished mahogany, the last being richly carved.
+
+Tyrone House is now the Education Office, and Mornington House, where
+Wellington's father resided, and where or at Dangan--for it is a
+doubtful point--the duke was born, is also used for government purposes.
+
+The great squares of Dublin are St. Stephen's Green, Rutland, Mountjoy,
+Merrion and Fitzwilliam Squares. The first of these dates from the
+latter half of the seventeenth century, and is probably in a far more
+prosperous condition now than it ever was before. If we are to judge by
+Whitelaw's history, it presented in 1819 an aspect such as no public
+square out of Dublin--the enclosure of Leicester Square, London,
+excepted--could present. "Of that kind of architectural beauty," he
+says, "which arises from symmetry and regularity, here are no traces."
+Some houses were on a level with the streets, others were approached by
+a grand _perron_. The proprietors were of all degrees: here was the
+great house of a lord, there a miserable dramshop. The enclosure
+consisted of no less than thirteen acres, making Stephen's Green the
+largest public square in Europe. It was simply a great treeless field,
+with an equestrian statue of George II. stuck in the middle of it. The
+principal entrance to the ground is described as "decorated with four
+piers of black stone crowned with globes of mountain granite, once
+respectable, but exhibiting shameful symptoms of neglect and decay."
+There had been a gravel walk called the "Beaux' Walk," from its having
+been a fashionable resort, "but," says Whitelaw, "the ditch which bounds
+it is now usually filled with stagnant water, which seems to be the
+appropriate receptacle of animal bodies in a disgusting state of
+putrefaction." At night this charming recreation-ground was illumined by
+twenty-six lamps, at a distance of one hundred and seventy feet from
+each other, stuck on wooden poles. Such an account of the grand square
+of Dublin does not make one surprised to learn that the main approach to
+it from the heart of the city was of a very miserable description.
+
+In reading Whitelaw's history of Dublin it is impossible not to be
+struck with the fact that it records a degree of neglect and
+indifference on the part of the people and the local authorities to
+beauty, decency and order such as could scarcely be found in another
+country. In the centre of Merrion Square was a fountain of very
+ambitious expense and design, erected to the honor of the duke and
+duchess of Rutland, a lord and lady lieutenant. The fountain was only
+finished in 1791, but "from a fault in the foundation, or some shameful
+negligence in the construction, is already cracked and bulged in several
+places; and though intended as a monument to perpetuate the memory of an
+illustrious nobleman and his heroic father (the famous Lord Granby), is,
+after an existence of only sixteen years, tottering to its fall." Mr.
+Whitelaw continues: "Unhappily, _a savage barbarism that seems hostile
+to every idea of order or decency, of beauty and elegance, prevails
+among but too many of the lower orders_; and hence the decorations of
+almost every public fountain have been destroyed or disfigured: the
+figure, shamefully mutilated, of the water-nymph in this fountain has
+been reduced to a disgusting trunk, and the _alto relievo_ over it shows
+equal symptoms of decay, arising partly from violence, and partly,
+perhaps, from the perishable nature of the materials." Truly a forcible
+picture of art and the appreciation thereof in Ireland!
+
+During the last century some Italians came to Dublin, who left their
+mark upon the interior decorations of rich men's houses. Many of the old
+houses retain the beautiful mantelpieces designed and executed by these
+accomplished artists. A leading house-fitter of Dublin has, however,
+bought up a good many, and they are finding their way to London, where
+it is to be hoped they may produce a revolution in taste, for London
+mantelpieces are, as a rule, hideous. Some of these specimens of art
+have been bought by wealthy Irishmen and transferred to their
+country-houses. One nobleman, Lord Langford, whose ancestral home was
+wrecked in the rebellion of 1798, has lately been restoring it, and
+bought up many of the Dublin mantelpieces.
+
+The ornamentation of Belvedere House, in Gardener Row, is particularly
+elaborate and in wonderfully good repair.
+
+Irish family history contains few sadder stories than that of the first
+countess of Belvedere. Lord Belvedere was a man of fashion who much
+frequented St. James's, and indeed owed his elevation, first to a barony
+and then to an earldom, to the favor of that highly uninteresting
+monarch, George II. Leaving his wife sometimes for long periods at
+Gaulston, a vast and dreary residence (since pulled down) in Westmeath,
+he betook himself to London, and Lady Belvedere at such times lived much
+with her husband's brother, Mr. Arthur Rochfort, and his family. It is
+said that some woman with whom Lord Belvedere had long been connected
+was determined to make mischief between him and his wife. Eight years
+after their marriage, Lady Belvedere was accused of adultery with Mr.
+Rochfort: in an action of _crim. con._ damages to the extent of twenty
+thousand pounds were given, and the defendant was obliged to fly the
+country. For many years he lived abroad, but at length ventured to
+return, when his brother caused him to be arrested, and he died in
+confinement, protesting to the last, as did Lady Belvedere, his
+innocence. For Lady Belvedere a terrible punishment for her alleged
+misdeeds was in store. Her husband quitted Gaulston for a cheerful
+retreat in another part of the county, and henceforth that gloomy
+mansion became the prison-house of the unhappy countess.
+
+When her imprisonment commenced Lady Belvedere was twenty-five. For
+eighteen years she remained a prisoner. Her husband often visited
+Gaulston, but uniformly avoided all personal communication with her.
+Once she succeeded in speaking to him, but her entreaties were in vain,
+and thenceforward, whenever he was about the grounds at Gaulston, the
+attendant accompanying Lady Belvedere in her walks was instructed to
+ring a bell to give warning of her approach. At length, after twelve
+years of captivity, Lady Belvedere contrived to escape, but Lord
+Belvedere, who had been apprised of the fact, reached her father's house
+in Dublin before her, and she found that his representations had weighed
+so strongly with Lord Molesworth--who had married a second time--that
+orders had been given that she was not to be admitted. She then took a
+very unfortunate step by repairing to the house of her friends, the wife
+and family of the brother-in-law with whom she had been accused of being
+guilty of misconduct, Mr. Rochfort himself being in exile. She was
+presently seized and reconveyed to Gaulston, where a much more rigorous
+treatment was henceforth pursued toward her. At length her husband's
+death set her free.
+
+Lady Belvedere passed the rest of her days in peace and comfort at the
+house of her daughter and son-in-law, Lord and Lady Lanesborough. She
+did not long survive her husband, and on her deathbed, after partaking
+of the holy communion, affirmed with a most solemn oath her perfect
+innocence of the crime for which she had suffered so much.
+
+But perhaps in many respects Charlemont House has the most interesting
+recollections connected with it of all the _grand-seigneur_ mansions of
+the Irish metropolis. It was here that the first earl of Charlemont,
+the best specimen of a nobleman that Ireland has to boast of, passed the
+greater portion of his later life. Lord Charlemont's name is to be found
+in all the memoirs of eminent political and literary men of his time. He
+was the friend of Burke and Johnson, a popular member of _the_ club, and
+a munificent patron of literature and art. But more than all this, he
+stuck bravely to his country, and to no man in Ireland did the Stopford
+motto, _Patriae infelici fidelis_, more correctly apply. Had more of his
+order been like him, what a different country might Ireland have been!
+
+I found Charlemont House full of painters and glaziers. The mansion,
+which was retained _in statu quo_ by the late earl, although, for fifty
+years no member of the family had slept there, has now been sold to the
+government, and is being prepared for the accommodation of the survey
+department. The mouldings of the beautiful ceilings are still extant in
+some of the rooms, although what once was gilt is now white-wash. The
+library is much as it was, minus the very valuable collection of books,
+which were sold some time since by the present earl, and fetched a large
+sum, albeit many of the most valuable were destroyed in a fire which
+broke out at the auctioneer's where they were deposited in London.[3]
+
+With his friend Edmund Burke, Lord Charlemont maintained a close
+correspondence. One of Burke's published letters relates to an American
+gentleman, Mr. Shippen, whom he was introducing to the hospitalities of
+Charlemont House, and whom he describes as very agreeable, sensible and
+accomplished. "America and we," he concludes, "are not under the same
+crown, but if we are united by mutual good-will and reciprocal good
+offices, perhaps it may do almost as well. Mr. Shippen will give you no
+unfavorable specimen of the New World."
+
+From the middle of the last century Henrietta street,[4] on the north
+bank of the Liffey, was the residence of many of the leading members of
+the aristocracy. The street is a _cul-de-sac_, with the King's Inn (the
+Temple and Lincoln's Inn of Dublin) at the farther end. The houses are
+extremely spacious and richly ornamented; in fact, far finer in point of
+proportion and design than ordinary London houses of the first class.
+
+Through the politeness of a gentleman who possesses half the street, I
+went over some of the houses, which are extremely spacious, and contain
+beautifully-proportioned rooms richly ornamented with carving and
+moulding. In what was formerly Mountjoy House I found a dining-room
+whose cornices and ceilings were of the most elegant design and
+execution. This house had seen many curious scenes. It was formerly the
+town-house of the earl of Blessington--whose second title was Viscount
+Mountjoy--to whom the whole street belonged. The founder of this family,
+Luke Gardiner, rose from a humble origin by energy and intrigue, and his
+son married the heiress of the Mountjoys. It was occupied up to 1830 by
+the last earl of Blessington, husband of the celebrated literary star.
+Soon after their marriage Lady Blessington accompanied her husband to
+Ireland, and he invited some of his friends who were ignorant of the
+event to dine at his house in Henrietta street. These latter were
+somewhat startled when he entered the room with a beautiful woman
+leaning on his arm whom he introduced as his wife. Among the guests was
+a gentleman who had been in that room only four years before, when the
+walls were hung with black, and in the centre, on an elevated platform,
+was placed a coffin with a gorgeous velvet pall, with the remains in it
+of a woman once scarcely surpassed in loveliness by the lady then
+present in bridal costume. This was the first Lady Blessington.
+
+The last of the Irish noblesse in this street was Lady Harriet, widow of
+the Right Hon. Denis Bowes-Daly, on whom Grattan passed such warm
+eulogies, and who was the original of Lever's happiest creation, _The
+Knight of Gwynne_.
+
+It has been a frequent subject of conjecture why the Phoenix Park was so
+called. The best explanation seems to be that on a site within its
+boundaries there formerly stood, close to a remarkable spring of water,
+an ancient manor-house. The manor was called Fionn-uisge, pronounced
+_finniske_, which signifies clear or fair water, and this term easily
+became corrupted into Phoenix. The land became Crown property in 1559,
+and was made into a park in 1662. It was immensely improved and put into
+its present shape by the earl of Chesterfield, author of the
+_Letters_--one of the best viceroys Ireland ever had--about 1743. The
+area is seventeen hundred and sixty acres. With the exception of Windsor
+and our own Fairmount, no public park in the world can compare with it.
+The ground undulates charmingly, the views are extensive and beautiful.
+
+Grouped around the Phoenix Park are many beautiful seats: the finest is
+Woodlands. This belonged formerly to the Luttrells, a notorious family,
+the head of which was raised to the Irish peerage as earl of Carhampton.
+It was with a Lord Carhampton that his son declined to fight a duel, not
+at all because he was his father, but because he "did not consider him a
+gentleman." Early in the century, Woodlands, then known as
+Luttrellstown, became the property of Luke White, one of the most
+remarkable men that Ireland has produced. In 1778, Luke White was in the
+habit of buying cheap odds and ends of literature from a bookseller,
+named Warren, in Belfast to peddle about the country. In 1798 he loaned
+the Irish government, then in great difficulty, a million of pounds! Mr.
+Warren, who found him very punctual and exact, used to permit him to
+leave his pack behind his counter and call for it in the morning. No one
+would then have dreamed that the greasy bag was to lead to such results.
+By degrees, White scraped together some means. He used to take odd
+volumes to a binder in Belfast and employ him to get the "vol." at the
+beginning and end of an odd volume erased, so as to pass it off among
+the unwary as a perfect book, and generally furbish it up. Then he used
+to sell his literary wares by auction in the streets of Belfast. The
+knowledge he thus acquired of public sales procured him a clerkship with
+a Dublin auctioneer. He opened first a book-stall, and then a regular
+book-shop, in Dawson street, a leading thoroughfare of Dublin. There he
+became eminent. He sold lottery-tickets, speculated in the funds and
+contracted for government loans. In 1798, when the rebellion broke out,
+the Irish government was desperately in need of funds. They came into
+the Dublin market for a loan of a million, and the best terms they could
+get were from Luke White, who offered to take it at sixty-five pounds
+per one hundred pound share at five per cent.--not unremunerative terms.
+
+At the time of his death, in 1824, he had long been M.P. for Leitrim,
+and his son was member for the county of Dublin. He left property worth
+a hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars a year. Eventually almost
+the whole of it devolved on his fourth son, who some years ago was
+created a peer of the United Kingdom as Lord Annaly.
+
+The family has probably spent more than a million and a half of dollars
+on elections. It has always been on the Liberal side. The present peer
+has property in about a dozen counties, and is lord-lieutenant of
+Langford, whilst his younger son holds the same high office in Clare.
+
+The University of Dublin consists of a single college--Trinity. This
+edifice forms a prominent feature in the Irish metropolis. It stands in
+College Green, almost opposite to the Bank of Ireland, the former
+legislative chambers. Since the Union, Trinity College has been but
+little resorted to by men of the upper ranks of Irish society, although
+it has certainly contributed some very eminent men to the public
+service--notably, the late unfortunate governor-general, Lord Mayo, and
+Lord Cairns, ex-lord-chancellor of England. Trinity is one of the
+largest owners of real estate in the country. The fellowships are far
+better than those of the English universities. The provost, who occupies
+a large and stately mansion, has a separate estate worth some fifteen
+thousand dollars a year, which he manages himself.
+
+Trinity has a very fine library. It is one of the five which by an act
+of Parliament has a right to demand from the publisher a copy of every
+work published. The origin of the library is quite unique. It dates from
+a benefaction by the victorious English army after its defeat of the
+Spaniards at Kinsale in 1603, when they devoted one thousand eight
+hundred pounds--a sum equivalent to five times that money at present
+rates--to establish a library in the university, being, it may be
+presumed, instigated by some eminent personage, who suggested that such
+a course would be acceptable to the queen, who had founded the
+university.
+
+Dr. Chaloner and Mr. (afterward Archbishop) Ussher were appointed
+trustees of this donation; "and," says Dr. Parr, "it is somewhat
+remarkable that at this time, when the said persons were in London about
+laying out this money in books, they there met Sir Thomas Bodley, then
+buying books for his newly-erected library in Oxford; so that there
+began a correspondence between them upon this occasion, helping each
+other to procure the choicest and best books on moral subjects that
+could be gotten; so that the famous Bodleian Library at Oxford and that
+of Dublin began together."
+
+The private collection of Ussher himself, consisting of ten thousand
+volumes, was the first considerable donation which the library
+received, and for this also, curiously enough, it was again indebted to
+the English army. In 1640, Ussher left Ireland. The insurgents soon
+after destroyed all his effects with the exception of his books, which
+were secured and sent to London. In 1642--when the troubles between King
+and Parliament had broken out--Ussher was nominated one of the
+Westminster Assembly of Divines, but having offended the parliamentary
+authorities by refusing to attend, his library was confiscated as that
+of a delinquent by order of the House of Commons. However, his friend,
+the celebrated John Selden, got leave to buy the books, as though for
+himself, but really to restore them to Ussher. Narrow circumstances
+subsequently caused him to leave the library to his daughter, instead of
+to Trinity. Cardinal Mazarin and the king of Denmark made offers for it,
+but Cromwell interfered to prevent their acceptance. Soon after, the
+officers and, soldiers of Cromwell's army then in Ireland, wishing to
+emulate those of Elizabeth, purchased the whole library, together with
+all the archbishop's very valuable manuscripts and a choice collection
+of coins, for the purpose of presenting them to the college. But when
+these articles were brought over to Ireland, Cromwell refused to permit
+the intentions of the donors to be carried into effect, alleging that he
+intended to found a new college, in which the collection might more
+conveniently be preserved separate from all other books. The library was
+therefore deposited in Dublin Castle, and so neglected that a great
+number of valuable books and manuscripts were stolen or destroyed. At
+the Restoration, Charles II. ordered that what remained of the primate's
+library should be given to the university, as originally intended.
+
+One of the most extraordinary persons who ever occupied the position of
+provost, or indeed any position, was John Hely Hutchinson. He was a man
+of great ability, and perfectly determined to succeed, without being
+troubled with any very tiresome qualms as to the means he employed in
+the process. Such an officeholder as this man the world probably never
+saw. He was at the same time reversionary principal secretary of state
+for Ireland, a privy councilor, M.P. for Cork, provost of Trinity
+College, Dublin, major of the fourth regiment of horse, and searcher of
+the port of Strangford. When he was appointed provost--a situation
+always filled since the foundation by a bachelor--there was great
+indignation amongst the fellows, and to appease them he ultimately
+procured a decree permitting them to marry--a privilege which they,
+unlike their brethren at Oxford and Cambridge, enjoy to this day. His
+position as provost did not prevent his righting a duel with a Mr.
+Doyle, but neither was hurt. Mr. Hutchinson had a great dislike to a Mr.
+Shrewbridge, one of the junior fellows, who had shown opposition to him.
+Mr. Shrewbridge died, and the under--graduates attributed his death to
+the provost's having refused him permission to go away for change of
+air. A thoroughly Hiber-man _emeute_ was the consequence. The provost
+ordered that the great bell, which usually tolls for a fellow, should
+not toll, and that the body should be privately buried at six A.M. in
+the fellows' burial-ground. The students immediately posted up placards
+that the great bell _should_ toll, and that the funeral should be by
+torchlight. They carried the point. Almost all the students attended the
+corpse to the grave in scarfs and hatbands at their own expense, and
+when the funeral oration was pronounced they flew in wild excitement to
+the provost's house, burst open his doors and smashed the furniture to
+pieces. The provost had a hint given him, and with his family had
+retreated to his house near Dublin. It was subsequently stated on good
+authority that Mr. Shrewbridge could not in any case have recovered.
+
+Any one who takes an interest in the most original writer--not to say,
+man--of the eighteenth century will not fail to find his way to "the
+Liberties," as that queer district is called which surrounds St.
+Patrick's Cathedral. Some years ago the present writer made his way into
+the great deserted deanery--the then dean resided in another part of
+the city--got the old woman in charge of the house to open the shutters
+of the dining-room, and gazed at the original portrait of Jonathan
+Swift, which hangs there an heirloom to his successors. Of the precincts
+of his cathedral he writes to Pope: "I am lord-mayor of one hundred and
+twenty houses,[5] I am absolute lord of the greatest cathedral in the
+kingdom, and am at peace with the neighboring princes--_i.e._, the
+lord-mayor of the city and the archbishop of Dublin--but the latter
+sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions, as old Lewis did in
+Lorraine."
+
+Again, he writes to Dr. Sheridan: "No soul has broken his neck or is
+hanged or married; only Cancerina is dead.[6] I let her go to her grave
+without a coffin and without fees."
+
+St. Patrick's, which was, in a deplorable state during Swift's deanship,
+and indeed for a century after, is now restored to its original
+magnificence. Indeed, it may be doubted whether it is not in a condition
+superior to what it ever was. This superb work has been effected
+entirely by the princely munificence of the Guinness family, the great
+_stout_ brewers of Dublin; and Mr. Roe, a wealthy distiller, is now
+engaged in the work of restoring Christ Church, the other Protestant
+cathedral.
+
+I paid a visit to the Bank of Ireland, the edifice on which the hopes of
+so many patriotic Irishmen have been centred, insomuch as it is the old
+Parliament-house. The elderly official who conducted us over the
+building took us first through the bank-note manufacturing rooms, where
+we espied in a corner a queer wooden figure draped in a queerer
+uniform. Demanding its history, he said that the clothes had belonged to
+an old servant of the establishment, and were discovered after his
+decease a few years ago. Formerly the Bank of Ireland was guarded by a
+special corps of its own, and the ancient retainer, who had been a
+member of this very commercial regiment, was proud of it, and had kept
+his dress as a cherished memorial. When George IV. came to Ireland, on
+his celebrated popularity-hunt, in 1821--previous to which no English
+monarch had visited Ireland since William III.--he graciously
+condescended to give the bank a military guard, which has since been
+continued. On the day I went I found a number of soldiers of the Scots
+Fusileer Guards occupying the guard-room. The officer on duty receives
+an allowance of two dollars and a half for his dinner. At the Bank of
+England he gets instead a dinner for himself and a friend, and a couple
+of bottles of wine.
+
+The interior of the Parliament-house is almost the same as when Ireland
+had her own separate legislature. The House of Lords is in precisely the
+condition in which it was left in 1801. It is a large oak-paneled,
+oblong chamber of no particular beauty, and might very well pass for the
+dining-hall of a London guild. There is a handsome fireplace, and the
+walls are in great part covered with two fine pieces of tapestry
+representing the battle of the Boyne and the siege of Derry, King
+William, "of glorious, pious and immortal," etc., being of course the
+most conspicuous object in the foreground. The attendant stated that a
+special clause in the lease of the buildings, to the Bank of Ireland
+Company stipulated that the House of Lords was to remain _in statu quo_.
+Perhaps it may return some of these days to its former use. The House of
+Commons, a large stone hall of stately dimensions, is now the
+cash-office of the bank. There seemed nothing about it architecturally
+to call for special notice. I mooted the probability of the Parliament
+being restored, but found, rather to my surprise, that the attendant
+was by no means disposed to regard such a step with unqualified
+approval. It would be a blessing if the country was fit to govern
+itself, he said, or words to that effect, but looking at the religious
+dissension and political bitterness existing in the country, he feared
+that it wouldn't do yet a while; and I suspect he's right. Ireland is a
+house divided against itself: fifty years hence it may resemble
+Scotland. Meanwhile, there is no doubt whatever that a measure giving
+both Ireland and Scotland something in the nature of State legislatures
+would find favor with many English M.P.s, who greatly grudge having the
+valuable time of the imperial legislature wasted over a gas-bill in
+Tipperary or a water-works scheme for Dundee. The bank seemed to me to
+be guarded with extraordinary care. I went all over the roof, on which a
+guard is mounted at night. At "coigns of vantage" there is a
+bullet-proof palisading, with peepholes through which a volley of
+musketry might be poured. I should fancy that extra precautions have
+probably been taken since the Fenian _emeutes_ of the last ten years.
+
+Dublin swarms with soldiers, constabulary and police. The metropolitan
+police is divided into six divisions, each two hundred strong. Its men
+are, I believe, beyond a doubt the very finest in the world in point of
+physique. Numbers of them are six feet two or three inches high, and
+they are broad and athletic in proportion. Indeed, the magnificence of
+some of them who are detached for duty at certain "great confluences of
+human existence" is such that you see strangers standing and gaping at
+the giants in sheer amazement. The metropolitan police is quite distinct
+from the constabulary, and under a different chief.
+
+Outside the bank, in College Green, is the celebrated statue of William
+III. Its location has been more than once changed, and it is now placed
+where the officer on guard at the bank can keep an eye upon it. This
+fearful object, which would make a Pradier or Chantrey shudder, is
+painted and gilt annually. It has long served as a bone of contention
+between Protestant and Papist, and has come off very badly several times
+at the hands of the latter--a circumstance which probably accounts for
+one of the horse's legs being about a foot longer than the rest--half of
+that limb having been renewed after it had been lost in one of the many
+free fights in which this remarkable quadruped has seen service. The
+greatest proprietor of real estate in Dublin is the young earl of
+Pembroke, son of the late Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, so well known in
+connection with the Crimean war, who was created, shortly before his
+death, Lord Herbert of Lea. His estate, which is the most valuable in
+Ireland, comprises Merrion Square and all the most fashionable part of
+the Irish metropolis, and extends for several miles along the railway
+line running from Kingstown, the landing-place from England, to the
+capital. The property also includes Mount Merrion, a neglected seat
+about four miles from the city. This mansion, which might easily be made
+delightful, commands a charming view over the lovely bay, and is
+surrounded by a small but picturesque park containing deer. It was, with
+the rest of Lord Pembroke's estate, formerly the property of Viscount
+Fitzwilliam, who founded the Fitzwilliam Museum in the University of
+Cambridge.
+
+Lord Fitzwilliam was a somewhat eccentric person. His nearest relation
+had displeased him by some very trivial offence, such as coming down
+late for dinner, so he determined to leave his estate to his distant
+cousin, Lord Pembroke. Falling ill, Lord Fitzwilliam, desired that Lord
+Pembroke might be summoned from London. Word came back that it was
+unfortunately impossible for him to leave England immediately. Presently
+news arrived from Dublin that Lord Fitzwilliam was dead, and had
+bequeathed all--the property is now three hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars a year--to Lord Pembroke, with remainder to his second son. By
+the death of the late Lord Pembroke the English and Irish properties
+have become united, and are to-day worth not less than six hundred
+thousand dollars a year! It is this young nobleman who has lately
+written _The Earl and The Doctor_.
+
+REGINALD WYNFORD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The Fitzgeralds, of which family the duke of Leinster is
+chief, became Protestant in 1611, when George, sixteenth earl of
+Kildare, coming to the title and estates when eight years old, was given
+in ward, according to the custom of the time, to the duke of Lenox (then
+lord privy seal), who bred him a Protestant.]
+
+[Footnote 2: In June, 1798, the corpse of Lord Edward Fitzgerald was
+conveyed from the jail of Newgate and entombed in St. Werburgh's church,
+Dublin, until the times would admit of their being removed to the family
+vault at Kildare. "A guard," says his brother, "was to have attended at
+Newgate the night of my poor brother's burial, in order to provide
+against all interruption from the different guards and patrols in the
+streets: it never arrived, which caused the funeral to be several times
+stopped on its way, so that the funeral did not take place until nearly
+two in the morning, and the people attending were obliged to stay in
+church until a pass could be procured to permit them to go out."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Lord Charlemont had a seat called Marino, beautifully
+situated within a few miles of Dublin. There is within the grounds an
+exquisite building erected from designs of Sir William Chambers. It is a
+small villa, in its arrangements suggesting a _maison de joie_. The
+furniture is just as it was, and although sadly out of repair, the
+visitor can easily judge how exquisite the place must once have been.
+There is a superb mantelpiece, richly mounted in bronze and inlaid with
+lapis lazuli.]
+
+[Footnote 4: The occupants of Henrietta street in 1784 included--the
+primate (Lord Rokeby); the earl of Shannon; Hon. Dr. Maxwell, bishop of
+Meath; the bishop of Kilmore; the bishop of Clogher; Right Hon. Luke
+Gardiner, M.P.; Viscount Kingsborough; Right Hon. D. Bowes-Daly, M.P.;
+Sir E. Crofton, Bart.
+
+Twenty years later, Dublin was nearly deserted by the aristocracy on
+account of the Union. Up to that time nearly all the peers, except those
+really English, seem to have had residences in Dublin. In 1844, Lords
+Longford, De Vesci and Monck were the only peers who had houses there.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The precincts, including a portion of the Liberties, were
+then entirely under the jurisdiction of the dean of St. Patrick's.]
+
+[Footnote 6: It was a part of the grim and ghastly humor of this
+extraordinary man,
+
+    "Who left what little wealth he had
+    To found a home for fools or mad,
+    And prove by one satiric touch
+    No nation wanted it so much,"
+
+to give nicknames, of which Cancerina was one, to the poor old wretches
+he met in his walks, to whom he gave charity.
+
+Amongst Cancerina's sisters in misery were Stompanympha, Pullagowna,
+Friterilla, Stumphantha.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MAESTRO'S CONFESSION.
+
+(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO--1460.)
+
+    I.
+
+        Threescore and ten!
+          I wish it were all to live again.
+        Doesn't the Scripture somewhere say,
+        By reason of strength men oft-times may
+          Even reach fourscore? Alack! who knows?
+        Ten sweet, long years of life! I would paint
+        Our Lady and many and many a saint,
+          And thereby win my soul's repose.
+        Yet, Fra Bernardo, you shake your head:
+                Has the leech once said
+                I must die? But he
+        Is only a fallible man, you see:
+        Now, if it had been our father the pope,
+        I should _know_ there was then no hope.
+        Were only I sure of a few kind years
+        More to be merry in, then my fears
+        I'd slip for a while, and turn and smile
+        At their hated reckonings: whence the need
+        Of squaring accounts for word and deed
+        Till the lease is up?... How? hear I right?
+        No, no! You could not have said, _To-night_!
+
+        II.
+
+                Ah, well! ah, well!
+        "Confess"--you tell me--"and be forgiven."
+        Is there no easier path to heaven?
+          Santa Maria! how can I tell
+        What, now for a score of years and more,
+          I've buried away in my heart so deep
+        That, howso tired I've been, I've kept
+        Eyes waking when near me another slept,
+          Lest I might mutter it in my sleep?
+          And now at the last to blab it clear!
+        How the women will shrink from my pictures! And worse
+        Will the men do--spit on my name, and curse;
+          But then up in heaven I shall not hear.
+
+                I faint! I faint!
+        Quick, Fra Bernardo! The figure stands
+          There in the niche--my patron saint:
+        Put it within my trembling hands
+          Till they are steadier. So!
+                My brain
+        Whirled and grew dizzy with sudden pain,
+        Trying to span that gulf of years,
+        Fronting again those long laid fears.
+        _Confess_? Why, yes, if I must, I must.
+        Now good Sant' Andrea be my trust!
+        But fill me first, from that crystal flask,
+        Strong wine to strengthen me for my task.
+        (That thing is a gem of craftsmanship:
+        Just mark how its curvings fit the lip.)
+
+        Ah, you, in your dreamy, tranquil life,
+        How can _you_ fathom the rage and strife,
+        The blinding envy, the burning smart,
+        That, worm-like, gnaws the Maestro's heart
+        When he sees another snatch the prize
+        Out from under his very eyes,
+          For which he would barter his soul? You see
+        I taught him his art from first to last:
+          Whatever he was he owed to me.
+        And then to be browbeat, overpassed,
+        Stealthily jeered behind the hand!
+        Why that was more than a saint could stand;
+        And I was no saint. And if my soul,
+        With a pride like Lucifer's, mocked control,
+        And goaded me on to madness, till
+        I lost all measure of good or ill,
+        Whose gift was it, pray? Oh, many a day
+        I've cursed it, yet whose is the blame, I say?
+
+        _His name_? How strange that you question so,
+        When I'm sure I have told it o'er and o'er,
+        And why should you care to hear it more?
+
+        III.
+
+        Well, as I was saying, Domenico
+        Was wont of my skill to make such light,
+        That, seeing him go on a certain night
+        Out with his lute, I followed. Hot
+        From a war of words, I heeded not
+          Whither I went, till I heard him twang
+        A madrigal under the lattice where
+          Only the night before I sang.
+        --A double robbery! and I swear
+        'Twas overmuch for the flesh to bear.
+
+        _Don't ask me_. I knew not what I did,
+        But I hastened home with my rapier hid
+        Under my cloak, and the blade was wet.
+          Just open that cabinet there and see
+        The strange red rustiness on it yet.
+
+        A calm that was dead as dead could be
+        Numbed me: I seized my chalks to trace--
+        What think you?--_Judas Iscariot's face_!
+        I just had finished the scowl, no more,
+        When the shuffle of feet drew near my door
+          (We lived together, you know I said):
+        Then wide they flung it, and on the floor
+          Laid down Domenico--dead!
+
+        Back swam my senses: a sickening pain
+        Tingled like lightning through my brain,
+        And ere the spasm of fear was broke,
+        The men who had borne him homeward spoke
+        Soothingly: "Some assassin's knife
+        Had taken the innocent artist's life--
+        Wherefore, 'twere hard to say: all men
+        Were prone to have troubles now and then
+        The world knew naught of. Toward his friend
+        Florence stood waiting to extend
+        Tenderest dole." Then came my tears,
+        And I've been sorry these twenty years.
+
+        Now, Fra Bernardo, you have my sin:
+        Do you think Saint Peter will let me in?
+
+MARGARET J. PRESTON.
+
+
+
+
+MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT.
+
+"_La transfusion parait avoir eu quelque succes dans ces derniers
+temps_."
+
+A dejected man, M. le docteur Maurice Fournier locked the door of his
+physiological laboratory in the Place de l'Ecole de Medecine, and walked
+away toward his rooms in the rue Rossini. At two-and-thirty, rich,
+brilliant, an ambitious graduate of l'Ecole de Medecine, an enthusiastic
+pupil of Claude Bernard's, a devoted lover of science, and above all of
+physiology, yesterday he was without a care save to make his name great
+among the great names of science--to win for himself a place in the
+foremost rank of the followers of that mistress whom only he loved and
+worshiped. To-day a word had swept away all his fondest hopes.
+Trousseau, the keenest observer in all Paris, formerly his father's
+friend, now no less his own, had kindly but firmly called his attention
+to himself, and to the malady that had so imperceptibly and insidiously
+fastened itself upon him that until the moment he never dreamed of its
+approach. He had been too full of his work to think of himself. In any
+other case he would scarcely have dared to dispute the opinion of the
+highest medical authority in Europe; nevertheless in his own he began to
+argue the matter: "But, my dear doctor, I am well."
+
+"No, my friend, you are not. You are thin and pale, and I noticed the
+other night, when you came late to the meeting of the Institute, that
+your breathing was quick and labored, and that the reading of your
+excellent paper was frequently interrupted by a short cough."
+
+"That was nothing. I was hurried and excited, and I have been keeping
+myself too closely to my work. A run to Dunkerque, a week of rest and
+sea-air, will make all right again."
+
+But the great man shook his head gravely: "Not weeks, but years, of a
+different life are needed. You must give up the laboratory altogether if
+you want to live. Remember your mother's fate and your father's early
+death--think of the deadly blight that fell so soon upon the rare beauty
+of your sister. Some day you will realize your danger: realize it now,
+in time. Close your laboratory, lock up your library, say adieu to
+Paris, and lead the life of a traveler, an Arab, a Tartar. For the
+present cease to dream of the future: strength is better than a
+professorship in the College of France, and health more than the cross
+of the Legion of Honor."
+
+Fournier was at first surprised and incredulous: he became convinced,
+then alarmed. After some thought he was horribly dejected. At such a
+time an Englishman becomes stolid, a German gives up utterly, an
+American begins to live fast, since he may not live long; but he, being
+a Frenchman and a Parisian, had alternations--first, the idea of
+suicide, which means sleep; second, reaction, which is hopefulness.
+
+He chose to react, and did it promptly. A little time, and the rooms in
+the Place de l'Ecole de Medecine, opposite the bookseller's, displayed a
+card stuck on the entrance-door with red wafers, "_a louer_," the hammer
+of the auctioneer knocked down the comfortable furniture of the
+apartments in the rue Rossini, while that of the carpenter nailed up the
+well-beloved books in stout boxes, and the places that had known M. le
+docteur knew him no more. None but those who have experienced the
+pleasures of a life devoted to scientific research can understand how
+hard all this was to him. The fulfillment of long-cherished desires, the
+completion of elaborate systematic investigations, the realization of
+pet theories, the establishment of new principles,--all, all abandoned
+after so much toil and care. To struggle painfully through a desert
+toward some beautiful height, which, at first dimly seen, has grown
+clearer and clearer and always more splendid as he advances, and now at
+its very foot to be turned back by a gloomy stream in whose depths lurks
+death itself; to reach out his hand to the golden truth, fruit of much
+winnowing of human knowledge, and as he grasps the precious grains to be
+borne back by a grim spectre whose very breath is horrible with the
+noisome odors of the tomb; to choose an arduous life, and learn to love
+it because it has high aims, and then to give it up at once and
+utterly!--alas, poor Fournier!
+
+"Nevertheless," he said as he turned his back on Paris, "even idle
+wanderings are better than dying of consumption."
+
+Behold the student of science a wanderer--sailing his yacht among the
+islands of the Mediterranean; making long journeys through the wild
+mountain-regions and lovely valleys of untraveled Spain; stemming the
+historic current of the Nile; among the nomad tribes, in Arab costume
+riding an Arabian mare, as wild an Arab as the wildest of them; killing
+tigers in India, tending stock in Australia, chasing buffaloes in
+Western America,--everywhere avoiding civilization and courting Nature
+and the company of men who either by birth or adoption were the children
+of Nature. By day the winds of heaven kissed his cheeks and the sun
+bronzed them: at night he often fell asleep wondering at the star-worlds
+that gemmed the only canopy over his welcome blanket-couch.
+
+His treatment of consumption was certainly a rational one, and perhaps
+the only one that is ever wholly successful. But, alas! few can take so
+costly a prescription.
+
+How often had his studies led him to dissect the bodies of animals that
+had died in their dens in the Jardin des Plantes! Often in the first
+generation of cage-life, almost always in the second, invariably in the
+third, they grow dull, listless, the fire goes out of their eyes, the
+litheness out of their limbs: they forget to eat, they cough, and soon
+they die. Of what? Consumption. Once our fathers were wild and lived in
+the open air: they scarcely ever died, as we do, of consumption.
+Crowded cities, bad drainage, overwork, want of healthful exercise,
+stimulating food, dissipation,--these are human cage-life. If a man is
+threatened with consumption, let him go back to the plains and forests
+before it is too late.
+
+Certainly the treatment benefited Fournier. By and by it did more--it
+cured him. The cough was forgotten, the cheeks filled out, the muscles
+became hard as bundles of steel wire, his strength was prodigious: he
+ate his food with a relish unknown in Paris, and slept like a child.
+
+Nevertheless, his mind, trained to habits of thought and observation,
+was not idle. When a city was his home he had been a physiologist and
+had studied _man_: he made the world his dwelling-place, and wandering
+among the nations he became an ethnologist and began to study _men_.
+
+A distinguished professor, writing of the influence of climate upon man,
+for the sake of illustration supposes the case of a human being whose
+life should be prolonged through many ages, and who should pass that
+life in journeying slowly from the arctic regions southward through the
+varying climates of the earth to the eternal winter of the antarctic
+zone. Always preserving his personal identity, this traveler would
+undergo remarkable changes in form, feature and complexion, in habits
+and modes of life, and in mental and moral attributes. Though he might
+have been perfectly white at first, his skin would pass through every
+degree of darkness until he reached the equator, when it would be black.
+Proceeding onward, he would gradually become fairer, and on reaching the
+end of his journey he would again be pale. His intellectual powers would
+vary also, and with them the shape of his skull. His forehead, low and
+retreating, would by degrees assume a nobler form as he advanced to more
+genial climes, the facial angle reaching its maximum in the temperate
+zone, only to gradually diminish as he journeyed toward the torrid, and
+to again exhibit under the equator its original base development. As he
+continued his journey toward the south pole he would undergo a second
+time this series of progressing and retrograding changes, until at
+length, as he laid his weary bones to rest in some icy cave in the drear
+antarctics,
+
+    Multum ille et terris jactatus et alto,
+
+he would be in every respect, save in age and a ripe experience, the
+same as at the outset of his wanderings.
+
+Extravagant as this illustration may appear, the professor goes on to
+say, philosophically, on the doctrine of the unity of the human race, it
+is not so; for what else than such an imaginary prolonged individual
+life is the life of the race? And what greater changes have occurred to
+our imaginary traveler than have actually befallen the human family?
+
+The facts are patent. Under the equator is found the negro, in the
+temperate zones the Indo-European, and toward the pole the Lapp and
+Esquimaux. They are as different as the climates in which they dwell;
+nevertheless, history, philology, the common traditions of the race,
+revelation, point to their brotherhood.
+
+How is it that climate can bring about such modifications in man? Is it
+possible that the sun, shining upon his face and his children's faces
+for ages, can make their skin dark, and their hair crisp and curly, and
+their foreheads low? Or that sunshine and shadow, spring-time and
+autumn, summer's showers beating upon him and winter's snows falling
+about his path, can make him fair and free? Or that the dreary night and
+cheerless day of many changeless arctic years can make him short and fat
+and stolid as a seal? Surely not. These avail much; but other
+influences, indirect and obscure in their workings, but not the less
+essentially climatic, are required. Food, raiment, shelter, occupation,
+amusement, influences that tell upon the very citadel and stronghold of
+life--and all in their very nature climatic, since they are controlled
+and modified by climate--are the means by which such changes are
+effected. The savage living in the open air, not trammeled with much
+clothing, anointing his skin with oil, eating uncooked food, delighting
+in the chase and in battle, and living thus because his surroundings
+indicate it, becomes swart and athletic, fierce, cunning and
+cruel--takes ethnologically the lowest place. Of literature, science,
+art, he knows nothing: for him will is justice, fear law, some miserable
+fetich God. Still, in his nature lie dormant all the capabilities of the
+noblest manhood, awaiting only favorable surroundings to call them into
+glorious being. It might shock the salt of the earth to reflect that
+some centuries of life among them and their fair descendants would make
+him like them.
+
+The arctic savage clad in furs and eating blubber does not differ
+essentially from his brother of the tropics. So much of his food is
+necessarily converted into heat that he cannot afford to lead so active
+a life; but he also, like him of the tropics, partakes with his
+surroundings in color. The one, living amid snowclad scenery, where the
+sparse vegetation is gray and grayish-green, and the birds and animals
+almost as white as the snow over which they wander, is pale, etiolated.
+The other, under a vertical sun, surrounded by a lush and lusty growth,
+whose flowers for variety and intensity of color are beyond description,
+and in which birds of brightest plumage and black and tawny beasts make
+their home, has the most marked supply of pigment--is dark-hued, black,
+in short a negro. Between these two extremes is the typical man, fair of
+face, with expanded brow and wavy hair, well fed, well clad, well
+housed, wresting from Nature her hidden things and making her mightiest
+forces the workers of his will; heaping together knowledge, cherishing
+art, reverencing justice, worshiping God. How startling the contrast
+between brothers!
+
+Such changes do not take place in a few generations. For their
+completion hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years must elapse. The
+descendants of the blacks who were carried from Africa to America as
+slaves two centuries and a half ago, save where their color has been
+modified by a mixed parentage, are still black. Already the influence
+of new climatic surroundings and of association has wrought great
+changes upon them: they are no longer savages. But their complexion is
+as dark as that of their kidnapped forefathers. Their original physical
+condition remains almost unaltered, and with it many mental
+characteristics: their love of display and of bright colors, their
+fondness for tune and the power of music to move them, their weird and
+fantastic belief in ghosts and spirits, in signs, omens and charms, and
+many other traits, still bear witness to their savage origin. But even
+these are fading away, and these men are slowly but not the less surely
+becoming civilized and _white_.
+
+The point of departure for every structural change in a living organism
+lies in the apparatus by which nutrition is maintained; and this in the
+higher classes is the blood. Most complex and wonderful of fluids, it
+contains in unexplained and inscrutable combination salts of iron, lime,
+soda and potassa, with water, oil, albumen, paraglobulin and fibrinogen,
+which united form fibrine--in fact, at times, some part of everything we
+eat and all that goes to form our bodies, which it everywhere permeates,
+vitalizes and sustains. Borne in countless numbers in its ever-ebbing
+and returning streams are little disks, flattened, bi-concave, not
+larger in man than one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, called
+red corpuscles, whose part it is to carry from the lungs to the tissues
+pure oxygen, without which the fire called life cannot be sustained, and
+back from the tissues to the lungs carbonic acid, one of the products of
+that fire; and larger, yet marvelously small, bodies called leucocytes
+or white corpuscles, whose precise origin and use to this day, in spite
+of all the labor that has been spent upon their study, remain unknown.
+But that which makes the blood wonderful above all other fluids is its
+vitality. Our common expression, "life's blood," is no idle phrase. The
+blood is indeed the very throne of life. If its springs are pure and
+bountiful, if its currents flow strong and free, muscle, bone and brain
+grow in symmetry and power, and there is cunning to devise and the
+strong right arm to execute. But if it be thin and poor, and its
+circulation feeble and uncertain, the will flags, the mind is weak and
+vacillating, the muscles grow puny, and the man becomes an unresisting
+prey to disease and circumstance. If it escape through a wound, strength
+ebbs with it, until at length life itself flows out with the unchecked
+crimson stream. Thus, then, by acting upon the blood, climate has
+wrought and is working such changes upon man. But why are
+constantly-acting causes so slow in producing their effects? How is it
+that countless generations must pass away before purely climatic causes,
+potent as they are, begin to manifest themselves in physical changes in
+the races of men exposed to them?
+
+Fournier, physiologist, as I have said, by the education of the schools,
+but by the broader education of his travels sociologist and ethnologist,
+devoted himself again to science, and framed this hypothesis: _Climatic
+influences, acting upon man, bring about physical changes exceedingly
+slowly, because they are resisted by an inveterate habit of
+assimilation. This habit pertains either to the blood or the tissues,
+possibly to both, probably to the blood alone_.
+
+To establish an hypothesis experiment is necessary. Physiology is a
+science of experiment. Hence the frequent uncertainty of its results,
+since no two observers conduct an experiment in exactly the same
+manner--certainly no two ever institute it under precisely the same
+conditions. Nevertheless, let us not decry science. Out of much
+searching after truth comes the finding of truth--after long groping in
+darkness one comes upon a ray of light.
+
+An experiment was necessary. To the ingenious mind of Fournier an
+elaborate one occurred. If he could perform it, not only would his
+hypothesis be established and confirmed beyond all cavil, but a, field
+of scientific research also be opened such as was yet undreamed of.
+However, for this experiment subjects were needed. Brutes, beasts of the
+field? Not so: that were easy to achieve. Human beings, two living,
+healthy men, one white, one black, were the requirements. Impossible!
+The experiment could never be performed: its requirements were
+unattainable. O tempora! O mores! Alas, for the degeneracy of the age!
+In the days of the Roman emperors men were fed, literally fed, to wild
+beasts in the arena--Gauls, Scythians, Nubians, even Roman freedmen when
+barbarians were scarce. This to amuse the populace alone. Frightful
+waste of life! In India, a thousand lives thrown away in a day under the
+wheels of Juggernaut; in Europe, tens of thousands to gratify the
+imperious wills of grasping monarchs; in America, hundreds to sate the
+greed of railroad corporations. And now not two men to be had for an
+experiment of untold value to science, that would scarcely endanger life
+in one of them, and in the other would necessitate only the merest
+scratch! To what are we coming? No one complains that tattooed heads are
+going out of fashion--that the king of the Cannibal Isles no longer
+flatters a ship's master by inquiring which head of all his subjects is
+ornamented most to his fancy, and the next day sending him that head as
+a souvenir of his visit to the anthropophagic shores. It is well that
+the custom is dead. But is there not danger of drifting too far even
+toward the shore of compassion? May it not be that there is something
+wrong with the bowels of mercy when criminals are executed barbarously,
+while science needs their lives, or at least an insight into the method
+of their dying; when precise examination of the manner of nerve and
+blood supply to the organs of a superannuated horse is heavily finable;
+when charitable but perchance too enthusiastic societies for the
+prevention of cruelty to animals push their earnestness even to
+interference with scientific researches, because, forsooth! they
+jeopardize the lives of rabbits, guinea-pigs and dogs? The legend _Cave
+canem_ bears a deeper meaning now than it did in the inlaid pavements
+of Pompeian vestibules. We dare not trample it under foot.
+
+Five years passed, and with restored health back came the old desires in
+redoubled force. Fournier longed to return to civilization and to work.
+The life that had been so delightful while it did him good became
+utterly unbearable when he had reaped its full benefit. I am tempted to
+quote a line about Europe and Cathay, but refrain: it will recur to the
+reader. He burned to renew the labors he had abandoned, to take up again
+the work he had laid down to do battle with disease, now that disease
+was vanquished. Thus the year 1863 found him in the city of Charleston,
+homeward bound in his journey around the world.
+
+While still in the wilds west of the Mississippi he could have shaped
+his course northward and readily proceeded directly by steamer from New
+York to Europe. But a determined purpose led him to choose a different
+course, though he was well aware that it would involve indefinite delay
+in reaching Paris, and great personal risk. The life he had been leading
+made him think lightly of danger, and years would be well spent if he
+could accomplish the plans that induced him to go into the disorganized
+country of the South.
+
+He straightway connected himself with the army as surgeon, and solicited
+a place at the front. He wanted active service. In this he was
+disappointed. Charleston, blockaded and beseiged, was in a state of
+military inaction. Save the occasional exchange of shot and shell at
+long range between the works on shore and those which the Unionists had
+erected and held upon the neighboring islands and marshes, nothing was
+done, and for nearly a year Fournier experienced the irksomeness of
+routine duty in a wretchedly arranged and appointed military hospital.
+Nevertheless, the time was not wholly wasted. From a planter fleeing
+from the anarchy of civil war he procured a native African slave, one of
+the shipload brought over a few years before in the Wanderer, the last
+slave-ship that put into an American harbor. This man he made his
+body-servant and kept always near him, partly to study him, but chiefly
+to secure his complete mental and moral thraldom. An almost unqualified
+savage, Fournier avoided systematiclly everything that would tend to
+civilize him. He taught him many things that were convenient in his
+higher mode of life, and taught him well, but of the great principles of
+civilization he strove to keep him in ignorance; and more, he so
+confused and distorted the few gleams of light that had reached that
+darkened soul that they made its gloom only the more hideous and
+profound. He wanted a man altogether savage, mentally, morally and
+physically. Instead of teaching him English or French, he learned from
+him many words of his own rude native tongue, and communicated with him
+as much as possible in that alone, aided by gesture, in which, like all
+Frenchmen, he possessed marvelous facility of expression. In the
+unexplored back-country of Africa the negro had been a prince, and
+Fournier bade him look forward to the time when he would return and
+rule. He always addressed him by his African name and title in his own
+tongue. He took him into the wards of his hospital, and taught him to be
+useful at surgical operations and to care for the instruments, that he
+might become familiar with them and with the sight of blood, which at
+first maddened him. Once he gave him a drug that made his head throb,
+and then bled him, with almost instant relief. He affected an interest
+in the amulets which hung at his neck, and besought him to give him one
+to wear. He committed to his care, with expressions of the greatest
+solicitude, a strong box, brass bound and carefully locked, which he
+told him contained his god, a most potent and cruel deity, who would,
+however, when it pleased him, give back the life of a dead man for
+_blood_. This box contained a silver cup, with a thermometer fixed in
+its side; a glass syringe holding about a third of a pint; a large
+curved needle perforated in its length like a tube, sharp at one end, at
+the other expanded to fit accurately the nozzle of the syringe; a
+little strainer also fitting the syringe; and last, a small bundle of
+wires with a handle like an egg-beater.
+
+For the rest, this savage was crooked, ill-shapen and hideous. His skin
+was as black as night; his head small, the face immensely
+disproportionate to the cranium; his jaws massive and armed with
+glittering white teeth filed to points; his cheeks full, his nose flat,
+his eyes little, deep-set, restless, wicked. The usage he received from
+his new master was so different from his former experience with white
+men, and so in accord with his own undisciplined nature, that it called
+forth all the sympathies of his character. He soon loved the Frenchman
+with an intensity of affection almost incomprehensible. It is no
+exaggeration to say that he would have willingly laid down his life to
+gratify his master's slightest wish. The latter's knowledge was to him
+so comprehensive, his power so boundless and his will so imperious and
+inflexible, that he feared and worshiped him as a god.
+
+Fournier looked upon his monster with satisfaction, and longed for a
+battle. His wish was at last gratified. On the Fourth of July, 1864, an
+engagement took place three miles north-west of Legareville, near the
+North Edisto River. A force of Union soldiery had been assembled from
+the Sea Islands and from Florida, massed on Seabrook Island, and pushed
+thence up into South Carolina. The object of this expedition was
+unknown; indeed, as nothing whatever was accomplished, the strategy of
+it remains to this day unexplained. However, forewarned is forearmed.
+Every movement was watched and reported by the rebel scouts; all the
+troops that could be spared from Charleston were sent out to oppose the
+invaders; roads were obstructed; bridges were destroyed, batteries
+erected in strong positions, everything prepared to impede their
+progress. Our story needs not that we should dwell upon the sufferings
+of the Union soldiers on that futile expedition, from the narrow, dusty
+roads, the frequent scarcity of water, the intense heat. With infinite
+fatigue and peril they advanced only five or six miles in a day's
+march. Many died of sunstroke, and many fell by the way utterly
+exhausted. There was occasional skirmishing; but one actual battle. To
+that the troops gave the name of "the battle of Bloody Bridge." Picture
+a slightly undulating country covered with thick low forest; a narrow
+road that by an open plank bridge crosses a wide, sluggish stream with
+marshy banks, and curves beyond abruptly to the right to avoid a low,
+steep hill facing the bridge; crowning this hill an earth-work, rude to
+be sure, but steep, sodded, almost impregnable to men without artillery
+to play upon it; within, two cannon, for which there is plenty of
+ammunition, and six hundred Confederate soldiers, fresh, eager,
+determined; on the road in front of the battery, but just out of range
+of its guns, the Union forces halting under arms, the leaders anxious
+and discouraged, the men exhausted, careworn, wondering what is to be
+done next, heartily sick of it all, yet willing to do their best; in the
+thicket on both sides the road, not sheltered, only covered, within
+pistol-shot of the enemy, six hundred United States soldiers, a
+Massachusetts colored regiment, one of the first recruited, without
+cannon, over-marched, overheated, a forlorn hope, _sent forward to take
+the battery_! These men, stealthily assembling there among the trees and
+bushes, are ready. Not one of them carries a pound of superfluous
+weight. Their rifles with fixed bayonets, a handful of cartridges, a
+canteen of water, are enough. They wear flannel shirts and blue
+trowsers; numbers are bareheaded, some have cut off the sleeves of their
+shirts: they know there is work before them. Many kneel in prayer;
+comrades exchange messages to loved ones at home, and give each other
+little keepsakes--the rings they wore or brier pipes carved over with
+the names of coast battles; others--perhaps they have no loved
+ones--look to the locks of their pieces and await impatiently the signal
+to advance. The officers--white men, most of them Boston society
+fellows, old Harvard boys who once thought a six-mile pull or a long
+innings at cricket on a hot day hard work, and knew no more of military
+tactics than the Lancers--move about among them, speaking to this one
+and to that one, calling each by name, jesting quietly with one,
+encouraging another, praising a third, endeavoring to inspire in all a
+hope which they dare not feel themselves.
+
+But hark! The signal to move. Quickly they form in the road, and with a
+shout advance at a run, their dusky faces glistening in that summer sun
+and their manly hearts beating bravely in the very jaws of death. Now
+the bridge trembles beneath their steady tread: the foremost are at the
+hill, yet no sign of life in the battery. Only the smooth green bank,
+the wretched flag in the distance, and those guns charged with death
+looking grimly down upon them and waiting. On they come, nearer and
+nearer, and now some are on the hill and begin to climb the steep that
+forms the defence, slowly and with difficulty, using at times their
+rifles as aids like alpenstocks. Not a word is spoken. It is hard to
+understand how so many men can move with so little noise. The silence is
+that which precedes all dreadful noises. It is ominous, terrible.
+Scarcely twenty feet more, and the foremost will reach the rampart.
+Haste! haste! The day is won!
+
+Suddenly a figure in gray leaps upon the breastwork: he waves his sword,
+utters a short quick word of command, and disappears. It is enough. The
+sleeping battery awakes. The silence becomes hideous uproar. The smooth
+green line of the sod against the sky is lined with marksmen, and in an
+instant fringed with fire. Then the cannon bellow and the breezeless air
+is dense with smoke. The attacking column hesitates, trembles, makes a
+useless effort to advance, and then falls back beyond the bridge. The
+officers endeavor to rally their men and renew the attack at once, but
+in vain: flesh and blood cannot stand in such a storm. Nevertheless, the
+brave fellows--God bless their memory!--halt at length, and form and
+charge once more. And so again and again and again; every time in vain
+and with new losses, until at last they cannot rally, but retreat,
+broken and bleeding, to the main body of the expedition, carrying with
+them such of the wounded and dead as they can snatch from under the fire
+of the rebel riflemen. Such was the battle of Bloody Bridge, and well
+was it named. Five times that gallant regiment charged the battery, and
+when the smoke of battle cleared away the sun shone down upon a piteous
+sight--blood dyeing the green of that sodded escarp--blood in great
+clots upon the rocks and stumps of the rugged hill below--blood poured
+plenteously upon the dusty road, making it horrible with purple
+mire--blood staining the bridge and gathering in little pools upon the
+planks, and dripping slowly down through the cracks between them into
+the sluggish stream, where it floated with the water in great red
+clouds, toward which creatures dwelling in slimy depths below came up
+lazily, but when they tasted it became furious and fought among
+themselves like demons--blood drying in hideous networks and arabesques
+upon the railing of the bridge--blood upon the fences, blood upon the
+trembling leaves of the bushes by the wayside--blood everywhere! And
+everywhere the upturned faces and torn bodies of men who had dared to do
+their duty and to die: side by side the white, who led and the black who
+followed--all set and motionless, but all wearing the same expression of
+brave but hopeless determination. That was a brave charge at Balaklava,
+but, trust me, there have been Balaklavas that are yet unsung.
+
+So the expedition went back, and its brigades were redistributed to the
+Sea Islands and to Florida; but why it was ever sent out, and why that
+regiment was sent forward to take the battery without artillery and
+without reinforcements, God, who knoweth all things, only knows. And God
+alone knows why there must be wars and rumors of wars, and why men made
+in his image must tear each other like maddened beasts.
+
+In this battle, heavy as the losses were, the Confederates took but one
+prisoner. At the third charge a tall, broad-shouldered captain, who
+seemed, like another son of Thetis, almost invulnerable, darted
+impetuously ahead of his men and reached the summit of the defence.
+Useless bravery! In an instant a volley point blank swept away the
+charging men behind him, and a gunner's sabrethrust bore him to the
+ground within the works, where he lay stunned and bleeding beside the
+gun he had striven so hard to take. The man who had captured him, wild
+with excitement and maddened with the powder that blackened him and the
+hot blood which jetted upon him, sprang down, spat upon him, spurned him
+with his foot, and would have dashed out his brains with the heavy hilt
+of his clubbed sword had not a strong hand grasped his uplifted wrist.
+
+It was Fournier, who had watched the battle with an interest as intense
+as that of the most ardent Southerner in the battery, though widely
+different in character. His interest was that of the naturalist who
+stands by eager and curious to see a rustic entrap some _rara avis_ that
+he desires to study, to use for his experiment. Better for the bird: it
+can suffer and die. Afterward what matter whether it stand neatly
+stuffed and mounted, a voiceless worshiper, in some glass mausoleum, or
+slowly moulder in a fence corner until its feathers are wafted far and
+wide, and only a little tuft of greener grass remains to its memory? As
+our naturalist's game was nobler and destined for more important study,
+so it was capable of lifelong suffering more subtle and intense. Perhaps
+Fournier had not fully considered, in his eagerness to prove his
+hypothesis, the dangers to the subjects of his experiment. Perhaps his
+mind was so intent upon the physical aspect of the questions that he had
+overlooked some of the intellectual and moral elements involved in the
+problem, and did not realize the enormities that would result should he
+succeed. On the other hand, perhaps he saw them, realized them fully,
+and was the more deeply fascinated with the research because of its
+leading into such gloomy and mysterious regions of speculation. Let us
+do him justice. Science was his god, and this idolater was willing to
+endure any labor and privation and to assume any responsibility in her
+service. Would that more who worship a greater God were as devoted!
+
+He was a physiologist, and was simply engaged in an experimental
+investigation, yet in its progress he had already uncivilized a man
+whose eyes were beginning dimly to see the truth, had poisoned his mind
+with lies, and had hurled him into depths of Plutonian ignorance
+inconceivably more profound than his original estate; and now he was
+about to debase another fellow-creature of his own race, to tamper with
+his manhood, to confuse his identity, to render him among his own
+kindred and people perhaps tabooed, ostracised, despised--perhaps an
+object of pity. If he should succeed? Surely he had not come thus near
+success to suffer his splendid Yankee captain to be brained there before
+his eyes. Like a hawk he had watched every incident of the fight, and
+was on the alert to act the part of surgeon toward any who might be
+either wounded in the battery or taken prisoner. He had even resolved,
+in case of the capture of the place, to represent his peculiar position
+to the United States officer in command, and to beg of him permission to
+make his experiment upon a wounded rebel.
+
+The gunner turned fiercely upon him, but dropped his arm and sheathed
+his sabre at his question, and then walked back to his gun abashed, for
+he was, after all, a brave and chivalrous man.
+
+Fournier simply asked: "Do Confederate soldiers _murder_ prisoners of
+war?" And added, "He is a wounded man--leave him to me."
+
+Then he knelt down beside him and examined his wound, and though he
+strove to be calm he trembled with excitement as he tore open the blue
+blouse and felt the warm blood welling over his fingers. It was a simple
+wound through the fleshy part of the shoulder: a strand of saddler's
+silk and a few strips of sticking-plaster would have sufficed to dress
+it, but the Frenchman smiled when he wiped away the clots and saw the
+blood spurting from two or three small divided arteries.
+
+Then he called his African, and they carried the wounded man back to a
+tent, and laid him on a bed of moss and cypress boughs, and left him
+there to bleed, while he went out into the air, and walked about, and
+tossed his hat and shouted with excitement like a madman. But the battle
+raged, and the gunners charged their guns and fired, and charged and
+fired again, and the men along the breastwork grew furious with the
+slaughter and the fiery draughts they took from their canteens through
+lips blackened with powder and defiled with grease and shreds of
+cartridge-paper; and no one noticed the doctor's mad conduct nor the
+savage standing guard before the tent; nor did any other save those two
+in the whole battery--no, not even the gunner who had captured him--give
+a thought to the prisoner who lay bleeding there, until the battle was
+over.
+
+And this prisoner, what of him? Any one, looking upon him as he lay upon
+the cypress boughs, would have known him to be thoroughbred. Everything
+about him proclaimed it. His face, manly but gentle, his figure, great
+in stature and strength, yet graceful in outline like a Grecian god, the
+very dress and accoutrements he wore, which were neat, strong,
+expensive, but without ornament, showed him to be a gentleman. And
+Robert Shirley was a gentleman. Probably no man in all the States could
+have been found who would have presented a greater contrast to the man
+standing guard outside the tent than this man who lay within it; and for
+that reason none who would have been so welcome to Fournier. As the one
+was a pure savage, the other was the realization of the most illustrious
+enlightenment; the one fierce, cunning, undisciplined, the other gentle,
+frank, considerate; as the one was hideous, ill-formed and black as
+night, so the other was radiant with manly beauty and fair as the
+morning. Each among his own people sprang from noble stock; the one a
+prince, the other the descendant of the purest Puritan race, which knew
+among its own divines and judges brave captains, and farther back a
+governor of the colony. But the guard and his people were at the foot of
+the scale, the guarded at the top. The blood flowing out upon the
+cypress bed was the best blood of America. It was blue blood and brave
+blood. Generation after generation it had flowed in the veins of fair
+women and noble men, and had never known dishonor. Yet Fournier let it
+flow. More, he was delighted that it continued to flow.
+
+Presently, however, he sobered down, and began to prepare for his work.
+He placed a large caldron of water over a fire; he brought basins,
+towels and his case of surgical instruments, and placed them in the,
+tent, and with them the case which he had taught the African to believe
+contained his god. While thus busied he did not neglect the subject of
+his experiment. His watchful eye noted everything--the mass, of clots
+growing like a great crimson fungus under the wounded shoulder, the
+deadly pallor, the dark circles forming around the sunken eyes, the
+blanched lips, the transparent nostrils, the slow, deep respiration.
+From time to time he felt the wounded man's pulse and counted it
+carefully. _Ninety_--he went out again into the open air; _one
+hundred_--"The loss of blood tells," he muttered, and began to rearrange
+his appliances and busy himself uneasily with them; _one hundred and
+thirty beats to the minute _--"He is failing too fast: I must stop this
+bleeding" said the experimenter. Then he cleansed the wound, and tied
+the arteries, and bound it up. But the loss of blood had been so great
+that the heart fluttered wildly and feebly in its efforts to contract
+upon its diminished contents, and Fournier, anxious, and pale himself
+almost as his victim, trembled when his finger felt in vain for the
+bleeding artery and caught only a faint tremulous thrill, so feeble that
+he scarcely knew whether the heart was beating at all or not. In terror
+he threw the ends of the little tent and fanned him, and moistened his
+lips, and gave him brandy, and hastened to begin the experiment for
+which he had waited so long and for which both subjects were at last
+ready.
+
+He told his savage that the Yankee was dying, but that he had communed
+with his god, who would let him live if blood was given in return. Then
+he reminded him of the time when he lost blood, and that it had done him
+no harm. The African, trained for this duty with so much care, did not
+fail him, but bared his arm and gave the blood. The god was brought
+forth and caught it, and the sacrifice began. As the silver, bowl
+floated in a basin of water so warm that the thermometer in its side
+marked ninety-eight degrees of Fahrenheit, Fournier stirred the blood
+flowing into it quickly with the bundle of wires, to collect the fibrine
+and prevent the formation of clots; he then drew it into the syringe
+through the strainer, and forced it through the perforated needle, which
+he had previously thrust into a large vein in Shirley's arm, carefully
+avoiding the introduction of the slightest bubble of air. Time after
+time he filled his syringe and emptied it into the veins of the wounded
+man, until at length he saw signs of reaction. The color came, the
+breathing became more natural, the pulse became slower, fuller, regular.
+By and by he moved, sighed, opened his eyes and spoke.
+
+He asked a question: "What has happened?"
+
+While he had been lying there much had happened. Life and death had
+battled over him, and life had triumphed. When he recovered from the
+effects of his fall and found himself bleeding, he tried to rise and
+stanch the flow, but, already exhausted, he fell back almost fainting
+from the effort. He called repeatedly for help, but his only reply was
+the hideous face of his guard, silently leering at him for a moment,
+then disappearing without a word, At last it occurred to him that he had
+been left there to die, and he roused all his energies to his aid. How
+we strive for our lives! But Shirley accomplished nothing, he could not
+even raise his hand to the bleeding shoulder, with every effort the
+blood flowed more copiously. His mind was rapidly becoming benumbed like
+his body, which shivered as though it were mid winter. Darkness came
+over his eyes, and as he listened to the din of the battle he fell into
+a dreamy state that soon passed into seeming unconsciousness again.
+Nevertheless, while the doctor came and went and did his work, and the
+savage scowled at him, yet gave his life's blood to save him, though he
+lay like a dead man and saw them not, nor heard them, nor even felt the
+needle in his flesh, his mind was not idle. Strange doubts and fears,
+wild longings and regrets, sweet thoughts of long-forgotten happiness,
+and fair visions of the future, busied his brain. Memory unrolled her
+scroll and breathed upon the letters of his story that lapse of time and
+press of circumstance had made dim, till they grew clear, and with
+himself he lived his life again, and nothing was lost out of it or
+forgotten. There was his mother's face again, with the old, old loving
+smile upon her lips and the tender mother-love in the depths of her
+beautiful blue eyes--lips that had so oven kissed away his childish
+tears, and had taught him to say at evening, "Our Father" and "Now I lay
+me down to sleep," eyes that had never looked upon him without something
+of the heavenly light of which they were now so full. There before him,
+bright and clear as ever, were the scenes of his boyhood--the
+school-forms defaced with many a rude cutting of names and dates, the
+master knitting his shaggy brows and tapping meaningly with his ruler
+upon the awful desk while some white haired urchin floundered through an
+ill-learned task and his classmates tittered at his blunders. Dear old
+classmates! How their faces shone and gladdened as they chased the
+bounding football! How merrily they flushed and glowed when the clear
+frosty air of the Northern winter quivered with the ring of their skates
+upon the hard ice! How soberly side by side they solved problems and
+looked up _sesquipedalia verba_ in big lexicons! And how happily the
+late evening hours wore away as they read _Ivanhoe_ and the _Leather
+Stocking Tales_ by the fireside with shellbarks and pippins!
+
+Then the college days flew by with all their romance and delight. Again
+there were bells ringing to morning prayers, recitations and lectures,
+examinations and prizes, speeches and medals, and the glorious
+friendships, pure, earnest, almost holy. Would there were more such
+friendships in the outer, wider world! Commencement with its "pomp and
+circumstance," its tedious ceremony and scholarly display, its friends
+from home--mothers, sisters, sweethearts, all bright eyes and fond
+hearts, its music and flowers, its caps, gowns, dress-coats and
+"spreads," and, last and worst of all, its sorrowful "good-byes," some
+of them, alas! for ever! Once more he trembled as he rose to make his
+commencement speech, but slowly, as he went on, his voice grew steady
+and his manner calmer, for, lad as he was, and tyro at "orations," he
+was in earnest. "May my light hand forget its cunning, O my brother! may
+my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, O ye oppressed! if ever there
+comes to me an opportunity to help you win your way to freedom and I
+fail you!" He, the aristocrat of his class, had chosen to speak "Against
+Caste," and though he spoke with the enthusiasm of an untried man, it
+was with devoted honesty of purpose, of which his earnestness was
+witness, and of which his future was to give ample proof. Again in
+vision he stood before that assembly and spoke for the lowly and
+oppressed. "Let every man have place and honor as he proves himself
+worthy. Make the way clear for all."
+
+Through the bewilderment of applause that greeted him as he finished he
+saw only the glad, smiling face of Alice Wentworth nodding approval of
+the rest, hundreds though they were, he saw nothing. Her congratulation
+was enough.
+
+Then came tenderer scenes, and Alice Wentworth was to be his wife.
+Another change, and he is in the midst of ruder scenes. There is war,
+civil war, and he is a soldier, once more he seems to be in Virginia,
+and there are marches and counter-marches, camps and barracks, battles
+and retreats, and all the great and little miseries of long campaigns.
+The silver leaflets of a major are exchanged for the golden eagles of a
+colonel, and all the time, amid sterner duties, he finds time to write
+to Alice Wentworth, and never a mail comes into camp but he is sure of
+letters dated 'Home' and full of words that make him hopeful and brave,
+"'Home!' Yes hers and mine too, if home's where the heart is!'" he
+thinks, and he loves her more dearly every day.
+
+Negro troops are raised, and, true to his principles and to himself, he
+resigns his commission to take a lower rank in a colored regiment. Now
+the scenes grow dim, confused sounds far off disturb him, low music,
+familiar yet strange, now distant, now at his very ear, attracts him, a
+weird, shadowy mist encloses him, concealing even the things which were
+visible to the mind's eye, and memory and thought have almost ceased.
+Yet while all else fades away, clear and beautiful before him are two
+faces that cannot be forgotten--his mother's face, and that other, which
+he loves, if that can be, even more. Thus, with the 'Our Father' not on
+his lips, but fixed in his mind, he feels himself drifting
+away--drifting away like a boat that has broken its moorings and drifts
+out with the ebbing tide--whither?
+
+But the rich, warm, lusty blood of the African quickly does its work.
+The heart, which had almost ceased to beat, because there was not blood
+enough for it to contract upon, reacted to the stimulus, and as it
+revived and sent the new life pulsating through all the body the whole
+man revived, and again:
+
+The fever called _living_ burned in his brain.
+
+Fournier, under one pretext or another, but really by the force of his
+relentless will, kept his victim by him for years after their escape
+from the South. He noted from time to time certain curious changes that
+took place in his physical nature, and recorded his observations with
+scientific precision in a book kept for the purpose, for the renewal of
+life had entailed results of an extraordinary character, as the reader
+may have already anticipated. At length he wrote 'My hypothesis is
+verified, it has become a theory. My theory is proved, it is a
+physiological law. _Climatic influences, acting upon man, bring about
+physical changes exceedingly slowly, because they are resisted by an
+inveterate habit of assimilation which pertains to the blood._'
+
+That day Shirley was free. His rescuer had finished his experiment.
+
+Alice Wentworth had never believed that her lover was dead. She had
+heard all with a troubled heart, but while his distant kinsmen, who were
+heirs-at-law, put on the deepest mourning and grew impatient of the
+law's delay, she simply said, "I will wait until there is some proof
+before I give him up! Proof! proof! Shall I be quicker than the law to
+give up every hope?" And in her heart she said, "He is not dead." Even
+when years had passed and the war was over, and her agent had searched
+everywhere and found no trace of him, she did not cease to hope that he
+would yet appear. So, when at length a letter came, it was welcome and
+expected. Not surprise but joy made her start and tremble as the old
+familiar superscription met her eyes.
+
+Such a letter!--filled with the spirit of his love, breathing in every
+word the tender, passionate devotion of an earlier day, and yet so sad.
+Tears dropped down through her smiles of joy and blurred the lines she
+read at first, but smiles and tears alike ceased as she read on. He had
+written many, many times, but he knew she had not got his letters. He
+had been a prisoner--not only prisoner of war, but afterward prisoner to
+a man whose will was iron. It could hardly be explained. This man had
+not only saved his life, but he had also rescued him from the horrors of
+a Southern prison--would God he had let him die!--and they had been
+living together in a ranch in a far off Mexican valley.
+
+Then the letter went on:
+
+"In my heart I am unchanged; my love for you is ever the same; yet I am
+no longer the Robert Shirley whom you knew. That has come upon me which
+will separate me from you for ever: I cannot ask you now to be my wife.
+You are free. It is through no fault of mine. It is my burden, the price
+of life, and I must bear it. God bless you and give you all happiness!
+
+"ROBERT SHIRLEY:"
+
+When she had read it all she bowed her head and wept again, and the face
+that had grown more and more beautiful with the years of waiting was
+radiant. Who can fathom the depths of a woman's love? Who can follow the
+subtle workings of a woman's thought? Who can comprehend a woman's
+boundless faith? Her course was clear. If misfortune had befallen him,
+if he were maimed, disfigured, crazed, even if he were loathsome to her
+eyes, she loved him, and she must see him: she would see him and speak
+to him, and love him still, even if she could not be his wife. What
+would she have done if she could have guessed the truth? As it was, she
+wrote upon her card, "If you love me, come to me," and sent it to him.
+And in answer to the summons he stood before her--not disfigured, not
+maimed, not crazed, not loathsome in any way, yet irrevocably separated
+from her for Dr. Fournier's experiment had succeeded, and Robert Shirley
+was a mulatto!
+
+CORNELIUS DEWEES.
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE KING OF AURORA.
+
+(FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)
+
+
+On the Oregon and California Railroad, twenty-eight miles south of the
+city of Portland in Oregon, lies the German colony of Aurora, a
+communist settlement under the direction of Doctor William Keil. In
+September, 1871, I made a second journey from San Francisco to Oregon,
+on which occasion I found both time and opportunity to carry out a
+long-cherished desire to visit this colony, already famous throughout
+all Oregon, and to make the acquaintance of the still more famous
+doctor, the so-called "king of Aurora." During the years in which I had
+formerly resided in Oregon, and especially on this last journey thither,
+I had frequently heard this settlement and its autocrat spoken of, and
+had been told the strangest stories as to the government of its
+self-made potentate. All reports agreed in stating that "Dutchtown," the
+generic appellation of German colonies among Americans, was an example
+to all settlements, and was distinguished above any other place in
+Oregon for order and prosperity. The hotel of "Dutchtown," which stands
+on the old Overland stage-route, and is now a station on the Oregon and
+California Railroad, has attained an enviable reputation, and is
+regarded by all travelers as the best in the State; and as to the colony
+itself, I heard nothing but praise. On the other hand, with regard to
+Doctor Keil the strangest reports were in circulation. He had been
+described to me in Portland as a most inaccessible person, showing
+himself extremely reserved toward strangers, and declining to give them
+the slightest satisfaction as to the interior management of the
+prosperous community over which he reigned a sovereign prince. The
+initiated maintained that this important personage had formerly been a
+tailor in Germany. He was at once the spiritual and secular head of the
+community: he solemnized marriages (much against his will, for,
+according to the rules of the society, he was obliged to provide a
+house for every newly-married couple); he was physician and preacher,
+judge, law-giver, secretary of state, administrator, and unlimited and
+irresponsible minister of finance to the colony; and held all the very
+valuable landed property of the settlement, with the consent of the
+colonists, in his own name; and while he certainly provided for his
+voluntarily obedient subjects an excellent maintenance for life, he
+reserved to himself the entire profits of the labor of all and the value
+of the joint property, notwithstanding that the colony was established
+on the broadest principles as a communist association.
+
+I had a great desire to see this original man--a kindred spirit of the
+renowned Mormon leader, Brigham Young--with my own eyes, and, so to
+speak, to visit the lion in his den. From Portland, where I was staying,
+the colony was easily accessible by rail, and before leaving I made the
+acquaintance of a. German life-insurance agent of a Chicago
+company--Koerner by name--who, like myself, wished to visit Aurora, and
+in whom I found a very agreeable traveling companion. He had procured in
+Portland letters of introduction to Doctor Keil, and had conceived the
+bold plan of doing a stroke of business in life insurance with him;
+indeed, his main object in going to Aurora was to induce the doctor to
+insure the lives of the entire colony--that is to say, of all his
+voluntary subjects--in the Chicago company, pay, as irresponsible
+treasurer of the association, the legal premiums, and upon the
+occurrence of a death pocket the amount of the policy.
+
+My fellow-traveler had great hopes of making the doctor see this project
+in the light of an advantageous speculation, and accordingly provided
+himself amply with the necessary tables of mortality and other
+statistics. It had been carefully impressed upon us in Portland always
+to address the _ci-devant_ tailor, now "king of Aurora," as "Doctor," of
+which title he was extremely vain, and to treat him with all the
+reverence which as sovereign republicans we could muster; otherwise he
+would probably turn his back on us without ceremony.
+
+On a pleasant September morning the steam ferry-boat conveyed us from
+Portland across the Willamette River to the depot of the Oregon and
+California Railroad, and soon afterward we were rushing southward in the
+train along the right shore of that stream--here as broad as the
+Rhine--the rival of the mighty Columbia. After a pleasant and
+interesting journey through giant forests and over fertile prairies,
+some large, some small, embellished here and there with farms, villages
+and orchards, we reached Oregon City, which lies in a romantic region
+close to the Willamette: then leaving the river, we thundered on some
+miles farther through the majestic primitive forest, and soon entered
+upon a broad, wood-skirted prairie, over which here and there pretty
+farm-houses and groves are scattered; and presently beheld, peeping out
+from swelling hills and standing in the middle of a prosperous
+settlement embowered in verdure, the slender white church-tower of
+Aurora, and were at the end of our journey.
+
+Our first course after we left the cars was to the tavern, standing
+close to the railroad on a little hill, whither the passengers hurried
+for lunch. This so-called "hotel," the best known and most famous, as
+has already been said, in all Oregon, I might compare to an
+old-fashioned inn. The long table with its spotless table-cloth was
+lavishly spread with genuine German dishes, excellently cooked, and we
+were waited on by comely and neatly-dressed German girls; and though the
+dinner would not perhaps compare with the same meal at the club-house of
+the "San Francisco" I must confess that it was incomparably the best I
+ever tasted in Oregon, in which region neither the cooks nor the bills
+of fare are usually of the highest order.
+
+Dinner being over, we made inquiry for Doctor Keil, to whom we were now
+ready to pay our respects. Our host pointed out to us the doctor's
+dwelling-house, which looked, in the distance, like the premises of a
+well-to-do Low-Dutch farmer; and after passing over a long stretch of
+plank-road, we turned in the direction of the royal residence. On the
+way we met several laborers just coming from the field, who looked as if
+life went well with them--girls in short frocks with rake in hand, and
+boys comfortably smoking their clay pipes--and received from all an
+honest German greeting. Everything here had a German aspect--the houses
+pleasantly shaded by foliage, the barns, stables and well-cultivated
+fields, the flower and kitchen-gardens, the white church-steeple rising
+from a green hill: nothing but the fences which enclose the fields
+reminded us that we were in America.
+
+The doctor's residence was surrounded by a high white picket-fence:
+stately, widespreading live-oaks shaded it, and the spacious courtyard
+had a neat and carefully-kept aspect. Crowing cocks, and hens each with
+her brood, were scratching and picking about, the geese cackled, and
+several well-trained dogs gave us a noisy welcome. Upon our asking for
+the doctor, a friendly German matron directed us to the orchard, whither
+we immediately turned our steps. A really magnificent sight met our
+eyes--thousands of trees, whose branches, covered with the finest fruit,
+were so loaded that it had been necessary to place props under many of
+them, lest they should break beneath the weight of their luscious
+burden.
+
+Here we soon discovered the renowned doctor, in a toilette the very
+opposite of regal, zealously engaged in gathering his apples. He was
+standing on a high ladder, in his shirt sleeves, a cotton apron, a straw
+hat, picking the rosy-cheeked fruit in a hand-basket. Several laborers
+were busy under the trees assorting the gathered apples, and carefully
+packing in boxes the choicest of them--really splendid specimens of this
+fruit, which attains its utmost perfection in Oregon. As soon as the
+doctor perceived us he came down from the ladder, and asked somewhat
+sharply what our business there might be. My companion handed him the
+letters of introduction he had brought with him, which the doctor read
+attentively through: he then introduced my humble self as a literary man
+and assistant editor of a well-known magazine, who had come to Oregon
+for the special purpose of visiting Dr. Keil, and of inspecting his
+colony, of which such favorable reports had reached us. Without waiting
+for the doctor's reply, I asked him whether he were not a relative of
+K----, the principal editor of the magazine to which I was attached. I
+could scarcely, as it appeared, have hit upon a more opportune question,
+for the doctor was evidently flattered, and became at once extremely
+affable toward us. The relationship to which I had alluded he was
+obliged unwillingly to disclaim. I learned from him that his name was
+William Keil, and that he was born at Bleicherode in Prussian Saxony. He
+now left the apple-gathering to his men, and offered to show us whatever
+was interesting about the colony: as to the life-insurance project, he
+said he would take some more convenient opportunity to speak with Mr.
+Koerner about it.
+
+The doctor, who after this showed himself somewhat loquacious, was a man
+of agreeable appearance, perhaps of about sixty years of age, with white
+hair, a broad high forehead and an intelligent countenance. Sound as a
+nut, powerfully built, of vigorous constitution and with an air of
+authority, he gave the idea of a man born to rule. He seemed to wish to
+make a good impression on us, and I remarked several times in him a
+searching side-glance, as though he were trying to read our thoughts. He
+sustained the entire conversation himself, and it was somewhat difficult
+to follow his meaning: he spoke in an unctuous, oratorical tone, with
+extreme suavity, in very general terms, and evaded all direct questions.
+When I had listened to him for ten minutes I was not one whit wiser than
+before. His language was not remarkably choice, and he used liberally a
+mixture of words half English, half German, as uneducated
+German-Americans are apt to do.
+
+While we wandered through the orchard, the beauty and practical utility
+of which astonished me, the doctor, gave us a lecture on colonization,
+agriculture, gardening, horticulture, etc., which he flavored here and
+there with pious reflections. He pointed out with pride that all this
+was his own work, and described how he had transformed the wilderness
+into a garden. In the year 1856 he came with forty followers to Oregon,
+as a delegate from the parent association of Bethel in Missouri, in
+order to found in the far West, then so little known, a branch colony.
+At present the doctor is president both of Aurora and of the original
+settlement at Bethel: the latter consists of about four hundred members,
+the former of four hundred and ten.
+
+When he first came into this region he found the whole district now
+owned by his flourishing colony covered with marsh and forest. Instead,
+however, of establishing himself on the prairies lying farther south, in
+the midst of foreign settlers, he preferred a home shared only with his
+German brethren in the primitive woods; and here, having at that time
+very small means, he obtained from the government, gratis, land enough
+to provide homes for his colonists, and found in the timber a source of
+capital, which he at once made productive. He next proceeded to build a
+block-house as a defence against the Indians, who at that time were
+hostile in Oregon: then he erected a saw-mill and cleared off the
+timber, part of which he used to build houses for his colonists, and
+with part opened an advantageous trade with his American neighbors, who,
+living on the prairie, were soon entirely dependent on him for all their
+timber. The land, once cleared, was soon cultivated and planted, with
+orchards: the finer varieties of fruit he shipped for sale to Portland
+and San Francisco, and from the sour apples he either made vinegar or
+sold them to the older settlers, who very soon made themselves sick on
+them. He then attended them in the character of physician, and cured
+them of their ailments at a good round charge. This joke the good doctor
+related with especial satisfaction.
+
+By degrees, the doctor continued to say, the number of colonists
+increased; and his means and strength being thus enlarged, he
+established a tannery, a factory, looms, flouring-mills, built more
+houses for his colonists, cleared more land and drained the marshes,
+increased his orchards, laid out new farms, gave some attention to
+adornment, erected a church and school-houses, and purchased from the
+American settlers in the neighborhood their best lands for a song. He
+did everything systematically. He always assigned his colonists the sort
+of labor that they appeared to him best fitted for, and each one found
+the place best suited to his capabilities. If any one objected to doing
+his will and obeying his orders, he was driven out of the colony, for he
+would endure no opposition. He made the best leather, the best hams and
+gathered the best crops in all Oregon. The possessions of the colony,
+which he added to as he was able, extended already over twenty sections
+(a section contains six hundred and forty acres, or an English square
+mile), and the most perfect order and industry existed everywhere.
+
+Thus the doctor; and amid this and the like conversation we walked over
+an orchard covering forty acres. The eight thousand trees it contained
+yielded annually five thousand bushels of choice apples and eight
+thousand of the finest pears, and the crop increased yearly. The doctor
+pointed out repeatedly the excellence of his culture in contrast with
+the American mode, which leaves the weeds to grow undisturbed among the
+trees, and disregards entirely all regularity and beauty. He, on the
+contrary, insisted no less on embellishment than on neatness and order;
+and this was no vain boast. Carefully-kept walks led through the
+grounds; verdant turf, flowerbeds and charming shady arbors met us at
+every turn; there were long beds planted with flourishing currant,
+raspberry and blackberry bushes, and large tracts set with rows of
+bearing vines, on which luscious grapes hung invitingly. Order also
+reigned among the fruit trees: here were several acres of nothing but
+apples, again a plantation of pears or apricots, beneath which not a
+weed was to be seen: the hoe and the rake had done their work
+thoroughly. Everything was in the most perfect order: the courtgardener
+of a German prince might have been proud of it.
+
+We seated ourselves in a shady arbor, where the doctor entertained us
+further with an account of his religious belief. He had, he said, no
+fixed creed and no established religion: there were in the colony
+Protestants, Catholics, Methodists, Baptists, indeed Christians of every
+name, and even Jews. Every one was at liberty to hold what faith he
+pleased: he preached only natural religion, and whoever shaped his life
+according to that would be happy. After this he enlarged on the
+prosperity of the colony, which was founded on the principles of natural
+religion, and prosed about humility, love to our neighbor, kindness and
+carrying religion into everything; and then back he came to Nature and
+himself, until my head was perfectly bewildered. I had given up long
+before this, in despair, any questions as to the interior organization
+of the colony, for the doctor either gave me evasive answers or none at
+all. His colonists, he asserted, loved him as a father, and he cared for
+them accordingly: both these assertions were undoubtedly true. The deep
+respect with which those whom we occasionally met lifted their hats to
+"the doctor"--a form of greeting by no means universal in America--bore
+witness to their unbounded esteem for him. Toward us also they demeaned
+themselves with great respect, as to noble strangers whom the doctor
+deigned to honor with his society. As to his care for them, no one who
+witnessed it could deny the exceedingly flourishing condition of the
+settlement. Whether, however, in all this the doctor had not a keen eye
+to his own interest was an afterthought which involuntarily presented
+itself.
+
+As we left the orchard, the doctor pointed out to us several
+wheat-fields in the neighborhood, cultivated with true German love for
+neatness, which formed, with the pleasant dwellings adjoining, separate
+farms. The average yield per acre, he observed, was from twenty-five to
+forty bushels of wheat, and from forty to fifty of oats. He then took us
+into a neighboring grove, to a place where the pic-nics and holiday
+feasts of the colony are held: here we paused near a grassy knoll shaded
+by a sort of awning and surrounded by a moat. This, which bears the name
+of "The Temple Hill," forms the centre of a number of straight roads,
+which branch out from it into the woods in the shape of a fan. Not far
+from it I noticed a dancing ground covered by a circular open roof, and
+a pavilion for the music.
+
+"At our public feasts," said the doctor, "I have all these branching
+roads lighted with colored lanterns, and illuminate the temple, which,
+with its brilliant lamps, makes quite an imposing spectacle. When we
+celebrate our May-day festival it looks, after dark, like a scene out of
+the _Arabian Nights_; and when, added to this, we have beautiful music
+and fine singing, and the young folks are enjoying the dance, it is
+really very pleasant. But none are permitted to set foot on the Temple
+Hill, nor can they do it very easily if they would. Do you know the
+reason, gentlemen?" Koerner opined that it might be on account of the
+ditch, which would be difficult to pass, in which view I agreed.
+"Exactly so," remarked the doctor. "This Temple Hill has an especial
+significance: it represents the sovereign ruler of the people, on whose
+head no one may tread: on that account the ditch is there."
+
+After a walk of several hours we returned to the doctor's house, where
+he invited us to take a glass of homemade wine. As we had been informed
+that the sale and use of wine and spirits were strictly forbidden in the
+colony, this invitation was certainly an unprecedented exception. The
+wine, of which two kinds were placed before us--one made of wild grapes,
+and the other of currants--was very good, and was partaken of in the
+doctor's office. Here Mr. Koerner again brought forward his
+life-insurance project: the doctor gave him hopes that he would go into
+it, but he wished to give the matter due consideration, and to subject
+the advantages and disadvantages of the speculation to a strict
+investigation, before giving a definite answer; and with this ended our
+visit to the "king of Aurora."
+
+Before leaving the colony we obtained considerable information from the
+members as to their interior organization and government, the results of
+which, as well as what I further learned respecting Doctor Keil, I will
+state briefly.
+
+Should any one wish to become a member of the colony, he must, in the
+first place, put all his ready money into the hands of Doctor Keil: he
+will then be taken on trial. If the candidate satisfies the doctor, he
+can remain and become one of the community: should this, however, not be
+the case, he receives again the capital he paid in, but without
+interest. How long he must remain "on probation" in the colony, and work
+there, depends entirely on the doctor's pleasure. If a member leaves the
+community voluntarily--a thing almost unheard of--he receives back his
+capital without interest, together with a _pro rata_ share of the
+earnings of the community during his membership, as appraised by the
+doctor.
+
+All the ordinary necessaries of life are supplied gratuitously to the
+members of the community. The doctor holds the common purse, out of
+which all purchases are paid for, and into which go the profits from the
+agricultural and industrial products of the colony. If any member needs
+a coat or other article of clothing, flour, sugar or tobacco, he can get
+whatever he wants, without paying for it, at the "store:" in the same
+way he procures meat from the butcher and bread from the baker: spirits
+are forbidden except in case of sickness. The doctor also appoints the
+occupation of each member, so as to contribute to the best welfare of
+the colony--whether he shall be a farmer, a mechanic, a common laborer,
+or whatever he can be most usefully employed in; and the time and
+talents of each are regarded as belonging to the whole community,
+subject only to the doctor's judgment. If a member marries, a separate
+dwelling-house and a certain amount of land are assigned him, so that
+the families of the settlement are scattered about on farms. The elders
+of the colony support the doctor in the duties of his office by counsel
+and assistance.
+
+The lands of the colony are collectively recorded in Doctor Keil's name,
+in order, as he says, to avoid intricate and complicated law-papers. It
+would, however, be for the interest of the colonists to make, a speedy
+change in this respect, so that the members of the community, in case of
+the doctor's death, might obtain each his share of the lands without
+litigation. Should the doctor's decease occur soon, before this
+alteration is made, his natural heirs could claim the whole property of
+the colony, and the members would be left in the lurch. He does not
+appear, however, to be in great haste to effect this change, though it
+ought to have been done long ago. It is always said among the colonists,
+naturally enough, that all the ground is the common property of the
+community. Whether the doctor fully subscribes to this opinion in his
+secret heart might be a question.
+
+Doctor Keil is at the same time the religious head and the unlimited
+secular ruler of the colony of Aurora, and can ordain, with the consent
+of the elders (who very naturally uphold his authority), what he
+pleases. A life free from care and responsibility, such as the members
+of the community (who, for the most part, belong to the lower and
+uncultivated class) lead--a life in regard to which no one but the
+doctor has the trouble of thinking--is the main ground of the
+undisturbed continuance of the colony. The pre-eminent talent for
+organization, combined with the unlimited powers of command, which the
+doctor--justly named "king of Aurora"--possesses, together with the
+inborn industry peculiar to Germans, is the cause of the prosperity of
+the settlement, which calls itself communistic, but is certainly nothing
+more than a vast farm belonging to its talented founder. It has its
+schools, its churches, newspapers and books--the selection and tendency
+of which the doctor sees to--and no lack of social pleasures, music and
+singing. Taken together with an easily-procured livelihood, all this
+satisfies the desires of the colonists entirely, and the good doctor
+takes care of everything else.
+
+ELIZABETH SILL.
+
+
+
+GRAY EYES.
+
+
+I have always counted it among the larger blessings of Providence that
+a woman can bear up year after year under a weight of dullness which
+would drive a man of the same mental calibre to desperation in a month.
+
+I had no idea what a heavy burden mine had been until one day my brother
+asked me to go to sea with him on his next voyage. He and his wife were
+at the farm on their wedding-tour, and only the happiness of a
+bridegroom could have led him to hold out to me this way of escape.
+Christian's heart when he dropped his pack was not lighter than mine.
+Butter and cheese are good things in their way--the world would miss
+them if all the farmers' daughters went suddenly down to the sea in
+ships--but it is possible to have too much of a good thing, and such had
+been my feeling for some years.
+
+So suddenly and completely did my threadbare endurance give way that if
+Frank had revoked his words the next minute, I must have gone away at
+once to some crowded place and drawn a few deep breaths of excitement
+before I could have joined again the broken ends of my patience.
+
+No bride-elect poor in this world's goods ever went about the
+preparations for her wedding with more delicious awe than I felt in
+turning one old gown upside down, and another inside out, for seafaring
+use. There was excitement enough in the departure, the inevitable
+sea-changes, and finally the memory of it all, to keep my mind busy for
+a few weeks, but when we settled into the grooves of a tropical voyage,
+wafted along as easily by the trade winds as if some gigantic hand,
+unseen and steady, had us in its grasp, my life was wholly changed, and
+yet it bore an odd family resemblance to the days at the farm. It was a
+pleasant dullness, because, in the nature of things, it must soon have
+an end.
+
+I went on deck to look at a passing ship about as often as I used to run
+to the window at the sound of carriagewheels. One can't take a very
+intimate interest in whales and the other seamonsters unless one is
+scientific. Time died with me a slow but by no means a painful death. I
+used to fold my hands and look at them by the hour, internally
+rollicking over the idea that there was no milk to skim or dishes to
+wash, or any earthly wheel in motion that required my shoulder to turn
+it. I spent much time in a half-awake state in the long warm days, out
+of sheer delight in wasting time after saving it all my life.
+
+So it came about that I slept lightly o' nights. Every morning the
+steward came into the cabin with the first dawn of day to scour his
+floors before the captain should appear. He had a habit of talking to
+himself over this early labor, and one morning, more awake than usual, I
+found that he was praying. "O Lord, be good to me! I wasn't to blame. I
+would have helped her if I could. O Lord, be good to me!" and other
+homely entreaties were repeated again and again.
+
+He was a meek, bowed old negro, with snowy hair, and so many wrinkles
+that all expression was shrunk out of his face. He was an excellent
+cook, but he waited on table with a manner so utterly despairing that
+it took away one's appetite to look at him.
+
+For many mornings after this I listened to his prayers, which grew more
+and more earnest and importunate. I could not think he had done any harm
+with his own will. He must have been more sinned against than sinning.
+
+He brought me a shawl one cool evening as if it were my death-warrant,
+and I said, in the sepulchral tone that wins confidence, "Pedro, do you
+always say your prayers when you are alone?"
+
+"Yes, miss, 'board _this_ ship."
+
+"What's the matter with, this ship?"
+
+"I s'pose you don't have no faith in ghosts?"
+
+"Not much."
+
+"White folks mostly don't," said Pedro with aggravating meekness, and
+turned into his pantry.
+
+I followed him to the door, and stood in it so that he had no escape:
+"What has that to do with your prayers?"
+
+"This cabin has got a ghost in it."
+
+I looked over my shoulder into the dusk, and shivered a little, which
+was not lost on Pedro. He grew more solemn if possible than before: "I
+see her 'most every morning, and if my back is to the door, I see her
+all the same. She don't never touch me, but I keep at the prayers for
+fear she will."
+
+"Do you never see her except in the morning?"
+
+"Once or twice she has just put her head out of the door of the middle
+state-room when I was waitin' on table."
+
+"In broad daylight?"
+
+"Sartin. Them as sees ghosts sees 'em any time. Every morning, just at
+peep o' day, she comes out of that door and makes a dive for the stairs.
+She just gives me one look, and holds up her hand, and I don't see no
+more of her till next time."
+
+"How does she look?" I almost hoped he would not tell, but he did.
+
+"She's got hair as black as a coal, kind o' pushed back, as if she'd
+been runnin' her hands through it; she has big shiny eyes, swelled up as
+she'd been cryin' a great while; and she's always got on a gray dress,
+silvery-like, with a tear in one sleeve. There ain't nothin' more, only
+a handkerchief tied round her wrist, as if it had been hurt."
+
+"Is she handsome?"
+
+"Mebbe white folks'd think so."
+
+"Why does she show herself to you and no one else, do you suppose?"
+
+"Didn't I tell you the reason before?"
+
+"Of course you didn't."
+
+"Well, you see, she looked just so the last time I seen her alive. I
+must go and put in the biscuit now, miss."
+
+I submitted, knowing that white folks may be hurried, but black ones
+never; and I could not but admire the natural talent which Pedro shared
+with the authors of continued stories, of always dropping the thread at
+the most thrilling moment.
+
+"Who was she?" said I, lying in wait for him on his return.
+
+"She was cap'n's wife, miss--a young woman, and the cap'n was old, with
+a blazing kind of temper. He was dreffle sweet on her for about a month,
+and mebbe she was happy, mebbe she wa'n't: how should I know about white
+folks' feelin's? All of a suddent he said she was sick and couldn't go
+out of the middle state-room. The old man took in plenty of stuff to
+eat, but he never let me go near her. We was on just such a v'y'ge as
+this, only hotter. The cap'n would come out of that room lookin' black
+as thunder, and everybody scudded out of his sight when he put his head
+out of the gangway.
+
+"He was always bad enough, but he got wuss and wuss, and nothin'
+couldn't please him. Sometimes I'd hear the poor thing a-moaning to
+herself like a baby that's beat out with loud cryin' and hain't got no
+noise left. She was always cryin' in them days. Once the supercargo (he
+was a cool hand, any way) give me a bit of paper very private to give to
+her, and I slipped it under the door, but the old man had nailed
+somethin' down inside, an' he found it afore she did. Then there was a
+regular knockdown fight, and the supercargo was put in irons. The old
+man was in the middle room a long time that day, talkin' in a hissin'
+kind of a way, and the missus got a blow. Just after that a sort of a
+white squall struck the ship, and the old man give just the wrong
+orders. You see, he was clean out of his head. He got so worked up at
+last that he fell down in a fit, and they bundled him into his
+state-room and left him, 'cause nobody cared whether he was dead or
+alive. The mate took the irons off the supercargo first thing, and broke
+open the middle room. The supercargo went in there and stayed a long
+time, whispering to the missus, and she cried more'n ever, only it
+sounded different.
+
+"Toward night the old man come to, and begun to ask questions--as ugly
+as ever, only as weak as a baby. 'Bout midnight I was comin' out of his
+room, and I seen the missus in a gray dress, with her eyes shinin' like
+coals of fire, dive out of her room and up the stairs, and nobody never
+seen her afterward. The next morning the supercargo was gone too, and I
+think they just drownded themselves, 'cause they couldn't bear to live
+any more without each other. Mebbe the mate knew somethin' about it, but
+he never let on, and I dunno no more about it; only the old man had
+another fit when he heard it, and died without no mourners."
+
+"It might be she was saved, after all," I said, with true Yankee
+skepticism.
+
+"Then why should I see her ghost, if she ain't dead-drownded?"
+
+"Did you never find anything in the state-room that would explain?"
+
+"Well, I did find some bits of paper, but I couldn't read writin'."
+
+"Oh, what did you do with them?" I insisted, quivering with excitement.
+
+"You won't tell the cap'n?"
+
+"No, never."
+
+"You'll give 'em back to me?"
+
+"Yes, yes--of course."
+
+"Here they be," he said, opening his shirt, and showing a little bag
+hung round his neck like an amulet. He took out a little wad of brown
+paper, and gave it jealously into my hand.
+
+"I will give it back to you to-night," I said with the solemnity of an
+oath, and carried it to my room.
+
+It proved to be a short and fragmentary account of the sufferings which
+the "missus" had endured in the middle room, written in pencil on coarse
+wrapping-paper, and bearing marks of trembling hands and frequent tears.
+I thought I might copy the papers without breaking faith with Pedro. The
+outside paper bore these words:
+
+"Whoever finds this is besought for pity's sake, by its most unhappy
+writer, to send it as soon as possible to Mrs. Jane Atwood of
+Davidsville, Connecticut, United States of America."
+
+Then followed a letter to her mother:
+
+Dearest Mother: If I never see your blessed face again, I know you will
+not believe me guilty of what my husband accuses me of. I married
+Captain Eliot for your sake, believing, since Herbert had proved
+faithless, that no comfort was left to me except in pleasing others. I
+meant to be a good wife to Captain Eliot, and I believe I should have
+kept my vow all my days if the most unfortunate thing had not wakened
+his jealousy. Since then he has been almost or quite crazed.
+
+I knew we had a supercargo of whom Captain Eliot spoke highly. He kept
+his room for a month from sea-sickness, and when he came out it was
+Herbert. Of course I knew him, every line of his face had been so long
+written on my heart. I strove to treat him as if I had never seen him
+before, but the old familiar looks and tones were very hard to bear. If
+Herbert could only have submitted patiently to our fate! But it was not
+in him to be patient under anything, and one evening, when I was sitting
+alone on deck, he must needs pour out his soul in one great burst,
+trying to prove that he had never deserted me, but only circumstances
+had been cruel. I longed to believe him, but I could only keep repeating
+that it was too late.
+
+When I went down, Captain Eliot dragged me into the middle state-room,
+and gave vent to his jealous feelings. He must have listened to all that
+Herbert had said. His last words were that I should never leave that
+room alive. I had a wretched night, and the first time I fell into an
+uneasy sleep I started suddenly up to find my husband flashing the light
+of a lantern across my eyes. "Handsome and wicked," he muttered--"they
+always go together."
+
+I begged him to listen to the story of my engagement to Herbert, and he
+did listen, but it did not soften his heart. If he ever loved me, his
+jealousy has swallowed it up.
+
+I have been in this room just a week. My husband does not starve or beat
+me, but his taunts and threats are fearful, and his eyes when he looks
+at me grow wild, as if he had the longing of a beast to tear me in
+pieces.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_May_ 10. I placed a copy of the paper that is pinned to this letter in
+a little bottle that had escaped my husband's search, and threw it out
+of my window.
+
+I am Waitstill Atwood Eliot, wife of Captain Eliot of the ship Sapphire.
+I have been kept in solitary confinement and threatened with death for
+four weeks, for no just cause. I believe him to be insane, as he
+constantly threatens to burn or sink the ship. I pray that this paper
+may be picked up by some one who will board this ship and bring me help.
+
+Of course it is a most forlorn hope, but it keeps me from utter despair.
+
+20. Herbert tried to communicate with me by slipping a paper under the
+door, but I did not get it, and he has been put in irons. Captain Eliot
+boasts of it. I wish he would bind us together and let us drown in one
+another's arms, as they did in the Huguenot persecution.
+
+28. A little paper tied to a string hung in front of my bull's-eye
+window to-day: I took it in. The first officer had lowered it down:
+"Captain Eliot says you are ill, but I don't believe it. If he tries
+violence, scream, and I will break open the door. I am always on the
+watch. Keep your heart up."
+
+This is a drop of comfort in my black cup, but my little window was
+screwed down within an hour after I had read the paper.
+
+_June_ 10. My spirit is worn out: I can endure no more. I have begged my
+husband to kill me and end my misery. I don't know why he hesitated. He
+means to do it some time, but perhaps he cannot think of torture
+exquisite enough for his purpose.
+
+11. My husband came in about four in the afternoon, looking so
+vindictive that my heart stood still. He gradually worked himself into a
+frenzy, and aimed a blow at my head: instinct, rather than the love of
+life, made me parry it, and I got the stroke on my wrist.
+
+I screamed, and at the same moment there was a tumult on deck, and the
+ship quivered as if she too had been violently struck. Captain Eliot
+rushed on deck, and began to give hurried orders. I could hear the first
+officer contradict them, and then there was a heavy fall, and two or
+three men stumbled down the cabin stairs, carrying some weight between
+them.
+
+_Later_. My husband is helpless, and Herbert has been with me, urging me
+passionately to trust myself to him in a little boat at midnight. He
+says there are several ships in sight, and one of them will be almost
+sure to pick us up. He swears that he will leave me, and never see me
+again (if I say so), so soon as he has placed me in safety, but he will
+save me, by force if need be, from the brute into whose hands I fell so
+innocently. If the ship does not see us, it is but dying, after all.
+
+Good-bye, mother! I pray that this paper will reach you before Captain
+Eliot can send you his own account, but if it does not, you will believe
+me innocent all the same.
+
+This was the last, and I folded up the papers as they had come to me.
+That night I read them all to Pedro.
+
+"They was drownded--I knew it," said Pedro; and nothing could remove
+that opinion. A ghost is more convincing than logic.
+
+Our voyage wore on, with one day just like another: my brother looked at
+the sun every day, and put down a few cabalistic figures on a slate, but
+his steady business was reading novels to his wife and drinking weak
+claret and water.
+
+The sea was always the same, smiling and smooth, and the "man at the
+wheel" seemed to be always holding us back by main strength from the
+place where we wanted to go. I had a growing belief that we should sail
+for ever on this rippling mirror and never touch the frame of it. It
+struck me with a sense of intense surprise when a dark line loomed far
+ahead, and they told me quietly that that line meant Bombay.
+
+It seemed a matter of course to my brother that the desired port should
+heave in sight just when he expected it, but to me the efforts that he
+had made to accomplish this tremendous result were ridiculously small.
+
+"I have done more work in a week, and had nothing to show for it at
+last," said I, "than you have seemed to do in all this voyage."
+
+"Poor sister! don't you wish you were a man?"
+
+"Certainly, all women do who have any sense. I hold with that ancient
+Father of the Church who maintained that all women are changed into men
+on the judgment-day. The council said it was heresy, but that don't
+alter my faith."
+
+"I shouldn't like you half as well if you had been born a boy," said
+Frank.
+
+"But I should like myself vastly better," said I, clinging to the last
+word.
+
+Bombay is a city by itself: there is none like it on earth, whatever
+there may be in the heaven above or in the waters under it. From Sir
+Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's hospital for sick animals to the Olympian conceit
+of the English residents, there are infinite variations of people and
+things that I am persuaded can be matched nowhere else. I felt myself
+living in a series of pictures, a sort of supernumerary in a theatre,
+where they changed the play every night.
+
+One of the first who boarded our ship was Mr. Rayne, an old friend of
+Frank's. He insisted on our going to his house for a few days in a
+warm-hearted way that was irresistible.
+
+"Are you quite sure you want _me_?" I said dubiously. "Young married
+people make a kind of heaven for themselves, and do not want old maids
+looking over the wall."
+
+"But you _must_ go with us," said Frank, man-like, never seeing anything
+but the uppermost surface of a question.
+
+"Not at all. I'm quite strong-minded enough to stay on board ship; or,
+if that would not do in this heathen place, the missionaries are always
+ready to entertain strangers. A week in the missionhouse would make me
+for ever a shining light in the sewing circle at home.
+
+"A woman of so many resources would be welcome anywhere. For my part, an
+old maid is a perfect Godsend. The genus is unknown here, and the loss
+to society immense," said Mr. Rayne.
+
+"But what shall I do when Mrs. Rayne and my sister-in-law are comparing
+notes about the perfections of their husbands?"
+
+"Walk on the verandah with me and convert me to woman suffrage."
+
+Mr. Rayne had his barouche waiting on shore, and drove us first to the
+bandstand, where, in the coolness of sunset, all the Bombay world meet
+to see and to be seen. When the band paused, people drove slowly round
+the circle, seeking acquaintance. Among them one equipage was perfect--a
+small basket-phaeton, and two black ponies groomed within an inch of
+their lives. My eyes fell on the ponies first, but I saw them no more
+when the lady who drove them turned her face toward me.
+
+She wore a close-fitting black velvet habit and a little round hat with
+long black feather. Her hair might have been black velvet, too, as it
+fell low on her forehead, and was fastened somehow behind in a heavy
+coil. Black brows and lashes shaded clear gray eyes--the softest gray,
+without the least tint of green in them--such eyes as Quaker maidens
+ought to have under their gray bonnets. Little rose colored flushes kept
+coming and going in her cheeks as she talked.
+
+All at once I thought of Queen Guinevere,
+
+    As she fled fast thro' sun and shade,
+      With jingling bridle-reins.
+
+"Mr. Rayne, do you see that lady in black, with the ponies?"
+
+"Plainly."
+
+"If I were a man, that woman would be my Fate."
+
+"I thought women never admired each other's beauty."
+
+"You are mistaken. Heretofore I have met beautiful women only in poetry.
+Do you remember four lines about Queen Guinevere?--no, six lines, I
+mean:
+
+    "She looked so lovely as she swayed
+      The rein with dainty finger-tips,
+    A man had given all other bliss,
+    And all his worldly worth for this,
+    To waste his whole heart in one kiss
+      Upon her perfect lips.
+
+"I always thought them overstrained till now."
+
+"I perfectly agree with you," said Mr. Rayne: "I knew we were congenial
+spirits." Then he said a word or two in a diabolical language to his
+groom, who ran to the carriage which I had been watching and repeated it
+to the lady: she bowed and smiled to Mr. Rayne, and soon drew up her
+ponies beside us.
+
+"My wife," said Mr. Rayne with laughter in his eyes.
+
+Mrs. Rayne talked much like other people, and her beauty ceased to
+dazzle me after a few minutes; not that it grew less on near view, but,
+being a woman, I could not fall in love with her in the nature of
+things.
+
+When the music stopped we drove to Mr. Rayne's house, his wife keeping
+easily beside us. When she was occupied with the others Mr. Rayne
+whispered, "Her praises were so sweet in my ears that I would not own
+myself Sir Lancelot at once."
+
+"If you are Sir Lancelot," I said, "where is King Arthur?"
+
+"Forty fathoms deep, I hope," said Mr. Rayne with a sudden change in his
+voice and a darkening face. I had raised a ghost for him without knowing
+it, and he spoke no more till we reached the house.
+
+It was a long, low, spreading structure with a thatched roof, and a
+verandah round it. A wilderness of tropical plants hemmed it in. But all
+appearance of simplicity vanished on our entrance. In the matted hall
+stood a tree to receive the light coverings we had worn; not a "hat
+tree," as we say at home by poetic license, but the counterfeit
+presentment of a real tree, carved in branches and delicate foliage out
+of black wood. The drawing-room was eight-sided, and would have held,
+with some margin, the gambrel-roofed house, chimneys and all, in which I
+had spent my life. Two sides were open into other rooms, with Corinthian
+pillars reaching to the roof. Carved screens a little higher than our
+heads filled the space between the pillars, and separated the
+drawing-room from Mrs. Rayne's boudoir on the side and the dining-room
+on the other.
+
+The furniture of these rooms was like so many verses of a poem. Every
+chair and table had been designed by Mrs. Rayne, and then realized in
+black wood by the patient hands of natives.
+
+Another side opened by three glass doors on a verandah, and only a few
+rods below the house the sea dashed against a beach.
+
+After dinner I sat on the verandah drinking coffee and the sea-breeze by
+turns. The gentlemen walked up and down smoking the pipe of peace, while
+Mrs. Rayne sat within, talking with Rhoda in the candlelight. Opposite
+me, as I looked in at the open door, hung two Madonnas, the Sistine and
+the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. In front of each stood a tall
+flower-stand carved to imitate the leaves and blossoms of the calla
+lily. These black flowers held great bunches of the Annunciation lily,
+sacred to the Virgin through all the ages. Mrs. Rayne had taken off the
+close-buttoned jacket, and her dress was now open at the throat, with
+some rich old lace clinging about it and fastened with a pearl daisy.
+
+"Have you forgiven me the minute's deception I put upon you?" said Mr.
+Rayne, pausing beside me. "If I had not read admiration in your face, I
+would have told you the truth at once."
+
+"How could one help admiring her?"
+
+"I don't know, I'm sure: I never could."
+
+"She has the serenest face, like still, shaded water. I wonder how she
+would look in trouble?"
+
+"It is not becoming to her."
+
+"Are you sure?"
+
+"Quite."
+
+"Your way of life here seems so perfect! No hurry nor worry--nothing to
+make wrinkles."
+
+"You like this smooth Indian living, then?"
+
+"_Like it_! I hope you won't think me wholly given over to love of
+things that perish in the using, but if I could live this sort of life
+with the one I liked best, heaven would be a superfluity."
+
+"It is heaven indeed when I think of the purgatory from which we came
+into it," said Mr. Rayne, throwing away his cigar and carrying off my
+coffee-cup.
+
+"Do you know anything of Mrs. Rayne's history before her marriage?" I
+said to Frank as I joined him in his walk.
+
+"Nothing to speak of--only she was a widow."
+
+"Oh!" said I, feeling that a spot or two had suddenly appeared on the
+face of the sun.
+
+"That's nothing against her, is it?"
+
+"No, but I have no patience with second marriages."
+
+"Nor first ones, either," said Frank wickedly.
+
+"But seriously, Frank--would you like to have a wife so beautiful as
+Mrs. Rayne?"
+
+"Yes, if she had Rhoda's soul inside of her," said Frank stoutly.
+
+"I shouldn't."
+
+"Why not?"
+
+"Because all sorts of eyes gloat on her beauty and drink it in, and in
+one way appropriate it to themselves. Mr. Rayne is as proud of the
+admiration given to his wife as if it were a personal tribute to his own
+taste in selecting her. A beautiful woman never really and truly belongs
+to her husband unless he can keep a veil over her face, as the Turks
+do."
+
+"I knew you had 'views,'" said Mr. Rayne behind me, "but I had no idea
+they were so heathenish. What is New England coming to under the new
+rule? Are the plain women going to shut up all the handsome ones?"
+
+"I was only supposing a case."
+
+"Suppositions are dangerous. You first endure, then dally with them, and
+finally embrace them as established facts."
+
+"I was only saying that if I am a man when I come into the world next
+time (as the Hindoos say), I shall marry a plain woman with a charming
+disposition, and so, as it were, have my diamond all to myself by reason
+of its dull cover."
+
+"Jealousy, thy name is woman!" said Mr. Rayne. "When the Woman's
+Republic is set up, how I shall pity the handsome ones!"
+
+"They will all be banished to some desert island," said Frank.
+
+"And draw all men after them, as the 'Pied Piper of Hamelin' did the
+rats," said Mr. Rayne.
+
+"What are you talking about?" said Mrs. Rayne, joining us at this point.
+
+"The pity of it," said her husband, "that beauty is only skin deep."
+
+"That is deep enough," said Mrs. Rayne.
+
+"Yes, if age and sickness and trouble did not make one shed it so soon,"
+said I ungratefully.
+
+"Don't mention it," said Mrs. Rayne--"'tis bad enough when it comes. Do
+you remember that Greek woman in _Lothair,_ whose father was so
+fearfully rich that she seemed to be all crusted with precious stones?"
+
+"Perfectly."
+
+"To dance and sing was all she lived for, and Lothair must needs bring
+in the skeleton, as you did, by reminding her of the dolorous time when
+she would neither dance nor sing. You think she is crushed, to be sure,
+only Disraeli's characters never are crushed, any more than himself. 'Oh
+then,' she says, 'we will be part of the audience, and other people will
+dance and sing for us.' So beauty is always with us, though one person
+loses it."
+
+She gave a little shrug of her shoulders, which made her pearls and
+velvet shimmer in the moonlight. She looked so white and cool and
+perfect, so apart from common clay, that all at once Queen Guinevere
+ceased to be my type of her, and I thought of "Lilith, first wife of
+Adam," as we see her in Rossetti's fanciful poem:
+
+    Not a drop of her blood was human,
+    But she was made like a soft, sweet woman.
+
+We all went to our rooms after this, and in each of ours hung a
+full-length swinging mirror; I had never seen one before, except in a
+picture-shop or in a hotel.
+
+"Truly this is 'richness'!" I said, walking up and down and sideways
+from one to the other.
+
+"I had no idea you had so much vanity," said Frank, laughing at me, as
+he has done ever since he was born.
+
+"Vanity! not a spark. I am only seeing myself as others see me, for the
+first time."
+
+"I always had a glass like that in my room at home," said my
+sister-in-law, with the least morsel of disdain in her tone.
+
+"Had you? Then you have lost a great deal by growing up to such things.
+A first sensation at my age is delightful."
+
+Next day Rhoda and I were sitting with Mrs. Rayne in her dressing-room,
+with a great fan swinging overhead. We all had books in our hands, but I
+found more charming reading in my hostess, whose fascinations hourly
+grew upon me.
+
+She wore a long loose wrapper, clear blue in color, with little silver
+stars on it. I don't know how much of my admiration sprang from her
+perfect taste in dress. Raiment has an extraordinary effect on the whole
+machinery of life. Most people think too lightly of it. Somebody says if
+Cleopatra's nose had been a quarter of an inch shorter, the history of
+the world would have been utterly changed; but Antony might equally have
+been proof against a robe with high neck and tight sleeves. Mrs. Rayne's
+face always seemed to crown her costume like a rose out of green leaves,
+yet I cannot but think that if I had seen her first in a calico gown and
+sitting on a three-legged stool milking a cow, I should still have
+thought her a queen among women.
+
+While I sat like a lotos-eater, forgetful of home and butter-making, a
+servant brought in a parcel and a note. Mrs. Rayne tossed the note to me
+while she unfolded a roll of gray silk.
+
+
+Dear Guinevere: I send with this a bit of silk that old Fut'ali insisted
+on giving to me this morning. It is that horrid gray color which we both
+detest. I know you will never wear it, and you had better give it to
+Miss Blake to make a toga for her first appearance in the women's
+Senate. LANCELOT.
+
+"With all my heart!" said Mrs. Rayne as I gave back the note. "You will
+please us both far more than you can please yourself by wearing the
+dress with a thought of us. I wonder why Mr. Rayne calls me 'Guinevere'?
+But he has a new name for me every day, because he does not like my
+own."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"Waitstill. Did you ever hear it?"
+
+"Never but once," I said with a sudden tightness in my throat. I could
+scarcely speak my thanks for the dress.
+
+"I should never wear it," said Mrs. Rayne: "the color is associated with
+a very painful part of my life."
+
+"Do you suppose water would spot it?" asked Rhoda, who is of a practical
+turn of mind.
+
+"Take a bit and try it."
+
+"Water spots some grays" said Mrs. Rayne with a strange sort of smile as
+Rhoda went out, "especially salt water. I spent one night at sea in an
+open boat, with a gray dress clinging wet and salt to my limbs. When I
+tore it off in rags I seemed to shed all the misery I had ever known.
+All my life since then has been bright as you see it now. It would be a
+bad omen to put on a gray gown again."
+
+"Then you have made a sea-voyage, Mrs. Rayne?"
+
+"Yes, such a long voyage!--worse than the 'Ancient Mariner's.' No words
+can tell how I hate the sea." She sighed deeply, with a sudden darkening
+of her gray eyes till they were almost black, and grasped one wrist hard
+with the other hand.
+
+A sudden trembling seized me. I was almost as much agitated as Mrs.
+Rayne. I felt that I must clinch the matter somehow, but I took refuge
+in a platitude to gain time: "There is such a difference in ships,
+almost as much as in houses, and the comfort of the voyage depends
+greatly on that."
+
+"It may be so," she said wearily.
+
+"My brother's ship is old, but it has been refitted lately to something
+like comfort. It's old name was the Sapphire."
+
+This was my shot, and it hit hard.
+
+"The Sapphire! the Sapphire!" she whispered with dilated eyes. "Did you
+ever hear--did you ever find--But what nonsense! You must think me the
+absurdest of women."
+
+The color came back to her face, and she laughed quite naturally.
+
+"The fact is, Miss Blake, I was very ill and miserable when I was on
+shipboard, and to this day any sudden reminder of it gives me a
+shock.--Did water spot it?" she said to Rhoda, who came in at this
+point.
+
+I thought over all the threads of the circumstance that had come into my
+hand, and like Mr. Browning's lover I found "a thing to do."
+
+The next morning I made an excuse to go down to the ship with my
+brother, and there, by dint of pressure, I got those stained and dingy
+papers into my possession again. I had only that day before me, for we
+were going to a hotel the same evening, and the Raynes were to set out
+next day for their summer place among the hills, a long way back of
+Bombay. Our stay had already delayed their departure.
+
+This was my plot: Mrs. Rayne had been reading a book that I had bought
+for the home-voyage, and was to finish it before evening. I selected the
+duplicate of the paper which "Waitstill Atwood Eliot" had put in a
+bottle and cast adrift when her case had been desperate, and laid it in
+the book a page or two beyond Mrs. Rayne's mark. It seemed impossible
+that she could miss it: I watched her as a chemist watches his first
+experiment.
+
+Twice she took up the book, and was interrupted before she could open
+it: the third time she sat down so close to me that the folds of her
+dress touched mine. One page, two pages: in another instant she would
+have turned the leaf, and I held my breath, when a servant brought in a
+note. Her most intimate friend had been thrown from her carriage, and
+had sent for her. It was a matter of life and death, and brooked no
+delay. In ten minutes she had bidden us a cordial good-bye, and dropped
+out of my life for all time.
+
+She never finished _my_ book, nor I _hers_. I had had it in my heart, in
+return for her warm hospitality, to cast a great stone out of her past
+life into the still waters of her present, and her good angel had turned
+it aside just before it reached her. I might have asked Mr. Rayne in so
+many words if his wife's name had been Waitstill Atwood Eliot when he
+married her, but that would have savored of treachery to her, and I
+refrained.
+
+Often in the long calm days of the home-voyage, and oftener still in the
+night-watches, I pondered in my heart the items of Mrs. Rayne's history,
+and pieced them together like bits of mosaic--the gray eyes and the gray
+dress, the identity of name, the indefinite terrors of her sea-voyage,
+the little touch concerning Lancelot and Guinevere, her emotion when I
+mentioned the Sapphire. If circumstantial evidence can be trusted, I
+feel certain that Pedro's ghost appeared to me in the flesh.
+
+ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF FLORENCE.
+
+
+I had six months more to stay on the Continent, and I began for the
+first time to be discontented in Paris. There was no soul in that great
+city whom I had ever seen before, but this alone would hot have been
+sufficient to make me long for a change, except for an accident which
+unluckily surrounded me with my own countrymen. These I did not go
+abroad to see; and having lived almost entirely in the society of the
+French for over two years, it was with dismay that I saw my sanctum
+invaded daily by twos and threes of the aimless American nonentities who
+presume that their presence must be agreeable to any of their
+countrymen, and especially to any countrywoman, after a chance
+introduction on the boulevard or an hour spent together in a cafe.
+
+"Seeing these things," I determined to leave Paris, and the third day
+after found me traveling through picturesque Savoy toward Mont Cenis.
+All the afternoon the rugged hills had been growing higher and whiter
+with snow, and now, just before sunset, we reached the railway terminus,
+St. Michel, and were under the shadow of the Alps themselves.
+
+The previous night in the cars I had found myself the only woman among
+some half dozen French military officers, who paid me the most polite
+attention. They were charmed that I made no objection to their
+cigarettes, talked with me on various topics, criticised McClellan as a
+general, and were enthusiastic on the subject of our country generally.
+About midnight they prepared a grand repast from their traveling-bags,
+to which they gave me a cordial invitation. I begged to contribute my
+_mesquin_ supply of grapes and brioches, and the supper was a
+considerable event. Their canteens were filled with red wines, and one
+cup served the whole company. They drank my health and that of the
+President of the United States. Afterward we had vocal music, two of the
+officers being good singers. They sang Beranger's songs and the charming
+serenade from _Lalla Rookh_. I finally expressed a desire to hear the
+Marseillaise. This seemed to take them by surprise, but one of the
+singers, declaring that he had _"rien a refuser a madame"_ boldly struck
+up,
+
+    Allons, enfants de la patrie,
+    Le jour de gloire est arrive;
+
+but his companions checked him before he had finished the first stanza.
+The law forbade, they said, the production of the Marseillaise in
+society. We were a society: the guard would hear us and might report it.
+
+"Vous voyez, madame," said the singer, "n'il n'est pas defendu d'etre
+voleur, mais c'est defendu d'etre attrape" (It is not against the law to
+be a thief, but to be caught.)
+
+My traveling--companions reached their destination early in the morning,
+and, very gallantly expressing regrets that they were not going over the
+Alps, so as to bear mer company, bade me farewell.
+
+From the rear of the St. Michel hotel, called the Lion d'Or, I watched
+the preparations for crossing Mont Cenis. Three diligences were being
+crazily loaded with our baggage. The men who loaded them seemed
+imitating the Alpine structure. They piled trunk on trunk to the height
+of thirty feet, I verily believe; and if some one should nudge my elbow
+and say "fifty," I should write it down so without manifesting the least
+surprise.
+
+When the preparations were finished the setting sun was shining clearly
+on the white summits above, and we commenced slowly winding up the noble
+zigzag road. Rude mountain children kept up with our diligences, asked
+for sous and wished us _bon voyage_ in the name of the Virgin.
+
+The grandeur, but especially the extent and number, of the Alpine peaks
+impressed me with a vague, undefinable sense, which was not, I think,
+the anticipated sensation; and indeed if I had been in a poetic mood, it
+would have been quickly dissipated by the mock raptures of a young
+Englishman with a poodly moustache and an eye-glass. He called our
+attention to every chasm, gorge and waterfall, as if we had been wholly
+incapable of seeing or appreciating anything without his aid. As for me,
+I did not feel like disputing his susceptibility. I was suffering an
+uneasy apprehension of an avalanche--not of snow, but of trunks and
+boxes from the topheavy diligences ahead of us. However, we reached the
+top of Mont Cenis safely by means of thirteen mules to each coach,
+attached tandem, and we stopped at the queer relay-house there some
+thirty minutes. Here some women in the garb of nuns served me some soup
+with grated cheese, a compound which suggested a dishcloth in flavor,
+yet it was very good. I will not attempt to reconcile the two
+statements. After the soup I went out to see the Alps. The ecstatic
+Briton was still eating and drinking, and I could enjoy the scene
+unmolested. I crossed a little bridge near the inn. The night was cold
+and bright. Hundreds of snowy peaks above, below and in every direction,
+some of their hoary heads lost in the clouds, were glistening in the
+light of a clear September moon, and the stillness was only broken by a
+wild stream tumbling down the precipices which I looked up to as I
+crossed the bridge. It was indeed an impressive scene--cold, desolate,
+awful. I walked so near the freezing cataract that the icicles touched
+my face, and thinking that Dante, when he wrote his description of hell,
+might have been inspired by this very scene, I wrapped my cloak closer
+about me and went back to the inn.
+
+The diligences were ready, and we commenced a descent which I cannot
+even now think of without a shudder. To each of those heavily-laden
+stages were attached two horses only, and we bounded down the
+mountain-side like a huge loosened boulder. Imagine the sensation as
+you looked out of the windows and saw yourself whirling over yawning
+chasms and along the brinks of dizzy precipices, fully convinced that
+the driver was drunk and the horses goaded to madness by Alpine demons!
+I have been on the ocean in a storm sufficiently severe to make Jew and
+Christian pray amicably together; I have been set on fire by a fluid
+lamp, and have been dragged under the water by a drowning friend, but I
+think I never had such an alarming sense of coming destruction as in
+that diligence. I think of those sure-footed horses even now with
+gratitude.
+
+We arrived at Susa a long time before daylight. At first, I decided to
+stay and see this town, which was founded by a Roman colony in the time
+of Augustus. The arch built in his honor about eight years before Christ
+seemed a thing worth going to see; but a remark from my companion with
+the eye-glass made me determine to go on. He said he was going to "do"
+the arch, and I knew I should not be equal to witnessing any more of his
+ecstasies.
+
+My first astonishment in Italy was that hardly any of the railroad
+officials spoke French. I had always been told that with that language
+at your command you could travel all over the Continent. This is a grave
+error: even in Florence, although "Ici on parle francais" is conspicuous
+in many shop-windows, I found I had to speak Italian or go unserved. I
+had a mortal dread of murdering the beautiful Italian language; so I
+wanted to speak it well before I commenced, like the Irishman who never
+could get his boots on until he had worn them a week.
+
+I stopped at Turin, then the capital of Italy, only a short time, and
+hurried on to Florence, for that was to be my home for the winter. It
+was delightful to come down from the Alpine snows and find myself face
+to face with roses and orange trees bearing fruit and blossom. Here I
+wandered through the olive-gardens alone, and gave way to the rapturous
+sense of simply being in the land of art and romance, the land of love
+and song; for there was no ecstatic person with me armed with _Murray_
+and prepared to admire anything recommended therein. Besides, I could
+enjoy Italy for days and months, and therefore was not obliged to "do"
+(detestable tourist slang!) anything in a given time. I was free as a
+bird. I knew no Americans in Florence, and determined to studiously
+avoid making acquaintances except among Italians, for I wished to learn
+the language as I had learned French, by constantly speaking it and no
+other.
+
+The day following my arrival in Florence I went out to look for
+lodgings, which I had the good fortune to find immediately. I secured
+the first I looked at. They were in the Borgo SS. Apostoli, in close
+proximity to the Piazza del Granduca, now Delia Signoria. I was passing
+this square, thinking of my good luck in finding my niche for the
+winter, when, much to my surprise, some one accosted me in English.
+Think of my dismay at seeing one of the irrepressible Paris bores I had
+fled from! He was in Florence before me, having come by a different
+route; and neither of us had known anything about the other's intention
+to quit Paris. He asked me at once where I was stopping, and I told him
+at the Hotel a la Fontana, not deeming it necessary to add that I was
+then on my way there to pack up my traveling-bag and pay my bill. As he
+was "doing" Florence in about three days, he never found me out. The
+next I heard of him he was "doing" Rome. This American prided himself on
+his knowledge of Italian; and one day in a restaurant, wishing for
+cauliflower _(cavolo fiore)_, he astonished the waiter by calling for
+_horse. "Cavallo"!_ he roared--"_Portez me cavallo!_" "Cavallo!"
+repeated the waiter, with the characteristic Italian shrug. "_Non
+simangia in Italia, signore_" (It is not eaten in Italy, signore). Then
+followed more execrable Italian, and the waiter brought him something
+which elicited "_Non volo! non volo!_" (I don't fly! I don't fly!) from
+the American, and "_Lo credo, signore_" from the baffled waiter, much to
+the amusement of people at the adjacent tables.
+
+I liked my new quarters very much. They consisted of two goodly-sized
+rooms, carpeted with thick braided rag carpets, and decently furnished,
+olive oil provided for the quaint old classic-shaped lamp, and the rooms
+kept in order, for the astounding price of thirty francs a month. Wood I
+had to pay extra for when I needed a fire, and that indeed was
+expensive; for a bundle only sufficient to make a fire cost a franc.
+There were few days, however, even in that exceptional winter, which
+rendered a fire necessary. The _scaldino_ for the feet was generally
+sufficient, and this, replenished three times a day, was included in the
+rent.
+
+One of my windows looked out on olive-gardens and on the old church San
+Miniato, on the hill of the same name. Mr. Hart, the sculptor, told me
+that those rooms were very familiar to him. Buchanan Read, I think he
+said, had occupied them, and the walls in many places bore traces of
+artist vagaries. There were several nice caricatures penciled among the
+cheap frescoes of the walls. All the walls are frescoed in Florence.
+Think of having your ceiling and walls painted in a manner that
+constantly suggests Michael Angelo!
+
+After some weeks spent in looking at the art-wonders in Florence, I
+visited many of the studios of our artists. That of Mr. Hart, on the
+Piazza Independenza, was one of the most interesting. He had two very
+admirable busts of Henry Clay, and all his visitors, encouraged by his
+frank manner, criticised his works freely. Most people boldly pass
+judgment on any work of art, and "understand" Mrs. Browning when she
+says the Venus de' Medici "thunders white silence." I do not. I am sure
+I never can understand what a thundering silence means, whatever may be
+its color. These appreciators talked of the "word-painting" of Mrs.
+Browning.
+
+    They sit on their thrones in a purple sublimity,
+    And grind down men's bones to a pale unanimity.
+
+I suppose this is "word-painting." I can see the picture
+also--some kings, and possibly queens, seated on gorgeous thrones,
+engaged in the festive occupation of grinding bones! Oh, I degrade the
+subject, do I? Nonsense! The term is a stilted affectation, perhaps
+never better applied than to Mrs. Browning's descriptive spasms. Still,
+she was undoubtedly a poet. She wrote many beautiful subjective poems,
+but she wrote much that was not poetry, and which suggests only a
+deranged nervous system. I have a friend who maintains from her writings
+that she never loved, that she did not know what passion meant. However
+this may be, the author of the sonnet commencing--
+
+    Go from me! Yet I feel that I shall stand
+      Henceforward in thy shadow,
+
+deserves immortality.
+
+But to return to Mr. Hart's studio. One of the most remarkable things I
+saw in Florence was this artist's invention to reduce certain details of
+sculpture to a mechanical process. This machine at first sight struck me
+as a queer kind of ancient armor. In brief, the subject is placed in
+position, when the front part of this armor, set on some kind, of hinge,
+swings round before him, and the sculptor makes measurements by means of
+numberless long metal needles, which are so arranged as to run in and
+touch the subject: A stationary mark is placed where the needle touches,
+and then I think it is pulled back. So the artist goes on, until some
+hundreds of measurements are made, if necessary, when the process is
+finished and the subject is released. How these measurements are made to
+serve the artist in modeling the statue I cannot very well describe, but
+I understood that by their aid Mr. Hart had modeled a bust from life in
+the incredible space of two days! I further understood that Mr. Hart's
+portrait-busts are remarkable for their correct likeness, which of
+course they must be if they are mathematically correct in their
+proportions. Many of the artists in Florence have the bad taste to make
+sport of this machine; but if Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are what they
+have the reputation of being, this sport is only a mask for jealousy.
+Mr. Hart was extremely sensitive to the light manner Mr. Powers and
+others have of speaking of this invention. One day he was much annoyed
+when a visitor, after examining the machine very attentively for some
+time, exclaimed, "Mr. Hart, what if you should have a man shut in there
+among those points, and he should happen to sneeze?"
+
+The Pitti Palace was one of my favorite haunts, and I often spent whole
+hours there in a single salon. There I almost always saw Mr. G----, a
+German-American, copying from the masters; and he could copy too! What
+an indefatigable worker he was! Slight and delicate of frame, he seemed
+absolutely incapable of growing weary. He often toiled there all day
+long, his hands red and swollen with the cold, for the winter, as I have
+before remarked, was unusually severe. For many days I saw him working
+on a Descent from the Cross by Tintoretto--a bold attempt, for
+Tintoretto's colors are as baffling as those of the great Venetian
+master himself. This copy had received very general praise, and one day
+I took a Lucca friend, a dilettante, to see it. Mr. G---- brought the
+canvas out in the hall, that we might see it outside of the ocean of
+color which surrounded it in the gallery. When we reached the hall, Mr.
+G---- turned the picture full to the light. The effect was astounding.
+It was so brilliant that you could hardly look at it. It seemed a mass
+of molten gold reflecting the sun. "Good God!" exclaimed G----, "did I
+do that?" and an expression of bitter disappointment passed over his
+face. I ventured to suggest that as everybody had found it good while it
+was in the gallery, this brilliant effect must be from the cold gray
+marble of the hall. G---- could not pardon the picture, and nothing that
+the Italian or I could say had the least effect. He would hear no excuse
+for it, and, evidently quite mortified at the debut of his Tintoretto,
+he hurried the canvas back to the easel. The sister of the czar of
+Russia was greatly pleased with this copy, and proposed to buy it, but
+whether she did or not I forgot to ascertain.
+
+Alone as I was in Florence, cultivating only the acquaintance of
+Italians, yet was I never troubled with _ennui_. I read much at
+Vieussieux's, and when I grew tired of that and of music, I made long
+sables on the Lung Arno to the Cascine, through the charming Boboli
+gardens, or out to Fiesole. Fiesole is some two miles from Florence, and
+once on my way there I stopped at the Protestant burying-ground and
+pilfered a little wildflower from Theodore Parker's grave to send home
+to one of his romantic admirers. Fiesole must be a very ancient town,
+for there is a ruined amphitheatre there, and the remains of walls so
+old that they are called Pelasgic in their origin; which is, I take it,
+sufficiently vague. The high hill is composed of the most solid marble;
+so the guidebooks say, at least. This is five hundred and seventy-five
+feet above the sea, and on its summit stands the cathedral, very old
+indeed, and built in the form of a basilica, like that of San Miniato.
+From this hill you look down upon the plain beneath, with the Arno
+winding through it, and upon Florence and the Apennine chain, above
+which rise the high mountains of Carrara. Here, on the highest available
+point of the rock, I used to sit reading, and looking upon the panorama
+beneath, until the sinking sun warned me that I had only time to reach
+the city before its setting. I used to love to look also at works of art
+in this way, for by so doing I fixed them in my mind for future
+reference. I never passed the Piazza della Signoria without standing
+some minutes before the Loggia dei Lanzi and the old ducal palace with
+its marvelous tower. Before this palace, exposed to the weather for
+three hundred and fifty years, stands Michael Angelo's David; to the
+left, the fountain on the spot where Savonarola was burnt alive by the
+order of Alexander VI.; and immediately facing this is the post-office.
+I never could pass the post-office without thinking of the poet Shelley,
+who was there brutally felled to the earth by an Englishman, who accused
+him of being an infidel, struck his blow and escaped.
+
+I made many visits to the Nuova Sacrista to see the tombs of the two
+Medici by Michael Angelo. The one at the right on entering is that of
+Giuliano, duke of Nemours, brother of Leo X. The two allegorical
+figures reclining beneath are Morning and Night. The tomb of Lorenzo de'
+Medici, duke of Urfrino, stands on the other side of the chapel, facing
+that of the duke de Nemours. The statue of Lorenzo, for grace of
+attitude and beauty of expression, has, in my opinion, never been
+equaled. The allegorical figures at the feet of this Medici are more
+beautiful and more easily understood than most of Michael Angelo's
+allegorical figures. Nevertheless, I used sometimes, when looking at
+these four figures, to think that they had been created merely as
+architectural auxiliaries, and that their expression was an accident or
+a freak of the artist's fancy, rather than the expression of some
+particular thought: at other times I saw as much in them as most
+enthusiasts do--enough, I have no doubt, to astonish their great author
+himself. I believe that very few people really experience rapturous
+sensations when they look at works of art. People are generally much
+more moved by the sight of the two canes preserved in Casa Buonarotti,
+upon which the great master in his latter days supported his tottering
+frame, than they are by the noblest achievements of his genius.
+
+The Carnival in Florence was a meagre affair compared with the same fete
+in Rome. During the afternoon, however, there was goodly procession of
+masks in carriages on the Lung' Arno, and in the evening there was a
+feeble _moccoletti_ display. The grand masked ball at the Casino about
+this time presents an irresistible attraction to the floating population
+in Florence. I was foolish enough to go. All were obliged to be dressed
+in character or in full ball-costume: no dominoes allowed. The Casino, I
+was told, is the largest club-house in the world; and salon after salon
+of that immense building was so crowded that locomotion was nearly
+impossible. The floral decorations were magnificent, the music was
+excellent, and some of the ten thousand people present tried to dance,
+but the sets formed were soon squeezed into a ball. Then they gave up in
+despair, while the men swore under their breath, and the women repaired
+to the dressing-rooms to sew on flounces or other skirt-trimmings. Masks
+wriggled about, and spoke to each other in the ridiculously squeaky
+voice generally adopted on such occasions. Most of their conversation
+was English, and of this very exciting order: "You don't know me?" "Yes
+I do." "No you don't." "I know what you did yesterday," etc., etc., _ad
+nauseam._ How fine masked balls are in sensational novels! how
+absolutely flat and unsatisfactory in fact! There was on this occasion a
+vast display of dress and jewelry, and among the babel of languages
+spoken the most prominent was the beautiful London dialect sometimes
+irreverently called Cockney. I lost my cavalier at one time, and while I
+waited for him to find me I retired to a corner and challenged a mask to
+a game of chess. He proved to be a Russian who spoke neither French nor
+Italian. We got along famously, however. He said something very polite
+in Russian, I responded irrelevantly in French, and then we looked at
+each other and grinned. He subsequently, thinking he had made an
+impression, ventured to press my hand; I drew it away and told him he
+was an idiot, at which he was greatly flattered; and then we grinned at
+each other again. It was very exciting indeed. I won the game easily,
+because he knew nothing of chess, and then he said something in his
+mother-tongue, placing his hand upon his heart. I could have sworn that
+it meant, "Of course I would not be so rude as to win when playing with
+a lady." I thought so, principally because he was a man, for I never
+knew a man under such circumstances who did not immediately betray his
+self-conceit by making that gallant declaration. Feeling sure that the
+Russian had done so, when we placed the pieces on the board again I
+offered him my queen. He seemed astounded and hurt; and then for the
+first time I thought that if this Russian were an exception to his sex,
+and I had _not_ understood his remark, then it was a rudeness to offer
+him my queen. I was fortunately relieved from my perplexing situation
+by the approach of my cavalier, and as he led me away I gave my other
+hand to my antagonist in the most impressive manner, by way of atonement
+in case there _had_ been anything wrong in my conduct toward him.
+
+One day during the latter part of my stay in Florence I went the second
+time to the splendid studio of Mr. Powers. He talked very eloquently
+upon art. He said that some of the classic statues had become famous,
+and deservedly so, although they were sometimes false in proportion and
+disposed in attitudes quite impossible in nature. He illustrated this by
+a fine plaster cast of the Venus of Milo, before which we were standing.
+He showed that the spinal cord in the neck could never, from the
+position of the head, have joined that of the body, that there was a
+radical fault in the termination of the spinal column, and that the
+navel was located falsely with respect to height. As he proceeded he
+convinced me that he was correct; and in defence of this, my most
+cherished idol after the Apollo Belvedere, I only asked the iconoclast
+whether these defects might not have been intentional, in order to make
+the statue appear more natural when looked at in its elevated position
+from below. I subsequently repeated Mr. Powers's criticism of the Venus
+of Milo in the studio of another of our distinguished sculptors, and he
+treated it with great levity, especially when I told him my authority.
+There is a spirit of rivalry among sculptors which does not always
+manifest itself in that courteous and well-bred manner which
+distinguishes the medical faculty, for instance, in their dealings with
+each other. This courtesy is well illustrated by an anecdote I have
+recently heard. A gentleman fell down in a fit, and a physician entering
+saw a man kneeling over the patient and grasping him firmly by the
+throat; whereupon the physician exclaimed, "Why, sir, you are stopping
+the circulation in the jugular vein!" "Sir," replied the other, "I am a
+doctor of medicine." To which the first M.D. remarked, "Ah! I beg your
+pardon," and stood by very composedly until the patient was comfortably
+dead.
+
+While Mr. Powers was conversing with me about the Venus of Milo, there
+entered two Englishwomen dressed very richly in brocades and velvets.
+They seemed very anxious to see everything in the studio, talked in loud
+tones of the various objects of art, passed us, and occupied themselves
+for some time before the statue called California. I heard one of them
+say, "I wonder if there's anybody 'ere that talks Hinglish?" and in the
+same breath she called out to Mr. Powers, "Come 'ere!" He was at work
+that day, and wore his studio costume. I was somewhat surprised to see
+him immediately obey the rude command, and the following conversation
+occurred:
+
+"Do you speak Hinglish?"
+
+"Yes, ma'am."
+
+"What is this statue?"
+
+"It is called California, madam."
+
+"What has she got in 'er 'and?"
+
+"Thorns, madam, in the hand held behind the back; in the other she
+presents the quartz containing the tempting metal."
+
+"Oh!"
+
+We next entered a room where there was another work of the sculptor in
+process of formation. Mr. Powers and myself were engaged in an animated
+and, to me, very agreeable conversation, which was constantly
+interrupted by these ill-bred women, who kept all the time mistaking the
+plaster for the marble, and asked the artist the most pestering
+questions on the _modus operandi_ of sculpturing. I was astonished at
+the marvelous temper of Mr. Powers, who politely and patiently answered
+all their queries. By some lucky chance these women got out of the way
+during our slow progress back to the outer rooms, and I enjoyed Mr.
+Powers's conversation uninterruptedly. He showed me the beautiful baby
+hand in marble, a copy of his daughter's hand when an infant, and had
+just returned it to its shrine when the two women reappeared, and we all
+proceeded together. In the outer room there were several admirable
+busts, upon which these women passed comment freely. One of these busts
+was that of a lady, and they attacked it spitefully. "What an ugly
+face!" "What a mean expression about the mouth!" "Isn't it 'orrible?"
+
+"Who is it?" asked one of them, addressing Mr. Powers.
+
+"That is a portrait of my wife," said the artist modestly.
+
+"Your wife!" repeated one of the women, and then, nothing abashed,
+added, "Who are you?"
+
+"My name is Powers, madam," he answered very politely. This discovery
+evidently disconcerted the impudence even of these visitors, and they
+immediately left the studio.
+
+As the day approached for my departure I visited all my old haunts, and
+dwelt fondly upon scenes which I might never see again. My dear old
+music-master cried when I bade him farewell. Povero maestro! He used to
+think me so good that I was always ashamed of not being a veritable
+angel. I left Florence when
+
+        All the land in flowery squares,
+    Beneath a broad and equal-blowing wind,
+    Smelt of the coming summer.
+
+My last visit was with the maestro to the Cascine, where he gathered me
+a bunch of wild violets--cherished souvenir of a city I love, and of a
+friend whose like I "ne'er may look upon again."
+
+MARIE HOWLAND.
+
+
+
+
+THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.
+
+
+While Philadelphia hibernates in the ice and snow of February, the
+spring season opens in the Southern woods and pastures. The fragrant
+yellow jessamine clusters in golden bugles over shrubs and trees, and
+the sward is enameled with the white, yellow and blue violet. The crocus
+and cowslip, low anemone and colts-foot begin to show, and the land
+brightens with waxy flowers of the huckleberry, set in delicate gamboge
+edging. Yards, greeneries, conservatories breathe a June like fragrance,
+and aviaries are vocal with songsters, mocked outside by the American
+mocking-bird, who chants all night under the full moon, as if day was
+too short for his medley.
+
+New Orleans burgeons with the season. The broad fair avenues, the wide
+boulevards, famed Canal street, are luxuriant with spring life and
+drapery. Dashing equipages glance down the Shell Road with merry
+driving-and picnic-parties. There is boating on the lake, and delicious
+French collations at pleasant resorts, spread by neat-handed mulatto
+waiters speaking a patois of French, English and negro. There spring
+meats and sauces and light French wines allure to enjoyments less
+sensual than the coarser Northern climate affords.
+
+The unrivaled French opera is in season, the forcing house of that
+bright garden of exotics. Other and Northern cities boast of such
+entertainments, but I apprehend they resemble the Simon-Pure much as an
+Englishman's French resembles the native tongue. In New Orleans it is
+the natural, full-flavored article, lively with French taste and talent,
+and for a people instinct with a truer Gallic spirit, perhaps, than that
+of Paris itself. It is antique and colonial, but age and the sea-voyage
+have preserved more distinctly the native _bouquet_ of the wine after
+all grosser flavors have wasted away. The spectacle within the theatre
+on a fine night is brilliant, recherche and French. From side-scene to
+dome, and from gallery after gallery to the gay parquette, glitters the
+bright, shining audience. There are loungers, American and French, blase
+and roue, who in the intervals drink brandy and whisky, or anisette,
+maraschino, curcoa or some other fiery French cordial. The French
+loungers are gesticulatory, and shoulders, arms, fingers, eyes and
+eyebrows help out the tongue's rapid utterance; but they are never rude
+or boisterous. There are belles, pretty French belles, with just a tint
+of deceitless rouge for fashion's sake, and tinkling, crisp, low French
+voices modulated to chime with the music and not disharmonize it; nay,
+rather add to the sweetness of its concord.
+
+And there is the Creole dandy, the small master of the revels. There is
+nothing perfumed in the latest box of bonbons from Paris so exquisite,
+sparkling, racy, French and happy in its own sweet conceit as he is. He
+has hands and feet a Kentucky girl might envy for their shapely delicacy
+and dainty size, cased in the neatest kid and prunella. His hair is
+negligent in the elegantest grace of the perruquier's art, his dress
+fashioned to the very line of fastidious elegance and simplicity, yet a
+simplicity his Creole taste makes unique and attractive. He has the true
+French persiflage, founded on happy content, not the blank indifference
+of the Englishman's disregard. It becomes graceful self-forgetfulness,
+and yet his vanity is French and victorious. In the atmosphere of
+breathing music and faint perfume he looks around the glancing boxes,
+and knows he has but to throw his sultanic handkerchief to have the
+handsomest Circassian in the glowing circle of female beauty. But he
+does not throw it, for all that. His manner plainly says: "Beautiful
+dames, it would do me much of pleasure if I could elope with you all on
+the road of iron, but the _bete noir_, the Moral, will not permit.
+Behold for which, as an opened box of Louvin's perfumeries, I dispense
+my fragrant affection to you all: breathe it and be happy!" Such homage
+he receives with graceful acquiescence, believing his recognition of it
+a sweet fruition to the fair adorers. He accepts it as he does the ices,
+wines and delicate French dishes familiar to his palate. Life is a
+fountain of eau sucree, where everything is sweet to him, and he tries
+to make it so to you, for he is a kindly-natured, true-hearted, valiant
+little French gentleman. His loves, his innocent dissipations, his grand
+passions, his rapier duels, would fill the volumes of a Le Sage or a
+Cervantes. In the gay circles of New Orleans he floats with lambent
+wings and irresistible fine eyes, its serenest butterfly, admired and
+spoiled alike by the French and American element.
+
+At this early spring season a new atom of the latter enters the charmed
+circle, breaking its merry round into other sparkles of foam. A
+well-formed, stately, rather florid gentleman alights at the St.
+Charles, and is ushered into the hospitalities of that elegant
+caravansary. There is something impressive about him, or there would be
+farther North. He is American, from the strong, careless Anglo-Saxon
+face, through all the stalwart bones and full figure, to the strong,
+firm, light step. He will crush through the lepidoptera of this
+half-French society like a silver knife through _Tourtereaux souffles a
+la creme_. He brings letters to this and that citizen, or he is well
+known already, and "coloneled" familiarly by stamp-expectant waiters and
+the courteous master of ceremonies at the clerk's desk. He calls, on his
+bankers, and is received with gracious familiarity in the pleasant
+bank-parlor. Correspondence has made them acquainted with Colonel
+Beverage in the way of business: they are glad to see him in person, and
+will be happy to wait on him. He makes them happy in that way, for they
+do wait upon him satisfactorily. There is a little pleasant interchange
+of news and city gossip, and of something else. There is a crinkling of
+a certain crispy, green foliage, and the colonel withdraws in the midst
+of civilities.
+
+He next appears on Canal street, by and beyond the Clay Monument, with
+occasional pauses at clothiers', and buys his shirts at Moody's, as he
+has probably often sworn not to do, because of its annoyingly frequent
+posters everywhere. He enters jewelers' shops and examines
+trinkets--serpents with ruby eyes curled in gold on beds of golden
+leaves with emerald dews upon them; pearls, pear-shaped and tearlike,
+brought up by swart, glittering divers, seven fathom deep, at Tuticorin
+or in the Persian Gulf; rubies and sapphires mined in Burmese Ava, and
+diamonds from Borneo and Brazil. Is he choosing a bridal present? It
+looks so; but no, he selects a splendid, brilliant solitaire, for which
+he pays eight hundred dollars out of a plethoric purse, and also a
+finger-ring, diamond too, for two hundred and fifty dollars. The
+jewelers are polite, as the bankers were. He must be a large
+cotton-planter, one of a class with whom a fondness for jewels serves as
+a means of dozing away life in a kind of crystallization. He otherwise
+adorns his stately person, till he has a Sublime Porte indeed, the very
+vizier of a fairy tale glittering in barbaric gems and gold. His taste,
+to speak it mildly, is expressed rather than subdued--not to be compared
+with the quiet elegance of your husband or lover, madam or miss, but not
+unsuited to his showy style, for all that. As the crimson-purple,
+plume-like prince's feather has its own royal charm in Southern gardens
+beside the pale and placidlily, so these luxuriant adornments, do not
+misbecome his full and not too fleshy person. There is a certain harmony
+in the Oriental sumptuousness of his attire, like radiant sunsets,
+appropriate to certain styles of man and woman. Let us humble creatures
+be content to have our portraits done in crayon, but the colonel calls
+for the color-box.
+
+So adorned and radiant, this variety of the American aloe floats into
+the charmed circle of New Orleans society--that lively, sparkling
+epitome and relic of the old regime. He has good letters and a fair
+name, and mingles in the Mystick Krewe, that curious club, possible
+nowhere else, that has raised mummery into the sphere of aesthetics.
+Perhaps he has worn the gray, perhaps the blue. It is only in the very
+arcana of exclusive passion it makes much difference. But gray or blue,
+or North or South in birth, he is in every essential a Southerner, as
+many, like S.S. Prentiss, curiously independent of nativity, are. He is
+well received and courteously entreated. He has his little suppers at
+Moreau's, and knows the ways of the place and names of the waiters. He
+has his promenades, his drives, his club visits, is seen everywhere--a
+brilliant convolvulus now, twining the espaliers of that Saracenic
+fabric of society; to speak architecturally, its very summer-house. He
+visits the opera and gives it his frank approval, but confesses a
+preference for the old plantation-melodies. He crushes through the
+meshes of the Creole dandies, not offensively, but as the law of his
+volume and momentum dictates, and they yield the _pas_ to his superior
+weight and metal. They are civil, and he is civil, but they do not like
+one another, for all that. That Zodiac passed, they continue their own
+summery orbit of charm and conquest. He tends toward the aureal spheres
+and the green and pleasant banks of issue. The colonel is not here for
+pleasure, though he takes a little pleasure, as is his way, seasonably;
+but he means business, and that several thirsty, eager cotton-houses of
+repute know.
+
+Of course they know. It came in his letters and distills in the aroma of
+his talk. It may even have slipped into the personals of the _Pic_ and
+_Times_ that Colonel Beverage has taken Millefleur and Rottenbottom
+plantations on Red River, and is going extensively into the cultivation
+of the staple. The colonel is modest over this: "not extensively, no,
+but to the extent of his limited means." In the mean while he looks out
+for some sound, well-recommended cotton-house.
+
+This means business. In the North the farmer raises his crop on his own
+capital, and turns it over unencumbered to the merchant for the public.
+The credit system prevails in the agriculture of the South, and brings
+another precarious element into the already hazardous occupation of
+cotton-growing. A new party appears in the cotton-merchant. He is not
+merely the broker, yielding the proceeds, less a commission, to the
+planter. Either, by hypothecation on advances made during the year, he
+secures a legal pre-emption in the crop, or, by initiatory contract, he
+becomes an actual partner of limited liability in the crop itself. He
+agrees to furnish so much cash capital at periods for the cultivation
+and securing of the crop, which is husbanded by the planter. The money
+for these advances he obtains from the banks; and hence it is that in
+every cotton-crop raised South there are three or more principals
+actually interested--the banker, the merchant and the planter. This
+condition of planting is almost invariable. Even the small farmer, whose
+crop is a few bags, is ground into it. In his case the country-side
+grocer and dealer is banker and merchant, and his advances the bare
+necessaries. In this blending of interests the curious partnership
+rises, thrives, labors and sometimes falls--the planter, as a rule,
+undermost in that accident.
+
+The Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations are famous, and a hand well
+over the crops raised under such shrewd, experienced management as that
+of Colonel Beverage is a stroke of policy. Therefore, as the bankers and
+jewelers have been polite, so now the cotton-merchants are civil; but
+the colonel is shy--an old bird and a game bird.
+
+Shy, but not suspicious. He chooses his own time, and at an early day
+walks into the business-house of Negocier & Duthem. They are pleased to
+see the colonel in the way of business, as they have been in society,
+and the pleasure is mutual. As he expounds his plans they are more and
+more convinced that he is a plumy bird of much waste feather.
+
+He has taken Rottenbottom and Millefleur, and is going pretty well
+into cotton. He thinks he understands it: he ought to. Then he
+has his own capital--an advantage, certainly. Some of his friends,
+So-and-so--running over commercial and bankable names easily--have
+suggested the usual co-operation with some reputable house, and an
+extension, but he believes He will stay within limits. He has five
+thousand dollars in cash he wishes to deposit with some good firm for
+the year's supplies. He believes that will be sufficient, and he has
+called to hear their terms. All this comes not at once, but here and
+there in the business-conversation.
+
+The reader will perceive one strong bait carelessly thrown out by the
+auriferous or folliferous colonel--the five thousand dollars cash in
+hand. The immediate use of that is a strong incentive to the house. They
+covet the colonel's business: they think well of the proposed extension.
+Cotton is sure to be up, and under practical, experienced cultivation
+must yield a handsome fortune. The result is foreseen. The cotton-house
+and the colonel enter into the usual agreement of such transactions. The
+colonel leaves his five thousand dollars, and draws on that, and for as
+much more as may be necessary in securing the crop.
+
+The commercial reader North who has had no dealings South will smile at
+the credulous merchant who entrusts his credit to such a full-blown,
+thirsty tropical pitcher-plant as the colonel, who carries childish
+extravagances in his very dress; but he will judge hastily. We have seen
+this gaudy efflorescence pass over the curiously-wrought enameled
+gold-work, opals, pearls and rubies, and adorn himself with solid
+diamonds. The careful economist North puts his superfluous thousands in
+government bonds, or gambles them away in Erie stocks, because he likes
+the increase of Jacob's speckled sheep. The Southerner invests his in
+diamonds because he likes show, and diamonds have a pretty steady market
+value. There is method, too, in the colonel's associations, and all his
+acquaintance is gilt-edged and bankable.
+
+His business is now done, and he does not tarry, but wings his way to
+Millefleur and Rottenbottom, where he moults all his fine feathers. He
+goes into fertilizers, beginning with crushed cotton-seed and barnyard
+manure, if possible, before February is over. He follows the
+shovel-plough with a slick-jack, and plants, and then the labor begins
+to fail him. He talks about importing Chinese, and writes about it in
+the local paper. He is sure it will do, as he is positive in all his
+opinions. He is true pluck, and tries to make new machinery make up for
+deficient labor. He buys "bull-tongues," "cotton-shovels," "fifteen-inch
+sweeps," "twenty-inch sweeps," "team-ploughs with seven-inch twisters,"
+and a "finishing sweep of twenty-six inches." He hears of other
+inventions, and orders them. The South is flooded with a thousand quack
+contrivances now, about as applicable to cotton-raising as a pair of
+nut-crackers; but the colonel buys them. He is going to dispense with
+the hoe. That is the plan; and by that plan of furnishing a large
+plantation with new tools before Lent is over the five thousand dollars
+are gone. But he writes cheerfully. It is his nature to be sanguine, and
+to hope loudly, vaingloriously; and he writes it honestly enough to his
+merchant--and draws. The labor gets worse and worse. In the indolent
+summer days the negro, careless, thriftless, ignorant, works only at
+intervals. Perhaps the June rise catches him, and there is a heavy
+expense in ditching and damming to save the Rottenbottom crop. Maybe the
+merchant hears of the army-worm and is alarmed, but the colonel writes
+back assuring letters that it is only the grasshopper, and the
+grasshopper has helped more than hurt--and draws. Then possibly the
+army-worm comes sure enough, and cripples him. But he keeps up his
+courage--and draws. The five thousand dollars appear to have been
+employed in digging or building a sluice through which a constant
+current of currency flows from the city to Rottenbottom and Millefleur.
+The merchant has gone into bank, and the tide flows on. At last the
+planter writes: "The most magnificent crop ever raised on Red River,
+just waiting for the necessary hands to gather it in!" Of course the
+necessary sums are supplied, and at last the crop gets to market. It
+finds the market low, and declining steadily week by week. The banks
+begin to press: money is tight, as it is now while I write. The crop is
+sacrificed, for the merchant cannot wait, and some fine morning the
+house of Negocier & Duthem is closed, and Colonel Beverage is bankrupt.
+
+And both are ruined? No. We will suppose the business-house is old and
+reputable: the banks are obliging and creditors prudently liberal, and
+by and by the firm resumes its old career. As for the colonel, the
+reader sees that to ruin him would be an absolute contradiction of
+nature. His friends or relations give him assistance, or he sells his
+diamonds, and soon you meet him at the St. Charles, as blooming,
+sanguine and splendiferous as ever. No, he cannot be ruined, but his is
+not an infrequent episode in the life of a Southern Planter.
+
+WILL WALLACE HARNEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+BABES IN THE WOOD.
+
+    I had two little babes, a boy and girl--
+      Two little babes that are not with me now:
+    On one bright brow full golden fell the curl--
+      The curl fell chestnut-brown on one bright brow.
+
+    I like to dream of them that some soft day,
+      Whilst wandering from home, their fitful feet
+    Went heedlessly through some still woodland way
+      Where light and shade harmoniously meet;
+
+    And that they wandered deeper and more deep
+      Into the forest's fragrant heart and fair,
+    Till just at evenfall they dropped asleep,
+      And ever since they have been resting there.
+
+    After their willful wandering that day
+      Each is so tired it does not wake at all,
+    Whilst over them the boughs that sigh and sway
+      Conspire to make perpetual evenfall.
+
+    And I, that must not join them, still am blest,
+      Passionately, though this poor heart grieves;
+    For memories, like birds, at my behest,
+      Have covered them with tender thoughts, like leaves.
+
+EDGAR FAWCETT.
+
+
+
+
+MY CHARGE ON THE LIFE-GUARDS.
+
+
+Now that our little international troubles about consequential damages
+and the like are happily settled, and there is no danger that my
+revelations will augment them in any degree, I think I may venture to
+give the particulars of an affair of honor which I once had with a
+gigantic member of Her Britannic Majesty's household troops.
+
+My guardian had a special veneration for England in general and for
+Oxford in particular, and I was brought up and sent to Yale with the
+full understanding that St. Bridget's, Oxon., was the place where I was
+to be "finished." I left Yale at the end of Junior year and crossed the
+ocean in the crack steamer of the then famous Collins line. I do not
+believe any young American ever had a more favorable introduction to
+England than I had, and the wonder is that, considering the
+philo-Anglican atmosphere in which I was educated, I did not become a
+thorough-paced renegade. I was, however, blessed with a tolerably
+independent spirit, and kept my nationality intact throughout my
+university course.
+
+Like Tom Brown, I felt myself drawn to the sporting set, and, as I was
+always an adept at athletics, soon won repute as an oarsman, and was
+well satisfied to be looked upon as the Yankee champion sundry amateur
+rowing-and boxing-matches, as well as in the lecture-room. Of course, I
+was the mark for no end of good-natured chaff about my nationality, but
+was nearly always able, I believe, to sustain the honor of the American
+name, and so at length graduated in the "firsts" as to scholarship, and
+enjoyed the distinguished honor of pulling number four in the "'Varsity
+eight" in our annual match with Cambridge on the Thames. Moreover, I
+stood six feet in my stockings, had the muscle of a gladiator, and was
+physically the equal of any man at Oxford.
+
+After the race was over my special cronies hung about London for a few
+days, usually making that classical "cave" of Evans's a rendezvous in
+the evening. Two or three young officers of the Guards were often with
+us, and one night, when the talk had turned, as it often did, on
+personal prowess, the superb average physique of their regiment was duly
+lauded by our soldier companions. At length one of them remarked, in
+that aggravatingly superior tone which some Englishmen assume, that any
+man in his troop could handle any two of the then present company. This
+provoked a general laugh of incredulity, and two or three of our college
+set turned to me with--"What do you say to that, Jonathan?"
+
+"Nonsense!" said I. "I'll put on the gloves with the biggest fellow
+among them, any day."
+
+This somewhat democratic readiness to spar with a private soldier led to
+remarks which I chose to consider insular, if not insolent, and I
+replied, supporting the principle of Yankee equality, until, losing my
+temper at something which one of the ensigns said, I delivered myself in
+some such fashion as this: "Well, gentlemen, I'm only one Yankee among
+many Englishmen, but I will bet a hundred guineas, and put up the money,
+that I will tumble one of those mighty warriors out of his saddle in
+front of the Horse Guards, and ride off on his horse before the guard
+can turn out and stop me."
+
+Of course my bet was instantly taken by the officers, but my friends
+were so astounded at my rashness that I found no backers. However, my
+blood was up, and, possibly because Evans's bitter beer was buzzing
+slightly in my head, I booked several more bets at large odds in my own
+favor. As the hour was late, we separated with an agreement to meet and
+arrange details on the following day, keeping the whole affair strictly
+secret meanwhile.
+
+I confess that my feelings were not of the pleasantest as I sat at my
+late London breakfast somewhere about noon the next day, and I was fain
+to admit to my special friend that I had put myself in an awkward, if
+not an unenviable, position. However, I was in for it, and being
+naturally of an elastic temperament, began to cast about for a cheerful
+view of my undertaking. In the course of the day preliminaries were
+arranged and reduced to writing with all the care which Englishmen
+practice in such affairs of "honor." I only stipulated that I should be
+allowed to use a stout walking-stick in my encounter; that I should be
+kept informed as to the detail for guard; that I should be freely
+allowed to see the regiment at drill and in quarters; and that I should
+select my time of attack within a fortnight, giving a few hours' notice
+to all parties concerned, so as to ensure their presence as witnesses.
+
+Every one who has ever visited London has seen and admired the gigantic
+horsemen who sit on mighty black steeds, one on either side of the
+archway facing Whitehall, and who are presumed at once to guard the
+commander-in-chief's head-quarters and to serve as "specimen bricks" of
+the finest cavalry corps in the world. Splendid fellows they are! None
+of them are under six feet high, and many of them are considerably above
+that mark. They wear polished steel corselets and helmets, white
+buck-skin trowsers, high jack-boots, and at the time of which I write
+their arms consisted of a brace of heavy, single-barreled pistols in
+holsters, a carbine and a sabre. The firearms were, under ordinary
+circumstances, not loaded, and the sabre was held at a "carry" in the
+right hand. This last was the weapon against which I must guard, and I
+accordingly placed a traveling cap and a coat in the hands of a discreet
+tailor, who sewed steel bands into the crown of one and into the
+shoulders of the other, in such a way as afforded very efficient
+protection against a possible downward cut.
+
+Besides attending to these defensive preparations, I at once looked
+about for a competent horseman with military experience who could give
+me some practical hints as to encounters between infantry and cavalry,
+and, singularly enough, was thrown in with that gallant young officer
+who rode into immortality in front of the Light Brigade at Balaklava a
+few years afterward. I learned that he was a superb horseman, was down
+upon the English system of cavalry training, and was using pen and
+tongue to bring about a change. A sudden inspiration led me to take him
+into my confidence, as the terms of our agreement permitted me to do. He
+caught the idea with enthusiasm. What an argument it would be in favor
+of his new system if a mere civilian unhorsed a Guardsman trained after
+the old fashion! For a week he drilled me more or less every day in
+getting him off his horse in various ways, and I speedily became a
+proficient in the art, he meanwhile gaining some new ideas on the
+subject, which were duly printed in his well-known book.
+
+Well, to make my story short, I gave notice to interested parties on the
+tenth day, put on my steel-ribbed cap and my armor-plated coat, and with
+stick in hand walked over to a hairdresser's with whom I had previously
+communicated, had my complexion darkened to a Spanish olive, put on a
+false beard, and was ready for service. I had arranged with this
+tonsorial artist, whose shop was in the Strand near Northumberland
+House, that he should be prepared to remove these traces of disguise as
+speedily as he had put them on, and that I should leave a stylish coat
+and hat in his charge, to be donned in haste should occasion require. I
+next engaged two boys to stand opposite Northumberland House, and be
+ready to hold a horse. These boys I partially paid beforehand, and
+promised more liberal largess if they did their duty. Preliminaries
+having been thus arranged, I strolled down Whitehall, feeling very much
+as I did years afterward when I found myself going into action for the
+first time in Dixie.
+
+It was early afternoon on a lovely spring day. The Strand was a roaring
+stream of omnibuses and drays, carriages were beginning to roll along
+the drives leading to Rotten Row, and all London was in the streets. I
+was assured that at this hour I should find a big but father clumsy
+giant on post; and there he was, sure enough, sitting like a colossal
+statue on his coal-black charger, the crest of his helmet almost
+touching the keystone of the arch under which he sat, his accoutrements
+shining like jewels, and he looking every inch a British cavalryman. I
+walked past on the opposite side of Whitehall, meeting, without being
+recognized, all my aiders and abettors in this most heinous attack on
+Her Majesty's Guards. I then crossed the street and took a good look at
+my man. He and his companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of
+officers in "mufti" on the opposite sidewalk, and kept their eyes
+immovably to the front. Evidently nothing much short of an earthquake
+could cause either to relax a muscle. The little circle of admiring
+beholders which is always on hand inspecting these splendid horsemen was
+present, of course, with varying elements, and I had to wait a few
+minutes until a small number of innocuous spectators coincided with the
+aphelion of the periodical policeman.
+
+It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate that tower of polished
+leather, brass and steel, with a man inside of it some forty pounds
+heavier than I, and think that in a minute or so we two should be
+engaged in a close grapple, whose termination involved considerable risk
+for me physically as well as pecuniarily. However, there was, in
+addition to the feeling of apprehension, a touch of elation at the
+thought that I, a lone Yankee, was about to beard the British lion in
+his most formidable shape, almost under the walls of Buckingham Palace.
+
+I looked my antagonist carefully over, deciding several minor points in
+my mind, and then at a favorable moment stepped quietly within striking
+distance, and delivered a sharp blow with my stick on his left instep,
+as far forward as I could without hitting the stirrup. The man seemed to
+be in a sort of military trance, for he never winced. Quick as thought,
+I repeated the blow, and this time the fellow fairly yelled with rage,
+astonishment and pain. I have since made up my mind that his nerve-fibre
+must have been of that inert sort which transmits waves of sensation but
+slowly, so that the perception of the first blow reached the interior of
+his helmet just about as the second descended. At all events, he jerked
+back his foot, and somehow, between the involuntary contraction of his
+flexor muscles from pain and the glancing of my stick, his foot slipped
+from the stirrup. This, as I had learned from my instructor, was a great
+point gained, and in an instant I had him by the ankle and by the top of
+his jack-boot, doubling his leg, at the same time heaving mightily
+upward.
+
+As I gave my whole strength to the effort I was dimly aware of screams
+and panic among the nursery--maids and children who were but a moment
+before my fellow-spectators. At the same time I caught the flash of the
+Guardsman's sabre as he cut down at me after the fashion prescribed in
+the broadsword exercise. Fortune, however, did not desert me. My
+antagonist had not enough elbow-room, and his sword-point was shivered
+against the stone arch overhead, the blade descending flatways and
+harmlessly upon my well-protected shoulder just as, with a final effort,
+I tumbled him out his saddle.
+
+The recollection of the ludicrous figure which that Guardsman cut haunts
+me still. His pipeclayed gloves clutched wildly at holster and cantle as
+he went over. Down came the gleaming helmet crashing upon the pavement,
+and with a calamitous rattle and bang the whole complicated structure of
+corselet, scabbard, carbine, cross-belts, spurs and boots went into the
+inside corner of the archway, a helpless heap.
+
+That started the horse. The noble animal had stood my assault as
+steadily as if he had been cast in bronze, but precisely such an
+emergency as this had never been contemplated in his training, as it had
+not in that of his master, and he now started forward rather wildly. I
+had my hand on the bridle before he had moved a foot, and swung myself
+half over his back as he dashed across the sidewalk and up Whitehall.
+The Guards' saddles are very easy when once you are in them, and I had
+reason, temporarily at least, to approve the English style of riding
+with short stirrups, for I readily found my seat, and ascertained that I
+could touch bottom with my toes. As I left the scene of my victory
+behind me I heard the guards turning out, and caught a glimpse as of all
+London running in my direction, but by the time that I had secured the
+control of my horse I had distanced the crowd, and as we entered the
+Strand we attracted comparatively little notice. In driving, the English
+turn out to the left instead of to the right, as is the custom here, and
+I was obliged to cross the westward-bound line of vehicles before I
+could fall in with that which would bring me to my boys. I decided to
+make a "carom" of it, and nearly took the heads off a pair of horses,
+and the pole off the omnibus to which they were attached, as I dashed
+through. Turning to the right, I soon lost the torrent of invective
+hurled after me by the driver and conductor of the discomfited 'bus, and
+in less than two minutes--which seemed to me an age, for the pursuit was
+drawing near--I reached my boys, dropped them a half sov. apiece, which
+I had ready in my hand, and bolted for my hairdresser's, the boys
+leading the horse in the opposite direction, as previously ordered.
+
+It was none too soon, for as I ran up stairs I saw three or four
+policemen running toward the horse, and there was a gleam of dancing
+plumes and shining helmets toward Whitehall. My false beard and
+complexion were changed with marvelous rapidity, and, assuming my
+promenade costume, I sauntered down stairs and out upon the sidewalk in
+time to see the whole street jammed with a crowd of excited Britons,
+while the recaptured horse was turned over to the Guardsmen, and the two
+boys were marched off to Bow street for examination before a magistrate.
+
+A private room and an elaborate dinner at the United Service Club
+closed the day; and I must admit that my military friends swallowed
+their evident chagrin with a very good grace. Of course I was told that
+I could not do it again, which I readily admitted; and that there was
+not another man in the troop whom I could have unhorsed--an assertion
+which I as persistently combated. The affair was officially hushed up,
+and probably not more than a few thousand people ever heard of it
+outside military circles.
+
+How I escaped arrest and punishment to the extent of the law I did not
+know for many years, for the duke of Wellington, who was then
+commander-in-chief, had only to order the officers concerned under
+arrest, and I should have been in honor bound to come forward with a
+voluntary confession.
+
+My giant was sent for to the old duke's private room the day after his
+overthrow, and questioned sharply by the adjutant, who, with pardonable
+incredulity, suspected that bribery alone could have brought about so
+direful a catastrophe. The duke was from the first convinced of the
+soldier's, honesty and bravery, and presently broke in upon the
+adjutant's examination with--"Well, well! speak to me now. What have you
+to say for yourself?"
+
+"May it please yer ludship," said the undismayed soldier, "I've never
+fought a civilian sence I 'listed, an' yer ludship will bear me witness
+that there's nothing in the cavalry drill about resisting a charge of
+foot when a mon's on post at the Horse Guards."
+
+This speech was delivered with the most perfect sincerity and sobriety,
+and although it reflected upon the efficiency of the army under the hero
+of Waterloo, the Iron Duke was so much impressed by the affair that he
+sent word to Lieutenant-Colonel Varian, commanding the regiment, not to
+order the man any punishment whatever, but to see that his command was
+thereafter trained in view of possible attacks, even when posted in
+front of army head-quarters.
+
+CHARLES L. NORTON.
+
+
+
+
+PAINTING AND A PAINTER.
+
+
+Charles V. once said, "Titian should be served by Caesar;" and Michael
+Angelo, we read, was treated by Lorenzo de' Medici "as a son;" Raphael,
+his contemporary, was great enough to revere him, and thank God he had
+lived at the same time. In England, in France, in Germany, in Italy, in
+Spain at this day, the poet and the painter stand hedged about by the
+divinity of their gifts, and the people are proud to recognize their
+kingship.
+
+Has "Reverence, that angel of the world," as Shakespeare beautifully
+says, forgot to visit America? Or must we consider ourselves less
+capable yet of delicate appreciation, such as older nations possess? Or
+are we over-occupied in gaining possession of material comforts and
+luxuries, and so forget to revere our poets and painters till it is too
+late, and the curtain has fallen upon their unobtrusive and often
+struggling earthly career? What a millennium will have arrived when we
+learn to be as _faithful_ to our love as we are sincere!
+
+Questions like these have been asked also in times preceding ours.
+Alfred de Musset wrote upon this subject in 1833, in Paris: "There are
+people who tell you our age is preoccupied, that men no longer read
+anything or care for anything. Napoleon was occupied, I think, at
+Beresina: he, however, had his _Ossian_ with him. When did Thought lose
+the power of being able to leap into the saddle behind Action? When did
+man forget to rush like Tyrtaeus to the combat, a sword in one hand, the
+lyre in the other? Since the world still has a body, it has a soul."
+
+Monsieur Charles Blanc writes: "In order to have an idea of the
+importance of the arts, it is enough to fancy what the great nations of
+the world would be if the monuments they have erected to their faiths,
+and the works whereon they have left the mark of their genius, were
+suppressed from history. It is with people as with men--after death only
+the emanations of their mind remain; that is to say, literature and art,
+written poems, and poems inscribed on stone, in marble or in color."
+
+The same writer, in his admirable book, _Grammaire des arts du dessin,_
+from which we are tempted to quote again and again, says: "The artist
+who limits himself simply to the imitation of Nature reaches only
+_individuality_: he is a slave. He who interprets Nature sees in her
+happy qualities; he evolves _character_ from her; he is master. The
+artist who idealizes her discovers in her or imprints upon her the image
+of _beauty_: this last is a great master.... Placed between Nature and
+the ideal, between what is and what must be, the artist has a vast
+career before him in order to pass from the reality he sees to the
+beauty he divines. If we follow him in this career, we see his model
+transform itself successively before his eyes.... But the artist must
+give to these creations of his soul the imprint of life, and he can only
+find this imprint in the individuals Nature has created. The two are
+inseparable--the type, which is a product of thought, and the
+individual, which is a child of life."
+
+With this excellent analysis before us, we will recall one by one some
+of the best-known and most interesting works of W.M. Hunt, a painter who
+now holds a prominent place among the artists of America. We will try to
+discover by careful observation if the high gifts of Verity and
+Imagination, the sign and seal of the true artist, really belong to him:
+if so, where these qualities are expressed, and what value we should set
+upon them.
+
+First, perhaps, for those readers remote from New England who may never
+have seen any pictures by this artist, a few words should be said by way
+of describing some characteristics of his work and the limitations of
+it; which limitations are rather loudly dwelt upon by connoisseurs and
+lovers of the popular modern French school. Artists discern these
+limitations of course more keenly even than others, but their tribute to
+verity and ideal beauty as represented by this painter is too sincere to
+allow caviling to find expression. This limitation to which we refer
+causes Mr. Hunt to allow _ideal suggestions_, rather than pictures, to
+pass from his studio, and makes him cowardly before his own work. It
+recalls in a contrary sense that saying of the sculptor Puget: "The
+marble trembles before me." Mr. Hunt trembles before his new-born idea.
+His swift nature has allowed him in the first hour of work to put into
+his picture the tenderness or rapture, the unconscious grace or
+tempestuous force, which he despaired at first of ever being able to
+express. In the flush of success he stops: he has it, the idea; the
+chief interest of the subject is portrayed before him; the delicate
+presence (and what can be more delicate than the thoughts he has
+delineated?) is there, and may vanish if touched in a less fortunate
+moment. But is this lack of fulfillment in the artist entirely without
+precedent or parallel? Had not Sir Joshua Reynolds a studio full of
+young artists who "finished off" his pictures? Were not the very faces
+themselves painted with such rapidity and want of proper method as to
+drop off, on occasion, entirely from the canvas, as in case of the boy's
+head, in being carried through the street? Hunt is of our own age, and
+would scorn the suggestion of having a hand or a foot painted for him,
+as if it were a matter of small importance what individual expression a
+hand or a foot should wear; but who can tell for what future age he has
+painted the wise, abrupt, kind, persistent, simple, strong old Judge in
+his Yankee coat; or the genial, resolute, hopeful, self-sacrificing
+governor of Massachusetts; and the Master of the boys, with his keen,
+loving, uncompromising face? These are pictures that, when children say,
+"Tell us about the Governor who helped Massachusetts bring her men first
+into the field during our war," we may lead them up before and reply,
+"He was this man!" So also with the portraits of the Judge, of the
+Master of the boys, of the old man with clear eyes and firm mouth, and
+that sweet American girl standing, unconscious of observation, plucking
+at the daisy in her hat and guessing at her fate.
+
+Hurry, impatience and a worship of crude thought are characteristics of
+our present American life. Hunt is one of us. If these faults mark and
+mar his work, they show him also to be a child of the time. His quick
+sympathies are caught by the wayside and somewhat frayed out among his
+fellows; but nevertheless one essential of a great painter, that of
+_Verity_, will be accorded to him after an examination of the pictures
+we have mentioned.
+
+But truth, character, skill, the many gifts and great labor which must
+unite to lead an artist to the foot of his shadowy, sun-crowned
+mountain, can then carry him no step farther unless ideal Beauty join
+him, and he comprehend her nature and follow to her height. Again we
+quote from Charles Blanc--for why should we rewrite what he says so
+ably?--"All the germs of beauty are in Nature, but it belongs to the
+spirit of man alone to disengage them. When Nature is beautiful, the
+painter _knows_ that she is beautiful, but Nature knows nothing of it.
+Thus beauty exists only on the condition of being understood--that is to
+say, of receiving a second life in the human thought. Art has something
+else to do than to copy Nature exactly: it must penetrate into the
+spirit of things, it must evoke the soul of its hero. It can then not
+only rival Nature, but surpass her. What is indeed the superiority of
+Nature? It is the life which animates all her forms. But man possesses a
+treasure which Nature does not possess--thought. Now thought is more
+than life, for it is life at its highest power, life in its glory. Man
+can then contest with Nature by manifesting thought in the forms of art,
+as Nature manifests life in her forms. In this sense the philosopher
+Hegel was able to say that the creations of art were truer than the
+phenomena of the physical world and the realities of history."
+
+Now, thought in the soul of the true artist for ever labors to evolve
+the beautiful. This is what the thought of a picture means to him--how
+to express beauty, which he finds underlying even the imperfect
+individual of Nature's decaying birth. To the high insight this is
+always discernible. None are so fallen that some ray of God's light may
+not touch them, and this possibility, the faith in light for ever,
+radiates from the spirit of the artist, and renders him a messenger of
+joy. No immortal works have bloomed in despondency: they may have taken
+root in the slime of the earth, but they have blossomed into lilies.
+
+We call this divine power to discern beauty in every manifestation of
+the Deity, imagination. As it expresses itself in painting, it is so
+closely allied with what is highest and holiest in our natures that
+painting has come to be esteemed a Christian art, as contrasted in its
+development subsequent to the Christian era with the less human works of
+sculpture. "Christianity came, and instead of physical beauty
+substituted moral beauty, infinitely preferring the expression of the
+soul to the perfection of the body. Every man was great in its eyes, not
+by his perishable members, but by his immortal soul. With this religion
+begins the reign of painting, which is a more subtle art, more
+immaterial, than the others--more expressive, and also more individual.
+We will give some proofs of it. Instead of acting, like architecture and
+sculpture, upon the three dimensions of heavy matter, painting acts only
+upon one surface, and produces its effects with an imponderable thing,
+which is color--that is to say, light. Hegel has said with admirable
+wisdom: 'In sculpture and architecture forms are rendered visible by
+exterior light. In painting, on the contrary, matter, obscure in itself,
+has within itself its internal element, its ideal--light: it draws from
+itself both clearness and obscurity. Now, unity, the combination of
+light and dark, is color.' The painter, then, proposes to himself to
+represent, not bodies with their real thickness, but simply their
+appearance, their image; but by this means it is the mind which he
+addresses. Visible but impalpable, and in some sense immaterial, his
+work does not meet the touch, which is the sight of the body: it only
+meets the eye, which is the touch of the soul. Painting is then, from
+this point of view, the essential art of Christianity.... If the
+painter, like Phidias or Lysippus, had only to portray the types of
+humanity, the majesty of Jupiter, the strength of Hercules, he might do
+without the riches of color, and paint in one tone, modified only by
+light and shade; but the most heroic man among Christians is not a
+demigod: he is a being profoundly individual, tormented, combating,
+suffering, and who throughout his real life shares with environing
+Nature, and receives from every side the reflection of her colors.
+Sculpture, generalizing, raises itself to the dignity of
+allegory--painting, individualizing, descends to the familiarity of
+portraiture."
+
+Let us now return to consider William Hunt's pictures from this second
+point of view. The gift of Verity having been already assumed, can we
+also discern that higher power of Imagination whose crown and seal is
+the Beautiful. To decide this question we have, unhappily, to consider
+his work as lyrical, rather than dramatic, and for this reason we must
+study his power under disadvantage. That he possesses dramatic power
+will hardly be denied by those who know his "Hamlet," "The Drummer-Boy,"
+and "The Boy and the Butterfly;" but the exigencies of life appear to
+prevent him from occupying himself with compositions such as filled
+years in the existence of the old painters.
+
+Portraiture being the highest and most difficult labor to which an
+artist can aspire, to this branch of art Hunt has chiefly confined
+himself, and from this point of view he must be studied. We do not
+forget, in saying this, his angel with the flaming torch, strong and
+beautiful and of unearthly presence, nor the shadowy, half-portrayed
+figures which dart and flit across his easel; but as we may
+_understand_ the power of Titian from his portraits, yet never
+revel in it fully until we look upon "The Presentation" or "The
+Assumption"--never comprehend the painter's joy or his divine rest in
+endeavor until the achievement lies before us--we must speak of Hunt
+only from the work to which he has devoted himself, and not do him the
+injustice to predict dramas he has never yet composed.
+
+First, pre-eminently appears that worship for moral beauty which suffers
+him to fear no ugliness. This power allies him with keen sympathy to
+every living thing. He sees kinship and the immortal spark in each
+breathing being. The soul of love goes out and paints the dark or the
+suffering or the repellant faithfully, bringing it in to the light where
+God's sunshine may fall upon it, and men and women, seeing for the first
+time, may help to wipe away the stain. This tendency he shares with the
+great French painter Millet, whom he loves to call Master, and with
+Dore, whose terrible picture of "The Mountebanks" should call men and
+women from their homes to penetrate the fastnesses of vice and strive to
+heal the sorrows of their kind.
+
+This love of moral beauty, which forces painters to paint such pictures,
+was never in any age more evident. Hunt in his beggar-man, in his
+forlorn children, and other pictures of the same class, unfolds a beauty
+that men should be thankful for.
+
+On the other hand, his love of beauty and his power of expressing it
+should be studied in its _direct_ influence. The beauty of flesh and
+blood, even the loveliness of children, seems to have slight hold upon
+him, compared with the significance of character and the lustre with
+which his imagination endows everything. This lustre is a distinguishing
+power with him. The depth to which he sees and feels causes him to give
+higher lights and deeper shadows than other men. White flowers are not
+only white to him--they shine like stars. His pictures give a sense of
+splendor.
+
+In his sketch of the poor mother cuddling her child, it is the feeling
+of rest, the mother's sleeping joy, the relaxed limbs, the folding
+embrace, which he has given us to enjoy. These are the beauty of the
+picture--not rounded flesh, nor graceful curves, nor fair complexion;
+and so with the singing-girls: they are not beautiful girls, but they
+are simple--they love to sing, they are full of tenderness and music. We
+might go over all his pictures to weariness in this way. The young girl
+plucking at the daisy as she stands in an open field must, however, not
+be omitted. The natural elegance of this portrait renders it peculiarly,
+we should say, such a one as any woman would be proud to see of herself.
+Doubtless this young girl, like others, may have worn ear-rings and
+chains and pins and rings, but the artist knew her better than she knew
+herself, and has portrayed that exquisite crown of simplicity with
+which, it should seem, Nature only endows beggars and her royal
+favorites.
+
+In all the ages since Hamlet was created there appears never to have
+been an era in which his character has excited such strong and universal
+interest as in America at this time. William Hunt has thrown upon the
+canvas a figure of Hamlet beautiful and living. There is no suggestion
+of any actor in it. Hamlet walks new-born from the painter's brain. His
+"cursed spite" bends the youthful shoulders, and the figure marches past
+unmindful of terrestrial presences.
+
+One other picture will illustrate more clearly, perhaps, than everything
+which has gone before, this gift of imagination. In "The Boy and the
+Butterfly," now on the walls of the Century Club-house, the loveliness
+of the child, the power of action, the subtle management of color and
+light, are all subordinated to the ideas of defeat and endeavor. Energy,
+the irrepressible strength of the spirit upheld by a divine light of
+indestructible youth, shines out from the canvas. The boy who cannot
+catch the butterfly is transmuted as we stand into the Soul of Beauty
+reaching out in vain for satisfaction, and ready to follow its
+aspiration to another sphere.
+
+
+
+
+OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.
+
+WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.
+
+
+German literature, despite its extraordinary productiveness and its
+possession of a few great masterpieces, is far from being rich in the
+department of belles-lettres, especially in works of fiction. It has no
+list of novelists like those which include such names as Fielding, Scott
+and Thackeray, Balzac, Hugo and Sand. In fact, there is scarcely an
+instance of a male writer in Germany who has devoted himself exclusively
+to this branch of literature, and has won high distinction in it. It has
+been cultivated with success chiefly by a few writers of the other sex,
+whose delineations have gained a popularity in America only less than
+that which they enjoy at home--in part because the life which they
+depict has closer internal analogies to our own than to that of England
+or of France, still more perhaps because the pictures themselves,
+whatever their intrinsic fidelity, are suffused with a romantic glow
+which has long since faded from those of the thoroughly realistic art
+now dominant in the two latter countries.
+
+In none of them is this characteristic more apparent than in the works
+of Wilhelmine von Hillern, which bear also in a marked degree the stamp
+of a mind at once vigorous and sympathetic, and are thus calculated to
+awaken the interest of readers in regard to the author's personal
+history.
+
+Her father, Doctor Christian Birch, a Dane by birth and originally a
+diplomatist by profession, held for many years the post of secretary of
+legation at London and Paris. He withdrew from this career on the
+occasion of his marriage with a German lady connected with the stage in
+the triple capacity of author, manager and actress. Madame
+Birch-Pfeiffer, as she is commonly called, was one of the celebrities of
+her time, and her dramatic productions still keep possession of the
+stage. Soon after the birth of her daughter, which took place at Munich,
+she was invited to assume the direction of the theatre of Zurich. Here
+Wilhelmine passed several years of her childhood, separated from her
+father, whose engagements as a political writer retained him in Germany,
+and scarcely less divided from her mother, whose duties at this period
+did not permit her to give much attention to domestic cares. Without
+companions of her own age, and left almost wholly to the charge of an
+invalid aunt, she led a monotonous existence, which left an impression
+on her mind all the more deep from its contrast with the life which
+opened upon her in her eighth year, when Madame Birch-Pfeiffer was
+summoned to Berlin to hold an appointment at the court theatre.
+
+In the Prussian capital the family was again united, and became the
+centre of a social circle embracing many persons connected with dramatic
+art and literature. Devrient, Dawison and Jenny Lind were among the
+visitors whose conversation was greedily listened to by the little girl
+while supposed to be immersed in her lessons or her plays. Under such
+influences it would have been strange if even a less active brain had
+not been fired with aspirations, which took the form of an irresistible
+impulse when, at thirteen, Wilhelmine was allowed for the first time to
+visit the theatre and witness the acting of Dawison in Hamlet and other
+parts. Henceforth all opposition had to give way, and in her seventeenth
+year she made her _debut_ as Juliet at the ducal theatre of Coburg. Two
+qualities, we are told, distinguished her acting: a strong conception
+worked out in the minutest details, and an intensity of passion which
+knew no restraint, and at its culminating point overpowered even hostile
+criticism. Subsequently careful training under Edward Devrient and
+Madame Glossbrenner enabled her to bring her emotions under better
+control, repressing all tendency to extravagance; and, greeted with the
+assurance that she was destined to become the German Rachel, she entered
+upon her career with a round of performances at the principal theatres
+of Germany, including those of Frankfort, Hamburg and Berlin.
+
+These triumphs were followed by the acceptance of a permanent engagement
+at Mannheim, which, however, had hardly been concluded when it gave
+place to one of a different kind, followed by her marriage and sudden
+relinquishment of the vocation embraced with such ardor and pursued for
+a short period with such brilliant promise. Dawison is said to have
+remarked that by her retirement the German stage had lost its last
+genuine tragic actress.
+
+Since her marriage Madame von Hillern has resided at Freiburg, in the
+grand duchy of Baden, where her husband holds a legal position analogous
+to that of the judge of a superior court. Her social life is one of
+great activity, though much of her time is given to superintending the
+education of her two daughters. But the abounding energy of her nature
+made it inevitable that her artistic instincts, repressed in one
+direction, should seek their full development in another. Literature was
+naturally her choice. Her first work, _Doppelleben_, appeared in 1865,
+and though defective in construction, owing to a change of plan in the
+process of composition, served to give assurance of her powers and to
+inspire her with the requisite confidence. Three years later _Ein Arzt
+der Seele_, of which a translation under the title of _Only a Girl_ has
+been widely circulated in America, established her claim to a high place
+among the writers of her class. Her third work, _Aus eigener Kraft (By
+his own Might)_, met with equal success, securing for its author a large
+circle of readers on both sides of the Atlantic ready to welcome the
+future productions of her pen. The qualities which distinguish her
+writings are vigor of conception, sharpness of characterization, a moral
+earnestness pervading the judgments and reflections, and an ardor,
+sometimes too exuberant, which gives intensity to the delineation even
+while exciting doubts of its fidelity. Similar qualities had
+characterized her acting, and they spring from a nature which a close
+observer has described as clear in perception yet swayed by fantasy;
+strong of will yet impulsive as quicksilver; finding enjoyment now in
+animated discussion, now in impetuous riding, now in absolute repose;
+full of maternal tenderness, yet fond of splendor and the excitements of
+society; a nature, in short, abounding in contrasts, but substantially
+that of a true, noble and lovable woman.
+
+
+
+
+HIS NAME?
+
+(_An incident of the Boston fire_.)
+
+    I.
+
+             --Oh the billows of fire!
+            With maelstrom-like swirl,
+            Their surges they hurl
+              Over roof--over spire,
+              Mad--masterless--higher,--
+            Till with rumble--crack--crash,
+            Down boom with a flash,
+        Whole columns of granite and marble;--see! see!
+        Sucked in as a weed on the ocean might be,
+                    Or engulfed as a sail
+        In the hurricane riot and wreak of the gale!
+
+
+    II.
+
+        Ha! yonder they rush where the death-dealing stream,
+                    Over-pent, waits their gleam,
+        To shiver the city with earthquake!--Who, _who_
+        Will adventure, mid-flame, and unfasten the screw,--
+        Set the fiend loose, and save us so?--Fireman, you,
+        _You_ willing?--Would God you might hazard it!--
+              Nay,
+        The red tongues are licking the faucets now: Stay!
+                --Too late,--'tis too late!
+                If ruin comes, wait
+        Its coming: To go, is to perish:--Hold! Hold!
+                You are young,--I am old,--
+        You've a wife, too--and children?--O God! he is gone
+        Straight into destruction! The pipes, men! On, on,
+        Play the water-stream on him,--full--faster--the whole!
+                And now--Christ save his soul!
+
+
+    III.
+
+               --I stifle--I choke;
+        And _he_,--Heaven grant that he smother in smoke
+        Ere the fearful explosion comes. Hark! What's the shout?
+               --_Is he saved_?--_Is he out?_
+        --Did he compass his purpose,--the Hero?--_(One_ name
+        To-night we shall write on the records of fame,--
+        The perilous deed was so noble!) Why here
+                On my cheek is a tear,
+        Which not a whole city in ashes could claim!
+        --His name, now: _Can nobody tell me his name?_
+
+M. J. P.
+
+
+
+
+UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.
+
+
+[It has been a matter of congratulation that the destruction by the
+Boston fire was confined to buildings and other property representing
+simply the wealth of the city, and did not extend to its monuments or
+its artistic and literary treasures. The exceptions are, in fact,
+comparatively small in amount, yet they are such as must excite a
+general regret. The contents of the studios in Summer street, and the
+collection of armor, unique in this country, bequeathed by the late
+Colonel Bigelow Lawrence to the Boston Athenaeum, and temporarily
+deposited at 82 Milk street, could not perish without awaking other
+feelings besides that of sympathy with their past or prospective
+possessors. A similar loss was that of many of the books and manuscripts
+amassed by the historian Prescott, and comprising the collections
+pertaining to the Histories of the Conquest of Mexico and Peru and of
+Philip II. The manuscripts were comprised in some thirty or forty folio
+volumes, and consisted of copies or abstracts of documents in the public
+archives and libraries of Europe, in the family archives of several
+Spanish noblemen, and in private collections like that at Middle Hill.
+The printed books, of which there were perhaps a thousand, included many
+of great value and not a few of extreme rarity. A large mass of private
+correspondence was also consumed. We are not yet informed whether the
+same fate has befallen a small but very choice collection of autographs,
+embracing letters written or signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles
+V., Pope Clement VII., Prospero Colonna, the Great Captain, and other
+sovereigns and eminent personages of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries. Very few modern autographs were included in this collection,
+the only examples, we believe, being notes written by Queen Victoria,
+Prince Albert and the duke of Wellington, and a longer letter addressed
+by Lord Nelson to Lady Hamilton. This last, which we are permitted to
+print from a copy made some time ago, is not exactly a model of
+composition, but it is very characteristic, and shows the strength of
+that enthrallment which led him, despite his natural kindness of heart,
+to risk the lives of his men in order to communicate with the object of
+his passion.]
+
+
+SUNDAY NIGHT, Feb. 15, 9 o'clock [1801].
+
+MY DEAR AMIABLE FRIEND: Could you have seen the boat leave the ship, I
+am sure your heart would have sunk within you. _I would not have given
+sixpence for the lives of the men_: a tremendous wave broke and missed
+upsetting the boat by a miracle. O God, how my heart thumped to see them
+safe! Then they got safe on shore, and I had given a two-pound note to
+cheer up the poor fellows when they landed; _but I was so anxious to
+send a letter for you._ I knew it was impossible for any boat to come
+off to us since Friday noon, when the boat carried your letters enclosed
+for Napean, and she still remains on shore. Only rest assured I always
+write, and never doubt your old and dear friend, who never yet deserved
+it. The gale abates very little, if anything, and it is truly fortunate
+that our fleet is not in port, or some accident would most probably
+happen; but both St. George and this ship have new cables, which is all
+we have to trust to; but if my friend is true I have no fear. I can take
+all the care which human foresight can, and then we must trust to
+Providence, who keeps a lookout for poor Jack. I cannot, my dear friend,
+afford to buy the three pictures of the "Battle of the Nile," or I
+should like very much to have them, and Mr. Boyden cannot afford to
+trust me one year. If he could, perhaps I could manage it. I have
+desired my brother to examine the four numbers of the tickets I bought
+with Gibbs. I hope he has told you. I dare say in the office here is the
+numbers of the tickets my agents have bought for the ensuing lottery. I
+hope we shall be successful. I hope you always kiss my godchild for me:
+pray do, and _I will repay you ten times when we meet_, which I hope
+will be very soon. Monday morning. It is a little more moderate, and we
+are going to send a boat, but at present none can get to us, and,
+therefore, I send this letter No. (1) to say we are in being. I hope in
+the afternoon to be able to get letters, and, if possible, to answer
+them. Kiss my godchild for me, bless it, and Believe me ever yours,
+
+NELSON AND BRONTE.
+
+
+
+
+"WHITE-HAT" DAY.
+
+
+On one of the last days in September we were the astonished recipients
+of a singular and mysterious invitation from a member of the New York
+Board of Brokers. The note contained words like these: "Come to the
+Exchange on Monday, September 30th: white hats are declared confiscated
+on that day."
+
+It would have puzzled Oedipus or a Philadelphia lawyer to trace the
+connection between white hats and stocks, to tell what Hecuba was to
+them or they to Hecuba, and why they should be more interfered with by
+the New York Stock Exchange on the 30th of September than upon any other
+day. It is true that during the last summer some slight political bias
+was supposed to be hidden beneath that popular headpiece irreverently
+styled "a Greeley plug," but then stocks are not politics, nor would any
+but a punster trace an intimate connection between hats and polls. A
+story has gone through the papers, to be sure, about an unfortunate
+deacon who found it impossible to collect the coppers of the
+congregation in a Greeley hat, but then slight excuses have been made
+available on charitable occasions before the present election, and we
+decline to accept the sentiment of that congregation as unmixed devotion
+to the Republican candidates. They did not wish to Grant their money,
+that was all.
+
+And then, again, unlike the miller of the old conundrum, men generally
+wear _white_ hats to keep their heads cool; with which laudable endeavor
+why should the Stock Exchange wish to interfere? One never hears of a
+"corner" in hats. And then, too, was it the bulls or the bears who
+objected to them? Bulls, we all know, have an aversion to scarlet
+drapery, but Darwin, in his studies of the feeling for color among
+animals, has omitted any references to a horror of white hats even among
+the most accomplished of the anthropoid apes.
+
+Pondering all these problems, and many more, our puzzled trio went to
+the Stock Exchange on the last day of September. We were conducted into
+the safe seclusion of the Visitors' Gallery, from which coign of vantage
+we could look down unharmed upon the frantic multitude below. The room
+is large and very lofty, its prevailing tint a warm brown, relieved by
+bright decorations of the Byzantine order. Across one end runs a small
+gallery for visitors, without seats, and some twenty feet above the
+floor, and opposite the gallery is a raised platform, with a long table
+and majestic arm-chairs for the president and other officers of the
+Board. High on the wall above these elevated dignitaries glitters in
+large gold letters the mystic legend, "New York Stock Exchange." On the
+left of the platform stands a large blackboard, whereon the fluctuations
+in stocks are recorded, and around the sides of the room are displayed
+various signs bearing the names of different stocks (like the banners of
+the knights in royal chapels), beneath which eager groups collect. At
+the lower end of the room, under the Visitors' Gallery, are seats
+whereon weary brokers may repose after the brunt of battle. In the
+centre of the upper end of the vast apartment is a long oval
+cock-pit--if it may be so called--of two or three degrees, with a table
+in the lowest circle. It is so arranged as to give the brokers, standing
+upon the graded steps, full opportunity to see and to be seen. On the
+table, in singular contrast with the spirit of the place, was a large
+and beautiful basket of flowers. Anything more painfully incongruous it
+would be difficult to imagine. The poor flowers seemed to wear an air of
+patient suffering as they wasted their sweetness on that (literally)
+howling wilderness.
+
+It was just after ten, and the doors had been open but a few moments
+when we entered the gallery, already quite full of ladies and
+gentlemen--generally very young gentlemen, anxious to learn from the
+glorious example of their elders. The floor below us was fast being
+strewn with torn bits of paper, which have to be swept up several times
+a day. Eager groups were gathered under the various signs upon the walls
+and pillars, apparently playing the Italian game of _morra_, to judge by
+the quick gestures of their restless fingers. Some were scribbling
+cabalistic signs on little bits of paper, and almost all were howling
+like maniacs or wild beasts half starved. The only place I was ever in
+at all to be compared with it in volume and variety of noise is the
+parrot-room in the London Zoological Gardens. Bedlam and Pandemonium I
+have not visited--as yet--and consequently cannot speak from personal
+experience. But the parrots in that awful house in Regent's Park are
+capable of making more hideous noises in a given moment than any other
+wild beasts in the world, except brokers. Here the human animal comes
+out triumphantly supreme.
+
+To add to the refreshing variety of the din, long, lanky youths in gray
+sauntered about like the keepers of the carnivora, and bawled
+incessantly till they were red in the face. These, we were told, were
+the pages, who reported the state of the market and delivered orders and
+commissions. To the uninitiated they were a fraud and a delusion, but so
+was the whole thing. A crowd of men, walking about or standing in
+groups, note-book in hand, talking eagerly or yelling unintelligible
+nonsense at the top of their voices, and gesticulating with the fury of
+madmen, while in and around the crowd strolled those extraordinary
+pages, calmly shouting full in the brokers' faces,--this, we were told,
+was "business!" This is the mysterious occupation to which our friends,
+countrymen and lovers devote so large a portion of their time and
+thoughts. At this strange diversion millions of dollars change hands in
+a few hours, and bulls and bears in this little nest agree to make
+things generally uncomfortable and uncertain for the outside world.
+
+But where were the white hats, and what of their daring wearers? As the
+crowd thickened, they began to shine out upon the general blackness in
+obvious distinction. At first, the howling multitude, eager for filthy
+lucre, took no particular notice of them beyond an occasional hurried
+poke or pat, but this delusive mildness did not long continue. After the
+first fifteen or twenty minutes, during which the favorite stocks had
+been danced up and down a few times, like so many crying babies, the
+appetite of the hundred-headed hydra abated a little, and the general
+attention to business relaxed. Suddenly--no one knew whence or
+wherefore--up rose a white hat in the air, high above the heads of the
+people, and a bareheaded individual was seen struggling wildly in the
+arms of the mob, who set up ironical cheers at his unavailing efforts to
+regain his flying headpiece. It rose and fell faster and farther than
+any fancy stock of them all, now soaring to the vaulted roof, now being
+kicked along the dusty floor.
+
+    Press where ye see my white hat shine amidst the ranks of war,
+
+seemed to be the sentiment of the occasion, as the unruly mob swayed and
+struggled about the dilapidated victim of their sport. In one corner
+stood a quiet, dignified gentleman, talking sedately to a little knot of
+friends. He wore a tall white "stove-pipe" of the most obnoxious kind.
+In a twinkling it was seized and sent flying toward the roof with its
+softer predecessor. Its owner gave one glance over his shoulder, and
+"smiled a sickly smile," while it was very evident that
+
+    The subsequent proceedings interested him no more.
+
+The fun grew fast and furious, the air was literally darkened with
+flying hats of every shape and size, but all white. The stout tall
+beavers were converted into footballs till their crowns were kicked out
+and their brims torn off, when they were seized upon as instruments for
+further torture. Some innocent member of the large fraternity, now, to
+use a nautical phrase, scudding under bare _polls_, was pounced upon,
+and over his unfortunate head the crownless hat was drawn till the
+ragged remnant of its brim rested upon his shoulders. One poor creature
+was thus bonneted with at least three tiers of hats, and was last seen
+on the edge of the cockpit struggling with imminent suffocation.
+
+At the height of the howling, scuffling, kicking and fighting a short
+diversion was effected. A tall and portly broker appeared upon the scene
+in an entire suit of new broadcloth. It was unmistakably new, its
+brilliancy quite undimmed. Instantly a rush was made for him by the
+fickle crowd. They swept him, as by some mighty wave, into the centre of
+the room: they turned him round and round like a pivoted statue, and
+examined him and patted him approvingly on every side. Then they made a
+large ring round him and gave him three cheers. Not content with this,
+with one sudden impulse they rushed at him again, and tried to lift him
+upon the table, that they might see him better. But this the portly
+broker resisted: he fought like a good fellow, and the crowd, tired of
+struggling with a man of so much weight, gave one final cheer and went
+back to the chase of the white hats.
+
+We stayed about half an hour to watch these elegant and refined
+diversions: at the end of that time our patience and the white hats were
+giving out together. The din was deafening and the dust was rapidly
+rising. The floor was strewn with scraps of papers and the mangled
+remains of felt and beaver. Brimless hats and hatless brims, linings,
+bands, rent and tattered crowns, and ragged fragments of the fray, were
+all over the place. A writhing victim in gray, masked by a crownless
+hat, was struggling upon the table to the evident danger of those
+unhappy flowers; the president was calling across the tumult in
+stentorian tones; but the tumult refused to fall, and the imperturbable
+pages were bawling upon the skirts of the crowd with stolid pertinacity.
+The noise was terrific, the confusion indescribable.
+
+We are often told that women are unfitted for business pursuits. If this
+was business, I should say decidedly they were. My acquaintance with
+women has been large and varied, but I have yet to see the woman whom I
+consider qualified to be a member of the New York Board of Brokers. I
+have been present at many gatherings composed entirely of women, from
+the "Woman's Parliament" to country sewing-societies, but never, even in
+that much-abused body, the New York Sorosis, have I seen a crowd of
+women, however excited, however frolicsome, however full of fun, capable
+of playing football with each other's bonnets even upon April Fools'
+Day. I am convinced that not even Miss Anthony or Mrs. Stanton would
+have hesitated to admit, had she been present on the auspicious occasion
+above recorded, that there are limits even to woman's sphere. Let her
+preach and practice, and sail ships, and make horse-shoes, and command
+armies, if she will, let her vote for all sorts of disreputable
+characters to be set over her, if she choose, but let her recognize the
+fact that between her and the gentle amenities of the New York Stock
+Exchange there is a great gulf fixed, which only the superior being man,
+with his lordly intellect, his keen morality and his exquisite and
+unvarying courtesy, can bridge over.
+
+K.H.
+
+
+
+
+MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK.
+
+
+One hundred and thirty-five years ago two young men came up to London to
+try their fortune: half riding, half walking, the young fellows made
+their journey. One was thick-set, heavy and uncouth, and years afterward
+became known to men and fame as Samuel Johnson: the other was bright,
+slender, active, and was called David Garrick. Some ten years later,
+just before the battle of Culloden, a Dutch vessel, having crossed the
+Channel, landed at Harwich. There was on board an apparent page, in
+reality a young Viennese girl disguised in male attire, who journeyed up
+to London too, where she soon made her appearance as a dancer at the
+Hay-market Theatre: there she achieved great success, and became talked
+about as "La Violette." She was under the patronage of the earl and
+countess of Burlington, and finally became Mrs. Garrick. It is said
+that she was the daughter of a respectable citizen of Vienna--that she
+had been engaged to dance at the palace with the children of the empress
+Maria Teresa, but that, her charms proving too attractive to the
+emperor, the empress had packed her off to London with letters of
+recommendation to persons of quality there. It seems more probable,
+however, that she was am actress at Vienna, and simply crossed the sea
+to try her fortune in England. Becoming fascinated with Garrick's
+acting, she married him after refusing several more brilliant offers,
+and in spite of the opposition of her kind patroness, Lady Burlington,
+who wished her to marry so as to secure higher social position. This
+match gave rise to much romantic gossip. It was said that a wealthy
+young lady had fallen in love with the great actor one night in
+_Romeo_--that he had been induced by her father to come to the house and
+break the charm by feigning intoxication: some versions had it that he
+came disguised as a physician. A popular German comedy was written upon
+it, and still later Mr. Robertson dramatized it for the English stage,
+and produced a play in which we have lately had an opportunity of
+witnessing the fine acting of Mr. Sothern. Garrick was certainly
+fortunate among actors: he not only achieved high professional fame, but
+he accumulated a large private fortune and lived a happy domestic life
+in a splendid home filled with choice works of art. The traveler abroad
+who is favored with an invitation to the Garrick Club, may there see the
+picture of the great actor "in his habit as he lived," looking down
+nightly on a collection of the most renowned wits and authors of the
+metropolis; and to crown all, when Mr. Sothern acts--were it not for his
+moustache--we might suppose we saw the man himself alive before us.
+
+Concerning Mr. Sothern's acting, it affords a fine example of that
+quality--so very difficult of attainment, it would seem--perfect
+_repose_; and by repose we do not mean torpidity or sluggishness or
+inattention, as opposed to clamorous ranting, but we mean the complete
+subordination of subordinate parts; so that, if we may use the
+illustration, the gaudiness of the frame is not allowed to over-power
+and destroy the effect of the picture. Everything is clear, distinct and
+well marked: the forcible passages come with double effect in contrast
+with preceding serenity. The actor's manner is not confined behind the
+footlights: it diffuses itself, as it were, among his audience until it
+seems as if they too were acting with him. This arises from the
+perfection of the picture he presents, and that perfection is the result
+of careful avoidance of everything that is unnatural. There is no
+_unnecessary_ exertion put forth, no palpable straining after effect: he
+strives to hold the mirror up to Nature, not Art, and in Nature there is
+much repose between the tempests. Old players say that the most
+difficult thing to teach a tyro is to stand still, and some actors never
+learn it.
+
+Careful attention to costume is another trait exhibited by Mr. Sothern.
+He might easily make his first appearance as David Garrick in the
+wealthy merchant's house in ordinary walking-dress, which could be
+readily retained when he returns to the dinner-party to which he causes
+himself to be invited. Instead of that, he appears in the full
+riding-dress of the period--boots, spurs, whip, overcoat and all. This
+is rapidly changed in time for the dinner-scene for a full-dress suit,
+complete in every point--powdered hair, white silk stockings, and a
+little _brette_, or walking rapier, peeping out from under the coat
+skirt, not slung in a belt as heavier swords, but supported by light
+steel chains fastened to a _chatelaine_, which slips behind the
+waistband and can be taken off in a moment. In the last scene, where he
+goes out to fight the duel, his dress is changed again, and dark silk
+stockings are donned as more appropriate.
+
+The last point we shall mention here about Mr. Sothern is his scrupulous
+attention to the minor business of the stage: when he is not speaking
+himself, his looks act. It is said of Macready that he began to be
+Cardinal Richelieu at three o'clock in the afternoon, and that it was
+dangerous to speak to him after that time. When Mr. Sothern plays Lord
+Dundreary, if he is addressed on any subject during the progress of the
+play, he answers in his Dundreary drawl, so as not to lose his
+personality for a minute. The letter from his brother "Tham" he has
+written out and reads; not that he does not know every word by heart,
+for he must have read it a hundred times, but because he wants to _turn
+over_ at the proper place. We all know what he has made of that part. A
+play in which there is absolutely nothing of a plot, which would fall
+dead from the hands of an inferior actor, becomes with Mr. Sothern as
+popular as _Rip van Winkle_ is with Jefferson to play the sleepy hero.
+It is to be observed that the three essentials for good acting just
+mentioned--repose of manner, strict attention to dress, and strict
+attention to minor details of stage-business--may be acquired by any
+actor of average intellect who will devote proper time and study to the
+task: they are not, like a fine figure, a handsome face or a sonorous
+voice, adventitious gifts of Fortune which may be bestowed on one mortal
+and denied to another. Mr. Sothern owes his success, evidently, to long
+and careful preparation of his parts. In David Garrick he leaves but two
+points at which criticism can carp: his pathos somehow lacks sufficient
+tenderness, his love-making seems too devoid of passion. When young
+Garrick won the heart of La Violette, he put more fire into his speech
+and manner than Mr. Sothern exhibits at the close of the last act. He is
+represented as always loving Ida Ingot, but at first conceals and
+suppresses his love: when the avowal comes at last, it should be like
+the bursting forth of a volcano, hot, fiery and irresistible.
+
+M. M.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+Sir Richard Wallace evidently aims to make himself, in a small way, the
+Peabody of Paris. A cynic might maintain that his gifts were a trifle
+sensational, and shaped with a view to procure the greatest amount of
+notoriety at the price; but that they are frequent, and that they show
+a hearty love for Paris on the Englishman's part, none can deny. It was
+Sir Richard who not long ago gave about five thousand dollars to the use
+of the Paris poor; it was he who, in the late hunting-season, is said to
+have proposed to supply the city hospitals with fresh game--whether of
+his own shooting or of that of his compatriots does not appear; it is
+he, in fine, who has furnished to Paris eighty street-fountains, costing
+in the factory six hundred and seventy-five francs each, or a total of
+fifty-four thousand francs (say ten thousand eight hundred dollars), the
+expense of setting them up being undertaken by the city. These
+drinking-jets are in the main like those so familiar in American cities,
+and are provided, of course, with tin cups attached by iron chains--"_a
+la mode Anglaise_" add the French papers in an explanatory way. Now, the
+extraordinary fact concerning these fountains is, that no sooner had the
+first installment of nine been put up than all the tin cups, or
+"goblets," as the Parisians call them, were stolen. They were renewed,
+and again disappeared in a trice. In short, within fifteen days no less
+than forty-seven of these goblets were made way with, despite their
+strong fastenings--that is, an average of over five cups to each
+fountain. What the sum-total of plunder has been since the first
+fortnight, or whether the fountains are still as useless as spiked
+cannon or tongueless bells, we have yet to learn.
+
+Now comes a contrast. The countrymen of Sir Richard claim that in London
+from time immemorial not a single cup was ever stolen from the public
+fountains. So tempting a theme for generalization could not be resisted
+by the Paris newspaper philosophers, who have deduced from this theft of
+the cups a broad distinction between the British loafer and the French
+loafer, declaring that the former "respects any collective property
+which he partly shares," while the latter does not even draw this
+distinction, but grabs whatever he can lay his hands on. "The luck of
+the Wallace fountains," cries one moralizer, "shows how hard it is to
+reform the Paris _gamin_ so long as the law contents itself with its
+present measures. If the state does not speedily educate children found
+straying in the street, it is all up with the present generation."
+Thereupon follows a disquisition on the part which Paris children played
+in the Commune. "Now, the child," adds our newspaper Wordsworth, "is the
+man viewed through the big end of the opera-glass;" and he points his
+moral, therefore, with the need of compulsory education. "One of the
+first duties incumbent on the Chamber at the next session will be the
+solution of this question. Let it take as a perpetual goad the fate of
+the Wallace goblets. You begin by stealing a cup of tin--you end by
+firing the Tuileries or plundering the Hotel Thiers." There is a droll
+mingling of Isaac Watts and Victor Hugo in this _denoument_, and despite
+its practical good sense one is amused at the evolution of a grave
+discourse from so trivial a text as the Wallace drinking-cups.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To people of a statistical rather than a sentimental turn, the
+mathematics of marriage in different countries may prove an attractive
+theme of meditation. It is found that young men from fifteen to twenty
+years of age marry young women averaging two or three years older than
+themselves, but if they delay marriage until they are twenty to
+twenty-five years old, their spouses average a year younger than
+themselves; and thenceforward this difference steadily increases, till
+in extreme old age on the bridegroom's part it is apt to be enormous.
+The inclination of octogenarians to wed misses in their teens is an
+every-day occurrence, but it is amusing to find in the love-matches of
+boys that the statistics bear out the satires of Thackeray and Balzac.
+Again, the husbands of young women aged twenty and under average a
+little above twenty-five years, and the inequality of age diminishes
+thenceforward, till for women who have reached thirty the respective
+ages are equal: after thirty-five years, women, like men, marry those
+younger than themselves, the disproportion increasing with age, till at
+fifty-five it averages nine years.
+
+The greatest number of marriages for men take place between the ages of
+twenty and twenty-five in England, between twenty five and thirty in
+France, and between twenty-five and thirty-five in Italy and Belgium.
+Finally, in Hungary the number of individuals who marry is seventy-two
+in a thousand each year; in England it is 64; in Denmark, 59; in France,
+57, the city of Paris showing 53; in the Netherlands, 52; in Belgium,
+43; in Norway, 36. Widowers indulge in second marriages three or four
+times as often as widows. For example, in England (land of Mrs. Bardell)
+there are 66 marriages of widowers against 21 of widows; in Belgium
+there are 48 to 16; in France, 40 to 12. Old Mr. Weller's paternal
+advice, to "beware of the widows," ought surely to be supplemented by a
+maxim to beware of widowers.
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE, in one of his most famous madrigals, draws a vivid contrast
+between youth and age, which, he declares, "cannot live together:"
+
+    Youth like summer morn,
+    Age like winter weather,
+    Youth like summer brave,
+    Age like winter bare:
+    Youth is hot and bold,
+    Age is weak and cold.
+
+Science, which ruthlessly destroys so much poetry by its mattock and
+spade, its scales, foot-rules and gauges, must now, we should judge,
+take grave exception to the preceding bit of poesy and to the thousand
+repetitions of its sentiment by the bards of all ages. By means of a
+thermometer lately constructed to register with exactitude the degree of
+heat in the human body, it is found, after numerous experiments under
+varying circumstances, that the instrument marks 37.08 deg. of heat on an
+average for persons between twenty-one and thirty years of age, while it
+marks 37.46 deg. for people aged eighty. In face of this fact what becomes
+of the "fervors of youth" and the "chills of age"? The highest average
+temperatures in the human body, as indicated by this gauge, are those
+which exist from birth to puberty--that is to say, 37.55 deg. and 37.63
+deg. From the latter epoch the heat gradually lowers, to rise again with
+the first approach of old age. Thus childhood shows the highest
+temperature, old age the next, and middle life the lowest. We may add
+that the greatest variations in the temperature of the body between
+health and sickness are only a few tenths of a degree, according to this
+measurement; for, the normal condition being 37.2 deg. or 37.3 deg., an
+increase to 38 deg. would mark a burning fever, and a decrease to 36
+deg. would note the icy approach of death. Hereafter, though we may
+graciously excuse to poetic license the assertion that
+
+    Crabbed Age and Youth
+    Cannot live together,
+
+we must yet sternly protest that the reason assigned--namely, that
+"youth is hot and age is cold"--is contradicted by the facts of science.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE OF THE DAY.
+
+
+The Life of Charles Dickens. By John Forster. Vol. II. Philadelphia:
+J.B. Lippincott & Co.
+
+Beginning with Dickens's return from America in 1842, this volume covers
+a period of less than ten years, the most productive, and apparently the
+happiest, of his life. It brings out in even stronger relief than the
+preceding volume his strong individuality, a trait which, whether it
+attracts or repels--and on most persons we think it produces alternately
+each of these effects--is full of interest, worthy of study and fruitful
+of suggestions. Its superabundant energy seemed to create demands in
+order that it might expend itself in satisfying them. Its persistence
+was toughened by failure as much as by success. Its vivacity, verging
+upon boisterousness, was incapable of being chilled. Its strenuousness
+knew no lassitude, and needed no repose. In play as in work, in physical
+exercise as in mental labor, in all his projects, purposes and
+performances, Dickens seems to have been in a perpetual state of tension
+that allowed of no reaction. His was a mind not morbidly self-conscious,
+but ever aglow with the consciousness of power and the ardor of its
+achievement, in-sensible of waste and undisturbed by critical
+introspection.
+
+The excitement into which he was thrown by the composition of his books
+exceeds anything of the kind recorded in literary history, and stands in
+strong contrast with the self-contained tranquillity with which Scott
+performed an equal or greater amount of labor. Yet it does not, like
+similar ebullitions in other men, suggest any notion of weakness or of a
+talent strained beyond its capacity. It was coupled with an enormous
+facility of execution and the ability to pass with undiminished
+freshness from one field of action to another. It sprang from the
+intensity with which every idea was conceived, and which belonged
+equally to his smallest with his greatest undertakings. "The book," he
+writes of the _Chimes_, "has made my face white in a foreign land. My
+cheeks, which were beginning to fill out, have sunk again; my eyes have
+grown immensely large; my hair is very lank, and the head inside the
+hair is hot and giddy. Read the scene at the end of the third part
+twice. I wouldn't write it twice for something.... Since I conceived, at
+the beginning of the second part, what must happen in the third, I have
+undergone as much sorrow and agitation as if the thing were real, and
+have wakened up with it at night. I was obliged to lock myself in when I
+finished it yesterday, for my face was swollen for the time to twice its
+proper size, and was hugely ridiculous." The little book was written at
+Genoa; and having finished it, he must make a winter journey to London,
+"because," as he writes to Forster, "of that unspeakable restless
+something which would render it almost as impossible for me to remain
+here, and not see the thing complete, as it would be for a full
+balloon, left to itself, not to go up." A further reason was to try the
+effect of the story upon a circle of listeners, to be assembled for the
+purpose: "Carlyle, indispensable, and I should like his wife of all
+things; _her_ judgment would be invaluable. You will ask Mac, and why
+not his sister? Stanny and Jerrold I should particularly wish. Edwin
+Landseer, Blanchard perhaps Harness; and what say you to Fonblanque and
+Fox?" After this it is amusing to read that the book "was not one of his
+greatest successes, and it raised him up some objectors;" but the
+reading was the germ of those which afterward brought him into such
+close relations with his public.
+
+Of another Christmas story he writes, "I dreamed _all last week_ that
+the _Battle of Life_ was a series of chambers, impossible to be got to
+rights or got out of, through which I wandered drearily all night. On
+Saturday night I don't think I slept an hour. I was perpetually roaming
+through the story, and endeavoring to dovetail the revolution here into
+the plot. The mental distress quite horrible." Here we have, perhaps, a
+clear case of the effects of overwork. But in general the details of his
+plots, the names of the characters, above all, the titles of the
+stories, were evolved with an amount of thought and discussion that
+might have sufficed for the plan and the preparations for a battle.
+"Martin Chuzzlewit" is not a name suggestive of long and serious
+deliberation: one might rather suppose that it had turned up
+accidentally and been accepted simply as being as good as another. Yet
+it was not adopted till after many others had been discussed and
+rejected. "Martin was the prefix to all, but the surname varied from its
+first form of Sweezleden, Sweezleback and Sweeztewag, to those of
+Chuzzletoe, Chuzzleboy, Chubblewig and Chuzzlewig." _David Copperfield_
+was preceded by a still longer list of abortions, and _Household Words,_
+as a mere title, was the result of a parturition far exceeding in length
+and severity any throes of travail known to natural history.
+
+All this was unaccompanied by any of the doubts and misgivings, the fits
+of depression and intervals of lassitude, which are the ordinary
+tortures of authorship. Nor had it any connection with the weaknesses of
+the craft, its small vanities and jealousies. "It was," as Mr. Forster
+well remarks, "part of the intense individuality by which he effected
+so much to set the high value which in general he did upon what he was
+striving to accomplish." Hence, too, no half-formed and then abandoned
+projects were among the stepping-stones of his career. A plan or an
+idea, once conceived, was certain to be shaped, developed and matured;
+and whatever the result, it left up disheartening effect, no feeling of
+distrust, to cripple a subsequent undertaking.
+
+Nor was Dickens so absorbed in his work as to leave it reluctantly, or
+to find no fullness of satisfaction in occupations or enjoyments of a
+different kind. On the contrary, no man ever threw himself so heartily
+and entirely into the business of the hour, or more eagerly sought
+diversion and change. Dinners, private and public, excursions in chosen
+companionship, amateur theatricals, schemes of charity or benevolence,
+occupied a large portion of his time, and were entered into with an
+ardor which never flagged or needed to be stimulated. His
+correspondence--an unfailing barometer to indicate the state of the
+mental atmosphere--is always full of life, overflowing, for the most
+part, with animal spirits, often vivid in description both of places and
+people, turning discomforts and embarrassments into subjects of lively
+narrative or indignant protest. The letters from Genoa and Lausanne are
+especially copious and entertaining, and form, we think, the most
+interesting portion of the book. The later chapters, giving the final
+year of his residence in Devonshire Terrace, are less satisfactory. We
+would fain have had a picture of that circle of which Dickens was one of
+the most prominent figures; but though his own personality is revealed
+in the fullest light, the group in the background is left indistinct,
+most of its members being barely visible, and none of them adequately
+portrayed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Emaux et Camees. Par Theophile Gautier. Nombre definitif. Paris:
+Charpentier; New York: F.W. Christern.
+
+Gautier was polishing and adding to his literary jewelry almost to the
+day of his death, and the final edition which he published among the
+last of his works about doubles the number of poems first issued. These
+verses are like nothing we have in English. Their imagery is strongly
+sophisticated, tortured, brought from vast distances, and then chilled
+into form. Yet they are the most sincere utterances of a soul fed
+perpetually among cabinets and picture-galleries, to whom their compact
+method of utterance is, so to speak, secondarily natural. That they are
+precious and beauteous no one can deny. How sparkling are the successive
+descriptions of women--blonde, brune, Spanish, contralto-voiced,
+coquettish, etc.--whom the poet, like some capricious artist, invites
+into his atelier, drapes hastily with old Moorish or Venetian or
+diaphanous costumes, and then reflects in a diminishing mirror, changing
+the model into a fine statuette of ivory and enamel! More virile and
+thoughtful images are intermixed: such are the figures of the old
+Invalides seen at the Column Vendome in a December fog, and for whom he
+pleads: "Mock not those men whom the street urchin follows, laughing:
+they were the Day of which we are the twilight--maybe the night!" Not
+less fresh are the two "Homesick Obelisks"--that in the Place de la
+Concorde, wearying its stony heart out for Egypt, and that at Luxor,
+equally tired, and longing to be planted at Paris, among a living crowd.
+But Gautier is a colorist, an artist with words, and he is at his best
+when he works without much outline, celebrating draperies, bouquets and
+laces, to all of which he can give a meaning quite other than the
+milliner's, as where he asserts that the plaits of a rose-colored dress
+are "the lips of my unappeased desires," or describes March as a barber,
+powdering the wigs of the blossoming almond trees, and a valet, lacing
+up the rosebuds in their corsets of green velvet. Whatever he touches he
+leaves artificial, "enameled," yet charming. The verses added in the
+present edition are more pensive, even sombre. A life given to art
+wholly, without patriotism or religion or philosophy, does not prepare
+the greenest old age. There is a long and beautiful poem, "Le Chateau du
+Souvenir," which he fills, not exactly with Charles Lamb's "old familiar
+faces," but with portraits of his mistresses and of his old self. There
+is the "Last Vow"--to a woman he has pursued "for eighteen years," and
+whom he still accosts, though "the white graveyard lilacs have blossomed
+about my temples, and I shall soon have them tufting and shading all my
+forehead." There is also the accent of his irresponsible courtiership,
+the facile and unashamed flattery he paid to such a woman as Princess
+Mathilde. This personage was, or is, an artist; and we may not be
+mistaken in believing that we have seen, cast aside in the vast
+storerooms of Haseltine's galleries in this city--an example and gnomon
+of disenchanted glory--her water-color sketch called the "Fellah Woman,"
+and the very one of which Gautier sang: "Caprice of a fantastic brush
+and of an imperial leisure!... Those eyes, a whole poem of languor and
+pleasure, resolve the riddle and say, 'Be thou Love--I am Beauty.'"
+
+The late poems, however, as well as the old, are filled with felicities.
+They contain many a lesson of the word-master, who, though he did not
+attain the Academy, left the French language gold, which he found
+marble. The ornaments, exquisite licenses, foreign graces and wide
+researches which Gautier conferred upon his mother-tongue have enriched
+it for future time, and they are best seen in this volume.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Concord Days. By A. Bronson Alcott. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
+
+In these loose leaves we have the St. Martin's summer of a life. Mr.
+Alcott, from his quiet home in Concord, and from the edifice of his
+seventy-three years, picks out those mental growths and moral treasures
+which have kept their color through all the changes of the seasons. They
+bear the mark of selection, of choice, from out a vast abundance of
+material: to us readers the scissors have probably been a kinder
+implement than the pen. Be that as it may, the selections given are all
+worth saving, and the fragmentary resurrection is just about as much as
+our age has time to attend to of the growths that were formed when New
+England thought was young. That was the day when Mrs. Hominy fastened
+the cameo to her frontal bone and went to the sermon of Dr. Channing,
+when young Hawthorne chopped straw for the odious oxen at Brook Farm,
+and when a budding Booddha, called by his neighbors Thoreau, left
+mankind and proceeded to introvert himself by the borders of Walden
+Pond. Mr. Alcott's little diary gives us some of the best skimmings of
+that time of yeast. There is Emerson-worship, Channing-worship, Margaret
+Fuller-worship and the pale cast of _The Dial_. There is, besides, in
+another stratum that runs through the collection, a vein of very welcome
+investigation amongst old authors--Plutarch's charming letter of
+consolation to his wife on the death of their child; Crashaw's "Verses
+on a Prayer-Book;" Evelyn's letter on the origin of his _Sylva_; and
+many a jewel five-words-long filched from the authors whom modern taste
+votes slow and insupportable. We mention these to give some idea of the
+spirit in which this work of marquetry is executed--a work too
+fragmentary and incoherent to be easily describable except by its
+specimens. And while culling fragments, we cannot forbear mentioning the
+curious records of Mr. Alcott's "Conversations," held now with Frederika
+Bremer, now with a band of large-browed Concord children, held forty
+years ago, and turning perpetually upon the deeper questions of
+metaphysics and religion; we will even indulge ourselves with a short
+extract from one of the "Conversations with Children," reported verbatim
+by an apparently concealed auditress, and eliciting many a cunning bit
+of infantine wisdom, besides the following finer rhapsody, which Mr.
+Alcott succeeded in charming out of the lips of a boy six years of age:
+
+"Mr. Alcott! you know Mrs. Barbauld says in her hymns, everything is
+prayer; every action is prayer; all nature prays; the bird prays in
+singing; the tree prays in growing; men pray--men can pray _more_; we
+feel; we have more, more than Nature; we can know, and do right:
+_Conscience prays_; all our powers pray; action prays. Once we said,
+here, that there was a Christ in the bottom of our spirits, when we try
+to be good. Then we pray in Christ; and that is the whole!"
+
+To think that the lips of this ingenuous and golden-mouthed lad may be
+now pouring out patriotism in Congress is rather sad; but the author's
+own career tells us that there are some of the Chrysostoms of 1830 who
+have had the courage to keep quiet, and sweeten their own lives for
+family use. Mr. Alcott betrays in every line the kindest, sanest and
+humanest spirit; and we wish he could feel how grateful some of us are
+for his example of a thinker who can keep quiet, and a writer who can
+show the power of reticence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Thirty Years in the Harem; or, The Autobiography of Melek-Hanum, wife of
+H.H. Kibrizli-Mehemet-Pasha. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+We have had many revelations from the interior, but nothing quite like
+this. Most histories are valuable in proportion to the truthfulness of
+the narrator, but Mrs. Melek's story owes a large show of its interest
+to her obvious tension of the long-bow. It is, in fact, a
+self-revelation--the vain and audacious betrayal by an Oriental woman of
+the narrowness, the shallowness, the dishonesty which ages of false
+education have fastened upon her race. The lady in question is--and
+evidently knows herself to be--an exception among her countrywomen for
+ability and acumen: an extreme self-satisfaction and vanity are revealed
+in the recital of her most disreputable tricks. She passes for a white
+blackbird, a woman of intellect caught in the harem; and it needs but
+little ingenuity to guess the torment she must have been to her
+protectors--first to the excellent Dr. Millingen, with whom she formed a
+love-match, and whom she abuses--and then to her second husband,
+Kibrizli, ambassador in 1848 to the court of England, upon whom she
+attempted to palm off an heir by the ruse practiced by our own revered
+Mrs. Cunningham. Whatever the clever Melek does, or whatever treatment
+she receives, it is always she who is in the right, and her eternal
+"enemies" who are unjust, barbarous and stingy. The ferocious
+blackmailing of natives in the Holy Land which she practiced when her
+husband represented the sultan there, is represented as cleverness; but
+her divorce after the infamous false accouchement is a piece of
+persecution. The marriage and adventures of her daughter form a tangled
+romance through which we hear of a great deal more oppression and
+cruelty; and the escape into Europe, where the old enchantress appears
+to be now prowling in poverty and degradation, concludes the curious
+story. The narrative bears marks of having passed through a French
+translation and then a British version. To disentangle the thread of
+actuality that probably runs through it would be too troublesome and
+futile; but the truths that the wily Melek cannot help telling--the
+facts of the harem and of Eastern life that involuntarily sprinkle it
+all like a flavoring of strange spices--these are what give it the odd
+dash of interest which keeps it in our hands long after we had meant to
+toss it aside. Here is a "screaming sister" of the East--an odalisque
+who was not going to be oppressed and degraded like the other women, but
+who meant to be capable and cultivated and smart, just like the
+Christian ladies; and this bundle of lies and crimes and hates is what
+she arrives at.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hints on Dress; or, What to Wear, When to Wear it, and How to Buy it. By
+Ethel C. Gale, (Putnam's Handy-Book Series.) New York: G.P. Putnam &
+Sons.
+
+This little book will certainly elicit commendation from all who
+consider the subject of dress within the pale of aesthetic treatment;
+and, what is still more fortunate, it will probably serve to elevate, in
+some degree, the standard of taste among that large class of persons for
+whom handy volumes are chiefly compiled. Its statements and deductions
+are accurate, sensible, comprehensive and practical, and the style in
+which they are presented is simple and attractive. The color, form and
+suitability of dress, as well as the best methods of economy in its
+purchase and manufacture, are intelligently treated. We have only to
+regret the want of a chapter devoted to the hygiene of dress, which is a
+subject deserving the earnest attention of every friend of physical
+development. Ten or a dozen pages given to this topic might have done a
+service to hundreds who are willing enough to gather knowledge in
+passing, but who are repelled from the separate consideration of any
+subject which seems to call for the exercise of serious thought.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake Region of Central Africa,
+showing Dr. Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route. Folio,
+folded. Philadelphia: T. Elwood Zell.
+
+A clear, well-executed polychrome map, evidently copied from the one
+recently published in England, if not actually printed there. It
+exhibits not only the route of Dr. Livingstone during the period
+included between the years 1866 and 1872, and that taken by Mr. Stanley
+in his recent search, but also the course which the former proposes to
+follow in the prosecution of his discoveries. The boundaries of lakes
+and the courses of rivers, where definitely known, are indicated by
+unbroken lines--where still supposititious, by dotted ones. The map,
+which is printed on heavy paper, is thirteen inches wide by eighteen
+inches long, and being folded within a stiff duodecimo cover, can be
+easily preserved and readily consulted.
+
+
+
+
+_Books Received_.
+
+Papers relating to the Transit of Venus in 1874. Prepared under the
+Direction of the Commissioners authorized by Congress. Washington, D.C.:
+Government Printing-office.
+
+Reports on Observations of Encke's Comet during its Return in 1871. By
+Asaph Hall and Wm. Harkness. Washington, D.C.: Government
+Printing-Office.
+
+Harry Delaware; or, An American in Germany. By Mathilde Estvan. New
+York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+California for Health, Pleasure and Residence. By Charles Nordhoff. New
+York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+The Lives of General U.S. Grant and Henry Wilson. Philadelphia: T.B.
+Peterson & Brothers.
+
+The Romance of American History. By M. Schele de Vere. New York: G.P.
+Putnam & Sons.
+
+Book of Ballads, Tales and Stories. By Benjamin G. Herre. Lancaster,
+Pa.: Wylie & Griest.
+
+The Poet at the Breakfast Table. By Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston: James
+R. Osgood & Co.
+
+The Lawrence Speaker. By Philip Lawrence. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &
+Brothers.
+
+Memoir of a Huguenot Family. By Ann Maury. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+Within the Maze. By Mrs. Henry Wood. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson &
+Brothers.
+
+Sermons. By Rev. C.D.N. Campbell, D.D. New York: Hurd & Houghton.
+
+Outlines of History. By Ed. A. Freeman, D.C.L. New York: Holt &
+Williams.
+
+The End of the World. By Edward Eggleston. New York: Orange Judd & Co.
+
+Sermons. By Rev. H.R. Haweis, M.A. New York: Holt & Williams.
+
+Kaloolah. By W.S. Mayo, M.D. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
+
+Nast's Illustrated Almanac for 1873. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+A Summer Romance. By Mary Healy. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
+
+Song Life. By Philip Phillips. New York: Harper & Brothers.
+
+Gavroche. By M.C. Pyle. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR
+LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 14327.txt or 14327.zip *******
+
+
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