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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14319 ***
+
+  [Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+  by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+
+  McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+  MARCH, 1896.
+
+  VOL. VI. NO. 4.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln Is Admitted to the Bar.
+    Lincoln in the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.
+    The Removal of the Capital to Springfield.
+    Lincoln's First Reported Speech.
+    Abraham Lincoln's First Protest Against Slavery.
+    Social Life in Vandalia in 1836 and 1837.
+    Lincoln Moves to Springfield.
+    Lincoln's Position in Springfield.
+  THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF. By Rudyard Kipling.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  CY AND I. By Eugene Field.
+  A YOUNG HERO. By John Hay.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  LOST YOUTH. By R.L. Stevenson.
+  THE DIVIDED HOUSE. By Julia D. Whiting.
+  SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING. By Cleveland Moffett.
+    How to Make a Scientific Kite.
+    How to Send Up a Kite.
+    Runaway Tandems.
+    The Lifting Power of Kites.
+    The Meteorological Use of Kites.
+    The Highest Flight Ever Made by a Kite.
+    Drawing Down Electricity by a Kite-string.
+    The Use of Kites in Photography.
+    Possible Use of Kites in War.
+  A DRAMATIC POINT. By Robert Barr.
+  EDITORIAL NOTES.
+    "Justice, Where Art Thou?"
+    "A Disgrace to Civilization."
+    The Real Lincoln.
+    Lincoln in 1860--J. Henry Brown's Journal.
+
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  EBENEZER PECK.
+  MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON SOCIETY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+      ASSEMBLY.
+  ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.
+  LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.
+  FRONTISPIECE OF "ALTON TRIALS," A SMALL VOLUME PUBLISHED IN 1838.
+  STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.
+  OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+  STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+  A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.
+  MARY L. OWENS.
+  LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."
+  PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.
+  OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  WILLIAM BUTLER.
+  INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY.
+  MAP OF ILLINOIS.
+  THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."
+  THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.
+  "AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW
+      NEARLY TO THE SURFACE."
+  THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+  DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+  GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.
+  ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA.
+  THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+  CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY.
+  CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.
+  SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS.
+  THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT.
+  INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.
+  DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.
+  A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.
+  APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.
+  THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS.
+  DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL
+      CITY OF DITÉ.
+  HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORGINAL COMPANY OF ELLSWORTH
+      ZOUAVES.
+  ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861.
+  ELLSWORTH IN 1860.
+  FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
+  THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
+  THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA.
+  COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.
+  "THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACUSETTS.
+  ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+  "THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+  THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, CONTAINING THE SCHOOL CALLED
+      "THE NUNNERY."
+  HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."
+  ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.
+  "THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER."
+  THE DIVIDED HOUSE.
+  "AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ..."
+  EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.
+  "LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE MOTIONLESS
+      IN THE ROAD."
+  HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A TANDEM OF HIS
+      BOX-KITES.
+  FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+  FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE. (ANOTHER VIEW.)
+  THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.
+  THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.
+  NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.
+  PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.
+  CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.
+  MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.
+  KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+  DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+  THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.
+  "MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From an ambrotype taken in Springfield, Illinois, on August 13, 1860,
+and now owned by Mr. William H. Lambert of Philadelphia, through
+whose courtesy we are allowed to reproduce it here. This ambrotype was
+bought by Mr. Lambert from Mr. W.P. Brown of Philadelphia. Mr. Brown
+writes of the portrait: "This picture, along with another one of the
+same kind, was presented by President Lincoln to my father, J. Henry
+Brown, deceased (miniature artist), after he had finished painting
+Lincoln's picture on ivory, at Springfield, Illinois. The commission
+was given my father by Judge Read (John M. Read of the Supreme Court
+of Pennsylvania), immediately after Lincoln's nomination for the
+Presidency. One of the ambrotypes I sold to the Historical Society
+of Boston, Massachusetts, and it is now in their possession." The
+miniature referred to is now owned by Mr. Robert T. Lincoln. It
+was engraved by Samuel Sartain, and circulated widely before the
+inauguration. After Mr. Lincoln grew a beard, Sartain put a beard on
+his plate, and the engraving continued to sell extensively. While Mr.
+Brown was in Springfield painting the miniature he kept a journal,
+which Mr. Lambert also owns and which he has generously put at our
+disposal. It will be found on page 400.]
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+
+VOL. VI. MARCH, 1896. No. 4.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S ELECTION TO THE TENTH ASSEMBLY.--ADMISSION TO THE
+BAR.--REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+
+The first twenty-six years of Abraham Lincoln's life have been traced
+in the preceding chapters. We have seen him struggling to escape
+from the lot of a common farm laborer, to which he seemed to be born;
+becoming a flatboatman, a grocery clerk, a store-keeper, a postmaster,
+and finally a surveyor. We have traced his efforts to rise above
+the intellectual apathy and the indifference to culture which
+characterized the people among whom he was reared, by studying with
+eagerness every subject on which he could find books,--biography,
+state history, mathematics, grammar, surveying, and finally law. We
+have followed his growth in ambition and in popularity from the day
+when, on a keg in an Indiana grocery, he debated the contents of the
+Louisville "Journal" with a company of admiring elders, to the
+time when, purely because he was liked, he was elected to the State
+Assembly of Illinois by the people of Sangamon County. His joys and
+sorrows have been reviewed from his childhood in Kentucky to the day
+of the death of the woman he loved and had hoped to make his wife.
+These twenty-six years form the first period of Lincoln's life. It was
+a period of makeshifts and experiments, ending in a tragic sorrow;
+but at its close he had definite aims, and preparation and experience
+enough to convince him that he dared follow them. Law and politics
+were the fields he had chosen, and in the first year of the second
+period of his life, 1836, he entered them definitely.
+
+The Ninth General Assembly of Illinois, in which Lincoln had done his
+preparatory work as a legislator, was dissolved, and in June, 1836,
+he announced himself as a candidate for the Tenth Assembly. A few days
+later the "Sangamon Journal" published his simple platform:
+
+    NEW SALEM, _June 13, 1836_.
+    TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'JOURNAL':
+
+    "In your paper of last Saturday I see a communication over the
+    signature of 'Many Voters,' in which the candidates who are
+    announced in the 'Journal' are called upon to 'show their
+    hands.' Agreed. Here's mine:
+
+    I go for all sharing the privileges of the government
+    who assist in bearing its burdens. Consequently, I go for
+    admitting all whites to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or
+    bear arms (by no means excluding females).
+
+    If elected, I shall consider the whole people of Sangamon my
+    constituents, as well those that oppose as those that support
+    me.
+
+    While acting as their representative, I shall be governed
+    by their will on all subjects upon which I have the means of
+    knowing what their will is; and upon all others, I shall
+    do what my own judgment teaches me will best advance their
+    interests. Whether elected or not, I go for distributing the
+    proceeds of the sales of public lands to the several States,
+    to enable our State, in common with others, to dig canals and
+    construct railroads without borrowing money and paying the
+    interest on it.
+
+    "If alive on the first Monday in November, I shall vote for
+    Hugh L. White for President.
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+The campaign which Lincoln began with this letter was in every way
+more exciting for him than those of 1832 and 1834. Since the last
+election a census had been taken in Illinois which showed so large
+an increase in the population that the legislative districts had been
+reapportioned and the General Assembly increased by fifty members. In
+this reapportionment Sangamon County's delegation had been enlarged
+to seven representatives and two senators. This gave large new
+opportunity to political ambition, and doubled the enthusiasm of
+political meetings.
+
+But the increase of the representation was not all that made the
+campaign exciting. Party lines had never before been so clearly drawn,
+nor personal abuse quite so intense. One of Lincoln's first acts was
+to answer a personal attack. He did it in a letter marked by candor,
+good-humor, and shrewdness.
+
+    "NEW SALEM, _June 21, 1836_.
+    "DEAR COLONEL:
+
+    "I am told that during my absence last week you passed through
+    the place and stated publicly that you were in possession of
+    a fact or facts which, if known to the public, would entirely
+    destroy the prospects of N.W. Edwards and myself at the
+    ensuing election; but that through favor to us you would
+    forbear to divulge them. No one has needed favors more than I,
+    and generally few have been less unwilling to accept them; but
+    in this case favor to me would be injustice to the public, and
+    therefore I must beg your pardon for declining it. That I
+    once had the confidence of the people of Sangamon County is
+    sufficiently evident; and if I have done anything, either by
+    design or misadventure, which if known would subject me to a
+    forfeiture of that confidence, he that knows of that thing and
+    conceals it is a traitor to his country's interest.
+
+    "I find myself wholly unable to form any conjecture of what
+    fact or facts, real or supposed, you spoke; but my opinion of
+    your veracity will not permit me for a moment to doubt that
+    you at least believed what you said. I am flattered with the
+    personal regard you manifested for me; but I do hope that
+    on mature reflection you will view the public interest as a
+    paramount consideration and therefore let the worst come.
+
+    "I assure you that the candid statement of facts on your part,
+    however low it may sink me, shall never break the ties of
+    personal friendship between us.
+
+    "I wish an answer to this, and you are at liberty to publish
+    both if you choose.
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    "COLONEL ROBERT ALLEN."
+
+Usually during the campaign Lincoln was obliged to meet personal
+attacks, not by letter, but on the platform. Joshua Speed, who later
+became the most intimate friend that Lincoln probably ever had, tells
+of one occasion when he was obliged to meet such an attack on the
+very spur of the moment. A great mass-meeting was in progress at
+Springfield, and Lincoln had made a speech which had produced a deep
+impression. "I was then fresh from Kentucky," says Mr. Speed, "and had
+heard many of her great orators. It seemed to me then, as it seems to
+me now, that I never heard a more effective speaker. He carried the
+crowd with him, and swayed them as he pleased. So deep an impression
+did he make that George Forquer, a man of much celebrity as a
+sarcastic speaker and with a great reputation throughout the State
+as an orator, rose and asked the people to hear _him_. He began his
+speech by saying that this young man would have to be taken down, and
+he was sorry that the task devolved upon him. He made what was called
+one of his 'slasher-gaff' speeches, dealing much in ridicule
+and sarcasm. Lincoln stood near him, with his arms folded, never
+interrupting him. When Forquer was done, Lincoln walked to the stand,
+and replied so fully and completely that his friends bore him from the
+court-house on their shoulders.
+
+"So deep an impression did this first speech make upon me that I
+remember its conclusion now, after a lapse of thirty-eight years. Said
+he:
+
+"'The gentleman commenced his speech by saying that this young man
+would have to be taken down, and he was sorry the task devolved upon
+him. I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trade of a
+politician; but live long or die young, I would rather die now than,
+like the gentleman, change my politics and simultaneous with the
+change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year, and
+then have to erect a lightning-rod over my house to protect a guilty
+conscience from an offended God.'
+
+"To understand the point of this it must be explained that Forquer
+had been a Whig, but had changed his politics, and had been appointed
+Register of the Land Office; and over his house was the only
+lightning-rod in the town or country. Lincoln had seen the
+lightning-rod for the first time on the day before."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From a carbon enlargement, made by Sherman and McHugh of New York
+City, of an ambrotype owned by Mr. A. Montgomery of Columbus, Ohio,
+to whose generosity we owe the right of reproduction. This portrait
+of Lincoln was made in June, 1860, by Butler, a Springfield (Illinois)
+photographer. On July 4th of that year, Mr. Lincoln delivered an
+address at Atlanta, Illinois, where he was the guest of Mr. Vester
+Strong. Before leaving town he handed Mr. Strong the ambrotype which
+we copy here. Mr. Strong valued the picture highly, but as he had no
+children to whom to leave it, and as he wished it to be in the care of
+one who would appreciate its value, he gave it a few years ago to Mr.
+Montgomery.]
+
+This speech has never been forgotten in Springfield, and on my visits
+there I have repeatedly had the site of the house on which this
+particular lightning-rod was placed pointed out, and one or another of
+the many versions which the story has been given, related to me.
+
+It was the practice at that date in Illinois for two rival candidates
+to travel over the district together. The custom led to much
+good-natured raillery between them; and in such contests Lincoln was
+rarely, if ever, worsted. He could even turn the generosity of his
+rival to account by his whimsical treatment, as the following shows:
+He had driven out from Springfield in company with a political
+opponent to engage in joint debate. The carriage, it seems, belonged
+to his opponent. In addressing the gathering of farmers that met them,
+Lincoln was lavish in praise of the generosity of his friend. "I am
+too poor to own a carriage," he said, "but my friend has generously
+invited me to ride with him. I want you to vote for me if you will;
+but if not, then vote for my opponent, for he is a fine man." His
+extravagant and persistent praise of his opponent appealed to the
+sense of humor in his farmer audience, to whom Lincoln's inability to
+own a carriage was by no means a disqualification.[1]
+
+The election came off in August, and resulted in the choice of a
+delegation from Sangamon County famous in the annals of Illinois. The
+nine successful candidates were Abraham Lincoln, John Dawson, Daniel
+Stone, Ninian W. Edwards, William F. Elkins, R.L. Wilson, Andrew
+McCormick, Job Fletcher, and Arthur Herndon. Each one of these men
+was over six feet in height, their combined stature being, it is said,
+fifty-five feet. The "Long Nine" was the name Sangamon County gave
+them.
+
+[Illustration: EBENEZER PECK.
+
+Ebenezer Peck, who was chiefly instrumental in introducing the
+convention system into Illinois politics, was born in Portland, Maine,
+May 22, 1805. He lived for some time in Peacham, Vermont, where he
+was educated. While yet a boy, removed with his parents to Canada. He
+studied law at Montreal, and practised there; became King's Counsel
+for Canada East, and was finally elected to the provincial parliament
+on the Reform ticket. In the summer of 1835 he removed to Chicago, and
+there, as a lawyer and a politician, he at once made his mark. He was
+a delegate to the first Democratic State convention in Illinois,
+held at Vandalia, December 7, 1835, and was the chief advocate of the
+general adoption of the convention system--a system which was at first
+opposed and ridiculed by the Whigs, but which very soon they were
+forced to adopt. In 1837 Mr. Peck was made one of the Internal
+Improvement Commissioners. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate,
+and in 1840 to the House. He was clerk of the Supreme Court from
+1841 to 1848, and reporter of that court from 1849 to 1863. His
+anti-slavery sentiments led him to abandon the Democratic party in
+1853, and in 1856 he helped establish the Republican party in the
+State. He was again elected to the legislature in 1858. In 1863
+President Lincoln appointed him a judge of the Court of Claims, and
+he held this position until 1875. He died May 25, 1881.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+
+LINCOLN IS ADMITTED TO THE BAR.
+
+As soon as the election was over Lincoln occupied himself in settling
+another matter, of much greater moment, in his own judgment. He went
+to Springfield to seek admission to the bar. The "roll of attorneys
+and counsellors at law," on file in the office of the clerk of the
+Supreme Court at Springfield, Illinois, shows that his license was
+dated September 9, 1836, and that the date of the enrollment of his
+name upon the official list was March 1, 1837. The first case in which
+he was concerned, as far as we know, was that of Hawthorn against
+Woolridge. He made his first appearance in court in October, 1836.
+
+Although he had given much time during this year to politics and the
+law, he had by no means abandoned surveying. Indeed he never had
+more calls. Surveying was particularly brisk at the moment, and he
+frequently was obliged to be away for three and four weeks at a time,
+laying out towns or locating roads. "When he got a job," says the Hon.
+J.M. Ruggles, a friend and political supporter of Mr. Lincoln, "there
+was a picnic and jolly time in the neighborhood. Men and boys would
+gather around, ready to carry chain, drive stakes, and blaze trees,
+but mainly to hear Lincoln's odd stories and jokes. The fun was
+interspersed with foot races and wrestling matches. To this day the
+old settlers around Bath repeat the incidents of Lincoln's sojourns in
+their neighborhood while surveying that town."
+
+[Illustration: NINIAN W. EDWARDS., JOB FLETCHER, SR.,
+WILLIAM F. ELKINS., ROBERT L. WILSON., JOHN DAWSON.
+
+MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON COUNTY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+ASSEMBLY--THE DELEGATION KNOWN AS THE "LONG NINE."
+
+NINIAN W. EDWARDS was born in Kentucky in 1809, a son of Ninian
+Edwards, who in the same year was appointed Governor of the new
+Territory of Illinois. Mr. Edwards was appointed Attorney-General
+of Illinois in 1834; in 1836 was elected to the legislature; was
+reëlected in 1838; served in the State Senate from 1844 to 1848,
+and again in the House from 1848 to 1852. He was a member of the
+constitutional convention of 1847. He died at Springfield, September
+2, 1889.
+
+JOB FLETCHER, SR., was born in Virginia in 1793; removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1819. In 1826 he was elected to the Illinois
+House of Representatives, and in 1834 to the State Senate, where he
+served six years. He died in Sangamon County in 1872.
+
+WILLIAM F. ELKINS was born in Kentucky in 1792. He went to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1825. In 1828, 1836, and 1838 he was elected to
+the legislature. In 1831 he raised a company for the Black Hawk War,
+and was its captain. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him Register
+of the United States Land Office at Springfield, an office which he
+held until 1872, when he resigned. He died at Decatur, Illinois, 1880.
+
+ROBERT LANG WILSON was born in Pennsylvania in 1805. In 1831 he went
+to Kentucky; in 1833 removed to Sangamon County, Illinois; in 1836 was
+elected to the Illinois House. He removed to Sterling, Illinois, in
+1840, and died there in 1880. For some years he was paymaster in the
+United States Army.
+
+JOHN DAWSON was born in Virginia in 1791; he removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1827. He was elected to the lower house of the
+legislature in 1830, 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1846. He was a member of
+the constitutional convention of 1847. He died November 12, 1850.
+
+The other members of the "Long Nine" were Abraham Lincoln, Daniel
+Stone, Andrew McCormick, and Arthur Herndon.]
+
+
+LINCOLN IN THE TENTH ASSEMBLY OF ILLINOIS
+
+In December Lincoln put away his surveying instruments to go to
+Vandalia for the opening session of the Tenth Assembly. Larger by
+fifty members than its predecessor, this body was as much superior
+in intellect as in numbers. It included among its members a future
+President of the United States, a future candidate for the same high
+office, six future United States Senators, eight future members of the
+National House of Representatives, a future Secretary of the Interior,
+and three future Judges of the State Supreme Court. Here sat side by
+side Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas; Edward Dickinson Baker,
+who represented at different times the States of Illinois and Oregon
+in the national councils; O.H. Browning, a prospective senator and
+future cabinet officer, and William L.D. Ewing, who had just served
+in the senate; John Logan, father of the late General John A.
+Logan; Robert M. Cullom, father of Senator Shelby M. Cullom; John
+A. McClernand, afterward member of Congress for many years, and
+a distinguished general in the late Civil War; and many others of
+national repute.[2]
+
+[Illustration: ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.
+
+From a silhouette loaned by Mr. Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, Illinois.
+Elijah Lovejoy was born in Maine in 1802. When twenty-five years old
+he emigrated to St. Louis, where he at first did journalistic work on
+a Whig newspaper. In 1833 he entered the ministry, and was soon after
+made editor of a religious newspaper, the "St. Louis Observer." Mr.
+Lovejoy began, in 1835, to turn his paper against slavery, but the
+opposition he found in Missouri was so strong that in the summer of
+1836 he decided to move his paper to Alton, Illinois. Before he could
+get his plant out of St. Louis a mob destroyed the greater part. The
+remainder he succeeded in getting to Alton, but a mob met it there and
+threw it into the river. The citizens of Alton, ashamed of this act,
+gave Mr. Lovejoy money to buy a new press. At first the tone of
+the paper was moderate, but gradually it grew more emphatic in its
+utterances against slavery. The pro-slavery element of the town
+protested, indignation meetings were held, and in August, 1837, his
+press was thrown into the river. Another was immediately bought,
+which, in September, followed its predecessor to the bottom of the
+Mississippi. When it was known in Alton that Mr. Lovejoy had ordered
+a fourth press, and had resolved to fight the opposition to the end,
+a public meeting was called, at which many speeches were made on both
+sides, and he was urged to leave Alton. This he refused to do, and
+his fourth press was landed on November 6, 1837. The next night a mob
+attacked the warehouse where it was placed, and in the riot one of the
+assailants, Lyman Bishop, and Elijah Lovejoy himself were killed.]
+
+The members came to Vandalia full of hope and exultation. In their
+judgment it needed only a few months of legislation to put their State
+by the side of New York; and from the opening of the session they were
+overflowing with excitement and schemes. In the general ebullition of
+spirits which characterized the Assembly, Lincoln had little share.
+Only a week after the opening of the session he wrote to a friend,
+Mary Owens, at New Salem, that he had been ill, though he believed
+himself to be about well then; and he added: "But that, with other
+things I cannot account for, have conspired, and have gotten my
+spirits so low that I feel I would rather be any place in the world
+than here. I really cannot endure the thought of staying here ten
+weeks."
+
+Though depressed, he was far from being inactive. The Sangamon
+delegation, in fact, had their hands full, and to no one of the nine
+had more been entrusted than to Lincoln. In common with almost every
+delegation, they had been instructed by their constituents to adopt a
+scheme of internal improvements complete enough to give every budding
+town in Illinois easy communication with the world. This for the State
+in general; for Sangamon County in particular, they had been directed
+to secure the capital. The change in the State's centre of population
+made it advisable to move the seat of government northward from
+Vandalia, and Springfield was anxious to secure it. To Lincoln was
+entrusted the work of putting through the bill to remove the capital.
+In the same letter quoted from above he tells Miss Owens, "Our
+chance to take the seat of government to Springfield is better than
+I expected." Regarding the internal improvements scheme he feels less
+confident: "Some of the legislature are for it, and some against;
+which has the majority, I cannot tell."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.
+
+From a photograph by Brady, and kindly loaned by Mr. Noah Brooks for
+this reproduction.]
+
+[Illustration: Frontispiece of "Alton Trials," a small volume
+published in 1838, containing full notes taken at the time of the
+trial of the persons engaged in what is called the "Alton riot."
+Twelve persons were indicted "for the crime of riot committed on
+the night of the 7th of November, 1837, while engaged in defending
+a Printing Press from an attack made on it at that time by an Armed
+Mob;" eleven others were indicted "for a riot committed in Alton on
+the night of the 7th of November, 1837, in unlawfully and forcibly
+entering the warehouse of Godfrey Gilman and Company, and breaking up
+and destroying a printing press." In both cases the juries returned a
+verdict of "not guilty." (See note on Elijah Lovejoy.)]
+
+It was not long, however, before all uncertainty about internal
+improvements was over. The people were determined to have them,
+and the Assembly responded to their demands by passing an act
+which provided, at State expense, for railroads, canals, or river
+improvements in almost every county in Illinois. To compensate those
+counties to which they could not give anything else, they voted them
+a sum of money for roads and bridges. No finer bit of imaginative
+work was ever done, in fact, by a legislative body, than the map of
+internal improvements made by the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.
+
+There was no time to estimate exactly the cost of these fine plans.
+Nor did they feel any need of estimates; that was a mere matter of
+detail. They would vote a fund, and when that was exhausted they
+would vote more; and so they appropriated sum after sum: one hundred
+thousand dollars to improve the Rock River; one million eight hundred
+thousand dollars to build a road from Quincy to Danville; four million
+dollars to complete the Illinois and Michigan Canal; two hundred and
+fifty thousand for the Western Mail Route--in all, some twelve
+million dollars. To carry out the elaborate scheme, they provided a
+commission, one of the first duties of which was to sell the bonds of
+the State to raise the money for the enterprise. The majority of the
+Assembly seem not to have entertained for a moment an idea that there
+would be any difficulty in selling at a premium the bonds of Illinois.
+"On the contrary," as General Linder says in his "Reminiscences," "the
+enthusiastic friends of the measure maintained that, instead of there
+being any difficulty in obtaining a loan of the fifteen or twenty
+millions authorized to be borrowed, our bonds would go like hot cakes,
+and be sought for by the Rothschilds, and Baring Brothers, and others
+of that stamp; and that the premiums which we would obtain upon them
+would range from fifty to one hundred per cent., and that the premium
+itself would be sufficient to construct most of the important works,
+leaving the principal sum to go into our treasury, and leave the
+people free from taxation for years to come."
+
+[Illustration: STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.
+
+The professional card of Stuart and Lincoln shows that the
+copartnership began April 12, 1837. The card appeared in the next
+issue of the "Sangamo Journal," and was continued until Lincoln became
+the partner of Judge Logan, in 1841.]
+
+
+THE REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+Although Lincoln favored and aided in every way the plan for internal
+improvements, his real work was in securing the removal of the capital
+to Springfield. The task was by no means an easy one to direct; for
+outside of the "Long Nine" there was, of course, nobody particularly
+interested in Springfield, and there were delegations from a dozen
+other counties hot to secure the capital for their own constituencies.
+It took patient and clever manipulation to put the bill through.
+Certain votes Lincoln, no doubt, gained for his cause by force of
+his personal qualities. Thus Jesse K. Dubois says that he and his
+colleagues voted for the bill because they liked Lincoln, and
+wanted to oblige him. But probably the majority were won by skilful
+log-rolling. Not that Lincoln ever sanctioned "trading" to the
+sacrifice of his own convictions. General T.H. Henderson, of Illinois,
+says in some interesting reminiscences of Lincoln, prepared for this
+Life and hitherto unpublished: "Before I had ever seen Abraham Lincoln
+I heard my father, who served with him in the legislature of 1838-39
+and of 1840-41, relate an incident in Mr. Lincoln's life which
+illustrates his character for integrity and his firmness in
+maintaining what he regarded as right in his public acts, in a marked
+manner.
+
+"I do not remember whether this incident occurred during the session
+of the legislature in 1836-37 or 1838-39. But I think it was in
+that of 1836-37, when it was said that there was a great deal of
+log-rolling going on among the members. But, however that may be,
+according to the story related by my father, an effort was made to
+unite the friends of capital removal with the friends of some measure
+which Mr. Lincoln, for some reason, did not approve. What that measure
+was to which he objected, I am not now able to recall. But those who
+desired the removal of the capital to Springfield were very anxious to
+effect the proposed combination, and a meeting was held to see if it
+could be accomplished. The meeting continued in session nearly all
+night, when it adjourned without accomplishing anything, Mr. Lincoln
+refusing to yield his objections and to support the obnoxious measure."
+
+[Illustration: OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+
+The chair is now in the Oldroyd Collection in Washington, D.C.]
+
+"Another meeting was called, and at this second meeting a number
+of citizens, not members of the legislature, from the central and
+northern parts of the State, among them my father, were present
+by invitation. The meeting was long protracted, and earnest in its
+deliberations. Every argument that could be thought of was used to
+induce Mr. Lincoln to yield his objections and unite with his friends,
+and thus secure the removal of the capital to his own city; but
+without effect. Finally, after midnight, when everybody seemed
+exhausted with the discussion, and when the candles were burning low
+in the room, Mr. Lincoln rose amid the silence and solemnity which
+prevailed, and, my father said, made one of the most eloquent and
+powerful speeches to which he had ever listened. And he concluded his
+remarks by saying, 'You may burn my body to ashes, and scatter them
+to the winds of heaven; you may drag my soul down to the regions of
+darkness and despair to be tormented forever; but you will never get
+me to support a measure which I believe to be wrong, although by doing
+so I may accomplish that which I believe to be right.' And the meeting
+adjourned."
+
+[Illustration: STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Jesse W. Weik. The law office of Stuart
+and Lincoln was in the second story of the building occupied at the
+time the photograph was made by "Tom Dupleaux's Furniture Store."
+Hoffman's Row, as this group of buildings was called, was used as a
+court-house at that date, 1837. The court-room was in the lower story
+of the two central buildings.]
+
+If Lincoln did not support measures which he considered doubtful, he
+did, now and then, "tack a provision" on a bill to please a friend, as
+the following letter, hitherto unpublished, shows:[3]
+
+    "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, _August 5, 1837_.
+
+    "DEAR SIR:
+
+    "Mr. Edwards tells me you wish to know whether the act to
+    which your town incorporation provision was attached passed
+    into a law. It did. You can organize under the general
+    incorporation law as soon as you choose.
+
+    "I also tacked a provision on to a fellow's bill, to authorize
+    the relocation of the road from Salem down to your town, but
+    I am not certain whether or not the bill passed. Neither do I
+    suppose I can ascertain before the law will be published--if
+    it is a law. Bowling Green, Bennett Abell, and yourself are
+    appointed to make the change.
+
+    "No news. No excitement, except a little about the election of
+    Monday next. I suppose, of course, our friend Dr. Henry stands
+    no chance in your 'diggings.'
+
+    "Your friend and honorable servant,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    "JOHN BENNETT, ESQ.
+
+As was to be expected, the Democrats charged that the Whigs of
+Sangamon had won their victory by "bargain and corruption." These
+charges became so serious that, in an extra session called in the
+summer of 1837, a few months after the bill passed, Lincoln had a
+bitter fight over them with General L.D. Ewing, who wanted to keep
+Vandalia as the capital. "The arrogance of Springfield," said General
+Ewing, "its presumption in claiming the seat of government, is not
+to be endured; the law has been passed by chicanery and trickery; the
+Springfield delegation has sold out to the internal improvement men,
+and has promised its support to every measure that would gain a vote
+to the law removing the seat of government."
+
+Lincoln answered in a speech of such severity and keenness that
+the House believed he was "digging his own grave;" for Ewing was a
+high-spirited man who would not hesitate to answer by a challenge. It
+was, in fact, only the interference of their friends which prevented
+a duel at this time between Ewing and Lincoln. This speech, to many of
+Lincoln's colleagues, was a revelation of his ability and character.
+"This was the first time," said General Linder, "that I began to
+conceive a very high opinion of the talents and personal courage of
+Abraham Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.
+
+This advertisement appeared in the "Sangamo Journal" in April, 1834,
+and held a place in the paper through the next three years. As
+the "Four Horse Coach" ran through Sangamon town and New Salem, it
+doubtless had Lincoln as a passenger now and then, but not often,
+probably, for the fare from New Salem to Springfield was one dollar
+and twenty-five cents, and walking, or riding upon a borrowed horse,
+must generally have been preferred by Lincoln to so costly a mode of
+travelling.]
+
+A few months later the "Long Nine" were again attacked, Lincoln
+specially being abused. The assailant this time was a prominent
+Democrat, Mr. J.B. Thomas. When he had ended, Lincoln replied in
+a speech which was long known in local political circles as the
+"skinning of Thomas."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S FIRST REPORTED SPEECH.
+
+No one doubted after this that Lincoln could defend himself. He became
+doubly respected as an opponent, for his reputation for good-humored
+raillery had been established in his campaigns. In a speech made in
+January he gave another evidence of his skill in the use of ridicule.
+A resolution had been offered by Mr. Linder to institute an inquiry
+into the management of the affairs of the State bank. Lincoln's
+remarks on the resolution form his first reported speech. This speech
+has been unnoticed by his biographers hitherto; and it appears in none
+of the editions of his speeches and letters. It was discovered in the
+"Sangamo Journal" for January 28, 1837, by Mr. J. McCan Davis, in the
+course of a search through the files instituted by this Magazine.
+
+[Illustration: MARY L. OWENS.
+
+Born in Kentucky in 1808. Lincoln first met Miss Owens in 1833 at
+New Salem, where she made a short visit. In 1836 she came back to New
+Salem, and a warm friendship sprang up between them. The question
+of marriage was discussed in a disinterested way. Miss Owens left
+Illinois in 1838, and in 1841 she married a Mr. Jesse Vineyard. The
+letters written to her by Mr. Lincoln she herself gave to Mr. Herndon
+for publication.]
+
+Lincoln began these remarks by good-humored but nettling chaffing of
+his opponent.
+
+    "Mr. Chairman," he said: "Lest I should fall into the too
+    common error of being mistaken in regard to which side I
+    design to be upon, I shall make it my first care to remove
+    all doubt on that point, by declaring that I am opposed to the
+    resolution under consideration, _in toto_. Before I proceed to
+    the body of the subject, I will further remark, that it is not
+    without a considerable degree of apprehension that I venture
+    to cross the track of the gentleman from Coles [Mr. Linder].
+    Indeed, I do not believe I could muster a sufficiency of
+    courage to come in contact with that gentleman, were it
+    not for the fact that he, some days since, most graciously
+    condescended to assure us that he would never be found wasting
+    ammunition on _small game_. On the same fortunate occasion he
+    further gave us to understand that he regarded _himself_
+    as being decidedly the _superior_ of our common friend from
+    Randolph [Mr. Shields]; and feeling, as I really do, that I,
+    to say the most of myself, am nothing more than the peer of
+    our friend from Randolph, I shall regard the gentleman from
+    Coles as decidedly my superior also; and consequently, in
+    the course of what I shall have to say, whenever I shall have
+    occasion to allude to that gentleman I shall endeavor to adopt
+    that kind of court language which I understand to be due to
+    decided superiority. In one faculty, at least, there can be no
+    dispute of the gentleman's superiority over me, and most other
+    men; and that is, the faculty of entangling a subject so that
+    neither himself, or any other man, can find head or tail to
+    it."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."
+
+From a photograph made by Brady early in Mr. Lincoln's first term.]
+
+[Illustration: PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.
+
+From the original, owned by Jesse W. Weik, by permission.]
+
+Taking up the resolution on the bank, he declared its meaning:
+
+    "Some gentlemen have their stock in their hands, while others,
+    who have more money than they know what to do with, want it;
+    and this, and this alone, is the question, to settle which
+    we are called on to squander thousands of the people's money.
+    What interest, let me ask, have the people in the settlement
+    of this question? What difference is it to them whether the
+    stock is owned by Judge Smith or Sam Wiggins? If any gentleman
+    be entitled to stock in the bank, which he is kept out of
+    possession of by others, let him assert his right in the
+    Supreme Court, and let him or his antagonist, whichever may be
+    found in the wrong, pay the costs of suit. It is an old maxim,
+    and a very sound one, that he that dances should always pay
+    the fiddler. Now, sir, in the present case, if any gentlemen
+    whose money is a burden to them, choose to lead off a dance,
+    I am decidedly opposed to the people's money being used to pay
+    the fiddler. No one can doubt that the examination proposed
+    by this resolution must cost the State some ten or twelve
+    thousand dollars; and all this to settle a question in
+    which the people have no interest, and about which they care
+    nothing. These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in
+    concert to fleece the people; and now that they have got into
+    a quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate
+    the people's money to settle the quarrel."
+
+The resolution had declared that the bank practised various methods
+which were "to the great injury of the people." Lincoln took the
+occasion to announce his ideas of the people and the politicians.
+
+    "If the bank really be a grievance, why is it that no one of
+    the real people is found to ask redress of it? The truth is,
+    no such oppression exists. If it did, our people would groan
+    with memorials and petitions, and we would not be permitted
+    to rest day or night till we had put it down. The people know
+    their rights, and they are never slow to assert and
+    maintain them when they are invaded. Let them call for an
+    investigation, and I shall ever stand ready to respond to the
+    call. But they have made no such call. I make the assertion
+    boldly, and without fear of contradiction, that no man who
+    does not hold an office, or does not aspire to one, has ever
+    found any fault of the bank. It has doubled the prices of the
+    products of their farms, and filled their pockets with a sound
+    circulating medium; and they are all well pleased with its
+    operations. No, sir, it is the politician who is the first to
+    sound the alarm (which, by the way, is a false one). It is he
+    who, by these unholy means, is endeavoring to blow up a storm
+    that he may ride upon and direct. It is he, and he alone,
+    that here proposes to spend thousands of the people's
+    public treasure, for no other advantage to them than to make
+    valueless in their pockets the reward of their industry. Mr.
+    Chairman, this work is exclusively the work, of politicians--a
+    set of men who have interests aside from the interests of
+    the people, and who, to say the most of them, are, taken as
+    a mass, at least one long step removed from honest men. I say
+    this with the greater freedom, because, being a politician
+    myself, none can regard it as personal."
+
+[Illustration: OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+During the special session of the legislature convened in the fall of
+1839 (the first one held at Springfield), the House of Representatives
+occupied this church, the State House being unfinished. At the short
+special session which opened November 23, 1840, the House first went
+into the Methodist church, but on the second day Representative John
+Logan (father of General John A. Logan) offered a resolution "that the
+Senate be respectfully requested to exchange places of convening with
+this House for a short time on account of the impossibility of the
+House discharging its business in so small a place as the Methodist
+church." This was adopted, and the House moved over to the Second
+Presbyterian church. At this special session the Whigs were interested
+in preventing a _sine die_ adjournment (because they desired to
+protect the State bank, which had been authorized in 1838 to suspend
+specie payment until after the adjournment of the next session of the
+General Assembly), and to this end they sought to break the quorum.
+All the Whigs walked out, except Lincoln and Joseph Gillespie, who
+were left behind to demand a roll-call when deemed expedient. A
+few were brought in by the sergeant-at-arms. Lincoln and Gillespie,
+perceiving that there would be a quorum if they remained, started to
+leave; and finding the doors locked, Lincoln raised a window, and
+both men jumped out--an incident, as Mr. Herndon says, which Lincoln
+"always seemed willing to forget." It was in this church, too, that
+Lincoln delivered an address before the Washingtonian Temperance
+Society, on Washington's birthday, in 1842. The church was erected in
+1839, and stood until torn down, some thirty years later, to make room
+for a new edifice.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+The speech was published in full in the "Sangamo Journal" and the
+editor commented:
+
+    "Mr. Lincoln's remarks on Mr. Linder's bank resolution in
+    the paper are quite to the point. Our friend carries the true
+    Kentucky rifle, and when he fires he seldom fails of sending
+    the shot home."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FIRST PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY.
+
+One other act of his in this session cannot be ignored. It is a
+sinister note in the hopeful chorus of the Tenth Assembly. For months
+there had come from the Southern States violent protests against the
+growth of abolition agitation in the North. Garrison's paper, the
+"infernal Liberator," as it was called in the pro-slavery part of
+the country, had been gradually extending its circulation and its
+influence; and it already had imitators even on the banks of the
+Mississippi. The American Anti-slavery Society was now over three
+years old. A deep, unconquerable conviction of the iniquity of slavery
+was spreading through the North. The South felt it and protested, and
+the statesmen of the North joined them in their protest. Slavery
+could not be crushed, said the conservatives. It was sanctioned by the
+Constitution. The South must be supported in its claims, and agitation
+stopped. But the agitation went on, and riots, violence, and hatred
+pursued the agitators. In Illinois, in this very year, 1837, we have
+a printing-office raided and an anti-slavery editor, Elijah Lovejoy,
+killed by the citizens of Alton, who were determined that it should
+not be said among them that slavery was an iniquity.
+
+To silence the storm, mass-meetings of citizens, the United States
+Congress, the State legislatures, took up the question and voted,
+again and again, resolutions assuring the South that the Abolitionists
+were not supported; that the country recognized their right to their
+"peculiar institution," and that in no case should they be interfered
+with. At Springfield, this same year (1837) the citizens convened and
+passed a resolution declaring that "the efforts of Abolitionists
+in this community are neither necessary nor useful." When the
+riot occurred in Alton, the Springfield papers uttered no word of
+condemnation, giving the affair only a laconic mention.
+
+The Illinois Assembly joined in the general disapproval, and on March
+3d passed the following resolutions:
+
+    "Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois:
+
+    "That we highly disapprove of the formation of Abolition
+    societies, and of the doctrines promulgated by them.
+
+    "That the right of property in slaves is sacred to the
+    slave-holding States by the Federal Constitution, and that
+    they cannot be deprived of that right without their consent.
+
+    "That the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the
+    District of Columbia against the consent of the citizens of
+    said District, without a manifest breach of good faith.
+
+    "That the Governor be requested to transmit to the States of
+    Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, New York, and Connecticut a
+    copy of the foregoing report and resolutions."
+
+Lincoln refused to vote for these resolutions. In his judgment no
+expression on the slavery question should go unaccompanied by the
+statement that it was an evil, and he had the boldness to protest
+immediately against the action of the House. He found only one man in
+the Assembly willing to join him in his action. These two names are
+joined to the document they presented:
+
+    "Resolutions upon the subject of domestic slavery having
+    passed both branches of the General Assembly at its present
+    session, the undersigned hereby protest against the passage of
+    the same.
+
+    "They believe that the institution of slavery is founded on
+    both injustice and bad policy, but that the promulgation of
+    abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its
+    evils.
+
+    "They believe that the Congress of the United States has no
+    power under the Constitution to interfere with the institution
+    of slavery in the different States.
+
+    "They believe that the Congress of the United States has power
+    under the Constitution to abolish slavery in the District of
+    Columbia, but that the power ought not to be exercised unless
+    at the request of the people of the District.
+
+    "The difference between these opinions and those contained
+    in the above resolutions, is their reason for entering this
+    protest.
+
+    "DAN STONE,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN,
+
+    "Representatives from the County of Sangamon."
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM BUTLER.
+
+From a photograph owned by his grandson, Hon. William J. Butler,
+Springfield, Illinois. William Butler was a native of Kentucky, being
+born in Adair County, that State, December 15, 1797. In the war of
+1812, he carried important despatches from the Governor of Kentucky
+to General Harrison in the field, travelling on horseback. He went to
+Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1828. In 1836 he was appointed clerk of
+the Circuit Court by Judge Logan, whom he had known in Kentucky. In
+1859 he was appointed by Governor Bissell State treasurer of Illinois,
+to fill a vacancy, and in 1860 was elected to that office. He
+was married to Elizabeth Rickard, December 18, 1863. He died in
+Springfield, January 11, 1876. Soon after becoming a resident of
+Springfield, Lincoln went to William Butler's house to board. There
+he was like a member of the family. He lived with Mr. Butler until
+his marriage in 1842. The two men were ever the warmest personal and
+political friends.]
+
+
+SOCIAL LIFE IN VANDALIA IN 1836 AND 1837.
+
+The Tenth Assembly was important to Lincoln not only in its
+legislation; it greatly increased his circle of acquaintances. The
+character of the work of the session called to Vandalia numbers of
+persons of influence from almost every county in the State. They were
+invariably there to secure something for their town or county, and
+naturally made a point of getting acquainted. Game suppers seem to
+have been the means usually employed by visitors for bringing people
+together. The lobbyists were not the only ones in Vandalia who gave
+suppers, however. Not a bill was passed nor an election decided that
+a banquet did not follow. Mr. John Bryant, the brother of William
+Cullen, was in Vandalia that winter in the interest of his county, and
+he attended one of these banquets, given by the successful candidate
+for the United States Senate. Lincoln was present, of course, and so
+were all the prominent politicians of the State.
+
+"After the company had gotten pretty noisy and mellow from their
+imbibitions of Yellow Seal and 'corn juice,'" says Mr. Bryant, "Mr.
+Douglas and General Shields, to the consternation of the host and
+intense merriment of the guests, climbed up on the table, at one end,
+encircled each other's waists, and to the tune of a rollicking song,
+pirouetted down the whole length of the table, shouting, singing,
+and kicking dishes, glasses, and everything right and left, helter
+skelter. For this night of entertainment to his constituents, the
+successful candidate was presented with a bill, in the morning, for
+supper, wines, liquors, and damages, which amounted to six hundred
+dollars."
+
+But boisterous suppers were not by any means the important feature of
+Lincoln's social life that winter in Vandalia. There was another
+and quieter side in which he showed his rare companionableness and
+endeared himself to many people. In the midst of the log-rolling
+and jubilations of the session he would often slip away to some
+acquaintance's room and spend hours in talk and stories. Mr. John
+Bryant tells of his coming frequently to his room at the hotel, and
+sitting "with his knees up to his chin, telling his inimitable stories
+and his triumphs in the House in circumventing the Democrats."
+
+Major Newton Walker, of Lewiston, was in Vandalia at the time;
+and still talks with pleasure not only of the Assembly's energetic
+legislation, but of the way Lincoln endeared himself to him and to
+his colleague. "We both loved him," says Major Walker, "but I little
+thought then that he would become the greatest man that this country
+ever produced, or perhaps ever will. Many a night I have sat up
+listening to Lincoln's wonderful stories. That was a long time
+ago--nearly sixty years. I shall be ninety-two years old in a few
+days. I was six years older than Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH
+LINCOLN WAS ONE OF THE MANAGERS.
+
+The invitation is in the collection of Mr. C.F. Gunther of Chicago,
+through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.]
+
+"I used to play the fiddle a great deal, and have played for Lincoln a
+number of times. He used to come over to where I was boarding and ask
+me to play the fiddle for him; and I would take it with me when I went
+over to visit him, and when he grew weary of telling stories he would
+ask me to give him a tune, which I never refused to do."
+
+
+LINCOLN MOVES TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+As soon as the Assembly closed, Lincoln returned to New Salem; but it
+was not to stay. He had determined to go to Springfield. Major John
+Stuart, the friend who had advised him to study law and who had lent
+him books and with whom he had been associated closely in politics,
+had offered to take him as a partner. It was a good opening, for
+Stuart was one of the leading lawyers and politicians of the State,
+and his influence would place Lincoln at once in command of more or
+less business. From every point of view the change seems to have been
+wise; yet Lincoln made it with foreboding.
+
+To practise law he must abandon his business as surveyor, which was
+bringing him a fair income; he must for a time, at least, go without
+any certain income. If he failed, what then? The uncertainty weighed
+on him heavily, the more so because he was burdened by the debts left
+from his store and because he was constantly called upon to aid his
+father's family. Thomas Lincoln had remained in Coles County, but he
+had not, in these six years in which his son had risen so rapidly,
+been able to get anything more than a poor livelihood from his farm.
+The sense of responsibility Lincoln had towards his father's family
+made it the more difficult for him to undertake a new profession. His
+decision was made, however, and as soon as the session of the Tenth
+Assembly was over he started for Springfield. His first appearance
+there is as pathetic as amusing.
+
+"He had ridden into town," says Joshua Speed, "on a borrowed horse,
+with no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags containing a few
+clothes. I was a merchant at Springfield, and kept a large country
+store, embracing dry-goods, groceries, hardware, books, medicines,
+bed-clothes, mattresses--in fact, everything that the country needed.
+Lincoln came into the store with his saddle-bags on his arm. He
+said he wanted to buy the furniture for a single bed. The mattress,
+blankets, sheets, coverlid, and pillow, according to the figures made
+by me, would cost seventeen dollars. He said that perhaps was cheap
+enough; but small as the price was, he was unable to pay it. But if I
+would credit him till Christmas, and his experiment as a lawyer was a
+success, he would pay then; saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in
+this I do not know that I can ever pay you.' As I looked up at him I
+thought then, and I think now, that I never saw a sadder face.
+
+"I said to him: 'You seem to be so much pained at contracting so small
+a debt, I think I can suggest a plan by which you can avoid the debt,
+and at the same time attain your end. I have a large room with a
+double bed upstairs, which you are very welcome to share with me.'
+
+"'Where is your room?' said he.
+
+"'Upstairs,' said I, pointing to a pair of winding stairs which led
+from the store to my room.
+
+"He took his saddle-bags on his arm, went upstairs, set them on the
+floor, and came down with the most changed expression of countenance.
+Beaming with pleasure, he exclaimed:
+
+"'Well, Speed, I am moved.'"
+
+Another friend, William Butler, with whom Lincoln had become intimate
+at Vandalia, took him to board; life at Springfield thus began under
+as favorable auspices as he could hope for.
+
+After Chicago, Springfield was at that day the most promising city in
+Illinois. It had some fifteen hundred inhabitants, and the removal of
+the capital was certain to bring many more. Already, in fact, the town
+felt the effect. Houses and blocks were started; lawyers, politicians,
+tradesmen, laborers, were pouring in. Hitherto most of the dwellings
+had been of log or frame; now, however, there was an increase in brick
+buildings.
+
+The effect was apparent too, in society. "We used to eat all
+together," said an old man who in the early thirties came to
+Springfield as a hostler; "but about this time some one came along and
+told the people they oughtn't to do so, and then the hired folks ate
+in the kitchen." This differentiation was apparent to Lincoln and
+a little discouraging. He was thinking vaguely, at the time of this
+removal to Springfield, that perhaps he best marry a Miss Mary Owens,
+with whom he had become intimately acquainted in 1836 in New Salem;
+but Springfield society, and the impossibility of his supporting a
+wife in it, discouraged him.
+
+    "I am often thinking of what we said about your coming to live
+    at Springfield," he wrote her in May.
+
+    "I am afraid you would not be satisfied. There is a great deal
+    of flourishing about in carriages here, which it would be your
+    doom to see without sharing it. You would have to be poor,
+    without the means of hiding your poverty. Do you believe you
+    could bear that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot
+    with mine, should any ever do so, it is my intention to do
+    all in my power to make her happy and contented; and there is
+    nothing I can imagine that would make me more unhappy than to
+    fail in the effort. I know I should be much happier with you
+    than the way I am, provided I saw no signs of discontent in
+    you. What you have said to me may have been in the way of
+    jest, or I may have misunderstood it. If so, then let it be
+    forgotten; if otherwise, I much wish you would think seriously
+    before you decide. What I have said I will most positively
+    abide by, provided you wish it. My opinion is that you had
+    better not do it. You have not been accustomed to hardship,
+    and it may be more severe than you now imagine. I know you
+    are capable of thinking correctly on any subject, and if you
+    deliberate maturely upon this before you decide, then I am
+    willing to abide your decision."
+
+[Illustration: (MAP OF ILLINOIS ILLUSTRATING "_An Act to establish and
+maintain a General System of Internal Improvements, in force 27th Feb.
+1837_")
+
+When the Illinois legislature adopted the above plan of internal
+improvement in 1837, there was in the whole United States only about
+eleven hundred miles of railroad. The above scheme provided for
+thirteen hundred and fifty. The basis of the outlines used by
+the committee in developing the plan was contained in a series of
+resolutions offered in the beginning of the session by Stephen A.
+Douglas. In the house the vote on the bill stood sixty-one in favor to
+twenty-five against.]
+
+This decidedly dispassionate view of their relation seems not to
+have brought any decision from Miss Owens; for three months later
+Mr. Lincoln wrote her an equally judicial letter, telling her that
+he could not think of her "with entire indifference," that he in all
+cases wanted to do right and "most particularly so in all cases with
+women," and summing up his position as follows:
+
+    "What I do wish is that our further acquaintance shall depend
+    upon yourself. If such further acquaintance would contribute
+    nothing to your happiness, I am sure it would not to mine. If
+    you feel yourself in any degree bound to me, I am now willing
+    to release you, provided you wish it; while, on the other
+    hand, I am willing and even anxious to bind you faster, if I
+    can be convinced that it will in any considerable degree add
+    to your happiness. This, indeed, is the whole question with
+    me. Nothing would make me more miserable than to believe you
+    miserable--nothing more happy than to know you were so."
+
+Miss Owens had enough discernment to recognize the disinterestedness
+of this love-making, and she refused Mr. Lincoln's offer. She found
+him "deficient in those little links which make up the chain of a
+woman's happiness," she said. The affair seems to have been a rather
+vigorous flirtation on her part, which had interested and perhaps
+flattered Mr. Lincoln. In the sincerity of his nature he feared he had
+awakened a genuine attachment, and his notions of honor compelled
+him to find out. When finally refused, he wrote a description of the
+affair to a friend, in which he ridiculed himself unmercifully:
+
+    "I was mortified, it seemed to me, in a hundred different
+    ways. My vanity was deeply wounded by the reflection that I
+    had so long been too stupid to discover her intentions, and at
+    the same time never doubting that I understood them perfectly;
+    and also that she, whom I had taught myself to believe nobody
+    else would have, had actually rejected me with all my fancied
+    greatness. And, to cap the whole, I then for the first time
+    began to suspect that I was really a little in love with her.
+    But let it all go! I'll try and outlive it. Others have been
+    made fools of by the girls, but this can never with truth be
+    said of me. I most emphatically, in this instance, made a fool
+    of myself. I have now come to the conclusion never again
+    to think of marrying; and for this reason--I can never be
+    satisfied with any one who would be blockhead enough to have
+    me."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S POSITION IN SPRINGFIELD.
+
+It was not long before Lincoln became a favorite figure in
+Springfield. The skill, the courage, and the good-will he had shown in
+his management of the bill for the removal of the capital gave him at
+once, of course, special prominence. The entire "Long Nine," indeed,
+were regarded by the county as its benefactors, and throughout the
+summer there were barbecues and fireworks, dinners and speeches
+in their honor. "The service rendered Old Sangamon by the present
+delegation" was a continually recurring toast at every gathering.
+At one "sumptuous dinner" the internal improvement scheme in all its
+phases was toasted again and again by the banqueters, "'The Long Nine'
+of Old Sangamon--well done, good and faithful servants," drew forth
+long applause. Among those who offered volunteer toasts at this dinner
+were "A. Lincoln, Esq.," and "S.A. Douglas, Esq."
+
+At a dinner at Athens, given to the delegation, eight formal toasts
+and twenty-five volunteers are quoted in the report of the affair in
+the "Sangamo Journal." Among them were the following:
+
+    A. Lincoln. He has fulfilled the expectations of his friends
+    and disappointed the hopes of his enemies.
+
+    A. Lincoln. One of nature's noblemen.
+
+    By A. Lincoln. Sangamon County will ever be true to her best
+    interests, and never more so than in reciprocating the good
+    feelings of the citizens of Athens and neighborhood.
+
+Lincoln had not been long in Springfield before he soon was able to
+support himself, a result due, no doubt, very largely to his personal
+qualities and to his reputation as a shrewd politician. Not that he
+made money. The fee-book of Lincoln and Stuart shows that the returns
+were modest enough, and that sometimes they even "traded out" their
+account. Nevertheless it was a satisfaction to earn a livelihood so
+soon. Of his peculiar methods as a lawyer at this date we know very
+little. Most of his cases are utterly uninteresting. The very first
+year he was in Springfield, however, he had one case which created
+a great sensation, and which, so far as we know, has been overlooked
+entirely by his biographers. It is an admirable example of the
+way Lincoln could combine business and politics as well as of his
+merciless persistency in pursuing a man whom he believed unjust.
+
+It seems that among the offices to be filled at the August election of
+1837 was that of probate justice of the peace. One of the candidates
+was General James Adams, a man who had come on from the East in the
+early twenties, and who had at first claimed to be a lawyer. He had
+been an aspirant for various offices, among them that of governor
+of the State, but with little success. A few days before the August
+election of 1837 an anonymous hand-bill was scattered about the
+streets. It was an attack on General Adams, charging him with having
+acquired the title to a ten-acre lot of ground near the town by the
+deliberate forgery of the name of Joseph Anderson, of Fulton County,
+Illinois, to an assignment of a judgment. Anderson had died, and the
+widow, upon going to Springfield to dispose of the land, was surprised
+to find that it was claimed by General Adams, and she employed Stuart
+and Lincoln to look into the matter. The hand-bill, which went into
+all of the details at great length, concluded as follows: "I have
+only made these statements because I am known by many to be one of
+the individuals against whom the charge of forging the assignment and
+slipping it into the general's papers has been made; and because our
+silence might be construed into a confession of the truth. I shall not
+subscribe my name; but hereby authorize the editor of the 'Journal' to
+give it up to any one who may call for it.".
+
+After the election, at which General Adams had been elected, the
+hand-bill was reproduced in the "Sangamo Journal," with a card signed
+by the editor, in which he said: "To save any further remarks on
+this subject, I now state that A. Lincoln, Esq., is the author of
+the hand-bill in question." The same issue of the paper contained a
+lengthy communication from General Adams, denying the charge of fraud.
+
+The controversy was continued for several weeks. General Adams used,
+mostly, the columns of the "Springfield Republican," filling six
+columns of a single issue. He charged that the assault upon him was
+the result of a conspiracy between "a knot of lawyers, doctors, and
+others," who wished to ruin his reputation. Lincoln's answers to Adams
+are most emphatic. In one case, quoting several of his assertions,
+he pronounced them "all as false as hell, as all this community must
+know." Adams's replies were always voluminous. "Such is the turn which
+things have lately taken," wrote Lincoln, "that when General Adams
+writes a book I am expected to write a commentary on it." Replying to
+Adams's denunciation of the lawyers, he said: "He attempted to impose
+himself upon the community as a lawyer, and he actually carried the
+attempt so far as to induce a man who was under the charge of murder
+to entrust the defence of his life to his hands, and finally took his
+money and got him hanged. Is this the man that is to raise a breeze
+in his favor by abusing lawyers? ... If he is not a lawyer, he _is_
+a liar; for he proclaimed himself a lawyer, and got a man hanged by
+depending on him." Lincoln concluded: "Farewell, General. I will see
+you again at court, if not before--when and where we will settle the
+question whether you or the widow shall have the land." The widow did
+get the land, but this was not the worst thing that happened to Adams.
+The climax was reached when the "Sangamo Journal" published a long
+editorial (written by Lincoln, no doubt) on the controversy, and
+followed it with a copy of an indictment found against Adams in Oswego
+County, New York, in 1818. The offence charged in this indictment was
+the forgery of a deed by Adams--"a person of evil name and fame and of
+a wicked disposition."
+
+Lincoln's victory in this controversy undoubtedly did much to impress
+the community, not necessarily that he was a good lawyer, but rather
+that he was a clever strategist and a fearless enemy. It was not, in
+fact, as a lawyer that he was prominent in the first years after he
+came to Springfield. Reëlected to the Assembly in 1838, and again in
+1840, his real impress on the community was made as a politician.
+The qualities which he had already shown in public life were only
+strengthened as he gained experience and self-confidence. He was the
+terror of the pretentious and insincere, and had a way of exposing
+their shams by clever tricks which, to voters, were unanswerable
+arguments. A case in point happened in 1840. It was considered
+necessary, at that day, by a candidate to prove to the farmers that
+he was poor and, like themselves, horny-handed. Those politicians who
+wore good clothes and dined sumptuously were careful to conceal their
+regard for the elegancies of life from their constituents. One of
+the Democrats who in this campaign took particular pains to decry the
+Whigs for their wealth and aristocratic principles was Colonel Dick
+Taylor, generally known in Illinois as "ruffled-shirt Taylor." He was
+a vain and handsome man, who habitually arrayed himself as gorgeously
+as the fashion allowed. One day when he and Lincoln had met in debate
+at a countryside gathering, Colonel Dick became particularly bitter
+in his condemnation of Whig elegance. Lincoln listened for a time, and
+then, slipping near the speaker, suddenly caught his coat, which
+was buttoned up close, and tore it open. A mass of ruffled shirt,
+a gorgeous velvet vest, and a great gold chain from which dangled
+numerous rings and seals, were uncovered to the crowd. Lincoln needed
+to make no further reply that day to the charge of being a "rag
+baron."
+
+Lincoln loved fair play as he hated shams; and throughout these early
+years in Springfield are examples of his boldness in insisting that
+friend and enemy have the chance due them. A most dramatic case of
+this kind occurred at a political meeting held one evening in the
+Springfield court-room, which at that date was temporarily in a hall
+under Stuart and Lincoln's law office. Directly over the platform was
+a trap-door. Lincoln frequently would lie by this opening during a
+meeting, listening to the speeches. One evening one of his friends,
+E.D. Baker, in speaking angered the crowd, and an attempt was made
+to "pull him down." Before the assailants could reach the platform,
+however, a pair of long legs dangled from the trap-door, and in an
+instant Lincoln dropped down beside Baker, crying out, "Hold on,
+gentlemen, this is a land of free speech." His appearance was so
+unexpected, and his attitude so determined, that the crowd soon was
+quiet, and Baker went on with his speech.
+
+In all the intellectual life of the town he took a place. With a few
+of the leading young men he formed a young men's lyceum. One of his
+speeches before this body has been preserved in full. Its subject is
+"The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions."[4] The speech has
+not, however, any of the peculiarly original style which usually
+characterized his efforts.
+
+He came immediately to be a favorite figure in all sorts of local
+affairs. What he said and did on these occasions is still recollected
+by those interested in them. "When the seat of government was removed
+from Vandalia to Springfield in 1836," says the Rev. Peter Wallace
+of Chicago "I obtained the contract of taking down the court-house to
+make a place for the State House. Lincoln, with others, was present
+to receive the job. 'Peter,' he said to me, 'if you succeed as well
+in building houses as you have in tearing this one down, you will make
+your mark as a builder.'" Mr. Wallace tells, too, of hearing Lincoln
+say in a speech, at the funeral of one of their friends: "I read in a
+book whose author never errs, 'Woe unto you when all men shall speak
+well of you.' Our friend will escape that woe, for he would be the
+exception had he no enemies."
+
+The most pleasing feature of his early life in the town was the way in
+which he attached all classes of people to him. He naturally, from his
+political importance and from his relation to Mr. Stuart, was admitted
+to the most exclusive circle of society. But Lincoln was not received
+there from tolerance of his position only. The few members left of
+that interesting circle of Springfield in the thirties are emphatic in
+their statements that he was recognized as a valuable social factor.
+If indifferent to forms and little accustomed to conventional usages,
+he had a native dignity and self-respect which stamped him at once as
+a superior man. He had a good will, an easy adaptability to people,
+which made him take a hand in everything that went on. His name
+appears in every list of banqueters and merry-makers reported in the
+Springfield papers. He even served as committee-man for cotillion
+parties. "We liked Lincoln, though he was not gay," said one charming
+and cultivated old lady to me in Springfield. "He rarely danced, he
+was never very attentive to ladies, but he was always a welcome guest
+everywhere, and the centre of a circle of animated talkers. Indeed, I
+think the only thing we girls had against Lincoln was that he always
+attracted all the men around him."
+
+Lincoln's kindly interest and perfectly democratic feeling attached to
+him many people whom he never met save on the streets. Indeed his life
+in the streets of Springfield is a most touching and delightful study.
+He concerned himself in the progress of every building which was put
+up, of every new street which was opened; he passed nobody without
+recognition; he seemed always to have time to stop and talk. He
+became, in fact, part of Springfield street life, just as he had of
+the town's politics and society. By 1840 there was no man in the town
+better known, better liked, more sought for; though there were more
+than one whose future was considered brighter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 1: Reminiscences of Mr. Weir, a former resident of Sangamon
+County, related by E.B. Howell of Butte, Montana.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Summary condensed from Moses's "History of Illinois."]
+
+[Footnote 3: The original of this letter is owned by E.R. Oeltjen of
+Petersburg, Illinois.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Lincoln's address on "The Perpetuation of Our Political
+Institutions" is dated January 27, 1837, in most biographies, but
+it was published in the "Sangamo Journal" of February 3, 1838. The
+address is preceded by the following resolution:
+
+    "YOUNG MEN'S LYCEUM,
+    SPRINGFIELD, _January 27, 1837[8]_.
+
+    "_Resolved_, That the thanks of this Lyceum be presented to A.
+    Lincoln, Esq., for the lecture delivered by him this evening,
+    and that he be solicited to furnish a copy for publication.
+
+    "JAS. H. MATHENY, _Secretary_"
+
+The confusion as to the date of the delivery of this address evidently
+arises from the fact that the resolution here quoted bears the date of
+"1837"--a mere slip of the pen, of course. In January, 1837, Lincoln
+was in the legislature at Vandalia. He had not yet become a resident
+of Springfield. According to Mr. Herndon, who was a member of the
+Young Men's Lyceum, that society was not formed until the fall of
+1837.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN
+SWEEP OF A BOAT."]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF.
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING,
+
+Author of "The Jungle Book," "Plain Tales from the Hills," etc.
+
+
+It was her first voyage, and though she was only a little cargo
+steamer of two thousand five hundred tons, she was the very best of
+her kind, the outcome of forty years of experiments and improvements
+in framework and machinery; and her designers and owners thought just
+as much of her as though she had been the "Lucania." Any one can make
+a floating hotel that will pay her expenses, if he only puts enough
+money into the saloon, and charges for private baths, suites of rooms,
+and such like; but in these days of competition and low freights every
+square inch of a cargo boat must be built for cheapness, great hold
+capacity, and a certain steady speed. This boat was perhaps
+two hundred and forty feet long and thirty-two feet wide, with
+arrangements that enabled her to carry cattle on her main and sheep on
+her upper deck if she wanted to; but her great glory was the amount of
+cargo that she could store away in her holds. Her owners--they were
+a very well-known Scotch family--came round with her from the North,
+where she had been launched and christened and fitted, to Liverpool,
+where she was to take cargo for New York; and the owner's daughter,
+Miss Frazier, went to and fro on the clean decks, admiring the new
+paint and the brass-work and the patent winches, and particularly the
+strong, straight bow, over which she had cracked a bottle of very
+good champagne when she christened the steamer the "Dimbula." It was
+a beautiful September afternoon, and the boat in all her newness (she
+was painted lead color, with a red funnel) looked very fine indeed.
+Her house flag was flying, and her whistle from time to time
+acknowledged the salutes of friendly boats, who saw that she was new
+to the sea and wished to make her welcome.
+
+"And now," said Miss Frazier, delightedly, to the captain, "she's
+a real ship, isn't she? It seems only the other day father gave the
+order for her, and now--and now--isn't she a beauty?" The girl was
+proud of the firm, and talked as though she were the controlling
+partner.
+
+"Oh, she's no so bad," the skipper replied, cautiously. "But I'm
+sayin' that it takes more than the christenin' to mak' a ship. In the
+nature o' things, Miss Frazier, if ye follow me, she's just irons and
+rivets and plates put into the form of a ship. She has to find herself
+yet."
+
+"But I thought father said she was exceptionally well found."
+
+"So she is," said the skipper, with a laugh. "But it's this way wi'
+ships, Miss Frazier. She's all here, but the parts of her have not
+learned to work together yet. They've had no chance."
+
+"But the engines are working beautifully. I can hear them."
+
+"Yes, indeed. But there is more than engines to a ship. Every inch of
+her, ye'll understand, has to be livened up, and made to work wi' its
+neighbor--sweetenin' her, we call it, technically."
+
+"And how will you do it?" the girl asked.
+
+"We can no more than drive and steer her and so forth; but if we have
+rough weather this trip--it's likely--she'll learn the rest by heart!
+For a ship, ye'll obsairve, Miss Frazier, is in no sense a reegid
+body, closed at both ends. She's a highly complex structure o' various
+an' conflictin' strains, wi' tissues that must give an' tak' accordin'
+to her personal modulus of eelasteecity." Mr. Buchanan, the chief
+engineer, in his blue coat with gilt buttons, was coming toward them.
+"I'm sayin' to Miss Frazier, here, that our little 'Dimbula' has to be
+sweetened yet, and nothin' but a gale will do it. How's all wi' your
+engines, Buck?"
+
+"Well enough--true by plumb an' rule, of course; but there's no
+spontaneeity yet." He turned to the girl. "Take my word, Miss
+Frazier, and maybe ye'll comprehend later, even after a pretty girl's
+christened a ship it does not follow that there's such a thing as a
+ship under the men that work her."
+
+"I was sayin' the very same, Mr. Buchanan," the skipper interrupted.
+
+"That's more metaphysical than I can follow," said Miss Frazier,
+laughing.
+
+"Why so? Ye're good Scotch, an'--I knew your mother's father; he was
+fra' Dumfries--ye've a vested right in metapheesics, Miss Frazier,
+just as ye have in the 'Dimbula,'" the engineer said.
+
+"Eh, well, we must go down to the deep watters, an' earn Miss Frazier
+her deevidends. Will you not come to my cabin for tea?" said the
+skipper. "We'll be in dock the night, and when you're goin' back to
+Glasgie ye can think of us loadin' her down an' drivin' her forth--all
+for your sake."
+
+In the next four days they stowed nearly four thousand tons dead
+weight into the "Dimbula," and took her out from Liverpool. As soon as
+she met the lift of the open water she naturally began to talk. If
+you put your ear to the side of the cabin the next time you are in a
+steamer, you will hear hundreds of little voices in every direction,
+thrilling and buzzing, and whispering and popping, and gurgling and
+sobbing and squeaking exactly like a telephone in a thunder storm.
+Wooden ships shriek and growl and grunt, but iron vessels throb and
+quiver through all their hundreds of ribs and thousands of rivets. The
+"Dimbula" was very strongly built, and every piece of her had a letter
+or a number or both to describe it, and every piece had been hammered
+or forged or rolled or punched by man and had lived in the roar and
+rattle of the shipyard for months. Therefore, every piece had its own
+separate voice in exact proportion to the amount of trouble spent upon
+it. Cast iron, as a rule, says very little; but mild steel plates and
+wrought iron, and ribs and beams that have been bent and welded and
+riveted a good deal, talk continuously. Their conversation, of course,
+is not half as wise as human talk, because they are all, though they
+do not know it, bound down one to the other in black darkness, where
+they cannot tell what is happening near them, nor what is going to
+happen next.
+
+A very short while after she had cleared the Irish coast a sullen,
+gray-headed old wave of the Atlantic climbed leisurely over her
+straight bows, and sat down on the steam capstan, used for hauling
+up the anchor. Now, the capstan and the engine that drove it had been
+newly painted red and green; besides which, nobody cares for being
+ducked.
+
+"Don't you do that again," the capstan sputtered through the teeth of
+his cogs. "Hi! Where's the fellow gone?"
+
+The wave had slouched overside with a plop and a chuckle; but "Plenty
+more where he came from," said a brother wave, and went through and
+over the capstan, who was bolted firmly to an iron plate on the iron
+deck beams below.
+
+[Illustration: THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.]
+
+"Can't you keep still up there," said the deck beams. "What's the
+matter with you? One minute you weigh twice as much as you ought to,
+and the next you don't."
+
+"It isn't my fault," said the capstan. "There's a green brute from
+outside that comes and hits me on the head."
+
+"Tell that to the shipwrights. You've been in position up there for
+months, and you've never wriggled like this before. If you aren't
+careful you'll strain _us_."
+
+"Talking of strain," said a low, rasping, unpleasant voice, "are any
+of you fellows--you deck beams, we mean--aware that those exceedingly
+ugly knees of yours happen to be riveted into our structure--_ours_?"
+
+"Who might you be?" the deck beams inquired.
+
+"Oh, nobody in particular," was the answer. "We're only the port and
+starboard upper-deck stringers; and, if you persist in heaving and
+hiking like this, we shall be reluctantly compelled to take steps."
+
+Now, the stringers of the ship are long iron girders, so to speak,
+that run lengthways from stern to bow. They keep the iron frames (what
+are called ribs in a wooden ship) in place, and also help to hold
+the ends of the deck beams which go from side to side of the ship.
+Stringers always consider themselves most important, because they are
+so long. In the "Dimbula" there were four stringers on each side--one
+far down by the bottom of the hold, called the bilge stringer; one a
+little higher up, called the side stringer; one on the floor of the
+lower deck; and the upper-deck stringers that have been heard from
+already.
+
+"You will take steps, will you?" This was a long, echoing rumble.
+It came from the frames; scores and scores of them, each one about
+eighteen inches distant from the next, and each riveted to the
+stringers in four places. "We think you will have a certain amount of
+trouble in _that_;" and thousands and thousands of the little rivets
+that held everything together whispered: "You will! You will! Stop
+quivering and be quiet. Hold on, brethren! Hold on! Hot punches!
+What's that?"
+
+Rivets have no teeth, so they can't chatter with fright; but they did
+their best as a fluttering jar swept along the ship from stern to bow,
+and she shook like a rat in a terrier's mouth.
+
+An unusually severe pitch, for the sea was rising, had lifted the big
+throbbing screw nearly to the surface, and it was spinning round in a
+kind of soda water--half sea and half air--going much faster than was
+right, because there was no deep water for it to work in. As it sank
+again, the engines--and they were triple-expansion, three cylinders in
+a row--snorted through all their three pistons: "Was that a joke, you
+fellow outside? It's an uncommonly poor one. How are we to do _our_
+work if you fly off the handle that way?"
+
+"I didn't fly off the handle," said the screw, twirling huskily at
+the end of the screw shaft. "If I had, _you'd_ have been scrap iron
+by this time. The sea dropped away from under me, and I had nothing to
+catch on to. That's all."
+
+"That's all, d'you call it?" said the thrust-block, whose business it
+is to take the push of the screw; for if a screw had nothing to hold
+it back it would crawl right into the engine room. (It is the holding
+back of the screwing action that gives the drive to a ship.) "I know
+I do my work deep down and out of sight, but I warn you I expect
+justice. All _I_ ask is justice. Why can't you push steadily and
+evenly, instead of whizzing like a whirligig and making me hot under
+all my collars?" The thrust-block had six collars, each faced with
+brass, and he did not want to get them heated.
+
+All the bearings that supported the fifty feet of screw shaft as it
+ran to the stern whispered: "Justice--give us justice."
+
+"I can only give you what I get," the screw answered. "Look out! It's
+coming again!"
+
+He rose with a roar as the "Dimbula" plunged; and
+"whack--whack--whack--whack" went the engines furiously, for they had
+little to check them.
+
+"I'm the noblest outcome of human ingenuity--Mr. Buchanan says so,"
+squealed the high-pressure cylinder. "This is simply ridiculous." The
+piston went up savagely and choked, for half the steam behind it
+was mixed with dirty water. "Help! Oiler! Fitter! Stoker! Help! I'm
+choking," it gasped. "Never in the history of maritime invention has
+such a calamity overtaken one so young and strong. And if I go, who's
+to drive the ship?"
+
+"Hush! oh, hush!" whispered the steam, who, of course, had been to sea
+many times before. He used to spend his leisure ashore, in a cloud, or
+a gutter, or a flower-pot, or a thunder storm, or anywhere else where
+water was needed. "That's only a little priming, as they call it.
+It'll happen all night, on and off. I don't say it's nice, but it's
+the best we can do under the circumstances."
+
+"What difference can circumstances make? I'm here to do my work--on
+clean, dry steam. Blow circumstances!" the cylinder roared.
+
+"The circumstances will attend to the blowing. I've worked on the
+North Atlantic run a good many times--it's going to be rough before
+morning."
+
+"It isn't distressingly calm now," said the extra strong frames, they
+were called web frames, in the engine room. "There's an upward thrust
+that we don't understand, and there's a twist that is very bad for our
+brackets and diamond plates, and there's a sort of northwestward pull
+that follows the twist, which seriously annoys us. We mention this
+because _we_ happened to cost a great deal of money, and we feel
+sure that the owner would not approve of our being treated in this
+frivolous way."
+
+"I'm afraid the matter's out of the owner's hands for the present,"
+said the steam, slipping into the condenser. "You're left to your own
+devices till the weather betters."
+
+"I wouldn't mind the weather," said a flat bass voice deep below;
+"it's this confounded cargo that's breaking my heart. I'm the garboard
+strake, and I'm twice as thick as most of the others, and I ought to
+know something."
+
+The garboard strake is the very bottom-most plate in the bottom of
+a ship, and the "Dimbula's" garboard strake (she was a flat-bottomed
+boat) was nearly three-quarters of an inch mild steel.
+
+"The sea pushes me up in a way I should never have expected," the
+strake went on, "and the cargo pushes me down, and between the two I
+don't know what I'm supposed to do."
+
+"When in doubt, hold on," rumbled the steam, making head in the
+boilers.
+
+"Yes, but there's only dark and cold and hurry down here, and how do
+I know whether the other plates are doing their duty? Those bulwark
+plates up above, I've heard, aren't more than five-sixteenths of an
+inch thick--scandalous, I call it."
+
+"I agree with you," said a huge web frame by the main cargo hatch. He
+was deeper and thicker than all the others, and curved half-way across
+the ship's side in the shape of half an arch, to support the deck
+where deck beams would have been in the way of cargo coming up and
+down. "I work entirely unsupported, and I observe that I am the
+sole strength of this vessel, so far as my vision extends. The
+responsibility, I assure you, is enormous. I believe the money value
+of the cargo is over one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. Think of
+that!"
+
+"And every pound of it dependent on my personal exertions." Here spoke
+a sea-valve that communicated directly with the water outside and was
+seated not very far from the garboard strake. "I rejoice to think that
+I am a Prince-Hyde valve, with best Para rubber facings. Five patents
+cover me--I mention this without pride--five separate and several
+patents, each one finer than the other. At present I am screwed
+fast. Should I open, you would immediately be swamped. This is
+incontrovertible!"
+
+Patent things always use the longest words they can. It is a trick
+they pick up from their inventors.
+
+"That's news," said a big centrifugal bilge pump. "I had an idea that
+you were employed to clean decks and things with. At least, I've used
+you for that more than once. I forget the precise number in thousands
+of gallons which I am guaranteed to pump in an hour; but I assure you,
+my complaining friends, that there is not the least danger. _I_ alone
+am capable of clearing any water that may find its way here. By my
+biggest delivery, we pitched then!"
+
+The sea was getting up in workmanlike style. It was a dead westerly
+gale, blown from under a ragged opening of green sky, narrowed on all
+sides by fat gray clouds; and the wind bit like pincers, as it fretted
+the spray into lace-work on the heads of the waves.
+
+"I tell you what it is," the foremast telephoned down its wire stays.
+"I'm up here, and I can take a dispassionate view of things. There's
+an organized conspiracy against us. I'm sure of it, because every
+single one of these waves is heading directly for our bows. The whole
+sea is concerned in it--and so's the wind. It's awful!"
+
+"What's awful?" said a wave, drowning the capstan for the hundredth
+time.
+
+"This organized conspiracy on your part," the capstan gurgled, taking
+his cue from the mast.
+
+"Organized bubbles and spindrift! There has been a depression in the
+Gulf of Mexico. Excuse me!" He leaped overside; but his friends took
+up the tale one after another.
+
+"Which has advanced--" _That_ wave threw green over the funnel.
+
+"As far as Cape Hatteras--" _He_ drenched the bridge.
+
+"And is now going out to sea--to sea--to sea!" _He_ went out in three
+surges, making a clean sweep of a boat, which turned bottom up and
+sank in the darkening troughs alongside.
+
+"That's all there is to it," seethed the broken water, roaring
+through the scuppers. "There's no animus in our proceedings. We're a
+meteorological corollary."
+
+"Is it going to get any worse?" said the bow anchor, chained down to
+the deck, where he could only breathe once in five minutes.
+
+"Not knowing, can't say. Wind may blow a bit by midnight. Thanks
+awfully. Good-by."
+
+The wave that spoke so politely had travelled some distance aft, and
+got itself all mixed up on the deck amidships, which was a well deck
+sunk between high bulwarks. One of the bulwark plates, which was hung
+on hinges to open outward, had swung out, and passed the bulk of the
+water back to the sea again with a wop.
+
+"Evidently that's what I'm made for," said the plate, shutting up
+again with a sputter of pride. "Oh, no, you don't, my friend!"
+
+The top of a wave was trying to get in from outside, but the plate did
+not open in that direction, and the defeated water spurted back.
+
+"Not bad for five-sixteenths of an inch," said the bulwark plate. "My
+work, I see, is laid down for the night;" and it began opening and
+shutting, as it was designed to do, with the motion of the ship.
+
+"We are not what you might call idle," groaned all the frames
+together, as the "Dimbula" climbed a big wave, lay on her side at the
+top, and shot into the next hollow, twisting as she descended. A huge
+swell pushed up exactly under her middle, and her bow and stern hung
+free, with nothing to support them, and then one joking wave caught
+her up at the bow, and another at the stern, while the rest of the
+water fell away from under her, just to see how she would like it, and
+she was held up at the two ends, and the weight of the cargo and the
+machinery fell on the groaning iron keels and bilge stringers.
+
+"Ease off! Ease off there!" roared the garboard strake. "I want an
+eighth of an inch play. D'you hear me, you young rivets!"
+
+"Ease off! ease off!" cried the bilge stringers. "Don't hold us so
+tight to the frames!"
+
+"Ease off!" grunted the deck beams, as the "Dimbula" rolled fearfully.
+"You've cramped our knees into the stringers and we can't move. Ease
+off, you flat-headed little nuisances."
+
+[Illustration: "AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG
+THROBBING SCREW NEARLY TO THE SURFACE."]
+
+Then two converging seas hit the bows, one on each side, and fell away
+in torrents of streaming thunder.
+
+"Ease off!" shouted the forward collision bulkhead. "I want to crumple
+up, but I'm stiffened in every direction. Ease off, you dirty little
+forge filings. Let me breathe!"
+
+All the hundreds of plates that are riveted on to the frames, and make
+the outside skin of every steamer, echoed the call, for each plate
+wanted to shift and creep a little, and each plate, according to its
+position, complained against the rivets.
+
+"We can't help it! _We_ can't help it!" they murmured. "We're put here
+to hold you, and we're going to do it. You never pull us twice in the
+same direction. If you'd say what you were going to do next, we'd try
+to meet your views."
+
+"As far as I could feel," said the upper-deck planking, and that was
+four inches thick, "every single iron near me was pushing or pulling
+in opposite directions. Now, what's the sense of that? My friends, let
+us all pull together."
+
+"Pull any way you please." roared the funnel, "so long as you don't
+try your experiments on _me_. I need fourteen wire ropes, all pulling
+in opposite directions, to hold me steady. Isn't that so?"
+
+"We believe you, my boy!" whistled the funnel stays through their
+clenched teeth, as they twanged in the wind from the top of the funnel
+to the deck.
+
+"Nonsense! We must all pull together," the decks repeated. "Pull
+lengthways."
+
+"Very good," said the stringers; "then stop pushing sideways when you
+get wet. Be content to run gracefully fore and aft, and curve in at
+the ends as we do."
+
+"No, no curves at the end. A very slight workmanlike curve from side
+to side, with a good grip at each knee, and little pieces welded on,"
+said the deck beams.
+
+"Fiddle!" said the iron pillars of the deep, dark hold. "Who ever
+heard of curves? Stand up straight; be a perfectly round column, and
+carry tons of good solid weight. Like that! There!" A big sea smashed
+on to the deck above, and the pillars stiffened themselves to the
+load.
+
+"Straight up and down is not bad," said the frames who run that way
+in the sides of the ship, "but you must also expand yourself sideways.
+Expansion is the law of life, children. Open out! Open out!"
+
+"Come back!" said the deck beam, savagely, as the upward heave of
+the sea made the frames try to open. "Come back to your bearings, you
+slack-jawed irons!"
+
+"Rigidity! Rigidity! Rigidity!" thumped the engines. "Absolute,
+unvarying rigidity--rigidity!"
+
+"You see!" whined the rivets in chorus. "No two of you will ever pull
+alike, and--and you blame it all on us. We only know how to go through
+a plate and bite down on both sides so that it can't and mustn't and
+sha'n't move."
+
+"I've got one-sixteenth of an inch play at any rate," said the
+garboard strake triumphantly; and so he had, and all the bottom of the
+ship felt a good deal easier for it.
+
+"Then we're no good," sobbed the bottom rivets. "We were ordered--we
+were _ordered_--never to give, and we've given, and the sea will come
+in, and we'll all go to the bottom together! First we're blamed for
+everything unpleasant, and now we haven't the consolation of having
+done our work."
+
+"Don't say I told you," whispered the steam consolingly; "but, between
+you and me and the cloud I last came from, it was bound to happen
+sooner or later. You _had_ to give a fraction, and you've given
+without knowing it. Now hold on, as before."
+
+"What's the use?" a few hundred rivets chattered. "We've given--we've
+given; and the sooner we confess that we can't keep the ship together
+and go off our little heads, the easier it will be. No rivet forged
+could stand this strain."
+
+"No one rivet was ever meant to. Share it among you," the steam
+answered.
+
+"The others can have my share. I'm going to pull out," said a rivet in
+one of the forward plates.
+
+"If you go, others will follow," hissed the steam. "There's nothing so
+contagious in a boat as rivets going. Why, I knew a little chap like
+you--he was an eighth of an inch fatter, though--on a steamer--to be
+sure, she was only twelve tons, now I come to think of it--in exactly
+the same place as you are. _He_ pulled out in a bit of a bobble of a
+sea, not half as bad as this, and he started all his friends on the
+same butt-strap, and the plate opened like a furnace door, and I had
+to climb into the nearest fog bank while the boat went down."
+
+"Now that's peculiarly disgraceful," said the rivet. "Fatter than me,
+was he, and in a steamer not half our tonnage? Reedy little peg! I
+blush for the family, sir." He settled himself more firmly than ever
+in his place, and the steam chuckled.
+
+"You see," he went on quite gravely, "a rivet, and especially a rivet
+in _your_ position, is really the _one_ indispensable part of the
+ship." The steam did not say that he had whispered the very same thing
+to every single piece of iron aboard. There is no sense in telling too
+much.
+
+And all that while the little "Dimbula" pitched and chopped and swung
+and slewed, and lay down as though she were going to die, and got up
+as though she had been stung, and threw her nose round and round in
+circles half a dozen times as she dipped, for the gale was at its
+worst. It was inky black, in spite of the tearing white froth on the
+waves, and, to top everything, the rain began to fall in sheets, so
+that you could not see your hand before your face. This did not make
+much difference to the iron-work below, but it troubled the foremast a
+good deal.
+
+"Now it's all finished," he said, dismally. "The conspiracy is too
+strong for us. There is nothing left but to--"
+
+"Hurraar! Brrrraaah! Brrrrrrp!" roared the steam through the foghorn,
+till the decks quivered. "Don't be frightened below. It's only me,
+just throwing out a few words in case any one happens to be rolling
+round to-night,"
+
+"You don't mean to say there's any one except _us_ on the sea in such
+weather?" said the funnel, in a husky snuffle.
+
+"Scores of 'em," said the steam, clearing its throat. "Rrrrrraaa!
+Brraaaaa! Prrrrp! It's a trifle windy up here; and, great boilers, how
+it rains!"
+
+"We're drowning," said the scuppers. They had been doing nothing else
+all night, but this steady thresh of rain above them seemed to be the
+end of the world.
+
+"That's all right. We'll be easier in an hour or two. First the
+wind and then the rain; soon you may make sail again! Grrraaaaah!
+Drrrraaaa! Drrrrrp! I have a notion that the sea is going down
+already. If it does you'll learn something about rolling. We've only
+pitched till now. By the way, aren't you chaps in the hold a little
+easier than you were?"
+
+There was just as much groaning and straining as ever, but it was not
+so loud or squeaky in tone; and when the ship quivered she did not
+jar stiffly, like a poker hit on the floor, but gave a supple little
+waggle, like a perfectly balanced golf club.
+
+"We have made a most amazing discovery," said the stringers, one after
+another; "a discovery that entirely changes the situation. We have
+found, for the first time in the history of shipbuilding, that the
+inward pull of the deck beams and the outward thrust of the frames
+locks us, as it were, more closely in our places, and enables us to
+endure a strain which is entirely without parallel in the records of
+marine architecture."
+
+The steam turned a laugh quickly into a roar up the foghorn. "What
+massive intellects you great stringers have!" he said, softly, when he
+had finished.
+
+"We, also," began the deck beams, "are discoverers and geniuses. We
+are of opinion that the support of the hold-pillars materially helps
+_us_. We find that we lock upon them when we are subjected to a heavy
+and singular weight of sea above."
+
+Here the "Dimbula" shot down a hollow, lying almost on her side, and
+righting at the bottom with a wrench and a spasm.
+
+"In these cases--are you aware of this, steam?--the plating at the
+bows, and particularly at the stern,--we would also mention the floors
+beneath us,--helps _us_ to resist any tendency to spring." It was the
+frames who were speaking in the solemn and awed voice which people use
+when they have just come across something entirely new for the very
+first time.
+
+"I'm only a poor, puffy little flutterer," said the steam, "but I have
+to stand a good deal of pressure in my business. It's all tremendously
+interesting. Tell us some more. You fellows are _so_ strong."
+
+"You'll see," said the bow plates proudly. "Ready behind there! Here's
+the father and mother of waves coming! Sit tight, rivets all!" The
+great sluicing comber thundered by, but through all the scuffle and
+confusion the steam could hear the low, quick cries of the iron-work
+as the various strains took them--cries like these: "Easy now, easy!
+_Now_ push for all your strength! Hold out! Give a fraction! Hold up!
+Pull in! Shove crossways! Mind the strain at the ends! Grip now! Bite
+tight! Let the water get away from under, and there she goes."
+
+The wave raced off into the darkness shouting, "Not bad that, if it's
+your first run!" and the drenched and ducked ship throbbed to the beat
+of the engines inside her. All three cylinders were wet and white with
+the salt spray that had come down through the engine-room hatch; there
+was white salt on the canvas-bound steam pipes, and even the bright
+work below was speckled and soiled; but the cylinders had learned to
+make the most of steam that was half water, and were pounding along
+cheerfully.
+
+"How's the noblest outcome of human ingenuity hitting it?" said the
+steam, as he whirled through the engine room.
+
+"Nothing for nothing in the world of woe," the cylinders answered,
+as if they had been working for centuries, "and precious little for
+seventy-five pounds head. We've made two knots this last hour and a
+quarter! Rather humiliating for eight hundred horse-power, isn't it?"
+
+"Well, it's better than drifting astern, at any rate. You seem rather
+less--how shall I put it?--stiff in the back than you were."
+
+"If you'd been hammered as we've been this night, you wouldn't be
+stiff--ffreff--ff--either. Theoreti--retti--retti--cally, of course,
+rigidity is _the_ thing. Purr--purr--practically, there has to be a
+little give and take. _We_ found that out by working on our sides for
+five minutes at a stretch--chch--chh. How's the weather?"
+
+"Sea's going down fast," said the steam.
+
+"Good business," said the high-pressure cylinder. "Whack her up along,
+boys. They've given us five pounds more steam;" and he began humming
+the first bars of "Said the young Obadiah to the old Obadiah," which,
+as you must have noticed, is a pet tune among engines not made for
+high speed. Racing liners with twin screws sing "The Turkish Patrol"
+and the overture to the "Bronze Horse" and "Madame Angot," till
+something goes wrong, and then they give Gounod's "Funeral March of a
+Marionette" with variations.
+
+"You'll learn a song of your own some fine day," said the steam, as he
+flew up the foghorn for one last bellow.
+
+Next day the sky cleared and the sea dropped a little, and the
+"Dimbula" began to roll from side to side till every inch of iron in
+her was sick and giddy. But, luckily, they did not all feel ill at the
+same time; otherwise she would have opened out like a wet paper box.
+The steam whistled warnings as he went about his business, for it is
+in this short, quick roll and tumble that follows a heavy sea that
+most of the accidents happen; because then everything thinks that the
+worst is over and goes off guard. So he orated and chattered till the
+beams and frames and floors and stringers and things had learned how
+to lock down and lock up on one another, and endure this new kind of
+strain.
+
+They had ample time, for they were sixteen days at sea, and it was
+foul weather till within a hundred miles of New York. The "Dimbula"
+picked up her pilot, and came in covered with salt and red rust. Her
+funnel was dirty gray from top to bottom; two boats had been carried
+away; three copper ventilators looked like hats after a fight with the
+police; the bridge had a dimple in the middle of it; the house that
+covered the steam steering-gear was split as with hatchets; there
+was a bill for small repairs in the engine room almost as long as the
+screw-shaft; the forward cargo hatch fell into bucket staves when
+they raised the iron crossbars; and the steam capstan had been badly
+wrenched on its bed. Altogether, as the skipper said, it was "a pretty
+general average."
+
+"But she's soupled," he said to Mr. Buchanan. "For all her dead
+weight, she rode like a yacht. Ye mind that last blow off the Banks? I
+was proud of her."
+
+"It's vara good," said the chief engineer, looking along the
+dishevelled decks. "Now, a man judging superficially would say we were
+a wreck, but we know otherwise--by experience."
+
+Naturally, everything in the "Dimbula" stiffened with pride, and
+the foremast and the forward collision bulkhead, who are pushing
+creatures, begged the steam to warn the port of New York of their
+arrival. "Tell those big boats all about us," they said. "They seem to
+take us quite as a matter of course."
+
+It was a glorious, clear, dead calm morning, and in single file, with
+less than half a mile between each, their bands playing, and
+their tugboats shouting and waving handkerchiefs beneath, were the
+"Majestic," the "Paris," the "Touraine," the "Servia," the "Kaiser
+Wilhelm II." and the "Werkendam," all statelily going out to sea. As
+the "Dimbula" shifted her helm to give the great boats clear way, the
+steam (who knows far too much to mind making an exhibition of himself
+now and then) shouted:
+
+"Oyez! oyez! oyez! Princes, Dukes, and Barons of the High Seas! Know
+ye by these presents we are the 'Dimbula,' fifteen days nine hours out
+from Liverpool, having crossed the Atlantic with four thousand ton of
+cargo for the first time in our career. We have not foundered! We are
+here! Eer! eer! We are not disabled. But we have had a time wholly
+unparalleled in the annals of shipbuilding. Our decks were swept. We
+pitched, we rolled! We thought we were going to die! Hi! hi! But we
+didn't! We wish to give notice that we have come to New York all the
+way across the Atlantic, through the worst weather in the world; and
+we are the 'Dimbula.' We are--arr--ha--ha--ha-r-r!"
+
+The beautiful line of boats swept by as steadily as the procession of
+the seasons. The "Dimbula" heard the "Majestic" say "Humph!" and the
+"Paris" grunted "How!" and the "Touraine" said "Oui!" with a little
+coquettish flicker of steam; and the "Servia" said "Haw!" and the
+"Kaiser" and the "Werkendam" said "Hoch!" Dutch fashion--and that was
+absolutely all.
+
+"I did my best," said the steam, gravely, "but I don't think they were
+much impressed with us, somehow. Do you?"
+
+"It's simply disgusting," said the bow-plates. "They might have
+seen what we've been through. There isn't a ship on the sea that has
+suffered as we have--is there now?"
+
+"Well, I wouldn't go so far as that," said the steam, "because I've
+worked on some of those boats, and put them through weather quite as
+bad as we've had in six days; and some of them are a little over ten
+thousand tons, I believe. Now, I've seen the 'Majestic,' for instance,
+ducked from her bows to her funnel, and I've helped the 'Arizona,' I
+think she was, to back off an iceberg she met with one dark night; and
+I had to run out of the 'Paris's' engine room one day because there
+was thirty foot of water in it. Of course, I don't deny--" The steam
+shut off suddenly as a tugboat, loaded with a political club and a
+brass band that had been to see a senator off to Europe, crossed the
+bows, going to Hoboken. There was a long silence, that reached without
+a break from the cut-water to the propeller blades of the "Dimbula."
+
+Then one big voice said slowly and thickly, as though the owner had
+just waked up: "It's my conviction that I have made a fool of myself."
+
+The steam knew what had happened at once; for when a ship finds
+herself, all the talking of the separate pieces ceases and melts into
+one deep voice, which is the soul of the ship.
+
+"Who are you?" he said, with a laugh.
+
+"I am the 'Dimbula,' of course. I've never been anything else except
+that--and a fool."
+
+The tugboat, which was doing its very best to be run down, got away
+just in time, and its band was playing clashily and brassily a popular
+but impolite air:
+
+  In the days of old Rameses--are you on?
+  In the days of old Rameses--are you on?
+  In the days of old Rameses,
+  That story had paresis--
+  Are you on--are you on--are you on?
+
+"Well, I'm glad you've found yourself," said the steam. "To tell the
+truth, I was a little tired of talking to all those ribs of stringers.
+Here's quarantine. After that we'll go to our wharf and clean up a
+little, and next month we'll do it all over again."
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--GOYA AND HIS CAREER.--FOUR ENGLISH
+PAINTERS OF FAMILIAR LIFE.--GÉRICAULT, INGRES, AND DELACROIX.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+Looking backward to the first quarter of this century, it is hardly
+too sweeping an assertion to say that, with a single exception, there
+was little that was important in the way of painting outside of France
+and England. There were local reputations in all the other countries,
+practitioners of the art who joined to a respectable proficiency in
+painting an adhesion to the traditions which had been handed down to
+them. These men, in their time and place, were notable; and in
+the museums of their respective countries their works remain of
+chronological interest to students of painting. But to the larger
+public which these papers address, they are of little importance,
+having exercised but slight influence on contemporaneous art.
+
+The exception already noted was in Spain, and there only in the case
+of a single painter. Francisco Goya y Lucientes, "Pintor Español," as
+he delighted to call himself, would be, indeed has been, a fascinating
+subject for picturesque biography. Charles Yriarte, the well-known
+French art critic, has given the world a most interesting and complete
+story of Goya's life, which, though it is only separated from our own
+day by a span of seventy years, chronicles the exploits of one who
+in the history of art must hark back to Benvenuto Cellini in the
+sixteenth century to find his parallel.
+
+Goya was born March 31, 1746, at Fuente de Todos, in the province of
+Aragon. The son of a small farmer, he was placed when very young
+in the local Academy of Fine Arts at Saragossa, where he received
+instruction from Bayen and Luzan, painters little known outside of
+Spain. The swashbuckler instincts which were to govern him through
+life manifested themselves here, where in a street brawl he laid low
+three of his adversaries. He found it prudent to evade both justice
+and the vengeance which followed swift and sure in those days in
+Spain, by flying to Madrid. Soon after his arrival in the capital,
+however, in continuation of his old mode of life, he was picked up for
+dead in one of the low quarters of the town. Surviving the poignard,
+but again threatened with arrest, he joined a _quadrilla_ of
+bull-fighters, in whose company he went from town to town, giving
+exhibitions of his prowess in the national sport.
+
+[Illustration: THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+
+There is a tradition that this etching was made from nature, the
+model--some malefactor executed by the strangling method employed in
+Spain--being studied by Goya from his chamber window.]
+
+With all this, painting must have been somewhat of an interlude;
+but Goya had early shown signs of great talent, and before he left
+Saragossa, his master, Josepha Bayen, had confidence enough in
+his future to entrust the happiness of his daughter to his care by
+permitting his marriage to her. Goya's biographer notes that through
+all the various adventures of his career he had the utmost care for
+the material comfort of this lady. Her character must impress us
+to-day as charitable to excess; for, shortly after the bull-fighting
+episode, Goya found himself in Rome, where his next exploit was the
+abduction, from a convent, of a noble Roman girl. With the police once
+more on his track, he sought refuge at the Spanish Embassy, whence
+he was despatched home in disguise, probably to the relief of his
+country's representative in Rome. Before this adventure, which was
+only one of many which the charitable wife had to pardon, he had
+attracted the attention of David, who was then in Italy, and who,
+as his art differed in every way from that of Goya, must have been
+strongly impressed by his work to give it his approval.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+
+One of the plates from the "Disasters of War" where the grotesque and
+huge figure of Death appears to the combatants.]
+
+On arriving home Goya was given employment in designing a series of
+tapestries for the royal palace; and from 1780, when he was made a
+member of the Spanish Royal Academy, ensues the period of his
+greatest artistic activity. Carrying into his art the same excess
+of temperament which marked his life, his execution was rapid and
+decisive. Rebellious to the ordinary means employed by painters, he
+used various mediums, some of which have ill withstood the ravages of
+time; and, disdaining brushes, he often employed sponges or bits of
+rag in their place. In the case of one of his pictures, a revolt of
+the Madrilenians against the French, it is said that he employed a
+spoon.
+
+In 1799 Goya was made painter to the king, Charles III., whose
+successor, the fourth of his name, continued his favor. The time,
+which was that of the notorious "Prince of Peace," Godoy, was
+favorable for a character like that of Goya, whose eccentricities were
+looked upon with an indulgent eye by a court which must have felt
+that its function was hardly that of moral censor. At least Goya, the
+intimate of Maria Louisa and the court circle, by no means abandoned
+his friends the bull-fighters and tavern-keepers. Fresh from an
+altar-piece for a cathedral, or a royal portrait, his ready brush
+found employment in rapidly painting a street scene, or even a sign
+for a wine-shop. A whitewashed wall for canvas and mud from the gutter
+for pigment, were the means employed to embody a patriotic theme at
+the entrance of the French soldiers into Madrid--a popular masterpiece
+executed to the plaudits of the crowd.
+
+All this would seem to denote a charlatan; yet withal, Goya has fairly
+won his place amid the great painters of the world. Perhaps no better
+example could be found of the essential difference between the outward
+and visible actions of a man and the inward and spiritual grace of an
+artist than in this instance; and the Latin standpoint, always more
+intellectually liberal than our own Anglo-Saxon appreciation of the
+same problem furnishes the reason why Goya was left free to pursue his
+artistic career instead of languishing in prison. His illogical brush
+filled the cathedrals of Saragossa, Seville, Toledo, and Valencia
+with masterly frescoes, while with the etching needle he produced
+many plates. Some of these, like the "Caprices," a series of eighty
+etchings, are filled with imagination alternately tragical and
+grotesque; while another series, representing bull-fights, throughout
+its thirty-three plates depicts the incidents of the game with intense
+realism. The "Disasters of War," another series of eighty, were
+inspired by the French invasion; and never, perhaps, were the
+cruelties of war more strenuously realized in art than in these.
+Probably these etchings, executed, like all his works, by methods
+peculiar to himself, constitute his best title to remembrance. But
+his painting, replete though it be with the defects of his qualities,
+stands as a precursor of the great coloristic school of which
+Delacroix was the head and front. This is notably to be felt in his
+portraits, and in some of the rapidly executed single figures of
+which the Louvre has a specimen and the Metropolitan Museum, New York,
+another--the latter, "A Jewess of Tangiers."
+
+[Illustration: GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.
+
+This portrait is the frontispiece to a series of etchings by Goya.]
+
+Before leaving Goya for men whose works are their only history,
+a characteristic incident, which caused his flight from Spain to
+Bordeaux in France, must be told. In 1814 Wellington was in Madrid
+and sat for his portrait to Goya. After the first sitting, the soldier
+presumed to criticise the work; whereat Goya, seizing a cutlass,
+attacked him, causing the future hero of Waterloo to flee for his life
+from the maniacal fury of the painter. It is said that, later, peace
+was made between the two men, and that the portrait was achieved;
+but for the moment Goya found safety in France, together with his
+long-suffering wife, who had incidentally borne him twenty children.
+At the green old age of eighty-two Goya died at Bordeaux, April 16,
+1828.
+
+[Illustration: ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN
+THE CATHEDRAL AT SEVILLE.
+
+These are the patron saints of Seville. The legend has it that they
+were the daughters of a potter and followed their father's trade,
+giving away in charity, however, all that they earned more than was
+sufficient to supply their simple wants. At the time of a festival
+to Venus, they were requested to supply the vessels to be used in her
+worship, and on their refusing, they were dragged before the prefect,
+who condemned them to death, July 19, A.D. 304. They are generally
+represented with earthen vessels and the palms of martyrdom; in this
+case, the broken statue of Venus lies in the foreground. The Giralda
+tower, the chief ornament of Seville, and the prototype of the Madison
+Square tower in New York City, is their especial care, and it is
+believed that its preservation from lightning is due to them.]
+
+No greater contrast could be devised than the four works which follow,
+either in the character of the art or in the uneventful respectability
+of the painters' lives. They are all typical of a class of pictures
+which has been popular in England, from the time of Hogarth to the
+present day. The earliest of them is the "Blind Fiddler" of Sir David
+Wilkie, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1807. The dates at
+which the others, by Mulready, Webster, and Leslie, were painted would
+preclude their appearance here, if strict chronological sequence were
+imposed, as they were painted about 1840. It is instructive,
+however, to group them together, to show that these artists and their
+followers, who were legion, thought at least as much of subject as of
+method. Not that the latter quality is lacking. On the contrary, it
+is only too evident; but it is a method of convention. No one would
+imagine for a moment, in looking at any one of these pictures, that
+he was admitted an unseen spectator to some scene of intimate family
+life. It is this quality which the great Dutchmen in all their scenes
+of familiar life preserved; and when we look at a Pieter de Hooge,
+for instance, there is no suspicion that the homely scene has been
+arranged for our delectation. In its transplantation from Holland,
+however, English art lost just this quality.
+
+David Wilkie, born in Scotland, at Cults in Fifeshire, November 18,
+1785, came to London in 1805 to enter the Royal Academy schools, after
+some preliminary training at Edinburgh. His first picture, in the
+exhibition of 1806, "The Village Politicians," attracted attention,
+and was followed the next year by "The Blind Fiddler." The work of
+a youth of twenty-two, it is remarkable for its close observation
+of character and the skilful use made of what may be termed the
+theatrical faculty of grouping the personages so that their action
+tells the story. This is not a merit, and there is little doubt that
+the scene would be greater as art were it more consistently human.
+Character is well and pictorially rendered; but by its insistence in
+every figure, we feel that it is but a moment since the curtain
+was withdrawn and the _tableau vivant_ shown. This and the pictures
+following it met with the most unbounded popular approval, were
+reproduced by engraving, and exercised an influence increased by the
+honors and fortune which were showered on the painter.
+
+In 1825 Wilkie made an extended continental tour, and three years
+later, after his return to England, changed his class of subjects for
+historical and portrait painting, bringing to these later themes the
+same ability and the same lack of _naïveté_ which characterized his
+former work. A Royal Academician since 1811, he was appointed first
+painter in ordinary to the king, on the death of Lawrence, in 1830. He
+was knighted in 1836, and died at sea on June 1, 1841, while returning
+from Egypt.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+
+"An itinerant musician is entertaining a cottager and his family with a
+tune on the fiddle; the father gayly snaps his fingers at an infant on
+the knees of the mother, behind whom a mischievous boy, with the poker
+and bellows in his hands, is mimicking the action of the musician.
+With this exception, all, even the dog standing by the chair of its
+mistress, appear to be intent upon the music of the blind fiddler."
+This quotation, from the catalogue of the National Gallery where the
+original picture is placed, accurately describes it.]
+
+[Illustration: CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM
+MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON.
+
+To the title of this picture, the painter himself added, as expository
+of his theme and the source of his inspiration, the following passage
+from Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield": "I had scarcely taken orders
+a year, before I began to think seriously of matrimony, and chose my
+wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a fine glossy surface, but
+for such qualities as would wear well." The picture thus affords
+a good instance of the dependence on literature of the painters of
+Mulready's school. Its title alone would suffice, so well and simply
+is the story told; but, apparently, with the British public, and in
+the painter's mind, it gained an added grace by diverting the visual
+impression of the observer to the realm of literature. The picture is
+here reproduced from a copyrighted photograph by Frederick Hollyer,
+Kensington.]
+
+William Mulready was of Irish birth, having come into the world at
+Ennis, in the County Clare, April 1, 1786. In 1809, after a period
+in the schools of the Royal Academy, he exhibited there a picture
+entitled "Fair Time," which gave him almost instant success; and until
+his death, July 7, 1863, though producing fewer pictures than Wilkie,
+he worked on very much the same class of subjects. His color is less
+agreeable than that of the Scot, and his execution very much more
+labored. His life was uneventful, occupied exclusively with his work,
+which he loved; so much so that two days before his death, an old
+man of seventy-seven, he sat drawing in the evening life class at the
+Royal Academy. He had been a member of the Academy since 1816. The
+picture here reproduced is (even without the quotation from the "Vicar
+of Wakefield" which accompanies it in the catalogue of the South
+Kensington Museum) a simple story simply told. It is free from the
+mannerisms which mar much of Mulready's work, especially in the
+portrayal of children, and in the original is more agreeable in color
+than are many of his pictures.
+
+[Illustration: CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER. The
+happily chosen title explains sufficiently this pleasant scene. The
+picture, painted in 1843, is now in the South Kensington Museum.]
+
+Thomas Webster, born March 20, 1800, in London, and dying at Cranbrook
+in Kent, September, 1886, was another painter whose work had enjoyed
+the full meed of popularity, from 1825 to the time of his retirement
+from the Royal Academy in 1877. Pictures like the one here reproduced
+(from the original in the South Kensington Museum, painted in 1843,
+and entitled "Contrary Winds"), pictures depicting homely rustic
+life, were his specialty. His work had gained him the title of Royal
+Academician in 1846.
+
+Through all this time, and in the work of many painters unnoticed
+here, the qualities are evident of an honest endeavor to paint the
+simple life of the country. With a higher standard of taste, and
+better preliminary instruction, painting would have gained; and the
+defect with which British art has been so often reproached, of being
+too literary, might have been lessened. Charles Robert Leslie,
+whose works are almost uniformly inspired by literature, was born at
+Clerkenwell in England, of American parents, October 19, 1794. He was
+taken to Philadelphia when five years of age, but returned to England
+in 1811, to study at the Royal Academy. Washington Allston and
+Benjamin West, both Americans--the latter at the time President of the
+Royal Academy--aided Leslie by advice.
+
+After a preliminary stage as a portrait painter, Leslie exhibited at
+the Royal Academy in 1819 a picture of "Sir Roger de Coverley Going to
+Church," the first of a long series of pictures dependent on books
+for their subjects. In 1825 he painted "Sancho Panza and the Duchess,"
+which procured him his election as an Academician the following year.
+The picture here reproduced is a repetition, with some slight changes,
+of the same subject, but was painted in 1844. Leslie may be said to
+have originated this style of subject in England, where he has had
+many followers; and, given the requisite knowledge of literature, his
+pictures tell their story with directness and humor. In painting, his
+work is rather hard; but in grace and style of drawing he was much
+superior to his contemporaries. Among his pictures are many suggested
+by Shakespeare, which have been popularized by engraving.
+
+[Illustration: SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A
+PAINTING BY C.E. LESLIE.
+
+Sancho having, by the command of the Duchess, seated himself upon a
+low stool, is saying, "Now, madam, that I am sure that nobody but the
+company present hears us, I will answer without fear or emotion to all
+you have asked and to all you shall ask me; and the first thing I tell
+you is that I take my master, Don Quixote, for a downright madman."
+The original picture is in the National Gallery, London.]
+
+Leslie returned to this country in 1833 to accept the professorship
+of drawing at the West Point Military Academy, but remained only a
+few months. After returning to London, he enjoyed a successful
+career until his death, May 5, 1859. He was one of the first and most
+consistent admirers of Constable's work, and wrote his life. He also
+published lectures on painting, delivered at the Royal Academy, where
+he had been appointed lecturer in 1848.
+
+The consideration of the two men whose portraits face each other here,
+and who stood thus opposed, during their lives, as the leaders of
+all that constituted art in their time and country, takes us back to
+France. Frequent returns of this character will be necessary in the
+course of these papers; for, without undue prejudice in favor of
+the French, it must be said that they alone have through the century
+maintained a consistent attitude in regard to art. Other countries
+have from time to time encouraged painting, with as frequent lapses
+of interest or lack of men who could legitimately inspire interest.
+Although transplanted bodily from Italy to France, in the time of
+Francis the First, art had taken so firm a root by the commencement
+of this century that, as we have seen, it grew and flourished though
+watered by the red blood of revolution. As a national institution,
+following the prescribed rules of the Academy, it has, of course,
+met with frequent assaults at the hands of men for whom prescribed
+academic law was as naught in comparison with the higher law of
+genius. In 1819 such a man appeared, with a picture which violated the
+unwritten law formulated by David: "Look in your Plutarch and paint!"
+
+[Illustration: THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT
+IN THE LOUVRE.
+
+The frigate "Medusa," accompanied by three other vessels, left France
+June 17, 1816, heading for Saint-Louis (Senegal), with the governor
+and principal officers of the colony as passengers. On July 2 the
+vessel stranded on a reef, and after five days of ineffectual effort
+to float her, was abandoned. A raft was constructed and one hundred
+and forty-nine men embarked on it, the remainder of the crew and
+passengers, four hundred all told, taking to the boats. For twelve
+days, the raft floated at the will of the waves and winds; then it
+was sighted by one of the convoys, the brig Argus. Only fifteen men
+survived. The picture represents the moment of their deliverance.]
+
+Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault, born at Rouen, September 26,
+1791, came to Paris in 1808, and entered the studio of Guérin, where
+his method of painting displeased his master to such a degree that he
+advised him to abandon the study of art. Guérin had thoroughly imbibed
+the defects of the David method; and the spectacle of a youth who
+obstinately persisted in trying to paint the model as he really
+appeared, instead of making a pink imitation of antique sculpture,
+seemed to him to be of little promise.
+
+Géricault, however, persisted; and with the exception of about a year,
+when the halo of military glory seduced him from his work, he worked
+so well and earnestly that, after two years' sojourn in Italy, he
+returned to Paris, a few weeks before the Salon of 1819, equipped with
+the knowledge of a master.
+
+Taking a canvas about fifteen feet high by twenty in length, using the
+green-room of a theatre for a studio, he set to work. Disdaining the
+prevailing taste for mythology and classic themes, he took from the
+journals of the time the moving recital of the sufferings of the crew
+of the frigate "Medusa," abandoned on a raft in mid-ocean. Choosing
+the moment when the fifteen survivors of the hundred and forty-nine
+men who had embarked on the raft sighted the sail in the offing which
+meant their deliverance, he worked with an energy and fire which have
+remained remarkable in the annals of art. Certain of the figures, all
+of which are more than life size, were painted in a day, and when the
+Salon of 1819 opened, the picture was finished.
+
+[Illustration: INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.
+
+Painted for the gallery of Painters' Portraits in the Uffizi,
+Florence, in 1858, according to the inscription on the picture. This
+most interesting collection, which is still being added to year by
+year, comprises the portraits of the great painters, in most cases by
+their own hands, from the time of the Renaissance to our day.]
+
+Seen as it is to-day in the Louvre, blackened by time and the neglect
+from which it suffered for six or seven years before it was placed
+there, it remains one of the capital pages in the history of modern
+art. The effect on the younger generation who saw it fresh from the
+hand of the master, accustomed as they were to the lifeless
+effigies of the classic school, was puzzling, and none but the most
+revolutionary dared approve of it. With the older painters there was
+a similar distrust of the impression which it caused. Yet David--an
+artistic kernel encased in an academic husk--admired it; and so did a
+swarthy youth who was soon to make his mark and who was a friend and
+former comrade of Géricault in the _atelier_ Guérin--Eugène Delacroix.
+
+[Illustration: DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.
+
+This portrait was left by the painter at his death to Mlle. Jenny
+Leguillon, his housekeeper, and by her was bequeathed to the Louvre in
+1872.]
+
+Géricault received a recompense of the fourth class, and, disgusted
+with his lot, took the immense canvas to London, where it was
+exhibited with success. During his sojourn in England he executed a
+number of pictures in oil and water color, and many lithographs, which
+are to-day eagerly sought by collectors. Returning to France full of
+projects for work, his health began to give way, and on the 18th of
+January, 1824, he died. The influence which he exercised had, however,
+borne its fruits. Already in the Salon of 1822 Ferdinand Victor Eugène
+Delacroix, born at Charenton, near Paris, April 26, 1799, had shown
+his "Dante and Virgil."
+
+Before considering Delacroix, however, it is best to return to the
+earlier years of the century, and give J. Dominique Auguste Ingres,
+whose stern face confronts Delacroix's portrait, the precedence to
+which his age entitles him.
+
+"Monsieur" Ingres, as the iconoclastic leaders of the romantic school
+called him in mock deference, was born at Montauban, August 29, 1780.
+His life was fortunate, and his history, which is chiefly that of his
+works, can be told in few words. A pupil of David, he received
+the Prix de Rome in 1801. He remained in Rome much longer than the
+allotted four years to which his prize entitled him, and returned
+there often during his life as to the source of all art. By
+portraiture and the constant patronage of the government, the material
+conditions of his life, which was of a simple character, befitting
+a man who viewed his mission as that of an apostle preaching the
+doctrine of pure classicism, were made easy; and the official titles
+of Member of the Institute, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, and
+Senator of the Empire all came to him with the lapse of years.
+
+More royalist than the king, and the last of David's disciples, Ingres
+pursued throughout his life the even tenor of a man convinced that
+the source of all inspiration in art was Greek sculpture as amplified,
+transmuted, and translated to the realm of painting by Raphael.
+Painting in his hands became almost purely a matter of form. The
+element of color was virtually ignored, and form, chastened in contour
+and modelling, became through the magic of his genius the almost
+sufficient quality. The qualification is necessary. For though too
+great a man to lose, as too many of his master's pupils did, the grasp
+on nature; and while, therefore, his works, seen as they are through
+the glamour of the antique, never lack an intimate relation to
+existing life, it is impossible to resist the feeling before them that
+it is life beautified, of exquisite yet virile choice, but of life
+arrested. The reproach of his opponents of the romantic school that he
+was an "embalmer" has a foundation of truth.
+
+[Illustration: A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.
+
+This lovely drawing, from the collection in the Louvre, shows Ingres
+in his most pleasing aspect. By the magic of a few lines faintly
+traced, he has evoked for us the image of a charming person; and by
+the slight indication of costume, has also fixed the epoch at which
+the drawing was made. It was in the earlier years of the master, while
+he was in Rome, that he drew many such little masterpieces as a means
+of livelihood, drawings which he then made for a few francs, and which
+are now eagerly sought by the museums of Europe.]
+
+[Illustration: APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.
+
+Originally painted for a ceiling in the gallery of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, in the Louvre, where it is now replaced by a copy of the
+same executed by Ingres's pupils. The picture represents Homer crowned
+as Jupiter by Victory, and seated before his temple receiving the
+homage of the poets, painters, sculptors, and architects of the
+world.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A
+PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX.
+
+In 1203, through political intrigue, a French army, raised to take
+part in the fourth crusade for the rescue of Jerusalem from
+the Mohammedans, joined with a Venetian army in an attack on
+Constantinople, then a Christian city, the capital of the Byzantine
+Empire. The city fell, but later was recovered. Then, on April 12,
+1204, the invaders secured it again, and subjected it to a despoilment
+without parallel. Delacroix's picture portrays a scene in this
+despoilment. One of the invading barons, attended by his escort, rides
+on to a terrace, and the citizens fall before him, praying his mercy.
+Behind lies the Bosphorous, and beyond it are the shores of Asia.]
+
+For all this, it is hardly superlative to say that, since art began,
+no man has ever felt the exquisite and subtle harmony of line to
+the same degree as Ingres. Naturally the best examples of this, his
+greatest quality, are to be found in his rendering of the nude human
+form; and from the "Oedipus and the Sphinx," of 1808, to "La Source,"
+of 1856, both of which are now in the Louvre, he returned again and
+again to its study, producing each time a masterpiece. His portraits,
+again, are most masterly, occasionally rising through sheer force of
+rendering each characteristic trait of his model (as in the portrait
+of M. Bertin, the editor of the "Débats"), to the extreme exactitude
+of Holbein, coupled with an _allure_ so thoroughly modern that
+the whole epoch of Louis Philippe lives before us. In the slighter
+drawings of his earlier years in Rome, one of which is reproduced
+here, only the most typical details are chosen, and these are
+indicated with a delicacy of touch, a sureness of hand, that not
+only indicates the master, but lends a distinctive charm of truthful
+delicacy of which none but Ingres has known the secret. It is in such
+works that his influence will be felt the longest; for, as with his
+master, the great pictures in which he exemplified his principles
+remain cold and uninteresting. The "Homer Deified," reproduced here,
+was originally intended as a ceiling for the Louvre, and from a
+decorative point of view would excite a pitying smile from Veronese
+or Tiepolo. Taken bit by bit, as a beautiful exhibition of supreme
+knowledge, of the evasive quality of style in drawing, it is, however,
+admirable, and as a whole it has the merits of grave, balanced
+composition. It was the spirit of work like this which the master
+sought to force upon his epoch, rather than that of his portraits or
+of pictures like the "Source;" and the austerity of these principles
+met with more submission in the earlier years of the century than when
+later Géricault had shown the path in which the audacious Delacroix
+threw himself at the head of a band of romantic followers.
+
+[Illustration: DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE
+INFERNAL CITY OF DITÉ. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX, IN THE
+LOUVRE.
+
+The subject is taken from Dante's "Inferno," and represents the poet
+and his companions and guide standing in a bark conducted by Phlegyas,
+while around them appear on the surface of the water the writhing
+bodies of the condemned, among whom Dante recognizes certain
+Florentines.]
+
+I have used the term audacious in speaking of Delacroix, and
+circumstances forced him to justify the epithet. Yet to a student of
+his work, and still more of his character as revealed in his writings
+(his recently published letters and the few articles published during
+his life in the "Revue des Deux-Mondes"), he would appear to have been
+by nature prepared to receive the full academic tradition, and
+only because of what appeared a violation of the tradition _as he
+understood it_, to have arrayed himself in violent opposition: a
+situation which rendered him in work and in life contradictory to his
+natural instinct. It is the old story of the defect of system. Even
+the most cunningly devised cannot make a place for all the many
+manifestations of temperamental activity. Like Géricault, a pupil of
+Guérin, Delacroix found in his master and in the general spirit of
+the school an insistence on the letter of the classic law to which his
+richly endowed nature could not bend, and was thus forced to rebel;
+whereas a more elastic application of received principles would have
+found him an enthusiastic adherent. In this way he missed acquiring
+the technical mastery over form, which proved a stumbling block to him
+through life. At times his drawing is possessed of a vigor and life
+which even Ingres never had; at others his work is almost lamentable
+in its lack of constructive form. In respect to color in its finest,
+most harmonic qualities, he is the greatest of French painters; and
+at all times he is master of an intense dramatic force. It was with a
+masterpiece--"Dante and Virgil"--that he made his first appearance at
+the Salon in 1822. At a bound he found himself famous. Guérin, who had
+counselled him against sending his picture to the Salon, grudgingly
+acknowledged that he was wrong. Gros told him that it was like Rubens,
+with more correctness of form--Rubens "chastened" was the word. The
+government bought the picture, paying the artist two hundred and forty
+dollars--twelve hundred francs--for it.
+
+The same year Delacroix submissively made his final attempt for the
+Prix de Rome, but came out sixtieth in the competition. Thenceforward
+he was to be constantly before the public, constantly opposed,
+misunderstood, criticised; but nevertheless, with all the energy which
+shows in his portrait, constantly in the front. When his defenders had
+sufficient influence to force the hand of the ministry of fine arts,
+he was commissioned to paint for the state; and to this we owe the
+decorations in the gallery of Apollon in the Louvre, the decorations
+in the church of St. Sulpice, and others. When he received the order
+for the entrance of the Crusaders to Constantinople for the Gallery of
+Battles at Versailles, the good King Louis Philippe sent him word to
+make it as little like his usual style as possible!
+
+Among Delacroix's critics Ingres, with all the force of his
+convictions, was the foremost. He to whom a sky had always served as
+a simple background was not created to understand the almost purple
+canopy of azure stretching far above the heads of the Crusaders; nor
+to find barbaric delight in the rich trappings of horses and men,
+since to him a drapery was simply a textureless covering adjusted to
+accentuate the form beneath. Delacroix, whose intelligence was of a
+higher order and who said of himself that he was "more rebellious than
+revolutionary," treated Ingres when they met on official occasions,
+as at the meetings of the Institute (where finally Delacroix had
+penetrated), with a high and distant courtesy which his sturdy
+adversary, strong in his pious devotion to classicism, hardly
+returned. Delacroix had by far the most brilliant following,
+reinforced as it was by the landscape painters, who from 1830 onwards
+gave to this century its most notable school of painting. Added to
+this was a fair measure of appreciation on the part of collectors.
+
+Delacroix's genius found expression in many small pictures, all of
+them characterized by a gem-like coloration (which is more than mere
+color, however, for in it lies the secret of a powerful and direct
+expression of sentiment) and by a vivid realization of movement. Proud
+by nature, delicate in health, his life was far from happy; he never
+ceased to feel the sting of adverse criticism. "For more than thirty
+years I have been given over to the wild beasts," he said once. He
+had warm friends, who have left many records of his sweetness of
+disposition when the outer barrier of haughty reserve was broken
+through; but they were few in number. He never married; painting,
+he said, was his only mistress, and his passion for his art is felt
+through all his work. His death occurred at Champrosay near Paris,
+where he had a modest country house, on August 13, 1863; and four
+years later, January 14, 1867, his great adversary, Ingres, followed
+him.
+
+
+
+
+CY AND I.
+
+BY EUGENE FIELD.
+
+
+  As I went moseyin' down th' street,
+  My Denver friend I chanced t' meet.
+      "Hello!" says I,
+      "Where have you been so long a time
+  That we have missed your soothin' rhyme?"
+      "New York," says Cy.
+      "Gee whiz!" says I.
+
+  "You must have seen some wonders down
+  In that historic, splendid town;"
+      And then says I:
+  "For bridges, parks, and crowded streets
+  There is no other place that beats
+      New York," says I.
+      "_Correct!_" says Cy.
+
+  "The town is mighty big, but then
+  It isn't in it with its men,
+      Is it?" says I.
+  "And tell me, Cyrus, if you can,
+  Who is its biggest, brainiest man?"
+      "Dana!" says Cy.
+      "You _bet_!" says I.
+
+  "He's big of heart and big of brain,
+  And he's been good unto us twain"--
+      Choked up, says I.
+  "I love him, and I pray God give
+  Him many, many years to live!
+      Eh, Cy?" says I.
+      "_Amen!_" says Cy.
+
+
+
+
+A YOUNG HERO
+
+PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF COLONEL E.E. ELLSWORTH.
+
+BY JOHN HAY,
+
+Author, with John G. Nicolay, of "Abraham Lincoln: a History."
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORIGINAL COMPANY OF
+ELLSWORTH ZOUAVES.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Miller and taken in 1861 by Colonel
+E.L. Brand, at that time commanding the company.]
+
+It is in contemplating what the world loses in the deaths of brilliant
+young citizen soldiers that we appreciate most fully the waste of
+war and the priceless value of the cause for which such lives were
+sacrificed. When a man like Henri Regnault--the most substantial
+hope and promise of art in our century--is seen at the siege of Paris
+lingering behind his retreating comrades, "_le temps de bruler une
+dernière cartouche_" the last words he uttered; when a genius like
+Theodore Winthrop is extinguished in its ardent dawn on an obscure
+skirmish field; when a patriot and poet like Koerner dies in battle
+with his work hardly begun--we feel how inadequate are all the
+millions of the treasury to rival such offerings. We shall have no
+correct idea what our country is worth to us if we forget all the
+singing voices that were hushed, all the noble hearts that stopped
+beating, all the fiery energies that were quenched, that we might be
+citizens of the great and indivisible Republic of the Western world.
+
+I believe that few men who fell in our civil conflict bore with them
+out of the world possibilities of fame and usefulness so bright or
+so important as Colonel Ephraim Elmer Ellsworth, who was killed at
+Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861--the first conspicuous victim of
+the war. The world can never compute, can hardly even guess, what was
+lost in his untimely end. He was killed by the first gun he ever heard
+fired in strife; and his friends, who believe him to have had in him
+the making of a great soldier, have nothing to support their opinion
+but the impression made upon them by his manly character, his winning
+and vigorous personality, and the extraordinary ardor and zest with
+which his powerful mind turned towards military affairs in the midst
+of circumstances of almost incredible difficulty and privation. He was
+one of the dearest of the friends of my youth. I cannot hope to
+enable the readers of this paper to see him as I saw him. No words can
+express the vivid brilliancy of his look and his speech, the swift and
+graceful energy of his bearing. He was not a scholar, yet his words
+were like martial music; in stature he was less than the medium size,
+yet his strength was extraordinary; he seemed made of tempered steel.
+His entire aspect breathed high ambition and daring. His jet-black
+curls, his open candid brow, his dark eyes, at once fiery and tender,
+his eagle profile, his mouth just shaded by the youthful growth that
+hid none of its powerful and delicate lines--the whole face, which
+seemed made for nothing less than the command of men, whether as
+general or as orator, comes before me as I write, with a look of
+indignant appeal to the future for the chance of fame which inexorable
+fate denied him. The appeal, of course, is in vain. Only a few men,
+now growing old, knew what he was and what he might have been if life
+had been spared him for a year or two. I will merely try to show in
+these few pages, mainly from his own words, how great a heart was
+broken by the slugs of the assassin at the Marshall House.
+
+He was born in the village of Mechanicsville, Saratoga County, New
+York, on April 23, 1837. His parents were plain people, without
+culture or means; one cannot guess how this eaglet came into so lowly
+a nest. He went out into the world at the first opportunity, to seek
+his fortune; he turned his hand, like other American boys, to anything
+he could find to do. He lived a while in New York, and finally drifted
+to Chicago, where we find him, in the spring of 1859, a clerk and
+student in the law office of Mr. J.E. Cone. From his earliest boyhood
+he had a passionate love of the army. He learned as a child the manual
+of arms; he picked up instinctively a knowledge of the pistol and the
+rifle; he became, almost without instruction, a scientific fencer.
+But he was now of age, and determined to be a lawyer, since, to all
+appearance, there was no chance for him in the army. The way in which
+he pursued his legal studies he has set down in a diary which he kept
+for a little while. He began it on his twenty-second birthday. "I do
+this," he said, "because it seems pleasant to be able to look back
+upon our past lives and note the gradual change in our sentiments and
+views of life; and because my life has been, and bids fair to be,
+such a jumble of strange incidents that, should I become anybody or
+anything, this will be useful as a means of showing how much suffering
+and temptation a man may undergo and still keep clear of despair and
+vice."
+
+[Illustration: ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE WAS A
+LIEUTENANT IN THE REGULAR ARMY AND JUST BEFORE HE RECRUITED THE
+REGIMENT OF NEW YORK ZOUAVES.
+
+From a photograph by Brady in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert
+Coster, by whose permission it is here reproduced.]
+
+He was neat, almost foppish, in his attire; not strictly fashionable,
+for he liked bright colors, flowing cravats, and hats that suggested
+the hunter or ranger rather than the law clerk; yet the pittance for
+which he worked was very small, and his poverty extreme. He therefore
+economized upon his food. He lived for months together upon dry
+biscuits and water. Here is a touching entry from his diary: "Had
+an opportunity to buy a desk to-day worth forty-five dollars, for
+fourteen dollars. It was just such a one as I needed, and I could sell
+at any time for more than was asked for it. I bought it at auction. I
+can now indulge my ideas of order in the arrangement of my papers to
+their fullest extent. Paid five dollars of my own money and borrowed
+ten dollars of James Clayburne; promised to return it next Tuesday.
+By the way, this was an instance in a small way of the importance of
+little things. Some two years since, when I was so poor, I went one
+day into an eating-house on an errand. While there, Clayburne and
+several friends came in.
+
+"As I started to go out they stopped me and insisted upon my having
+an oyster stew. I refused, for I always made it a practice never to
+accept even an apple from any one, because I could not return like
+courtesies. While they were clamoring about the matter and I trying to
+get from them, the waiter brought on the oysters for the whole party,
+having taken it for granted that I was going to stay. So to escape
+making myself any more conspicuous by further refusal, I sat down. How
+gloriously every morsel tasted--the first food I had touched for three
+days and three nights. When I came to Chicago with a pocket full of
+money I sought James out and told him I owed him half a dollar. He
+said no, but I insisted my memory was better than his, and made him
+take it. Well, when I wanted ten dollars, I went to him, and he gave
+it to me freely, and would take no security. Have written four hours
+this evening; two pounds of crackers; sleep on office floor to-night."
+
+The diary relates many incidents like this. He took a boyish pride
+in refusing offers of assistance, in resisting temptation to innocent
+indulgence, in passing most of his hours in study, earning only enough
+by his copying to keep body and soul together. One entry is, "Read one
+hundred and fifty pages of Blackstone--slept on floor." Such a regimen
+was not long in having its effect upon even his rugged health. He
+writes: "I tried to read, but could not. I am afraid my strength will
+not hold out. I have contracted a cold by sleeping on the floor, which
+has settled in my head, and nearly sets me crazy with catarrh. Then
+there is that gnawing, unsatisfied sensation which I begin to feel
+again, which prevents any long-continued application." About this time
+he was urged to take command of a company of cadets which, through
+mismanagement, had been reduced to a deplorable condition. He at first
+declined, but afterward consented if the company would accept certain
+rigorous conditions of discipline and obedience. He was as firm as
+granite to his company, and cheery and gay to the world, while in his
+private life he was subjecting himself to the cruel rigors described
+in his diary of April 21: "I am convinced that the course of reading
+which I am pursuing is not sufficiently thorough. Have commenced again
+at beginning of Blackstone. I now read a proposition or paragraph
+and reason upon it; try to get at the principle involved, in my own
+language; view it in every light till I think I understand it; then
+write it down in my commonplace book. My progress is, in consequence,
+very slow, as it takes on an average half an hour to each page.
+Attended meeting of cadets' committee on ways and means; all my
+propositions accepted. I spent my last ten cents for crackers to-day.
+Ten pages of Blackstone."
+
+The next day he writes: "My mind was so occupied with obtaining
+money due to-morrow that I could not study. Five pages of Blackstone.
+Nothing whatever to eat. I am very tired and hungry to-night. Onward."
+
+[Illustration: ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO
+COMPANY.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. H.H. Miller of Chicago, a member of
+the Chicago company, and taken July 2, 1860, by Colonel E.L. Brand of
+Chicago, a member of Ellsworth's Chicago company, and afterwards
+in command of it. In the State House at Springfield, Illinois, is
+a portrait group of the members of the Ellsworth company, with a
+reproduction of this portrait of Ellsworth in the centre.]
+
+In these circumstances of hunger and toil, he took charge of the
+company of cadets, which was falling to pieces from neglect. There was
+no sign in his bearing of the poverty and famine which were consuming
+him. He told them roundly that if they elected him their captain they
+did so with their eyes open; that he should enforce the strictest
+discipline, and make their company second to none in the United
+States. His laws were Draconic in their severity. He forbade his
+cadets from entering a drinking or gambling saloon or any other
+disreputable place under penalty of expulsion, publication of the
+offender's name in the city papers, and forfeiture of uniform. He
+insisted on prompt obedience and unremitting drill. The company under
+his firm and inspiring command rapidly pulled itself together,
+and attracted all at once the notice and admiration of Chicago and
+northern Illinois. The young captain did not give up his law studies.
+He wrote and affixed to his desk a card which contained his own daily
+orders: "So aim to spend your time that at night, when looking back at
+the disposal of the day, you find no time misspent, no hour, no moment
+even, which has not resulted in some benefit, no action which had not
+a purpose in it. Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays: Rise at 5 o'clock;
+5 to 10, study; 10 to 1, copy; 1 to 4, business; 4 to 7, study; 7 to
+8, exercise; 8 to 10, study. Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays: Rise
+at 6; 6 to 10, study; 10 to 1, business; 1 to 7, study and copy; 7 to
+11, drill."
+
+Working faithfully as he did in the office, his whole heart was in his
+drill room. His fame as a fencer went abroad in the town, and he was
+challenged to a bout by the principal teacher of the art in Chicago.
+Ellsworth records the combat in his diary of May 24th: "This evening
+the fencer of whom I have heard so much came up to the armory to fence
+with me. He said to his pupils and several others that if I held to
+the low guard he would disarm me every time I raised my foil. He is
+a great gymnast, and I fully expected to be beaten. The result was: I
+disarmed him four times, hit him thirty times. He disarmed me once
+and hit me five times. At the _touche-à-touche_ I touched him in two
+places at the same allonge, and threw his foil from him several feet.
+He was very angry, though he tried to conceal it."
+
+[Illustration: FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL
+ELLSWORTH.
+
+From a photograph in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert Coster, by
+whose permission it is here reproduced.]
+
+Public interest constantly grew in the Zouaves and their young
+captain. Large crowds attended every drill. The newspapers began to
+report all their proceedings, and to comment upon them with more
+or less malevolence; for military companies were treated with scant
+respect in Western towns before the war. Ellsworth at last determined
+to confront hostile opinion by giving a public exhibition of the
+proficiency of his company on the Fourth of July. He was not without
+trepidation. The night before the Fourth he wrote: "To-morrow will
+be an eventful day to me; to-morrow I have to appear in a conspicuous
+position before thousands of citizens--an immense number of whom,
+without knowing me except by sight, are prejudiced against me.
+To-morrow will demonstrate the truth or falsity of my assertion that
+the citizens would encourage military companies if they were worthy
+of respect." The result was an overwhelming success; and the young
+soldier, after his feast of crackers the next night, wrote in
+exultation: "Victory! And thank God!"
+
+The Chicago "Tribune," which had previously been unfriendly to the
+little company who were trying to make soldiers of themselves, gave
+a long and flattering account of the performance, and said: "We but
+express the opinion of all who saw the drill yesterday morning, when
+we say this company cannot be surpassed this side of West Point."
+
+Encouraged by this public applause, he brought his company of Zouaves
+as near to absolute perfection of drill as was possible; and then,
+having tested them in as many competitive contests as were within
+reach, he challenged the militia companies of the United States, and
+set forth in the summer of 1860 on a tour of the country which was one
+unbroken succession of triumphs. He defeated the crack companies in
+all the principal Eastern cities, and went back to Chicago one of
+the most talked-of men in the country. Hundreds of Zouave companies
+started up in his wake, and a very considerable awakening of interest
+in military matters was the substantial result of his journey.
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.]
+
+On his return to Illinois he made the acquaintance of Abraham Lincoln,
+and gained at once his friendship and esteem. He entered his office
+in Springfield ostensibly as a law student; but Mr. Lincoln was then a
+candidate for the Presidency, and Ellsworth read very little law that
+autumn. He made some Republican speeches in the country towns about
+Springfield, bright, witty, and good-natured. But his mind was full of
+a project which he hoped to accomplish by the aid of Mr. Lincoln--no
+less than the establishment in the War Department of a bureau of
+militia, by which the entire militia system of the United States
+should be concentrated, systematized, and made efficient: an enormous
+undertaking for a boy of twenty-three; but his plans were clear,
+definite, and comprehensive.
+
+[Illustration: THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH
+COLONEL ELLSWORTH WAS KILLED.
+
+From a photograph owned by Bryan, Taylor & Co., publishers, New York,
+and reproduced here by their permission.]
+
+After Mr. Lincoln's election Ellsworth accompanied him to Washington.
+As a preliminary step towards placing him in charge of a bureau of
+militia, the President gave him a commission as a lieutenant in the
+army. Shortly afterward he fell seriously ill with the measles; and
+before he was thoroughly convalescent, the guns about Sumter opened
+the Civil War. There had been much doubt in many minds as to the
+loyalty of the people in case of actual war. Ellsworth never had
+doubted it. He said to me as I sat by his bedside: "You know I have a
+great work to do, to which my life is pledged; I am the only earthly
+stay of my parents; there is a young woman whose happiness I regard as
+dearer than my own; yet I could ask no better death than to fall next
+week before Sumter. I am not better than other men. You will find that
+patriotism is not dead, even if it sleeps." When the news came that
+South Carolina had begun the war, he did not wait an instant. He threw
+up his commission in the regulars, took all the money we both had,
+which was not much, and thus insufficiently equipped, started for New
+York, and raised, with incredible celerity, the New York Zouaves, a
+regiment eleven hundred strong.
+
+This unique organization filled so large a space in the public mind
+while Ellsworth commanded it that it seems hard to realize that its
+history with him is only a matter of a few weeks. He brought
+his regiment down to Washington early in May, arriving thin as a
+greyhound, his voice hoarse with drilling; but flushed and happy to
+know he was busy and useful at last.
+
+There was no limit to the hopes and the confidence of his friends.
+We had grown to admire and respect him for his high and honorable
+character, his thorough knowledge of his business, ardent zeal for the
+flag he followed, and his extraordinary courage and energy. We fully
+expected, relying upon his splendid talents and the President's
+affectionate regard, that his first battle would make him a
+brigadier-general, and that his second would give him a division.
+There was no limit to the glory and usefulness we anticipated for him.
+How soon all these hopes were dust and ashes!
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.
+
+From a photograph taken by Colonel E.L. Brand, a member of Ellsworth's
+Chicago company, and reproduced by the courtesy of Mr. H.H. Miller,
+also a member of the company. The photograph was taken in New York
+City, July, 1860, on the occasion of an exhibition drill given
+there by Ellsworth's company. The persons shown in the picture are,
+beginning on the left, the Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixth Regiment,
+New York Militia; E.E. Ellsworth, Captain of the United States Zouave
+Cadets (Ellsworth's Chicago company); Joseph C. Pinckney, Colonel
+of the Sixth Regiment, New York Militia; the Adjutant of the Sixth
+Regiment, New York Militia; H. Dwight Laflin, Second Lieutenant of the
+United States Zouave Cadets, and J.R. Scott, First Lieutenant of the
+United States Zouave Cadets. The colors shown in the picture were
+won by Ellsworth's company in a drill competition at the National
+Agricultural Fair, Chicago, September, 15, 1859, and were, by it,
+never lost. They are to-day in the custody of the company's color
+sergeant, B.B. Botteford, Chicago.]
+
+On the evening of May 23d he received his orders to lead his regiment
+on the extreme left of the Union lines in the advance into Virginia.
+The part assigned him was the occupation of Alexandria. He worked
+almost all night in his tent, arranging the business of his regiment,
+and then wrote a touching letter of farewell to his parents.
+Anticipating an engagement, he said: "It may be my lot to be injured
+in some manner. Whatever may happen, cherish the consolation that
+I was engaged in the performance of a sacred duty; and to-night,
+thinking over the probabilities of the morrow and the occurrences of
+the past, I am perfectly content to accept whatever my fortune may be,
+confident that He who noteth even the fall of a sparrow will have some
+purpose even in the fate of one like me. My darling and ever-loved
+parents, good-by. God bless, protect, and care for you." These loving
+and filial words were the last that came from his pen.
+
+The Zouaves were embarked before dawn the next morning. The celerity
+and order with which Ellsworth performed his work excited the
+admiration and surprise of Admiral Dahlgren, who commanded the navy
+yard.
+
+The town of Alexandria was occupied without resistance; and Ellsworth,
+with a squad of Zouaves, hurried off to take possession of the
+telegraph office. On his way he caught sight of a Confederate flag
+floating from the summit of the Marshall House. He had often seen,
+from the window of the Executive Mansion in Washington, this self-same
+banner flaunting defiance; and the temptation to tear it down with his
+own hands was too much for his boyish patriotism. Accompanied by four
+soldiers only and several civilians, he ran into the hotel, up the
+stairs to the roof, and tore down the flag; but coming down was met on
+the stairs by the hotel-keeper and shot dead. His assassin perished at
+the same moment, killed by Frank E. Brownell.
+
+Ellsworth was buried from the East Room of the White House by the
+special order of the President, who mourned him as a son. Many brave
+and able officers were to perish in the four years that followed that
+mournful day; but there was not one whose death was more sincerely
+lamented than that of this young soldier who had never seen a battle;
+and it is the belief of his friends that he had not his superior in
+natural capacity among all the most eminent heroes of the war. But who
+will care to hear this said? If Napoleon Bonaparte had been killed at
+the siege of Toulon, who would have listened to some grief-stricken
+comrade's assertion that this young Corsican was the greatest soldier
+since Cæsar? I have written these lines merely to show how simple,
+kindly, and heroic a heart Colonel Ellsworth had--and not to claim for
+him what can never be proved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc.
+
+ANDOVER GIRLS AS STUDENTS OF THEOLOGY.--THE DARK DAYS OF THE
+WAR.--WRITING MAGAZINE STORIES AND SUNDAY-SCHOOL BOOKS.--THE
+DIFFICULTY AND UNCERTAINTY OF WRITING FOR A LIVING.
+
+
+One study in our curriculum at the Andover School I have omitted
+to mention in its place; but, of them all, it was the most
+characteristic, and would be most interesting to an outsider. Where
+else but in Andover would a group of a dozen and a half girls be put
+to studying theology? Yet this is precisely what we did. Not that we
+called our short hour with Professor Park on Tuesday evenings by that
+long word; nor did he. It was understood that we had Bible lessons.
+
+But the gist of the matter was, that we were taught Professor Park's
+theology.
+
+We had our note-books, like the students in the chapel lecture-rooms,
+and we took docile notes of the great man's views on the attributes of
+the Deity, on election and probation, on atonement and sanctification,
+on eschatology, and the rest.
+
+Girls' with pink ribbons at white throats, and girls with blue silk
+nets on their pretty hair, fluttered in like bees and butterflies, and
+settled about the long dining-room table, at whose end, with a shade
+over his eyes to shield them from the light, the professor sat in a
+dark corner.
+
+Thence he promulgated stately doctrines to those soft and dreaming
+woman-creatures, who did not care a maple-leaf whether we sinned
+in Adam, or whether the Trinity were separate as persons or as
+attributes; but who drew little portraits of their dearest Academy
+boys on the margins of their lecture-books, and passed these to their
+particular intimates in surreptitious interludes between doctrines.
+
+What must have been the professor's private speculations on those
+Tuesday evenings? I had a certain sense of their probable nature, even
+then; and glanced furtively into the dark corner for glimpses of the
+distant, sarcastic smile which I felt must be carving itself upon the
+lines of his strong face. But I never caught him at it; not once. With
+the gravity befitting his awful topics, and with the dignity belonging
+to his Chair and to his fame, the professor taught the butterflies,
+to the best of my knowledge and belief, as conscientiously as he did
+those black-coated beetles yonder, the theologues on the Seminary
+benches.
+
+[Illustration: "THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE CLASS OF 1861 IN FRONT.
+
+Of the class of 1861 over twenty went into the war, and several died
+in battle or in war prisons. Lieutenant S.H. Thompson, son of the late
+Professor William Thompson of East Windsor Seminary, was among this
+number. Also, Sergeant J.H. Thompson, son of the late Dr. Joseph P.
+Thompson of New York City. President Ward of Franklin College, the
+Rev. Dr. Dougherty of Kansas City, and the Rev. Dr. Brand of Oberlin
+College, were members of the class, and their portraits appear in the
+picture. The valedictorian was Carlos F. Carter, brother of President
+Carter of Williams College. He was drowned in the Jordan a few months
+after graduation.]
+
+I ought to say, just here, that, in a recent correspondence with
+Professor Park upon this matter, I found him more or less unconscious
+of having been so generous with his theology to the girls. I am giving
+the pupil's impressions, not the teacher's recollections, of that
+Bible-class; and I can give no other. Of course, I may be mistaken,
+and am liable to correction; but my impressions are, that he gave us
+his system of theology pretty straight and very faithfully.
+
+I cannot deny that I enjoyed those stern lessons. Not that I had any
+marked predilections towards theology, but I liked the psychology of
+it. I experienced my first appreciation of the nature and value of
+logic in that class-room, and it did me good, and not evil altogether.
+There I learned to reason with more patience than a school-girl may
+always care to suffer; and there I observed that the mysteries of time
+and eternity, whatever one might personally conclude about them, were
+material of reason.
+
+In many a mental upheaval of later life, the basis of that theological
+training has made itself felt to me, as one feels rocks or stumps or
+solid things underfoot in the sickly swaying of wet sands. I may not
+always believe all I was taught, but what I was taught has helped me
+to what I believe. I certainly think of those theological lectures
+with unqualified gratitude.
+
+The Tuesday evenings grow warm and warmer. The butterflies hover about
+in white muslins, and pretty little bows of summer colors glisten on
+bright heads as they bend over the doctrines, around the long table.
+On the screens of the open windows the June beetles knock their heads,
+like theologues who wish they could get in. There is a moon without.
+Visions of possible forbidden ecstasies of strolls under the arches of
+the Seminary elms with the bravest boy in the Academy melt before the
+gentle minds, through which depravity, election, predestination, and
+justification are filing sternly. The professor's voice arises:
+
+"A sin is a wrong committed against God. God is an Infinite Being;
+therefore sin against Him is an infinite wrong. An infinite wrong
+against an Infinite Being deserves an infinite punishment--"
+
+Now, the professor says that he has no recollection of ever having
+said this in the Bible-class; but there is the note-book of the girl's
+brain, stamped with the sentence for these thirty years!
+
+"I have sometimes quoted it at the Seminary," he writes, "for
+the purpose of exposing the impropriety of it. I do not think any
+professor ever quoted the statement, without adding that it is
+untenable. The Andover argument was ----"[5] He adds the proper
+controversial language, which, it seems, went solidly out of my head.
+Tenable or untenable, my memory has clutched the stately syllogism.
+
+Sharp upon the doctrines there falls across the silence and the
+sweetness of the moonlit Hill a strange and sudden sound. It is
+louder than theology. It is more solemn than the professor's system.
+Insistent, urging everything before it--the toil of strenuous study,
+the fret of little trouble, and the dreams of dawning love--the call
+stirs on. It is the beat of a drum.
+
+The boys of old Phillips, with the down on their faces, and that
+eternal fire in their hearts which has burned upon the youth of all
+the ages when their country has commanded: "Die for me!" are drilling
+by moonlight.
+
+The Academy Company is out in force, passing up and down the quiet,
+studious streets. The marching of their feet beats solemnly at the
+meeting of the paths where (like the gardens of the professors) the
+long walks of the Seminary lawns form the shape of a mighty cross.
+
+"An infinite wrong deserves an infinite punishment--" The
+theologian's voice falls solemnly. The girls turn their grave faces to
+the open windows. Silence helps the drum-beat, which lifts its cry to
+Heaven unimpeded; and the awful questions which it asks, what system
+of theology can answer?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Andover was no more loyal, probably, than other New England villages;
+but perhaps the presence of so many young men helped to make her seem
+so to those who passed the years from 1861 to 1865 upon the Hill.
+
+Theology and church history and exegesis and sacred rhetoric retreated
+from the foreground of that scholastic drama. The great Presence that
+is called War swept up and filled the scene.
+
+Gray-haired men went to their lecture-rooms with bowed heads, the
+morning papers shaking in their hands. The accuracy of the Hebrew
+verb did not matter so much as it did last term. The homiletic uses or
+abuses of an applied text, the soundness of the new school doctrine of
+free will, seemed less important to the universe than they were
+before the Flag went down on Sumter. Young eyes looked up at their
+instructors mistily, for the dawn of utter sacrifice was in them. He
+was only an Academy boy yesterday, or a theologue; unknown, unnoticed,
+saying his lesson in Xenophon, taking his notes on the Nicene Creed;
+blamed a little, possibly, by his teacher or by his professor, for
+inattention.
+
+To-day he comes proudly to the desk. His step rings on the old, bare
+floors that he will never tread again. "Sir, my father gives his
+permission. I enlist at once."
+
+To-day he is a hero, and the hero's light is glorious on his face.
+To-day _he_ is the teacher, and the professor learns lessons in his
+turn now. The boy whom he has lectured and scolded towers above him
+suddenly, a sacred thing to see. The old man stands uncovered before
+his pupil as they clasp hands and part.
+
+The drum calls on, and the boys drill bravely--no boys' parade this,
+but awful earnest now. The ladies of Andover sew red braid upon blue
+flannel shirts, with which the Academy Company make simple uniform.
+
+Then comes a morning when the professors cannot read the papers for
+the news they bring; but cover streaming eyes with trembling hands,
+and turn their faces. For the black day of the defeat at Bull Run has
+darkened the summer sky.
+
+Andover does not sew for the missionaries now. Her poor married
+theologues must wait a little for their babies' dresses. Even the blue
+flannel shirts for the drill are forgotten. The chapel is turned into
+sudden, awful uses, of which the "pious founders" in their comfortable
+graves did never dream. For there the women of the Hill, staying for
+no prayer-meeting, and delaying to sing no hymns, pick lint and roll
+bandages and pack supplies for the field; and there they sacrifice and
+suffer, like women who knew no theology at all; and since it was not
+theirs to offer life to the teeth of shot and shell, they "gave their
+happiness instead."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first thing which I wrote, marking in any sense the beginning of
+what authors are accustomed to call their "literary career"--I dislike
+the phrase and wish we had a better--was a war story.
+
+As nearly as I can recall the facts, up to this time I had shown no
+literary tendency whatever, since the receipt of that check for two
+dollars and a half. Possibly the munificence of that honorarium seemed
+to me to satiate mortal ambition for years. It is true that, during my
+schooldays, I did perpetrate three full-grown novels in manuscript. My
+dearest particular intimate and I shared in this exploit, and read our
+chapters to each other on Saturday afternoons.
+
+I remember that the title of one of these "books" was "The Shadow of
+a Lifetime." It was a double title with a heroine to it, but I forget
+the lady's name, or even the nature of her particular shadow. The
+only thing that can be said about these three volumes is, that their
+youthful author had the saving sense not to try the Christian temper
+of a publisher with their perusal.
+
+Yet, in truth, I have never regretted the precious portion of human
+existence spent in their creation; for I must have written off in that
+way a certain amount of apprenticeship which does, in some cases, find
+its way into type, and devastate the endurance of a patient public.
+
+The war story of which I speak was distinctly the beginning of
+anything like genuine work for me. Mr. Alden tells me that it was
+published in January, 1864; but I think it must have been written
+a while before that, though not long, for its appearance quickly
+followed the receipt of the manuscript. The name of the story was "A
+Sacrifice Consumed." It was a very little story, not covering more
+than four or five pages in print. I sent it to "Harper's Magazine,"
+without introduction or what young writers are accustomed to call
+"influence;" it was sent quite privately, without the knowledge of
+any friend. It was immediately accepted, and a prompt check for
+twenty-five dollars accompanied the acceptance. Even my father knew
+nothing of the venture until I carried the letter and enclosure to
+him. The pleasure on his expressive face was only equalled by its
+frank and unqualified astonishment. He read the story when it came
+out, and, I think, was touched by it--it was a story of a poor and
+plain little dressmaker who lost her lover in the army--and his
+genuine emotion gave me a kind of awed elation which has never been
+repeated in my experience. Ten hundred thousand unknown voices could
+not move me to the pride and pleasure which my father's first gentle
+word of approval gave to a girl who cared much to be loved, and little
+to be praised; and the plaudits of a "career" were the last things in
+earth or heaven then occupying her mind.
+
+[Illustration: ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+From a photograph by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence, Massachusetts, taken in
+1864.]
+
+Afterwards, I wrote with a distinct purpose, and, I think, quite
+steadily. I know that longer stories went, soon and often, to the old
+magazine, which never sent them back; and to which I am glad to pay
+the tribute of a gratitude that I have never outgrown. There was
+nothing of the stuff that heroines and geniuses are made of in a shy
+and self-distrustful girl who had no faith in her own capabilities,
+and, indeed, at that time, the smallest possible amount of interest in
+the subject.
+
+It may be a humiliating fact, but it is the truth, that had my first
+story been refused, or even the second or the third, I should have
+written no more.
+
+For the opinion of important editors, and for the sacredness of market
+value in literary wares, as well as in professorships or cotton cloth,
+I had a kind of respect at which I sometimes wonder; for I do not
+recall that it was ever distinctly taught me. But, assuredly, if
+nobody had cared for my stories enough to print them, I should have
+been the last person to differ from the ruling opinion, and should
+have bought at Warren Draper's old Andover book-store no more cheap
+printer's paper on which to inscribe the girlish handwriting (with the
+pointed letters and the big capitals) which my father, with patient
+pains, had caused to be taught me by a queer old travelling-master
+with an idea. Professor Phelps, by the way, had an exquisite
+chirography, which none of his children, to his evident
+disappointment, inherited.
+
+[Illustration: "THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+This building was burned in 1864 or 1865.]
+
+But the editor of "Harper's" took everything I sent him; so the
+pointed letters and the large capitals continued to flow towards his
+desk.
+
+Long after I had achieved whatever success has been given me, this
+magazine returned me one of my stories--it was the only one in a
+lifetime. I think the Editor then in power called it too tragic,
+or too something; it came out forthwith in the columns of another
+magazine that did not agree with him, and was afterwards issued, I
+think, in some sort of "classic" series of little books.
+
+I was a little sorry, I know, at the time, for I had the most
+superstitious attachment for the magazine that, when "I was a
+stranger, took me in;" but it was probably necessary to break the
+record in this, as in all other forms of human happiness.
+
+Other magazines took their turn--the "Atlantic," I remember--in due
+course; but I shared the general awe of this magazine at that time
+prevailing in New England, and, having, possibly, more than my share
+of personal pride, did not very early venture to intrude my little
+risk upon that fearful lottery.
+
+Perhaps this reserve was more natural because "Harper's" published
+as fast as I could write; which is not saying much, to be sure, for I
+have always been a slow worker. The first story of mine which appeared
+in the "Atlantic" was a fictitious narrative of certain psychical
+phenomena occurring in Connecticut, and known to me, at first hand,
+to be authentic. I have yet to learn that the story attracted any
+attention from anybody more disinterested than those few friends
+of the sort who, in such cases, are wont to inquire, in tones more
+freighted with wonder than admiration: "What! Has she got into the
+'_Atlantic_'?"
+
+The "Century" came in turn, when it came into being. To this
+delightful magazine I have always been, and always hope to be, a
+contributor.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL
+CALLED "THE NUNNERY" WAS HELD.
+
+From a photograph taken in 1864 by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+I read, with a kind of hopeless envy, histories and legends of people
+of our craft who "do not write for money." It must be a pleasant
+experience to be able to cultivate so delicate a class of motives for
+the privilege of doing one's best to express one's thoughts to people
+who care for them. Personally, I have yet to breathe the ether of such
+a transcendent sphere. I am proud to say that I have always been a
+working-woman, and always had to be; though I ought to add that I am
+sure the proposal that my father's allowance to his daughter should
+cease, did not come from the father.
+
+When the first little story appeared in "Harper's Magazine," it
+occurred to me, with a throb of pleasure greater than I supposed then
+that life could hold, that I could take care of myself, and from that
+day to this I have done so.
+
+One hesitates a little, even in autobiography, about saying precisely
+this. But when I remember the thousands of women who find it too easy
+to be dependent on too heavily-weighted and too generous men,
+one hesitates no longer to say anything that may help those other
+thousands of women who stand on their own feet, and their own pluck,
+to understand how good a thing it is to be there.
+
+Of all the methods of making a living open to educated people to-day,
+the profession of literature is, probably, the poorest in point of
+monetary returns. A couple of authors, counted successful as the world
+and the word go, said once:
+
+"We have earned less this year than the fisherman in the dory before
+the door of our summer home." Perhaps it had been a good year for
+Jack; possibly a poor one for those other fishers, who spread their
+brains and hearts--a piteous net--into the seas of life in quest of
+thought and feeling that the idlers on the banks may take a summer's
+fancy to. But the truth remains. A successful teacher, a clever
+manufacturer, a steady mechanic, may depend upon a better income in
+this country than the writer whose supposed wealth he envies, and
+whose books he reads on Sunday afternoons, if he is not too sleepy, or
+does not prefer his bicycle.
+
+When we see (as we have actually done) our market-man driving by our
+old buggy and cheap horse on holidays, with a barouche and span, we
+enjoy the sight very much; and when I say (for the other occupant of
+the buggy has a little taste for two horses, which I am so plebeian
+as not to share, having never been able to understand why one is
+not enough for anybody): "But would you _be_ the span-owner--for the
+span?" we see the end of the subject, and grow ravenously contented.
+
+One cannot live by bread or magazine stories alone, as the young
+daughter of toil too soon found out. Like other writers I did hack
+work. My main dependence was on that venerable and useful form of it
+which consists in making Sunday-school books. Of these I must have
+written over a dozen; I wince, sometimes, when I see their forgotten
+dates and titles in encyclopædias; but a better judgment tells me that
+one should not be ashamed of doing hard work honestly. I was not an
+artist at Sunday-school literature (there are such), and have often
+wondered why the religious publishing societies kept me at it so
+steadily and so long.
+
+There were tales of piety and of mischief, of war and of home, of
+babies and of army nurses, of Tom-boys, and of girls who did their
+mending and obeyed their mothers.
+
+The variety was the only thing I can recall that was commendable about
+these little books, unless one except a considerable dash of fun.
+
+One of them came back to me--it happened to be the only book I ever
+wrote that did--and when the Andover expressman brought in the
+square package, just before tea, I felt my heart stand still with
+mortification. Fortunately nobody saw the expressman. I always kept
+my ventures to myself, and did not, that I can remember, read
+any manuscript of mine to suffering relatives or friends, before
+publication. Indeed, I carried on the writer's profession for many
+years as if it had been a burglar's.
+
+At the earliest moment possible I got myself into my little room, and
+turned both keys upon myself and my rejected manuscript. But when
+I came to read the publisher's letter, I learned that hope still
+remained, a flickering torch, upon a darkened universe. That excellent
+man did not refuse the story, but raised objections to certain points
+or forms therein, to which he summoned my attention. The criticism
+called substantially for the rewriting of the book. I lighted my lamp,
+and, with the June beetles butting at my head, I wrote all night. At
+three o'clock in the morning I put the last sentence to the remodelled
+story--the whole was a matter of some three hundred and fifty pages
+of manuscript--and crawled to bed. At six, I stole out and found the
+expressman, that innocent and ignorant messenger of joy or woe. The
+revised manuscript reached the publisher by ten o'clock, and his
+letter of unconditional acceptance was in my hands before another
+tea-time.
+
+I have never been in the habit of writing at night, having been early
+warned against this practice by the wisest of fathers (who notably
+failed to follow his own advice); and this almost solitary experience
+of the midnight oil remains as vivid as yesterday's sunset to me.
+My present opinion of that night's exploit is, that it signified an
+abnormal pride which might as well have received its due humiliation.
+But, at the time, it seemed to be the inevitable or even the
+creditable thing.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."
+
+From a photograph by G.C. Cox, New York.]
+
+Sunday-school writers did books by sets in those days; perhaps they
+do still. And at least two such sets I provided to order, each of four
+volumes. Both of these, it so happens, have survived their day and
+generation--the Tiny books, we called them, and the Gypsy books. Only
+last year I was called upon to renew the copyright for Gypsy, a young
+person now thirty years old in type.
+
+There is a certain poetic justice in this little circumstance, owing
+to the fact that I never _worked_ harder in my life at anything than
+I did upon those little books; for I had, madly enough, contracted to
+supply four within a year.
+
+We had no vacations in those days; I knew nothing of hills or shore;
+but "spoke straight on" through the terrible Andover weather. Our July
+and August thermometers used to stand up hard at over ninety degrees,
+day and night, for nearly a week at a time. The large white mansion
+was as comfortable as ceiled walls and back plaster could be in that
+furnace; but my own small room, on the sunny side of the house, was
+heated seven times hotter than endurance. Sometimes I got over an open
+register in a lower room, and wrote in the faint puffs of damp air
+that played with my misery. Sometimes I sat in the cellar itself; but
+it was rather dark, and one cherished a consciousness of mice. In the
+orchard, or the grove, one's brains fricasseed quickly; in fact, all
+out-of-doors was a scene of bottomless torment worthy of a theology
+older and severer than Andover's.
+
+When the last chapter of the last book was done, it occurred to me to
+wonder whether I might ever be able to afford to get for a week or two
+where the thermometer went below ninety degrees in summer. But
+this was a wild and baseless dream, whose irrationality I quickly
+recognized. For such books as those into which I had been coining a
+year of my young strength and heart, I received the sum of one hundred
+dollars apiece. The "Gypsy" publisher was more munificent. He offered
+one hundred and fifty; a price which I accepted with incredible
+gratitude.
+
+I mention these figures distinctly, with the cold-blooded view of
+dimming the rosy dreams of those young ladies and gentlemen with whom,
+if I may judge by their letters, our country seems to be brimming
+over.
+
+"Will you read my poem?" "Won't you criticize my manuscript?" "I would
+like to forward my novel for your perusal." "I have sent you the copy
+of a rejected article of mine, on which I venture to ask--," etc.,
+etc. "I have been told that all I need is Influence." "My friends
+think my book shows genius; but I have no Influence." "Will it trouble
+you too much to get this published for me?"
+
+"Your Influence--" and so on, and so on, run the piteous appeals
+which every successful author receives from the great unknown world of
+discouraged and perplexed young people who are mistaking the stir of
+youth or vanity, or the _ennui_ of idleness, or the sting of poverty,
+for the solemn throes of power.
+
+What can one do for them, whom no one but themselves can help? What
+can one say to them, when anything one says is sure to give pain, or
+dishearten courage?
+
+Write, if you _must_; not otherwise. Do not write, if you can earn
+a fair living at teaching or dressmaking, at electricity or
+hod-carrying. Make shoes, weed cabbages, survey land, keep house, make
+ice-cream, sell cake, climb a telephone pole. Nay, be a lightning-rod
+peddler or a book agent, before you set your heart upon it that you
+shall write for a living. Do anything honest, but do not write, unless
+God calls you, and publishers want you, and people read you, and
+editors claim you. Respect the market laws. Lean on nobody. Trust
+the common sense of an experienced publisher to know whether your
+manuscript is worth something or nothing. Do not depend on influence.
+Editors do not care a drop of ink for influence. What they want is
+good material, and the fresher it is, the better. An editor will pass
+by an old writer, any day, for an unknown and gifted new one, with
+power to say a good thing in a fresh way. Make your calling and
+election sure. Do not flirt with your pen. Emerson's phrase was,
+"toiling terribly." Nothing less will hint at the grinding drudgery of
+a life spent in living "by your brains."
+
+Inspiration is all very well; but "genius is the infinite capacity for
+taking pains."
+
+Living? It is more likely to be dying by your pen; despairing by your
+pen; burying hope and heart and youth and courage in your ink-stand.
+
+Unless you are prepared to work like a slave at his galley, for the
+toss-up chance of a freedom which may be denied him when his work is
+done, do not write. There are some pleasant things about this way of
+spending a lifetime, but there are no easy ones.
+
+There are privileges in it, but there are heart-ache, mortification,
+discouragement, and an eternal doubt.
+
+Had one not better have made bread or picture-frames, run a motor, or
+invented a bicycle tire?
+
+Time alone--perhaps one might say, eternity--can answer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 5: "A sin once committed, always _deserves_ punishment;
+and, as long as strict _Justice_ is administered, the sin _must_ be
+punished. Unless there be an Atonement, strict Justice _must_ be
+administered; that is, Sin must be punished forever; but, on the
+ground of the Atonement, _Grace_ may be administered, instead of
+_Justice_, and then the sinner may be pardoned."]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.
+
+From a photograph by Fradelle & Young, London.]
+
+
+
+
+LOST YOUTH.
+
+BY R.L. STEVENSON.
+
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Mull was astern, Egg on the port,
+    Rum on the starboard bow;
+  Glory of youth glowed in his soul:
+    Where is that glory now?
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Give me again all that was there,
+    Give me the sun that shone!
+  Give me the eyes, give me soul,
+    Give me the lad that's gone!
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Billows and breeze, islands and seas,
+    Mountains of rain and sun,
+  All that was good, all that was fair,
+    All that was me is gone.
+
+
+Originally published in the "Pall Mall Gazette."
+
+
+
+
+THE DIVIDED HOUSE
+
+BY JULIA D. WHITING,
+
+Author of "The Story of Myra," "Brother Sesostris," "A special
+Providence," and other stories.
+
+
+When Selucius Huxter had arrived at his last illness, he proved
+himself more than ever in his life troublesome and wearing. Having
+a suspicion that his condition was worse than his doctor or children
+allowed, he gave them no peace until he had extracted an admission
+that such was the case. Left alone with the doctor at his request, he
+reproached him.
+
+"Ye might as well told me before as let me lay here thinkin' and
+stewin' about it. I've lost a sight of strength tryin' to git the
+truth from ye, and there wa'n't no need. Wall--I suppose I ain't reely
+dyin' naow, while I'm a-talkin', be I?"
+
+Assured as to that point, he added: "The reason I wanted to know is
+because I've got to fix my concerns so as to leave 'em as well as I
+can; and all I want of you is that when you think I'm--wall--if you
+see there's goin' to be a change, I want you should tell me, so's't I
+can straighten things right out and git their consent to it." Having
+promised, the doctor apprised him as the last moments drew near.
+
+"Sho! I want to know! Why, I feel full as well as I did yes'dy and a
+leetle grain easier, if anythin'."
+
+"I hope this notice does not find you unprepared," observed the
+doctor.
+
+"Wall, no; I'm prepared as much as I can be, as you may say. I've
+been a member in good and regular standin' this fifty-five year--and
+I hain't arrived at my age without seeing there's somethin' in life
+beside livin'." He paused, then added with an accent of pride, "I
+don't owe any man a cent, nor never cheated a man of one. Wall, I've
+had quite a spell to think of things in, durin' my sickness, and I
+don't know but what I've enjoyed it considerable. Thought of things
+all along back to when I was a boy. Events come up that I'd clean
+forgot."
+
+The doctor gone, he called his children in.
+
+"Wall, Armidy, wall, Lucas, the doctor don't seem to think I shall
+tucker it out much longer. Wall, naow," he exclaimed, quite vexed, "I
+vow for't if I didn't forgit to ask him how long! Wall, too late naow.
+He's got out of sight, I s'pose."
+
+Armida stepped to the window, and assured him of the fact.
+
+"Wall, no gret matter. I jist thought if I could git him to fix the
+time I'd like to see how nigh he'd hit it.
+
+"Naow, I want to fix the property so's't you won't have no trouble
+with it. No use wastin' money gittin' lawyers here. There ain't no
+cheatin' nor double-dealin' anywhere to be found amongst the Huxters
+nor the Lucases; and when you give me your promises to abide by my
+last will and testament I shall expect you to hold to it jist the same
+as if it was writ out.
+
+"Naow, about the farm and house. The house, as you know, stands in
+the middle line of the farm; that is, the north side has a leetle the
+advantage in hevin' the Jabez Norcross paster tacked unto it, over and
+above the south half, but it's near enough. That paster don't count
+for much. Pooty thick with sheep laurel. Wall, seein' the land lies
+jist as it does, and the house is jist as it is, I propose to divide
+it even. Lucas, you can have the north half, and Armidy the south,
+beginnin' right to the front door, and runnin' right through the house
+and right along down to the river, straight as you can fetch it. Do
+you agree to my plan?"
+
+Armida and Lucas exchanged glances. "You speak," said Lucas in a low
+tone.
+
+"No, you," said Armida.
+
+"What you whisperin' about? P'raps you think I can't hear because I'm
+dyin', but I'd have you to know my hearin' ain't affected a grain.
+Speak up naow! What is it, Lucas?"
+
+"We were thinkin' of Theodore," said Lucas. "You're leavin' him out,
+seems so."
+
+"'Tain't 'cause I forgot him; but I give him all I cal'lated to
+when he quit home five year ago--money; and so I sha'n't leave him
+anythin'. Wouldn't do him no good, if I did," he said to himself.
+
+"Well, we should feel better if you did," said Armida. "I don't want
+he should be left out. Neither would mother if she was livin'; she'd
+feel bad."
+
+[Illustration: "'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO
+THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER.'"]
+
+"I'll settle it with your ma when I see her. Come, now, what do you
+say?"
+
+There was a long silence, which Armida broke by saying, "S'posin' him
+or me was to want to leave the place, I mean for good--get tired of
+stayin' here to home?"
+
+"Wall," said her father with a chuckle, "if either of you feels like
+_givin_ your share to the other, you may. I ain't goin' to leave my
+old place for either of you to sell to each other nor nobody else. I
+expect you to live on't."
+
+"Well," now objected Lucas; "s'posin' one of us should git married,
+then how would it be?"
+
+"Why, live along. Put in and work a leetle harder, maybe. This farm
+carried a pooty fair number when I was younger. If you should git too
+numerous you could build on either side. I guess there ain't no gret
+danger," he added.
+
+As neither offered further objections, Mr. Huxter said: "There's been
+talk enough, I s'pose. Do you agree to 't?" He waited while each
+gave an audible "yes." "Naow," said he, "I hain't an earthly thing to
+hamper me."
+
+The father dead, for the brother and sister no new life began. Armida
+still skimmed all the milk and made the butter, looked after Lucas
+as she had before, and Lucas attended impartially to the whole of the
+farm, and Armida sometimes wondered what difference it made. To be
+sure the profits were divided with the most rigid exactness; but
+everything went tranquilly on until more than a year after their
+father's death, when Armida had a suspicion, confirmed by appearances,
+that Lucas was becoming interested in a young girl in a neighborhood
+a few miles away. The spirit of jealousy surely animated poor Armida,
+for nothing else could have prompted her action. Having ascertained
+the girl's name, she caused to be conveyed to her the facts, colored
+for the occasion, relating to the partition of the house and land; and
+the young woman, having a shrewd eye to the main chance, bluntly told
+Lucas when next she saw him that she didn't wish the half of a house
+nor the half of a farm.
+
+[Illustration: THE DIVIDED HOUSE.--"ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL
+MORE AND MORE INTO RUIN; WHILE LUCAS ... KEPT HIS IN EXCELLENT REPAIR,
+AND OCCASIONALLY RENEWED THE PAINT."]
+
+Lucas had thought all might go on smoothly with a wife, and had
+counted on her accepting the situation. Inquiring as to who had
+meddled in his affairs, he traced the matter back to Armida, and
+coming home mortified and angry, reproached her in unsparing terms,
+ending his recital of wrongs with: "I don't know what you did it for,
+unless you was afraid your half was going to be invaded; and if you
+feel that way you'd better keep to your side and take care of your own
+property. I ain't going to interfere."
+
+Armida was powerless to protect herself except with tears, which did
+not avail with Lucas. She made overtures of peace, such as offering to
+cook her brother's meals and look after his share of the milk; but was
+warned to attend to her own business.
+
+Lucas had a new pipe-hole made in the kitchen chimney, and bought
+a new stove, and hunted up a kitchen table, telling Armida she was
+welcome to the stove and table they had previously used in common,
+but he'd thank her to stay on her own side of the room. The situation
+would have been ludicrous if it had not been grim earnest to the
+brother and sister. Lucas had a hard side to his character, and he
+could not forgive his sister's interference. He would not even give
+Armida advice, but allowed her cows to break into her cornfield and
+her sheep to stray away, without warning her, though all the while his
+heart pricked him at sight of her distress. Still all he would do was
+to suggest that she get a hired man.
+
+Accordingly Armida, in despair, hired an easy-going, good-natured
+creature that offered his services. He did very well, and Armida got
+on better, and took courage.
+
+But there was a dreadful blow in store for her. Lucas brought a gang
+of carpenters to the farm, who instituted repairs on his half of the
+house. He even went so far as to commit the extravagance of having
+blinds hung for his sitting-room and front chamber windows, and his
+half of the front porch was trimmed with brackets, and then the whole
+of his half of the house painted white, so that his neighbors rallied
+him on being proud. "Only," as one said, "why don't you extend your
+improvements right along acrost the house, Lucas? It looks sorter
+queer to see one-half so fine and the other so slack."
+
+"Armida's free to do she's a mind to," said Lucas. "If she wants to
+fix up her side, she can. I don't hinder her--"
+
+"Nor you don't help her neither, as I see," said the other.
+
+"I believe in 'tendin' to your own affairs and not interferin' with
+other folks," Lucas rejoined.
+
+Armida was made very unhappy by these changes and the comments of the
+neighbors, and would gladly have beautified her half also, but had no
+money to spend. The farm had fallen behind, and she was pinched for
+means. She did what she could, taking more care than usual of vines
+and flowers, and even had an extra bed dug under her front windows,
+where she had many bright-hued flowers; but as she rose from digging
+around her plants and surveyed the house--Lucas's side with the new
+green blinds and the clapboards shining with paint, hers with its
+stained, weather-beaten appearance and its staring windows--she felt
+ashamed and discouraged.
+
+[Illustration: "AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET
+APPLE-TREE, ... SHE ... LOOKED UP TO SEE A SHABBY, SHAMBLING, OLDISH
+MAN COMING AROUND THE SIDE OF THE HOUSE."]
+
+She feared her hired man was slack and neglected his work; yet when he
+threatened to go, and afterward compromised the matter by offering to
+stay if she'd marry him, at a loss what to do, and partly because
+she was lonely, she married him. He was a respectable man, whose only
+fault was laziness, and she hoped that now he would take an interest.
+When Armida and her husband came back from the minister's and
+announced to Lucas that they were married, his only comment was,
+"Well, a slack help will make a shif'less husband."
+
+Years went by, and Armida's side of the house fell more and more into
+ruin; while Lucas, with what Armida considered cruel carefulness,
+kept his in excellent repair and occasionally renewed the paint. The
+contrast was so great that passers-by stopped their horses that they
+might look and wonder at their leisure. Every glance was like a blow
+to Armida, so that she avoided her sitting-room and kept herself
+in the uncomfortable kitchen that was divided by an imaginary line
+directly through the middle, a line never crossed by her brother, her
+husband, or herself.
+
+It would have looked absurd enough to a stranger to see this divided
+room, with the brother clumsily carrying on his household affairs on
+the one side and the sister doing her work on the other, with often
+not a word exchanged between them for days together. Absurd it might
+be, but it was certainly wretched. Armida grew old rapidly. Her
+husband was a poor stick, and when, as years passed, a touch of
+rheumatism gave him a real excuse for laziness, he did little more
+than sit by the fire and smoke.
+
+As Armida sat on the bench under the old russet apple-tree by the
+back door one day, regretting her evil fate, she heard footsteps
+approaching, and, pushing back her old sun-bonnet, looked up to see a
+shabby, shambling, oldish man coming around the side of the house and
+gazing in at the windows, "What ye doin' there?" said Armida sharply.
+
+The man turned, surveyed her with a smile, then said with a drawl she
+remembered: "I hain't been gone so long but that I know ye, Armidy.
+Don't you remember me?"
+
+"Theodore Huxter! Is that you? Well!" and she hurried up to him, and
+shook hands violently.
+
+"I heard only last week that father was dead," he explained. "I seen a
+man from this way, and he said he was gone. How long since?"
+
+"More than ten years ago."
+
+"Well, I thought I'd come and see ye."
+
+"I'm glad you did," she said. "But come right in;" and she led the way
+into the kitchen.
+
+He leaned up against the door and surveyed the room. "I should 'a'
+s'posed I'd have remembered this room, but what ye done to it? What
+hev you got two stoves and two tables and all that for, Armidy?"
+
+Armida told him all, winding up her story with a few tears.
+
+"That accounts for the looks of the outside, I s'pose," was his
+only comment. "I thought it was about the queerest I ever see. It's
+ridiculous! Why haven't you and Lucas straightened out affairs before
+this?"
+
+"I can't, and he can't, I s'pose," she said hopelessly; "and
+everything makes it worse. I wouldn't care so much if he hadn't fixed
+up the outside the way he did."
+
+"Oh, well now, don't you fret. If I had money--but then I haven't."
+
+"How have you lived sence you left home?" Armida inquired.
+
+"Why, I've had a still, and made essence and peddled it out; but I
+sold the still to git money to come here, and it took all I had."
+
+"Well now, Theodore, I wish you'd stay here now you've got round
+again," said Armida with great earnestness. "I've worried about you a
+sight. I'd be glad to have you, and Lucas would, I know."
+
+To spare a possible rebuff for Theodore, she ran out as she saw
+Lucas coming to the house to get his supper, and apprised him of his
+brother's arrival, glad to find he shared her pleasure in it. As Lucas
+entered the room he shook hands with Theodore, saying, "How are ye?"
+to which Theodore responded with "How are you, Lucas?"
+
+Theodore was a relief and pleasure to all the family. He observed a
+strict impartiality. If he split some kindling-wood for Armida, he
+churned for Lucas. If he took Armida's old horse to be shod, he helped
+Lucas wash his sheep. He accepted everything, asking no questions
+after the first evening, but kept an observant eye on all.
+
+Both Lucas and Armida had loved him since their earliest remembrance,
+and retained their old fondness for him now. He was a welcome guest on
+either side of the kitchen, and though when he announced of an evening
+that he was going visiting, and stepped across the line to the other
+side of the half from where he had been sitting, the owner of the
+side he honored felt pleased by the distinction, yet the one on the
+opposite side, though no longer (according to an understood law)
+joining in the conversation, still had the benefit of Theodore's
+narratives.
+
+[Illustration: EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.]
+
+He was busy, too, in his way. He was indefatigable in berry-picking
+and herb-gathering, selling what Armida and Lucas did not wish, and
+showing not a little shrewdness. When he had laid a little money
+together he bought a still, and distilled essences of peppermint,
+wintergreen, and other sweet-smelling herbs and roots, and when a
+store was accumulated he filled a basket and departed on a peddling
+expedition, returning with money in his purse and a handkerchief or
+ribbon for Armida. Once he bought her a stuff gown, which she came
+near ruining by weeping over it, it was such a delight.
+
+Lucas remonstrated. "I think you're foolish, Theodore. Why don't
+you spend your money on yourself? You'd a sight better get you a new
+coat."
+
+"I'd rather see Armida crying over that stuff," said Theodore, "than
+have a dozen coats. Nobody knows Armida's good looking, because she's
+no good clothes. But she is, and when she gets that dress made up and
+puts it on with that pink ribbon I bought her last time, she'll look
+as pretty as a pink."
+
+Not so great a success were the Venetian blinds that he bought
+second-hand and gave to Armida to hang in the sitting-room. They
+proved to be in sorry condition, and Theodore was much mortified.
+Being a handy creature, he managed to patch them up so that, though
+they could not be rolled up, they looked very well from the outside;
+and, as he philosophically remarked:
+
+"What more do you want, Armidy? A room you never set in, you don't
+want any light in."
+
+There was one thing that Theodore would not do. He would not, as he
+said, fellowship with Jerry, Armida's husband. "Tell you, Armidy," he
+would say, "I can't put up with a man like him."
+
+"Some folks call you shif'less, Theodore," Armida retorted with
+bitterness.
+
+"Well, I am," he allowed; "but the difference is--I'm lazy, but work,
+my fashion; but he's lazy, and don't work at all."
+
+Though he disdained Jerry, he would rather do his tasks than see
+Armida's interests suffer; and when he was not occupied with his still
+or peddling, he busied himself on her side of the farm. Lucas would
+at any time give him a helping hand rather than see Theodore hurt
+himself, and so Armida's fences were mended and sundry repairs on her
+barns and out-houses made. Lucas was still as stiff as ever, and the
+help given was always to oblige Theodore, who laughed to himself but
+said nothing.
+
+He once attempted to wheedle Lucas into painting at least all of the
+front of the house, but Lucas was not to be moved. Disappointed in
+that, Theodore brought home a pot of yellow paint when returning from
+his next expedition, and painted his sister's half of the kitchen
+floor, in spite of her remonstrating that Lucas wouldn't like it,
+though she acknowledged it looked pretty, and in spite of Lucas's
+vexation at finding the room ridiculous.
+
+"No more ridiculous than it was before," Theodore assured him; "it
+couldn't be. Besides," he added, as an afterthought, "I'll bring it
+plumb up to the middle, and neither of you will be trespassin' on the
+other's side. I noticed one of your chairs was a leetle grain onto
+Armidy's side the other night, and that ain't right."
+
+In the middle of an afternoon, as Lucas was ploughing out his corn,
+he heard a "Hello!" to which, when it had been two or three times
+repeated, he replied, though without looking around. Presently he
+heard some one coming, in a sort of scuffling run, and breathing
+heavily, and looked over his shoulder to see Theodore, who dropped
+into a walk as he spied him, and gasped: "Lucas! Say! Stop! Look
+here!"
+
+"Well?" said Lucas, and pulled up his horse.
+
+"I'm too old to run like this, that's a fact," said Theodore, mopping
+his face and leaning up against the plough. "There's a queer piece of
+work for us to do, Lucas. Armidy's all smashed up on the road, right
+down here on that second dip, and I guess Jerry is stone dead, and we
+must fetch 'em up just as soon as we can."
+
+Lucas made no comment, but mechanically unfastened the horse and
+turned toward the house, his brother stumbling behind, quite exhausted
+by the hurry and fatigue of the hour.
+
+As they went Lucas said: "How did you come to know of it?"
+
+"Well, it was cur'us," said Theodore. "You know I had old Sam this
+morning, bringing in a little jag of wood for Armidy, and lengthened
+out the traces to fit the old waggin. Well, all I know about it is
+what I guess. I see from the looks they must 'a' concluded to go to
+the village with some eggs and so on, 'cause you can see in the road
+where they smashed when the basket flew out; and Jerry didn't know no
+more than to hitch up into the buggy without shortenin' the traces,
+and you know how that would work. Well, the cur'us thing is that I was
+out in the paster mowin' some brakes--here, let me hitch up this
+side, while you do the other--and I heard somebody or somethin' comin'
+slam-bang, and I looked up--I wa'n't near enough so as to see who
+'twas nor anythin'--and I looked up, and see 'em comin' like hudy,
+down one of them pitches. Thinks said I, well, there's a hitch-up
+that's goin' to flinders--and just then the forward wheel struck a big
+stone, and I see the woman and man and all fly inter the air and come
+down agin, and the hoss went."
+
+"Where's the horse now?" said Lucas.
+
+"I don't know, and I don't care. Tell ye, best put a feather-bed in
+the bottom of this waggin, because her arm's broke for certain, and I
+don't know what else. I'll fetch it--if you've got some spirits."
+
+"Yes," said Lucas, "I'll fetch some;" and both hurried into the house,
+and soon came out again and hastened off.
+
+"How did you know who 'twas?" Lucas inquired, with solemn curiosity
+fitting the occasion.
+
+"Why, I didn't; but I knew when they didn't offer to git up, whoever
+'twas wanted help, and I put across the lot to 'em, and sure enough
+'twas Armidy and Jerry. I looked her over, and see by the way she
+lay that one of her arms was broke, anyway, and stepped over to where
+Jerry was, and sir! he was as dead as Moses! Head struck right on a
+big stone and broke his neck--his head hung down like that," letting
+his hand fall limply from the wrist.
+
+"Does she know?" said Lucas.
+
+"No, and I hope she won't for a spell. She hadn't come to when I left
+her."
+
+Lucas struck the horse with the end of the reins to urge him on.
+
+"There, now you can see 'em," said Theodore, rising in his seat and
+pointing down the road. Lucas followed his example, and looking before
+them they could see both husband and wife lying motionless in the
+road.
+
+[Illustration: "LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND
+WIFE LYING MOTIONLESS IN THE ROAD."]
+
+Between them they soon lifted poor Armida into the wagon, and laid
+her on the bed as tenderly as might be, eliciting a groan by the
+operation.
+
+"Best give her some?" said Lucas, bringing a bottle of brandy from out
+his pocket. "Come to think of it, best not. She won't sense it so much
+if she don't realize."
+
+A brief examination of Jerry was sufficient. The brothers exchanged
+glances and shakes of the head. "And to think," said Theodore, as they
+regarded the body, "that it was only this morning I said to Armidy
+there was one tramp too many in the house, meaning me, and now to have
+my words brought before me like this! 'Twasn't anything but a joke,
+but I hope she won't remember it against me."
+
+"Well, first thing we've got to do is to get her to the house," said
+Lucas.
+
+Armida having been made as comfortable as the present would allow,
+and Jerry having been brought up and consigned to the best chamber,
+as befitted his state, Lucas hastened after the doctor and Aunt Polly
+Slater. The doctor found Armida in a sad case. "Though I don't think,"
+he assured the brothers, "if she isn't worried she will be hard sick.
+She's naturally rugged, and it's merely a simple fracture of the
+forearm. The sprained ankle will be the most tedious thing, but I must
+charge you to keep her in ignorance of her husband's death."
+
+Theodore helped Aunt Polly in caring for Armida, and never was woman
+more tenderly cared for. Many were the lies he was forced to tell,
+as Armida was first surprised, then indignant, at Jerry's apparent
+neglect.
+
+"Even Lucas has come to the door and looked at me," she complained,
+"and Jerry ain't so much as been near me."
+
+Theodore was fain to concoct a story about a strained back that would
+not allow Jerry to rise from the bed. When it was deemed prudent
+to tell her, the task fell to Theodore, who was very tender of his
+sister, remembering that though he considered Jerry a shiftless, poor
+shack of a creature, Armida probably had affection for him. She took
+her loss very quietly.
+
+"He was always good to me," she said, "and he cared for me when no one
+else did."
+
+"You're wrong there," Theodore remonstrated.
+
+"I used to tell myself I was," she replied sadly. "I knew I give the
+first offence, but Lucas never would 'a' done as he did by the house
+if he'd cared for me."
+
+Lucas heard the reproach where he stood out of sight in the little
+entry that led to Armida's room, listening to the brother and sister
+as they talked together within. He often lingered there, wishing to
+enter, but not daring to; longing to atone for the unhappiness he had
+caused his sister, but not knowing how to set about it. Now, taking
+Theodore into his confidence, he set to work to obliterate all outward
+signs that made it "the divided house," leaving to his brother the
+task of keeping it from Armida. As she querulously inquired what all
+the hammering and pounding that was going on in front of the house
+meant, Theodore had a story ready about the steps to the front porch
+being so worn out that Lucas had to have some new ones, "or else break
+his legs goin' over them." The smell of paint was accounted for by
+Lucas "havin' one of his spells of gittin' his side painted over
+agin;" on which Armida gave way to tears, until her brother comforted
+her by saying it didn't make much difference, a new coat couldn't make
+it any whiter than it was.
+
+It was a great day when Armida was pronounced well enough to eat
+breakfast in the kitchen. Hobbling out with the aid of Theodore's arm,
+she stepped on the threshold, and looked over to where Lucas stood
+by his window. He greeted her with, "How are ye, Armidy?" but did not
+leave his place.
+
+"It seems good to git out of my bedroom," said Armida; then stopped,
+gazed about her, and sank into a convenient chair, exclaiming, "What
+does it mean?"
+
+For both her and Lucas's old stoves were gone, and a new one stood
+directly before the middle of the chimney, with its pipe running into
+the old pipe-hole that they used before the house was divided. The
+coffee-pot steamed and bubbled over the fire, and a platter of ham and
+eggs stood on the hearth, while the table, set for breakfast, stood
+exactly in the centre of the room; the dividing line had been wiped
+out by the paint-brush, and Lucas's side shone with yellow paint like
+her own.
+
+"What does it mean?" she cried, trembling and clutching at Theodore's
+arm. Theodore said nothing, but slipped out of the room, and Lucas,
+after an awkward pause, said: "Armidy, I wanted, if you was willin',
+that we should quit doin' as we have done and have things together as
+we used to. Seems as if it would be pleasanter, and if you can forgive
+what I've done, I'll try to make it up to ye."
+
+"Why, Lucas!" was all she could say.
+
+"I know I hain't done by ye like a brother," said Lucas, anxious to
+get his self-imposed humiliation over, "and I'm sorry, and I'd like to
+begin over again."
+
+"I'm just as much a transgressor as you be," said Armida, anxious
+to spare him. "If I hadn't said what I did, I 'spose you'd married
+Ianthe, and like as not had a family round ye."
+
+"I don't know as I care _now_," said Lucas; "I have felt hard to ye;
+but I see Ianthe last March"--he laughed--"and I didn't mourn much
+that her name wa'n't Huxter. But that's neither here nor there. If
+you feel as if you could git along with two old brothers to look after
+instead of one, and overlook what's passed--"
+
+"I'd be glad to, Lucas, if you won't lay up anything against me."
+
+"Well, then;" and coming to her side Lucas bent over her, and, to her
+great surprise, kissed her. Turning away before she could return the
+kiss, he opened the back door and called to Theodore.
+
+As Theodore came in, Lucas said: "If you had a shawl round ye, Armidy,
+wouldn't you like to git out a minute before breakfast?" and without
+waiting for an answer, he brought her shawl and wrapped it round her,
+then put on her bonnet.
+
+"Can't you and I," he said to Theodore, "make a chair and take her
+out? You hain't forgot sence you left school, hev you?"
+
+Locking their hands together they formed what school-children call a
+chair, and lifting Armida between them, carried her through the hall,
+out at the front door, down the walk to the gate, and turned round,
+while Theodore bade his sister look up at the house. Armida obeyed.
+She saw the house glistening with paint, her side of it as white as
+Lucas's, and blinds adorning her front windows, while the front porch,
+with new-laid floor and steps and bristling with brackets, was, in her
+eyes, the most imposing of entrances.
+
+Could it be true? she asked herself, and shut her eyes; then glanced
+again, then looked at her brothers, who were both silent, Theodore
+smiling with joy, while Lucas looked gravely down at her.
+
+"Oh, Lucas!" she cried, throwing her arms around his neck, "you done
+this for me!"
+
+"I _told_ you I was sorry, Armidy," he said.
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+On the long peninsula that separates New York Bay from Newark Bay,
+there is, among other things, a red house by an open field, in which
+lives the king of kite-flyers. Every one in Bayonne, the town which
+covers this peninsula, knows the red house by the open field; for
+scarcely a day passes, winter or summer, that kites are not seen
+sailing above this spot--sometimes a solitary "hurricane flyer," when
+the wind is sweeping in strong from the ocean; sometimes a tandem
+string of seven or eight six-footers, each one fastened to the
+main line by its separate cord. And wonderful are the feats in
+kite-illumination accomplished by Mr. Eddy (the king aforesaid) on
+holiday nights, especially on the Fourth of July, when he keeps the
+sky ablaze with gracefully waving meteors, to the profound awe or
+admiration of his fellow-townsmen.
+
+If you enter the red house and show a proper interest in the subject,
+Mr. Eddy will take you up to his kite-room, where skyflyers of all
+sorts, sizes, and materials range the walls--from the tiniest, made
+of tissue paper, to nine-footers, with lath frames and oil-cloth
+coverings. Hanging from the ceiling is one of the queer Hargrave
+kites, which looks like a double box, and seems as little likely to
+fly as a full-legged dining-table; yet fly it will, and beautifully
+too, though by a principle of aëroplanes only recently understood.
+
+Then Mr. Eddy will show you the room where, with the help of his
+deft-fingered wife, also a kite enthusiast, he spends many hours
+developing and mounting photographs taken from high altitudes, with a
+camera especially constructed to be swung and operated from the kite
+cord.
+
+Until one talks with a man like Mr. Eddy--though, indeed, there is
+no one just like him--one does not realize what a large and important
+subject this of scientific kite-flying is. Many men of distinction
+have devoted years of their best energies to experiments with kites.
+Mr. Eddy himself is a scientist first, last, and always; for the
+sake of a new observation he will send up a tandem of kites when
+the thermometer is below zero, or stand half a night at his reeling
+apparatus, getting records of the thermograph.
+
+[Illustration: HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A
+TANDEM OF HIS BOX-KITES.]
+
+Perhaps I shall do best to begin by giving some useful information to
+those who may contemplate constructing a modern scientific kite. The
+first thing that should be done by such a person, be he boy or man, is
+to rid his mind of all his preconceived notions about kites, for it is
+almost certain that they are incorrect. To begin with, the scientific
+kite has no tail. A few years ago people would have laughed at any one
+who attempted to send up a kite without a tail. But the question is
+now no longer even open with the scientific kite-flyers, who not
+only send up tailless kites with the greatest ease, but do so under
+conditions which, to kites with tails, would be impossible: for
+instance, in dead calms and in driving hurricanes. The tailless kite,
+sent from the hands of a master, will fly in all winds.
+
+It is true that kites with tails have given good results in
+experimental work; but the tails are annoying and an unnecessary
+weight, and may better be dispensed with. Every boy has had the
+vexatious experience of sending up a kite in a light breeze with a
+tail made light in proportion, only to find that, on reaching stronger
+air currents above, the kite has begun to dive and grow unmanageable.
+Then, when he has taken the kite down and added a heavier tail, he has
+found the breeze at the ground insufficient to lift the extra load;
+and so, between two difficulties, has had to give up his sport in
+disgust. This is the one serious defect of kites with tails, that
+they cannot adapt themselves to wind currents of varying intensities;
+whereas the tailless kites do so without difficulty. And in tandem
+flying, which is the backbone of the modern system, the weight of a
+half dozen or more heavy tails would be a serious impediment, to
+say nothing of the perpetual danger of the different tails getting
+entangled in the lines.
+
+
+HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC KITE.
+
+It is important, then, to know how to make a scientific tailless kite,
+such as is used by the experts at the Smithsonian Institution, or at
+the Blue Hills Conservatory near Boston, for it must not be supposed
+that kite-flying is merely an idle pastime; it is a pleasure doubtless
+for boys, but it is also a field of serious experiment and observation
+for men. The information I here present, including practical
+directions as well as interesting theories, was obtained from Mr. Eddy
+himself, and may be regarded as strictly accurate.
+
+[Illustration: Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+
+This view, from a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, New
+York City at the crossing of Frankfort and William Streets.]
+
+It is much better for amateurs to begin with a kite designed to fly in
+strong winds, as it is a long and delicate task to learn to manage the
+variety with extra wide cross-stick meant for ascension in calms. The
+two sticks which form the skeleton should be of equal lengths, say six
+feet; and should cross each other at right angles at a point on the
+upright stick eighteen per cent. of its length below the top. This
+point of crossing is of great importance, and was only located by
+Mr. Eddy after months of wearisome experiment. He was misled in his
+earlier efforts at tailless kite-making by the example of the Malay
+kiter-flyers, who are reputed to be the most skilful in the world, and
+who cross the sticks much nearer the middle of the upright one. In a
+six-foot kite the two sticks, equal in length, should cross at about
+thirteen inches from the top of the upright stick; and the same
+proportion should be observed for kites of other dimensions. At the
+point of crossing, the sticks should be slightly notched, and strongly
+bound together with twine tied in flat knots. Driving a nail or screw
+through the sticks, to bind them, weakens the frame at the point of
+greatest strain.
+
+As material for the sticks Mr. Eddy has found clear spruce better
+than any other wood. Bamboo is bad, because it bends unevenly at
+the joints. White pine is not tough enough, and cypress is both too
+brittle and too flexible. The hard woods, like ash, hickory, and oak,
+are too heavy; in scientific kite-flying, even so small a weight as
+a quarter of an ounce may make all the difference between failure and
+success. All winds are broken by frequent brief intervals of calm,
+and a kite must rely on its lightness to outride these. Whoever
+contemplates going seriously into kite-flying will do well to
+provide himself with a store of suitable sticks by purchasing a
+straight-grained, well-planed spruce plank, free from knots, and
+having it sawed on a circular saw into sticks five-sixteenths and
+seven-sixteenths inches in thickness, to be cut later into such
+lengths as he may choose.
+
+[Illustration: Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. This view
+also is of New York City about the crossing of Frankfort and William
+Streets. The high wall on the right of Frankfort Street is the back
+of the "World" building; the high wall on the left is the back of the
+"Tribune" building.]
+
+The two sticks (there are never more than two) having been fastened
+firmly together, the cross-stick must be sprung backward; so that,
+when finished, the kite will present a convex or bulging surface to
+the wind. It might be imagined that a concave surface to the wind
+would be better; and indeed this has been tried. But it has invariably
+proved that with a concave surface the kite receives too much of the
+breeze and becomes quite uncontrollable. The amount of spring that
+must be given the cross-piece is in proportion to its length, Mr.
+Eddy's rule being to spring the cross-stick, by means of a cord
+joining the two ends like a bow, until the perpendicular between the
+point of juncture of the two sticks and the centre of the cord is
+equal to one-tenth of the length of the cross-stick, or a little more
+than one-tenth, if the kite is to be flown in very high winds.
+
+It is of the first importance to keep the two halves of the kite on
+the right and the left of the upright stick perfectly symmetrical. And
+this is by no means an easy matter. It often happens in bending the
+cross-stick that, owing to differences in the fibre and elasticity of
+the wood, one side bends more than the other, with the result that
+the two halves present different curves and consequently unequal wind
+areas. To offset this difficulty, and also to strengthen the skeleton,
+Mr. Eddy's practice is to add a bracing piece at the back of the
+cross-stick--a piece about one-fourth of the length of the cross-stick
+itself, and of the same width and thickness. If the two halves of the
+kite are already quite symmetrical, he places this bracing stick with
+its centre directly even with the point of juncture of the two large
+sticks, its two ends being fastened with twine to the cross-stick,
+about nine inches on either side of the crossing-point. But if one
+half of the cross-stick shows a greater bend than the other, he places
+the longer arm of the bracing piece toward the side that bends the
+most, thus presenting a greater leverage against the wind on that side
+than on the other, and so equalizing things.
+
+With the two sticks and the brace all thus properly in place, a
+supporting frame for the paper or cloth is formed by running, not
+cord, but fine picture wire, over the tips of the sticks, notched to
+hold it in place, in the ordinary way. Then, with a thin, clear paste
+made of starch, the paper may be laid on, care being taken to paste
+the edges so as to leave a certain amount of slack or looseness in
+the part of the kite below the cross-stick, so that each of the lower
+faces will present concave wind surfaces. To preserve the required
+equilibrium, it is important that the amount of looseness in the paper
+be equal on the two sides; and in order to keep it so, it is necessary
+to measure exactly the amount allowed.
+
+[Illustration: THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.
+
+Front view, showing how the line is attached.
+
+A storm-flyer.--The diamond-shaped figure in the centre is an opening
+made to lessen the wind pressure.]
+
+Those who wish to make many kites will do well to buy thin manilla
+paper, as wide as possible, having the dealer roll off for them seven
+hundred or eight hundred feet, say a yard in width, which will insure
+a cheap as well as an abundant supply. For strong winds and large
+kites it is best to use cloth as the covering. It should be sewed to
+the frame, and, if carefully put on, will do service for years. Silk,
+of course, is the ideal material; but its costliness puts it beyond
+ordinary means, and common silesia, such as is used in dress linings,
+is almost as good. Whatever the material, the kite should be fortified
+at the corners by pasting or sewing on quadrants of paper or cloth,
+so as to give double thickness at the points most liable to injury.
+A finished six-footer should not weigh over twenty ounces, if covered
+with paper; or twenty-five ounces, if covered with cloth. Mr. Eddy has
+made a six-footer for calm flying as light as eight ounces.
+
+
+HOW TO SEND UP A KITE.
+
+There is only one way to learn the practical art of kite-flying, and
+that is to begin and do the thing yourself--with many mishaps and
+disappointments at the outset. One of Mr. Eddy's practices when
+sending kites up in very light winds or in an apparent calm, is to
+reel out two hundred yards or so of cord in a convenient open space,
+leaving kite and cord on the ground until ready to start. Then, by
+taking the cord at the extreme distance from the kite, and beginning
+to run with it, he gets it quickly into the upper air currents, which
+are always stirring more than those at the surface. It is sometimes
+necessary to run for a considerable distance before the kite reaches
+a sustaining current; but a real kite enthusiast will not mind taking
+trouble; indeed he had better abandon the whole business if he does.
+It is worth noting that even in a dead calm a kite may be kept up
+indefinitely as long as the flyer is willing to run with the cord at
+the rate of about five miles an hour.
+
+In flying kites tandem there is always to be guarded against the
+danger of a breaking of the cord. Few people realize how hard a
+pull is exerted by a series of kites well up in the air. A strain of
+twenty-five or thirty pounds on the cord is not uncommon; and not only
+the strength of the cord, but the way of attaching it, is of great
+importance. There should be two strings (never more), fastened to the
+upright stick at its lower end and at the point of crossing, the
+upper length being about one-third of the lower one, and the two being
+adjusted so that, when taut, the kite takes an angle of about twenty
+degrees with the ground--which means that the kite goes up almost
+straight overhead, the string making an angle of about seventy degrees
+with the ground.
+
+[Illustration: THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.
+
+It was by kites of this variety, flown in tandem, that the inventor,
+Hargrave, was lifted sixteen feet from the ground on November 12,
+1894.]
+
+In sending up a series of kites to fly tandem, it is best to head the
+line with a small kite, three or, four feet in diameter, and gradually
+increase the size until a diameter of six feet is reached for the one
+sent last. This arrangement makes it possible to hold the upper kites
+by lighter cord, the heavier kites being reserved for the half of the
+line nearest to the ground; and thus there is a material lessening
+of the load to be borne. The first kite should be well up, say five
+hundred feet, before the second is attached to the line. But after
+that they maybe sent at closer intervals, sometimes with only a few
+hundred feet between them--say two hundred feet in light winds, and
+five hundred feet in heavy winds. Each kite in a tandem should have
+a length of at least one hundred feet of cord from the main line, and
+great care should be exercised in knotting fast the individual lines.
+
+The best way of starting a second kite, after the first is well up, is
+to pay out about a hundred feet of cord for the tandem line, attaching
+one end of this to the main cord and the other to the second kite,
+which is left lying on the ground back downward. Then pay out the main
+line evenly until the tandem line begins to lift. As the pendent kite
+is borne higher and higher, it will swing for a while in a horizontal
+position; but will presently begin to flutter and sail sideways, and
+then finally come up more and more, until the wind catches it and
+it shoots up like a bird into its proper position. In fact, once the
+first kite is securely up, the others will fly themselves by merely
+being attached to the main line as described. Of course each fresh
+kite increases the pull on the main line, and the line must be made
+proportionately stronger as the tandem is increased.
+
+
+RUNAWAY TANDEMS.
+
+Mr. Eddy has had some remarkable experiences with escaping kites. One
+day at Bayonne, in July, 1894, while he was flying a tandem of eight
+kites in a northwest wind blowing eighteen miles an hour, the main
+line broke with a loud snap, and the kites sailed away towards Staten
+Island with the speed of an escaped balloon. One can scarcely conceive
+the rapidity with which a line of kites like this travels over the
+first four or five hundred feet after its release. An ice-boat goes no
+faster, and one might as well pursue the shadow of a flying cloud
+as chase that string. At the time of the escape the top kite, a
+four-footer, was up nearly a mile, and the other seven were flying
+at a good elevation. The consequence was that although, as invariably
+happens in such cases, they began to drop, the lowest kite did not
+strike the ground until it had been carried about a quarter of a mile,
+to the New Jersey shore of the Kill von Kull, which is half a mile
+wide at this point. Here kite number eight, a six-footer, caught in
+a tree and held the line for a few seconds until its own cord broke,
+under the strain, and set the other kites free. This check had lifted
+the other kites, and they now flew right bravely across the water,
+not one of the seven wetting its heels before the farther shore was
+reached. Then the lowest of them came to the ground, in its turn
+putting a brief check on the others. But its cord soon broke under the
+strain, and the six still flying went sailing over the trees of Staten
+Island, hundreds of people watching them as they flew--six tailless
+kites driving along towards New York Bay, the main line trailing
+behind over lawns and house-tops.
+
+Then a queer thing happened. As the loose end of the main line trailed
+along, it whipped against a line of telegraph wires with such
+violence as to wind itself around the wires again and again, just as
+a whip-lash winds round a hitching-post when whipped against one. The
+result was that the runaway kites were finally anchored by the main
+line, and held fast until their owner, coming in quick pursuit on
+ferryboat and train, could secure them.
+
+On another occasion, two of Mr. Eddy's kites flying in tandem broke
+away, and started out to sea, the dangling line passing over a moored
+coal barge on which a man was working. Feeling something tickle his
+neck, the man put up his hand quickly and touched the kite-cord.
+Greatly surprised, he seized the cord and made it fast; and he was not
+at all disposed to give up the kites when Mr. Eddy claimed them. There
+is no property, indeed, so hard to prove and recover as a runaway
+kite. For one thing, there is absolutely no telling how far a runaway
+kite will sail before landing. Mr. Eddy estimates that when the main
+line breaks, a kite well up in a twenty-five mile breeze will travel,
+before alighting, a distance equal to twelve times its height from the
+ground. This means that a kite straight over the Battery, in New York
+City, and a mile in the air, driven by a stiff south wind, might
+land in Yonkers if the cord broke. There is, by the way, an old-time
+ordinance on the statute book, prohibiting the flying of kites in any
+part of New York City below Fourteenth Street. This, however, did not
+prevent Mr. Eddy from taking recently a series of unique photographs
+(some of them are reproduced in this article), by means of a tandem of
+kites sent up from a high building near the City Hall Park. The only
+complication that resulted was a fierce contention among a crowd of
+idlers and gamins over the possession of one of the kites, which came
+down accidentally and lodged in one of the Park trees.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM
+A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy.]
+
+
+THE LIFTING POWER OF KITES.
+
+A tandem of six or eight six-foot kites exerts a pull of thirty pounds
+or more on the main line; but it must not be assumed that such a
+tandem would lift and carry through the air a weight of thirty pounds.
+The weight of thirty pounds would be carried a short distance; but
+as the weight moved off, there would be a sudden lessening of the
+resistance on the line, and so of the wind pressure against the kites,
+which would soon cause them to sink. A tandem of strong kites in
+a good breeze might be made to operate a sort of jumping apparatus
+which, after being carried a short distance, would anchor itself to
+the ground until the renewed strength of the kites lifted it up again
+for another jump. But all kite experts are agreed that a kite's power
+for lifting loads clear of the ground must be enormously increased
+according as the distance to which the load is to be lifted is
+increased. It would be possible, for example, to build a tandem of
+kites strong enough to lift a man clear of the ground, supposing him
+to be swung in a basket from the main line. This, indeed, has been
+actually accomplished. September 18, 1895, in England, Captain
+Baden-Powell was lifted to a height of one hundred feet on a
+kite-string supported by five large hexagon kites. But Mr. Eddy
+calculates that to lift a man of the same weight (one hundred and
+fifty pounds) to a height of fifteen hundred feet, with a wind blowing
+at the same rate (twenty miles an hour), would require seven kites
+with upright and cross-sticks not less than sixty-four feet each in
+length.
+
+The only other instance on record where a man has been lifted by a
+kite-cord was in the experiment of the great Australian kite expert,
+Hargrave, who, on November 12, 1894, placed himself in a sling seat
+attached to a tandem of his wonderful box kites, and was swung sixteen
+feet clear of the earth. The entire load, including the seat and
+appurtenances, amounted to two hundred and eight pounds. Mr. Eddy
+calculates that six of his bird-shaped kites, twenty feet in diameter,
+would lift a man and basket in safety to a height of one hundred feet,
+assuming the wind to be blowing steadily at twenty miles an hour.
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.
+
+NOTE.--In this picture the square box suspended from the upper line is
+the camera. The ball hanging from the camera is the burnished signal
+which, by its fall, informs the operator on the ground when the
+shutter of the camera has opened. The shutter and the ball are
+controlled from the ground by the lower line.]
+
+
+THE METEOROLOGICAL USE OF KITES.
+
+Although Mr. Eddy began flying kites as a diversion, he soon saw that
+there were more serious reasons for continuing his experiments. Having
+long been interested in meteorological problems, it occurred to him
+that good results might be obtained by sending aloft, on kite-strings,
+self-registering thermometers and apparatus for indicating the
+direction and strength of the air currents. On February 4, 1891, he
+sent up what is believed to be the first thermometer ever attached
+to a kite for scientific purposes. This was at nine o'clock in the
+evening on a cold winter's night, the thermometer registering ten
+degrees Fahrenheit at the ground. On reading the record after the
+descent, the thermometer was found to mark six degrees Fahrenheit,
+which indicated, according to the recognized law of decrease of
+temperature, that the kite had been sent to a height of one thousand
+feet. The law is that in ascending from the earth the temperature
+falls one degree for every two hundred and fifty feet; but subsequent
+experiments convinced Mr. Eddy that it was by no means to be relied
+upon as an indication of the height of kites. Not that the law is
+false; but it holds good only when the meteorological conditions above
+are the same as at the earth's surface, which is very far from being
+the case always.
+
+Out of these experiments Mr. Eddy evolved an important theory which
+has since been abundantly verified. Seeing the frequent variations in
+the thermometric readings from what the law had led him to expect, he
+concluded that these were due to meteorological variations overhead;
+and that changes in the weather, say the approach of warm waves or
+cold waves, make themselves felt in the air strata above the earth's
+surface several hours before they can be detected at the surface.
+Observations extending over months at the Blue Hills Observatory, near
+Boston, and elsewhere, have abundantly confirmed this theory.
+
+With this fact established, it followed, in Mr. Eddy's opinion,
+that it was perfectly possible to use kites in making weather
+prognostications; and, indeed, he has been doing this himself for
+several years with the best results. Whenever his kite-thermometers,
+sent to a fixed height which he determines independently by a
+specially devised kite-quadrant, show actual readings which are either
+warmer or cooler than the theoretical readings, he prophesies that
+the weather will, within a few hours, become warmer or colder at
+the earth's surface, and these prophecies are fulfilled in a
+large majority of cases. If the kite-thermometers show exactly the
+temperature which the law would call for, he prophesies that there
+will be no change in the weather.
+
+[Illustration: CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. City Hall Park,
+New York City, appears in the foreground, with Broadway back of it.]
+
+It has also been demonstrated that kites may be used by meteorologists
+to indicate the approach of storms, which they foretell by a sudden
+and continuous veering over a considerable arc, usually about sixty
+degrees. This veering begins usually six or seven hours before a
+storm, and often as much as twelve hours. And another sure sign of a
+storm is the continuous and sudden dropping of the kites followed by
+a quick recovery, which shows that the wind is blowing in gusts
+interspersed with periods of calm.
+
+In making a series of meteorological experiments which he conducted at
+the Blue Hills Observatory, Mr. Eddy often employed as many as eight
+or ten kites; and in August, 1895, he sent up twelve kites on one
+line, three of them being nine-footers. This is probably the largest
+number of kites ever sent up in tandem; and although on this occasion
+the line carried only the thermographs suspended in a basket, the
+whole weighing not more than two pounds, a very much larger load might
+have been carried, had it been desired.
+
+[Illustration: Murray Street. Warren Street.
+
+MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, showing Murray
+and Warren Streets, New York City, as they run west from Broadway.]
+
+Among many other curious things about the wind observed by Mr. Eddy,
+is the fact that the night winds are by far the steadiest and most
+satisfactory for kite-flying. On this account much of his work with
+kites has been done in the darkness, although he uses lanterns on
+the lines to assist him in locating the kites. It has also been
+demonstrated that the force of the wind increases steadily as the
+distance from the earth increases. Archibald proved this conclusively,
+by suspending a series of wind-measuring instruments at intervals
+along the main line, their registration showing almost invariably
+greater wind pressure at the higher altitude. Mr. Eddy has furthermore
+noted that, while the early morning wind is usually very light at the
+earth's surface, it is almost invariably good aloft; and he has again
+and again verified the well-established fact that all clouds herald
+their approach and are accompanied by increased wind velocity.
+
+
+THE HIGHEST FLIGHT EVER MADE BY A KITE.
+
+The modern system of flying kites tandem was devised by Mr. Eddy in
+1890, although it was hit upon two years later independently by Dr.
+Alexander B. Johnson, the distinguished surgeon of the Roosevelt
+Hospital in New York. The tandem system makes it possible to send
+kites to far greater altitudes than had ever been previously attained.
+And here the best record is undoubtedly held by one of Mr. Eddy's
+tandems, sent aloft at Bayonne, on November 7, 1893. Mr. Eddy began to
+send up the kites at 7:30 A.M.; but, being hampered by light breezes
+from the east, found he was kept busy until half-past three in the
+afternoon in getting nine kites aloft. He had paid out nearly two
+miles of cord, when the top kite, a little two-footer, stood straight
+over the spar buoy in Newark Bay. The lowest kite, a six-footer, was
+hovering some distance inland from the shore, on a line from the shore
+to Mr. Eddy's house (where the end of the line was anchored) measuring
+fifty-five hundred feet by the surveyor's map. Taking two observations
+from the two ends of this base line, Mr. Eddy's kite-quadrant showed
+angles of thirty-five and sixty-six degrees; and these data, by simple
+methods of triangulation, were sufficient to determine the altitude
+of the kite, which was found to be five thousand five hundred and
+ninety-five feet--or something over one mile. The kites were seen by
+hundreds of persons during the fifteen hours that they remained up,
+the experiment coming to an abrupt end at ten o'clock that night by
+the blowing away of the two upper kites in the increasing wind. The
+escaped kites disappeared in Newark Bay, along with three thousand
+feet of the line.
+
+[Illustration: KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+
+Invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis. This buoy lacks the steering
+appliances of the one shown below, and travels simply in a line with
+the kite that draws it.]
+
+Much interest attaches from a scientific point of view to experiments
+designed to test how great an altitude may be reached by kites; and
+for a year past Mr. Eddy has been working in this direction for
+the Smithsonian Institution, the hope being that he will ultimately
+succeed in sending kites two miles above the earth's surface.
+Professor Langley has been following these experiments with great
+interest, and has furnished Mr. Eddy with a special quality of silk
+cord which, it is believed, will give better results in meteorological
+observation than the ordinary hempen twine or rope. The great
+difficulty that Mr. Eddy finds in the way of making his kites reach
+great altitudes, is the pull on the cord, which increases greatly
+as the kites rise higher. It is probable that a tandem of fifteen or
+twenty big kites, reaching to a mile above the earth's surface, would
+exert a pull of one hundred pounds; while at a height of two miles
+they might, Mr. Eddy thinks, exert a pull of three hundred and fifty
+pounds; and at a height of three miles, a pull of seven hundred
+pounds. However great the pull, it is essential to successful flying
+that the man in control be able to let out or reel in the main line
+with great rapidity, and it is evident that a dozen men could not by
+hand alone accomplish this if the kites were sent as high as might
+be. It is likely, therefore, that, as the importance of scientific
+kite-flying becomes more widely understood, some simple dummy engine
+will be devised for rapidly turning the windlass on which the main
+line is wound.
+
+Mr. Eddy has made frequent experiments with rain-kites, which he used
+for the first time in November, 1893. It is true that Franklin sent
+up a flyer during a shower, but in his case the rain was merely an
+accident accompanying the electric storm, which was his only concern.
+Mr. Eddy, however, has sent up kites in the rain for the purpose of
+studying cloud altitudes and other meteorological phenomena; and by
+this means he has discovered what was not previously believed to be
+true: that clouds sometimes sink to within six hundred feet of the
+earth's surface without actually coming down to it. In fact, Mr. Eddy
+has had kites disappear in a cloud at a height of only five hundred
+and sixty-eight feet. It has sometimes happened that clouds settling
+toward the earth have obscured the kites gradually, the top one
+becoming invisible first, and then the others in succession. Mr. Eddy
+has found that by such indications he is able to foretell the approach
+of fog four or five hours before it reaches the earth's surface, so
+slowly do the clouds settle through the air strata.
+
+[Illustration: DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+
+This is the buoy invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis for conveying
+messages, food, or life-lines between disabled vessels and the shore.
+The buoy is drawn over the water by the kite-line, like the one shown
+above, but the setting of the keel and the three guy-ropes give it
+whatever direction is desired.]
+
+[Illustration: THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.]
+
+It is best to make rain-kites of oil-skin or paraffine paper, as the
+ordinary paper or cloth becomes saturated with the dampness and very
+heavy, thus lessening the buoyancy of the line. So penetrating is the
+dampness of clouds, even without a rain-storm, that the wooden frames
+sometimes become warped and the paste seams soak open.
+
+
+DRAWING DOWN ELECTRICITY BY A KITE-STRING.
+
+The scientific kite-flyer will find much to tempt him into the field
+of electricity; and will be able, not only to duplicate Dr. Franklin's
+historic experiment of bringing down sparks from the heavens, but
+may go far beyond this, taking advantage of the greater knowledge of
+electricity at his disposal and the superior apparatus. In the summer
+of 1885, Alexander McAdie, at the Blue Hills Observatory, got strong
+sparks at the earth's surface from a wire connected with a kite
+whose surface had been coated with tinfoil so as to form an electric
+collector. He also, by the brightness and increased lengths of the
+sparks obtained, proved that the electric force in the atmosphere is
+very greatly increased with the approach of thunder clouds; and
+also that this force increases steadily as the kites reach greater
+altitude, and _vice versa_. Indeed Mr. Eddy and others who have
+conducted similar experiments, have found the electric force so strong
+at certain altitudes as to make the manipulation of the conducting
+wire a source of considerable danger.
+
+On October 8, 1892, Mr. Eddy made an important advance in electrical
+experiments with kites, by using a collector quite separate from the
+kites themselves, which were merely used in tandem to support the line
+on which the collector was swung and raised to any desired altitude.
+By this arrangement any accident that might befall one of the kites is
+less likely to ruin the whole experiment.
+
+Much experience with the kite-collector has convinced Mr. Eddy that
+there is always in the air overhead, at all times of the year and
+in all weathers, an abundant, practically a boundless, supply of
+electricity. It has never yet happened to him to send his collector up
+to even so low a height as four hundred feet without getting a spark
+in his discharge-box at the earth. He has discovered, however, that
+the greater the amount of moisture in the air, the greater is the
+height to which he must send the collector before getting the first
+spark. There is no doubt that large quantities of electricity might
+be obtained by hoisting large collectors, supported by strong flying
+tandems, to considerable altitudes, and drawing off the supply at
+the earth by means of a system of transformers which would lower the
+electricity from the dangerously high tension at which it discharges
+down the wire, to a voltage that could be handled with safety. In his
+experiments thus far, Mr. Eddy has discharged the copper wire leading
+from his collector into a wooden box containing a pasteboard wheel
+with darning-needle axle and tinfoil edges. The axle is grounded, and
+the copper wire from the collector placed near the tinfoil periphery
+of the wheel, so as to discharge its sparks through the intervening
+distance, and by the shock cause the wheel to turn.
+
+
+THE USE OF KITES IN PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+One of the most interesting applications of the kite, but a thoroughly
+practical one, is its use in photography. This has been
+entirely developed within the past year or two; indeed the first
+kite-photograph taken on the American continent was one made by
+Mr. Eddy's camera on May 30, 1895. Although some attempts in this
+direction had been previously made in Europe, this was the first
+clearly focused kite-photograph obtained. The previous ones had been
+blurred, owing to defects in the devices for swinging the camera
+apparatus from the kite-cord, and for loosening the shutter. Mr.
+Eddy's apparatus will be better understood from the accompanying
+cut than from any description. In a general way it is a wooden frame
+capable of holding the camera, and terminating behind in a long stick
+or boom, by means of which the camera is made to point in any desired
+direction or at any angle. This is arranged before sending up the
+apparatus, the boom being properly placed and held in position by
+means of guy cords from the main kite-line. A separate line hangs
+from the spring of the camera shutter, with which is also connected
+a hollow ball of polished metal supported in such a way that it will
+drop from its position, five or six feet through the air, when the
+camera cord is pulled. The purpose of this ball is to allow the
+operator on the ground to be sure that the camera has responded to his
+pull and that the desired photograph has been taken. He is assured of
+this, having given the pull, on seeing the flash made by the polished
+ball in its fall.
+
+All this being arranged, it is only necessary to send the camera up
+to any desired altitude and pull the camera cord, in order to get
+photographs of wide-stretching landscapes, extensive cities, like New
+York, and panoramas of every description. Such photographs could
+not but be of the greatest value to geologists, mountain climbers,
+surveyors, and explorers. And they must possess particular interest
+for students of geography and for map-makers.
+
+
+POSSIBLE USE OF KITES IN WAR.
+
+It is obvious, too, that kite-photographs might be of great value
+in time of war, since a detailed view of an enemy's lines and
+fortifications might be thus obtained; while at sea a perfected
+kite-photographing apparatus might be of great value in recording
+the approach of an enemy's ships. Mr. Eddy regards it as perfectly
+possible to send up a tandem of kites from the deck of a man-of-war,
+with a circular camera, such as has already been devised, attached
+to the main line, and an apparatus for snapping all the shutters
+simultaneously; and photograph, not only the whole horizon as seen
+from the deck of a vessel, but, because of the greater elevation, many
+miles beyond. A battle-ship provided with this photographing device
+would enjoy as great an advantage as if it were able at will to
+stretch out its mainmast into a tower of observation a mile high.
+
+It is true that some of the lenses in the circular camera, the
+ones facing the sun, might give imperfect pictures; but in whatever
+position the sun might be, at least one hundred and eighty degrees
+of the horizon would be clearly photographed. And by taking such
+observations in the early morning, and again in the middle of the
+afternoon, it would be possible to cover the whole circuit, and thus
+be aware of the approach of an enemy's ships long before they would
+have been visible to a telescope used on the deck. In such a circular
+camera each lens would be numbered, and the position of each would be
+accurately determined with regard to the points of the compass by the
+use of guy-cords stretching from the main line to the framework of the
+apparatus. Thus, on looking at the number of a lens, the photographer
+would immediately know from which direction any vessel whose image was
+shown might be coming.
+
+Nor is the use of the kite in war limited to the services it would
+render in photography; it might easily do more than that, and become a
+most efficient and novel engine of destruction. As has been shown, it
+is merely a question of carpenter work to send up a tandem of kites
+that will swing a heavy load high in the air. Suppose that load were
+dynamite, with an arrangement for dropping it over any desired spot.
+Mr. Eddy suggests that this might be effected by means of a slow match
+made by soaking a cotton string in saltpetre, which would be lighted
+on despatching the load of dynamite, and would burn at a regular rate,
+say one foot in five minutes, so that the length of the match could be
+timed to meet the necessities of the case. On burning to its end,
+the match would ignite a cord holding the dynamite in a pasteboard
+receptacle, one side of which would fall down like the front of a
+wall-pocket as soon as the restraining cord was burned through; and
+immediately the dynamite in the box would be launched toward its
+destination. Mr. Eddy has already carried out an experiment similar
+to this, in setting loose from high elevations tiny paper aëroplanes.
+With a little practice he found he could start the slow match with
+such precision as to cause the aëroplanes to burst out into flight at
+any desired altitude. This interesting and beautiful experiment was
+performed for the first time by Mr. Eddy on February 22, 1893, when
+he sent off from a height of one thousand feet forty aëroplanes, their
+forward edges weighted with pins for greater stability.
+
+Assuming such an arrangement made for discharging a load of dynamite,
+Mr. Eddy calculates that, with a twenty-mile breeze, six eighteen-foot
+kites would lift fifty pounds of the explosive a quarter of a mile
+in the air and suspend it over a fort or beleaguered city half a mile
+distant. It would thus be perfectly possible, supposing the wind to be
+in the right direction, to bombard Staten Island with dynamite dropped
+from kites sent up from the Jersey shore. It is evident that,
+for purposes of bombardment, a tandem of kites possesses several
+advantages over the war balloon. Kites are much cheaper. Then it would
+be far more difficult to disable them than to disable a balloon, since
+they offer a smaller mark to the enemy's guns; and even if one or two
+were destroyed, the others would still suffice to carry the dynamite.
+Finally, the kites may be sent up without risk to the lives of those
+who directed them, which is not the case with the balloons.
+
+Another interesting and important application of the modern kite has
+been conceived by Professor J. Woodbridge Davis, principal of the
+Woodbridge Boys' School, in New York, who is one of the most famous
+kite-flyers in the world, in addition to being a distinguished
+scientist and mathematician. It was Professor Davis who invented the
+dirigible kite several years ago, three strings allowing the operator
+to steer the kite from right to left at will or to make it sink to
+earth. Having perfected this curious kite, which is of hexagon shape,
+is covered with oiled silk, is foldable, portable, and has a tail,
+Professor Davis turned his attention to his more recent and important
+discovery of the dirigible buoy, which bids fair to do much to lessen
+the dangers of shipwreck. For months past Professor Davis, assisted by
+Mr. Eddy, has been experimenting on the Kill von Kull with this buoy,
+and has obtained most encouraging results. There are two kinds, both
+being designed to be attached to kite lines and drawn over the water
+by the power of the kite. The simpler variety is merely a long wooden
+tube about three inches in diameter and shaped very much like a gun
+projectile, with a cone of tin dragging behind to give steadiness. It
+is for use only when the wind is blowing in exactly the direction in
+which it is designed to send a message or carry a rope. It will be
+observed that, in a large number of cases when ships are driven on
+rocks, the wind is blowing toward the shore, and in such cases a
+line of kites would readily carry one of these buoys ashore with the
+important words inside or the still more important rope following
+after.
+
+Not satisfied, however, with this buoy, Professor Davis sought some
+means of making kites draw a load across the water in any direction
+desired, regardless of the way the wind might be blowing; and, after
+much thought and calculation, he hit upon what is now known as the
+Davis buoy, an object that has become familiar to dwellers at Bergen
+Point and Port Richmond, from the frequent experiments on the Kill
+that have been carried on during the past year. This form of buoy is
+much larger than the other, being three or four feet in length; and
+its essential feature is a deep iron keel that projects below out of
+the block of wood forming the body. It is evident that this keel will
+tend to keep the buoy headed in any given direction; and stability of
+position is further assured by the presence of guy-ropes attached to
+the main line of the kite. Each buoy is provided with three of these
+ropes, which, by being lengthened or shortened, may cause the buoy to
+form any desired angle with the kite-cord, and to keep it. Professor
+Davis has entirely succeeded in making the kites drag the buoy along
+the water in various directions in the very strongest gales--in fact,
+under precisely the conditions that would assist when the buoys would
+be needed for life-saving service from wrecks. And he is positive
+that, with further experiment, he will be able, by moving along the
+shore until a tacking angle is reached, not only to send lines, food,
+or messages to a disabled vessel from the shore, but to bring back
+by the same kites and the same buoy other lines and messages from the
+people in distress.
+
+Considering the important offices of which it has already been
+proved capable, and the possibility which these suggest of many other
+practical applications, it is clear that the kite is no longer to
+be regarded as simply a toy. And this, in turn, suggests anew the
+familiar truth that, after all, nothing in this world is of small
+consequence.
+
+
+
+
+A DRAMATIC POINT.
+
+BY ROBERT BARR,
+
+Author of "In the Midst of Alarms," "A Typewritten Letter," etc.
+
+
+In the bad days of Balmaceda, when Chili was rent in twain, and its
+capital was practically a besieged city, two actors walked together
+along the chief street of the place towards the one theatre that
+was then open. They belonged to a French dramatic company that would
+gladly have left Chili if it could; but being compelled by stress
+of war to remain, the company did the next best thing, and gave
+performances at the principal theatre on such nights as a paying
+audience came.
+
+A stranger would hardly have suspected, by the look of the streets,
+that a deadly war was going on, and that the rebels--so called--were
+almost at the city gates. Although business was ruined, credit dead,
+and no man's life or liberty safe, the streets were filled with a
+crowd that seemed bent on enjoyment and making the best of things.
+
+As Jacques Dupré and Carlos Lemoine walked together they were talking
+earnestly, not of the real war so close to their doors, but of the
+mimic conflicts of the stage. M. Dupré was the leading man of the
+company, and he listened with the amused tolerance of an elder man to
+the energetic vehemence of the younger.
+
+"You are all wrong, Dupré," cried Lemoine, "all wrong! I have studied
+the subject. Remember I am saying nothing against your acting in
+general. You know you have no greater admirer than I am, and that is
+something to say when you know that the members of a dramatic company
+are usually at loggerheads through jealousy."
+
+"Speak for yourself, Lemoine. You know I am green with jealousy of
+you. You are the rising star, and I am setting. You can't teach an old
+dog new tricks, Carl, my boy."
+
+"That's nonsense, Dupré. I wish you would consider this seriously. It
+is because you are so good on the stage that I can't bear to see you
+false to your art just to please the gallery. You should be above all
+that."
+
+"How can a man be above his gallery--the highest spot in the house?
+Talk sense, Carlos, and I'll listen."
+
+"Yes, you're flippant simply because you know you're wrong, and
+dare not argue this matter soberly. Now she stabs you through the
+heart--"
+
+"No. False premises entirely. She says something about my wicked
+heart, and evidently _intends_ to pierce that depraved organ; but a
+woman never hits what she aims at, and I deny that I'm ever stabbed
+through the heart. Say in the region or the neighborhood of the heart,
+and go on with your talk."
+
+"Very well. She stabs you in a spot so vital that you die in a
+few minutes. You throw up your hands, you stagger against the
+mantel-shelf, you tear open your collar and then grope at nothing; you
+press your hands on your wound and take two reeling steps forward; you
+call feebly for help and stumble against the sofa which you fall upon,
+and finally, still groping wildly, you roll off on the floor, where
+you kick out once or twice; your clinched hand comes down with a thud
+on the boards, and all is over."
+
+"Admirably described, Carlos. I wish my audience paid such attention
+to my efforts as you do. Now, you claim this is all wrong, do you?"
+
+"All wrong."
+
+"Suppose she stabbed you, what would _you_ do?"
+
+"I would plunge forward on my face--dead."
+
+"Great Heavens! What would become of your curtain?"
+
+"Oh, bother the curtain!"
+
+"It's all very well for you to condemn the curtain, Carl, but you must
+work up to it. Your curtain would come down, and your friends in
+the gallery would not know what had happened. Now, I go through the
+evolutions you so graphically describe, and the audience gets time
+to take in the situation. They say, chuckling to themselves, 'That
+villain's got his dose at last, and serves him right, too.' They want
+to enjoy his struggles, while she stands grimly at the door taking
+care that he doesn't get away. Then when my fist comes down flop on
+the stage, and they realize that I am indeed done for, the yell of
+triumph that goes up is something delicious to hear."
+
+"That's just the point, Dupré. I claim the actor has no right to
+hear applause--that he should not know there is such a thing as an
+audience. His business is to portray life exactly as it is."
+
+"You can't portray life in a death scene, Carl."
+
+"Dupré, I lose all patience with you, or rather I would did I not
+know that you are much deeper than you would have us suppose. You
+apparently won't see that I am very much in earnest about this."
+
+"Of course you are, my boy, and that is one reason why you will
+become a very great actor, I was ambitious myself once; but as we grow
+older"--Dupré shrugged his shoulders--"well, we begin to have an eye
+on the box-office receipts. I think you sometimes forget that I am a
+good deal older than you are."
+
+"You mean that I am a fool and that I may learn wisdom with age. I
+quite admit that you are a better actor than I am; in fact, I said so
+only a moment ago, but--"
+
+"You wrong me, Brutus; I said an older soldier, not a better. But I
+will take you on your own grounds. Have you ever seen a man stabbed or
+shot through the heart?"
+
+"I never have, but I know mighty well he wouldn't undo his necktie
+afterwards."
+
+Dupré threw back his head and laughed.
+
+"Who is flippant now?" he asked.
+
+"I don't undo my necktie; I merely tear off my collar, which a dying
+man may surely be permitted to do. But until you have seen a man die
+from such a stab as I receive every night, I don't understand how you
+can justly find fault with my rendition of the tragedy. I imagine, you
+know, that the truth lies between the two extremes. The man done to
+death would likely not make such a fuss as I make; nor would he depart
+so quickly as you say he would, without giving the gallery gods a
+show for their money. But here we are at the theatre, Carlos, and this
+acrimonious debate is closed--until we take our next walk together."
+
+In front of the theatre soldiers were on duty, marching up and down
+with muskets on their shoulders, to show that the state was mighty and
+could take care of a theatre as well as conduct a war. There were many
+loungers about, which might have indicated to a person who did not
+know, that there would be a good house when the play began. The two
+actors met the manager in the throng near the door.
+
+"How are prospects to-night?" asked Dupré.
+
+"Very poor," replied the manager. "Not half a dozen seats have been
+sold."
+
+"Then it isn't worth while beginning?"
+
+"We must begin," said the manager, lowering his voice. "The President
+has ordered me not to close the theatre."
+
+"Oh, hang the President!" cried Lemoine impatiently. "Why doesn't he
+put a stop to the war, and then the theatre would remain open of its
+own accord?"
+
+"He is doing his best to put a stop to the war, only his army does not
+carry out his orders as implicitly as our manager does," said Dupré,
+smiling at the other's vehemence.
+
+"Balmaceda is a fool," retorted the younger actor. "If he were out of
+the way the war would not last another day. I believe he is playing a
+losing game, anyhow. It's a pity he hasn't to go to the front himself,
+and then a stray bullet might find him and put an end to the war,
+which would save the lives of many better men."
+
+"I say, Lemoine, I wish you wouldn't talk like that," expostulated the
+manager gently, "especially when there are so many listeners."
+
+"Oh, the larger my audience the better I like it," rejoined Lemoine.
+"I have all an actor's vanity in that respect. I say what I think, and
+I don't care who hears me."
+
+"Yes; but you forget that we are, in a measure, guests of this
+country, and we should not abuse our hosts, or the man who represents
+them."
+
+"Ah, does he represent them? It seems to me that begs the whole
+question; that's just what the war is about. The general opinion is
+that Balmaceda misrepresents them, and that the country would be glad
+to be rid of him."
+
+"That may all be," said the manager almost in a whisper, for he was a
+man evidently inclined towards peace; "but it does not rest with us
+to say so. We are French, and I think therefore it is better not to
+express an opinion."
+
+"I'm not French," cried Lemoine. "I'm a native Chilian, and I have a
+right to abuse my own country if I choose to do so."
+
+"All the more reason, then," said the manager, looking timorously over
+his shoulder--"all the more reason that you should be careful what you
+say."
+
+"I suppose," said Dupré, by way of putting an end to the discussion,
+"it is time for us to get our war paint on. Come along, Lemoine,
+and lecture me on our mutual art, and stop talking politics--if the
+nonsense you utter about Chili and its President is politics."
+
+[Illustration: "MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."]
+
+The two actors entered the theatre; they occupied the same
+dressing-room, and the volatile Lemoine talked incessantly. Although
+there were but few people in the stalls, the gallery was well filled,
+as was usually the case. When going on for the last act in the final
+scene, Dupré whispered a word to the man who controlled the falling of
+the curtain; and when the actor, as the villain of the piece, received
+the fatal knife-thrust from the ill-used heroine, he plunged forward
+on his face and died without a struggle, to the amazement of the
+manager, who was watching the play from the front of the house, and
+to the evident bewilderment of the gallery, who had counted on an
+exciting struggle with death. Much as they desired the cutting off of
+the villain, they were not pleased to see him so suddenly shift
+his worlds without an agonizing realization of the fact that he was
+quitting an existence in which he had done nothing but evil. The
+curtain came down upon the climax, but there was no applause, and the
+audience silently filtered out into the street.
+
+"There," said Dupré, when he returned to his dressing-room, "I hope
+you are satisfied now, Lemoine, and if you are, you are the only
+satisfied person in the house. I fell perfectly flat, as you
+suggested, and you must have seen that the climax of the play fell
+flat also."
+
+"Nevertheless," persisted Lemoine stoutly, "it was the true rendition
+of the part."
+
+As they were talking, the manager came into their dressing-room. "Good
+Heavens, Dupré!" he said, "why did you end the piece in that idiotic
+way? What on earth got into you?"
+
+"The knife," said Dupré, flippantly. "It went directly through the
+heart, and Lemoine, here, insists that when that happens a man should
+fall dead instantly. I did it to please Lemoine."
+
+"But you spoiled your curtain," protested the manager.
+
+"Yes; I knew that would happen, and I told Lemoine so; but he insists
+on art for art's sake. You must expostulate with Lemoine; although I
+don't mind telling you both frankly that I don't intend to die in that
+way again."
+
+"Well, I hope not," replied the manager. "I don't want you to kill the
+play as well as yourself, you know, Dupré."
+
+Lemoine, whose face had by this time become restored to its normal
+appearance, retorted hotly:
+
+"It all goes to show how we are surrounded and hampered by the
+traditions of the stage. The gallery wants to see a man die all over
+the place, and so the victim has to scatter the furniture about and
+make a fool of himself generally, when he should quietly succumb to a
+well-deserved blow. You ask any physician, and he will tell you that
+a man stabbed or shot through the heart collapses at once. There is
+no jumping-jack business in such a case. He doesn't play at leap-frog
+with the chairs and sofas, but sinks instantly to the floor and is
+done for."
+
+"Come along, Lemoine," cried Dupré, putting on his coat, "and stop
+talking nonsense. True art consists in a judicious blending of the
+preconceived ideas of the gallery with the actual facts of the
+case. An instantaneous photograph of a trotting horse is doubtless
+technically and absolutely correct, yet it is not a true picture of
+the animal in motion."
+
+"Then you admit," said Lemoine quickly, "that I am technically correct
+in what I state about the result of such a wound?"
+
+"I admit nothing," said Dupré. "I don't believe you are correct in
+anything you say about the matter. I suppose the truth is that no two
+men die alike under the same circumstances."
+
+"They do when the heart is touched."
+
+"What absurd nonsense you talk! No two men act alike when the heart
+is touched in love; why then should they when it is touched in death?
+Come along to the hotel, and let us stop this idiotic discussion."
+
+"Ah!" sighed Lemoine, "you will throw your chances away. You are too
+careless, Dupré; you do not study enough. This kind of thing is all
+well enough in Chili, but it will wreck your chances when you go to
+Paris. If you studied more deeply, Dupré, you would take Paris by
+storm."
+
+"Thanks," said Dupré lightly; "but unless the rebels take this city
+by storm, and that shortly, we may never see Paris again. To tell the
+truth, I have no heart for anything but the heroine's knife. I am sick
+and tired of the situation here."
+
+As Dupré spoke they met a small squad of soldiers coming briskly
+towards the theatre. The man in charge evidently recognized them, for
+saying a word to his men, they instantly surrounded the two actors.
+The sergeant touched Lemoine on the shoulder, and said:
+
+"It is my duty to arrest you, sir."
+
+"In Heaven's name, why?" asked Lemoine.
+
+The man did not answer; but a soldier stepped to each side of Lemoine.
+
+"Am I under arrest also?" asked Dupré.
+
+"No."
+
+"By what authority do you arrest my friend?" inquired Dupré.
+
+"By the President's order."
+
+"But where is your authority? Where are your papers? Why is this
+arrest made?"
+
+The sergeant shook his head and said:
+
+"We have the orders of the President, and that is sufficient for us.
+Stand back, please!"
+
+The next instant Dupré found himself alone, with the squad and their
+prisoner disappearing down a back street. For a moment he stood there
+as if dazed, then he turned and ran as fast as he could back to the
+theatre again, hoping to meet a carriage for hire on the way. Arriving
+at the theatre he found the lights out and the manager on the point of
+leaving.
+
+"Lemoine has been arrested," he cried; "arrested by a squad of
+soldiers whom we met, and they said they acted by the order of the
+President."
+
+The manager seemed thunderstruck by the intelligence, and gazed
+helplessly at Dupré.
+
+"What is the charge?" he said at last.
+
+"That I do not know," answered the actor. "They simply said they were
+acting under the President's orders."
+
+"This is bad, as bad as can be," said the manager, looking over
+his shoulder, and speaking as if in fear. "Lemoine has been talking
+recklessly. I never could get him to realize that he was in Chili,
+and that he must not be so free in his speech. He always insisted that
+this was the nineteenth century, and a man could say what he liked; as
+if the nineteenth century had anything to do with Chili in its present
+state."
+
+"You don't imagine," said Dupré, with a touch of pallor coming into
+his cheeks, "that this is anything serious? It will mean nothing more
+than a day or two in prison, at the worst?"
+
+The manager shook his head and said:
+
+"We had better get a carriage and see the President as soon as
+possible. I'll undertake to send Lemoine back to Paris, or to put
+him on board one of the French iron-clads. But there is no time to be
+lost. We can probably get a carriage in the square."
+
+They found a carriage, and drove as quickly as they could to the
+residence of the President. At first they were refused admittance; but
+finally they were allowed to wait in a small room while their message
+was taken to Balmaceda. An hour passed, but still no invitation came
+to them from the President. The manager sat silent in a corner, but
+Dupré paced up and down the small room, torn with anxiety about his
+friend. At last an officer entered the room, and presented them with
+the compliments of the President, who regretted that it was impossible
+for him to see them that night. He added for their information, by
+order of the President, that Lemoine was to be shot at day-break. He
+had been tried by court-martial, and condemned to death for sedition.
+The President regretted having kept them waiting so long, but the
+court-martial had been going on when they arrived, and the President
+thought that perhaps they would be interested in the verdict. With
+that the officer escorted the two dumfounded men to the door, where
+they got into their carriage without a word. The moment they were out
+of ear-shot, the manager said to the coachman:
+
+"Drive as quickly as you can to the residence of the French minister."
+
+Every one at the French Legation had retired when the two
+panic-stricken men reached there; but after a time the secretary
+consented to see them, and on learning the seriousness of the case, he
+undertook to arouse his Excellency, and see if anything could be
+done. The minister entered the room shortly after, and listened with
+interest to what they had to say.
+
+"You have your carriage at the door?" he asked, when they had finished
+their recital.
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Then I will take it, and see the President at once. Perhaps you will
+wait here until I return."
+
+Another hour dragged its slow length along, and they were well into
+the second hour before the rattle of the wheels was heard in the
+silent street. The minister came in, and the two anxious men saw by
+his face that he had failed in his mission.
+
+"I am sorry to say," said his Excellency, "that I have been unable
+even to get the execution postponed. I did not understand, when I
+undertook the mission, that M. Lemoine was a citizen of Chili.
+You see, that fact puts the matter entirely out of my hands. I am
+powerless. I could only advise the President not to carry out his
+intentions; but he is to-night in a most unreasonable and excited
+mood, and I fear nothing can be done to save your friend. If he had
+been a citizen of France, of course this execution would not have
+been permitted to take place; but as it is, it is not our affair. M.
+Lemoine seems to have been talking with some indiscretion. He does not
+deny it himself, nor does he deny his citizenship. If he had taken a
+conciliatory attitude at the court-martial the result might not have
+been so disastrous; but it seems that he insulted the President to his
+face, and predicted that he would within two weeks meet him in Hades.
+The utmost I could do was to get the President to sign a permit for
+you to see your friend, if you present it at the prison before the
+execution takes place. I fear you have no time to lose. Here is the
+paper."
+
+Dupré took the document, and thanked his Excellency for his exertions
+on their behalf. He realized that Lemoine had sealed his own fate by
+his independence and lack of tact.
+
+The two dejected men drove from the Legation and through the deserted
+streets to the prison. They were shown through several stone-paved
+rooms to a stone-paved court-yard, and there they waited for some time
+until the prisoner was brought in between two soldiers. Lemoine had
+thrown off his coat, and appeared in his shirt-sleeves. He was not
+manacled or bound in any way, there being too many prisoners for each
+one to be allowed the luxury of fetters.
+
+"Ah," cried Lemoine, when he saw them, "I knew you would come if that
+old scoundrel of a President would allow you in, of which I had my
+doubts. How did you manage it?"
+
+"The French minister got us a permit," said Dupré.
+
+"Oh, you went to him, did you? Of course he could do nothing, for, as
+I told you, I have the misfortune to be a citizen of this country. How
+comically life is made up of trivialities! I remember once in Paris
+going with a friend to take the oath of allegiance to the French
+Republic."
+
+"And did you take it?" cried Dupré eagerly.
+
+"Alas, no! We met two other friends, and we all adjourned to a café
+and had something to drink. I little thought that bottle of champagne
+was going to cost me my life; for, of course, if I had taken the oath
+of allegiance, my friend the French minister would have bombarded the
+city before he would have allowed this execution to go on."
+
+"Then you know to what you are condemned?" said the manager, with
+tears in his eyes.
+
+"Oh, I know that Balmaceda thinks he is going to have me shot; but
+then he always was a fool, and never knew what he was talking about. I
+told him if he would allow you two in at the execution, and instead of
+ordering a whole squad to fire at me, order one expert marksman, if
+he had such a thing in his whole army, who would shoot me through
+the heart, that I would show you, Dupré, how a man dies under such
+circumstances; but the villain refused. The usurper has no soul for
+art, or for anything else, for that matter. I hope you two won't mind
+my death. I assure you I don't mind it myself I would much rather be
+shot than live in this confounded country any longer. But I have made
+up my mind to cheat old Balmaceda if I can, and I want you, Dupré, to
+pay particular attention, and not to interfere."
+
+As Lemoine said this he quickly snatched from the sheath at the
+soldier's side the bayonet which hung at his hip. The soldiers were
+standing one to the right and one to the left of him, with their hands
+interlaced over the muzzles of their guns, whose butts rested on the
+stone floor. They apparently paid no attention to the conversation
+that was going on, if they understood it, which was unlikely. Lemoine
+had the bayonet in his hands before either of the four men present
+knew what he was doing.
+
+Grasping both hands over the butt of the bayonet, with the point
+towards his breast, he thrust the blade with desperate energy nearly
+through his body. The whole action was done so quickly that no one
+realized what had happened until Lemoine threw his hands up and they
+saw the bayonet sticking in his breast. A look of agony came in the
+wounded man's eyes, and his lips whitened. He staggered against
+the soldier at his right, who gave way with the impact, and then he
+tottered against the whitewashed stone wall, his right arm sweeping
+automatically up and down the wall as if he were brushing something
+from the stones. A groan escaped him, and he dropped on one knee. His
+eyes turned helplessly towards Dupré, and he gasped out the words:
+
+"My God!--you were right--after all."
+
+Then he fell forward on his face, and the tragedy ended.
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+MR. WARD'S STORY "THE SILENT WITNESS."
+
+We published in our January number the first of a series of stories by
+Herbert D. Ward, in which Mr. Ward will exhibit in dramatic form some
+monstrous imperfections in the present modes of judicial procedure.
+That there is great need of such a study is shown by the remarkable
+effect produced by the story already published, "The Silent Witness."
+In various parts of the country the press has taken particular notice
+of the story and of the question with which it deals. A recent
+number of "The Argus," Avoca, Pennsylvania, contained the following
+editorial:
+
+
+"JUSTICE, WHERE ART THOU?"
+
+"'The Silent Witness,' a powerful story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE for
+January, portrays in a graphic and thrilling manner the evil, which
+in some cases amounts almost to a horror, of holding in confinement
+witnesses in cases of capital crime who are unable to furnish bail.
+
+"The story tells of a young and stalwart country lad who goes to
+Boston in search of fortune, and on the night of his arrival, while
+wandering about in quest of lodgings to suit his scanty purse, is the
+unwilling witness of a murder.
+
+"He is arrested and held in the city jail to await the trial of the
+murderer.
+
+"The news of his imprisonment reaches his widow mother up among the
+New Hampshire hills. She knows nothing of the circumstances further
+than the rumors brought to her by her country neighbors. She dies of a
+broken heart, though never doubting the innocence of her noble-hearted
+boy.
+
+"The unfortunate young man learns of her death through his sweetheart,
+who comes to the Boston prison to see him.
+
+"His grief is beyond endurance, and he curses the law that forces such
+suffering upon the innocent. He has brain fever, and when the case
+is called several months after the incarceration, the sheriff, who is
+asked to produce the only witness for the commonwealth, responds that
+he died that morning.
+
+"The murderer, a saloon-keeper and ward man, has been at liberty under
+bail during the time that the innocent witness has been suffering the
+untold agony experienced by one who comes with spotless character
+from green fields and rural simplicity to the company of felons in a
+wretched cell. There being no witnesses against him at the trial, a
+_nolle prosequi_ is found, and he goes free.
+
+"This story is fiction, but it is not overdrawn. Such horrible things
+do happen in these _fin-de-siècle_ days in a civilized country.
+
+"In Scranton, only this week, a woman, Mrs. Nicotera, was released
+after having been in custody since February 28th last, as a witness in
+the Rosa murder case. She was confined with, her husband, who was also
+a witness, in the Lackawanna county jail until her health broke down,
+when she was removed to the Lackawanna hospital.
+
+"On Tuesday she was released on her own recognizance. Her husband had
+been given his liberty in a similar manner some weeks before. She was
+thin and pale when she appeared in court, and had evidently passed
+through severe suffering. Careful nursing will be required to restore
+her to health.
+
+"It would seem as if some means of meeting the ends of justice could
+be devised without the necessity of subjecting innocent persons to a
+felon's fate for simply being a chance witness of an affair that is to
+be brought into the court."
+
+In the editorial columns of a recent number of the Cleveland, Ohio,
+"World" appeared the following:
+
+
+"A DISGRACE TO CIVILIZATION."
+
+"A heart-breaking story, founded on fact, in McCLURE's MAGAZINE
+for the current month, is an arraignment of the nineteenth century
+civilization that, considering its boasts of enlightenment and
+decency, is as horrible an official crime as any that has given so
+dark a stain to Russian treatment of innocence."
+
+Following this is a long outline of Mr. Ward's story, and then the
+article continues:
+
+"It is impossible to conceive of more awful inhuman injustice than
+this. But the story is not overdrawn. It has happened with variations
+scores, if not hundreds, of times. It is occurring or liable to occur
+this very day, not alone in Boston, but in Cleveland.
+
+"At a meeting of the judges, a short time ago, Judge Lamson used the
+following language:
+
+"'The detention of innocent persons as witnesses is, under the best
+of circumstances, bad. It is clearly the duty of the people of this
+country or their representatives to see that the present disgraceful
+method in vogue in the county jail is abolished. We have no right,
+under any law, to place innocent persons on a plane with criminals. It
+is nothing more or less than an outrage, inflicted on helpless people.
+I hope that the people of this county will be aroused to the enormity
+of this problem, and very soon put an end to this imposition.'
+
+"And the counterpart of the story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE has happened
+here within a short time. Lewis Gerardin, a sailor, was released last
+April, after being detained six months. Several months before, Frank
+Blaha, a saloon-keeper, who committed the crime of murder in the
+second degree, managed to get bail. While Gerardin was held he
+received pathetic letters from his wife and family begging him to come
+home. They did not know why he was held, and he said that if they were
+to learn of his imprisonment they could not understand his innocence
+of crime. One day a letter was received from home, announcing that his
+favorite little son had died but a week before. The last words of the
+child called for his father. But Gerardin was not released until the
+prosecutor was ready to dismiss him.
+
+"Such possibilities are a disgrace to any community that tolerates
+such a horrible law or such a feeble administration of it, and such
+callousness to human suffering that it will not save these innocent
+victims from its outrageous injustice. When to this brutality are
+added the comparative safety of the criminal, and the vile jails and
+the vile inmates with whom young boys and girls and honest men and
+decent women are thrown for the crime of witnessing a crime, it
+convicts the civilization of the age with a combination of stupidity
+and heartlessness that had better say nothing of the Czar of Russia or
+the ferocious Kurds. In its essential injustice and inhumanity it is
+not many removes from the lynchings of the South."
+
+
+THE REAL LINCOLN.
+
+The "McClure's Early Life of Lincoln," which has just been published,
+is worthy of comment in these pages for several reasons.
+
+1st. It contains no less than twenty portraits of Lincoln; and
+although this is only one-third of the number that will appear in
+the whole life, it is more than twice as many as have appeared in
+any previous life. Furthermore, most of the portraits are new to the
+public.
+
+2d. There are a large number of entirely fresh documents, several
+of which are absolutely essential to a full understanding of Abraham
+Lincoln, and some of which make it necessary to revise our opinion of
+Lincoln's career.
+
+3d. It contains a remarkable record of the achievements of the Lincoln
+family, whose services to the country extended through nearly a
+century--a century which included the Revolutionary War and the Civil
+War. Lincoln himself was ignorant of much of the history we have given
+about his ancestors; but in the light of the facts set forth, his
+career is logical and easily understood.
+
+4th. We have shown by new documents that Lincoln's father was by no
+means the colorless individual we have hitherto understood him to be.
+The reminiscences of Christopher Columbus Graham, first published in
+this volume, together with records we have unearthed in Kentucky, show
+that Thomas Lincoln was the owner of a farm three years before his
+marriage, that he was a good carpenter, and that he was held in esteem
+by his neighbors; while according to Mr. Graham, Thomas's brother
+Mordecai (uncle of Abraham Lincoln) was a member of the Kentucky
+legislature. His two sisters married into leading families.
+
+5th. In regard to Lincoln personally, we have shown how thoroughly he
+educated himself, so that at twenty-six he was able to more than hold
+his own as a member of the legislature of Illinois.
+
+It does not detract from the great fame of Abraham Lincoln to show
+that he was a worthy son of a splendid ancestry, for his extraordinary
+personality would be just as hard to account for had he been a
+scion of the most notable family in the world. When a man climbs the
+Matterhorn it matters little whether he began his journey at Zermatt
+or a few furlongs farther on.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LINCOLN IN 1860--J. HENRY BROWN'S JOURNAL.
+
+As stated in the note to the portrait of Lincoln which makes the
+frontispiece of this number of the MAGAZINE, the late J. Henry Brown,
+who went to Springfield, Illinois, in 1860, and painted a miniature
+of Mr. Lincoln on ivory, left at his death a manuscript journal
+which contains interesting entries regarding Mr. Brown's sojourn in
+Springfield and his acquaintance with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln. We print
+herewith this part of the journal entire:
+
+  1860.                        AUGUST, _Continued_.
+
+  Spring-  Illinois. 12. Sunday. Arrived here at three o'clock
+  field                    this morning. Wrote some letters.
+  "        "      13. Called at Mr. Lincoln's house to see him.  As
+                      he was not in, I was directed to the Executive
+                      Chamber, in the State Capitol. I found him
+                      there. Handed him my letters from Judge Read.
+                      He at once consented to sit for his picture.
+                      We walked together from the Executive Chamber
+                      to a daguerrean establishment. I had a half
+                      dozen of ambrotypes taken of him before I
+                      could get one to suit me. I was at once most
+                      favorably impressed with Mr. Lincoln. In the
+                      afternoon I unpacked my painting materials.
+  "        "      14. Commenced Mr. Lincoln's picture; at it all day.
+  "        "      15. At Mr. Lincoln's picture.
+  "        "      16. Mr. Lincoln gave me his first sitting, in the
+                      library room of the State Capitol. Called
+                      to see Mrs. Lincoln; much pleased with her.
+                      Wrote five letters.
+  "        "  17, 18. At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Received an
+                      invitation from Mrs. Lincoln to take tea with
+                      them.
+  "        "      19. Sunday. Wrote letters.
+  "        "      20. Mr. Lincoln's second sitting. Have arranged to
+                      have his sittings in the Representative
+                      Chamber.
+  "        "      21. At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Heard from home; all
+                      well.
+  "        "      22. Mr. Lincoln's third sitting.
+  "        "      23. At Mr. Lincoln's picture.
+  "        "      24. Mr. Lincoln's fourth sitting.
+  "        "      25. Mr. Lincoln's fifth and last sitting. The
+                      picture gives great satisfaction; Mrs.  Lincoln
+                      speaks of it in the most extravagant terms of
+                      approbation.
+  "        "      26. Sunday. At church. Saw Mr. Lincoln there. I
+                      hardly know how to express the strength of my
+                      personal regard for Mr. Lincoln. I never saw a
+                      man for whom I so soon formed an attachment. I
+                      like him much, and agree with him in all things
+                      but his politics. He is kind and very sociable;
+                      immensely popular among the people of
+                      Springfield; even those opposed to him in
+                      politics speak of him in unqualified terms of
+                      praise. He is fifty-one years old, six feet
+                      four inches high, and weighs one hundred and
+                      sixty pounds.  There are so many hard lines in
+                      his face that it becomes a mask to the inner
+                      man. His true character only shines out when
+                      in an animated conversation, or when telling an
+                      amusing tale, of which he is very fond. He is
+                      said to be a homely man; I do not think so.
+                      Mrs. Lincoln is a very fine-looking woman,
+                      apparently in excellent health, and seems to be
+                      about forty or forty-five years of age.
+  "        "      27. The people of Springfield who have seen Mr.
+                      Lincoln's picture speak of it in strong terms
+                      of approbation, declaring it to be the best
+                      that has yet been taken of him.  Received a
+                      letter from Mr. Lincoln indorsing the picture;
+                      also one from Mrs. Lincoln expressing her
+                      unqualified satisfaction with it; also one
+                      from Mr. John G. Nicolay, Mr.  Lincoln's
+                      confidential clerk; and one from the man who
+                      took the ambrotype. This would be, I suppose,
+                      the proper place to say a word about
+                      Springfield, the prairie city, as it is
+                      sometimes called. It is a very pretty place;
+                      the streets eighty feet wide.  It contains many
+                      very fine buildings, and has a population of
+                      about ten thousand.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol.
+VI., No. 4., by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14319 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14319 ***</div>
+
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h4>March, 1896.</h4>
+    <h4>Vol. VI. No. 4</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+
+    <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+<div class="toc">
+<p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p>
+<p>ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell. <a href="#page307">307</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln Is Admitted to the Bar. <a href="#page310">310</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln in the Tenth Assembly of Illinois. <a href="#page312">312</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Removal of the Capital to Springfield. <a href="#page315">315</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln's First Reported Speech. <a href="#page317">317</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Abraham Lincoln's First Protest Against Slavery. <a href="#page320">320</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Social Life in Vandalia in 1836 and 1837. <a href="#page321">321</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln Moves to Springfield. <a href="#page322">322</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln's Position in Springfield. <a href="#page325">325</a></p>
+<p>THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF. By Rudyard Kipling. <a href="#page328">328</a></p>
+<p>A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.<a href="#page337">337</a></p>
+<p>CY AND I. By Eugene Field. <a href="#page353">353</a></p>
+<p>A YOUNG HERO. By John Hay. <a href="#page354">354</a></p>
+<p>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. <a href="#page361">361</a></p>
+<p>LOST YOUTH. By R.L. Steveson. <a href="#page369">369</a></p>
+<p>THE DIVIDED HOUSE. By Julia D. Whiting. <a href="#page370">370</a></p>
+<p>SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING. By Cleveland Moffett. <a href="#page379">379</a></p>
+<p class="i4">How to Make a Scientific Kite. <a href="#page380">380</a></p>
+<p class="i4">How to Send Up a Kite. <a href="#page382">382</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Runaway Tandems. <a href="#page383">383</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Lifting Power of Kites. <a href="#page384">384</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Meteorological Use of Kites. <a href="#page386">386</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Highest Flight Ever Made by a Kite. <a href="#page387">387</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Drawing Down Electricity by a Kite-string. <a href="#page390">390</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Use of Kites in Photography. <a href="#page390">390</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Possible Use of Kites in War. <a href="#page391">391</a></p>
+<p>A DRAMATIC POINT. By Robert Barr. <a href="#page393">393</a></p>
+<p>EDITORIAL NOTES. <a href="#page399">399</a></p>
+<p class="i4">"Justice, Where Art Thou?" <a href="#page399">399</a></p>
+<p class="i4">"A Disgrace to Civilization." <a href="#page399">399</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Real Lincoln. <a href="#page400">400</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln in 1860--J. Henry Brown's Journal. <a href="#page400">400</a></p>
+
+    <hr />
+    <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+    <a name="illustrations" id="illustrations"></a>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig306">LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig309">LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig310">EBENEZER PECK.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-1">NINIAN W. EDWARDS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-2">JOB FLETCHER, SR.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-3">WILLIAM F. ELKINS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-4">ROBERT L. WILSON.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-5">JOHN DAWSON.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig312">ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig313">LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig314">FRONTISPIECE OF "ALTON TRIALS."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig315-1">STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig315-2">OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig316">STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig317-1">A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig317-2">MARY L. OWENS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig318">LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig319">PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig320">OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig322">INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig324">MAP OF ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig328">THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig330">THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig333">"AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig338-1">THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig338-2">DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig339">GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig340">ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig341">THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig342">CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig343">CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig344">SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A PAINTING BY</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig345">THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT IN THE</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig346">INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig347">DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig348">A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig349">APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig350">THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A PAINTING</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig351">DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig354">HENRY H. MILLER,</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig355">ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig356">ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO COMPANY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig357">FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig358">THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig359">THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH COLONEL</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig360">COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig362">"THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig364">ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig365-1">"THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig365-2">THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL CALLED "THE</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig367">HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig369">ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig367">"'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig372">THE DIVIDED HOUSE.--"ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL MORE AND</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig373">AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ...</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig375">EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig377">"LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig379">HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig380">Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig381">Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig382">THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig383">THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig384">NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig385">PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig386">CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig387">Murray Street. Warren Street.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig388-1">KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig388-2">DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig389">THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig395">MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/306.jpg" name="fig306" id="fig306">
+<img src="images/306.jpg" alt="LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+<p>From an ambrotype taken in Springfield, Illinois, on August 13,
+1860, and now owned by Mr. William H. Lambert of Philadelphia,
+through whose courtesy we are allowed to reproduce it here. This
+ambrotype was bought by Mr. Lambert from Mr. W.P. Brown of
+Philadelphia. Mr. Brown writes of the portrait: "This picture, along
+with another one of the same kind, was presented by President
+Lincoln to my father, J. Henry Brown, deceased (miniature artist),
+after he had finished painting Lincoln's picture on ivory, at
+Springfield, Illinois. The commission was given my father by Judge
+Read (John M. Read of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania),
+immediately after Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency. One of
+the ambrotypes I sold to the Historical Society of Boston,
+Massachusetts, and it is now in their possession." The miniature
+referred to is now owned by Mr. Robert T. Lincoln. It was engraved
+by Samuel Sartain, and circulated widely before the inauguration.
+After Mr. Lincoln grew a beard, Sartain put a beard on his plate,
+and the engraving continued to sell extensively. While Mr. Brown was
+in Springfield painting the miniature he kept a journal, which Mr.
+Lambert also owns and which he has generously put at our disposal.
+It will be found on page 400.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page307" id="page307"></a>[pg 307]</span>
+
+
+<h2>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h4>
+
+<h3>LINCOLN'S ELECTION TO THE TENTH ASSEMBLY.&mdash;ADMISSION TO THE BAR.&mdash;
+REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.</h3>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterT.jpg" name="fig307-1" id="fig307-1"><img  src="images/LetterT.jpg" alt="Letter T" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">HE first twenty-six years of Abraham Lincoln's life have been
+traced in the preceding chapters. We have seen him struggling to
+escape from the lot of a common farm laborer, to which he seemed to
+be born; becoming a flatboatman, a grocery clerk, a store-keeper, a
+postmaster, and finally a surveyor. We have traced his efforts to
+rise above the intellectual apathy and the indifference to culture
+which characterized the people among whom he was reared, by studying
+with eagerness every subject on which he could find
+books,&mdash;biography, state history, mathematics, grammar,
+surveying, and finally law. We have followed his growth in ambition
+and in popularity from the day when, on a keg in an Indiana grocery,
+he debated the contents of the Louisville "Journal" with a company
+of admiring elders, to the time when, purely because he was liked,
+he was elected to the State Assembly of Illinois by the people of
+Sangamon County. His joys and sorrows have been reviewed from his
+childhood in Kentucky to the day of the death of the woman he loved
+and had hoped to make his wife. These twenty-six years form the
+first period of Lincoln's life. It was a period of makeshifts and
+experiments, ending in a tragic sorrow; but at its close he had
+definite aims, and preparation and experience enough to convince him
+that he dared follow them. Law and politics were the fields he had
+chosen, and in the first year of the second period of his life,
+1836, he entered them definitely.</p>
+
+<p>The Ninth General Assembly of Illinois, in which Lincoln had done
+his preparatory work as a legislator, was dissolved, and in June,
+1836, he announced himself as a candidate for the Tenth Assembly. A
+few days later the "Sangamon Journal" published his simple
+platform:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right">NEW SALEM, <i>June 13, 1836</i>.</p>
+<p class="close">"TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'JOURNAL':</p>
+
+<p>"In your paper of last Saturday I see a communication over the
+signature of 'Many Voters,' in which the candidates who are
+announced in the 'Journal' are called upon to 'show their hands.'
+Agreed. Here's mine:</p>
+
+<p>I go for all sharing the privileges of the government who assist
+in bearing its burdens. Consequently, I go for admitting all whites
+to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or bear arms (by no means
+excluding females).</p>
+
+<p>If elected, I shall consider the whole people of Sangamon my
+constituents, as well those that oppose as those that support
+me.</p>
+
+<p>While acting as their representative, I shall be governed by
+their will on all subjects upon which I have the means of knowing
+what their will is; and upon all others, I shall do what my own
+judgment teaches me will best advance their interests. Whether
+elected or not, I go for distributing the proceeds of the sales of
+public lands to the several States, to enable our State, in common
+with others, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page308"
+id="page308"></a>[pg 308]</span> to dig canals and construct
+railroads without borrowing money and paying the interest on it.</p>
+
+<p>"If alive on the first Monday in November, I shall vote for Hugh
+L. White for President.</p>
+
+<p >"Very respectfully,</p>
+<p class="author">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The campaign which Lincoln began with this letter was in every
+way more exciting for him than those of 1832 and 1834. Since the
+last election a census had been taken in Illinois which showed so
+large an increase in the population that the legislative districts
+had been reapportioned and the General Assembly increased by fifty
+members. In this reapportionment Sangamon County's delegation had
+been enlarged to seven representatives and two senators. This gave
+large new opportunity to political ambition, and doubled the
+enthusiasm of political meetings.</p>
+
+<p>But the increase of the representation was not all that made the
+campaign exciting. Party lines had never before been so clearly
+drawn, nor personal abuse quite so intense. One of Lincoln's first
+acts was to answer a personal attack. He did it in a letter marked
+by candor, good-humor, and shrewdness.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right">"NEW SALEM, <i>June 21, 1836</i>.</p>
+<p class="close">"DEAR COLONEL:</p>
+
+<p>"I am told that during my absence last week you passed through the
+place and stated publicly that you were in possession of a fact or
+facts which, if known to the public, would entirely destroy the
+prospects of N.W. Edwards and myself at the ensuing election; but
+that through favor to us you would forbear to divulge them. No one
+has needed favors more than I, and generally few have been less
+unwilling to accept them; but in this case favor to me would be
+injustice to the public, and therefore I must beg your pardon for
+declining it. That I once had the confidence of the people of
+Sangamon County is sufficiently evident; and if I have done
+anything, either by design or misadventure, which if known would
+subject me to a forfeiture of that confidence, he that knows of that
+thing and conceals it is a traitor to his country's interest.</p>
+
+<p>"I find myself wholly unable to form any conjecture of what fact
+or facts, real or supposed, you spoke; but my opinion of your
+veracity will not permit me for a moment to doubt that you at least
+believed what you said. I am flattered with the personal regard you
+manifested for me; but I do hope that on mature reflection you will
+view the public interest as a paramount consideration and therefore
+let the worst come.</p>
+
+<p>"I assure you that the candid statement of facts on your part,
+however low it may sink me, shall never break the ties of personal
+friendship between us.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish an answer to this, and you are at liberty to publish both
+if you choose.</p>
+
+<p>"Very respectfully,</p>
+<p class="author">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+<p>"COLONEL ROBERT ALLEN."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Usually during the campaign Lincoln was obliged to meet personal
+attacks, not by letter, but on the platform. Joshua Speed, who later
+became the most intimate friend that Lincoln probably ever had,
+tells of one occasion when he was obliged to meet such an attack on
+the very spur of the moment. A great mass-meeting was in progress at
+Springfield, and Lincoln had made a speech which had produced a deep
+impression. "I was then fresh from Kentucky," says Mr. Speed, "and
+had heard many of her great orators. It seemed to me then, as it
+seems to me now, that I never heard a more effective speaker. He
+carried the crowd with him, and swayed them as he pleased. So deep
+an impression did he make that George Forquer, a man of much
+celebrity as a sarcastic speaker and with a great reputation
+throughout the State as an orator, rose and asked the people to hear
+<i>him</i>. He began his speech by saying that this young man would have
+to be taken down, and he was sorry that the task devolved upon him.
+He made what was called one of his 'slasher-gaff' speeches, dealing
+much in ridicule and sarcasm. Lincoln stood near him, with his arms
+folded, never interrupting him. When Forquer was done, Lincoln
+walked to the stand, and replied so fully and completely that his
+friends bore him from the court-house on their shoulders.</p>
+
+<p>"So deep an impression did this first speech make upon me that I
+remember its conclusion now, after a lapse of thirty-eight years.
+Said he:</p>
+
+<p>"'The gentleman commenced his speech by saying that this young
+man would have to be taken down, and he was sorry the task devolved
+upon him. I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trade
+of a politician; but live long or die young, I would rather die now
+than, like the gentleman, change my politics and simultaneous with
+the change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year,
+and then have to erect a lightning-rod over my house to protect a
+guilty conscience from an offended God.'</p>
+
+<p>"To understand the point of this it must be explained that
+Forquer had been a Whig, but had changed his politics, and had been
+appointed Register of the Land Office; and over his house was the
+only lightning-rod in the town or country. Lincoln had seen the
+lightning-rod for the first time on the day before."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page309" id="page309"></a>[pg 309]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/309.jpg" name="fig309" id="fig309">
+<img src="images/309.jpg" alt="LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+<p>From a carbon enlargement, made by Sherman and McHugh of New York
+City, of an ambrotype owned by Mr. A. Montgomery of Columbus, Ohio,
+to whose generosity we owe the right of reproduction. This portrait
+of Lincoln was made in June, 1860, by Butler, a Springfield
+(Illinois) photographer. On July 4th of that year, Mr. Lincoln
+delivered an address at Atlanta, Illinois, where he was the guest of
+Mr. Vester Strong. Before leaving town he handed Mr. Strong the
+ambrotype which we copy here. Mr. Strong valued the picture highly,
+but as he had no children to whom to leave it, and as he wished it
+to be in the care of one who would appreciate its value, he gave it
+a few years ago to Mr. Montgomery.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page310" id="page310"></a>[pg 310]</span>
+
+<p>This speech has never been forgotten in Springfield, and on my
+visits there I have repeatedly had the site of the house on which
+this particular lightning-rod was placed pointed out, and one or
+another of the many versions which the story has been given, related
+to me.</p>
+
+<p>It was the practice at that date in Illinois for two rival
+candidates to travel over the district together. The custom led to
+much good-natured raillery between them; and in such contests
+Lincoln was rarely, if ever, worsted. He could even turn the
+generosity of his rival to account by his whimsical treatment, as
+the following shows: He had driven out from Springfield in company
+with a political opponent to engage in joint debate. The carriage,
+it seems, belonged to his opponent. In addressing the gathering of
+farmers that met them, Lincoln was lavish in praise of the
+generosity of his friend. "I am too poor to own a carriage," he
+said, "but my friend has generously invited me to ride with him. I
+want you to vote for me if you will; but if not, then vote for my
+opponent, for he is a fine man." His extravagant and persistent
+praise of his opponent appealed to the sense of humor in his farmer
+audience, to whom Lincoln's inability to own a carriage was by no
+means a disqualification.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a>
+<a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The election came off in August, and resulted in the choice of a
+delegation from Sangamon County famous in the annals of Illinois.
+The nine successful candidates were Abraham Lincoln, John Dawson,
+Daniel Stone, Ninian W. Edwards, William F. Elkins, R.L. Wilson,
+Andrew McCormick, Job Fletcher, and Arthur Herndon. Each one of
+these men was over six feet in height, their combined stature being,
+it is said, fifty-five feet. The "Long Nine" was the name Sangamon
+County gave them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<a href="images/310.jpg" name="fig310" id="fig310">
+<img src="images/310.jpg" alt="EBENEZER PECK." /></a>
+<h5>EBENEZER PECK.</h5>
+
+<p>Ebenezer Peck, who was chiefly instrumental in introducing the
+convention system into Illinois politics, was born in Portland,
+Maine, May 22, 1805. He lived for some time in Peacham, Vermont,
+where he was educated. While yet a boy, removed with his parents to
+Canada. He studied law at Montreal, and practised there; became
+King's Counsel for Canada East, and was finally elected to the
+provincial parliament on the Reform ticket. In the summer of 1835 he
+removed to Chicago, and there, as a lawyer and a politician, he at
+once made his mark. He was a delegate to the first Democratic State
+convention in Illinois, held at Vandalia, December 7, 1835, and was
+the chief advocate of the general adoption of the convention
+system&mdash;a system which was at first opposed and ridiculed by
+the Whigs, but which very soon they were forced to adopt. In 1837
+Mr. Peck was made one of the Internal Improvement Commissioners. In
+1838 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1840 to the House.
+He was clerk of the Supreme Court from 1841 to 1848, and reporter of
+that court from 1849 to 1863. His anti-slavery sentiments led him to
+abandon the Democratic party in 1853, and in 1856 he helped
+establish the Republican party in the State. He was again elected to
+the legislature in 1858. In 1863 President Lincoln appointed him a
+judge of the Court of Claims, and he held this position until 1875.
+He died May 25, 1881.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>LINCOLN IS ADMITTED TO THE BAR.</h4>
+
+<p>As soon as the election was over Lincoln occupied himself in
+settling another matter, of much greater moment, in his own
+judgment. He went to Springfield to seek admission to the bar. The
+"roll of attorneys and counsellors at law," on file in the office of
+the clerk of the Supreme Court at Springfield, Illinois, shows that
+his license was dated September 9, 1836, and that the date of the
+enrollment of his name upon the official list was March 1, 1837. The
+first case in which he was concerned, as far as we know, was that of
+Hawthorn against Woolridge. He made his first appearance in court in
+October, 1836.</p>
+
+<p>Although he had given much time during this year to politics and
+the law, he had by no means abandoned surveying. Indeed he never had
+more calls. Surveying was particularly brisk at the moment, and he
+frequently was obliged to be away for three and four weeks at a
+time, laying out towns or locating roads. "When he got a job," says
+the Hon. J.M. Ruggles, a friend and political supporter of Mr.
+Lincoln, "there was a picnic and jolly time in the neighborhood. Men
+and boys would gather around, ready to carry chain, drive stakes,
+and blaze trees, but mainly to hear Lincoln's odd stories and jokes.
+The fun was interspersed with foot races and wrestling matches. To
+this day the old settlers around Bath repeat the incidents of
+Lincoln's sojourns in their neighborhood while surveying that
+town."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page311" id="page311"></a>[pg 311]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<div class="figleft" style="width:27%">
+<a href="images/311-1.jpg" name="fig311-1" id="fig311-1">
+<img src="images/311-1.jpg" alt="NINIAN W. EDWARDS." /></a>
+<h5>NINIAN W. EDWARDS.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:32%">
+<a href="images/311-3.jpg" name="fig311-3" id="fig311-3">
+<img src="images/311-3.jpg" alt="WILLIAM F. ELKINS." /></a>
+<h5>WILLIAM F. ELKINS.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:27%">
+<a href="images/311-2.jpg" name="fig311-2" id="fig311-2">
+<img src="images/311-2.jpg" alt="JOB FLETCHER, SR." /></a>
+<h5>JOB FLETCHER, SR.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%">
+<a href="images/311-4.jpg" name="fig311-4" id="fig311-4">
+<img  src="images/311-4.jpg" alt="ROBERT L. WILSON." /></a>
+<h5>ROBERT L. WILSON.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:45%">
+<a href="images/311-5.jpg" name="fig311-5" id="fig311-5">
+<img  src="images/311-5.jpg" alt="JOHN DAWSON." /></a>
+<h5>JOHN DAWSON.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+<h5>MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON COUNTY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+ASSEMBLY&mdash;THE DELEGATION KNOWN AS THE "LONG NINE."</h5>
+
+<p>NINIAN W. EDWARDS was born in Kentucky in 1809, a son of Ninian
+Edwards, who in the same year was appointed Governor of the new
+Territory of Illinois. Mr. Edwards was appointed Attorney-General of
+Illinois in 1834; in 1836 was elected to the legislature; was
+reëlected in 1838; served in the State Senate from 1844 to 1848, and
+again in the House from 1848 to 1852. He was a member of the
+constitutional convention of 1847. He died at Springfield, September
+2, 1889.</p>
+
+<p>JOB FLETCHER, SR., was born in Virginia in 1793; removed to
+Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1819. In 1826 he was elected to the
+Illinois House of Representatives, and in 1834 to the State Senate,
+where he served six years. He died in Sangamon County in 1872.</p>
+
+<p>WILLIAM F. ELKINS was born in Kentucky in 1792. He went to
+Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1825. In 1828, 1836, and 1838 he was
+elected to the legislature. In 1831 he raised a company for the
+Black Hawk War, and was its captain. In 1861 President Lincoln
+appointed him Register of the United States Land Office at
+Springfield, an office which he held until 1872, when he resigned.
+He died at Decatur, Illinois, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>ROBERT LANG WILSON was born in Pennsylvania in 1805. In 1831 he
+went to Kentucky; in 1833 removed to Sangamon County, Illinois; in
+1836 was elected to the Illinois House. He removed to Sterling,
+Illinois, in 1840, and died there in 1880. For some years he was
+paymaster in the United States Army.</p>
+
+<p>JOHN DAWSON was born in Virginia in 1791; he removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1827. He was elected to the lower house of the
+legislature in 1830, 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1846. He was a member of
+the constitutional convention of 1847. He died November 12,
+1850.</p>
+
+<p>The other members of the "Long Nine" were Abraham Lincoln, Daniel
+Stone, Andrew McCormick, and Arthur Herndon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page312" id="page312"></a>[pg 312]</span>
+
+
+<h4>LINCOLN IN THE TENTH ASSEMBLY OF
+ILLINOIS</h4>
+
+<p>In December Lincoln put away his surveying instruments to go to
+Vandalia for the opening session of the Tenth Assembly. Larger by
+fifty members than its predecessor, this body was as much superior
+in intellect as in numbers. It included among its members a future
+President of the United States, a future candidate for the same high
+office, six future United States Senators, eight future members of
+the National House of Representatives, a future Secretary of the
+Interior, and three future Judges of the State Supreme Court. Here
+sat side by side Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas; Edward
+Dickinson Baker, who represented at different times the States of
+Illinois and Oregon in the national councils; O.H. Browning, a
+prospective senator and future cabinet officer, and William L.D.
+Ewing, who had just served in the senate; John Logan, father of the
+late General John A. Logan; Robert M. Cullom, father of Senator
+Shelby M. Cullom; John A. McClernand, afterward member of Congress
+for many years, and a distinguished general in the late Civil War;
+and many others of national repute.<a id="footnotetag2"
+name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<a href="images/312.jpg" name="fig312" id="fig312">
+<img src="images/312.jpg" alt="ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY." /></a>
+<h5>ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.</h5>
+
+<p>From a silhouette loaned by Mr. Owen Lovejoy of Princeton,
+Illinois. Elijah Lovejoy was born in Maine in 1802. When twenty-five
+years old he emigrated to St. Louis, where he at first did
+journalistic work on a Whig newspaper. In 1833 he entered the
+ministry, and was soon after made editor of a religious newspaper,
+the "St. Louis Observer." Mr. Lovejoy began, in 1835, to turn his
+paper against slavery, but the opposition he found in Missouri was
+so strong that in the summer of 1836 he decided to move his paper to
+Alton, Illinois. Before he could get his plant out of St. Louis a
+mob destroyed the greater part. The remainder he succeeded in
+getting to Alton, but a mob met it there and threw it into the
+river. The citizens of Alton, ashamed of this act, gave Mr. Lovejoy
+money to buy a new press. At first the tone of the paper was
+moderate, but gradually it grew more emphatic in its utterances
+against slavery. The pro-slavery element of the town protested,
+indignation meetings were held, and in August, 1837, his press was
+thrown into the river. Another was immediately bought, which, in
+September, followed its predecessor to the bottom of the
+Mississippi. When it was known in Alton that Mr. Lovejoy had ordered
+a fourth press, and had resolved to fight the opposition to the end,
+a public meeting was called, at which many speeches were made on
+both sides, and he was urged to leave Alton. This he refused to do,
+and his fourth press was landed on November 6, 1837. The next night
+a mob attacked the warehouse where it was placed, and in the riot
+one of the assailants, Lyman Bishop, and Elijah Lovejoy himself were
+killed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The members came to Vandalia full of hope and exultation. In
+their judgment it needed only a few months of legislation to put
+their State by the side of New York; and from the opening of the
+session they were overflowing with excitement and schemes. In the
+general ebullition of spirits which characterized the Assembly,
+Lincoln had little share. Only a week after the opening of the
+session he wrote to a friend, Mary Owens, at New Salem, that he had
+been ill, though he believed himself to be about well then; and he
+added: "But that, with other things I cannot account for, have
+conspired, and have gotten my spirits so low that I feel I would
+rather be any place in the world than here. I really cannot endure
+the thought of staying here ten weeks."</p>
+
+<p>Though depressed, he was far from being inactive. The Sangamon
+delegation, in fact, had their hands full, and to no one of the nine
+had more been entrusted than to Lincoln. In common with almost every
+delegation, they had been instructed by their constituents to adopt
+a scheme of internal improvements complete enough to give every
+budding town in Illinois easy communication with the world. This for
+the State in general; for Sangamon County in particular, they had
+been directed to secure the capital. The change in the State's
+centre of population made it advisable to move the seat of
+government northward from Vandalia, and Springfield was anxious to
+secure it. To Lincoln was entrusted the work of putting through the
+bill to remove the capital. In the same letter quoted from above he
+tells Miss Owens, "Our chance to take the seat of government to
+Springfield is better than I expected." Regarding the internal
+improvements scheme he feels less confident: "Some of the
+legislature are for it, and some against; which has the majority, I
+cannot tell."</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page313"
+id="page313"></a>[pg 313]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="80%">
+<a href="images/313.jpg" name="fig313" id="fig313">
+<img src="images/313.jpg" alt="LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864." /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Brady, and kindly loaned by Mr. Noah Brooks for this
+reproduction.</p>
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page314" id="page314"></a>[pg 314]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<a href="images/314.jpg" name="fig314" id="fig314">
+<img src="images/314.jpg" alt="Frontispiece of &quot;Alton Trials.&quot;" /></a>
+<h5>Frontispiece of "Alton Trials."</h5>
+<p>Frontispiece of "Alton Trials," a small volume published in 1838,
+containing full notes taken at the time of the trial of the persons
+engaged in what is called the "Alton riot." Twelve persons were
+indicted "for the crime of riot committed on the night of the 7th of
+November, 1837, while engaged in defending a Printing Press from an
+attack made on it at that time by an Armed Mob;" eleven others were
+indicted "for a riot committed in Alton on the night of the 7th of
+November, 1837, in unlawfully and forcibly entering the warehouse of
+Godfrey Gilman and Company, and breaking up and destroying a
+printing press." In both cases the juries returned a verdict of "not
+guilty." (See note on Elijah Lovejoy.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It was not long, however, before all uncertainty about internal
+improvements was over. The people were determined to have them, and
+the Assembly responded to their demands by passing an act which
+provided, at State expense, for railroads, canals, or river
+improvements in almost every county in Illinois. To compensate those
+counties to which they could not give anything else, they voted them
+a sum of money for roads and bridges. No finer bit of imaginative
+work was ever done, in fact, by a legislative body, than the map of
+internal improvements made by the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>There was no time to estimate exactly the cost of these fine
+plans. Nor did they feel any need of estimates; that was a mere
+matter of detail. They would vote a fund, and when that was
+exhausted they would vote more; and so they appropriated sum after
+sum: one hundred thousand dollars to improve the Rock River; one
+million eight hundred thousand dollars to build a road from Quincy
+to Danville; four million dollars to complete the Illinois and
+Michigan Canal; two hundred and fifty thousand for the Western Mail
+Route&mdash;in all, some twelve million dollars. To carry out the
+elaborate scheme, they provided a commission, one of the first
+duties of which was to sell the bonds of the State to raise the
+money for the enterprise. The majority of the Assembly seem not to
+have entertained for a moment an idea that there would be any
+difficulty in selling at a premium the bonds of Illinois. "On the
+contrary," as General Linder says in his "Reminiscences," "the
+enthusiastic friends of the measure maintained that, instead of
+there being any difficulty in obtaining a loan of the fifteen or
+twenty millions authorized to be borrowed, our bonds would go like
+hot cakes, and be sought for by the Rothschilds, and Baring
+Brothers, and others of that stamp; and that the premiums which we
+would obtain upon them would range from fifty to one hundred per
+cent., and that the premium itself would be sufficient to construct
+most of the important works, leaving the principal sum to go into
+our treasury, and leave the people free from taxation for years to
+come."</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page315"
+id="page315"></a>[pg 315]</span>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:42%">
+<a href="images/315-1.jpg" name="fig315-1" id="fig315-1">
+<img  src="images/315-1.jpg" alt="STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD." /></a>
+<h5>STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.</h5>
+
+<p>The professional card of Stuart and Lincoln shows that the
+copartnership began April 12, 1837. The card appeared in the next
+issue of the "Sangamo Journal," and was continued until Lincoln
+became the partner of Judge Logan, in 1841.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO SPRINGFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>Although Lincoln favored and aided in every way the plan for
+internal improvements, his real work was in securing the removal of
+the capital to Springfield. The task was by no means an easy one to
+direct; for outside of the "Long Nine" there was, of course, nobody
+particularly interested in Springfield, and there were delegations
+from a dozen other counties hot to secure the capital for their own
+constituencies. It took patient and clever manipulation to put the
+bill through. Certain votes Lincoln, no doubt, gained for his cause
+by force of his personal qualities. Thus Jesse K. Dubois says that
+he and his colleagues voted for the bill because they liked Lincoln,
+and wanted to oblige him. But probably the majority were won by
+skilful log-rolling. Not that Lincoln ever sanctioned "trading" to
+the sacrifice of his own convictions. General T.H. Henderson, of
+Illinois, says in some interesting reminiscences of Lincoln,
+prepared for this Life and hitherto unpublished: "Before I had ever
+seen Abraham Lincoln I heard my father, who served with him in the
+legislature of 1838-39 and of 1840-41, relate an incident in Mr.
+Lincoln's life which illustrates his character for integrity and his
+firmness in maintaining what he regarded as right in his public
+acts, in a marked manner.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not remember whether this incident occurred during the
+session of the legislature in 1836-37 or 1838-39. But I think it was
+in that of 1836-37, when it was said that there was a great deal of
+log-rolling going on among the members. But, however that may be,
+according to the story related by my father, an effort was made to
+unite the friends of capital removal with the friends of some
+measure which Mr. Lincoln, for some reason, did not approve. What
+that measure was to which he objected, I am not now able to recall.
+But those who desired the removal of the capital to Springfield were
+very anxious to effect the proposed combination, and a meeting was
+held to see if it could be accomplished. The meeting continued in
+session nearly all night, when it adjourned without accomplishing
+anything, Mr. Lincoln refusing to yield his objections and to
+support the obnoxious measure.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/315-2.jpg" name="fig315-2" id="fig315-2">
+<img src="images/315-2.jpg" alt="OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE." /></a>
+<h5>OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</h5>
+
+<p>The chair is now in the Oldroyd Collection in Washington, D.C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Another meeting was called, and at this second meeting a number
+of citizens, not members of the legislature, from the central and
+northern parts of the State, among them my father, were present by
+invitation. The meeting was long protracted, and earnest in its
+deliberations. Every argument that could be thought of was used to
+induce Mr. Lincoln to yield his objections and unite with his
+friends, and thus secure the removal of the capital to his own city;
+but without effect. Finally, after midnight, when everybody seemed
+exhausted with the discussion, and when the candles were burning low
+in the room, Mr. Lincoln rose amid the silence and solemnity which
+prevailed, and, my father said, made one of the most eloquent and
+powerful speeches to which he had ever listened. And he concluded
+his remarks by saying, 'You may <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page316" id="page316"></a>[pg 316]</span> burn my body to
+ashes, and scatter them to the winds of heaven; you may drag my soul
+down to the regions of darkness and despair to be tormented forever;
+but you will never get me to support a measure which I believe to be
+wrong, although by doing so I may accomplish that which I believe to
+be right.' And the meeting adjourned."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/316.jpg" name="fig316" id="fig316">
+<img src="images/316.jpg" alt="STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE." /></a>
+<h5>STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph loaned by Jesse W. Weik. The law office of
+Stuart and Lincoln was in the second story of the building occupied
+at the time the photograph was made by "Tom Dupleaux's Furniture
+Store." Hoffman's Row, as this group of buildings was called, was
+used as a court-house at that date, 1837. The court-room was in the
+lower story of the two central buildings.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>If Lincoln did not support measures
+which he considered doubtful, he did, now
+and then, "tack a provision" on a bill to
+please a friend, as the following letter,
+hitherto unpublished, shows:<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right"> "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, <i>August 5, 1837</i>.</p>
+<p class="close">"DEAR SIR:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Edwards tells me you wish to know whether the act to which
+your town incorporation provision was attached passed into a law. It
+did. You can organize under the general incorporation law as soon as
+you choose.</p>
+
+<p>"I also tacked a provision on to a fellow's bill, to authorize
+the relocation of the road from Salem down to your town, but I am
+not certain whether or not the bill passed. Neither do I suppose I
+can ascertain before the law will be published&mdash;if it is a law.
+Bowling Green, Bennett Abell, and yourself are appointed to make the
+change.</p>
+
+<p>"No news. No excitement, except a little about the election of
+Monday next. I suppose, of course, our friend Dr. Henry stands no
+chance in your 'diggings.'</p>
+
+<p>"Your friend and honorable servant,</p>
+
+<p class="author">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+
+<p>"JOHN BENNETT, ESQ.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As was to be expected, the Democrats charged that the Whigs of
+Sangamon had won their victory by "bargain and corruption." These
+charges became so serious that, in an extra session called in the
+summer of 1837, a few months after the bill passed, Lincoln had a
+bitter fight over them with General L.D. Ewing, who wanted to keep
+Vandalia as the capital. "The arrogance of Springfield," said
+General Ewing, "its presumption in claiming the seat of government,
+is not to be endured; the law has been passed by chicanery and
+trickery; the Springfield delegation has sold out to the internal
+improvement men, and has promised its support to every measure that
+would gain a vote to the law removing the seat of government."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln answered in a speech of such severity and keenness that
+the House believed he was "digging his own grave;" for Ewing was a
+high-spirited man who would not hesitate to answer by a challenge.
+It was, in fact, only the interference <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page317" id="page317"></a>[pg 317]</span> of their friends
+which prevented a duel at this time between Ewing and Lincoln. This
+speech, to many of Lincoln's colleagues, was a revelation of his
+ability and character. "This was the first time," said General
+Linder, "that I began to conceive a very high opinion of the talents
+and personal courage of Abraham Lincoln."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:35%;">
+<a href="images/317-1.jpg" name="fig317-1" id="fig317-1">
+<img src="images/317-1t.jpg" alt="A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834." /></a>
+<h5>A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.</h5>
+
+<p>This advertisement appeared in the "Sangamo Journal" in April,
+1834, and held a place in the paper through the next three years. As
+the "Four Horse Coach" ran through Sangamon town and New Salem, it
+doubtless had Lincoln as a passenger now and then, but not often,
+probably, for the fare from New Salem to Springfield was one dollar
+and twenty-five cents, and walking, or riding upon a borrowed horse,
+must generally have been preferred by Lincoln to so costly a mode of
+travelling.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A few months later the "Long Nine" were again attacked, Lincoln
+specially being abused. The assailant this time was a prominent
+Democrat, Mr. J.B. Thomas. When he had ended, Lincoln replied in a
+speech which was long known in local political circles as the
+"skinning of Thomas."</p>
+
+
+<h4>LINCOLN'S FIRST REPORTED SPEECH.</h4>
+
+<p>No one doubted after this that Lincoln could defend himself. He
+became doubly respected as an opponent, for his reputation for
+good-humored raillery had been established in his campaigns. In a
+speech made in January he gave another evidence of his skill in the
+use of ridicule. A resolution had been offered by Mr. Linder to
+institute an inquiry into the management of the affairs of the State
+bank. Lincoln's remarks on the resolution form his first reported
+speech. This speech has been unnoticed by his biographers hitherto;
+and it appears in none of the editions of his speeches and letters.
+It was discovered in the "Sangamo Journal" for January 28, 1837, by
+Mr. J. McCan Davis, in the course of a search through the files
+instituted by this Magazine.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/317-2.jpg" name="fig317-2" id="fig317-2">
+<img src="images/317-2.jpg" alt="MARY L. OWENS." /></a>
+<h5>MARY L. OWENS.</h5>
+
+<p>Born in Kentucky in 1808. Lincoln first met Miss Owens in 1833 at
+New Salem, where she made a short visit. In 1836 she came back to
+New Salem, and a warm friendship sprang up between them. The
+question of marriage was discussed in a disinterested way. Miss
+Owens left Illinois in 1838, and in 1841 she married a Mr. Jesse
+Vineyard. The letters written to her by Mr. Lincoln she herself gave
+to Mr. Herndon for publication.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lincoln began these remarks by good-humored but nettling chaffing
+of his opponent.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"Mr. Chairman," he said: "Lest I should fall into the too common
+error of being mistaken in regard to which side I design to be upon,
+I shall make it my first care to remove all doubt on that point, by
+declaring that I am opposed to the resolution under consideration,
+<i>in toto</i>. Before I proceed to the body of the subject, I will
+further remark, that it is not without a considerable degree of
+apprehension that I venture to cross the track of the gentleman from
+Coles [Mr. Linder]. Indeed, I do not believe I could muster a
+sufficiency of courage to come in contact with that gentleman, were
+it not for the fact that he, some days since, most graciously
+condescended to assure us that he would never be found wasting
+ammunition on <i>small game</i>. On the same fortunate occasion he
+further gave us to understand that he regarded <i>himself</i> as being
+decidedly the <i>superior</i> of our common friend from Randolph [Mr.
+Shields]; and feeling, as I really do, that I, to say the most of
+myself, am nothing more than the peer of our friend from Randolph, I
+shall regard the gentleman from Coles as decidedly my superior also;
+and consequently, in the course of what I shall have to say,
+whenever I shall have occasion to allude to that gentleman I shall
+endeavor to adopt that kind of court language which I understand to
+be due to decided superiority. In one faculty, at least, there can
+be no dispute of the gentleman's superiority over me, and most other
+men; and that is, the faculty of entangling a subject so that
+neither himself, or any other man, can find head or tail to it."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page318" id="page318"></a>[pg 318]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/318.jpg" name="fig318" id="fig318">
+<img  src="images/318.jpg" alt="LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS quot;TAD.&quot;" /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS &quot;TAD.&quot;"</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph made by Brady early in Mr. Lincoln's first term.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page319" id="page319"></a>[pg 319]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/319.jpg" name="fig319" id="fig319">
+<img src="images/319t.jpg" alt="PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK." /></a>
+<h5>PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.</h5>
+
+<p>From the original, owned by Jesse W. Weik, by permission.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Taking up the resolution on the bank,
+he declared its meaning:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p> "Some gentlemen have their stock in their hands, while others, who
+have more money than they know what to do with, want it; and this,
+and this alone, is the question, to settle which we are called on to
+squander thousands of the people's money. What interest, let me ask,
+have the people in the settlement of this question? What difference
+is it to them whether the stock is owned by Judge Smith or Sam
+Wiggins? If any gentleman be entitled to stock in the bank, which he
+is kept out of possession of by others, let him assert his right in
+the Supreme Court, and let him or his antagonist, whichever may be
+found in the wrong, pay the costs of suit. It is an old maxim, and a
+very sound one, that he that dances should always pay the fiddler.
+Now, sir, in the present case, if any gentlemen whose money is a
+burden to them, choose to lead off a dance, I am decidedly opposed
+to the people's money being used to pay the fiddler. No one can
+doubt that the examination proposed by this resolution must cost the
+State some ten or twelve thousand dollars; and all this to settle a
+question in which the people have no interest, and about which they
+care nothing. These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in
+concert to fleece the people; and now that they have got into a
+quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate the
+people's money to settle the quarrel."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The resolution had declared that the bank practised various
+methods which were "to the great injury of the people." Lincoln took
+the occasion to announce his ideas of the people and the
+politicians.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"If the bank really be a grievance, why is it that no one of the
+real people is found to ask redress of it? The truth is, no such
+oppression exists. If it did, our people would groan with memorials
+and petitions, and we would not be permitted to rest day or night
+till we had put it down. The people know their rights, and they are
+never slow to assert and maintain them when they are invaded. Let
+them call for an investigation, and I shall ever stand ready to
+respond to the call. But they have made no such call. I make the
+assertion boldly, and without fear of contradiction, that no man who
+does not hold an office, or does not aspire to one, has ever found
+any fault of the bank. It has doubled the prices of the products of
+their farms, and filled their pockets with a sound circulating
+medium; and they are all well pleased with its operations. No, sir,
+it is the politician who is the first to sound the alarm (which, by
+the way, is a false one). It is he who, by these unholy means, is
+endeavoring to blow up a storm that he may ride upon and direct. It
+is he, and he alone, that here proposes to spend thousands of the
+people's public treasure, for no other advantage to them than to
+make valueless in their pockets the reward of their <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page320" id="page320"></a>[pg 320]</span>
+industry. Mr. Chairman, this work is exclusively the work, of
+politicians&mdash;a set of men who have interests aside from the
+interests of the people, and who, to say the most of them, are,
+taken as a mass, at least one long step removed from honest men. I
+say this with the greater freedom, because, being a politician
+myself, none can regard it as personal."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The speech was published in full in the "Sangamo Journal" and the
+editor commented:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"Mr. Lincoln's remarks on Mr. Linder's bank resolution in the paper
+are quite to the point. Our friend carries the true Kentucky rifle,
+and when he fires he seldom fails of sending the shot home."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/320.jpg" name="fig320" id="fig320">
+<img src="images/320.jpg" alt="OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." /></a>
+<h5>OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+<p>During the special session of the legislature convened in the
+fall of 1839 (the first one held at Springfield), the House of
+Representatives occupied this church, the State House being
+unfinished. At the short special session which opened November 23,
+1840, the House first went into the Methodist church, but on the
+second day Representative John Logan (father of General John A.
+Logan) offered a resolution "that the Senate be respectfully
+requested to exchange places of convening with this House for a
+short time on account of the impossibility of the House discharging
+its business in so small a place as the Methodist church." This was
+adopted, and the House moved over to the Second Presbyterian church.
+At this special session the Whigs were interested in preventing a
+<i>sine die</i> adjournment (because they desired to protect the State
+bank, which had been authorized in 1838 to suspend specie payment
+until after the adjournment of the next session of the General
+Assembly), and to this end they sought to break the quorum. All the
+Whigs walked out, except Lincoln and Joseph Gillespie, who were left
+behind to demand a roll-call when deemed expedient. A few were
+brought in by the sergeant-at-arms. Lincoln and Gillespie,
+perceiving that there would be a quorum if they remained, started to
+leave; and finding the doors locked, Lincoln raised a window, and
+both men jumped out&mdash;an incident, as Mr. Herndon says, which
+Lincoln "always seemed willing to forget." It was in this church,
+too, that Lincoln delivered an address before the Washingtonian
+Temperance Society, on Washington's birthday, in 1842. The church
+was erected in 1839, and stood until torn down, some thirty years
+later, to make room for a new edifice.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h4>ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FIRST PROTEST
+AGAINST SLAVERY.</h4>
+
+<p>One other act of his in this session cannot be ignored. It is a
+sinister note in the hopeful chorus of the Tenth Assembly. For
+months there had come from the Southern States violent protests
+against the growth of abolition agitation in the North. Garrison's
+paper, the "infernal Liberator," as it was called in the pro-slavery
+part of the country, had been gradually extending its circulation
+and its influence; and it already had imitators even on the banks of
+the Mississippi. The American Anti-slavery Society was now over
+three years old. A deep, unconquerable conviction of the iniquity of
+slavery was spreading through the North. The South felt it and
+protested, and the statesmen of the North joined them in their
+protest. Slavery could not be crushed, said the conservatives. It
+was sanctioned by the Constitution. The South must be <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page321" id="page321"></a>[pg 321]</span>
+supported in its claims, and agitation stopped. But the agitation
+went on, and riots, violence, and hatred pursued the agitators. In
+Illinois, in this very year, 1837, we have a printing-office raided
+and an anti-slavery editor, Elijah Lovejoy, killed by the citizens
+of Alton, who were determined that it should not be said among them
+that slavery was an iniquity.</p>
+
+<p>To silence the storm, mass-meetings of citizens, the United
+States Congress, the State legislatures, took up the question and
+voted, again and again, resolutions assuring the South that the
+Abolitionists were not supported; that the country recognized their
+right to their "peculiar institution," and that in no case should
+they be interfered with. At Springfield, this same year (1837) the
+citizens convened and passed a resolution declaring that "the
+efforts of Abolitionists in this community are neither necessary nor
+useful." When the riot occurred in Alton, the Springfield papers
+uttered no word of condemnation, giving the affair only a laconic
+mention.</p>
+
+<p>The Illinois Assembly joined in the general disapproval, and on
+March 3d passed the following resolutions:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois:</p>
+
+<p>"That we highly disapprove of the formation of Abolition
+societies, and of the doctrines promulgated by them.</p>
+
+<p>"That the right of property in slaves is sacred to the
+slave-holding States by the Federal Constitution, and that they
+cannot be deprived of that right without their consent.</p>
+
+<p>"That the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the
+District of Columbia against the consent of the citizens of said
+District, without a manifest breach of good faith.</p>
+
+<p>"That the Governor be requested to transmit to the States of
+Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, New York, and Connecticut a copy of
+the foregoing report and resolutions."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Lincoln refused to vote for these resolutions. In his judgment no
+expression on the slavery question should go unaccompanied by the
+statement that it was an evil, and he had the boldness to protest
+immediately against the action of the House. He found only one man
+in the Assembly willing to join him in his action. These two names
+are joined to the document they presented:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"Resolutions upon the subject of domestic slavery having passed both
+branches of the General Assembly at its present session, the
+undersigned hereby protest against the passage of the same.</p>
+
+<p>"They believe that the institution of slavery is founded on both
+injustice and bad policy, but that the promulgation of abolition
+doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils.</p>
+
+<p>"They believe that the Congress of the United States has no power
+under the Constitution to interfere with the institution of slavery
+in the different States.</p>
+
+<p>"They believe that the Congress of the United States has power
+under the Constitution to abolish slavery in the District of
+Columbia, but that the power ought not to be exercised unless at the
+request of the people of the District.</p>
+
+<p>"The difference between these opinions and those contained in the
+above resolutions, is their reason for entering this protest.</p>
+
+<p class="author">"DAN STONE,</p>
+<p class="right" style="margin-top: -1em">"A. LINCOLN,</p>
+
+<p class="close">"Representatives from the County of Sangamon."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/321.jpg" name="fig321" id="fig321">
+<img src="images/321.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<h5>WILLIAM BUTLER.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph owned by his grandson, Hon. William J. Butler,
+Springfield, Illinois. William Butler was a native of Kentucky,
+being born in Adair County, that State, December 15, 1797. In the
+war of 1812, he carried important despatches from the Governor of
+Kentucky to General Harrison in the field, travelling on horseback.
+He went to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1828. In 1836 he was
+appointed clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Logan, whom he had
+known in Kentucky. In 1859 he was appointed by Governor Bissell
+State treasurer of Illinois, to fill a vacancy, and in 1860 was
+elected to that office. He was married to Elizabeth Rickard,
+December 18, 1863. He died in Springfield, January 11, 1876. Soon
+after becoming a resident of Springfield, Lincoln went to William
+Butler's house to board. There he was like a member of the family.
+He lived with Mr. Butler until his marriage in 1842. The two men
+were ever the warmest personal and political friends.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>SOCIAL LIFE IN VANDALIA IN 1836 AND 1837.</h4>
+
+<p>The Tenth Assembly was important to Lincoln not only in its
+legislation; it greatly increased his circle of acquaintances. The
+character of the work of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page322"
+id="page322"></a>[pg 322]</span> session called to Vandalia numbers
+of persons of influence from almost every county in the State. They
+were invariably there to secure something for their town or county,
+and naturally made a point of getting acquainted. Game suppers seem
+to have been the means usually employed by visitors for bringing
+people together. The lobbyists were not the only ones in Vandalia
+who gave suppers, however. Not a bill was passed nor an election
+decided that a banquet did not follow. Mr. John Bryant, the brother
+of William Cullen, was in Vandalia that winter in the interest of
+his county, and he attended one of these banquets, given by the
+successful candidate for the United States Senate. Lincoln was
+present, of course, and so were all the prominent politicians of the
+State.</p>
+
+<p>"After the company had gotten pretty noisy and mellow from their
+imbibitions of Yellow Seal and 'corn juice,'" says Mr. Bryant, "Mr.
+Douglas and General Shields, to the consternation of the host and
+intense merriment of the guests, climbed up on the table, at one
+end, encircled each other's waists, and to the tune of a rollicking
+song, pirouetted down the whole length of the table, shouting,
+singing, and kicking dishes, glasses, and everything right and left,
+helter skelter. For this night of entertainment to his constituents,
+the successful candidate was presented with a bill, in the morning,
+for supper, wines, liquors, and damages, which amounted to six
+hundred dollars."</p>
+
+<p>But boisterous suppers were not by any means the important
+feature of Lincoln's social life that winter in Vandalia. There was
+another and quieter side in which he showed his rare
+companionableness and endeared himself to many people. In the midst
+of the log-rolling and jubilations of the session he would often
+slip away to some acquaintance's room and spend hours in talk and
+stories. Mr. John Bryant tells of his coming frequently to his room
+at the hotel, and sitting "with his knees up to his chin, telling
+his inimitable stories and his triumphs in the House in
+circumventing the Democrats."</p>
+
+<p>Major Newton Walker, of Lewiston, was in Vandalia at the time;
+and still talks with pleasure not only of the Assembly's energetic
+legislation, but of the way Lincoln endeared himself to him and to
+his colleague. "We both loved him," says Major Walker, "but I little
+thought then that he would become the greatest man that this country
+ever produced, or perhaps ever will. Many a night I have sat up
+listening to Lincoln's wonderful stories. That was a long time
+ago&mdash;nearly sixty years. I shall be ninety-two years old in a
+few days. I was six years older than Lincoln."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/322.jpg" name="fig322" id="fig322">
+<img  src="images/322t.jpg" alt="INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH" /></a>
+<h5>INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH LINCOLN
+WAS ONE OF THE MANAGERS.</h5>
+
+<p>The invitation is in the collection of Mr. C.F. Gunther of
+Chicago, through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I used to play the fiddle a great deal, and have played for
+Lincoln a number of times. He used to come over to where I was
+boarding and ask me to play the fiddle for him; and I would take it
+with me when I went over to visit him, and when he grew weary of
+telling stories he would ask me to give him a tune, which I never
+refused to do."</p>
+
+<h4>LINCOLN MOVES TO SPRINGFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>As soon as the Assembly closed, Lincoln returned to New Salem;
+but it was not to stay. He had determined to go to Springfield.
+Major John Stuart, the friend who had advised him to study law and
+who <span class="pagenum"><a name="page323" id="page323"></a>[pg
+323]</span> had lent him books and with whom he had been associated
+closely in politics, had offered to take him as a partner. It was a
+good opening, for Stuart was one of the leading lawyers and
+politicians of the State, and his influence would place Lincoln at
+once in command of more or less business. From every point of view
+the change seems to have been wise; yet Lincoln made it with
+foreboding.</p>
+
+<p>To practise law he must abandon his business as surveyor, which
+was bringing him a fair income; he must for a time, at least, go
+without any certain income. If he failed, what then? The uncertainty
+weighed on him heavily, the more so because he was burdened by the
+debts left from his store and because he was constantly called upon
+to aid his father's family. Thomas Lincoln had remained in Coles
+County, but he had not, in these six years in which his son had
+risen so rapidly, been able to get anything more than a poor
+livelihood from his farm. The sense of responsibility Lincoln had
+towards his father's family made it the more difficult for him to
+undertake a new profession. His decision was made, however, and as
+soon as the session of the Tenth Assembly was over he started for
+Springfield. His first appearance there is as pathetic as
+amusing.</p>
+
+<p>"He had ridden into town," says Joshua Speed, "on a borrowed
+horse, with no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags
+containing a few clothes. I was a merchant at Springfield, and kept
+a large country store, embracing dry-goods, groceries, hardware,
+books, medicines, bed-clothes, mattresses&mdash;in fact, everything
+that the country needed. Lincoln came into the store with his
+saddle-bags on his arm. He said he wanted to buy the furniture for a
+single bed. The mattress, blankets, sheets, coverlid, and pillow,
+according to the figures made by me, would cost seventeen dollars.
+He said that perhaps was cheap enough; but small as the price was,
+he was unable to pay it. But if I would credit him till Christmas,
+and his experiment as a lawyer was a success, he would pay then;
+saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in this I do not know that I
+can ever pay you.' As I looked up at him I thought then, and I think
+now, that I never saw a sadder face.</p>
+
+<p>"I said to him: 'You seem to be so much pained at contracting so
+small a debt, I think I can suggest a plan by which you can avoid
+the debt, and at the same time attain your end. I have a large room
+with a double bed upstairs, which you are very welcome to share with
+me.'</p>
+
+<p>"'Where is your room?' said he.</p>
+
+<p>"'Upstairs,' said I, pointing to a pair of winding stairs which
+led from the store to my room.</p>
+
+<p>"He took his saddle-bags on his arm, went upstairs, set them on
+the floor, and came down with the most changed expression of
+countenance. Beaming with pleasure, he exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"'Well, Speed, I am moved.'"</p>
+
+<p>Another friend, William Butler, with whom Lincoln had become
+intimate at Vandalia, took him to board; life at Springfield thus
+began under as favorable auspices as he could hope for.</p>
+
+<p>After Chicago, Springfield was at that day the most promising
+city in Illinois. It had some fifteen hundred inhabitants, and the
+removal of the capital was certain to bring many more. Already, in
+fact, the town felt the effect. Houses and blocks were started;
+lawyers, politicians, tradesmen, laborers, were pouring in. Hitherto
+most of the dwellings had been of log or frame; now, however, there
+was an increase in brick buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The effect was apparent too, in society. "We used to eat all
+together," said an old man who in the early thirties came to
+Springfield as a hostler; "but about this time some one came along
+and told the people they oughtn't to do so, and then the hired folks
+ate in the kitchen." This differentiation was apparent to Lincoln
+and a little discouraging. He was thinking vaguely, at the time of
+this removal to Springfield, that perhaps he best marry a Miss Mary
+Owens, with whom he had become intimately acquainted in 1836 in New
+Salem; but Springfield society, and the impossibility of his
+supporting a wife in it, discouraged him.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"I am often thinking of what we said about your
+coming to live at Springfield," he wrote her in May.</p>
+
+<p>"I am afraid you would not be satisfied. There
+is a great deal of flourishing about in carriages here,
+which it would be your doom to see without sharing
+it. You would have to be poor, without the means of
+hiding your poverty. Do you believe you could bear
+that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot
+with mine, should any ever do so, it is my intention
+to do all in my power to make her happy and contented;
+and there is nothing I can imagine that
+would make me more unhappy than to fail in the
+effort. I know I should be much happier with you
+than the way I am, provided I saw no signs of discontent
+in you. What you have said to me may have
+been in the way of jest, or I may have misunderstood
+it. If so, then let it be forgotten; if otherwise,
+I much wish you would think seriously before
+you decide. What I have said I will most positively
+abide by, provided you wish it. My opinion is that
+you had better not do it. You have not been accustomed
+to hardship, and it may be more severe than
+you now imagine. I know you are capable of thinking
+correctly on any subject, and if you deliberate
+maturely upon this before you decide, then I am willing
+to abide your decision."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page324" id="page324"></a>[pg 324]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/324.jpg" name="fig324" id="fig324">
+<img  src="images/324t.jpg" alt="MAP OF ILLINOIS" /></a>
+<h5>MAP OF ILLINOIS.  ILLUSTRATING "<i>An Act to establish and maintain a
+General System of Internal Improvements, in force 27th Feb. 1837</i>"</h5>
+
+<p>When the Illinois legislature adopted the above plan of internal
+improvement in 1837, there was in the whole United States only about
+eleven hundred miles of railroad. The above scheme provided for
+thirteen hundred and fifty. The basis of the outlines used by the
+committee in developing the plan was contained in a series of
+resolutions offered in the beginning of the session by Stephen A.
+Douglas. In the house the vote on the bill stood sixty-one in favor
+to twenty-five against.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page325" id="page325"></a>[pg 325]</span>
+
+<p>This decidedly dispassionate view of their relation seems not to
+have brought any decision from Miss Owens; for three months later
+Mr. Lincoln wrote her an equally judicial letter, telling her that
+he could not think of her "with entire indifference," that he in all
+cases wanted to do right and "most particularly so in all cases with
+women," and summing up his position as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"What I do wish is that our further acquaintance shall depend
+upon yourself. If such further acquaintance would contribute nothing
+to your happiness, I am sure it would not to mine. If you feel
+yourself in any degree bound to me, I am now willing to release you,
+provided you wish it; while, on the other hand, I am willing and
+even anxious to bind you faster, if I can be convinced that it will
+in any considerable degree add to your happiness. This, indeed, is
+the whole question with me. Nothing would make me more miserable
+than to believe you miserable&mdash;nothing more happy than to know
+you were so." </p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Miss Owens had enough discernment to recognize the
+disinterestedness of this love-making, and she refused Mr. Lincoln's
+offer. She found him "deficient in those little links which make up
+the chain of a woman's happiness," she said. The affair seems to
+have been a rather vigorous flirtation on her part, which had
+interested and perhaps flattered Mr. Lincoln. In the sincerity of
+his nature he feared he had awakened a genuine attachment, and his
+notions of honor compelled him to find out. When finally refused, he
+wrote a description of the affair to a friend, in which he ridiculed
+himself unmercifully:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"I was mortified, it seemed to me, in a hundred different ways.
+My vanity was deeply wounded by the reflection that I had so long
+been too stupid to discover her intentions, and at the same time
+never doubting that I understood them perfectly; and also that she,
+whom I had taught myself to believe nobody else would have, had
+actually rejected me with all my fancied greatness. And, to cap the
+whole, I then for the first time began to suspect that I was really
+a little in love with her. But let it all go! I'll try and outlive
+it. Others have been made fools of by the girls, but this can never
+with truth be said of me. I most emphatically, in this instance,
+made a fool of myself. I have now come to the conclusion never again
+to think of marrying; and for this reason&mdash;I can never be
+satisfied with any one who would be blockhead enough to have me."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h4>LINCOLN'S POSITION IN SPRINGFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>It was not long before Lincoln became a favorite figure in
+Springfield. The skill, the courage, and the good-will he had shown
+in his management of the bill for the removal of the capital gave
+him at once, of course, special prominence. The entire "Long Nine,"
+indeed, were regarded by the county as its benefactors, and
+throughout the summer there were barbecues and fireworks, dinners
+and speeches in their honor. "The service rendered Old Sangamon by
+the present delegation" was a continually recurring toast at every
+gathering. At one "sumptuous dinner" the internal improvement scheme
+in all its phases was toasted again and again by the banqueters,
+"'The Long Nine' of Old Sangamon&mdash;well done, good and faithful
+servants," drew forth long applause. Among those who offered
+volunteer toasts at this dinner were "A. Lincoln, Esq.," and "S.A.
+Douglas, Esq."</p>
+
+<p>At a dinner at Athens, given to the delegation, eight formal
+toasts and twenty-five volunteers are quoted in the report of the
+affair in the "Sangamo Journal." Among them were the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>A. Lincoln. He has fulfilled the expectations of his friends and
+disappointed the hopes of his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>A. Lincoln. One of nature's noblemen.</p>
+
+<p>By A. Lincoln. Sangamon County will ever be true to her best
+interests, and never more so than in reciprocating the good feelings
+of the citizens of Athens and neighborhood. </p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Lincoln had not been long in Springfield before he soon was able
+to support himself, a result due, no doubt, very largely to his
+personal qualities and to his reputation as a shrewd politician. Not
+that he made money. The fee-book of Lincoln and Stuart shows that
+the returns were modest enough, and that sometimes they even "traded
+out" their account. Nevertheless it was a satisfaction to earn a
+livelihood so soon. Of his peculiar methods as a lawyer at this date
+we know very little. Most of his cases are utterly uninteresting.
+The very first year he was in Springfield, however, he had one case
+which created a great sensation, and which, so far as we know, has
+been overlooked entirely by his biographers. It is an admirable
+example of the way Lincoln could combine business and politics as
+well as of his merciless persistency in pursuing a man whom he
+believed unjust.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that among the offices to be filled at the August
+election of 1837 was that of probate justice of the peace. One of
+the candidates was General James Adams, a man who had come on from
+the East in the early twenties, and who had at first claimed to be a
+lawyer. He had been an aspirant for various offices, among them that
+of governor of the State, but with little <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page326" id="page326"></a>[pg 326]</span> success. A few days
+before the August election of 1837 an anonymous hand-bill was
+scattered about the streets. It was an attack on General Adams,
+charging him with having acquired the title to a ten-acre lot of
+ground near the town by the deliberate forgery of the name of Joseph
+Anderson, of Fulton County, Illinois, to an assignment of a
+judgment. Anderson had died, and the widow, upon going to
+Springfield to dispose of the land, was surprised to find that it
+was claimed by General Adams, and she employed Stuart and Lincoln to
+look into the matter. The hand-bill, which went into all of the
+details at great length, concluded as follows: "I have only made
+these statements because I am known by many to be one of the
+individuals against whom the charge of forging the assignment and
+slipping it into the general's papers has been made; and because our
+silence might be construed into a confession of the truth. I shall
+not subscribe my name; but hereby authorize the editor of the
+'Journal' to give it up to any one who may call for it.".</p>
+
+<p>After the election, at which General Adams had been elected, the
+hand-bill was reproduced in the "Sangamo Journal," with a card
+signed by the editor, in which he said: "To save any further remarks
+on this subject, I now state that A. Lincoln, Esq., is the author of
+the hand-bill in question." The same issue of the paper contained a
+lengthy communication from General Adams, denying the charge of
+fraud.</p>
+
+<p>The controversy was continued for several weeks. General Adams
+used, mostly, the columns of the "Springfield Republican," filling
+six columns of a single issue. He charged that the assault upon him
+was the result of a conspiracy between "a knot of lawyers, doctors,
+and others," who wished to ruin his reputation. Lincoln's answers to
+Adams are most emphatic. In one case, quoting several of his
+assertions, he pronounced them "all as false as hell, as all this
+community must know." Adams's replies were always voluminous. "Such
+is the turn which things have lately taken," wrote Lincoln, "that
+when General Adams writes a book I am expected to write a commentary
+on it." Replying to Adams's denunciation of the lawyers, he said:
+"He attempted to impose himself upon the community as a lawyer, and
+he actually carried the attempt so far as to induce a man who was
+under the charge of murder to entrust the defence of his life to his
+hands, and finally took his money and got him hanged. Is this the
+man that is to raise a breeze in his favor by abusing lawyers? ...
+If he is not a lawyer, he <i>is</i> a liar; for he proclaimed himself a
+lawyer, and got a man hanged by depending on him." Lincoln
+concluded: "Farewell, General. I will see you again at court, if not
+before&mdash;when and where we will settle the question whether you
+or the widow shall have the land." The widow did get the land, but
+this was not the worst thing that happened to Adams. The climax was
+reached when the "Sangamo Journal" published a long editorial
+(written by Lincoln, no doubt) on the controversy, and followed it
+with a copy of an indictment found against Adams in Oswego County,
+New York, in 1818. The offence charged in this indictment was the
+forgery of a deed by Adams&mdash;"a person of evil name and fame and
+of a wicked disposition."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln's victory in this controversy undoubtedly did much to
+impress the community, not necessarily that he was a good lawyer,
+but rather that he was a clever strategist and a fearless enemy. It
+was not, in fact, as a lawyer that he was prominent in the first
+years after he came to Springfield. Reëlected to the Assembly in
+1838, and again in 1840, his real impress on the community was made
+as a politician. The qualities which he had already shown in public
+life were only strengthened as he gained experience and
+self-confidence. He was the terror of the pretentious and insincere,
+and had a way of exposing their shams by clever tricks which, to
+voters, were unanswerable arguments. A case in point happened in
+1840. It was considered necessary, at that day, by a candidate to
+prove to the farmers that he was poor and, like themselves,
+horny-handed. Those politicians who wore good clothes and dined
+sumptuously were careful to conceal their regard for the elegancies
+of life from their constituents. One of the Democrats who in this
+campaign took particular pains to decry the Whigs for their wealth
+and aristocratic principles was Colonel Dick Taylor, generally known
+in Illinois as "ruffled-shirt Taylor." He was a vain and handsome
+man, who habitually arrayed himself as gorgeously as the fashion
+allowed. One day when he and Lincoln had met in debate at a
+countryside gathering, Colonel Dick became particularly bitter in
+his condemnation of Whig elegance. Lincoln listened for a time, and
+then, slipping near the speaker, suddenly caught his coat, which was
+buttoned up close, and tore it open. A mass of ruffled shirt, a
+gorgeous velvet vest, and a great gold chain from which dangled
+numerous rings and seals, were uncovered to the crowd. Lincoln
+needed <span class="pagenum"><a name="page327" id="page327"></a>[pg
+327]</span> to make no further reply that day to the charge of being
+a "rag baron."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln loved fair play as he hated shams; and throughout these
+early years in Springfield are examples of his boldness in insisting
+that friend and enemy have the chance due them. A most dramatic case
+of this kind occurred at a political meeting held one evening in the
+Springfield court-room, which at that date was temporarily in a hall
+under Stuart and Lincoln's law office. Directly over the platform
+was a trap-door. Lincoln frequently would lie by this opening during
+a meeting, listening to the speeches. One evening one of his
+friends, E.D. Baker, in speaking angered the crowd, and an attempt
+was made to "pull him down." Before the assailants could reach the
+platform, however, a pair of long legs dangled from the trap-door,
+and in an instant Lincoln dropped down beside Baker, crying out,
+"Hold on, gentlemen, this is a land of free speech." His appearance
+was so unexpected, and his attitude so determined, that the crowd
+soon was quiet, and Baker went on with his speech.</p>
+
+<p>In all the intellectual life of the town he took a place. With a
+few of the leading young men he formed a young men's lyceum. One of
+his speeches before this body has been preserved in full. Its
+subject is "The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions."<a
+id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a
+href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> The speech has not, however, any
+of the peculiarly original style which usually characterized his
+efforts.</p>
+
+<p>He came immediately to be a favorite figure in all sorts of local
+affairs. What he said and did on these occasions is still
+recollected by those interested in them. "When the seat of
+government was removed from Vandalia to Springfield in 1836," says
+the Rev. Peter Wallace of Chicago "I obtained the contract of taking
+down the court-house to make a place for the State House. Lincoln,
+with others, was present to receive the job. 'Peter,' he said to me,
+'if you succeed as well in building houses as you have in tearing
+this one down, you will make your mark as a builder.'" Mr. Wallace
+tells, too, of hearing Lincoln say in a speech, at the funeral of
+one of their friends: "I read in a book whose author never errs,
+'Woe unto you when all men shall speak well of you.' Our friend will
+escape that woe, for he would be the exception had he no
+enemies."</p>
+
+<p>The most pleasing feature of his early life in the town was the
+way in which he attached all classes of people to him. He naturally,
+from his political importance and from his relation to Mr. Stuart,
+was admitted to the most exclusive circle of society. But Lincoln
+was not received there from tolerance of his position only. The few
+members left of that interesting circle of Springfield in the
+thirties are emphatic in their statements that he was recognized as
+a valuable social factor. If indifferent to forms and little
+accustomed to conventional usages, he had a native dignity and
+self-respect which stamped him at once as a superior man. He had a
+good will, an easy adaptability to people, which made him take a
+hand in everything that went on. His name appears in every list of
+banqueters and merry-makers reported in the Springfield papers. He
+even served as committee-man for cotillion parties. "We liked
+Lincoln, though he was not gay," said one charming and cultivated
+old lady to me in Springfield. "He rarely danced, he was never very
+attentive to ladies, but he was always a welcome guest everywhere,
+and the centre of a circle of animated talkers. Indeed, I think the
+only thing we girls had against Lincoln was that he always attracted
+all the men around him."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln's kindly interest and perfectly democratic feeling
+attached to him many people whom he never met save on the streets.
+Indeed his life in the streets of Springfield is a most touching and
+delightful study. He concerned himself in the progress of every
+building which was put up, of every new street which was opened; he
+passed nobody without recognition; he seemed always to have time to
+stop and talk. He became, in fact, part of Springfield street life,
+just as he had of the town's politics and society. By 1840 there was
+no man in the town better known, better liked, more sought for;
+though there were more than one whose future was considered
+brighter.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1"> (return) </a>
+<p>Reminiscences of Mr. Weir, a former resident of Sangamon County,
+related by E.B. Howell of Butte, Montana.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2"> (return) </a>
+<p>Summary condensed from Moses's "History of Illinois."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3"> (return) </a>
+<p>The original of this letter is owned by E.R. Oeltjen of
+Petersburg, Illinois.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4"> (return) </a>
+<p>Lincoln's address on "The Perpetuation of Our Political
+Institutions" is dated January 27, 1837, in most biographies, but it
+was published in the "Sangamo Journal" of February 3, 1838. The
+address is preceded by the following resolution:</p>
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right"> "YOUNG MEN'S LYCEUM,</p>
+
+<p class="right" style="margin-top: -1em">SPRINGFIELD, <i>January 27, 1837[8]</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of this Lyceum be presented
+to A. Lincoln, Esq., for the lecture delivered by him this
+evening, and that he be solicited to furnish a copy for publication.</p>
+
+<p class="author">"JAS. H. MATHENY, <i>Secretary</i>"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The confusion as to the date of the delivery of this address
+evidently arises from the fact that the resolution here quoted bears
+the date of "1837"&mdash;a mere slip of the pen, of course. In
+January, 1837, Lincoln was in the legislature at Vandalia. He had
+not yet become a resident of Springfield. According to Mr. Herndon,
+who was a member of the Young Men's Lyceum, that society was not
+formed until the fall of 1837.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page328" id="page328"></a>[pg 328]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/328.jpg" name="fig328" id="fig328">
+<img  src="images/328.jpg" alt="THE WAVE 'WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT.'" /></a>
+<h5>THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."</h5>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Rudyard Kipling,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "The Jungle Book," "Plain Tales from the Hills," etc.</h5>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterI.jpg" name="fig328-2" id="fig328-2"><img  src="images/LetterI.jpg" alt="Letter I" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">T was her first voyage, and though she was only a little cargo
+steamer of two thousand five hundred tons, she was the very best of
+her kind, the outcome of forty years of experiments and improvements
+in framework and machinery; and her designers and owners thought
+just as much of her as though she had been the "Lucania." Any one
+can make a floating hotel that will pay her expenses, if he only
+puts enough money into the saloon, and charges for private baths,
+suites of rooms, and such like; but in these days of competition and
+low freights every square inch of a cargo boat must be built for
+cheapness, great hold capacity, and a certain steady speed. This
+boat was perhaps two hundred and forty feet long and thirty-two feet
+wide, with arrangements that enabled her to carry cattle on her main
+and sheep on her upper deck if she wanted to; but her great glory
+was the amount of cargo that she could store away in her holds. Her
+owners&mdash;they were a very well-known Scotch family&mdash;came
+round with her from the North, where she had been launched and
+christened and fitted, to Liverpool, where she was to take cargo for
+New York; and the owner's daughter, Miss Frazier, went to and fro on
+the clean decks, admiring the new paint and the brass-work and the
+patent winches, and particularly the strong, straight bow, over
+which she had cracked a bottle of very good champagne when she
+christened the steamer the "Dimbula." It was a beautiful September
+afternoon, and the boat in all her newness (she was painted lead
+color, with a red funnel) looked very fine indeed. Her house flag
+was flying, and her whistle from time to time acknowledged <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page329" id="page329"></a>[pg 329]</span>
+the salutes of friendly boats, who saw that she was new to the sea
+and wished to make her welcome.</p>
+
+<p>"And now," said Miss Frazier, delightedly, to the captain, "she's
+a real ship, isn't she? It seems only the other day father gave the
+order for her, and now&mdash;and now&mdash;isn't she a beauty?" The
+girl was proud of the firm, and talked as though she were the
+controlling partner.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, she's no so bad," the skipper replied, cautiously. "But I'm
+sayin' that it takes more than the christenin' to mak' a ship. In
+the nature o' things, Miss Frazier, if ye follow me, she's just
+irons and rivets and plates put into the form of a ship. She has to
+find herself yet."</p>
+
+<p>"But I thought father said she was exceptionally well found."</p>
+
+<p>"So she is," said the skipper, with a laugh. "But it's this way
+wi' ships, Miss Frazier. She's all here, but the parts of her have
+not learned to work together yet. They've had no chance."</p>
+
+<p>"But the engines are working beautifully. I can hear them."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, indeed. But there is more than engines to a ship. Every
+inch of her, ye'll understand, has to be livened up, and made to
+work wi' its neighbor&mdash;sweetenin' her, we call it,
+technically."</p>
+
+<p>"And how will you do it?" the girl asked.</p>
+
+<p>"We can no more than drive and steer her and so forth; but if we
+have rough weather this trip&mdash;it's likely&mdash;she'll learn
+the rest by heart! For a ship, ye'll obsairve, Miss Frazier, is in
+no sense a reegid body, closed at both ends. She's a highly complex
+structure o' various an' conflictin' strains, wi' tissues that must
+give an' tak' accordin' to her personal modulus of eelasteecity."
+Mr. Buchanan, the chief engineer, in his blue coat with gilt
+buttons, was coming toward them. "I'm sayin' to Miss Frazier, here,
+that our little 'Dimbula' has to be sweetened yet, and nothin' but a
+gale will do it. How's all wi' your engines, Buck?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well enough&mdash;true by plumb an' rule, of course; but there's
+no spontaneeity yet." He turned to the girl. "Take my word, Miss
+Frazier, and maybe ye'll comprehend later, even after a pretty
+girl's christened a ship it does not follow that there's such a
+thing as a ship under the men that work her."</p>
+
+<p>"I was sayin' the very same, Mr. Buchanan," the skipper
+interrupted.</p>
+
+<p>"That's more metaphysical than I can follow," said Miss Frazier,
+laughing.</p>
+
+<p>"Why so? Ye're good Scotch, an'&mdash;I knew your mother's
+father; he was fra' Dumfries&mdash;ye've a vested right in
+metapheesics, Miss Frazier, just as ye have in the 'Dimbula,'" the
+engineer said.</p>
+
+<p>"Eh, well, we must go down to the deep watters, an' earn Miss
+Frazier her deevidends. Will you not come to my cabin for tea?" said
+the skipper. "We'll be in dock the night, and when you're goin' back
+to Glasgie ye can think of us loadin' her down an' drivin' her
+forth&mdash;all for your sake."</p>
+
+<p>In the next four days they stowed nearly four thousand tons dead
+weight into the "Dimbula," and took her out from Liverpool. As soon
+as she met the lift of the open water she naturally began to talk.
+If you put your ear to the side of the cabin the next time you are
+in a steamer, you will hear hundreds of little voices in every
+direction, thrilling and buzzing, and whispering and popping, and
+gurgling and sobbing and squeaking exactly like a telephone in a
+thunder storm. Wooden ships shriek and growl and grunt, but iron
+vessels throb and quiver through all their hundreds of ribs and
+thousands of rivets. The "Dimbula" was very strongly built, and
+every piece of her had a letter or a number or both to describe it,
+and every piece had been hammered or forged or rolled or punched by
+man and had lived in the roar and rattle of the shipyard for months.
+Therefore, every piece had its own separate voice in exact
+proportion to the amount of trouble spent upon it. Cast iron, as a
+rule, says very little; but mild steel plates and wrought iron, and
+ribs and beams that have been bent and welded and riveted a good
+deal, talk continuously. Their conversation, of course, is not half
+as wise as human talk, because they are all, though they do not know
+it, bound down one to the other in black darkness, where they cannot
+tell what is happening near them, nor what is going to happen
+next.</p>
+
+<p>A very short while after she had cleared the Irish coast a
+sullen, gray-headed old wave of the Atlantic climbed leisurely over
+her straight bows, and sat down on the steam capstan, used for
+hauling up the anchor. Now, the capstan and the engine that drove it
+had been newly painted red and green; besides which, nobody cares
+for being ducked.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't you do that again," the capstan sputtered through the
+teeth of his cogs. "Hi! Where's the fellow gone?"</p>
+
+<p>The wave had slouched overside with a plop and a chuckle; but
+"Plenty more where he came from," said a brother wave, and went
+through and over the capstan, who was <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page330" id="page330"></a>[pg 330]</span> bolted firmly to an
+iron plate on the iron deck beams below.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/330.jpg" name="fig330" id="fig330">
+<img src="images/330.jpg" alt="THE 'DIMBULA' TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE." /></a>
+<h5>THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Can't you keep still up there," said the deck beams. "What's the
+matter with you? One minute you weigh twice as much as you ought to,
+and the next you don't."</p>
+
+<p>"It isn't my fault," said the capstan. "There's a green brute
+from outside that comes and hits me on the head."</p>
+
+<p>"Tell that to the shipwrights. You've been in position up there
+for months, and you've never wriggled like this before. If you
+aren't careful you'll strain <i>us</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"Talking of strain," said a low, rasping, unpleasant voice, "are
+any of you fellows&mdash;you deck beams, we mean&mdash;aware that
+those exceedingly ugly knees of yours happen to be riveted into our
+structure&mdash;<i>ours</i>?"</p>
+
+<p>"Who might you be?" the deck beams inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, nobody in particular," was the answer. "We're only the port
+and starboard upper-deck stringers; and, if you persist in heaving
+and hiking like this, we shall be reluctantly compelled to take
+steps."</p>
+
+<p>Now, the stringers of the ship are long iron girders, so to
+speak, that run lengthways from stern to bow. They keep the iron
+frames (what are called ribs in a wooden ship) in place, and also
+help to hold the ends of the deck beams which go from side to side
+of the ship. Stringers always consider themselves most important,
+because they are so long. In the "Dimbula" there were four stringers
+on each side&mdash;one far down by the bottom of the hold, called
+the bilge stringer; one a little higher up, called the side
+stringer; one on the floor of the lower deck; and the upper-deck
+stringers that have been heard from already.</p>
+
+<p>"You will take steps, will you?" This was a long, echoing rumble.
+It came from the frames; scores and scores of them, each one about
+eighteen inches distant from the next, and each riveted to the
+stringers in four places. "We think you will have a certain amount
+of trouble in <i>that</i>;" and thousands and thousands of the little
+rivets that held everything together whispered: "You will! You will!
+Stop quivering and be quiet. Hold on, brethren! Hold on! Hot
+punches! What's that?"</p>
+
+<p>Rivets have no teeth, so they can't chatter with fright; but they
+did their best as a fluttering jar swept along the ship from stern
+to bow, and she shook like a rat in a terrier's mouth.</p>
+
+<p>An unusually severe pitch, for the sea was rising, had lifted the
+big throbbing screw <span class="pagenum"><a name="page331"
+id="page331"></a>[pg 331]</span> nearly to the surface, and it was
+spinning round in a kind of soda water&mdash;half sea and half
+air&mdash;going much faster than was right, because there was no
+deep water for it to work in. As it sank again, the
+engines&mdash;and they were triple-expansion, three cylinders in a
+row&mdash;snorted through all their three pistons: "Was that a joke,
+you fellow outside? It's an uncommonly poor one. How are we to do
+<i>our</i> work if you fly off the handle that way?"</p>
+
+<p>"I didn't fly off the handle," said the screw, twirling huskily
+at the end of the screw shaft. "If I had, <i>you'd</i> have been scrap
+iron by this time. The sea dropped away from under me, and I had
+nothing to catch on to. That's all."</p>
+
+<p>"That's all, d'you call it?" said the thrust-block, whose
+business it is to take the push of the screw; for if a screw had
+nothing to hold it back it would crawl right into the engine room.
+(It is the holding back of the screwing action that gives the drive
+to a ship.) "I know I do my work deep down and out of sight, but I
+warn you I expect justice. All <i>I</i> ask is justice. Why can't you
+push steadily and evenly, instead of whizzing like a whirligig and
+making me hot under all my collars?" The thrust-block had six
+collars, each faced with brass, and he did not want to get them
+heated.</p>
+
+<p>All the bearings that supported the fifty feet of screw shaft as
+it ran to the stern whispered: "Justice&mdash;give us justice."</p>
+
+<p>"I can only give you what I get," the screw answered. "Look out!
+It's coming again!"</p>
+
+<p>He rose with a roar as the "Dimbula" plunged; and
+"whack&mdash;whack&mdash;whack&mdash;whack" went the engines
+furiously, for they had little to check them.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm the noblest outcome of human ingenuity&mdash;Mr. Buchanan
+says so," squealed the high-pressure cylinder. "This is simply
+ridiculous." The piston went up savagely and choked, for half the
+steam behind it was mixed with dirty water. "Help! Oiler! Fitter!
+Stoker! Help! I'm choking," it gasped. "Never in the history of
+maritime invention has such a calamity overtaken one so young and
+strong. And if I go, who's to drive the ship?"</p>
+
+<p>"Hush! oh, hush!" whispered the steam, who, of course, had been
+to sea many times before. He used to spend his leisure ashore, in a
+cloud, or a gutter, or a flower-pot, or a thunder storm, or anywhere
+else where water was needed. "That's only a little priming, as they
+call it. It'll happen all night, on and off. I don't say it's nice,
+but it's the best we can do under the circumstances."</p>
+
+<p>"What difference can circumstances make? I'm here to do my
+work&mdash;on clean, dry steam. Blow circumstances!" the cylinder
+roared.</p>
+
+<p>"The circumstances will attend to the blowing. I've worked on the
+North Atlantic run a good many times&mdash;it's going to be rough
+before morning."</p>
+
+<p>"It isn't distressingly calm now," said the extra strong frames,
+they were called web frames, in the engine room. "There's an upward
+thrust that we don't understand, and there's a twist that is very
+bad for our brackets and diamond plates, and there's a sort of
+northwestward pull that follows the twist, which seriously annoys
+us. We mention this because <i>we</i> happened to cost a great deal of
+money, and we feel sure that the owner would not approve of our
+being treated in this frivolous way."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm afraid the matter's out of the owner's hands for the
+present," said the steam, slipping into the condenser. "You're left
+to your own devices till the weather betters."</p>
+
+<p>"I wouldn't mind the weather," said a flat bass voice deep below;
+"it's this confounded cargo that's breaking my heart. I'm the
+garboard strake, and I'm twice as thick as most of the others, and I
+ought to know something."</p>
+
+<p>The garboard strake is the very bottom-most plate in the bottom
+of a ship, and the "Dimbula's" garboard strake (she was a
+flat-bottomed boat) was nearly three-quarters of an inch mild
+steel.</p>
+
+<p>"The sea pushes me up in a way I should never have expected," the
+strake went on, "and the cargo pushes me down, and between the two I
+don't know what I'm supposed to do."</p>
+
+<p>"When in doubt, hold on," rumbled the steam, making head in the
+boilers.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, but there's only dark and cold and hurry down here, and how
+do I know whether the other plates are doing their duty? Those
+bulwark plates up above, I've heard, aren't more than
+five-sixteenths of an inch thick&mdash;scandalous, I call it."</p>
+
+<p>"I agree with you," said a huge web frame by the main cargo
+hatch. He was deeper and thicker than all the others, and curved
+half-way across the ship's side in the shape of half an arch, to
+support the deck where deck beams would have been in the way of
+cargo coming up and down. "I work entirely unsupported, and I
+observe that I am the sole strength of this vessel, so far as my
+vision extends. The responsibility, I assure you, is enormous. I
+believe <span class="pagenum"><a name="page332" id="page332"></a>[pg
+332]</span> the money value of the cargo is over one hundred and
+fifty thousand pounds. Think of that!"</p>
+
+<p>"And every pound of it dependent on my personal exertions." Here
+spoke a sea-valve that communicated directly with the water outside
+and was seated not very far from the garboard strake. "I rejoice to
+think that I am a Prince-Hyde valve, with best Para rubber facings.
+Five patents cover me&mdash;I mention this without pride&mdash;five
+separate and several patents, each one finer than the other. At
+present I am screwed fast. Should I open, you would immediately be
+swamped. This is incontrovertible!"</p>
+
+<p>Patent things always use the longest words they can. It is a
+trick they pick up from their inventors.</p>
+
+<p>"That's news," said a big centrifugal bilge pump. "I had an idea
+that you were employed to clean decks and things with. At least,
+I've used you for that more than once. I forget the precise number
+in thousands of gallons which I am guaranteed to pump in an hour;
+but I assure you, my complaining friends, that there is not the
+least danger. <i>I</i> alone am capable of clearing any water that may
+find its way here. By my biggest delivery, we pitched then!"</p>
+
+<p>The sea was getting up in workmanlike style. It was a dead
+westerly gale, blown from under a ragged opening of green sky,
+narrowed on all sides by fat gray clouds; and the wind bit like
+pincers, as it fretted the spray into lace-work on the heads of the
+waves.</p>
+
+<p>"I tell you what it is," the foremast telephoned down its wire
+stays. "I'm up here, and I can take a dispassionate view of things.
+There's an organized conspiracy against us. I'm sure of it, because
+every single one of these waves is heading directly for our bows.
+The whole sea is concerned in it&mdash;and so's the wind. It's
+awful!"</p>
+
+<p>"What's awful?" said a wave, drowning the capstan for the
+hundredth time.</p>
+
+<p>"This organized conspiracy on your part," the capstan gurgled,
+taking his cue from the mast.</p>
+
+<p>"Organized bubbles and spindrift! There has been a depression in
+the Gulf of Mexico. Excuse me!" He leaped overside; but his friends
+took up the tale one after another.</p>
+
+<p>"Which has advanced&mdash;" <i>That</i> wave threw green over the
+funnel.</p>
+
+<p>"As far as Cape Hatteras&mdash;" <i>He</i> drenched the bridge.</p>
+
+<p>"And is now going out to sea&mdash;to sea&mdash;to sea!" <i>He</i>
+went out in three surges, making a clean sweep of a boat, which
+turned bottom up and sank in the darkening troughs alongside.</p>
+
+<p>"That's all there is to it," seethed the broken water, roaring
+through the scuppers. "There's no animus in our proceedings. We're a
+meteorological corollary."</p>
+
+<p>"Is it going to get any worse?" said the bow anchor, chained down
+to the deck, where he could only breathe once in five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>"Not knowing, can't say. Wind may blow a bit by midnight. Thanks
+awfully. Good-by."</p>
+
+<p>The wave that spoke so politely had travelled some distance aft,
+and got itself all mixed up on the deck amidships, which was a well
+deck sunk between high bulwarks. One of the bulwark plates, which
+was hung on hinges to open outward, had swung out, and passed the
+bulk of the water back to the sea again with a wop.</p>
+
+<p>"Evidently that's what I'm made for," said the plate, shutting up
+again with a sputter of pride. "Oh, no, you don't, my friend!"</p>
+
+<p>The top of a wave was trying to get in from outside, but the
+plate did not open in that direction, and the defeated water spurted
+back.</p>
+
+<p>"Not bad for five-sixteenths of an inch," said the bulwark plate.
+"My work, I see, is laid down for the night;" and it began opening
+and shutting, as it was designed to do, with the motion of the
+ship.</p>
+
+<p>"We are not what you might call idle," groaned all the frames
+together, as the "Dimbula" climbed a big wave, lay on her side at
+the top, and shot into the next hollow, twisting as she descended. A
+huge swell pushed up exactly under her middle, and her bow and stern
+hung free, with nothing to support them, and then one joking wave
+caught her up at the bow, and another at the stern, while the rest
+of the water fell away from under her, just to see how she would
+like it, and she was held up at the two ends, and the weight of the
+cargo and the machinery fell on the groaning iron keels and bilge
+stringers.</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off! Ease off there!" roared the garboard strake. "I want
+an eighth of an inch play. D'you hear me, you young rivets!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off! ease off!" cried the bilge stringers. "Don't hold us
+so tight to the frames!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off!" grunted the deck beams, as the "Dimbula" rolled
+fearfully. "You've cramped our knees into the stringers and we can't
+move. Ease off, you flat-headed little nuisances."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page333" id="page333"></a>[pg 333]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/333.jpg" name="fig333" id="fig333">
+<img src="images/333.jpg" alt="'AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW NEARLY TO THE SURFACE.'" /></a>
+<h5>"AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW NEARLY TO THE SURFACE." </h5>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page334" id="page334"></a>[pg 334]</span>
+
+<p>Then two converging seas hit the bows,
+one on each side, and fell away in torrents
+of streaming thunder.</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off!" shouted the forward collision bulkhead. "I want to
+crumple up, but I'm stiffened in every direction. Ease off, you
+dirty little forge filings. Let me breathe!"</p>
+
+<p>All the hundreds of plates that are riveted on to the frames, and
+make the outside skin of every steamer, echoed the call, for each
+plate wanted to shift and creep a little, and each plate, according
+to its position, complained against the rivets.</p>
+
+<p>"We can't help it! <i>We</i> can't help it!" they murmured. "We're put
+here to hold you, and we're going to do it. You never pull us twice
+in the same direction. If you'd say what you were going to do next,
+we'd try to meet your views."</p>
+
+<p>"As far as I could feel," said the upper-deck planking, and that
+was four inches thick, "every single iron near me was pushing or
+pulling in opposite directions. Now, what's the sense of that? My
+friends, let us all pull together."</p>
+
+<p>"Pull any way you please." roared the funnel, "so long as you
+don't try your experiments on <i>me</i>. I need fourteen wire ropes, all
+pulling in opposite directions, to hold me steady. Isn't that
+so?"</p>
+
+<p>"We believe you, my boy!" whistled the funnel stays through their
+clenched teeth, as they twanged in the wind from the top of the
+funnel to the deck.</p>
+
+<p>"Nonsense! We must all pull together," the decks repeated. "Pull
+lengthways."</p>
+
+<p>"Very good," said the stringers; "then stop pushing sideways when
+you get wet. Be content to run gracefully fore and aft, and curve in
+at the ends as we do."</p>
+
+<p>"No, no curves at the end. A very slight workmanlike curve from
+side to side, with a good grip at each knee, and little pieces
+welded on," said the deck beams.</p>
+
+<p>"Fiddle!" said the iron pillars of the deep, dark hold. "Who ever
+heard of curves? Stand up straight; be a perfectly round column, and
+carry tons of good solid weight. Like that! There!" A big sea
+smashed on to the deck above, and the pillars stiffened themselves
+to the load.</p>
+
+<p>"Straight up and down is not bad," said the frames who run that
+way in the sides of the ship, "but you must also expand yourself
+sideways. Expansion is the law of life, children. Open out! Open
+out!"</p>
+
+<p>"Come back!" said the deck beam, savagely, as the upward heave of
+the sea made the frames try to open. "Come back to your bearings,
+you slack-jawed irons!"</p>
+
+<p>"Rigidity! Rigidity! Rigidity!" thumped the engines. "Absolute,
+unvarying rigidity&mdash;rigidity!"</p>
+
+<p>"You see!" whined the rivets in chorus. "No two of you will ever
+pull alike, and&mdash;and you blame it all on us. We only know how
+to go through a plate and bite down on both sides so that it can't
+and mustn't and sha'n't move."</p>
+
+<p>"I've got one-sixteenth of an inch play at any rate," said the
+garboard strake triumphantly; and so he had, and all the bottom of
+the ship felt a good deal easier for it.</p>
+
+<p>"Then we're no good," sobbed the bottom rivets. "We were
+ordered&mdash;we were <i>ordered</i>&mdash;never to give, and we've
+given, and the sea will come in, and we'll all go to the bottom
+together! First we're blamed for everything unpleasant, and now we
+haven't the consolation of having done our work."</p>
+
+<p>"Don't say I told you," whispered the steam consolingly; "but,
+between you and me and the cloud I last came from, it was bound to
+happen sooner or later. You <i>had</i> to give a fraction, and you've
+given without knowing it. Now hold on, as before."</p>
+
+<p>"What's the use?" a few hundred rivets chattered. "We've
+given&mdash;we've given; and the sooner we confess that we can't
+keep the ship together and go off our little heads, the easier it
+will be. No rivet forged could stand this strain."</p>
+
+<p>"No one rivet was ever meant to. Share it among you," the steam
+answered.</p>
+
+<p>"The others can have my share. I'm going to pull out," said a
+rivet in one of the forward plates.</p>
+
+<p>"If you go, others will follow," hissed the steam. "There's
+nothing so contagious in a boat as rivets going. Why, I knew a
+little chap like you&mdash;he was an eighth of an inch fatter,
+though&mdash;on a steamer&mdash;to be sure, she was only twelve
+tons, now I come to think of it&mdash;in exactly the same place as
+you are. <i>He</i> pulled out in a bit of a bobble of a sea, not half as
+bad as this, and he started all his friends on the same butt-strap,
+and the plate opened like a furnace door, and I had to climb into
+the nearest fog bank while the boat went down."</p>
+
+<p>"Now that's peculiarly disgraceful," said the rivet. "Fatter than
+me, was he, and in a steamer not half our tonnage? Reedy little peg!
+I blush for the family, sir." He settled himself more firmly than
+ever in his place, and the steam chuckled.</p>
+
+<p>"You see," he went on quite gravely, "a rivet, and especially a
+rivet in <i>your</i> position, is really the <i>one</i> indispensable part of
+the ship." The steam did not say that he had whispered the very same
+thing to every <span class="pagenum"><a name="page335"
+id="page335"></a>[pg 335]</span> single piece of iron aboard. There
+is no sense in telling too much.</p>
+
+<p>And all that while the little "Dimbula" pitched and chopped and
+swung and slewed, and lay down as though she were going to die, and
+got up as though she had been stung, and threw her nose round and
+round in circles half a dozen times as she dipped, for the gale was
+at its worst. It was inky black, in spite of the tearing white froth
+on the waves, and, to top everything, the rain began to fall in
+sheets, so that you could not see your hand before your face. This
+did not make much difference to the iron-work below, but it troubled
+the foremast a good deal.</p>
+
+<p>"Now it's all finished," he said, dismally. "The conspiracy is
+too strong for us. There is nothing left but to&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Hurraar! Brrrraaah! Brrrrrrp!" roared the steam through the
+foghorn, till the decks quivered. "Don't be frightened below. It's
+only me, just throwing out a few words in case any one happens to be
+rolling round to-night,"</p>
+
+<p>"You don't mean to say there's any one except <i>us</i> on the sea in
+such weather?" said the funnel, in a husky snuffle.</p>
+
+<p>"Scores of 'em," said the steam, clearing its throat. "Rrrrrraaa!
+Brraaaaa! Prrrrp! It's a trifle windy up here; and, great boilers,
+how it rains!"</p>
+
+<p>"We're drowning," said the scuppers. They had been doing nothing
+else all night, but this steady thresh of rain above them seemed to
+be the end of the world.</p>
+
+<p>"That's all right. We'll be easier in an hour or two. First the
+wind and then the rain; soon you may make sail again! Grrraaaaah!
+Drrrraaaa! Drrrrrp! I have a notion that the sea is going down
+already. If it does you'll learn something about rolling. We've only
+pitched till now. By the way, aren't you chaps in the hold a little
+easier than you were?"</p>
+
+<p>There was just as much groaning and straining as ever, but it was
+not so loud or squeaky in tone; and when the ship quivered she did
+not jar stiffly, like a poker hit on the floor, but gave a supple
+little waggle, like a perfectly balanced golf club.</p>
+
+<p>"We have made a most amazing discovery," said the stringers, one
+after another; "a discovery that entirely changes the situation. We
+have found, for the first time in the history of shipbuilding, that
+the inward pull of the deck beams and the outward thrust of the
+frames locks us, as it were, more closely in our places, and enables
+us to endure a strain which is entirely without parallel in the
+records of marine architecture."</p>
+
+<p>The steam turned a laugh quickly into a roar up the foghorn.
+"What massive intellects you great stringers have!" he said, softly,
+when he had finished.</p>
+
+<p>"We, also," began the deck beams, "are discoverers and geniuses.
+We are of opinion that the support of the hold-pillars materially
+helps <i>us</i>. We find that we lock upon them when we are subjected to
+a heavy and singular weight of sea above."</p>
+
+<p>Here the "Dimbula" shot down a hollow, lying almost on her side,
+and righting at the bottom with a wrench and a spasm.</p>
+
+<p>"In these cases&mdash;are you aware of this, steam?&mdash;the
+plating at the bows, and particularly at the stern,&mdash;we would
+also mention the floors beneath us,&mdash;helps <i>us</i> to resist any
+tendency to spring." It was the frames who were speaking in the
+solemn and awed voice which people use when they have just come
+across something entirely new for the very first time.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm only a poor, puffy little flutterer," said the steam, "but I
+have to stand a good deal of pressure in my business. It's all
+tremendously interesting. Tell us some more. You fellows are <i>so</i>
+strong."</p>
+
+<p>"You'll see," said the bow plates proudly. "Ready behind there!
+Here's the father and mother of waves coming! Sit tight, rivets
+all!" The great sluicing comber thundered by, but through all the
+scuffle and confusion the steam could hear the low, quick cries of
+the iron-work as the various strains took them&mdash;cries like
+these: "Easy now, easy! <i>Now</i> push for all your strength! Hold out!
+Give a fraction! Hold up! Pull in! Shove crossways! Mind the strain
+at the ends! Grip now! Bite tight! Let the water get away from
+under, and there she goes."</p>
+
+<p>The wave raced off into the darkness shouting, "Not bad that, if
+it's your first run!" and the drenched and ducked ship throbbed to
+the beat of the engines inside her. All three cylinders were wet and
+white with the salt spray that had come down through the engine-room
+hatch; there was white salt on the canvas-bound steam pipes, and
+even the bright work below was speckled and soiled; but the
+cylinders had learned to make the most of steam that was half water,
+and were pounding along cheerfully.</p>
+
+<p>"How's the noblest outcome of human ingenuity hitting it?" said
+the steam, as he whirled through the engine room.</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing for nothing in the world of woe," the cylinders
+answered, as if they had <span class="pagenum"><a name="page336"
+id="page336"></a>[pg 336]</span> been working for centuries, "and
+precious little for seventy-five pounds head. We've made two knots
+this last hour and a quarter! Rather humiliating for eight hundred
+horse-power, isn't it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, it's better than drifting astern, at any rate. You seem
+rather less&mdash;how shall I put it?&mdash;stiff in the back than
+you were."</p>
+
+<p>"If you'd been hammered as we've been this night, you wouldn't be
+stiff&mdash;ffreff&mdash;ff&mdash;either.
+Theoreti&mdash;retti&mdash;retti&mdash;cally, of course, rigidity is
+<i>the</i> thing. Purr&mdash;purr&mdash;practically, there has to be a
+little give and take. <i>We</i> found that out by working on our sides
+for five minutes at a stretch&mdash;chch&mdash;chh. How's the
+weather?"</p>
+
+<p>"Sea's going down fast," said the steam.</p>
+
+<p>"Good business," said the high-pressure cylinder. "Whack her up
+along, boys. They've given us five pounds more steam;" and he began
+humming the first bars of "Said the young Obadiah to the old
+Obadiah," which, as you must have noticed, is a pet tune among
+engines not made for high speed. Racing liners with twin screws sing
+"The Turkish Patrol" and the overture to the "Bronze Horse" and
+"Madame Angot," till something goes wrong, and then they give
+Gounod's "Funeral March of a Marionette" with variations.</p>
+
+<p>"You'll learn a song of your own some fine day," said the steam,
+as he flew up the foghorn for one last bellow.</p>
+
+<p>Next day the sky cleared and the sea dropped a little, and the
+"Dimbula" began to roll from side to side till every inch of iron in
+her was sick and giddy. But, luckily, they did not all feel ill at
+the same time; otherwise she would have opened out like a wet paper
+box. The steam whistled warnings as he went about his business, for
+it is in this short, quick roll and tumble that follows a heavy sea
+that most of the accidents happen; because then everything thinks
+that the worst is over and goes off guard. So he orated and
+chattered till the beams and frames and floors and stringers and
+things had learned how to lock down and lock up on one another, and
+endure this new kind of strain.</p>
+
+<p>They had ample time, for they were sixteen days at sea, and it
+was foul weather till within a hundred miles of New York. The
+"Dimbula" picked up her pilot, and came in covered with salt and red
+rust. Her funnel was dirty gray from top to bottom; two boats had
+been carried away; three copper ventilators looked like hats after a
+fight with the police; the bridge had a dimple in the middle of it;
+the house that covered the steam steering-gear was split as with
+hatchets; there was a bill for small repairs in the engine room
+almost as long as the screw-shaft; the forward cargo hatch fell into
+bucket staves when they raised the iron crossbars; and the steam
+capstan had been badly wrenched on its bed. Altogether, as the
+skipper said, it was "a pretty general average."</p>
+
+<p>"But she's soupled," he said to Mr. Buchanan. "For all her dead
+weight, she rode like a yacht. Ye mind that last blow off the Banks?
+I was proud of her."</p>
+
+<p>"It's vara good," said the chief engineer, looking along the
+dishevelled decks. "Now, a man judging superficially would say we
+were a wreck, but we know otherwise&mdash;by experience."</p>
+
+<p>Naturally, everything in the "Dimbula" stiffened with pride, and
+the foremast and the forward collision bulkhead, who are pushing
+creatures, begged the steam to warn the port of New York of their
+arrival. "Tell those big boats all about us," they said. "They seem
+to take us quite as a matter of course."</p>
+
+<p>It was a glorious, clear, dead calm morning, and in single file,
+with less than half a mile between each, their bands playing, and
+their tugboats shouting and waving handkerchiefs beneath, were the
+"Majestic," the "Paris," the "Touraine," the "Servia," the "Kaiser
+Wilhelm II." and the "Werkendam," all statelily going out to sea. As
+the "Dimbula" shifted her helm to give the great boats clear way,
+the steam (who knows far too much to mind making an exhibition of
+himself now and then) shouted:</p>
+
+<p>"Oyez! oyez! oyez! Princes, Dukes, and Barons of the High Seas!
+Know ye by these presents we are the 'Dimbula,' fifteen days nine
+hours out from Liverpool, having crossed the Atlantic with four
+thousand ton of cargo for the first time in our career. We have not
+foundered! We are here! Eer! eer! We are not disabled. But we have
+had a time wholly unparalleled in the annals of shipbuilding. Our
+decks were swept. We pitched, we rolled! We thought we were going to
+die! Hi! hi! But we didn't! We wish to give notice that we have come
+to New York all the way across the Atlantic, through the worst
+weather in the world; and we are the 'Dimbula.' We
+are&mdash;arr&mdash;ha&mdash;ha&mdash;ha-r-r!"</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful line of boats swept by as steadily as the
+procession of the seasons. The "Dimbula" heard the "Majestic" say
+"Humph!" and the "Paris" grunted "How!" and the "Touraine" said
+"Oui!" with a little coquettish flicker of steam; and the "Servia"
+said "Haw!" and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page337"
+id="page337"></a>[pg 337]</span> "Kaiser" and the "Werkendam" said
+"Hoch!" Dutch fashion&mdash;and that was absolutely all.</p>
+
+<p>"I did my best," said the steam, gravely, "but I don't think they
+were much impressed with us, somehow. Do you?"</p>
+
+<p>"It's simply disgusting," said the bow-plates. "They might have
+seen what we've been through. There isn't a ship on the sea that has
+suffered as we have&mdash;is there now?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I wouldn't go so far as that," said the steam, "because
+I've worked on some of those boats, and put them through weather
+quite as bad as we've had in six days; and some of them are a little
+over ten thousand tons, I believe. Now, I've seen the 'Majestic,'
+for instance, ducked from her bows to her funnel, and I've helped
+the 'Arizona,' I think she was, to back off an iceberg she met with
+one dark night; and I had to run out of the 'Paris's' engine room
+one day because there was thirty foot of water in it. Of course, I
+don't deny&mdash;" The steam shut off suddenly as a tugboat, loaded
+with a political club and a brass band that had been to see a
+senator off to Europe, crossed the bows, going to Hoboken. There was
+a long silence, that reached without a break from the cut-water to
+the propeller blades of the "Dimbula."</p>
+
+<p>Then one big voice said slowly and thickly, as though the owner
+had just waked up: "It's my conviction that I have made a fool of
+myself."</p>
+
+<p>The steam knew what had happened at once; for when a ship finds
+herself, all the talking of the separate pieces ceases and melts
+into one deep voice, which is the soul of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>"Who are you?" he said, with a laugh.</p>
+
+<p>"I am the 'Dimbula,' of course. I've never been anything else
+except that&mdash;and a fool."</p>
+
+<p>The tugboat, which was doing its very best to be run down, got
+away just in time, and its band was playing clashily and brassily a
+popular but impolite air:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>In the days of old Rameses&mdash;are you on?</p>
+<p>In the days of old Rameses&mdash;are you on?</p>
+<p>In the days of old Rameses,</p>
+<p>That story had paresis&mdash;</p>
+<p>Are you on&mdash;are you on&mdash;are you on?</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>"Well, I'm glad you've found yourself,"
+said the steam. "To tell the truth, I was
+a little tired of talking to all those ribs of
+stringers. Here's quarantine. After that
+we'll go to our wharf and clean up a
+little, and next month we'll do it all over
+again."</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+<h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.&mdash;GOYA AND HIS CAREER.&mdash;FOUR ENGLISH
+PAINTERS OF FAMILIAR LIFE.&mdash;GÉRICAULT, INGRES, AND DELACROIX.</h3>
+
+<h4>By Will H. Low.</h4>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterL.jpg" name="fig337" id="fig337"><img  src="images/LetterL.jpg" alt="Letter L" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">OOKING backward to the first quarter of this century, it is
+hardly too sweeping an assertion to say that, with a single
+exception, there was little that was important in the way of
+painting outside of France and England. There were local reputations
+in all the other countries, practitioners of the art who joined to a
+respectable proficiency in painting an adhesion to the traditions
+which had been handed down to them. These men, in their time and
+place, were notable; and in the museums of their respective
+countries their works remain of chronological interest to students
+of painting. But to the larger public which these papers address,
+they are of little importance, having exercised but slight influence
+on contemporaneous art.</p>
+
+<p>The exception already noted was in Spain, and there only in the
+case of a single painter. Francisco Goya y Lucientes, "Pintor
+Español," as he delighted to call himself, would be, indeed has
+been, a fascinating subject for picturesque biography. Charles
+Yriarte, the well-known French art critic, has given the world a
+most interesting and complete story of Goya's life, which, though it
+is only separated from our own day by a span of seventy years,
+chronicles the exploits of one who in the history of art must hark
+back to Benvenuto Cellini in the sixteenth century to find his
+parallel.</p>
+
+<p>Goya was born March 31, 1746, at Fuente de Todos, in the province
+of Aragon. The son of a small farmer, he was <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page338" id="page338"></a>[pg 338]</span>
+placed when very young in the local Academy of Fine Arts at
+Saragossa, where he received instruction from Bayen and Luzan,
+painters little known outside of Spain. The swashbuckler instincts
+which were to govern him through life manifested themselves here,
+where in a street brawl he laid low three of his adversaries. He
+found it prudent to evade both justice and the vengeance which
+followed swift and sure in those days in Spain, by flying to Madrid.
+Soon after his arrival in the capital, however, in continuation of
+his old mode of life, he was picked up for dead in one of the low
+quarters of the town. Surviving the poignard, but again threatened
+with arrest, he joined a <i>quadrilla</i> of bull-fighters, in whose
+company he went from town to town, giving exhibitions of his prowess
+in the national sport.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/338-1.jpg" name="fig338-1" id="fig338-1">
+<img  src="images/338-1.jpg" alt="THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA." /></a>
+<h5>THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</h5>
+
+<p>There is a tradition that this etching was made from nature, the
+model&mdash;some malefactor executed by the strangling method
+employed in Spain&mdash;being studied by Goya from his chamber
+window.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>With all this, painting must have been somewhat of an interlude;
+but Goya had early shown signs of great talent, and before he left
+Saragossa, his master, Josepha Bayen, had confidence enough in his
+future to entrust the happiness of his daughter to his care by
+permitting his marriage to her. Goya's biographer notes that through
+all the various adventures of his career he had the utmost care for
+the material comfort of this lady. Her character must impress us
+to-day as charitable to excess; for, shortly after the bull-fighting
+episode, Goya found himself in Rome, where his next exploit was the
+abduction, from a convent, of a noble Roman girl. With the police
+once more on his track, he sought refuge at the Spanish Embassy,
+whence he was despatched home in disguise, probably to the relief of
+his country's representative in Rome. Before this adventure, which
+was only one of many which the charitable wife had to pardon, he had
+attracted the attention of David, who was then in Italy, and who, as
+his art differed in every way from that of Goya, must have been
+strongly impressed by his work to give it his approval.</p>
+<br clear="all" />
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/338-2.jpg" name="fig338-2" id="fig338-2">
+<img  src="images/338-2.jpg" alt="DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA." /></a>
+<h5>DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</h5>
+
+<p>One of the plates from the "Disasters of War" where the grotesque
+and huge figure of Death appears to the combatants.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On arriving home Goya was given employment in designing a series
+of tapestries for the royal palace; and from 1780, when he was made
+a member of the Spanish Royal Academy, ensues the period of his
+greatest artistic activity. Carrying into his art the same excess of
+temperament which marked his life, his execution was rapid and
+decisive. Rebellious to the ordinary means employed by painters, he
+used various mediums, some of which <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page339" id="page339"></a>[pg 339]</span> have ill withstood
+the ravages of time; and, disdaining brushes, he often employed
+sponges or bits of rag in their place. In the case of one of his
+pictures, a revolt of the Madrilenians against the French, it is
+said that he employed a spoon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1799 Goya was made painter to the king, Charles III., whose
+successor, the fourth of his name, continued his favor. The time,
+which was that of the notorious "Prince of Peace," Godoy, was
+favorable for a character like that of Goya, whose eccentricities
+were looked upon with an indulgent eye by a court which must have
+felt that its function was hardly that of moral censor. At least
+Goya, the intimate of Maria Louisa and the court circle, by no means
+abandoned his friends the bull-fighters and tavern-keepers. Fresh
+from an altar-piece for a cathedral, or a royal portrait, his ready
+brush found employment in rapidly painting a street scene, or even a
+sign for a wine-shop. A whitewashed wall for canvas and mud from the
+gutter for pigment, were the means employed to embody a patriotic
+theme at the entrance of the French soldiers into Madrid&mdash;a
+popular masterpiece executed to the plaudits of the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>All this would seem to denote a charlatan; yet withal, Goya has
+fairly won his place amid the great painters of the world. Perhaps
+no better example could be found of the essential difference between
+the outward and visible actions of a man and the inward and
+spiritual grace of an artist than in this instance; and the Latin
+standpoint, always more intellectually liberal than our own
+Anglo-Saxon appreciation of the same problem furnishes the reason
+why Goya was left free to pursue his artistic career instead of
+languishing in prison. His illogical brush filled the cathedrals of
+Saragossa, Seville, Toledo, and Valencia with masterly frescoes,
+while with the etching needle he produced many plates. Some of
+these, like the "Caprices," a series of eighty etchings, are filled
+with imagination alternately tragical and grotesque; while another
+series, representing bull-fights, throughout its thirty-three plates
+depicts the incidents of the game with intense realism. The
+"Disasters of War," another series of eighty, were inspired by the
+French invasion; and never, perhaps, were the cruelties of war more
+strenuously realized in art than in these. Probably these etchings,
+executed, like all his works, by methods peculiar to himself,
+constitute his best title to remembrance. But his painting, replete
+though it be with the defects of his qualities, stands as a
+precursor of the great coloristic school of which Delacroix was the
+head and front. This is notably to be felt in his portraits, and in
+some of the rapidly executed single figures of which the Louvre has
+a specimen and the Metropolitan Museum, New York, another&mdash;the
+latter, "A Jewess of Tangiers."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/339.jpg" name="fig339" id="fig339">
+<img src="images/339.jpg" alt="GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF." /></a>
+<h5>GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.</h5>
+
+<p>This portrait is the frontispiece to a series of etchings by Goya.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before leaving Goya for men whose works are their only history, a
+characteristic incident, which caused his flight from Spain to
+Bordeaux in France, must be told. In 1814 Wellington was in Madrid
+and sat for his portrait to Goya. After the first sitting, the
+soldier presumed to criticise the work; whereat Goya, seizing a
+cutlass, attacked him, causing the future hero of Waterloo to flee
+for his life from the maniacal fury of the painter. It is said that,
+later, peace was made between the two men, and that the portrait was
+achieved; but for the moment Goya found safety in France, together
+with his <span class="pagenum"><a name="page340"
+id="page340"></a>[pg 340]</span> long-suffering wife, who had
+incidentally borne him twenty children. At the green old age of
+eighty-two Goya died at Bordeaux, April 16, 1828.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/340.jpg" name="fig340" id="fig340">
+<img src="images/340.jpg" alt="ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN THE CATHEDRAL AT SEVILLE." /></a>
+<h5>ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN THE CATHEDRAL AT SEVILLE.</h5>
+
+<p>These are the patron saints of Seville. The legend has it
+that they were the daughters of a potter and followed their
+father's trade, giving away in charity, however, all that they
+earned more than was sufficient to supply their simple wants.
+At the time of a festival to Venus, they were requested to supply
+the vessels to be used in her worship, and on their refusing,
+they were dragged before the prefect, who condemned them to
+death, July 19, A.D. 304. They are generally represented with
+earthen vessels and the palms of martyrdom; in this case, the
+broken statue of Venus lies in the foreground. The Giralda
+tower, the chief ornament of Seville, and the prototype of the
+Madison Square tower in New York City, is their especial care,
+and it is believed that its preservation from lightning is due to
+them.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No greater contrast could be devised than the four works which
+follow, either in the character of the art or in the uneventful
+respectability of the painters' lives. They are all typical of a
+class of pictures which has been popular in England, from the time
+of Hogarth to the present day. The earliest of them is the "Blind
+Fiddler" of Sir David Wilkie, which was exhibited at the Royal
+Academy in 1807. The dates at which the others, by Mulready,
+Webster, and Leslie, were painted would preclude their appearance
+here, if strict chronological sequence were imposed, as they were
+painted about 1840. It is instructive, however, to group them
+together, to show that these artists and their followers, who were
+legion, thought at least as much of subject as of method. Not that
+the latter quality is lacking. On the contrary, it is only too
+evident; but it is a method of convention. No one would imagine for
+a moment, in looking at any one of these pictures, that he was
+admitted an unseen spectator to some scene of intimate family life.
+It is this quality which the great Dutchmen in all their scenes of
+familiar life preserved; and when we look at a Pieter de Hooge, for
+instance, there is no suspicion that the homely scene has been
+arranged for our delectation. In its transplantation from Holland,
+however, English art lost just this quality.</p>
+
+<p>David Wilkie, born in Scotland, at Cults in Fifeshire, November
+18, 1785, came to London in 1805 to enter the Royal Academy schools,
+after some preliminary training at Edinburgh. His first picture, in
+the exhibition of 1806, "The Village Politicians," attracted
+attention, and was followed the next year by "The Blind Fiddler."
+The work of a youth of twenty-two, it is remarkable for its close
+observation of character and the skilful use made of what may be
+termed the theatrical faculty of grouping the personages so that
+their action tells the story. This is not a merit, and there is
+little doubt that the scene would be greater as art were it more
+consistently human. Character is well and pictorially rendered; but
+by its insistence in every figure, we feel that it is but a moment
+since the curtain was withdrawn and the <i>tableau vivant</i> shown. This
+and the pictures following it met with the most unbounded popular
+approval, were reproduced by engraving, and exercised an influence
+increased by the honors and fortune which were showered on the
+painter.</p>
+
+<p>In 1825 Wilkie made an extended continental tour, and three years
+later, after his return to England, changed his class of subjects
+for historical and portrait painting, bringing to these later themes
+the same ability and the same lack of <i>naïveté</i> which characterized
+his former work. A Royal Academician since 1811, he was appointed
+first painter in ordinary to the king, on the death of Lawrence, in
+1830. He was knighted in 1836, and died at sea on June 1, 1841,
+while returning from Egypt.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page341" id="page341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/341.jpg" name="fig341" id="fig341">
+<img src="images/341.jpg" alt="THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE." /></a>
+<h5>THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.</h5>
+
+<p>"An itinerant musician is entertaining a cottager and his family
+with a tune on the fiddle; the father gayly snaps his fingers at an
+infant on the knees of the mother, behind whom a mischievous boy,
+with the poker and bellows in his hands, is mimicking the action of
+the musician. With this exception, all, even the dog standing by the
+chair of its mistress, appear to be intent upon the music of the
+blind fiddler." This quotation, from the catalogue of the National
+Gallery where the original picture is placed, accurately describes
+it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page342" id="page342"></a>[pg 342]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/342.jpg" name="fig342" id="fig342">
+<img  src="images/342.jpg" alt="CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON." /></a>
+<h5>CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON.</h5>
+
+<p>To the title of this picture, the painter himself added, as
+expository of his theme and the source of his inspiration, the
+following passage from Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield": "I had
+scarcely taken orders a year, before I began to think seriously of
+matrimony, and chose my wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a
+fine glossy surface, but for such qualities as would wear well." The
+picture thus affords a good instance of the dependence on literature
+of the painters of Mulready's school. Its title alone would suffice,
+so well and simply is the story told; but, apparently, with the
+British public, and in the painter's mind, it gained an added grace
+by diverting the visual impression of the observer to the realm of
+literature. The picture is here reproduced from a copyrighted
+photograph by Frederick Hollyer, Kensington.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>William Mulready was of Irish birth, having come into the world
+at Ennis, in the County Clare, April 1, 1786. In 1809, after a
+period in the schools of the Royal Academy, he exhibited there a
+picture entitled "Fair Time," which gave him almost instant success;
+and until his death, July 7, 1863, though producing fewer pictures
+than Wilkie, he worked on very much the same class of subjects.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page343" id="page343"></a>[pg
+343]</span> His color is less agreeable than that of the Scot, and
+his execution very much more labored. His life was uneventful,
+occupied exclusively with his work, which he loved; so much so that
+two days before his death, an old man of seventy-seven, he sat
+drawing in the evening life class at the Royal Academy. He had been
+a member of the Academy since 1816. The picture here reproduced is
+(even without the quotation from the "Vicar of Wakefield" which
+accompanies it in the catalogue of the South Kensington Museum) a
+simple story simply told. It is free from the mannerisms which mar
+much of Mulready's work, especially in the portrayal of children,
+and in the original is more agreeable in color than are many of his
+pictures.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/343.jpg" name="fig343" id="fig343">
+<img  src="images/343.jpg" alt="CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER." /></a>
+<h5>CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.</h5>
+<p> The happily chosen title explains sufficiently this pleasant scene.
+The picture, painted in 1843, is now in the South
+Kensington Museum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thomas Webster, born March 20, 1800, in London, and dying at
+Cranbrook in Kent, September, 1886, was another painter whose work
+had enjoyed the full meed of popularity, from 1825 to the time of
+his retirement from the Royal Academy in 1877. Pictures like the one
+here reproduced (from the original in the South Kensington Museum,
+painted in 1843, and entitled "Contrary Winds"), pictures depicting
+homely rustic life, were his specialty. His work had gained him the
+title of Royal Academician in 1846.</p>
+
+<p>Through all this time, and in the work of many painters unnoticed
+here, the qualities are evident of an honest endeavor to paint the
+simple life of the country. With a higher standard of taste, and
+better preliminary instruction, painting would have gained; and the
+defect with which British art has been so often reproached, of being
+too literary, might have been lessened. Charles Robert Leslie, whose
+works are almost uniformly inspired by literature, was born at
+Clerkenwell in England, of American parents, October 19, 1794. He
+was taken to Philadelphia when five years of age, but returned to
+England in 1811, to study at the Royal Academy. Washington Allston
+and Benjamin West, both Americans&mdash;the latter at the time
+President of the Royal Academy&mdash;aided Leslie by advice.</p>
+
+<p>After a preliminary stage as a portrait painter, Leslie exhibited
+at the Royal Academy in 1819 a picture of "Sir Roger de Coverley
+Going to Church," the first of a long series of pictures dependent
+on books for their subjects. In 1825 he painted "Sancho Panza and
+the Duchess," which procured him his election as an Academician the
+following year. The picture here reproduced is a repetition, with
+some slight changes, of the same subject, <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page344" id="page344"></a>[pg 344]</span> but was painted in
+1844. Leslie may be said to have originated this style of subject in
+England, where he has had many followers; and, given the requisite
+knowledge of literature, his pictures tell their story with
+directness and humor. In painting, his work is rather hard; but in
+grace and style of drawing he was much superior to his
+contemporaries. Among his pictures are many suggested by
+Shakespeare, which have been popularized by engraving.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/344.jpg" name="fig344" id="fig344">
+<img src="images/344.jpg" alt="SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A PAINTING BY C.E. LESLIE." /></a>
+<h5>SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A PAINTING BY
+C.E. LESLIE.</h5>
+
+<p>Sancho having, by the command of the Duchess, seated himself upon
+a low stool, is saying, "Now, madam, that I am sure that nobody but
+the company present hears us, I will answer without fear or emotion
+to all you have asked and to all you shall ask me; and the first
+thing I tell you is that I take my master, Don Quixote, for a
+downright madman." The original picture is in the National Gallery,
+London.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Leslie returned to this country in 1833 to accept the
+professorship of drawing at the West Point Military Academy, but
+remained only a few months. After returning to London, he enjoyed a
+successful career until his death, May 5, 1859. He was one of the
+first and most consistent admirers of Constable's work, and wrote
+his life. He also published lectures on painting, delivered at the
+Royal Academy, where he had been appointed lecturer in 1848.</p>
+
+<p>The consideration of the two men whose portraits face each other
+here, and who stood thus opposed, during their lives, as the leaders
+of all that constituted art in their time and country, takes us back
+to France. Frequent returns of this character will be necessary in
+the course of these papers; for, without undue prejudice in favor of
+the French, it must be said that they alone have through the century
+maintained a consistent attitude in regard to art. Other countries
+have from time to time encouraged painting, with as frequent lapses
+of interest or lack of men who could legitimately inspire interest.
+Although transplanted bodily from Italy to France, in the time of
+Francis the First, art had taken so firm a root by the commencement
+of this century that, as we have seen, it grew and flourished though
+watered by the red blood of revolution. As a national institution,
+following the prescribed rules of the Academy, it has, of course,
+met with frequent assaults at the hands of men for whom prescribed
+academic law was as naught in comparison with the higher law of
+genius. In 1819 such a man appeared, with a picture which violated
+the unwritten law formulated by David: "Look in your Plutarch and
+paint!"</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>[pg 345]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/345.jpg" name="fig345" id="fig345">
+<img src="images/345.jpg" alt="THE RAFT OF THE 'MEDUSA.' FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT IN THE LOUVRE." /></a>
+<h5>THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT IN THE
+LOUVRE.</h5>
+
+<p>The frigate "Medusa," accompanied by three other vessels, left
+France June 17, 1816, heading for Saint-Louis (Senegal), with the
+governor and principal officers of the colony as passengers. On July
+2 the vessel stranded on a reef, and after five days of ineffectual
+effort to float her, was abandoned. A raft was constructed and one
+hundred and forty-nine men embarked on it, the remainder of the crew
+and passengers, four hundred all told, taking to the boats. For
+twelve days, the raft floated at the will of the waves and winds;
+then it was sighted by one of the convoys, the brig Argus. Only
+fifteen men survived. The picture represents the moment of their
+deliverance.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page346" id="page346"></a>[pg 346]</span>
+
+<p>Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault, born at Rouen, September 26,
+1791, came to Paris in 1808, and entered the studio of Guérin, where
+his method of painting displeased his master to such a degree that
+he advised him to abandon the study of art. Guérin had thoroughly
+imbibed the defects of the David method; and the spectacle of a
+youth who obstinately persisted in trying to paint the model as he
+really appeared, instead of making a pink imitation of antique
+sculpture, seemed to him to be of little promise.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/346.jpg" name="fig346" id="fig346">
+<img src="images/346.jpg" alt="INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF." /></a>
+<h5>INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.</h5>
+
+<p>Painted for the gallery of Painters' Portraits in the Uffizi,
+Florence, in 1858, according to the inscription on the picture. This
+most interesting collection, which is still being added to year by
+year, comprises the portraits of the great painters, in most cases
+by their own hands, from the time of the Renaissance to our day.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Géricault, however, persisted; and with the exception of about a
+year, when the halo of military glory seduced him from his work, he
+worked so well and earnestly that, after two years' sojourn in
+Italy, he returned to Paris, a few weeks before the Salon of 1819,
+equipped with the knowledge of a master.</p>
+
+<p>Taking a canvas about fifteen feet high by twenty in length,
+using the green-room of a theatre for a studio, he set to work.
+Disdaining the prevailing taste for mythology and classic themes, he
+took from the journals of the time the moving recital of the
+sufferings of the crew of the frigate "Medusa," abandoned on a raft
+in mid-ocean. Choosing the moment when the fifteen survivors of the
+hundred and forty-nine men who had embarked on the raft sighted the
+sail in the offing which meant their deliverance, he worked with an
+energy and fire which have remained remarkable in the annals of art.
+Certain of the figures, all of which are more than life size, were
+painted in a day, and when the Salon of 1819 opened, the picture was
+finished.</p>
+
+
+<p>Seen as it is to-day in the Louvre, blackened by time and the
+neglect from which it suffered for six or seven years before it was
+placed there, it remains one of the capital pages in the history of
+modern art. The effect on the younger generation who saw it fresh
+from the hand of the master, accustomed as they were to the lifeless
+effigies of the classic school, was puzzling, and none but the most
+revolutionary dared approve of it. With the older painters there was
+a similar distrust of the impression which it caused. Yet
+David&mdash;an artistic kernel encased in an academic
+husk&mdash;admired it; and so did a swarthy youth who was soon to
+make his <span class="pagenum"><a name="page347"
+id="page347"></a>[pg 347]</span> mark and who was a friend and
+former comrade of Géricault in the <i>atelier</i> Guérin&mdash;Eugène
+Delacroix.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/347.jpg" name="fig347" id="fig347">
+<img src="images/347.jpg" alt="DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837." /></a>
+<h5>DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.</h5>
+
+<p>This portrait was left by the painter at his death to Mlle. Jenny
+Leguillon, his housekeeper, and by her was bequeathed to the Louvre
+in 1872.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Géricault received a recompense of the fourth class, and,
+disgusted with his lot, took the immense canvas to London, where it
+was exhibited with success. During his sojourn in England he
+executed a number of pictures in oil and water color, and many
+lithographs, which are to-day eagerly sought by collectors.
+Returning to France full of projects for work, his health began to
+give way, and on the 18th of January, 1824, he died. The influence
+which he exercised had, however, borne its fruits. Already in the
+Salon of 1822 Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix, born at Charenton,
+near Paris, April 26, 1799, had shown his "Dante and Virgil."</p>
+
+<p>Before considering Delacroix, however, it is best to return to
+the earlier years of the century, and give J. Dominique Auguste
+Ingres, whose stern face confronts Delacroix's portrait, the
+precedence to which his age entitles him.</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur" Ingres, as the iconoclastic leaders of the romantic
+school called him in mock deference, was born at Montauban, August
+29, 1780. His life was fortunate, and his history, which is chiefly
+that of his works, can be told in few words. A pupil of David, he
+received the Prix de Rome in 1801. He remained in Rome much longer
+than the allotted four years to which his prize entitled him, and
+returned there often during his life as to the source of all art. By
+portraiture and the constant patronage of the government, the
+material conditions of his life, which was of a simple character,
+befitting a man who viewed his mission as that of an apostle
+preaching the doctrine of pure classicism, were made easy; and the
+official titles of Member of the Institute, Grand Officer of the
+Legion of Honor, and Senator of the Empire all came to him with the
+lapse of years.</p>
+
+<p>More royalist than the king, and the last of David's disciples,
+Ingres pursued throughout his life the even tenor of a man convinced
+that the source of all inspiration in art was Greek sculpture as
+amplified, transmuted, and translated to the realm of painting by
+Raphael. Painting in his hands became almost purely a matter of
+form. The element of color was virtually ignored, and form,
+chastened in contour and modelling, became through the magic of his
+genius the almost sufficient quality. The qualification is
+necessary. For though too great a man to lose, as too many of his
+master's pupils did, the grasp on nature; and while, therefore, his
+works, seen as they are through the glamour of the antique, never
+lack an intimate relation to existing life, it is impossible to
+resist the feeling before them that it is life beautified, of
+exquisite yet virile choice, but of life arrested. The reproach of
+his opponents of the romantic school that he was an "embalmer" has a
+foundation of truth.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page348" id="page348"></a>[pg 348]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/348.jpg" name="fig348" id="fig348">
+<img src="images/348.jpg" alt="A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816." /></a>
+<h5>A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.</h5>
+
+<p>This lovely drawing, from the collection in the Louvre, shows
+Ingres in his most pleasing aspect. By the magic of a few lines
+faintly traced, he has evoked for us the image of a charming person;
+and by the slight indication of costume, has also fixed the epoch at
+which the drawing was made. It was in the earlier years of the
+master, while he was in Rome, that he drew many such little
+masterpieces as a means of livelihood, drawings which he then made
+for a few francs, and which are now eagerly sought by the museums of
+Europe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page349" id="page349"></a>[pg 349]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/349.jpg" name="fig349" id="fig349">
+<img src="images/349.jpg" alt="APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES." /></a>
+<h5>APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.</h5>
+
+<p>Originally painted for a ceiling in the gallery of Greek and
+Roman Antiquities, in the Louvre, where it is now replaced by a copy
+of the same executed by Ingres's pupils. The picture represents
+Homer crowned as Jupiter by Victory, and seated before his temple
+receiving the homage of the poets, painters, sculptors, and
+architects of the world.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page350" id="page350"></a>[pg 350]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/350.jpg" name="fig350" id="fig350">
+<img src="images/350.jpg" alt="THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX." /></a>
+<h5>THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A PAINTING
+BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX.</h5>
+
+<p>In 1203, through political intrigue, a French army, raised to
+take part in the fourth crusade for the rescue of Jerusalem from the
+Mohammedans, joined with a Venetian army in an attack on
+Constantinople, then a Christian city, the capital of the Byzantine
+Empire. The city fell, but later was recovered. Then, on April 12,
+1204, the invaders secured it again, and subjected it to a
+despoilment without parallel. Delacroix's picture portrays a scene
+in this despoilment. One of the invading barons, attended by his
+escort, rides on to a terrace, and the citizens fall before him,
+praying his mercy. Behind lies the Bosphorous, and beyond it are the
+shores of Asia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>For all this, it is hardly superlative to say that, since art
+began, no man has ever felt the exquisite and subtle harmony of line
+to the same degree as Ingres. Naturally the best examples of this,
+his greatest quality, are to be found in his rendering of the nude
+human form; and from the "Oedipus and the Sphinx," of 1808, to "La
+Source," of 1856, both of which are now in the Louvre, he returned
+again and again to its study, producing each time a masterpiece. His
+portraits, again, are most masterly, occasionally rising through
+sheer force of rendering each characteristic trait of his model (as
+in the portrait of M. Bertin, the editor of the "Débats"), to the
+extreme exactitude of Holbein, coupled with an <i>allure</i> so
+thoroughly modern that the whole epoch of Louis Philippe lives
+before us. In the slighter drawings of his earlier years in Rome,
+one of which is reproduced here, only the most typical details are
+chosen, and these are indicated with a delicacy of touch, a sureness
+of hand, that not only indicates the master, but lends a distinctive
+charm of truthful delicacy of which none but Ingres has known the
+secret. It is in such works that his influence will be felt the
+longest; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page351"
+id="page351"></a>[pg 351]</span> for, as with his master, the great
+pictures in which he exemplified his principles remain cold and
+uninteresting. The "Homer Deified," reproduced here, was originally
+intended as a ceiling for the Louvre, and from a decorative point of
+view would excite a pitying smile from Veronese or Tiepolo. Taken
+bit by bit, as a beautiful exhibition of supreme knowledge, of the
+evasive quality of style in drawing, it is, however, admirable, and
+as a whole it has the merits of grave, balanced composition. It was
+the spirit of work like this which the master sought to force upon
+his epoch, rather than that of his portraits or of pictures like the
+"Source;" and the austerity of these principles met with more
+submission in the earlier years of the century than when later
+Géricault had shown the path in which the audacious Delacroix threw
+himself at the head of a band of romantic followers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/351.jpg" name="fig351" id="fig351">
+<img src="images/351.jpg" alt="DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL CITY OF DITÉ. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX, IN THE LOUVRE." /></a>
+<h5>DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL
+CITY OF DITÉ. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX, IN THE LOUVRE.</h5>
+
+<p>The subject is taken from Dante's "Inferno," and represents the
+poet and his companions and guide standing in a bark conducted by
+Phlegyas, while around them appear on the surface of the water the
+writhing bodies of the condemned, among whom Dante recognizes
+certain Florentines.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page352" id="page352"></a>[pg 352]</span>
+
+<p>I have used the term audacious in speaking of Delacroix, and
+circumstances forced him to justify the epithet. Yet to a student of
+his work, and still more of his character as revealed in his
+writings (his recently published letters and the few articles
+published during his life in the "Revue des Deux-Mondes"), he would
+appear to have been by nature prepared to receive the full academic
+tradition, and only because of what appeared a violation of the
+tradition <i>as he understood it</i>, to have arrayed himself in violent
+opposition: a situation which rendered him in work and in life
+contradictory to his natural instinct. It is the old story of the
+defect of system. Even the most cunningly devised cannot make a
+place for all the many manifestations of temperamental activity.
+Like Géricault, a pupil of Guérin, Delacroix found in his master and
+in the general spirit of the school an insistence on the letter of
+the classic law to which his richly endowed nature could not bend,
+and was thus forced to rebel; whereas a more elastic application of
+received principles would have found him an enthusiastic adherent.
+In this way he missed acquiring the technical mastery over form,
+which proved a stumbling block to him through life. At times his
+drawing is possessed of a vigor and life which even Ingres never
+had; at others his work is almost lamentable in its lack of
+constructive form. In respect to color in its finest, most harmonic
+qualities, he is the greatest of French painters; and at all times
+he is master of an intense dramatic force. It was with a
+masterpiece&mdash;"Dante and Virgil"&mdash;that he made his first
+appearance at the Salon in 1822. At a bound he found himself famous.
+Guérin, who had counselled him against sending his picture to the
+Salon, grudgingly acknowledged that he was wrong. Gros told him that
+it was like Rubens, with more correctness of form&mdash;Rubens
+"chastened" was the word. The government bought the picture, paying
+the artist two hundred and forty dollars&mdash;twelve hundred
+francs&mdash;for it.</p>
+
+<p>The same year Delacroix submissively made his final attempt for
+the Prix de Rome, but came out sixtieth in the competition.
+Thenceforward he was to be constantly before the public, constantly
+opposed, misunderstood, criticised; but nevertheless, with all the
+energy which shows in his portrait, constantly in the front. When
+his defenders had sufficient influence to force the hand of the
+ministry of fine arts, he was commissioned to paint for the state;
+and to this we owe the decorations in the gallery of Apollon in the
+Louvre, the decorations in the church of St. Sulpice, and others.
+When he received the order for the entrance of the Crusaders to
+Constantinople for the Gallery of Battles at Versailles, the good
+King Louis Philippe sent him word to make it as little like his
+usual style as possible!</p>
+
+<p>Among Delacroix's critics Ingres, with all the force of his
+convictions, was the foremost. He to whom a sky had always served as
+a simple background was not created to understand the almost purple
+canopy of azure stretching far above the heads of the Crusaders; nor
+to find barbaric delight in the rich trappings of horses and men,
+since to him a drapery was simply a textureless covering adjusted to
+accentuate the form beneath. Delacroix, whose intelligence was of a
+higher order and who said of himself that he was "more rebellious
+than revolutionary," treated Ingres when they met on official
+occasions, as at the meetings of the Institute (where finally
+Delacroix had penetrated), with a high and distant courtesy which
+his sturdy adversary, strong in his pious devotion to classicism,
+hardly returned. Delacroix had by far the most brilliant following,
+reinforced as it was by the landscape painters, who from 1830
+onwards gave to this century its most notable school of painting.
+Added to this was a fair measure of appreciation on the part of
+collectors.</p>
+
+<p>Delacroix's genius found expression in many small pictures, all
+of them characterized by a gem-like coloration (which is more than
+mere color, however, for in it lies the secret of a powerful and
+direct expression of sentiment) and by a vivid realization of
+movement. Proud by nature, delicate in health, his life was far from
+happy; he never ceased to feel the sting of adverse criticism. "For
+more than thirty years I have been given over to the wild beasts,"
+he said once. He had warm friends, who have left many records of his
+sweetness of disposition when the outer barrier of haughty reserve
+was broken through; but they were few in number. He never married;
+painting, he said, was his only mistress, and his passion for his
+art is felt through all his work. His death occurred at Champrosay
+near Paris, where he had a modest country house, on August 13, 1863;
+and four years later, January 14, 1867, his great adversary, Ingres,
+followed him.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page353" id="page353"></a>[pg 353]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CY AND I.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Eugene Field.</h4>
+
+
+<div style="margin-left: 25%">
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>As I went moseyin' down th' street,</p>
+<p>My Denver friend I chanced t' meet.</p>
+<p class="i4">"Hello!" says I,</p>
+<p>"Where have you been so long a time</p>
+<p>That we have missed your soothin' rhyme?"</p>
+<p class="i4">"New York," says Cy.</p>
+<p class="i4">"Gee whiz!" says I.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"You must have seen some wonders down</p>
+<p>In that historic, splendid town;"</p>
+<p class="i4">And then says I:</p>
+<p>"For bridges, parks, and crowded streets</p>
+<p>There is no other place that beats</p>
+<p class="i4">New York," says I.</p>
+<p class="i4">"<i>Correct!</i>" says Cy.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"The town is mighty big, but then</p>
+<p>It isn't in it with its men,</p>
+<p class="i4">Is it?" says I.</p>
+<p>"And tell me, Cyrus, if you can,</p>
+<p>Who is its biggest, brainiest man?"</p>
+<p class="i4">"Dana!" says Cy.</p>
+<p class="i4">"You <i>bet</i>!" says I.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"He's big of heart and big of brain,</p>
+<p>And he's been good unto us twain"&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i4">Choked up, says I.</p>
+<p>"I love him, and I pray God give</p>
+<p>Him many, many years to live!</p>
+<p class="i4">Eh, Cy?" says I.</p>
+<p class="i4">"<i>Amen!</i>" says Cy.</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>[pg 354]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>A YOUNG HERO</h2>
+
+<h3>PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF COLONEL E.E. ELLSWORTH.</h3>
+
+<h4>By John Hay,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author, with John G. Nicolay, of "Abraham Lincoln: a History."</h5>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+<a href="images/354.jpg" name="fig354" id="fig354">
+<img src="images/354.jpg" alt="HENRY H. MILLER," /></a>
+<h5>HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORIGINAL COMPANY
+OF ELLSWORTH ZOUAVES.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Miller and taken in 1861 by
+Colonel E.L. Brand, at that time commanding the company.</p> </div>
+
+<p class="cap">It is in contemplating what the world loses in the deaths of
+brilliant young citizen soldiers that we appreciate most fully the
+waste of war and the priceless value of the cause for which such
+lives were sacrificed. When a man like Henri Regnault&mdash;the most
+substantial hope and promise of art in our century&mdash;is seen at
+the siege of Paris lingering behind his retreating comrades, "<i>le
+temps de bruler une dernière cartouche</i>" the last words he uttered;
+when a genius like Theodore Winthrop is extinguished in its ardent
+dawn on an obscure skirmish field; when a patriot and poet like
+Koerner dies in battle with his work hardly begun&mdash;we feel how
+inadequate are all the millions of the treasury to rival such
+offerings. We shall have no correct idea what our country is worth
+to us if we forget all the singing voices that were hushed, all the
+noble hearts that stopped beating, all the fiery energies that were
+quenched, that we might be citizens of the great and indivisible
+Republic of the Western world.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that few men who fell in our civil conflict bore with
+them out of the world possibilities of fame and usefulness so bright
+or so important as Colonel Ephraim Elmer Ellsworth, who was killed
+at Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861&mdash;the first conspicuous
+victim of the war. The world can never compute, can hardly even
+guess, what was lost in his untimely end. He was killed by the first
+gun he ever heard fired in strife; and his friends, who believe him
+to have had in him the making of a great soldier, have nothing to
+support their opinion but the impression made upon them by his manly
+character, his winning and vigorous personality, and the
+extraordinary ardor and zest with which his powerful mind turned
+towards military affairs in the midst of circumstances of almost
+incredible difficulty and privation. He was one of the dearest of
+the friends of my youth. I cannot hope to enable the readers of this
+paper to see him as I saw him. No words can express the vivid
+brilliancy of his look and his speech, the swift and graceful energy
+of his bearing. He was not a scholar, yet his words were like
+martial music; in stature he was less than the medium size, yet his
+strength was extraordinary; he seemed made of tempered steel. His
+entire aspect breathed high ambition and daring. His jet-black
+curls, his open candid brow, his dark eyes, at once fiery and
+tender, his eagle profile, his mouth just shaded by the youthful
+growth that hid none of its powerful and delicate lines&mdash;the
+whole face, which seemed made for nothing less than the command of
+men, whether as general or as orator, comes before me as I write,
+with a look of indignant appeal to the future for the chance of fame
+which inexorable fate denied him. The appeal, of course, is in vain.
+Only a few men, now growing old, knew what he was and what he might
+have been if life had been spared him for a year or two. I will
+merely try to show in these few pages, mainly from his own words,
+how great a heart was broken by the slugs of the assassin at the
+Marshall House.</p>
+
+<p>He was born in the village of Mechanicsville, Saratoga County,
+New York, on April 23, 1837. His parents were plain people, without
+culture or means; one cannot guess how this eaglet came into so
+lowly a nest. He went out into the world at the first opportunity,
+to seek his fortune; he turned his hand, like other American <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page355" id="page355"></a>[pg 355]</span>
+boys, to anything he could find to do. He lived a while in New York,
+and finally drifted to Chicago, where we find him, in the spring of
+1859, a clerk and student in the law office of Mr. J.E. Cone. From
+his earliest boyhood he had a passionate love of the army. He
+learned as a child the manual of arms; he picked up instinctively a
+knowledge of the pistol and the rifle; he became, almost without
+instruction, a scientific fencer. But he was now of age, and
+determined to be a lawyer, since, to all appearance, there was no
+chance for him in the army. The way in which he pursued his legal
+studies he has set down in a diary which he kept for a little while.
+He began it on his twenty-second birthday. "I do this," he said,
+"because it seems pleasant to be able to look back upon our past
+lives and note the gradual change in our sentiments and views of
+life; and because my life has been, and bids fair to be, such a
+jumble of strange incidents that, should I become anybody or
+anything, this will be useful as a means of showing how much
+suffering and temptation a man may undergo and still keep clear of
+despair and vice."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/355.jpg" name="fig355" id="fig355">
+<img src="images/355.jpg" alt="ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE WAS A LIEUTENANT IN THE REGULAR ARMY AND JUST BEFORE HE RECRUITED THE REGIMENT OF NEW YORK ZOUAVES." /></a>
+<h5>ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE
+WAS A LIEUTENANT IN THE REGULAR ARMY
+AND JUST BEFORE HE RECRUITED THE REGIMENT
+OF NEW YORK ZOUAVES.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Brady in the Civil War collection of Mr.
+Robert Coster, by whose permission it is here reproduced.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was neat, almost foppish, in his attire; not strictly
+fashionable, for he liked bright colors, flowing cravats, and hats
+that suggested the hunter or ranger rather than the law clerk; yet
+the pittance for which he worked was very small, and his poverty
+extreme. He therefore economized upon his food. He lived for months
+together upon dry biscuits and water. Here is a touching entry from
+his diary: "Had an opportunity to buy a desk to-day worth forty-five
+dollars, for fourteen dollars. It was just such a one as I needed,
+and I could sell at any time for more than was asked for it. I
+bought it at auction. I can now indulge my ideas of order in the
+arrangement of my papers to their fullest extent. Paid five dollars
+of my own money and borrowed ten dollars of James Clayburne;
+promised to return it next Tuesday. By the way, this was an instance
+in a small way of the importance of little things. Some two years
+since, when I was so poor, I went one day into an eating-house on an
+errand. While there, Clayburne and several friends came in.</p>
+
+<p>"As I started to go out they stopped me and insisted upon my
+having an oyster stew. I refused, for I always made it a practice
+never to accept even an apple from any one, because I could not
+return like courtesies. While they were clamoring about the matter
+and I trying to get from them, the waiter brought on the oysters for
+the whole party, having taken it for granted that I was going to
+stay. So to escape making myself any more conspicuous by further
+refusal, I sat down. How gloriously every morsel tasted&mdash;the
+first food I had touched for three days and three nights. When I
+came to Chicago with a pocket full of money I sought James out and
+told him I owed him half a dollar. He said no, but I insisted my
+memory was better than his, and made him take it. Well, when I
+wanted ten dollars, I went to him, and he gave it to me freely, and
+would take no security. Have written four hours this evening; two
+pounds of crackers; sleep on office floor to-night."</p>
+
+<p>The diary relates many incidents like this. He took a boyish
+pride in refusing offers of assistance, in resisting temptation to
+innocent indulgence, in passing most of his hours in study, earning
+only enough by his copying to keep body and soul together. One entry
+is, "Read one hundred and fifty pages of Blackstone&mdash;slept on
+floor." Such a regimen was not long in having its effect upon even
+his rugged health. He writes: "I tried to read, but could not. I am
+afraid my strength will not hold out. I have contracted a cold by
+sleeping on the floor, which has <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page356" id="page356"></a>[pg 356]</span> settled in my head,
+and nearly sets me crazy with catarrh. Then there is that gnawing,
+unsatisfied sensation which I begin to feel again, which prevents
+any long-continued application." About this time he was urged to
+take command of a company of cadets which, through mismanagement,
+had been reduced to a deplorable condition. He at first declined,
+but afterward consented if the company would accept certain rigorous
+conditions of discipline and obedience. He was as firm as granite to
+his company, and cheery and gay to the world, while in his private
+life he was subjecting himself to the cruel rigors described in his
+diary of April 21: "I am convinced that the course of reading which
+I am pursuing is not sufficiently thorough. Have commenced again at
+beginning of Blackstone. I now read a proposition or paragraph and
+reason upon it; try to get at the principle involved, in my own
+language; view it in every light till I think I understand it; then
+write it down in my commonplace book. My progress is, in
+consequence, very slow, as it takes on an average half an hour to
+each page. Attended meeting of cadets' committee on ways and means;
+all my propositions accepted. I spent my last ten cents for crackers
+to-day. Ten pages of Blackstone."</p>
+
+<p>The next day he writes: "My mind was so occupied with obtaining
+money due to-morrow that I could not study. Five pages of
+Blackstone. Nothing whatever to eat. I am very tired and hungry
+to-night. Onward."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/356.jpg" name="fig356" id="fig356">
+<img src="images/356.jpg" alt="ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO COMPANY." /></a>
+<h5>ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO COMPANY.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. H.H. Miller of Chicago, a member
+of the Chicago company, and taken July 2, 1860, by Colonel E.L.
+Brand of Chicago, a member of Ellsworth's Chicago company, and
+afterwards in command of it. In the State House at Springfield,
+Illinois, is a portrait group of the members of the Ellsworth
+company, with a reproduction of this portrait of Ellsworth in the
+centre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In these circumstances of hunger and toil, he took charge of the
+company of cadets, which was falling to pieces from neglect. There
+was no sign in his bearing of the poverty and famine which were
+consuming him. He told them roundly that if they elected him their
+captain they did so with their eyes open; that he should enforce the
+strictest discipline, and make their company second to none in the
+United States. His laws were Draconic in their severity. He forbade
+his cadets from entering <span class="pagenum"><a name="page357"
+id="page357"></a>[pg 357]</span> a drinking or gambling saloon or
+any other disreputable place under penalty of expulsion, publication
+of the offender's name in the city papers, and forfeiture of
+uniform. He insisted on prompt obedience and unremitting drill. The
+company under his firm and inspiring command rapidly pulled itself
+together, and attracted all at once the notice and admiration of
+Chicago and northern Illinois. The young captain did not give up his
+law studies. He wrote and affixed to his desk a card which contained
+his own daily orders: "So aim to spend your time that at night, when
+looking back at the disposal of the day, you find no time misspent,
+no hour, no moment even, which has not resulted in some benefit, no
+action which had not a purpose in it. Mondays, Thursdays and
+Saturdays: Rise at 5 o'clock; 5 to 10, study; 10 to 1, copy; 1 to 4,
+business; 4 to 7, study; 7 to 8, exercise; 8 to 10, study. Tuesdays,
+Wednesdays, and Fridays: Rise at 6; 6 to 10, study; 10 to 1,
+business; 1 to 7, study and copy; 7 to 11, drill."</p>
+
+<p>Working faithfully as he did in the office, his whole heart was
+in his drill room. His fame as a fencer went abroad in the town, and
+he was challenged to a bout by the principal teacher of the art in
+Chicago. Ellsworth records the combat in his diary of May 24th:
+"This evening the fencer of whom I have heard so much came up to the
+armory to fence with me. He said to his pupils and several others
+that if I held to the low guard he would disarm me every time I
+raised my foil. He is a great gymnast, and I fully expected to be
+beaten. The result was: I disarmed him four times, hit him thirty
+times. He disarmed me once and hit me five times. At the
+<i>touche-à-touche</i> I touched him in two places at the same allonge,
+and threw his foil from him several feet. He was very angry, though
+he tried to conceal it."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/357.jpg" name="fig357" id="fig357">
+<img src="images/357.jpg" alt="FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH." /></a>
+<h5>FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert
+Coster, by whose permission it is here reproduced.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Public interest constantly grew in the Zouaves and their young
+captain. Large crowds attended every drill. The newspapers began to
+report all their proceedings, and to comment upon them with more or
+less malevolence; for military companies were treated with scant
+respect in Western towns before the war. Ellsworth at last
+determined to confront hostile opinion by giving a public exhibition
+of the proficiency of his company on the Fourth of July. He was not
+without trepidation. The night before the Fourth he wrote:
+"To-morrow will be an eventful day to me; to-morrow I have to appear
+in a conspicuous position before thousands of citizens&mdash;an
+immense number of whom, without knowing me except by sight, are
+prejudiced against me. To-morrow will demonstrate the truth or
+falsity of my assertion that the citizens would encourage military
+companies if they were worthy of respect." The result was an
+overwhelming success; and the young soldier, after his feast of
+crackers the next night, wrote in exultation: "Victory! And thank
+God!"</p>
+
+<p>The Chicago "Tribune," which had previously been unfriendly to
+the little company who were trying to make soldiers of themselves,
+gave a long and flattering account of the performance, and said: "We
+but express the opinion of all who saw the drill yesterday morning,
+when we say this company cannot be surpassed this side of West
+Point."</p>
+
+<p>Encouraged by this public applause, he brought his company of
+Zouaves as near to absolute perfection of drill as was possible; and
+then, having tested them in as many competitive contests as were
+within reach, he challenged the militia companies of the United
+States, and set forth in the summer of 1860 on a tour of the country
+which was one unbroken succession of triumphs. He defeated the crack
+companies in all the principal Eastern cities, and <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page358" id="page358"></a>[pg 358]</span>
+went back to Chicago one of the most talked-of men in the country.
+Hundreds of Zouave companies started up in his wake, and a very
+considerable awakening of interest in military matters was the
+substantial result of his journey.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/358.jpg" name="fig358" id="fig358">
+<img src="images/358.jpg" alt="THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH." /></a>
+<h5>THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>On his return to Illinois he made the acquaintance of Abraham
+Lincoln, and gained at once his friendship and esteem. He entered
+his office in Springfield ostensibly as a law student; but Mr.
+Lincoln was then a candidate for the Presidency, and Ellsworth read
+very little law that autumn. He made some Republican speeches in the
+country towns about Springfield, bright, witty, and good-natured.
+But his mind was full of a project which he hoped to accomplish by
+the aid of Mr. Lincoln&mdash;no less than the establishment in the
+War Department of a bureau of militia, by which the entire militia
+system of the United States should be concentrated, systematized,
+and made efficient: an enormous undertaking for a boy of
+twenty-three; but his plans were clear, definite, and
+comprehensive.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page359" id="page359"></a>[pg 359]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/359.jpg" name="fig359" id="fig359">
+<img src="images/359.jpg" alt="THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH COLONEL ELLSWORTH WAS KILLED." /></a>
+<h5>THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH COLONEL
+ELLSWORTH WAS KILLED.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph owned by Bryan, Taylor &amp; Co., publishers, New York, and
+reproduced here by their permission.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After Mr. Lincoln's election Ellsworth accompanied him to
+Washington. As a preliminary step towards placing him in charge of a
+bureau of militia, the President gave him a commission as a
+lieutenant in the army. Shortly afterward he fell seriously ill with
+the measles; and before he was thoroughly convalescent, the guns
+about Sumter opened the Civil War. There had been much doubt in many
+minds as to the loyalty of the people in case of actual war.
+Ellsworth never had doubted it. He said to me as I sat by his
+bedside: "You know I have a great work to do, to which my life is
+pledged; I am the only earthly stay of my parents; there is a young
+woman whose happiness I regard as dearer than my own; yet I could
+ask no better death than to fall next week before Sumter. I am not
+better than other men. You will find that patriotism is not dead,
+even if it sleeps." When the news came that South Carolina had begun
+the war, he did not wait an instant. He threw up his commission in
+the regulars, took all the money we both had, which was not much,
+and thus insufficiently equipped, started for New York, and raised,
+with incredible celerity, the New York Zouaves, a regiment eleven
+hundred strong.</p>
+
+<p>This unique organization filled so large a space in the public
+mind while Ellsworth commanded it that it seems hard to realize that
+its history with him is only a matter of a few weeks. He brought his
+regiment down to Washington early in May, arriving thin as a
+greyhound, his voice hoarse with drilling; but flushed and happy to
+know he was busy and useful at last.</p>
+
+<p>There was no limit to the hopes and the confidence of his
+friends. We had grown to admire and respect him for his high and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page360" id="page360"></a>[pg
+360]</span> honorable character, his thorough knowledge of his
+business, ardent zeal for the flag he followed, and his
+extraordinary courage and energy. We fully expected, relying upon
+his splendid talents and the President's affectionate regard, that
+his first battle would make him a brigadier-general, and that his
+second would give him a division. There was no limit to the glory
+and usefulness we anticipated for him. How soon all these hopes were
+dust and ashes!</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/360.jpg" name="fig360" id="fig360">
+<img src="images/360.jpg" alt="COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS." /></a>
+<h5>COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken by Colonel E.L. Brand, a member of
+Ellsworth's Chicago company, and reproduced by the courtesy of Mr.
+H.H. Miller, also a member of the company. The photograph was taken
+in New York City, July, 1860, on the occasion of an exhibition drill
+given there by Ellsworth's company. The persons shown in the picture
+are, beginning on the left, the Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixth
+Regiment, New York Militia; E.E. Ellsworth, Captain of the United
+States Zouave Cadets (Ellsworth's Chicago company); Joseph C.
+Pinckney, Colonel of the Sixth Regiment, New York Militia; the
+Adjutant of the Sixth Regiment, New York Militia; H. Dwight Laflin,
+Second Lieutenant of the United States Zouave Cadets, and J.R.
+Scott, First Lieutenant of the United States Zouave Cadets. The
+colors shown in the picture were won by Ellsworth's company in a
+drill competition at the National Agricultural Fair, Chicago,
+September, 15, 1859, and were, by it, never lost. They are to-day in
+the custody of the company's color sergeant, B.B. Botteford,
+Chicago.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the evening of May 23d he received his orders to lead his
+regiment on the extreme left of the Union lines in the advance into
+Virginia. The part assigned him was the occupation of Alexandria. He
+worked almost all night in his tent, arranging the business of his
+regiment, and then wrote a touching letter of farewell to his
+parents. Anticipating an engagement, he said: "It may be my lot to
+be injured in some manner. Whatever may happen, cherish the
+consolation that I was engaged in the performance of a sacred duty;
+and to-night, thinking over the probabilities of the morrow and the
+occurrences of the past, I am perfectly content to accept whatever
+my fortune may be, confident that He who noteth even the fall of a
+sparrow will have some purpose even in the fate of one like me. My
+darling and ever-loved parents, good-by. God bless, protect, and
+care for you." These loving and filial words were the last that came
+from his pen.</p>
+
+<p>The Zouaves were embarked before dawn the next morning. The
+celerity and order with which Ellsworth performed his work excited
+the admiration and surprise <span class="pagenum"><a name="page361"
+id="page361"></a>[pg 361]</span> of Admiral Dahlgren, who commanded
+the navy yard.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Alexandria was occupied without resistance; and
+Ellsworth, with a squad of Zouaves, hurried off to take possession
+of the telegraph office. On his way he caught sight of a Confederate
+flag floating from the summit of the Marshall House. He had often
+seen, from the window of the Executive Mansion in Washington, this
+self-same banner flaunting defiance; and the temptation to tear it
+down with his own hands was too much for his boyish patriotism.
+Accompanied by four soldiers only and several civilians, he ran into
+the hotel, up the stairs to the roof, and tore down the flag; but
+coming down was met on the stairs by the hotel-keeper and shot dead.
+His assassin perished at the same moment, killed by Frank E.
+Brownell.</p>
+
+<p>Ellsworth was buried from the East Room of the White House by the
+special order of the President, who mourned him as a son. Many brave
+and able officers were to perish in the four years that followed
+that mournful day; but there was not one whose death was more
+sincerely lamented than that of this young soldier who had never
+seen a battle; and it is the belief of his friends that he had not
+his superior in natural capacity among all the most eminent heroes
+of the war. But who will care to hear this said? If Napoleon
+Bonaparte had been killed at the siege of Toulon, who would have
+listened to some grief-stricken comrade's assertion that this young
+Corsican was the greatest soldier since Cæsar? I have written these
+lines merely to show how simple, kindly, and heroic a heart Colonel
+Ellsworth had&mdash;and not to claim for him what can never be
+proved.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc.</h5>
+
+<h3>ANDOVER GIRLS AS STUDENTS OF THEOLOGY.&mdash;THE DARK DAYS OF THE WAR.&mdash;WRITING
+MAGAZINE STORIES AND SUNDAY-SCHOOL BOOKS.&mdash;THE DIFFICULTY
+AND UNCERTAINTY OF WRITING FOR A LIVING.</h3>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterO.jpg" name="fig361" id="fig361"><img  src="images/LetterO.jpg" alt="Letter O" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">NE study in our curriculum at the Andover School I have omitted
+to mention in its place; but, of them all, it was the most
+characteristic, and would be most interesting to an outsider. Where
+else but in Andover would a group of a dozen and a half girls be put
+to studying theology? Yet this is precisely what we did. Not that we
+called our short hour with Professor Park on Tuesday evenings by
+that long word; nor did he. It was understood that we had Bible
+lessons.</p>
+
+<p>But the gist of the matter was, that we were taught Professor
+Park's theology.</p>
+
+<p>We had our note-books, like the students in the chapel
+lecture-rooms, and we took docile notes of the great man's views on
+the attributes of the Deity, on election and probation, on atonement
+and sanctification, on eschatology, and the rest.</p>
+
+<p>Girls' with pink ribbons at white throats, and girls with blue
+silk nets on their pretty hair, fluttered in like bees and
+butterflies, and settled about the long dining-room table, at whose
+end, with a shade over his eyes to shield them from the light, the
+professor sat in a dark corner.</p>
+
+<p>Thence he promulgated stately doctrines to those soft and
+dreaming woman-creatures, who did not care a maple-leaf whether we
+sinned in Adam, or whether the Trinity were separate as persons or
+as attributes; but who drew little portraits of their dearest
+Academy boys on the margins of their lecture-books, and passed these
+to their particular intimates in surreptitious interludes between
+doctrines.</p>
+
+<p>What must have been the professor's private speculations on those
+Tuesday evenings? I had a certain sense of their probable nature,
+even then; and glanced furtively into the dark corner for glimpses
+of the distant, sarcastic smile which I felt must be carving itself
+upon the lines of his strong face. But I never caught him at it; not
+once. With the gravity befitting his awful topics, and with the
+dignity belonging to his Chair and <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page362" id="page362"></a>[pg 362]</span> to his fame, the
+professor taught the butterflies, to the best of my knowledge and
+belief, as conscientiously as he did those black-coated beetles
+yonder, the theologues on the Seminary benches.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/362.jpg" name="fig362" id="fig362">
+<img src="images/362.jpg" alt="'THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY,' PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE CLASS OF 1861 IN FRONT." /></a>
+<h5>"THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE CLASS OF 1861 IN FRONT.</h5>
+
+<p>Of the class of 1861 over twenty went into the war, and several
+died in battle or in war prisons. Lieutenant S.H. Thompson, son of
+the late Professor William Thompson of East Windsor Seminary, was
+among this number. Also, Sergeant J.H. Thompson, son of the late Dr.
+Joseph P. Thompson of New York City. President Ward of Franklin
+College, the Rev. Dr. Dougherty of Kansas City, and the Rev. Dr.
+Brand of Oberlin College, were members of the class, and their
+portraits appear in the picture. The valedictorian was Carlos F.
+Carter, brother of President Carter of Williams College. He was
+drowned in the Jordan a few months after graduation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I ought to say, just here, that, in a recent correspondence with
+Professor Park upon this matter, I found him more or less
+unconscious of having been so generous with his theology to the
+girls. I am giving the pupil's impressions, not the teacher's
+recollections, of that Bible-class; and I can give no other. Of
+course, I may be mistaken, and am liable to correction; but my
+impressions are, that he gave us his system of theology pretty
+straight and very faithfully.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot deny that I enjoyed those stern lessons. Not that I had
+any marked predilections towards theology, but I liked the
+psychology of it. I experienced my first appreciation of the nature
+and value of logic in that class-room, and it did me good, and not
+evil altogether. There I learned to reason with more patience than a
+school-girl may always care to suffer; and there I observed that the
+mysteries of time and eternity, whatever one might personally
+conclude about them, were material of reason.</p>
+
+<p>In many a mental upheaval of later life, the basis of that
+theological training has made itself felt to me, as one feels rocks
+or stumps or solid things underfoot in the sickly swaying of wet
+sands. I may not always believe all I was taught, but what I was
+taught has helped me to what I believe. I certainly think of those
+theological lectures with unqualified gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>The Tuesday evenings grow warm and warmer. The butterflies hover
+about in white muslins, and pretty little bows of summer colors
+glisten on bright heads as they bend over the doctrines, around the
+long table. On the screens of the open windows the June beetles
+knock their heads, like theologues who wish they could get in. There
+is a moon without. Visions of possible forbidden ecstasies of
+strolls under the arches of the Seminary elms with the bravest boy
+in the Academy melt before the gentle minds, through which
+depravity, election, predestination, and justification are filing
+sternly. The professor's voice arises:</p> <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page363" id="page363"></a>[pg 363]</span>
+
+<p>"A sin is a wrong committed against God. God is an Infinite
+Being; therefore sin against Him is an infinite wrong. An infinite
+wrong against an Infinite Being deserves an infinite
+punishment&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>Now, the professor says that he has no recollection of ever
+having said this in the Bible-class; but there is the note-book of
+the girl's brain, stamped with the sentence for these thirty
+years!</p>
+
+<p>"I have sometimes quoted it at the Seminary," he writes, "for the
+purpose of exposing the impropriety of it. I do not think any
+professor ever quoted the statement, without adding that it is
+untenable. The Andover argument was &mdash;&mdash;"<a
+id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a
+href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> He adds the proper controversial
+language, which, it seems, went solidly out of my head. Tenable or
+untenable, my memory has clutched the stately syllogism.</p>
+
+<p>Sharp upon the doctrines there falls across the silence and the
+sweetness of the moonlit Hill a strange and sudden sound. It is
+louder than theology. It is more solemn than the professor's system.
+Insistent, urging everything before it&mdash;the toil of strenuous
+study, the fret of little trouble, and the dreams of dawning
+love&mdash;the call stirs on. It is the beat of a drum.</p>
+
+<p>The boys of old Phillips, with the down on their faces, and that
+eternal fire in their hearts which has burned upon the youth of all
+the ages when their country has commanded: "Die for me!" are
+drilling by moonlight.</p>
+
+<p>The Academy Company is out in force, passing up and down the
+quiet, studious streets. The marching of their feet beats solemnly
+at the meeting of the paths where (like the gardens of the
+professors) the long walks of the Seminary lawns form the shape of a
+mighty cross.</p>
+
+<p>"An infinite wrong deserves an infinite punishment&mdash;" The
+theologian's voice falls solemnly. The girls turn their grave faces
+to the open windows. Silence helps the drum-beat, which lifts its
+cry to Heaven unimpeded; and the awful questions which it asks, what
+system of theology can answer?</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Andover was no more loyal, probably, than other New England
+villages; but perhaps the presence of so many young men helped to
+make her seem so to those who passed the years from 1861 to 1865
+upon the Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Theology and church history and exegesis and sacred rhetoric
+retreated from the foreground of that scholastic drama. The great
+Presence that is called War swept up and filled the scene.</p>
+
+<p>Gray-haired men went to their lecture-rooms with bowed heads, the
+morning papers shaking in their hands. The accuracy of the Hebrew
+verb did not matter so much as it did last term. The homiletic uses
+or abuses of an applied text, the soundness of the new school
+doctrine of free will, seemed less important to the universe than
+they were before the Flag went down on Sumter. Young eyes looked up
+at their instructors mistily, for the dawn of utter sacrifice was in
+them. He was only an Academy boy yesterday, or a theologue; unknown,
+unnoticed, saying his lesson in Xenophon, taking his notes on the
+Nicene Creed; blamed a little, possibly, by his teacher or by his
+professor, for inattention.</p>
+
+<p>To-day he comes proudly to the desk. His step rings on the old,
+bare floors that he will never tread again. "Sir, my father gives
+his permission. I enlist at once."</p>
+
+<p>To-day he is a hero, and the hero's light is glorious on his
+face. To-day <i>he</i> is the teacher, and the professor learns lessons
+in his turn now. The boy whom he has lectured and scolded towers
+above him suddenly, a sacred thing to see. The old man stands
+uncovered before his pupil as they clasp hands and part.</p>
+
+<p>The drum calls on, and the boys drill bravely&mdash;no boys'
+parade this, but awful earnest now. The ladies of Andover sew red
+braid upon blue flannel shirts, with which the Academy Company make
+simple uniform.</p>
+
+<p>Then comes a morning when the professors cannot read the papers
+for the news they bring; but cover streaming eyes with trembling
+hands, and turn their faces. For the black day of the defeat at Bull
+Run has darkened the summer sky.</p>
+
+<p>Andover does not sew for the missionaries now. Her poor married
+theologues must wait a little for their babies' dresses. Even the
+blue flannel shirts for the drill are forgotten. The chapel is
+turned into sudden, awful uses, of which the "pious founders" in
+their comfortable graves did never dream. For there the women of the
+Hill, staying for no prayer-meeting, and delaying to sing no hymns,
+pick lint and roll bandages and pack supplies for the field; and
+there they sacrifice and suffer, like women who knew no theology at
+all; and since it was not theirs to offer life to the teeth of shot
+and shell, they "gave their happiness instead."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The first thing which I wrote, marking in <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page364" id="page364"></a>[pg 364]</span>
+any sense the beginning of what authors are accustomed to call their
+"literary career"&mdash;I dislike the phrase and wish we had a
+better&mdash;was a war story.</p>
+
+<p>As nearly as I can recall the facts, up to this time I had shown
+no literary tendency whatever, since the receipt of that check for
+two dollars and a half. Possibly the munificence of that honorarium
+seemed to me to satiate mortal ambition for years. It is true that,
+during my schooldays, I did perpetrate three full-grown novels in
+manuscript. My dearest particular intimate and I shared in this
+exploit, and read our chapters to each other on Saturday
+afternoons.</p>
+
+<p>I remember that the title of one of these "books" was "The Shadow
+of a Lifetime." It was a double title with a heroine to it, but I
+forget the lady's name, or even the nature of her particular shadow.
+The only thing that can be said about these three volumes is, that
+their youthful author had the saving sense not to try the Christian
+temper of a publisher with their perusal.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, in truth, I have never regretted the precious portion of
+human existence spent in their creation; for I must have written off
+in that way a certain amount of apprenticeship which does, in some
+cases, find its way into type, and devastate the endurance of a
+patient public.</p>
+
+<p>The war story of which I speak was distinctly the beginning of
+anything like genuine work for me. Mr. Alden tells me that it was
+published in January, 1864; but I think it must have been written a
+while before that, though not long, for its appearance quickly
+followed the receipt of the manuscript. The name of the story was "A
+Sacrifice Consumed." It was a very little story, not covering more
+than four or five pages in print. I sent it to "Harper's Magazine,"
+without introduction or what young writers are accustomed to call
+"influence;" it was sent quite privately, without the knowledge of
+any friend. It was immediately accepted, and a prompt check for
+twenty-five dollars accompanied the acceptance. Even my father knew
+nothing of the venture until I carried the letter and enclosure to
+him. The pleasure on his expressive face was only equalled by its
+frank and unqualified astonishment. He read the story when it came
+out, and, I think, was touched by it&mdash;it was a story of a poor
+and plain little dressmaker who lost her lover in the army&mdash;and
+his genuine emotion gave me a kind of awed elation which has never
+been repeated in my experience. Ten hundred thousand unknown voices
+could not move me to the pride and pleasure which my father's first
+gentle word of approval gave to a girl who cared much to be loved,
+and little to be praised; and the plaudits of a "career" were the
+last things in earth or heaven then occupying her mind.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/364.jpg" name="fig364" id="fig364">
+<img src="images/364.jpg" alt="ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS." /></a>
+<h5>ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence, Massachusetts, taken in 1864.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Afterwards, I wrote with a distinct purpose, and, I think, quite
+steadily. I know that longer stories went, soon and often, to the
+old magazine, which never sent them back; and to which I am glad to
+pay the tribute of a gratitude that I have never outgrown. There was
+nothing of the stuff that heroines and geniuses are made of in a shy
+and self-distrustful girl who had no faith in her own capabilities,
+and, indeed, at that time, the smallest possible amount of interest
+in the subject.</p>
+
+<p>It may be a humiliating fact, but it is the truth, that had my
+first story been refused, or even the second or the third, I should
+have written no more.</p>
+
+<p>For the opinion of important editors, and for the sacredness of
+market value in literary wares, as well as in professorships or
+cotton cloth, I had a kind of respect at which I sometimes wonder;
+for I do not recall that it was ever distinctly taught me. But,
+assuredly, if nobody had cared for my stories enough to print them,
+I should have <span class="pagenum"><a name="page365"
+id="page365"></a>[pg 365]</span> been the last person to differ from
+the ruling opinion, and should have bought at Warren Draper's old
+Andover book-store no more cheap printer's paper on which to
+inscribe the girlish handwriting (with the pointed letters and the
+big capitals) which my father, with patient pains, had caused to be
+taught me by a queer old travelling-master with an idea. Professor
+Phelps, by the way, had an exquisite chirography, which none of his
+children, to his evident disappointment, inherited.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%;">
+<a href="images/365-1.jpg" name="fig365-1" id="fig365-1">
+<img src="images/365-1.jpg" alt="'THE STONE BUILDING,' PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS." /></a>
+<h5>"THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</h5>
+
+<p>This building was burned in 1864 or 1865.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the editor of "Harper's" took everything I sent him; so the
+pointed letters and the large capitals continued to flow towards his
+desk.</p>
+
+<p>Long after I had achieved whatever success has been given me,
+this magazine returned me one of my stories&mdash;it was the only
+one in a lifetime. I think the Editor then in power called it too
+tragic, or too something; it came out forthwith in the columns of
+another magazine that did not agree with him, and was afterwards
+issued, I think, in some sort of "classic" series of little
+books.</p>
+
+<p>I was a little sorry, I know, at the time, for I had the most
+superstitious attachment for the magazine that, when "I was a
+stranger, took me in;" but it was probably necessary to break the
+record in this, as in all other forms of human happiness.</p>
+
+<p>Other magazines took their turn&mdash;the "Atlantic," I
+remember&mdash;in due course; but I shared the general awe of this
+magazine at that time prevailing in New England, and, having,
+possibly, more than my share of personal pride, did not very early
+venture to intrude my little risk upon that fearful lottery.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps this reserve was more natural because "Harper's"
+published as fast as I could write; which is not saying much, to be
+sure, for I have always been a slow worker. The first story of mine
+which appeared in the "Atlantic" was a fictitious narrative of
+certain psychical phenomena occurring in Connecticut, and known to
+me, at first hand, to be authentic. I have yet to learn that the
+story attracted any attention from anybody more disinterested than
+those few friends of the sort who, in such cases, are wont to
+inquire, in tones more freighted with wonder than admiration: "What!
+Has she got into the '<i>Atlantic</i>'?"</p>
+
+<p>The "Century" came in turn, when it came into being. To this
+delightful magazine I have always been, and always hope to be, a
+contributor.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/365-2.jpg" name="fig365-2" id="fig365-2">
+<img src="images/365-2.jpg" alt="THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL CALLED 'THE NUNNERY' WAS HELD." /></a>
+<h5>THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL CALLED "THE
+NUNNERY" WAS HELD.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken in 1864 by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I read, with a kind of hopeless envy, histories and legends of
+people of our craft who "do not write for money." It must be a
+pleasant experience to be able to cultivate so delicate a class of
+motives for the privilege of doing one's best to express <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page366" id="page366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+one's thoughts to people who care for them. Personally, I have yet
+to breathe the ether of such a transcendent sphere. I am proud to
+say that I have always been a working-woman, and always had to be;
+though I ought to add that I am sure the proposal that my father's
+allowance to his daughter should cease, did not come from the
+father.</p>
+
+<p>When the first little story appeared in "Harper's Magazine," it
+occurred to me, with a throb of pleasure greater than I supposed
+then that life could hold, that I could take care of myself, and
+from that day to this I have done so.</p>
+
+<p>One hesitates a little, even in autobiography, about saying
+precisely this. But when I remember the thousands of women who find
+it too easy to be dependent on too heavily-weighted and too generous
+men, one hesitates no longer to say anything that may help those
+other thousands of women who stand on their own feet, and their own
+pluck, to understand how good a thing it is to be there.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the methods of making a living open to educated people
+to-day, the profession of literature is, probably, the poorest in
+point of monetary returns. A couple of authors, counted successful
+as the world and the word go, said once:</p>
+
+<p>"We have earned less this year than the fisherman in the dory
+before the door of our summer home." Perhaps it had been a good year
+for Jack; possibly a poor one for those other fishers, who spread
+their brains and hearts&mdash;a piteous net&mdash;into the seas of
+life in quest of thought and feeling that the idlers on the banks
+may take a summer's fancy to. But the truth remains. A successful
+teacher, a clever manufacturer, a steady mechanic, may depend upon a
+better income in this country than the writer whose supposed wealth
+he envies, and whose books he reads on Sunday afternoons, if he is
+not too sleepy, or does not prefer his bicycle.</p>
+
+<p>When we see (as we have actually done) our market-man driving by
+our old buggy and cheap horse on holidays, with a barouche and span,
+we enjoy the sight very much; and when I say (for the other occupant
+of the buggy has a little taste for two horses, which I am so
+plebeian as not to share, having never been able to understand why
+one is not enough for anybody): "But would you <i>be</i> the
+span-owner&mdash;for the span?" we see the end of the subject, and
+grow ravenously contented.</p>
+
+<p>One cannot live by bread or magazine stories alone, as the young
+daughter of toil too soon found out. Like other writers I did hack
+work. My main dependence was on that venerable and useful form of it
+which consists in making Sunday-school books. Of these I must have
+written over a dozen; I wince, sometimes, when I see their forgotten
+dates and titles in encyclopædias; but a better judgment tells me
+that one should not be ashamed of doing hard work honestly. I was
+not an artist at Sunday-school literature (there are such), and have
+often wondered why the religious publishing societies kept me at it
+so steadily and so long.</p>
+
+<p>There were tales of piety and of mischief, of war and of home, of
+babies and of army nurses, of Tom-boys, and of girls who did their
+mending and obeyed their mothers.</p>
+
+<p>The variety was the only thing I can recall that was commendable
+about these little books, unless one except a considerable dash of
+fun.</p>
+
+<p>One of them came back to me&mdash;it happened to be the only book
+I ever wrote that did&mdash;and when the Andover expressman brought
+in the square package, just before tea, I felt my heart stand still
+with mortification. Fortunately nobody saw the expressman. I always
+kept my ventures to myself, and did not, that I can remember, read
+any manuscript of mine to suffering relatives or friends, before
+publication. Indeed, I carried on the writer's profession for many
+years as if it had been a burglar's.</p>
+
+<p>At the earliest moment possible I got myself into my little room,
+and turned both keys upon myself and my rejected manuscript. But
+when I came to read the publisher's letter, I learned that hope
+still remained, a flickering torch, upon a darkened universe. That
+excellent man did not refuse the story, but raised objections to
+certain points or forms therein, to which he summoned my attention.
+The criticism called substantially for the rewriting of the book. I
+lighted my lamp, and, with the June beetles butting at my head, I
+wrote all night. At three o'clock in the morning I put the last
+sentence to the remodelled story&mdash;the whole was a matter of
+some three hundred and fifty pages of manuscript&mdash;and crawled
+to bed. At six, I stole out and found the expressman, that innocent
+and ignorant messenger of joy or woe. The revised manuscript reached
+the publisher by ten o'clock, and his letter of unconditional
+acceptance was in my hands before another tea-time.</p>
+
+<p>I have never been in the habit of writing at night, having been
+early warned against this practice by the wisest of fathers (who
+notably failed to follow his own advice); and this almost solitary
+experience of the midnight <span class="pagenum"><a name="page367"
+id="page367"></a>[pg 367]</span> oil remains as vivid as yesterday's
+sunset to me. My present opinion of that night's exploit is, that it
+signified an abnormal pride which might as well have received its
+due humiliation. But, at the time, it seemed to be the inevitable or
+even the creditable thing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/367.jpg" name="fig367" id="fig367">
+<img src="images/367.jpg" alt="HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF 'HARPER'S MAGAZINE.'" /></a>
+<h5>HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by G.C. Cox, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sunday-school writers did books by sets in those days; perhaps
+they do still. And at least two such sets I provided to order, each
+of four volumes. Both of these, it so happens, have survived their
+day and generation&mdash;the Tiny books, we called them, and the
+Gypsy books. Only last year I was called upon to renew the copyright
+for Gypsy, a young person now thirty years old in type.</p>
+
+<p>There is a certain poetic justice in this little circumstance,
+owing to the fact that I never <i>worked</i> harder in my life at
+anything than I did upon those little books; for I had, madly
+enough, contracted to supply four within a year.</p>
+
+<p>We had no vacations in those days; I knew nothing of hills or
+shore; but "spoke straight on" through the terrible Andover weather.
+Our July and August thermometers used to stand up hard at over
+ninety degrees, day and night, for nearly a week at a time. The
+large white mansion was as comfortable as ceiled walls and back
+plaster could be in that furnace; but my own small room, on the
+sunny side of the house, was heated seven times hotter than
+endurance. Sometimes I got over an open register in a lower room,
+and wrote in the faint puffs of damp air that played with my misery.
+Sometimes I sat in the cellar itself; but it was rather dark, and
+one cherished a consciousness of mice. In the orchard, or the grove,
+one's brains fricasseed quickly; <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page368" id="page368"></a>[pg 368]</span> in fact, all
+out-of-doors was a scene of bottomless torment worthy of a theology
+older and severer than Andover's.</p>
+
+<p>When the last chapter of the last book was done, it occurred to
+me to wonder whether I might ever be able to afford to get for a
+week or two where the thermometer went below ninety degrees in
+summer. But this was a wild and baseless dream, whose irrationality
+I quickly recognized. For such books as those into which I had been
+coining a year of my young strength and heart, I received the sum of
+one hundred dollars apiece. The "Gypsy" publisher was more
+munificent. He offered one hundred and fifty; a price which I
+accepted with incredible gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>I mention these figures distinctly, with the cold-blooded view of
+dimming the rosy dreams of those young ladies and gentlemen with
+whom, if I may judge by their letters, our country seems to be
+brimming over.</p>
+
+<p>"Will you read my poem?" "Won't you criticize my manuscript?" "I
+would like to forward my novel for your perusal." "I have sent you
+the copy of a rejected article of mine, on which I venture to
+ask&mdash;," etc., etc. "I have been told that all I need is
+Influence." "My friends think my book shows genius; but I have no
+Influence." "Will it trouble you too much to get this published for
+me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Your Influence&mdash;" and so on, and so on, run the piteous
+appeals which every successful author receives from the great
+unknown world of discouraged and perplexed young people who are
+mistaking the stir of youth or vanity, or the <i>ennui</i> of idleness,
+or the sting of poverty, for the solemn throes of power.</p>
+
+<p>What can one do for them, whom no one but themselves can help?
+What can one say to them, when anything one says is sure to give
+pain, or dishearten courage?</p>
+
+<p>Write, if you <i>must</i>; not otherwise. Do not write, if you can
+earn a fair living at teaching or dressmaking, at electricity or
+hod-carrying. Make shoes, weed cabbages, survey land, keep house,
+make ice-cream, sell cake, climb a telephone pole. Nay, be a
+lightning-rod peddler or a book agent, before you set your heart
+upon it that you shall write for a living. Do anything honest, but
+do not write, unless God calls you, and publishers want you, and
+people read you, and editors claim you. Respect the market laws.
+Lean on nobody. Trust the common sense of an experienced publisher
+to know whether your manuscript is worth something or nothing. Do
+not depend on influence. Editors do not care a drop of ink for
+influence. What they want is good material, and the fresher it is,
+the better. An editor will pass by an old writer, any day, for an
+unknown and gifted new one, with power to say a good thing in a
+fresh way. Make your calling and election sure. Do not flirt with
+your pen. Emerson's phrase was, "toiling terribly." Nothing less
+will hint at the grinding drudgery of a life spent in living "by
+your brains."</p>
+
+<p>Inspiration is all very well; but "genius is the infinite
+capacity for taking pains."</p>
+
+<p>Living? It is more likely to be dying by your pen; despairing by
+your pen; burying hope and heart and youth and courage in your
+ink-stand.</p>
+
+<p>Unless you are prepared to work like a slave at his galley, for
+the toss-up chance of a freedom which may be denied him when his
+work is done, do not write. There are some pleasant things about
+this way of spending a lifetime, but there are no easy ones.</p>
+
+<p>There are privileges in it, but there are heart-ache,
+mortification, discouragement, and an eternal doubt.</p>
+
+<p>Had one not better have made bread or picture-frames, run a
+motor, or invented a bicycle tire?</p>
+
+<p>Time alone&mdash;perhaps one might say, eternity&mdash;can
+answer.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5"> (return) </a>
+<p>"A sin once committed, always <i>deserves</i> punishment;
+and, as long as strict <i>Justice</i> is administered, the sin <i>must</i> be
+punished. Unless there be an Atonement, strict Justice <i>must</i>
+be administered; that is, Sin must be punished forever; but,
+on the ground of the Atonement, <i>Grace</i> may be administered,
+instead of <i>Justice</i>, and then the sinner may be pardoned."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/368.jpg" name="fig368" id="fig368">
+<img src="images/368.jpg" alt="Chapter End Graphic." /></a></div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page369" id="page369"></a>[pg 369]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/369.jpg" name="fig369" id="fig369">
+<img src="images/369.jpg" alt="ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN." /></a>
+<h5>ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Fradelle &amp; Young, London.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>LOST YOUTH.</h2>
+
+<h4>By R. L. Stevenson.</h4>
+
+<div style="margin-left:20%">
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,</p>
+<p class="i2">Say, could that lad be I?</p>
+<p>Merry of soul he sailed on a day</p>
+<p class="i2">Over the sea to Skye.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Mull was astern, Egg on the port,</p>
+<p class="i2">Rum on the starboard bow;</p>
+<p>Glory of youth glowed in his soul:</p>
+<p class="i2">Where is that glory now?</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,</p>
+<p class="i2">Say, could that lad be I?</p>
+<p>Merry of soul he sailed on a day</p>
+<p class="i2">Over the sea to Skye.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Give me again all that was there,</p>
+<p class="i2">Give me the sun that shone!</p>
+<p>Give me the eyes, give me soul,</p>
+<p class="i2">Give me the lad that's gone!</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,</p>
+<p class="i2">Say, could that lad be I?</p>
+<p>Merry of soul he sailed on a day</p>
+<p class="i2">Over the sea to Skye.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Billows and breeze, islands and seas,</p>
+<p class="i2">Mountains of rain and sun,</p>
+<p>All that was good, all that was fair,</p>
+<p class="i2">All that was me is gone.</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+Originally published in the "Pall Mall Gazette."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page370" id="page370"></a>[pg 370]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE DIVIDED HOUSE</h2>
+
+<h4>By Julia D. Whiting,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "The Story of Myra," "Brother Sesostris," "A Special Providence," and other stories.</h5>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterW.jpg" name="fig370" id="fig370"><img  src="images/LetterW.jpg" alt="Letter W" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">HEN Selucius Huxter had arrived at his last illness, he proved
+himself more than ever in his life troublesome and wearing. Having a
+suspicion that his condition was worse than his doctor or children
+allowed, he gave them no peace until he had extracted an admission
+that such was the case. Left alone with the doctor at his request,
+he reproached him.</p>
+
+<p>"Ye might as well told me before as let me lay here thinkin' and
+stewin' about it. I've lost a sight of strength tryin' to git the
+truth from ye, and there wa'n't no need. Wall&mdash;I suppose I
+ain't reely dyin' naow, while I'm a-talkin', be I?"</p>
+
+<p>Assured as to that point, he added: "The reason I wanted to know
+is because I've got to fix my concerns so as to leave 'em as well as
+I can; and all I want of you is that when you think
+I'm&mdash;wall&mdash;if you see there's goin' to be a change, I want
+you should tell me, so's't I can straighten things right out and git
+their consent to it." Having promised, the doctor apprised him as
+the last moments drew near.</p>
+
+<p>"Sho! I want to know! Why, I feel full as well as I did yes'dy
+and a leetle grain easier, if anythin'."</p>
+
+<p>"I hope this notice does not find you unprepared," observed the
+doctor.</p>
+
+<p>"Wall, no; I'm prepared as much as I can be, as you may say. I've
+been a member in good and regular standin' this fifty-five
+year&mdash;and I hain't arrived at my age without seeing there's
+somethin' in life beside livin'." He paused, then added with an
+accent of pride, "I don't owe any man a cent, nor never cheated a
+man of one. Wall, I've had quite a spell to think of things in,
+durin' my sickness, and I don't know but what I've enjoyed it
+considerable. Thought of things all along back to when I was a boy.
+Events come up that I'd clean forgot."</p>
+
+<p>The doctor gone, he called his children in.</p>
+
+<p>"Wall, Armidy, wall, Lucas, the doctor don't seem to think I
+shall tucker it out much longer. Wall, naow," he exclaimed, quite
+vexed, "I vow for't if I didn't forgit to ask him how long! Wall,
+too late naow. He's got out of sight, I s'pose."</p>
+
+<p>Armida stepped to the window, and assured him of the fact.</p>
+
+<p>"Wall, no gret matter. I jist thought if I could git him to fix
+the time I'd like to see how nigh he'd hit it.</p>
+
+<p>"Naow, I want to fix the property so's't you won't have no
+trouble with it. No use wastin' money gittin' lawyers here. There
+ain't no cheatin' nor double-dealin' anywhere to be found amongst
+the Huxters nor the Lucases; and when you give me your promises to
+abide by my last will and testament I shall expect you to hold to it
+jist the same as if it was writ out.</p>
+
+<p>"Naow, about the farm and house. The house, as you know, stands
+in the middle line of the farm; that is, the north side has a leetle
+the advantage in hevin' the Jabez Norcross paster tacked unto it,
+over and above the south half, but it's near enough. That paster
+don't count for much. Pooty thick with sheep laurel. Wall, seein'
+the land lies jist as it does, and the house is jist as it is, I
+propose to divide it even. Lucas, you can have the north half, and
+Armidy the south, beginnin' right to the front door, and runnin'
+right through the house and right along down to the river, straight
+as you can fetch it. Do you agree to my plan?"</p>
+
+<p>Armida and Lucas exchanged glances. "You speak," said Lucas in a
+low tone.</p>
+
+<p>"No, you," said Armida.</p>
+
+<p>"What you whisperin' about? P'raps you think I can't hear because
+I'm dyin', but I'd have you to know my hearin' ain't affected a
+grain. Speak up naow! What is it, Lucas?"</p>
+
+<p>"We were thinkin' of Theodore," said Lucas. "You're leavin' him
+out, seems so."</p>
+
+<p>"'Tain't 'cause I forgot him; but I give him all I cal'lated to
+when he quit home five year ago&mdash;money; and so I sha'n't leave
+him anythin'. Wouldn't do him no good, if I did," he said to
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, we should feel better if you did," said Armida. "I don't
+want he should be <span class="pagenum"><a name="page371"
+id="page371"></a>[pg 371]</span> left out. Neither would mother if
+she was livin'; she'd feel bad."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/371.jpg" name="fig371" id="fig371">
+<img src="images/371.jpg" alt="'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER.'" /></a>
+<h5>"'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I
+SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER.'"</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I'll settle it with your ma when I see her. Come, now, what do
+you say?"</p>
+
+<p>There was a long silence, which Armida broke by saying, "S'posin'
+him or me was to want to leave the place, I mean for good&mdash;get
+tired of stayin' here to home?"</p>
+
+<p>"Wall," said her father with a chuckle, "if either of you feels
+like <i>givin</i> your share to the other, you may. I ain't goin' to
+leave my old place for either of you to sell to each other nor
+nobody else. I expect you to live on't."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," now objected Lucas; "s'posin' one of us should git
+married, then how would it be?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, live along. Put in and work a leetle harder, maybe. This
+farm carried a pooty fair number when I was younger. If you should
+git too numerous you could build on either side. I guess there ain't
+no gret danger," he added.</p>
+
+<p>As neither offered further objections, Mr. Huxter said: "There's
+been talk enough, I s'pose. Do you agree to 't?" He waited while
+each gave an audible "yes." "Naow," said he, "I hain't an earthly
+thing to hamper me."</p>
+
+<p>The father dead, for the brother and sister no new life began.
+Armida still skimmed all the milk and made the butter, looked after
+Lucas as she had before, and Lucas attended impartially to the whole
+of the farm, and Armida sometimes wondered what difference it made.
+To be sure the profits were divided with the most rigid exactness;
+but everything went tranquilly <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page372" id="page372"></a>[pg 372]</span> on until more than a
+year after their father's death, when Armida had a suspicion,
+confirmed by appearances, that Lucas was becoming interested in a
+young girl in a neighborhood a few miles away. The spirit of
+jealousy surely animated poor Armida, for nothing else could have
+prompted her action. Having ascertained the girl's name, she caused
+to be conveyed to her the facts, colored for the occasion, relating
+to the partition of the house and land; and the young woman, having
+a shrewd eye to the main chance, bluntly told Lucas when next she
+saw him that she didn't wish the half of a house nor the half of a
+farm.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/372.jpg" name="fig372" id="fig372">
+<img src="images/372.jpg" alt="THE DIVIDED HOUSE.&mdash;'ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL MORE AND MORE INTO RUIN; WHILE LUCAS ... KEPT HIS IN EXCELLENT REPAIR, AND OCCASIONALLY RENEWED THE PAINT.'" /></a>
+<h5>THE DIVIDED HOUSE.&mdash;"ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL MORE AND
+MORE INTO RUIN; WHILE LUCAS ... KEPT HIS IN EXCELLENT REPAIR, AND OCCASIONALLY
+RENEWED THE PAINT."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lucas had thought all might go on smoothly with a wife, and had
+counted on her accepting the situation. Inquiring as to who had
+meddled in his affairs, he traced the matter back to Armida, and
+coming home mortified and angry, reproached her in unsparing terms,
+ending his recital of wrongs with: "I don't know what you did it
+for, unless you was afraid your half was going to be invaded; and if
+you feel that way you'd better keep to your side and take care of
+your own property. I ain't going to interfere."</p>
+
+<p>Armida was powerless to protect herself except with tears, which
+did not avail with Lucas. She made overtures of peace, such as
+offering to cook her brother's meals and look after his share of the
+milk; but was warned to attend to her own business.</p>
+
+<p>Lucas had a new pipe-hole made in the kitchen chimney, and bought
+a new stove, and hunted up a kitchen table, telling Armida she was
+welcome to the stove and table they had previously used in common,
+but he'd thank her to stay on her own side of the room. The
+situation would have been ludicrous if it had not been grim earnest
+to the brother and sister. Lucas had a hard side to his character,
+and he could not forgive his sister's interference. He would not
+even give Armida advice, but allowed her cows to break into her
+cornfield and her sheep to stray away, without warning her, though
+all the while his heart pricked him at sight of her distress. Still
+all he would do was to suggest that she get a hired man.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly Armida, in despair, hired an easy-going, good-natured
+creature that offered his services. He did very well, and Armida got
+on better, and took courage.</p>
+
+<p>But there was a dreadful blow in store for her. Lucas brought a
+gang of carpenters to the farm, who instituted repairs on his half
+of the house. He even went so far as to commit the extravagance of
+having blinds hung for his sitting-room and front chamber windows,
+and his half of the front porch was trimmed with brackets, and then
+the whole of his half of the house painted white, so that his
+neighbors rallied him on being proud. "Only," as <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page373" id="page373"></a>[pg 373]</span>
+one said, "why don't you extend your improvements right along acrost
+the house, Lucas? It looks sorter queer to see one-half so fine and
+the other so slack."</p>
+
+<p>"Armida's free to do she's a mind to," said Lucas. "If she wants
+to fix up her side, she can. I don't hinder her&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Nor you don't help her neither, as I see," said the other.</p>
+
+<p>"I believe in 'tendin' to your own affairs and not interferin'
+with other folks," Lucas rejoined.</p>
+
+<p>Armida was made very unhappy by these changes and the comments of
+the neighbors, and would gladly have beautified her half also, but
+had no money to spend. The farm had fallen behind, and she was
+pinched for means. She did what she could, taking more care than
+usual of vines and flowers, and even had an extra bed dug under her
+front windows, where she had many bright-hued flowers; but as she
+rose from digging around her plants and surveyed the
+house&mdash;Lucas's side with the new green blinds and the
+clapboards shining with paint, hers with its stained, weather-beaten
+appearance and its staring windows&mdash;she felt ashamed and
+discouraged.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/373.jpg" name="fig373" id="fig373">
+<img src="images/373.jpg" alt="'AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ... SHE ... LOOKED UP TO SEE A SHABBY, SHAMBLING, OLDISH MAN COMING AROUND THE SIDE OF THE HOUSE.'" /></a>
+<h5>"AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ...
+SHE ... LOOKED UP TO SEE A SHABBY, SHAMBLING, OLDISH MAN COMING AROUND
+THE SIDE OF THE HOUSE."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page374" id="page374"></a>[pg 374]</span>
+
+<p>She feared her hired man was slack and neglected his work; yet
+when he threatened to go, and afterward compromised the matter by
+offering to stay if she'd marry him, at a loss what to do, and
+partly because she was lonely, she married him. He was a respectable
+man, whose only fault was laziness, and she hoped that now he would
+take an interest. When Armida and her husband came back from the
+minister's and announced to Lucas that they were married, his only
+comment was, "Well, a slack help will make a shif'less husband."</p>
+
+<p>Years went by, and Armida's side of the house fell more and more
+into ruin; while Lucas, with what Armida considered cruel
+carefulness, kept his in excellent repair and occasionally renewed
+the paint. The contrast was so great that passers-by stopped their
+horses that they might look and wonder at their leisure. Every
+glance was like a blow to Armida, so that she avoided her
+sitting-room and kept herself in the uncomfortable kitchen that was
+divided by an imaginary line directly through the middle, a line
+never crossed by her brother, her husband, or herself.</p>
+
+<p>It would have looked absurd enough to a stranger to see this
+divided room, with the brother clumsily carrying on his household
+affairs on the one side and the sister doing her work on the other,
+with often not a word exchanged between them for days together.
+Absurd it might be, but it was certainly wretched. Armida grew old
+rapidly. Her husband was a poor stick, and when, as years passed, a
+touch of rheumatism gave him a real excuse for laziness, he did
+little more than sit by the fire and smoke.</p>
+
+<p>As Armida sat on the bench under the old russet apple-tree by the
+back door one day, regretting her evil fate, she heard footsteps
+approaching, and, pushing back her old sun-bonnet, looked up to see
+a shabby, shambling, oldish man coming around the side of the house
+and gazing in at the windows, "What ye doin' there?" said Armida
+sharply.</p>
+
+<p>The man turned, surveyed her with a smile, then said with a drawl
+she remembered: "I hain't been gone so long but that I know ye,
+Armidy. Don't you remember me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Theodore Huxter! Is that you? Well!" and she hurried up to him,
+and shook hands violently.</p>
+
+<p>"I heard only last week that father was dead," he explained. "I
+seen a man from this way, and he said he was gone. How long
+since?"</p>
+
+<p>"More than ten years ago."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I thought I'd come and see ye."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm glad you did," she said. "But come right in;" and she led
+the way into the kitchen.</p>
+
+<p>He leaned up against the door and surveyed the room. "I should
+'a' s'posed I'd have remembered this room, but what ye done to it?
+What hev you got two stoves and two tables and all that for,
+Armidy?"</p>
+
+<p>Armida told him all, winding up her story with a few tears.</p>
+
+<p>"That accounts for the looks of the outside, I s'pose," was his
+only comment. "I thought it was about the queerest I ever see. It's
+ridiculous! Why haven't you and Lucas straightened out affairs
+before this?"</p>
+
+<p>"I can't, and he can't, I s'pose," she said hopelessly; "and
+everything makes it worse. I wouldn't care so much if he hadn't
+fixed up the outside the way he did."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, well now, don't you fret. If I had money&mdash;but then I
+haven't."</p>
+
+<p>"How have you lived sence you left home?" Armida inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, I've had a still, and made essence and peddled it out; but
+I sold the still to git money to come here, and it took all I
+had."</p>
+
+<p>"Well now, Theodore, I wish you'd stay here now you've got round
+again," said Armida with great earnestness. "I've worried about you
+a sight. I'd be glad to have you, and Lucas would, I know."</p>
+
+<p>To spare a possible rebuff for Theodore, she ran out as she saw
+Lucas coming to the house to get his supper, and apprised him of his
+brother's arrival, glad to find he shared her pleasure in it. As
+Lucas entered the room he shook hands with Theodore, saying, "How
+are ye?" to which Theodore responded with "How are you, Lucas?"</p>
+
+<p>Theodore was a relief and pleasure to all the family. He observed
+a strict impartiality. If he split some kindling-wood for Armida, he
+churned for Lucas. If he took Armida's old horse to be shod, he
+helped Lucas wash his sheep. He accepted everything, asking no
+questions after the first evening, but kept an observant eye on
+all.</p>
+
+<p>Both Lucas and Armida had loved him since their earliest
+remembrance, and retained their old fondness for him now. He was a
+welcome guest on either side of the kitchen, and though when he
+announced of an evening that he was going visiting, and stepped
+across the line to the other <span class="pagenum"><a name="page375"
+id="page375"></a>[pg 375]</span> side of the half from where he had
+been sitting, the owner of the side he honored felt pleased by the
+distinction, yet the one on the opposite side, though no longer
+(according to an understood law) joining in the conversation, still
+had the benefit of Theodore's narratives.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/375.jpg" name="fig375" id="fig375">
+<img  src="images/375.jpg" alt="EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN." /></a>
+<h5>EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was busy, too, in his way. He was indefatigable in
+berry-picking and herb-gathering, selling what Armida and Lucas did
+not wish, and showing not a little shrewdness. When he had laid a
+little money together he bought a still, and distilled essences of
+peppermint, wintergreen, and other sweet-smelling herbs and roots,
+and when a store was accumulated he filled a basket and departed on
+a peddling expedition, returning with money in his purse and a
+handkerchief or ribbon for Armida. Once he bought her a stuff gown,
+which she came near ruining by weeping over it, it was such a
+delight.</p>
+
+<p>Lucas remonstrated. "I think you're foolish, Theodore. Why don't
+you spend your money on yourself? You'd a sight better get you a new
+coat."</p>
+
+<p>"I'd rather see Armida crying over that stuff," said Theodore,
+"than have a dozen coats. Nobody knows Armida's good looking,
+because she's no good clothes. But she is, and when she gets that
+dress made up and puts it on with that pink ribbon I bought her last
+time, she'll look as pretty as a pink."</p>
+
+<p>Not so great a success were the Venetian blinds that he bought
+second-hand and gave to Armida to hang in the sitting-room. They
+proved to be in sorry condition, and Theodore was much mortified.
+Being a handy creature, he managed to patch them up so that, though
+they could not be rolled up, they looked very well from the outside;
+and, as he philosophically remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"What more do you want, Armidy? A room you never set in, you
+don't want any light in."</p>
+
+<p>There was one thing that Theodore would not do. He would not, as
+he said, fellowship with Jerry, Armida's husband. "Tell you,
+Armidy," he would say, "I can't put up with a man like him."</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page376" id="page376"></a>[pg
+376]</span>
+
+<p>"Some folks call you shif'less, Theodore," Armida retorted with
+bitterness.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I am," he allowed; "but the difference is&mdash;I'm lazy,
+but work, my fashion; but he's lazy, and don't work at all."</p>
+
+<p>Though he disdained Jerry, he would rather do his tasks than see
+Armida's interests suffer; and when he was not occupied with his
+still or peddling, he busied himself on her side of the farm. Lucas
+would at any time give him a helping hand rather than see Theodore
+hurt himself, and so Armida's fences were mended and sundry repairs
+on her barns and out-houses made. Lucas was still as stiff as ever,
+and the help given was always to oblige Theodore, who laughed to
+himself but said nothing.</p>
+
+<p>He once attempted to wheedle Lucas into painting at least all of
+the front of the house, but Lucas was not to be moved. Disappointed
+in that, Theodore brought home a pot of yellow paint when returning
+from his next expedition, and painted his sister's half of the
+kitchen floor, in spite of her remonstrating that Lucas wouldn't
+like it, though she acknowledged it looked pretty, and in spite of
+Lucas's vexation at finding the room ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>"No more ridiculous than it was before," Theodore assured him;
+"it couldn't be. Besides," he added, as an afterthought, "I'll bring
+it plumb up to the middle, and neither of you will be trespassin' on
+the other's side. I noticed one of your chairs was a leetle grain
+onto Armidy's side the other night, and that ain't right."</p>
+
+<p>In the middle of an afternoon, as Lucas was ploughing out his
+corn, he heard a "Hello!" to which, when it had been two or three
+times repeated, he replied, though without looking around. Presently
+he heard some one coming, in a sort of scuffling run, and breathing
+heavily, and looked over his shoulder to see Theodore, who dropped
+into a walk as he spied him, and gasped: "Lucas! Say! Stop! Look
+here!"</p>
+
+<p>"Well?" said Lucas, and pulled up his horse.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm too old to run like this, that's a fact," said Theodore,
+mopping his face and leaning up against the plough. "There's a queer
+piece of work for us to do, Lucas. Armidy's all smashed up on the
+road, right down here on that second dip, and I guess Jerry is stone
+dead, and we must fetch 'em up just as soon as we can."</p>
+
+<p>Lucas made no comment, but mechanically unfastened the horse and
+turned toward the house, his brother stumbling behind, quite
+exhausted by the hurry and fatigue of the hour.</p>
+
+<p>As they went Lucas said: "How did you come to know of it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, it was cur'us," said Theodore. "You know I had old Sam
+this morning, bringing in a little jag of wood for Armidy, and
+lengthened out the traces to fit the old waggin. Well, all I know
+about it is what I guess. I see from the looks they must 'a'
+concluded to go to the village with some eggs and so on, 'cause you
+can see in the road where they smashed when the basket flew out; and
+Jerry didn't know no more than to hitch up into the buggy without
+shortenin' the traces, and you know how that would work. Well, the
+cur'us thing is that I was out in the paster mowin' some
+brakes&mdash;here, let me hitch up this side, while you do the
+other&mdash;and I heard somebody or somethin' comin' slam-bang, and
+I looked up&mdash;I wa'n't near enough so as to see who 'twas nor
+anythin'&mdash;and I looked up, and see 'em comin' like hudy, down
+one of them pitches. Thinks said I, well, there's a hitch-up that's
+goin' to flinders&mdash;and just then the forward wheel struck a big
+stone, and I see the woman and man and all fly inter the air and
+come down agin, and the hoss went."</p>
+
+<p>"Where's the horse now?" said Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know, and I don't care. Tell ye, best put a feather-bed
+in the bottom of this waggin, because her arm's broke for certain,
+and I don't know what else. I'll fetch it&mdash;if you've got some
+spirits."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Lucas, "I'll fetch some;" and both hurried into the
+house, and soon came out again and hastened off.</p>
+
+<p>"How did you know who 'twas?" Lucas inquired, with solemn
+curiosity fitting the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, I didn't; but I knew when they didn't offer to git up,
+whoever 'twas wanted help, and I put across the lot to 'em, and sure
+enough 'twas Armidy and Jerry. I looked her over, and see by the way
+she lay that one of her arms was broke, anyway, and stepped over to
+where Jerry was, and sir! he was as dead as Moses! Head struck right
+on a big stone and broke his neck&mdash;his head hung down like
+that," letting his hand fall limply from the wrist.</p>
+
+<p>"Does she know?" said Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>"No, and I hope she won't for a spell. She hadn't come to when I
+left her."</p>
+
+<p>Lucas struck the horse with the end of the reins to urge him
+on.</p>
+
+<p>"There, now you can see 'em," said Theodore, rising in his seat
+and pointing <span class="pagenum"><a name="page377"
+id="page377"></a>[pg 377]</span> down the road. Lucas followed his
+example, and looking before them they could see both husband and
+wife lying motionless in the road.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/377.jpg" name="fig377" id="fig377">
+<img src="images/377.jpg" alt="'LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE LYING MOTIONLESS IN THE ROAD.'" /></a>
+<h5>"LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY
+COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE LYING MOTIONLESS IN THE ROAD."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>Between them they soon lifted poor Armida into the wagon, and
+laid her on the bed as tenderly as might be, eliciting a groan by
+the operation.</p>
+
+<p>"Best give her some?" said Lucas, bringing a bottle of brandy
+from out his pocket. "Come to think of it, best not. She won't sense
+it so much if she don't realize."</p>
+
+<p>A brief examination of Jerry was sufficient. The brothers
+exchanged glances and shakes of the head. "And to think," said
+Theodore, as they regarded the body, "that it was only this morning
+I said to Armidy there was one tramp too many in the house, meaning
+me, and now to have my words brought before me like this! 'Twasn't
+anything but a joke, but I hope she won't remember it against
+me."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, first thing we've got to do is to get her to the house,"
+said Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>Armida having been made as comfortable as the present would
+allow, and Jerry having been brought up and consigned to the best
+chamber, as befitted his state, Lucas hastened after the doctor and
+Aunt Polly Slater. The doctor found Armida in a sad case. "Though I
+don't think," he assured the brothers, "if she isn't worried she
+will be hard sick. She's naturally rugged, and it's merely a simple
+fracture of the forearm. The sprained ankle will be the most tedious
+thing, but I must charge you to keep her in ignorance of her
+husband's death."</p>
+
+<p>Theodore helped Aunt Polly in caring for Armida, and never was
+woman more tenderly cared for. Many were the lies he was forced to
+tell, as Armida was first surprised, then indignant, at Jerry's
+apparent neglect.</p>
+
+<p>"Even Lucas has come to the door and looked at me," she
+complained, "and Jerry ain't so much as been near me."</p>
+
+<p>Theodore was fain to concoct a story about a strained back that
+would not allow Jerry to rise from the bed. When it was deemed
+prudent to tell her, the task fell to Theodore, who was very tender
+of his sister, remembering that though he considered Jerry a
+shiftless, poor shack of a creature, Armida probably had affection
+for him. She took her loss very quietly.</p>
+
+<p>"He was always good to me," she said, "and he cared for me when
+no one else did."</p>
+
+<p>"You're wrong there," Theodore remonstrated.</p> <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page378" id="page378"></a>[pg 378]</span>
+
+<p>"I used to tell myself I was," she replied sadly. "I knew I give
+the first offence, but Lucas never would 'a' done as he did by the
+house if he'd cared for me."</p>
+
+<p>Lucas heard the reproach where he stood out of sight in the
+little entry that led to Armida's room, listening to the brother and
+sister as they talked together within. He often lingered there,
+wishing to enter, but not daring to; longing to atone for the
+unhappiness he had caused his sister, but not knowing how to set
+about it. Now, taking Theodore into his confidence, he set to work
+to obliterate all outward signs that made it "the divided house,"
+leaving to his brother the task of keeping it from Armida. As she
+querulously inquired what all the hammering and pounding that was
+going on in front of the house meant, Theodore had a story ready
+about the steps to the front porch being so worn out that Lucas had
+to have some new ones, "or else break his legs goin' over them." The
+smell of paint was accounted for by Lucas "havin' one of his spells
+of gittin' his side painted over agin;" on which Armida gave way to
+tears, until her brother comforted her by saying it didn't make much
+difference, a new coat couldn't make it any whiter than it was.</p>
+
+<p>It was a great day when Armida was pronounced well enough to eat
+breakfast in the kitchen. Hobbling out with the aid of Theodore's
+arm, she stepped on the threshold, and looked over to where Lucas
+stood by his window. He greeted her with, "How are ye, Armidy?" but
+did not leave his place.</p>
+
+<p>"It seems good to git out of my bedroom," said Armida; then
+stopped, gazed about her, and sank into a convenient chair,
+exclaiming, "What does it mean?"</p>
+
+<p>For both her and Lucas's old stoves were gone, and a new one
+stood directly before the middle of the chimney, with its pipe
+running into the old pipe-hole that they used before the house was
+divided. The coffee-pot steamed and bubbled over the fire, and a
+platter of ham and eggs stood on the hearth, while the table, set
+for breakfast, stood exactly in the centre of the room; the dividing
+line had been wiped out by the paint-brush, and Lucas's side shone
+with yellow paint like her own.</p>
+
+<p>"What does it mean?" she cried, trembling and clutching at
+Theodore's arm. Theodore said nothing, but slipped out of the room,
+and Lucas, after an awkward pause, said: "Armidy, I wanted, if you
+was willin', that we should quit doin' as we have done and have
+things together as we used to. Seems as if it would be pleasanter,
+and if you can forgive what I've done, I'll try to make it up to
+ye."</p>
+
+<p>"Why, Lucas!" was all she could say.</p>
+
+<p>"I know I hain't done by ye like a brother," said Lucas, anxious
+to get his self-imposed humiliation over, "and I'm sorry, and I'd
+like to begin over again."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm just as much a transgressor as you be," said Armida, anxious
+to spare him. "If I hadn't said what I did, I 'spose you'd married
+Ianthe, and like as not had a family round ye."</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know as I care <i>now</i>," said Lucas; "I have felt hard to
+ye; but I see Ianthe last March"&mdash;he laughed&mdash;"and I
+didn't mourn much that her name wa'n't Huxter. But that's neither
+here nor there. If you feel as if you could git along with two old
+brothers to look after instead of one, and overlook what's
+passed&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"I'd be glad to, Lucas, if you won't lay up anything against
+me."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then;" and coming to her side Lucas bent over her, and, to
+her great surprise, kissed her. Turning away before she could return
+the kiss, he opened the back door and called to Theodore.</p>
+
+<p>As Theodore came in, Lucas said: "If you had a shawl round ye,
+Armidy, wouldn't you like to git out a minute before breakfast?" and
+without waiting for an answer, he brought her shawl and wrapped it
+round her, then put on her bonnet.</p>
+
+<p>"Can't you and I," he said to Theodore, "make a chair and take
+her out? You hain't forgot sence you left school, hev you?"</p>
+
+<p>Locking their hands together they formed what school-children
+call a chair, and lifting Armida between them, carried her through
+the hall, out at the front door, down the walk to the gate, and
+turned round, while Theodore bade his sister look up at the house.
+Armida obeyed. She saw the house glistening with paint, her side of
+it as white as Lucas's, and blinds adorning her front windows, while
+the front porch, with new-laid floor and steps and bristling with
+brackets, was, in her eyes, the most imposing of entrances.</p>
+
+<p>Could it be true? she asked herself, and shut her eyes; then
+glanced again, then looked at her brothers, who were both silent,
+Theodore smiling with joy, while Lucas looked gravely down at
+her.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, Lucas!" she cried, throwing her arms around his neck, "you
+done this for me!"</p>
+
+<p>"I <i>told</i> you I was sorry, Armidy," he said.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page379" id="page379"></a>[pg 379]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Cleveland Moffett.</h4>
+
+
+<p>On the long peninsula that separates New York Bay from Newark
+Bay, there is, among other things, a red house by an open field, in
+which lives the king of kite-flyers. Every one in Bayonne, the town
+which covers this peninsula, knows the red house by the open field;
+for scarcely a day passes, winter or summer, that kites are not seen
+sailing above this spot&mdash;sometimes a solitary "hurricane
+flyer," when the wind is sweeping in strong from the ocean;
+sometimes a tandem string of seven or eight six-footers, each one
+fastened to the main line by its separate cord. And wonderful are
+the feats in kite-illumination accomplished by Mr. Eddy (the king
+aforesaid) on holiday nights, especially on the Fourth of July, when
+he keeps the sky ablaze with gracefully waving meteors, to the
+profound awe or admiration of his fellow-townsmen.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:52%;">
+<a href="images/379.jpg" name="fig379" id="fig379">
+<img src="images/379t.jpg" alt="HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A TANDEM OF HIS BOX-KITES." /></a>
+<h5>HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND
+BY A TANDEM OF HIS BOX-KITES.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>If you enter the red house and show a proper interest in the
+subject, Mr. Eddy will take you up to his kite-room, where skyflyers
+of all sorts, sizes, and materials range the walls&mdash;from the
+tiniest, made of tissue paper, to nine-footers, with lath frames and
+oil-cloth coverings. Hanging from the ceiling is one of the queer
+Hargrave kites, which looks like a double box, and seems as little
+likely to fly as a full-legged dining-table; yet fly it will, and
+beautifully too, though by a principle of aëroplanes only recently
+understood.</p>
+
+<p>Then Mr. Eddy will show you the room where, with the help of his
+deft-fingered wife, also a kite enthusiast, he spends many hours
+developing and mounting photographs taken from high altitudes, with
+a camera especially constructed to be swung and operated from the
+kite cord.</p>
+
+<p>Until one talks with a man like Mr. Eddy&mdash;though, indeed,
+there is no one just like him&mdash;one does not realize what a
+large and important subject this of scientific kite-flying is. Many
+men of distinction have devoted years of their best energies to
+experiments with kites. Mr. Eddy himself is a scientist first, last,
+and always; for the sake of a new observation he will send up a
+tandem of kites when the thermometer is below zero, or stand half a
+night at his reeling apparatus, getting records of the
+thermograph.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps I shall do best to begin by giving some useful
+information to those who may contemplate constructing a modern
+scientific kite. The first thing that should be done by such a
+person, be he boy or man, is to rid his mind of all his preconceived
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page380" id="page380"></a>[pg
+380]</span> notions about kites, for it is almost certain that they
+are incorrect. To begin with, the scientific kite has no tail. A few
+years ago people would have laughed at any one who attempted to send
+up a kite without a tail. But the question is now no longer even
+open with the scientific kite-flyers, who not only send up tailless
+kites with the greatest ease, but do so under conditions which, to
+kites with tails, would be impossible: for instance, in dead calms
+and in driving hurricanes. The tailless kite, sent from the hands of
+a master, will fly in all winds.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that kites with tails have given good results in
+experimental work; but the tails are annoying and an unnecessary
+weight, and may better be dispensed with. Every boy has had the
+vexatious experience of sending up a kite in a light breeze with a
+tail made light in proportion, only to find that, on reaching
+stronger air currents above, the kite has begun to dive and grow
+unmanageable. Then, when he has taken the kite down and added a
+heavier tail, he has found the breeze at the ground insufficient to
+lift the extra load; and so, between two difficulties, has had to
+give up his sport in disgust. This is the one serious defect of
+kites with tails, that they cannot adapt themselves to wind currents
+of varying intensities; whereas the tailless kites do so without
+difficulty. And in tandem flying, which is the backbone of the
+modern system, the weight of a half dozen or more heavy tails would
+be a serious impediment, to say nothing of the perpetual danger of
+the different tails getting entangled in the lines.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC KITE.</h4>
+
+<p>It is important, then, to know how to make a scientific tailless
+kite, such as is used by the experts at the Smithsonian Institution,
+or at the Blue Hills Conservatory near Boston, for it must not be
+supposed that kite-flying is merely an idle pastime; it is a
+pleasure doubtless for boys, but it is also a field of serious
+experiment and observation for men. The information I here present,
+including practical directions as well as interesting theories, was
+obtained from Mr. Eddy himself, and may be regarded as strictly
+accurate.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/380.jpg" name="fig380" id="fig380">
+<img  src="images/380t.jpg" alt="Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>This view, from a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy,
+New York City at the crossing of Frankfort and William
+Streets.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is much better for amateurs to begin with a kite designed to
+fly in strong winds, as it is a long and delicate task to learn to
+manage the variety with extra wide cross-stick meant for ascension
+in calms. The two sticks which form the skeleton should be of equal
+lengths, say six feet; and should cross each other at right angles
+at a point on the upright stick eighteen per cent. of its length
+below the top. This point of crossing is of great importance, and
+was only located by Mr. Eddy after months of wearisome experiment.
+He was misled in his earlier efforts at tailless kite-making by the
+example of the Malay kiter-flyers, who are reputed to be the most
+skilful in the world, and who cross the sticks much nearer the
+middle of the upright one. In a six-foot kite the two sticks, equal
+in length, should cross at about thirteen inches from the top of the
+upright stick; and the same proportion should be observed for kites
+of other dimensions. At the point of crossing, <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page381" id="page381"></a>[pg 381]</span>
+the sticks should be slightly notched, and strongly bound together
+with twine tied in flat knots. Driving a nail or screw through the
+sticks, to bind them, weakens the frame at the point of greatest
+strain.</p>
+
+<p>As material for the sticks Mr. Eddy has found clear spruce better
+than any other wood. Bamboo is bad, because it bends unevenly at the
+joints. White pine is not tough enough, and cypress is both too
+brittle and too flexible. The hard woods, like ash, hickory, and
+oak, are too heavy; in scientific kite-flying, even so small a
+weight as a quarter of an ounce may make all the difference between
+failure and success. All winds are broken by frequent brief
+intervals of calm, and a kite must rely on its lightness to outride
+these. Whoever contemplates going seriously into kite-flying will do
+well to provide himself with a store of suitable sticks by
+purchasing a straight-grained, well-planed spruce plank, free from
+knots, and having it sawed on a circular saw into sticks
+five-sixteenths and seven-sixteenths inches in thickness, to be cut
+later into such lengths as he may choose.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%;">
+<a href="images/381.jpg" name="fig381" id="fig381">
+<img  src="images/381t.jpg" alt="Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. This view
+also is of New York City about the crossing of Frankfort and William Streets.
+The high wall on the right of Frankfort Street is the back of the "World"
+building; the high wall on the left is the back of the "Tribune" building.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The two sticks (there are never more than two) having been
+fastened firmly together, the cross-stick must be sprung backward;
+so that, when finished, the kite will present a convex or bulging
+surface to the wind. It might be imagined that a concave surface to
+the wind would be better; and indeed this has been tried. But it has
+invariably proved that with a concave surface the kite receives too
+much of the breeze and becomes quite uncontrollable. The amount of
+spring that must be given the cross-piece is in proportion to its
+length, Mr. Eddy's rule being to spring the cross-stick, by means of
+a cord joining the two ends like a bow, until the perpendicular
+between the point of juncture of the two sticks and the centre of
+the cord is equal to one-tenth of the length of the cross-stick, or
+a little more than one-tenth, if the kite is to be flown in very
+high winds.</p>
+
+<p>It is of the first importance to keep the two halves of the kite
+on the right and the left of the upright stick perfectly
+symmetrical. And this is by no means an easy matter. It often
+happens in bending the cross-stick that, owing to differences in the
+fibre and elasticity of the wood, one side bends more than the
+other, with the result that the two halves present different curves
+and consequently unequal wind areas. To offset this difficulty, and
+also to strengthen the skeleton, Mr. Eddy's practice is to add a
+bracing piece at the back of the cross-stick&mdash;a piece about
+one-fourth of the length of the cross-stick itself, and of the same
+width and thickness. If the two halves of the kite are already quite
+symmetrical, he places this bracing stick with its centre directly
+even with the point of juncture of the two large sticks, its two
+ends being fastened with twine to the cross-stick, about nine inches
+on either side of the crossing-point. But if one half of the
+cross-stick shows a greater bend than the other, he places the
+longer arm of the bracing piece toward the side that bends the most,
+thus presenting a greater leverage against the wind on that side
+than on the other, and so equalizing things.</p>
+
+<p>With the two sticks and the brace all <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page382" id="page382"></a>[pg 382]</span> thus properly in
+place, a supporting frame for the paper or cloth is formed by
+running, not cord, but fine picture wire, over the tips of the
+sticks, notched to hold it in place, in the ordinary way. Then, with
+a thin, clear paste made of starch, the paper may be laid on, care
+being taken to paste the edges so as to leave a certain amount of
+slack or looseness in the part of the kite below the cross-stick, so
+that each of the lower faces will present concave wind surfaces. To
+preserve the required equilibrium, it is important that the amount
+of looseness in the paper be equal on the two sides; and in order to
+keep it so, it is necessary to measure exactly the amount
+allowed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/382.jpg" name="fig382" id="fig382">
+<img src="images/382.jpg" alt="THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE." /></a>
+<h5>THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>Front view, showing how the line is attached.</p>
+
+<p>A storm-flyer.&mdash;The diamond-shaped figure in the centre is
+an opening made to lessen the wind pressure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Those who wish to make many kites will do well to buy thin
+manilla paper, as wide as possible, having the dealer roll off for
+them seven hundred or eight hundred feet, say a yard in width, which
+will insure a cheap as well as an abundant supply. For strong winds
+and large kites it is best to use cloth as the covering. It should
+be sewed to the frame, and, if carefully put on, will do service for
+years. Silk, of course, is the ideal material; but its costliness
+puts it beyond ordinary means, and common silesia, such as is used
+in dress linings, is almost as good. Whatever the material, the kite
+should be fortified at the corners by pasting or sewing on quadrants
+of paper or cloth, so as to give double thickness at the points most
+liable to injury. A finished six-footer should not weigh over twenty
+ounces, if covered with paper; or twenty-five ounces, if covered
+with cloth. Mr. Eddy has made a six-footer for calm flying as light
+as eight ounces.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HOW TO SEND UP A KITE.</h4>
+
+<p>There is only one way to learn the practical art of kite-flying,
+and that is to begin and do the thing yourself&mdash;with many
+mishaps and disappointments at the outset. One of Mr. Eddy's
+practices when sending kites up in very light winds or in an
+apparent calm, is to reel out two hundred yards or so of cord in a
+convenient open space, leaving kite and cord on the ground until
+ready to start. Then, by taking the cord at the extreme distance
+from the kite, and beginning to run with it, he gets it quickly into
+the upper air currents, which are always stirring more than those at
+the surface. It is sometimes necessary to run for a considerable
+distance before the kite reaches a sustaining current; but a real
+kite enthusiast will not mind taking trouble; indeed he had better
+abandon the whole business if he does. It is worth noting that even
+in a dead calm a kite may be kept up indefinitely as long as the
+flyer is willing to run with the cord at the rate of about five
+miles an hour.</p>
+
+<p>In flying kites tandem there is always to be guarded against the
+danger of a breaking of the cord. Few people realize how hard a pull
+is exerted by a series of kites well up in the air. A strain of
+twenty-five or thirty pounds on the cord is not uncommon; and not
+only the strength of the cord, but the way of attaching it, is of
+great importance. There should be two strings (never more), fastened
+to the upright <span class="pagenum"><a name="page383"
+id="page383"></a>[pg 383]</span> stick at its lower end and at the
+point of crossing, the upper length being about one-third of the
+lower one, and the two being adjusted so that, when taut, the kite
+takes an angle of about twenty degrees with the ground&mdash;which
+means that the kite goes up almost straight overhead, the string
+making an angle of about seventy degrees with the ground.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/383.jpg" name="fig383" id="fig383">
+<img src="images/383.jpg" alt="THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE." /></a>
+<h5>THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>It was by kites of this variety, flown in tandem, that the inventor, Hargrave,
+was lifted sixteen feet from the ground on
+November 12, 1894.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In sending up a series of kites to fly tandem, it is best to head
+the line with a small kite, three or, four feet in diameter, and
+gradually increase the size until a diameter of six feet is reached
+for the one sent last. This arrangement makes it possible to hold
+the upper kites by lighter cord, the heavier kites being reserved
+for the half of the line nearest to the ground; and thus there is a
+material lessening of the load to be borne. The first kite should be
+well up, say five hundred feet, before the second is attached to the
+line. But after that they maybe sent at closer intervals, sometimes
+with only a few hundred feet between them&mdash;say two hundred feet
+in light winds, and five hundred feet in heavy winds. Each kite in a
+tandem should have a length of at least one hundred feet of cord
+from the main line, and great care should be exercised in knotting
+fast the individual lines.</p>
+
+<p>The best way of starting a second kite, after the first is well
+up, is to pay out about a hundred feet of cord for the tandem line,
+attaching one end of this to the main cord and the other to the
+second kite, which is left lying on the ground back downward. Then
+pay out the main line evenly until the tandem line begins to lift.
+As the pendent kite is borne higher and higher, it will swing for a
+while in a horizontal position; but will presently begin to flutter
+and sail sideways, and then finally come up more and more, until the
+wind catches it and it shoots up like a bird into its proper
+position. In fact, once the first kite is securely up, the others
+will fly themselves by merely being attached to the main line as
+described. Of course each fresh kite increases the pull on the main
+line, and the line must be made proportionately stronger as the
+tandem is increased.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RUNAWAY TANDEMS.</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Eddy has had some remarkable experiences with escaping kites.
+One day at Bayonne, in July, 1894, while he was flying a tandem of
+eight kites in a northwest wind blowing eighteen miles an hour, the
+main line broke with a loud snap, and the kites sailed away towards
+Staten Island with the speed of an escaped balloon. One can scarcely
+conceive the rapidity with which a line of kites like this travels
+over the first four or five hundred feet after its release. An
+ice-boat goes no faster, and one might as well pursue the shadow of
+a flying cloud as chase that string. At the time of the escape the
+top kite, a four-footer, was up nearly a mile, and the other seven
+were flying at a good elevation. The consequence was that although,
+as invariably happens in such cases, they began to drop, the lowest
+kite did not strike the ground until it had been carried about a
+quarter of a mile, to the New Jersey shore of the Kill von Kull,
+which is half a mile wide at this point. <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page384" id="page384"></a>[pg 384]</span> Here kite number
+eight, a six-footer, caught in a tree and held the line for a few
+seconds until its own cord broke, under the strain, and set the
+other kites free. This check had lifted the other kites, and they
+now flew right bravely across the water, not one of the seven
+wetting its heels before the farther shore was reached. Then the
+lowest of them came to the ground, in its turn putting a brief check
+on the others. But its cord soon broke under the strain, and the six
+still flying went sailing over the trees of Staten Island, hundreds
+of people watching them as they flew&mdash;six tailless kites
+driving along towards New York Bay, the main line trailing behind
+over lawns and house-tops.</p>
+
+<p>Then a queer thing happened. As the loose end of the main line
+trailed along, it whipped against a line of telegraph wires with
+such violence as to wind itself around the wires again and again,
+just as a whip-lash winds round a hitching-post when whipped against
+one. The result was that the runaway kites were finally anchored by
+the main line, and held fast until their owner, coming in quick
+pursuit on ferryboat and train, could secure them.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, two of Mr. Eddy's kites flying in tandem
+broke away, and started out to sea, the dangling line passing over a
+moored coal barge on which a man was working. Feeling something
+tickle his neck, the man put up his hand quickly and touched the
+kite-cord. Greatly surprised, he seized the cord and made it fast;
+and he was not at all disposed to give up the kites when Mr. Eddy
+claimed them. There is no property, indeed, so hard to prove and
+recover as a runaway kite. For one thing, there is absolutely no
+telling how far a runaway kite will sail before landing. Mr. Eddy
+estimates that when the main line breaks, a kite well up in a
+twenty-five mile breeze will travel, before alighting, a distance
+equal to twelve times its height from the ground. This means that a
+kite straight over the Battery, in New York City, and a mile in the
+air, driven by a stiff south wind, might land in Yonkers if the cord
+broke. There is, by the way, an old-time ordinance on the statute
+book, prohibiting the flying of kites in any part of New York City
+below Fourteenth Street. This, however, did not prevent Mr. Eddy
+from taking recently a series of unique photographs (some of them
+are reproduced in this article), by means of a tandem of kites sent
+up from a high building near the City Hall Park. The only
+complication that resulted was a fierce contention among a crowd of
+idlers and gamins over the possession of one of the kites, which
+came down accidentally and lodged in one of the Park trees.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/384.jpg" name="fig384" id="fig384">
+<img  src="images/384t.jpg" alt="NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE LIFTING POWER OF KITES.</h4>
+
+<p>A tandem of six or eight six-foot kites exerts a pull of thirty
+pounds or more on the main line; but it must not be assumed that
+such a tandem would lift and carry through the air a weight of
+thirty pounds. The weight of thirty pounds would be carried a short
+distance; but as the weight moved off, there would be a sudden
+lessening of the resistance on the line, and so of the wind pressure
+against the kites, which would soon cause them to sink. A tandem of
+strong kites in a good breeze might be made to operate a sort of
+jumping apparatus which, after being carried a short distance, would
+anchor itself to the ground until the renewed strength of the kites
+lifted it up again for another jump. <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page385" id="page385"></a>[pg 385]</span> But all kite experts
+are agreed that a kite's power for lifting loads clear of the ground
+must be enormously increased according as the distance to which the
+load is to be lifted is increased. It would be possible, for
+example, to build a tandem of kites strong enough to lift a man
+clear of the ground, supposing him to be swung in a basket from the
+main line. This, indeed, has been actually accomplished. September
+18, 1895, in England, Captain Baden-Powell was lifted to a height of
+one hundred feet on a kite-string supported by five large hexagon
+kites. But Mr. Eddy calculates that to lift a man of the same weight
+(one hundred and fifty pounds) to a height of fifteen hundred feet,
+with a wind blowing at the same rate (twenty miles an hour), would
+require seven kites with upright and cross-sticks not less than
+sixty-four feet each in length.</p>
+
+<p>The only other instance on record where a man has been lifted by
+a kite-cord was in the experiment of the great Australian kite
+expert, Hargrave, who, on November 12, 1894, placed himself in a
+sling seat attached to a tandem of his wonderful box kites, and was
+swung sixteen feet clear of the earth. The entire load, including
+the seat and appurtenances, amounted to two hundred and eight
+pounds. Mr. Eddy calculates that six of his bird-shaped kites,
+twenty feet in diameter, would lift a man and basket in safety to a
+height of one hundred feet, assuming the wind to be blowing steadily
+at twenty miles an hour.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/385.jpg" name="fig385" id="fig385">
+<img src="images/385t.jpg" alt="PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE." /></a>
+<h5>PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.</h5>
+
+<p>NOTE.&mdash;In this picture the square
+box suspended from the upper line is
+the camera. The ball hanging from
+the camera is the burnished signal
+which, by its fall, informs the operator on the ground when the shutter of the
+camera has opened. The shutter and
+the ball are controlled from the ground by the lower line.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page386" id="page386"></a>[pg 386]</span>
+
+
+<h4>THE METEOROLOGICAL USE OF KITES.</h4>
+
+<p>Although Mr. Eddy began flying kites as a diversion, he soon saw
+that there were more serious reasons for continuing his experiments.
+Having long been interested in meteorological problems, it occurred
+to him that good results might be obtained by sending aloft, on
+kite-strings, self-registering thermometers and apparatus for
+indicating the direction and strength of the air currents. On
+February 4, 1891, he sent up what is believed to be the first
+thermometer ever attached to a kite for scientific purposes. This
+was at nine o'clock in the evening on a cold winter's night, the
+thermometer registering ten degrees Fahrenheit at the ground. On
+reading the record after the descent, the thermometer was found to
+mark six degrees Fahrenheit, which indicated, according to the
+recognized law of decrease of temperature, that the kite had been
+sent to a height of one thousand feet. The law is that in ascending
+from the earth the temperature falls one degree for every two
+hundred and fifty feet; but subsequent experiments convinced Mr.
+Eddy that it was by no means to be relied upon as an indication of
+the height of kites. Not that the law is false; but it holds good
+only when the meteorological conditions above are the same as at the
+earth's surface, which is very far from being the case always.</p>
+
+<p>Out of these experiments Mr. Eddy evolved an important theory
+which has since been abundantly verified. Seeing the frequent
+variations in the thermometric readings from what the law had led
+him to expect, he concluded that these were due to meteorological
+variations overhead; and that changes in the weather, say the
+approach of warm waves or cold waves, make themselves felt in the
+air strata above the earth's surface several hours before they can
+be detected at the surface. Observations extending over months at
+the Blue Hills Observatory, near Boston, and elsewhere, have
+abundantly confirmed this theory.</p>
+
+<p>With this fact established, it followed, in Mr. Eddy's opinion,
+that it was perfectly possible to use kites in making weather
+prognostications; and, indeed, he has been doing this himself for
+several years with the best results. Whenever his kite-thermometers,
+sent to a fixed height which he determines independently by a
+specially devised kite-quadrant, show actual readings which are
+either warmer or cooler than the theoretical readings, he prophesies
+that the weather will, within a few hours, become warmer or colder
+at the earth's surface, and these prophecies are fulfilled in a
+large majority of cases. If the kite-thermometers show exactly the
+temperature which the law would call for, he prophesies that there
+will be no change in the weather.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/386.jpg" name="fig386" id="fig386">
+<img src="images/386t.jpg" alt="CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. City Hall Park,
+New York City, appears in the foreground, with Broadway back of it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It has also been demonstrated that kites may be used by
+meteorologists to indicate the approach of storms, which they
+foretell by a sudden and continuous veering over a considerable arc,
+usually about sixty degrees. This veering begins usually six or
+seven hours before a storm, and often as much as twelve hours. And
+another sure sign of a storm is the continuous and sudden dropping
+of the kites followed by a quick recovery, which shows that the wind
+is blowing in gusts interspersed with periods of calm.</p> <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page387" id="page387"></a>[pg 387]</span>
+
+<p>In making a series of meteorological experiments which he
+conducted at the Blue Hills Observatory, Mr. Eddy often employed as
+many as eight or ten kites; and in August, 1895, he sent up twelve
+kites on one line, three of them being nine-footers. This is
+probably the largest number of kites ever sent up in tandem; and
+although on this occasion the line carried only the thermographs
+suspended in a basket, the whole weighing not more than two pounds,
+a very much larger load might have been carried, had it been
+desired.</p>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%;">
+<a href="images/387.jpg" name="fig387" id="fig387">
+<img src="images/387t.jpg" alt="Murray Street. Warren Street. From a Kite." /></a>
+
+<h5>MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, showing Murray
+and Warren Streets, New York City, as they run west from Broadway.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Among many other curious things about the wind observed by Mr.
+Eddy, is the fact that the night winds are by far the steadiest and
+most satisfactory for kite-flying. On this account much of his work
+with kites has been done in the darkness, although he uses lanterns
+on the lines to assist him in locating the kites. It has also been
+demonstrated that the force of the wind increases steadily as the
+distance from the earth increases. Archibald proved this
+conclusively, by suspending a series of wind-measuring instruments
+at intervals along the main line, their registration showing almost
+invariably greater wind pressure at the higher altitude. Mr. Eddy
+has furthermore noted that, while the early morning wind is usually
+very light at the earth's surface, it is almost invariably good
+aloft; and he has again and again verified the well-established fact
+that all clouds herald their approach and are accompanied by
+increased wind velocity.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE HIGHEST FLIGHT EVER MADE BY A KITE.</h4>
+
+<p>The modern system of flying kites tandem was devised by Mr. Eddy
+in 1890, although it was hit upon two years later independently by
+Dr. Alexander B. Johnson, the distinguished surgeon of the Roosevelt
+Hospital in New York. The tandem system makes it possible to send
+kites to far greater altitudes than had ever been previously
+attained. And here the best record is undoubtedly held by one of Mr.
+Eddy's tandems, sent aloft at Bayonne, on November 7, 1893. Mr. Eddy
+began to send up the kites at 7:30 A.M.; but, being hampered by
+light breezes from the east, found he was kept busy until half-past
+three in the afternoon in getting nine kites aloft. He had paid out
+nearly two miles of cord, when the top kite, a little two-footer,
+stood straight over the spar buoy in Newark Bay. The lowest kite, a
+six-footer, was hovering some distance inland from the shore, on a
+line from the shore to Mr. Eddy's house (where the end of the line
+was anchored) measuring fifty-five hundred feet by the surveyor's
+map. Taking two observations from the two ends of this base line,
+Mr. Eddy's kite-quadrant showed angles of thirty-five and sixty-six
+degrees; and these data, by simple methods of triangulation, were
+sufficient to determine the altitude of the kite, which was found to
+be five thousand five hundred and ninety-five feet&mdash;or
+something over one mile. The kites were seen by hundreds of persons
+during the fifteen hours that they remained up, the experiment
+coming to an abrupt end at ten o'clock that night by the blowing
+away of the two upper kites in the increasing wind. The escaped
+kites disappeared in Newark Bay, along with three thousand feet of
+the line.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page388" id="page388"></a>[pg 388]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/388-1.jpg" name="fig388-1" id="fig388-1">
+<img src="images/388-1.jpg" alt="KITE-DRAWN BUOY." /></a>
+<h5>KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</h5>
+
+<p>Invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis. This buoy lacks the
+steering appliances of the one shown below, and travels simply in a
+line with the kite that draws it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Much interest attaches from a scientific point of view to
+experiments designed to test how great an altitude may be reached by
+kites; and for a year past Mr. Eddy has been working in this
+direction for the Smithsonian Institution, the hope being that he
+will ultimately succeed in sending kites two miles above the earth's
+surface. Professor Langley has been following these experiments with
+great interest, and has furnished Mr. Eddy with a special quality of
+silk cord which, it is believed, will give better results in
+meteorological observation than the ordinary hempen twine or rope.
+The great difficulty that Mr. Eddy finds in the way of making his
+kites reach great altitudes, is the pull on the cord, which
+increases greatly as the kites rise higher. It is probable that a
+tandem of fifteen or twenty big kites, reaching to a mile above the
+earth's surface, would exert a pull of one hundred pounds; while at
+a height of two miles they might, Mr. Eddy thinks, exert a pull of
+three hundred and fifty pounds; and at a height of three miles, a
+pull of seven hundred pounds. However great the pull, it is
+essential to successful flying that the man in control be able to
+let out or reel in the main line with great rapidity, and it is
+evident that a dozen men could not by hand alone accomplish this if
+the kites were sent as high as might be. It is likely, therefore,
+that, as the importance of scientific kite-flying becomes more
+widely understood, some simple dummy engine will be devised for
+rapidly turning the windlass on which the main line is wound.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Eddy has made frequent experiments with rain-kites, which he
+used for the first time in November, 1893. It is true that Franklin
+sent up a flyer during a shower, but in his case the rain was merely
+an accident accompanying the electric storm, which was his only
+concern. Mr. Eddy, however, has sent up kites in the rain for the
+purpose of studying cloud altitudes and other meteorological
+phenomena; and by this means he has discovered what was not
+previously believed to be true: that clouds sometimes sink to within
+six hundred feet of the earth's surface without actually coming down
+to it. In fact, Mr. Eddy has had kites disappear in a cloud at a
+height of only five hundred and sixty-eight feet. It has sometimes
+happened that clouds settling toward the earth have obscured the
+kites gradually, the top one becoming invisible first, and then the
+others in succession. Mr. Eddy has found that by such indications he
+is able to foretell the approach of fog four or five hours before it
+reaches the earth's surface, so slowly do the clouds settle through
+the air strata.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/388-2.jpg" name="fig388-2" id="fig388-2">
+<img  src="images/388-2.jpg" alt="DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY." /></a>
+<h5>DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</h5>
+
+<p>This is the buoy invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis for
+conveying messages, food, or life-lines between disabled vessels and
+the shore. The buoy is drawn over the water by the kite-line, like
+the one shown above, but the setting of the keel and the three
+guy-ropes give it whatever direction is desired.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page389" id="page389"></a>[pg 389]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/389.jpg" name="fig389" id="fig389">
+<img src="images/389.jpg" alt="THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE." /></a>
+<h5>THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page390" id="page390"></a>[pg 390]</span>
+
+<p>It is best to make rain-kites of oil-skin or paraffine paper, as
+the ordinary paper or cloth becomes saturated with the dampness and
+very heavy, thus lessening the buoyancy of the line. So penetrating
+is the dampness of clouds, even without a rain-storm, that the
+wooden frames sometimes become warped and the paste seams soak
+open.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DRAWING DOWN ELECTRICITY BY A KITE-STRING.</h4>
+
+<p>The scientific kite-flyer will find much to tempt him into the
+field of electricity; and will be able, not only to duplicate Dr.
+Franklin's historic experiment of bringing down sparks from the
+heavens, but may go far beyond this, taking advantage of the greater
+knowledge of electricity at his disposal and the superior apparatus.
+In the summer of 1885, Alexander McAdie, at the Blue Hills
+Observatory, got strong sparks at the earth's surface from a wire
+connected with a kite whose surface had been coated with tinfoil so
+as to form an electric collector. He also, by the brightness and
+increased lengths of the sparks obtained, proved that the electric
+force in the atmosphere is very greatly increased with the approach
+of thunder clouds; and also that this force increases steadily as
+the kites reach greater altitude, and <i>vice versa</i>. Indeed Mr. Eddy
+and others who have conducted similar experiments, have found the
+electric force so strong at certain altitudes as to make the
+manipulation of the conducting wire a source of considerable
+danger.</p>
+
+<p>On October 8, 1892, Mr. Eddy made an important advance in
+electrical experiments with kites, by using a collector quite
+separate from the kites themselves, which were merely used in tandem
+to support the line on which the collector was swung and raised to
+any desired altitude. By this arrangement any accident that might
+befall one of the kites is less likely to ruin the whole
+experiment.</p>
+
+<p>Much experience with the kite-collector has convinced Mr. Eddy
+that there is always in the air overhead, at all times of the year
+and in all weathers, an abundant, practically a boundless, supply of
+electricity. It has never yet happened to him to send his collector
+up to even so low a height as four hundred feet without getting a
+spark in his discharge-box at the earth. He has discovered, however,
+that the greater the amount of moisture in the air, the greater is
+the height to which he must send the collector before getting the
+first spark. There is no doubt that large quantities of electricity
+might be obtained by hoisting large collectors, supported by strong
+flying tandems, to considerable altitudes, and drawing off the
+supply at the earth by means of a system of transformers which would
+lower the electricity from the dangerously high tension at which it
+discharges down the wire, to a voltage that could be handled with
+safety. In his experiments thus far, Mr. Eddy has discharged the
+copper wire leading from his collector into a wooden box containing
+a pasteboard wheel with darning-needle axle and tinfoil edges. The
+axle is grounded, and the copper wire from the collector placed near
+the tinfoil periphery of the wheel, so as to discharge its sparks
+through the intervening distance, and by the shock cause the wheel
+to turn.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE USE OF KITES IN PHOTOGRAPHY.</h4>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting applications of the kite, but a
+thoroughly practical one, is its use in photography. This has been
+entirely developed within the past year or two; indeed the first
+kite-photograph taken on the American continent was one made by Mr.
+Eddy's camera on May 30, 1895. Although some attempts in this
+direction had been previously made in Europe, this was the first
+clearly focused kite-photograph obtained. The previous ones had been
+blurred, owing to defects in the devices for swinging the camera
+apparatus from the kite-cord, and for loosening the shutter. Mr.
+Eddy's apparatus will be better understood from the accompanying cut
+than from any description. In a general way it is a wooden frame
+capable of holding the camera, and terminating behind in a long
+stick or boom, by means of which the camera is made to point in any
+desired direction or at any angle. This is arranged before sending
+up the apparatus, the boom being properly placed and held in
+position by means of guy cords from the main kite-line. A separate
+line hangs from the spring of the camera shutter, with which is also
+connected a hollow ball of polished metal supported in such a way
+that it will drop from its position, five or six feet through the
+air, when the camera cord is pulled. The purpose of this ball is to
+allow the operator on the ground to be sure that the camera has
+responded to his pull and that the desired photograph has been
+taken. He is assured of this, having given the pull, on seeing the
+flash made by the polished ball in its fall.</p>
+
+<p>All this being arranged, it is only necessary <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page391" id="page391"></a>[pg 391]</span>
+to send the camera up to any desired altitude and pull the camera
+cord, in order to get photographs of wide-stretching landscapes,
+extensive cities, like New York, and panoramas of every description.
+Such photographs could not but be of the greatest value to
+geologists, mountain climbers, surveyors, and explorers. And they
+must possess particular interest for students of geography and for
+map-makers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POSSIBLE USE OF KITES IN WAR.</h4>
+
+<p>It is obvious, too, that kite-photographs might be of great value
+in time of war, since a detailed view of an enemy's lines and
+fortifications might be thus obtained; while at sea a perfected
+kite-photographing apparatus might be of great value in recording
+the approach of an enemy's ships. Mr. Eddy regards it as perfectly
+possible to send up a tandem of kites from the deck of a man-of-war,
+with a circular camera, such as has already been devised, attached
+to the main line, and an apparatus for snapping all the shutters
+simultaneously; and photograph, not only the whole horizon as seen
+from the deck of a vessel, but, because of the greater elevation,
+many miles beyond. A battle-ship provided with this photographing
+device would enjoy as great an advantage as if it were able at will
+to stretch out its mainmast into a tower of observation a mile
+high.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that some of the lenses in the circular camera, the
+ones facing the sun, might give imperfect pictures; but in whatever
+position the sun might be, at least one hundred and eighty degrees
+of the horizon would be clearly photographed. And by taking such
+observations in the early morning, and again in the middle of the
+afternoon, it would be possible to cover the whole circuit, and thus
+be aware of the approach of an enemy's ships long before they would
+have been visible to a telescope used on the deck. In such a
+circular camera each lens would be numbered, and the position of
+each would be accurately determined with regard to the points of the
+compass by the use of guy-cords stretching from the main line to the
+framework of the apparatus. Thus, on looking at the number of a
+lens, the photographer would immediately know from which direction
+any vessel whose image was shown might be coming.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is the use of the kite in war limited to the services it
+would render in photography; it might easily do more than that, and
+become a most efficient and novel engine of destruction. As has been
+shown, it is merely a question of carpenter work to send up a tandem
+of kites that will swing a heavy load high in the air. Suppose that
+load were dynamite, with an arrangement for dropping it over any
+desired spot. Mr. Eddy suggests that this might be effected by means
+of a slow match made by soaking a cotton string in saltpetre, which
+would be lighted on despatching the load of dynamite, and would burn
+at a regular rate, say one foot in five minutes, so that the length
+of the match could be timed to meet the necessities of the case. On
+burning to its end, the match would ignite a cord holding the
+dynamite in a pasteboard receptacle, one side of which would fall
+down like the front of a wall-pocket as soon as the restraining cord
+was burned through; and immediately the dynamite in the box would be
+launched toward its destination. Mr. Eddy has already carried out an
+experiment similar to this, in setting loose from high elevations
+tiny paper aëroplanes. With a little practice he found he could
+start the slow match with such precision as to cause the aëroplanes
+to burst out into flight at any desired altitude. This interesting
+and beautiful experiment was performed for the first time by Mr.
+Eddy on February 22, 1893, when he sent off from a height of one
+thousand feet forty aëroplanes, their forward edges weighted with
+pins for greater stability.</p>
+
+<p>Assuming such an arrangement made for discharging a load of
+dynamite, Mr. Eddy calculates that, with a twenty-mile breeze, six
+eighteen-foot kites would lift fifty pounds of the explosive a
+quarter of a mile in the air and suspend it over a fort or
+beleaguered city half a mile distant. It would thus be perfectly
+possible, supposing the wind to be in the right direction, to
+bombard Staten Island with dynamite dropped from kites sent up from
+the Jersey shore. It is evident that, for purposes of bombardment, a
+tandem of kites possesses several advantages over the war balloon.
+Kites are much cheaper. Then it would be far more difficult to
+disable them than to disable a balloon, since they offer a smaller
+mark to the enemy's guns; and even if one or two were destroyed, the
+others would still suffice to carry the dynamite. Finally, the kites
+may be sent up without risk to the lives of those who directed them,
+which is not the case with the balloons.</p>
+
+<p>Another interesting and important application of the modern kite
+has been conceived <span class="pagenum"><a name="page392"
+id="page392"></a>[pg 392]</span> by Professor J. Woodbridge Davis,
+principal of the Woodbridge Boys' School, in New York, who is one of
+the most famous kite-flyers in the world, in addition to being a
+distinguished scientist and mathematician. It was Professor Davis
+who invented the dirigible kite several years ago, three strings
+allowing the operator to steer the kite from right to left at will
+or to make it sink to earth. Having perfected this curious kite,
+which is of hexagon shape, is covered with oiled silk, is foldable,
+portable, and has a tail, Professor Davis turned his attention to
+his more recent and important discovery of the dirigible buoy, which
+bids fair to do much to lessen the dangers of shipwreck. For months
+past Professor Davis, assisted by Mr. Eddy, has been experimenting
+on the Kill von Kull with this buoy, and has obtained most
+encouraging results. There are two kinds, both being designed to be
+attached to kite lines and drawn over the water by the power of the
+kite. The simpler variety is merely a long wooden tube about three
+inches in diameter and shaped very much like a gun projectile, with
+a cone of tin dragging behind to give steadiness. It is for use only
+when the wind is blowing in exactly the direction in which it is
+designed to send a message or carry a rope. It will be observed
+that, in a large number of cases when ships are driven on rocks, the
+wind is blowing toward the shore, and in such cases a line of kites
+would readily carry one of these buoys ashore with the important
+words inside or the still more important rope following after.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied, however, with this buoy, Professor Davis sought
+some means of making kites draw a load across the water in any
+direction desired, regardless of the way the wind might be blowing;
+and, after much thought and calculation, he hit upon what is now
+known as the Davis buoy, an object that has become familiar to
+dwellers at Bergen Point and Port Richmond, from the frequent
+experiments on the Kill that have been carried on during the past
+year. This form of buoy is much larger than the other, being three
+or four feet in length; and its essential feature is a deep iron
+keel that projects below out of the block of wood forming the body.
+It is evident that this keel will tend to keep the buoy headed in
+any given direction; and stability of position is further assured by
+the presence of guy-ropes attached to the main line of the kite.
+Each buoy is provided with three of these ropes, which, by being
+lengthened or shortened, may cause the buoy to form any desired
+angle with the kite-cord, and to keep it. Professor Davis has
+entirely succeeded in making the kites drag the buoy along the water
+in various directions in the very strongest gales&mdash;in fact,
+under precisely the conditions that would assist when the buoys
+would be needed for life-saving service from wrecks. And he is
+positive that, with further experiment, he will be able, by moving
+along the shore until a tacking angle is reached, not only to send
+lines, food, or messages to a disabled vessel from the shore, but to
+bring back by the same kites and the same buoy other lines and
+messages from the people in distress.</p>
+
+<p>Considering the important offices of which it has already been
+proved capable, and the possibility which these suggest of many
+other practical applications, it is clear that the kite is no longer
+to be regarded as simply a toy. And this, in turn, suggests anew the
+familiar truth that, after all, nothing in this world is of small
+consequence.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/392.jpg" name="fig392" id="fig392">
+<img src="images/392.jpg" alt="Chapter End Graphic." /></a></div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page393" id="page393"></a>[pg 393]</span>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>A DRAMATIC POINT.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Robert Barr,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "In the Midst of Alarms," "A Typewritten Letter," etc.</h5>
+
+
+<p class="cap">In the bad days of Balmaceda, when Chili was rent in twain, and
+its capital was practically a besieged city, two actors walked
+together along the chief street of the place towards the one theatre
+that was then open. They belonged to a French dramatic company that
+would gladly have left Chili if it could; but being compelled by
+stress of war to remain, the company did the next best thing, and
+gave performances at the principal theatre on such nights as a
+paying audience came.</p>
+
+<p>A stranger would hardly have suspected, by the look of the
+streets, that a deadly war was going on, and that the
+rebels&mdash;so called&mdash;were almost at the city gates. Although
+business was ruined, credit dead, and no man's life or liberty safe,
+the streets were filled with a crowd that seemed bent on enjoyment
+and making the best of things.</p>
+
+<p>As Jacques Dupré and Carlos Lemoine walked together they were
+talking earnestly, not of the real war so close to their doors, but
+of the mimic conflicts of the stage. M. Dupré was the leading man of
+the company, and he listened with the amused tolerance of an elder
+man to the energetic vehemence of the younger.</p>
+
+<p>"You are all wrong, Dupré," cried Lemoine, "all wrong! I have
+studied the subject. Remember I am saying nothing against your
+acting in general. You know you have no greater admirer than I am,
+and that is something to say when you know that the members of a
+dramatic company are usually at loggerheads through jealousy."</p>
+
+<p>"Speak for yourself, Lemoine. You know I am green with jealousy
+of you. You are the rising star, and I am setting. You can't teach
+an old dog new tricks, Carl, my boy."</p>
+
+<p>"That's nonsense, Dupré. I wish you would consider this
+seriously. It is because you are so good on the stage that I can't
+bear to see you false to your art just to please the gallery. You
+should be above all that."</p>
+
+<p>"How can a man be above his gallery&mdash;the highest spot in the
+house? Talk sense, Carlos, and I'll listen."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, you're flippant simply because you know you're wrong, and
+dare not argue this matter soberly. Now she stabs you through the
+heart&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"No. False premises entirely. She says something about my wicked
+heart, and evidently <i>intends</i> to pierce that depraved organ; but a
+woman never hits what she aims at, and I deny that I'm ever stabbed
+through the heart. Say in the region or the neighborhood of the
+heart, and go on with your talk."</p>
+
+<p>"Very well. She stabs you in a spot so vital that you die in a
+few minutes. You throw up your hands, you stagger against the
+mantel-shelf, you tear open your collar and then grope at nothing;
+you press your hands on your wound and take two reeling steps
+forward; you call feebly for help and stumble against the sofa which
+you fall upon, and finally, still groping wildly, you roll off on
+the floor, where you kick out once or twice; your clinched hand
+comes down with a thud on the boards, and all is over."</p>
+
+<p>"Admirably described, Carlos. I wish my audience paid such
+attention to my efforts as you do. Now, you claim this is all wrong,
+do you?"</p>
+
+<p>"All wrong."</p>
+
+<p>"Suppose she stabbed you, what would <i>you</i> do?"</p>
+
+<p>"I would plunge forward on my face&mdash;dead."</p>
+
+<p>"Great Heavens! What would become of your curtain?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, bother the curtain!"</p>
+
+<p>"It's all very well for you to condemn the curtain, Carl, but you
+must work up to it. Your curtain would come down, and your friends
+in the gallery would not know what had happened. Now, I go through
+the evolutions you so graphically describe, and the audience gets
+time to take in the situation. They say, chuckling to themselves,
+'That villain's got his dose at last, and serves him right, too.'
+They want to enjoy his struggles, while she stands grimly at the
+door taking care that he doesn't get away. Then when my fist comes
+down flop on the stage, and they realize that I am indeed done for,
+the yell of triumph <span class="pagenum"><a name="page394"
+id="page394"></a>[pg 394]</span> that goes up is something delicious
+to hear."</p>
+
+<p>"That's just the point, Dupré. I claim the actor has no right to
+hear applause&mdash;that he should not know there is such a thing as
+an audience. His business is to portray life exactly as it is."</p>
+
+<p>"You can't portray life in a death scene, Carl."</p>
+
+<p>"Dupré, I lose all patience with you, or rather I would did I not
+know that you are much deeper than you would have us suppose. You
+apparently won't see that I am very much in earnest about this."</p>
+
+<p>"Of course you are, my boy, and that is one reason why you will
+become a very great actor, I was ambitious myself once; but as we
+grow older"&mdash;Dupré shrugged his shoulders&mdash;"well, we begin
+to have an eye on the box-office receipts. I think you sometimes
+forget that I am a good deal older than you are."</p>
+
+<p>"You mean that I am a fool and that I may learn wisdom with age.
+I quite admit that you are a better actor than I am; in fact, I said
+so only a moment ago, but&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"You wrong me, Brutus; I said an older soldier, not a better. But
+I will take you on your own grounds. Have you ever seen a man
+stabbed or shot through the heart?"</p>
+
+<p>"I never have, but I know mighty well he wouldn't undo his
+necktie afterwards."</p>
+
+<p>Dupré threw back his head and laughed.</p>
+
+<p>"Who is flippant now?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"I don't undo my necktie; I merely tear off my collar, which a
+dying man may surely be permitted to do. But until you have seen a
+man die from such a stab as I receive every night, I don't
+understand how you can justly find fault with my rendition of the
+tragedy. I imagine, you know, that the truth lies between the two
+extremes. The man done to death would likely not make such a fuss as
+I make; nor would he depart so quickly as you say he would, without
+giving the gallery gods a show for their money. But here we are at
+the theatre, Carlos, and this acrimonious debate is
+closed&mdash;until we take our next walk together."</p>
+
+<p>In front of the theatre soldiers were on duty, marching up and
+down with muskets on their shoulders, to show that the state was
+mighty and could take care of a theatre as well as conduct a war.
+There were many loungers about, which might have indicated to a
+person who did not know, that there would be a good house when the
+play began. The two actors met the manager in the throng near the
+door.</p>
+
+<p>"How are prospects to-night?" asked Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"Very poor," replied the manager. "Not half a dozen seats have
+been sold."</p>
+
+<p>"Then it isn't worth while beginning?"</p>
+
+<p>"We must begin," said the manager, lowering his voice. "The
+President has ordered me not to close the theatre."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, hang the President!" cried Lemoine impatiently. "Why doesn't
+he put a stop to the war, and then the theatre would remain open of
+its own accord?"</p>
+
+<p>"He is doing his best to put a stop to the war, only his army
+does not carry out his orders as implicitly as our manager does,"
+said Dupré, smiling at the other's vehemence.</p>
+
+<p>"Balmaceda is a fool," retorted the younger actor. "If he were
+out of the way the war would not last another day. I believe he is
+playing a losing game, anyhow. It's a pity he hasn't to go to the
+front himself, and then a stray bullet might find him and put an end
+to the war, which would save the lives of many better men."</p>
+
+<p>"I say, Lemoine, I wish you wouldn't talk like that,"
+expostulated the manager gently, "especially when there are so many
+listeners."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, the larger my audience the better I like it," rejoined
+Lemoine. "I have all an actor's vanity in that respect. I say what I
+think, and I don't care who hears me."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; but you forget that we are, in a measure, guests of this
+country, and we should not abuse our hosts, or the man who
+represents them."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, does he represent them? It seems to me that begs the whole
+question; that's just what the war is about. The general opinion is
+that Balmaceda misrepresents them, and that the country would be
+glad to be rid of him."</p>
+
+<p>"That may all be," said the manager almost in a whisper, for he
+was a man evidently inclined towards peace; "but it does not rest
+with us to say so. We are French, and I think therefore it is better
+not to express an opinion."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm not French," cried Lemoine. "I'm a native Chilian, and I
+have a right to abuse my own country if I choose to do so."</p>
+
+<p>"All the more reason, then," said the manager, looking timorously
+over his shoulder&mdash;"all the more reason that you should be
+careful what you say."</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose," said Dupré, by way of <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page395" id="page395"></a>[pg 395]</span> putting an end to
+the discussion, "it is time for us to get our war paint on. Come
+along, Lemoine, and lecture me on our mutual art, and stop talking
+politics&mdash;if the nonsense you utter about Chili and its
+President is politics."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/395.jpg" name="fig395" id="fig395">
+<img src="images/395.jpg" alt="&quot;MY GOD!&mdash;YOU WERE RIGHT&mdash;AFTER ALL.&quot;" /></a>
+<h5>"MY GOD!&mdash;YOU WERE RIGHT&mdash;AFTER ALL."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>The two actors entered the theatre; they occupied the same
+dressing-room, and the volatile Lemoine talked incessantly. Although
+there were but few people in the stalls, the gallery was well
+filled, as was usually the case. When going on for the last act in
+the final scene, Dupré whispered a word to the man who controlled
+the falling of the curtain; and when the actor, as the villain of
+the piece, received the fatal knife-thrust from the ill-used
+heroine, he plunged forward on his face and died without a struggle,
+to the amazement of the manager, who was watching the play from the
+front of the house, and to the evident bewilderment of the gallery,
+who had counted on an exciting struggle with death. Much as they
+desired the cutting off of the villain, they were not pleased to see
+him so suddenly shift his worlds without an agonizing realization of
+the fact that he was quitting an existence in which he had done
+nothing but evil. The curtain came down upon the climax, but there
+was no applause, and the audience silently filtered out into the
+street.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page396"
+id="page396"></a>[pg 396]</span>
+
+<p>"There," said Dupré, when he returned to his dressing-room, "I
+hope you are satisfied now, Lemoine, and if you are, you are the
+only satisfied person in the house. I fell perfectly flat, as you
+suggested, and you must have seen that the climax of the play fell
+flat also."</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless," persisted Lemoine stoutly, "it was the true
+rendition of the part."</p>
+
+<p>As they were talking, the manager came into their dressing-room.
+"Good Heavens, Dupré!" he said, "why did you end the piece in that
+idiotic way? What on earth got into you?"</p>
+
+<p>"The knife," said Dupré, flippantly. "It went directly through
+the heart, and Lemoine, here, insists that when that happens a man
+should fall dead instantly. I did it to please Lemoine."</p>
+
+<p>"But you spoiled your curtain," protested the manager.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; I knew that would happen, and I told Lemoine so; but he
+insists on art for art's sake. You must expostulate with Lemoine;
+although I don't mind telling you both frankly that I don't intend
+to die in that way again."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I hope not," replied the manager. "I don't want you to
+kill the play as well as yourself, you know, Dupré."</p>
+
+<p>Lemoine, whose face had by this time become restored to its
+normal appearance, retorted hotly:</p>
+
+<p>"It all goes to show how we are surrounded and hampered by the
+traditions of the stage. The gallery wants to see a man die all over
+the place, and so the victim has to scatter the furniture about and
+make a fool of himself generally, when he should quietly succumb to
+a well-deserved blow. You ask any physician, and he will tell you
+that a man stabbed or shot through the heart collapses at once.
+There is no jumping-jack business in such a case. He doesn't play at
+leap-frog with the chairs and sofas, but sinks instantly to the
+floor and is done for."</p>
+
+<p>"Come along, Lemoine," cried Dupré, putting on his coat, "and
+stop talking nonsense. True art consists in a judicious blending of
+the preconceived ideas of the gallery with the actual facts of the
+case. An instantaneous photograph of a trotting horse is doubtless
+technically and absolutely correct, yet it is not a true picture of
+the animal in motion."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you admit," said Lemoine quickly, "that I am technically
+correct in what I state about the result of such a wound?"</p>
+
+<p>"I admit nothing," said Dupré. "I don't believe you are correct
+in anything you say about the matter. I suppose the truth is that no
+two men die alike under the same circumstances."</p>
+
+<p>"They do when the heart is touched."</p>
+
+<p>"What absurd nonsense you talk! No two men act alike when the
+heart is touched in love; why then should they when it is touched in
+death? Come along to the hotel, and let us stop this idiotic
+discussion."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah!" sighed Lemoine, "you will throw your chances away. You are
+too careless, Dupré; you do not study enough. This kind of thing is
+all well enough in Chili, but it will wreck your chances when you go
+to Paris. If you studied more deeply, Dupré, you would take Paris by
+storm."</p>
+
+<p>"Thanks," said Dupré lightly; "but unless the rebels take this
+city by storm, and that shortly, we may never see Paris again. To
+tell the truth, I have no heart for anything but the heroine's
+knife. I am sick and tired of the situation here."</p>
+
+<p>As Dupré spoke they met a small squad of soldiers coming briskly
+towards the theatre. The man in charge evidently recognized them,
+for saying a word to his men, they instantly surrounded the two
+actors. The sergeant touched Lemoine on the shoulder, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"It is my duty to arrest you, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"In Heaven's name, why?" asked Lemoine.</p>
+
+<p>The man did not answer; but a soldier stepped to each side of
+Lemoine.</p>
+
+<p>"Am I under arrest also?" asked Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"No."</p>
+
+<p>"By what authority do you arrest my friend?" inquired Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"By the President's order."</p>
+
+<p>"But where is your authority? Where are your papers? Why is this
+arrest made?"</p>
+
+<p>The sergeant shook his head and said:</p>
+
+<p>"We have the orders of the President, and that is sufficient for
+us. Stand back, please!"</p>
+
+<p>The next instant Dupré found himself alone, with the squad and
+their prisoner disappearing down a back street. For a moment he
+stood there as if dazed, then he turned and ran as fast as he could
+back to the theatre again, hoping to meet a carriage for hire on the
+way. Arriving at the theatre he found the lights out and the manager
+on the point of leaving.</p>
+
+<p>"Lemoine has been arrested," he cried; <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page397" id="page397"></a>[pg 397]</span> "arrested by a squad
+of soldiers whom we met, and they said they acted by the order of
+the President."</p>
+
+<p>The manager seemed thunderstruck by the intelligence, and gazed
+helplessly at Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"What is the charge?" he said at last.</p>
+
+<p>"That I do not know," answered the actor. "They simply said they
+were acting under the President's orders."</p>
+
+<p>"This is bad, as bad as can be," said the manager, looking over
+his shoulder, and speaking as if in fear. "Lemoine has been talking
+recklessly. I never could get him to realize that he was in Chili,
+and that he must not be so free in his speech. He always insisted
+that this was the nineteenth century, and a man could say what he
+liked; as if the nineteenth century had anything to do with Chili in
+its present state."</p>
+
+<p>"You don't imagine," said Dupré, with a touch of pallor coming
+into his cheeks, "that this is anything serious? It will mean
+nothing more than a day or two in prison, at the worst?"</p>
+
+<p>The manager shook his head and said:</p>
+
+<p>"We had better get a carriage and see the President as soon as
+possible. I'll undertake to send Lemoine back to Paris, or to put
+him on board one of the French iron-clads. But there is no time to
+be lost. We can probably get a carriage in the square."</p>
+
+<p>They found a carriage, and drove as quickly as they could to the
+residence of the President. At first they were refused admittance;
+but finally they were allowed to wait in a small room while their
+message was taken to Balmaceda. An hour passed, but still no
+invitation came to them from the President. The manager sat silent
+in a corner, but Dupré paced up and down the small room, torn with
+anxiety about his friend. At last an officer entered the room, and
+presented them with the compliments of the President, who regretted
+that it was impossible for him to see them that night. He added for
+their information, by order of the President, that Lemoine was to be
+shot at day-break. He had been tried by court-martial, and condemned
+to death for sedition. The President regretted having kept them
+waiting so long, but the court-martial had been going on when they
+arrived, and the President thought that perhaps they would be
+interested in the verdict. With that the officer escorted the two
+dumfounded men to the door, where they got into their carriage
+without a word. The moment they were out of ear-shot, the manager
+said to the coachman:</p>
+
+<p>"Drive as quickly as you can to the residence of the French
+minister."</p>
+
+<p>Every one at the French Legation had retired when the two
+panic-stricken men reached there; but after a time the secretary
+consented to see them, and on learning the seriousness of the case,
+he undertook to arouse his Excellency, and see if anything could be
+done. The minister entered the room shortly after, and listened with
+interest to what they had to say.</p>
+
+<p>"You have your carriage at the door?" he asked, when they had
+finished their recital.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes."</p>
+
+<p>"Then I will take it, and see the President at once. Perhaps you
+will wait here until I return."</p>
+
+<p>Another hour dragged its slow length along, and they were well
+into the second hour before the rattle of the wheels was heard in
+the silent street. The minister came in, and the two anxious men saw
+by his face that he had failed in his mission.</p>
+
+<p>"I am sorry to say," said his Excellency, "that I have been
+unable even to get the execution postponed. I did not understand,
+when I undertook the mission, that M. Lemoine was a citizen of
+Chili. You see, that fact puts the matter entirely out of my hands.
+I am powerless. I could only advise the President not to carry out
+his intentions; but he is to-night in a most unreasonable and
+excited mood, and I fear nothing can be done to save your friend. If
+he had been a citizen of France, of course this execution would not
+have been permitted to take place; but as it is, it is not our
+affair. M. Lemoine seems to have been talking with some
+indiscretion. He does not deny it himself, nor does he deny his
+citizenship. If he had taken a conciliatory attitude at the
+court-martial the result might not have been so disastrous; but it
+seems that he insulted the President to his face, and predicted that
+he would within two weeks meet him in Hades. The utmost I could do
+was to get the President to sign a permit for you to see your
+friend, if you present it at the prison before the execution takes
+place. I fear you have no time to lose. Here is the paper."</p>
+
+<p>Dupré took the document, and thanked his Excellency for his
+exertions on their behalf. He realized that Lemoine had sealed his
+own fate by his independence and lack of tact.</p> <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page398" id="page398"></a>[pg 398]</span>
+
+<p>The two dejected men drove from the Legation and through the
+deserted streets to the prison. They were shown through several
+stone-paved rooms to a stone-paved court-yard, and there they waited
+for some time until the prisoner was brought in between two
+soldiers. Lemoine had thrown off his coat, and appeared in his
+shirt-sleeves. He was not manacled or bound in any way, there being
+too many prisoners for each one to be allowed the luxury of
+fetters.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah," cried Lemoine, when he saw them, "I knew you would come if
+that old scoundrel of a President would allow you in, of which I had
+my doubts. How did you manage it?"</p>
+
+<p>"The French minister got us a permit," said Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, you went to him, did you? Of course he could do nothing,
+for, as I told you, I have the misfortune to be a citizen of this
+country. How comically life is made up of trivialities! I remember
+once in Paris going with a friend to take the oath of allegiance to
+the French Republic."</p>
+
+<p>"And did you take it?" cried Dupré eagerly.</p>
+
+<p>"Alas, no! We met two other friends, and we all adjourned to a
+café and had something to drink. I little thought that bottle of
+champagne was going to cost me my life; for, of course, if I had
+taken the oath of allegiance, my friend the French minister would
+have bombarded the city before he would have allowed this execution
+to go on."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you know to what you are condemned?" said the manager, with
+tears in his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, I know that Balmaceda thinks he is going to have me shot;
+but then he always was a fool, and never knew what he was talking
+about. I told him if he would allow you two in at the execution, and
+instead of ordering a whole squad to fire at me, order one expert
+marksman, if he had such a thing in his whole army, who would shoot
+me through the heart, that I would show you, Dupré, how a man dies
+under such circumstances; but the villain refused. The usurper has
+no soul for art, or for anything else, for that matter. I hope you
+two won't mind my death. I assure you I don't mind it myself I would
+much rather be shot than live in this confounded country any longer.
+But I have made up my mind to cheat old Balmaceda if I can, and I
+want you, Dupré, to pay particular attention, and not to
+interfere."</p>
+
+<p>As Lemoine said this he quickly snatched from the sheath at the
+soldier's side the bayonet which hung at his hip. The soldiers were
+standing one to the right and one to the left of him, with their
+hands interlaced over the muzzles of their guns, whose butts rested
+on the stone floor. They apparently paid no attention to the
+conversation that was going on, if they understood it, which was
+unlikely. Lemoine had the bayonet in his hands before either of the
+four men present knew what he was doing.</p>
+
+<p>Grasping both hands over the butt of the bayonet, with the point
+towards his breast, he thrust the blade with desperate energy nearly
+through his body. The whole action was done so quickly that no one
+realized what had happened until Lemoine threw his hands up and they
+saw the bayonet sticking in his breast. A look of agony came in the
+wounded man's eyes, and his lips whitened. He staggered against the
+soldier at his right, who gave way with the impact, and then he
+tottered against the whitewashed stone wall, his right arm sweeping
+automatically up and down the wall as if he were brushing something
+from the stones. A groan escaped him, and he dropped on one knee.
+His eyes turned helplessly towards Dupré, and he gasped out the
+words:</p>
+
+<p>"My God!&mdash;you were right&mdash;after all."</p>
+
+<p>Then he fell forward on his face, and the tragedy ended.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/398.jpg" name="fig398" id="fig398">
+<img src="images/398.jpg" alt="Chapter End Graphic." /></a></div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page399" id="page399"></a>[pg 399]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>EDITORIAL NOTES.</h2>
+
+
+<h4>MR. WARD'S STORY "THE SILENT WITNESS."</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>We published in our January number the first of a series of
+stories by Herbert D. Ward, in which Mr. Ward will exhibit in
+dramatic form some monstrous imperfections in the present modes of
+judicial procedure. That there is great need of such a study is
+shown by the remarkable effect produced by the story already
+published, "The Silent Witness." In various parts of the country the
+press has taken particular notice of the story and of the question
+with which it deals. A recent number of "The Argus," Avoca,
+Pennsylvania, contained the following editorial:</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<h4>"JUSTICE, WHERE ART THOU?"</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"'The Silent Witness,' a powerful story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE for
+January, portrays in a graphic and thrilling manner the evil, which
+in some cases amounts almost to a horror, of holding in confinement
+witnesses in cases of capital crime who are unable to furnish
+bail.</p>
+
+<p>"The story tells of a young and stalwart country lad who goes to
+Boston in search of fortune, and on the night of his arrival, while
+wandering about in quest of lodgings to suit his scanty purse, is
+the unwilling witness of a murder.</p>
+
+<p>"He is arrested and held in the city jail to await the trial of
+the murderer.</p>
+
+<p>"The news of his imprisonment reaches his widow mother up among
+the New Hampshire hills. She knows nothing of the circumstances
+further than the rumors brought to her by her country neighbors. She
+dies of a broken heart, though never doubting the innocence of her
+noble-hearted boy.</p>
+
+<p>"The unfortunate young man learns of her death through his
+sweetheart, who comes to the Boston prison to see him.</p>
+
+<p>"His grief is beyond endurance, and he curses the law that forces
+such suffering upon the innocent. He has brain fever, and when the
+case is called several months after the incarceration, the sheriff,
+who is asked to produce the only witness for the commonwealth,
+responds that he died that morning.</p>
+
+<p>"The murderer, a saloon-keeper and ward man, has been at liberty
+under bail during the time that the innocent witness has been
+suffering the untold agony experienced by one who comes with
+spotless character from green fields and rural simplicity to the
+company of felons in a wretched cell. There being no witnesses
+against him at the trial, a <i>nolle prosequi</i> is found, and he goes
+free.</p>
+
+<p>"This story is fiction, but it is not overdrawn. Such horrible
+things do happen in these <i>fin-de-siècle</i> days in a civilized
+country.</p>
+
+<p>"In Scranton, only this week, a woman, Mrs. Nicotera, was
+released after having been in custody since February 28th last, as a
+witness in the Rosa murder case. She was confined with, her husband,
+who was also a witness, in the Lackawanna county jail until her
+health broke down, when she was removed to the Lackawanna
+hospital.</p>
+
+<p>"On Tuesday she was released on her own recognizance. Her husband
+had been given his liberty in a similar manner some weeks before.
+She was thin and pale when she appeared in court, and had evidently
+passed through severe suffering. Careful nursing will be required to
+restore her to health.</p>
+
+<p>"It would seem as if some means of meeting the ends of justice
+could be devised without the necessity of subjecting innocent
+persons to a felon's fate for simply being a chance witness of an
+affair that is to be brought into the court."</p>
+
+<p>In the editorial columns of a recent number of the Cleveland,
+Ohio, "World" appeared the following:</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<h4>"A DISGRACE TO CIVILIZATION."</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"A heart-breaking story, founded on fact, in McCLURE's MAGAZINE
+for the current month, is an arraignment of the nineteenth century
+civilization that, considering its boasts of enlightenment and
+decency, is as horrible an official crime as any that has given so
+dark a stain to Russian treatment of innocence."</p>
+
+<p>Following this is a long outline of Mr. Ward's story, and then
+the article continues:</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible to conceive of more awful inhuman injustice
+than this. But the story is not overdrawn. It has happened with
+variations scores, if not hundreds, of times. It is occurring or
+liable to occur this very day, not alone in Boston, but in
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>"At a meeting of the judges, a short time ago, Judge Lamson used
+the following language:</p>
+
+<p>"'The detention of innocent persons as witnesses is, under the
+best of circumstances, bad. It is clearly the duty of the people of
+this country or their representatives to see that the present
+disgraceful method in vogue in the county jail is abolished. We have
+no right, under any law, to place innocent persons on a plane with
+criminals. It is nothing more or less than an outrage, inflicted on
+helpless people. I hope that the people of this county will be
+aroused to the enormity of this problem, and very soon put an end to
+this imposition.'</p>
+
+<p>"And the counterpart of the story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE has
+happened here within a short time. Lewis Gerardin, a sailor, was
+released last April, after being detained six months. Several months
+before, Frank Blaha, a saloon-keeper, who committed the crime of
+murder in the second degree, managed to get bail. While Gerardin was
+held he received pathetic letters from his wife and family begging
+him to come home. They did not know why he was held, and he said
+that if they were to learn of his imprisonment they could not
+understand his innocence of crime. One day a letter was received
+from home, announcing that his favorite little son had died but a
+week before. The last words of the child called for his father. But
+Gerardin was not released until the prosecutor was ready to dismiss
+him.</p>
+
+<p>"Such possibilities are a disgrace to any community that
+tolerates such a horrible law or such a feeble administration of it,
+and such callousness to human suffering that it will not save these
+innocent victims from its outrageous injustice. When to this
+brutality are added the comparative safety of the criminal, and the
+vile jails and the vile inmates with whom young boys and girls and
+honest men and decent women <span class="pagenum"><a name="page400"
+id="page400"></a>[pg 400]</span> are thrown for the crime of
+witnessing a crime, it convicts the civilization of the age with a
+combination of stupidity and heartlessness that had better say
+nothing of the Czar of Russia or the ferocious Kurds. In its
+essential injustice and inhumanity it is not many removes from the
+lynchings of the South."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<h4>THE REAL LINCOLN.</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>The "McClure's Early Life of Lincoln," which has just been
+published, is worthy of comment in these pages for several
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>1st. It contains no less than twenty portraits of Lincoln; and
+although this is only one-third of the number that will appear in
+the whole life, it is more than twice as many as have appeared in
+any previous life. Furthermore, most of the portraits are new to the
+public.</p>
+
+<p>2d. There are a large number of entirely fresh documents, several
+of which are absolutely essential to a full understanding of Abraham
+Lincoln, and some of which make it necessary to revise our opinion
+of Lincoln's career.</p>
+
+<p>3d. It contains a remarkable record of the achievements of the
+Lincoln family, whose services to the country extended through
+nearly a century&mdash;a century which included the Revolutionary
+War and the Civil War. Lincoln himself was ignorant of much of the
+history we have given about his ancestors; but in the light of the
+facts set forth, his career is logical and easily understood.</p>
+
+<p>4th. We have shown by new documents that Lincoln's father was by
+no means the colorless individual we have hitherto understood him to
+be. The reminiscences of Christopher Columbus Graham, first
+published in this volume, together with records we have unearthed in
+Kentucky, show that Thomas Lincoln was the owner of a farm three
+years before his marriage, that he was a good carpenter, and that he
+was held in esteem by his neighbors; while according to Mr. Graham,
+Thomas's brother Mordecai (uncle of Abraham Lincoln) was a member of
+the Kentucky legislature. His two sisters married into leading
+families.</p>
+
+<p>5th. In regard to Lincoln personally, we have shown how
+thoroughly he educated himself, so that at twenty-six he was able to
+more than hold his own as a member of the legislature of
+Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>It does not detract from the great fame of Abraham Lincoln to
+show that he was a worthy son of a splendid ancestry, for his
+extraordinary personality would be just as hard to account for had
+he been a scion of the most notable family in the world. When a man
+climbs the Matterhorn it matters little whether he began his journey
+at Zermatt or a few furlongs farther on.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4>LINCOLN IN 1860&mdash;J. HENRY BROWN'S JOURNAL.</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>As stated in the note to the portrait of Lincoln which makes the
+frontispiece of this number of the MAGAZINE, the late J. Henry
+Brown, who went to Springfield, Illinois, in 1860, and painted a
+miniature of Mr. Lincoln on ivory, left at his death a manuscript
+journal which contains interesting entries regarding Mr. Brown's
+sojourn in Springfield and his acquaintance with Mr. and Mrs.
+Lincoln. We print herewith this part of the journal entire:</p>
+
+<table summary="Journal of J. Henry Brown">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<td>1860.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>AUGUST, <i>Continued</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Springfield,</p> </td>
+<td><p>Illinois</p></td>
+<td><p>12.</p></td>
+<td><p>Sunday. Arrived here at three o'clock this morning.
+Wrote some letters.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>13.</p></td>
+<td><p>Called at Mr. Lincoln's house to see him.
+As he was not in, I was directed to the
+Executive Chamber, in the State Capitol. I
+found him there. Handed him my letters from
+Judge Read. He at once consented to sit for
+his picture. We walked together from the
+Executive Chamber to a daguerrean
+establishment. I had a half dozen of
+ambrotypes taken of him before I could get
+one to suit me. I was at once most favorably
+impressed with Mr. Lincoln. In the afternoon
+I unpacked my painting materials.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>14.</p></td>
+<td><p>Commenced Mr. Lincoln's picture; at it all day.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>15.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>16.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln gave me his first sitting, in the
+library room of the State Capitol. Called
+to see Mrs. Lincoln; much pleased with her.
+Wrote five letters.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>17,18.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Received an
+invitation from Mrs. Lincoln to take tea
+with them.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>19.</p></td>
+<td><p>Sunday. Wrote letters.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>20.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln's second sitting. Have arranged to
+have his sittings in the Representative
+Chamber.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>21.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Heard from home; all well.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>22.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln's third sitting.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>23.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>24.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln's fourth sitting.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>25.</p></td>
+<td><p>Lincoln's fifth and last sitting. The
+picture gives great satisfaction; Mrs.
+Lincoln speaks of it in the most
+extravagant terms of approbation.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>26.</p></td>
+<td><p>Sunday. At church. Saw Mr. Lincoln there. I
+hardly know how to express the strength of
+my personal regard for Mr. Lincoln. I never
+saw a man for whom I so soon formed an
+attachment. I like him much, and agree with
+him in all things but his politics. He is
+kind and very sociable; immensely popular
+among the people of Springfield; even those
+opposed to him in politics speak of him in
+unqualified terms of praise. He is
+fifty-one years old, six feet four inches
+high, and weighs one hundred and sixty pounds.
+There are so many hard lines in his face
+that it becomes a mask to the inner man. His
+true character only shines out when in an
+animated conversation, or when telling an
+amusing tale, of which he is very fond. He
+is said to be a homely man; I do not think
+so. Mrs. Lincoln is a very fine-looking
+woman, apparently in excellent health, and
+seems to be about forty or forty-five years
+of age.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>27.</p></td>
+<td><p>The people of Springfield who have seen Mr.
+Lincoln's picture speak of it in strong
+terms of approbation, declaring it to be
+the best that has yet been taken of him.
+Received a letter from Mr. Lincoln indorsing
+the picture; also one from Mrs. Lincoln
+expressing her unqualified satisfaction with
+it; also one from Mr. John G. Nicolay, Mr.
+Lincoln's confidential clerk; and one from
+the man who took the ambrotype. This would
+be, I suppose, the proper place to say a
+word about Springfield, the prairie city,
+as it is sometimes called. It is a very
+pretty place; the streets eighty feet wide.
+It contains many very fine buildings, and
+has a population of about ten thousand.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14319 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #14319 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14319)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol. VI.,
+No. 4., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol. VI., No. 4.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 10, 2004 [EBook #14319]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+  by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+
+  McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+  MARCH, 1896.
+
+  VOL. VI. NO. 4.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln Is Admitted to the Bar.
+    Lincoln in the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.
+    The Removal of the Capital to Springfield.
+    Lincoln's First Reported Speech.
+    Abraham Lincoln's First Protest Against Slavery.
+    Social Life in Vandalia in 1836 and 1837.
+    Lincoln Moves to Springfield.
+    Lincoln's Position in Springfield.
+  THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF. By Rudyard Kipling.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  CY AND I. By Eugene Field.
+  A YOUNG HERO. By John Hay.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  LOST YOUTH. By R.L. Stevenson.
+  THE DIVIDED HOUSE. By Julia D. Whiting.
+  SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING. By Cleveland Moffett.
+    How to Make a Scientific Kite.
+    How to Send Up a Kite.
+    Runaway Tandems.
+    The Lifting Power of Kites.
+    The Meteorological Use of Kites.
+    The Highest Flight Ever Made by a Kite.
+    Drawing Down Electricity by a Kite-string.
+    The Use of Kites in Photography.
+    Possible Use of Kites in War.
+  A DRAMATIC POINT. By Robert Barr.
+  EDITORIAL NOTES.
+    "Justice, Where Art Thou?"
+    "A Disgrace to Civilization."
+    The Real Lincoln.
+    Lincoln in 1860--J. Henry Brown's Journal.
+
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  EBENEZER PECK.
+  MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON SOCIETY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+      ASSEMBLY.
+  ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.
+  LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.
+  FRONTISPIECE OF "ALTON TRIALS," A SMALL VOLUME PUBLISHED IN 1838.
+  STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.
+  OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+  STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+  A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.
+  MARY L. OWENS.
+  LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."
+  PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.
+  OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  WILLIAM BUTLER.
+  INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY.
+  MAP OF ILLINOIS.
+  THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."
+  THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.
+  "AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW
+      NEARLY TO THE SURFACE."
+  THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+  DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+  GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.
+  ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA.
+  THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+  CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY.
+  CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.
+  SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS.
+  THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT.
+  INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.
+  DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.
+  A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.
+  APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.
+  THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS.
+  DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL
+      CITY OF DITÉ.
+  HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORGINAL COMPANY OF ELLSWORTH
+      ZOUAVES.
+  ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861.
+  ELLSWORTH IN 1860.
+  FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
+  THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
+  THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA.
+  COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.
+  "THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACUSETTS.
+  ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+  "THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+  THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, CONTAINING THE SCHOOL CALLED
+      "THE NUNNERY."
+  HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."
+  ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.
+  "THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER."
+  THE DIVIDED HOUSE.
+  "AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ..."
+  EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.
+  "LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE MOTIONLESS
+      IN THE ROAD."
+  HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A TANDEM OF HIS
+      BOX-KITES.
+  FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+  FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE. (ANOTHER VIEW.)
+  THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.
+  THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.
+  NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.
+  PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.
+  CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.
+  MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.
+  KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+  DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+  THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.
+  "MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From an ambrotype taken in Springfield, Illinois, on August 13, 1860,
+and now owned by Mr. William H. Lambert of Philadelphia, through
+whose courtesy we are allowed to reproduce it here. This ambrotype was
+bought by Mr. Lambert from Mr. W.P. Brown of Philadelphia. Mr. Brown
+writes of the portrait: "This picture, along with another one of the
+same kind, was presented by President Lincoln to my father, J. Henry
+Brown, deceased (miniature artist), after he had finished painting
+Lincoln's picture on ivory, at Springfield, Illinois. The commission
+was given my father by Judge Read (John M. Read of the Supreme Court
+of Pennsylvania), immediately after Lincoln's nomination for the
+Presidency. One of the ambrotypes I sold to the Historical Society
+of Boston, Massachusetts, and it is now in their possession." The
+miniature referred to is now owned by Mr. Robert T. Lincoln. It
+was engraved by Samuel Sartain, and circulated widely before the
+inauguration. After Mr. Lincoln grew a beard, Sartain put a beard on
+his plate, and the engraving continued to sell extensively. While Mr.
+Brown was in Springfield painting the miniature he kept a journal,
+which Mr. Lambert also owns and which he has generously put at our
+disposal. It will be found on page 400.]
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+
+VOL. VI. MARCH, 1896. No. 4.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S ELECTION TO THE TENTH ASSEMBLY.--ADMISSION TO THE
+BAR.--REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+
+The first twenty-six years of Abraham Lincoln's life have been traced
+in the preceding chapters. We have seen him struggling to escape
+from the lot of a common farm laborer, to which he seemed to be born;
+becoming a flatboatman, a grocery clerk, a store-keeper, a postmaster,
+and finally a surveyor. We have traced his efforts to rise above
+the intellectual apathy and the indifference to culture which
+characterized the people among whom he was reared, by studying with
+eagerness every subject on which he could find books,--biography,
+state history, mathematics, grammar, surveying, and finally law. We
+have followed his growth in ambition and in popularity from the day
+when, on a keg in an Indiana grocery, he debated the contents of the
+Louisville "Journal" with a company of admiring elders, to the
+time when, purely because he was liked, he was elected to the State
+Assembly of Illinois by the people of Sangamon County. His joys and
+sorrows have been reviewed from his childhood in Kentucky to the day
+of the death of the woman he loved and had hoped to make his wife.
+These twenty-six years form the first period of Lincoln's life. It was
+a period of makeshifts and experiments, ending in a tragic sorrow;
+but at its close he had definite aims, and preparation and experience
+enough to convince him that he dared follow them. Law and politics
+were the fields he had chosen, and in the first year of the second
+period of his life, 1836, he entered them definitely.
+
+The Ninth General Assembly of Illinois, in which Lincoln had done his
+preparatory work as a legislator, was dissolved, and in June, 1836,
+he announced himself as a candidate for the Tenth Assembly. A few days
+later the "Sangamon Journal" published his simple platform:
+
+    NEW SALEM, _June 13, 1836_.
+    TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'JOURNAL':
+
+    "In your paper of last Saturday I see a communication over the
+    signature of 'Many Voters,' in which the candidates who are
+    announced in the 'Journal' are called upon to 'show their
+    hands.' Agreed. Here's mine:
+
+    I go for all sharing the privileges of the government
+    who assist in bearing its burdens. Consequently, I go for
+    admitting all whites to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or
+    bear arms (by no means excluding females).
+
+    If elected, I shall consider the whole people of Sangamon my
+    constituents, as well those that oppose as those that support
+    me.
+
+    While acting as their representative, I shall be governed
+    by their will on all subjects upon which I have the means of
+    knowing what their will is; and upon all others, I shall
+    do what my own judgment teaches me will best advance their
+    interests. Whether elected or not, I go for distributing the
+    proceeds of the sales of public lands to the several States,
+    to enable our State, in common with others, to dig canals and
+    construct railroads without borrowing money and paying the
+    interest on it.
+
+    "If alive on the first Monday in November, I shall vote for
+    Hugh L. White for President.
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+The campaign which Lincoln began with this letter was in every way
+more exciting for him than those of 1832 and 1834. Since the last
+election a census had been taken in Illinois which showed so large
+an increase in the population that the legislative districts had been
+reapportioned and the General Assembly increased by fifty members. In
+this reapportionment Sangamon County's delegation had been enlarged
+to seven representatives and two senators. This gave large new
+opportunity to political ambition, and doubled the enthusiasm of
+political meetings.
+
+But the increase of the representation was not all that made the
+campaign exciting. Party lines had never before been so clearly drawn,
+nor personal abuse quite so intense. One of Lincoln's first acts was
+to answer a personal attack. He did it in a letter marked by candor,
+good-humor, and shrewdness.
+
+    "NEW SALEM, _June 21, 1836_.
+    "DEAR COLONEL:
+
+    "I am told that during my absence last week you passed through
+    the place and stated publicly that you were in possession of
+    a fact or facts which, if known to the public, would entirely
+    destroy the prospects of N.W. Edwards and myself at the
+    ensuing election; but that through favor to us you would
+    forbear to divulge them. No one has needed favors more than I,
+    and generally few have been less unwilling to accept them; but
+    in this case favor to me would be injustice to the public, and
+    therefore I must beg your pardon for declining it. That I
+    once had the confidence of the people of Sangamon County is
+    sufficiently evident; and if I have done anything, either by
+    design or misadventure, which if known would subject me to a
+    forfeiture of that confidence, he that knows of that thing and
+    conceals it is a traitor to his country's interest.
+
+    "I find myself wholly unable to form any conjecture of what
+    fact or facts, real or supposed, you spoke; but my opinion of
+    your veracity will not permit me for a moment to doubt that
+    you at least believed what you said. I am flattered with the
+    personal regard you manifested for me; but I do hope that
+    on mature reflection you will view the public interest as a
+    paramount consideration and therefore let the worst come.
+
+    "I assure you that the candid statement of facts on your part,
+    however low it may sink me, shall never break the ties of
+    personal friendship between us.
+
+    "I wish an answer to this, and you are at liberty to publish
+    both if you choose.
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    "COLONEL ROBERT ALLEN."
+
+Usually during the campaign Lincoln was obliged to meet personal
+attacks, not by letter, but on the platform. Joshua Speed, who later
+became the most intimate friend that Lincoln probably ever had, tells
+of one occasion when he was obliged to meet such an attack on the
+very spur of the moment. A great mass-meeting was in progress at
+Springfield, and Lincoln had made a speech which had produced a deep
+impression. "I was then fresh from Kentucky," says Mr. Speed, "and had
+heard many of her great orators. It seemed to me then, as it seems to
+me now, that I never heard a more effective speaker. He carried the
+crowd with him, and swayed them as he pleased. So deep an impression
+did he make that George Forquer, a man of much celebrity as a
+sarcastic speaker and with a great reputation throughout the State
+as an orator, rose and asked the people to hear _him_. He began his
+speech by saying that this young man would have to be taken down, and
+he was sorry that the task devolved upon him. He made what was called
+one of his 'slasher-gaff' speeches, dealing much in ridicule
+and sarcasm. Lincoln stood near him, with his arms folded, never
+interrupting him. When Forquer was done, Lincoln walked to the stand,
+and replied so fully and completely that his friends bore him from the
+court-house on their shoulders.
+
+"So deep an impression did this first speech make upon me that I
+remember its conclusion now, after a lapse of thirty-eight years. Said
+he:
+
+"'The gentleman commenced his speech by saying that this young man
+would have to be taken down, and he was sorry the task devolved upon
+him. I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trade of a
+politician; but live long or die young, I would rather die now than,
+like the gentleman, change my politics and simultaneous with the
+change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year, and
+then have to erect a lightning-rod over my house to protect a guilty
+conscience from an offended God.'
+
+"To understand the point of this it must be explained that Forquer
+had been a Whig, but had changed his politics, and had been appointed
+Register of the Land Office; and over his house was the only
+lightning-rod in the town or country. Lincoln had seen the
+lightning-rod for the first time on the day before."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From a carbon enlargement, made by Sherman and McHugh of New York
+City, of an ambrotype owned by Mr. A. Montgomery of Columbus, Ohio,
+to whose generosity we owe the right of reproduction. This portrait
+of Lincoln was made in June, 1860, by Butler, a Springfield (Illinois)
+photographer. On July 4th of that year, Mr. Lincoln delivered an
+address at Atlanta, Illinois, where he was the guest of Mr. Vester
+Strong. Before leaving town he handed Mr. Strong the ambrotype which
+we copy here. Mr. Strong valued the picture highly, but as he had no
+children to whom to leave it, and as he wished it to be in the care of
+one who would appreciate its value, he gave it a few years ago to Mr.
+Montgomery.]
+
+This speech has never been forgotten in Springfield, and on my visits
+there I have repeatedly had the site of the house on which this
+particular lightning-rod was placed pointed out, and one or another of
+the many versions which the story has been given, related to me.
+
+It was the practice at that date in Illinois for two rival candidates
+to travel over the district together. The custom led to much
+good-natured raillery between them; and in such contests Lincoln was
+rarely, if ever, worsted. He could even turn the generosity of his
+rival to account by his whimsical treatment, as the following shows:
+He had driven out from Springfield in company with a political
+opponent to engage in joint debate. The carriage, it seems, belonged
+to his opponent. In addressing the gathering of farmers that met them,
+Lincoln was lavish in praise of the generosity of his friend. "I am
+too poor to own a carriage," he said, "but my friend has generously
+invited me to ride with him. I want you to vote for me if you will;
+but if not, then vote for my opponent, for he is a fine man." His
+extravagant and persistent praise of his opponent appealed to the
+sense of humor in his farmer audience, to whom Lincoln's inability to
+own a carriage was by no means a disqualification.[1]
+
+The election came off in August, and resulted in the choice of a
+delegation from Sangamon County famous in the annals of Illinois. The
+nine successful candidates were Abraham Lincoln, John Dawson, Daniel
+Stone, Ninian W. Edwards, William F. Elkins, R.L. Wilson, Andrew
+McCormick, Job Fletcher, and Arthur Herndon. Each one of these men
+was over six feet in height, their combined stature being, it is said,
+fifty-five feet. The "Long Nine" was the name Sangamon County gave
+them.
+
+[Illustration: EBENEZER PECK.
+
+Ebenezer Peck, who was chiefly instrumental in introducing the
+convention system into Illinois politics, was born in Portland, Maine,
+May 22, 1805. He lived for some time in Peacham, Vermont, where he
+was educated. While yet a boy, removed with his parents to Canada. He
+studied law at Montreal, and practised there; became King's Counsel
+for Canada East, and was finally elected to the provincial parliament
+on the Reform ticket. In the summer of 1835 he removed to Chicago, and
+there, as a lawyer and a politician, he at once made his mark. He was
+a delegate to the first Democratic State convention in Illinois,
+held at Vandalia, December 7, 1835, and was the chief advocate of the
+general adoption of the convention system--a system which was at first
+opposed and ridiculed by the Whigs, but which very soon they were
+forced to adopt. In 1837 Mr. Peck was made one of the Internal
+Improvement Commissioners. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate,
+and in 1840 to the House. He was clerk of the Supreme Court from
+1841 to 1848, and reporter of that court from 1849 to 1863. His
+anti-slavery sentiments led him to abandon the Democratic party in
+1853, and in 1856 he helped establish the Republican party in the
+State. He was again elected to the legislature in 1858. In 1863
+President Lincoln appointed him a judge of the Court of Claims, and
+he held this position until 1875. He died May 25, 1881.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+
+LINCOLN IS ADMITTED TO THE BAR.
+
+As soon as the election was over Lincoln occupied himself in settling
+another matter, of much greater moment, in his own judgment. He went
+to Springfield to seek admission to the bar. The "roll of attorneys
+and counsellors at law," on file in the office of the clerk of the
+Supreme Court at Springfield, Illinois, shows that his license was
+dated September 9, 1836, and that the date of the enrollment of his
+name upon the official list was March 1, 1837. The first case in which
+he was concerned, as far as we know, was that of Hawthorn against
+Woolridge. He made his first appearance in court in October, 1836.
+
+Although he had given much time during this year to politics and the
+law, he had by no means abandoned surveying. Indeed he never had
+more calls. Surveying was particularly brisk at the moment, and he
+frequently was obliged to be away for three and four weeks at a time,
+laying out towns or locating roads. "When he got a job," says the Hon.
+J.M. Ruggles, a friend and political supporter of Mr. Lincoln, "there
+was a picnic and jolly time in the neighborhood. Men and boys would
+gather around, ready to carry chain, drive stakes, and blaze trees,
+but mainly to hear Lincoln's odd stories and jokes. The fun was
+interspersed with foot races and wrestling matches. To this day the
+old settlers around Bath repeat the incidents of Lincoln's sojourns in
+their neighborhood while surveying that town."
+
+[Illustration: NINIAN W. EDWARDS., JOB FLETCHER, SR.,
+WILLIAM F. ELKINS., ROBERT L. WILSON., JOHN DAWSON.
+
+MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON COUNTY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+ASSEMBLY--THE DELEGATION KNOWN AS THE "LONG NINE."
+
+NINIAN W. EDWARDS was born in Kentucky in 1809, a son of Ninian
+Edwards, who in the same year was appointed Governor of the new
+Territory of Illinois. Mr. Edwards was appointed Attorney-General
+of Illinois in 1834; in 1836 was elected to the legislature; was
+reëlected in 1838; served in the State Senate from 1844 to 1848,
+and again in the House from 1848 to 1852. He was a member of the
+constitutional convention of 1847. He died at Springfield, September
+2, 1889.
+
+JOB FLETCHER, SR., was born in Virginia in 1793; removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1819. In 1826 he was elected to the Illinois
+House of Representatives, and in 1834 to the State Senate, where he
+served six years. He died in Sangamon County in 1872.
+
+WILLIAM F. ELKINS was born in Kentucky in 1792. He went to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1825. In 1828, 1836, and 1838 he was elected to
+the legislature. In 1831 he raised a company for the Black Hawk War,
+and was its captain. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him Register
+of the United States Land Office at Springfield, an office which he
+held until 1872, when he resigned. He died at Decatur, Illinois, 1880.
+
+ROBERT LANG WILSON was born in Pennsylvania in 1805. In 1831 he went
+to Kentucky; in 1833 removed to Sangamon County, Illinois; in 1836 was
+elected to the Illinois House. He removed to Sterling, Illinois, in
+1840, and died there in 1880. For some years he was paymaster in the
+United States Army.
+
+JOHN DAWSON was born in Virginia in 1791; he removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1827. He was elected to the lower house of the
+legislature in 1830, 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1846. He was a member of
+the constitutional convention of 1847. He died November 12, 1850.
+
+The other members of the "Long Nine" were Abraham Lincoln, Daniel
+Stone, Andrew McCormick, and Arthur Herndon.]
+
+
+LINCOLN IN THE TENTH ASSEMBLY OF ILLINOIS
+
+In December Lincoln put away his surveying instruments to go to
+Vandalia for the opening session of the Tenth Assembly. Larger by
+fifty members than its predecessor, this body was as much superior
+in intellect as in numbers. It included among its members a future
+President of the United States, a future candidate for the same high
+office, six future United States Senators, eight future members of the
+National House of Representatives, a future Secretary of the Interior,
+and three future Judges of the State Supreme Court. Here sat side by
+side Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas; Edward Dickinson Baker,
+who represented at different times the States of Illinois and Oregon
+in the national councils; O.H. Browning, a prospective senator and
+future cabinet officer, and William L.D. Ewing, who had just served
+in the senate; John Logan, father of the late General John A.
+Logan; Robert M. Cullom, father of Senator Shelby M. Cullom; John
+A. McClernand, afterward member of Congress for many years, and
+a distinguished general in the late Civil War; and many others of
+national repute.[2]
+
+[Illustration: ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.
+
+From a silhouette loaned by Mr. Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, Illinois.
+Elijah Lovejoy was born in Maine in 1802. When twenty-five years old
+he emigrated to St. Louis, where he at first did journalistic work on
+a Whig newspaper. In 1833 he entered the ministry, and was soon after
+made editor of a religious newspaper, the "St. Louis Observer." Mr.
+Lovejoy began, in 1835, to turn his paper against slavery, but the
+opposition he found in Missouri was so strong that in the summer of
+1836 he decided to move his paper to Alton, Illinois. Before he could
+get his plant out of St. Louis a mob destroyed the greater part. The
+remainder he succeeded in getting to Alton, but a mob met it there and
+threw it into the river. The citizens of Alton, ashamed of this act,
+gave Mr. Lovejoy money to buy a new press. At first the tone of
+the paper was moderate, but gradually it grew more emphatic in its
+utterances against slavery. The pro-slavery element of the town
+protested, indignation meetings were held, and in August, 1837, his
+press was thrown into the river. Another was immediately bought,
+which, in September, followed its predecessor to the bottom of the
+Mississippi. When it was known in Alton that Mr. Lovejoy had ordered
+a fourth press, and had resolved to fight the opposition to the end,
+a public meeting was called, at which many speeches were made on both
+sides, and he was urged to leave Alton. This he refused to do, and
+his fourth press was landed on November 6, 1837. The next night a mob
+attacked the warehouse where it was placed, and in the riot one of the
+assailants, Lyman Bishop, and Elijah Lovejoy himself were killed.]
+
+The members came to Vandalia full of hope and exultation. In their
+judgment it needed only a few months of legislation to put their State
+by the side of New York; and from the opening of the session they were
+overflowing with excitement and schemes. In the general ebullition of
+spirits which characterized the Assembly, Lincoln had little share.
+Only a week after the opening of the session he wrote to a friend,
+Mary Owens, at New Salem, that he had been ill, though he believed
+himself to be about well then; and he added: "But that, with other
+things I cannot account for, have conspired, and have gotten my
+spirits so low that I feel I would rather be any place in the world
+than here. I really cannot endure the thought of staying here ten
+weeks."
+
+Though depressed, he was far from being inactive. The Sangamon
+delegation, in fact, had their hands full, and to no one of the nine
+had more been entrusted than to Lincoln. In common with almost every
+delegation, they had been instructed by their constituents to adopt a
+scheme of internal improvements complete enough to give every budding
+town in Illinois easy communication with the world. This for the State
+in general; for Sangamon County in particular, they had been directed
+to secure the capital. The change in the State's centre of population
+made it advisable to move the seat of government northward from
+Vandalia, and Springfield was anxious to secure it. To Lincoln was
+entrusted the work of putting through the bill to remove the capital.
+In the same letter quoted from above he tells Miss Owens, "Our
+chance to take the seat of government to Springfield is better than
+I expected." Regarding the internal improvements scheme he feels less
+confident: "Some of the legislature are for it, and some against;
+which has the majority, I cannot tell."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.
+
+From a photograph by Brady, and kindly loaned by Mr. Noah Brooks for
+this reproduction.]
+
+[Illustration: Frontispiece of "Alton Trials," a small volume
+published in 1838, containing full notes taken at the time of the
+trial of the persons engaged in what is called the "Alton riot."
+Twelve persons were indicted "for the crime of riot committed on
+the night of the 7th of November, 1837, while engaged in defending
+a Printing Press from an attack made on it at that time by an Armed
+Mob;" eleven others were indicted "for a riot committed in Alton on
+the night of the 7th of November, 1837, in unlawfully and forcibly
+entering the warehouse of Godfrey Gilman and Company, and breaking up
+and destroying a printing press." In both cases the juries returned a
+verdict of "not guilty." (See note on Elijah Lovejoy.)]
+
+It was not long, however, before all uncertainty about internal
+improvements was over. The people were determined to have them,
+and the Assembly responded to their demands by passing an act
+which provided, at State expense, for railroads, canals, or river
+improvements in almost every county in Illinois. To compensate those
+counties to which they could not give anything else, they voted them
+a sum of money for roads and bridges. No finer bit of imaginative
+work was ever done, in fact, by a legislative body, than the map of
+internal improvements made by the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.
+
+There was no time to estimate exactly the cost of these fine plans.
+Nor did they feel any need of estimates; that was a mere matter of
+detail. They would vote a fund, and when that was exhausted they
+would vote more; and so they appropriated sum after sum: one hundred
+thousand dollars to improve the Rock River; one million eight hundred
+thousand dollars to build a road from Quincy to Danville; four million
+dollars to complete the Illinois and Michigan Canal; two hundred and
+fifty thousand for the Western Mail Route--in all, some twelve
+million dollars. To carry out the elaborate scheme, they provided a
+commission, one of the first duties of which was to sell the bonds of
+the State to raise the money for the enterprise. The majority of the
+Assembly seem not to have entertained for a moment an idea that there
+would be any difficulty in selling at a premium the bonds of Illinois.
+"On the contrary," as General Linder says in his "Reminiscences," "the
+enthusiastic friends of the measure maintained that, instead of there
+being any difficulty in obtaining a loan of the fifteen or twenty
+millions authorized to be borrowed, our bonds would go like hot cakes,
+and be sought for by the Rothschilds, and Baring Brothers, and others
+of that stamp; and that the premiums which we would obtain upon them
+would range from fifty to one hundred per cent., and that the premium
+itself would be sufficient to construct most of the important works,
+leaving the principal sum to go into our treasury, and leave the
+people free from taxation for years to come."
+
+[Illustration: STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.
+
+The professional card of Stuart and Lincoln shows that the
+copartnership began April 12, 1837. The card appeared in the next
+issue of the "Sangamo Journal," and was continued until Lincoln became
+the partner of Judge Logan, in 1841.]
+
+
+THE REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+Although Lincoln favored and aided in every way the plan for internal
+improvements, his real work was in securing the removal of the capital
+to Springfield. The task was by no means an easy one to direct; for
+outside of the "Long Nine" there was, of course, nobody particularly
+interested in Springfield, and there were delegations from a dozen
+other counties hot to secure the capital for their own constituencies.
+It took patient and clever manipulation to put the bill through.
+Certain votes Lincoln, no doubt, gained for his cause by force of
+his personal qualities. Thus Jesse K. Dubois says that he and his
+colleagues voted for the bill because they liked Lincoln, and
+wanted to oblige him. But probably the majority were won by skilful
+log-rolling. Not that Lincoln ever sanctioned "trading" to the
+sacrifice of his own convictions. General T.H. Henderson, of Illinois,
+says in some interesting reminiscences of Lincoln, prepared for this
+Life and hitherto unpublished: "Before I had ever seen Abraham Lincoln
+I heard my father, who served with him in the legislature of 1838-39
+and of 1840-41, relate an incident in Mr. Lincoln's life which
+illustrates his character for integrity and his firmness in
+maintaining what he regarded as right in his public acts, in a marked
+manner.
+
+"I do not remember whether this incident occurred during the session
+of the legislature in 1836-37 or 1838-39. But I think it was in
+that of 1836-37, when it was said that there was a great deal of
+log-rolling going on among the members. But, however that may be,
+according to the story related by my father, an effort was made to
+unite the friends of capital removal with the friends of some measure
+which Mr. Lincoln, for some reason, did not approve. What that measure
+was to which he objected, I am not now able to recall. But those who
+desired the removal of the capital to Springfield were very anxious to
+effect the proposed combination, and a meeting was held to see if it
+could be accomplished. The meeting continued in session nearly all
+night, when it adjourned without accomplishing anything, Mr. Lincoln
+refusing to yield his objections and to support the obnoxious measure."
+
+[Illustration: OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+
+The chair is now in the Oldroyd Collection in Washington, D.C.]
+
+"Another meeting was called, and at this second meeting a number
+of citizens, not members of the legislature, from the central and
+northern parts of the State, among them my father, were present
+by invitation. The meeting was long protracted, and earnest in its
+deliberations. Every argument that could be thought of was used to
+induce Mr. Lincoln to yield his objections and unite with his friends,
+and thus secure the removal of the capital to his own city; but
+without effect. Finally, after midnight, when everybody seemed
+exhausted with the discussion, and when the candles were burning low
+in the room, Mr. Lincoln rose amid the silence and solemnity which
+prevailed, and, my father said, made one of the most eloquent and
+powerful speeches to which he had ever listened. And he concluded his
+remarks by saying, 'You may burn my body to ashes, and scatter them
+to the winds of heaven; you may drag my soul down to the regions of
+darkness and despair to be tormented forever; but you will never get
+me to support a measure which I believe to be wrong, although by doing
+so I may accomplish that which I believe to be right.' And the meeting
+adjourned."
+
+[Illustration: STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Jesse W. Weik. The law office of Stuart
+and Lincoln was in the second story of the building occupied at the
+time the photograph was made by "Tom Dupleaux's Furniture Store."
+Hoffman's Row, as this group of buildings was called, was used as a
+court-house at that date, 1837. The court-room was in the lower story
+of the two central buildings.]
+
+If Lincoln did not support measures which he considered doubtful, he
+did, now and then, "tack a provision" on a bill to please a friend, as
+the following letter, hitherto unpublished, shows:[3]
+
+    "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, _August 5, 1837_.
+
+    "DEAR SIR:
+
+    "Mr. Edwards tells me you wish to know whether the act to
+    which your town incorporation provision was attached passed
+    into a law. It did. You can organize under the general
+    incorporation law as soon as you choose.
+
+    "I also tacked a provision on to a fellow's bill, to authorize
+    the relocation of the road from Salem down to your town, but
+    I am not certain whether or not the bill passed. Neither do I
+    suppose I can ascertain before the law will be published--if
+    it is a law. Bowling Green, Bennett Abell, and yourself are
+    appointed to make the change.
+
+    "No news. No excitement, except a little about the election of
+    Monday next. I suppose, of course, our friend Dr. Henry stands
+    no chance in your 'diggings.'
+
+    "Your friend and honorable servant,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    "JOHN BENNETT, ESQ.
+
+As was to be expected, the Democrats charged that the Whigs of
+Sangamon had won their victory by "bargain and corruption." These
+charges became so serious that, in an extra session called in the
+summer of 1837, a few months after the bill passed, Lincoln had a
+bitter fight over them with General L.D. Ewing, who wanted to keep
+Vandalia as the capital. "The arrogance of Springfield," said General
+Ewing, "its presumption in claiming the seat of government, is not
+to be endured; the law has been passed by chicanery and trickery; the
+Springfield delegation has sold out to the internal improvement men,
+and has promised its support to every measure that would gain a vote
+to the law removing the seat of government."
+
+Lincoln answered in a speech of such severity and keenness that
+the House believed he was "digging his own grave;" for Ewing was a
+high-spirited man who would not hesitate to answer by a challenge. It
+was, in fact, only the interference of their friends which prevented
+a duel at this time between Ewing and Lincoln. This speech, to many of
+Lincoln's colleagues, was a revelation of his ability and character.
+"This was the first time," said General Linder, "that I began to
+conceive a very high opinion of the talents and personal courage of
+Abraham Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.
+
+This advertisement appeared in the "Sangamo Journal" in April, 1834,
+and held a place in the paper through the next three years. As
+the "Four Horse Coach" ran through Sangamon town and New Salem, it
+doubtless had Lincoln as a passenger now and then, but not often,
+probably, for the fare from New Salem to Springfield was one dollar
+and twenty-five cents, and walking, or riding upon a borrowed horse,
+must generally have been preferred by Lincoln to so costly a mode of
+travelling.]
+
+A few months later the "Long Nine" were again attacked, Lincoln
+specially being abused. The assailant this time was a prominent
+Democrat, Mr. J.B. Thomas. When he had ended, Lincoln replied in
+a speech which was long known in local political circles as the
+"skinning of Thomas."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S FIRST REPORTED SPEECH.
+
+No one doubted after this that Lincoln could defend himself. He became
+doubly respected as an opponent, for his reputation for good-humored
+raillery had been established in his campaigns. In a speech made in
+January he gave another evidence of his skill in the use of ridicule.
+A resolution had been offered by Mr. Linder to institute an inquiry
+into the management of the affairs of the State bank. Lincoln's
+remarks on the resolution form his first reported speech. This speech
+has been unnoticed by his biographers hitherto; and it appears in none
+of the editions of his speeches and letters. It was discovered in the
+"Sangamo Journal" for January 28, 1837, by Mr. J. McCan Davis, in the
+course of a search through the files instituted by this Magazine.
+
+[Illustration: MARY L. OWENS.
+
+Born in Kentucky in 1808. Lincoln first met Miss Owens in 1833 at
+New Salem, where she made a short visit. In 1836 she came back to New
+Salem, and a warm friendship sprang up between them. The question
+of marriage was discussed in a disinterested way. Miss Owens left
+Illinois in 1838, and in 1841 she married a Mr. Jesse Vineyard. The
+letters written to her by Mr. Lincoln she herself gave to Mr. Herndon
+for publication.]
+
+Lincoln began these remarks by good-humored but nettling chaffing of
+his opponent.
+
+    "Mr. Chairman," he said: "Lest I should fall into the too
+    common error of being mistaken in regard to which side I
+    design to be upon, I shall make it my first care to remove
+    all doubt on that point, by declaring that I am opposed to the
+    resolution under consideration, _in toto_. Before I proceed to
+    the body of the subject, I will further remark, that it is not
+    without a considerable degree of apprehension that I venture
+    to cross the track of the gentleman from Coles [Mr. Linder].
+    Indeed, I do not believe I could muster a sufficiency of
+    courage to come in contact with that gentleman, were it
+    not for the fact that he, some days since, most graciously
+    condescended to assure us that he would never be found wasting
+    ammunition on _small game_. On the same fortunate occasion he
+    further gave us to understand that he regarded _himself_
+    as being decidedly the _superior_ of our common friend from
+    Randolph [Mr. Shields]; and feeling, as I really do, that I,
+    to say the most of myself, am nothing more than the peer of
+    our friend from Randolph, I shall regard the gentleman from
+    Coles as decidedly my superior also; and consequently, in
+    the course of what I shall have to say, whenever I shall have
+    occasion to allude to that gentleman I shall endeavor to adopt
+    that kind of court language which I understand to be due to
+    decided superiority. In one faculty, at least, there can be no
+    dispute of the gentleman's superiority over me, and most other
+    men; and that is, the faculty of entangling a subject so that
+    neither himself, or any other man, can find head or tail to
+    it."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."
+
+From a photograph made by Brady early in Mr. Lincoln's first term.]
+
+[Illustration: PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.
+
+From the original, owned by Jesse W. Weik, by permission.]
+
+Taking up the resolution on the bank, he declared its meaning:
+
+    "Some gentlemen have their stock in their hands, while others,
+    who have more money than they know what to do with, want it;
+    and this, and this alone, is the question, to settle which
+    we are called on to squander thousands of the people's money.
+    What interest, let me ask, have the people in the settlement
+    of this question? What difference is it to them whether the
+    stock is owned by Judge Smith or Sam Wiggins? If any gentleman
+    be entitled to stock in the bank, which he is kept out of
+    possession of by others, let him assert his right in the
+    Supreme Court, and let him or his antagonist, whichever may be
+    found in the wrong, pay the costs of suit. It is an old maxim,
+    and a very sound one, that he that dances should always pay
+    the fiddler. Now, sir, in the present case, if any gentlemen
+    whose money is a burden to them, choose to lead off a dance,
+    I am decidedly opposed to the people's money being used to pay
+    the fiddler. No one can doubt that the examination proposed
+    by this resolution must cost the State some ten or twelve
+    thousand dollars; and all this to settle a question in
+    which the people have no interest, and about which they care
+    nothing. These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in
+    concert to fleece the people; and now that they have got into
+    a quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate
+    the people's money to settle the quarrel."
+
+The resolution had declared that the bank practised various methods
+which were "to the great injury of the people." Lincoln took the
+occasion to announce his ideas of the people and the politicians.
+
+    "If the bank really be a grievance, why is it that no one of
+    the real people is found to ask redress of it? The truth is,
+    no such oppression exists. If it did, our people would groan
+    with memorials and petitions, and we would not be permitted
+    to rest day or night till we had put it down. The people know
+    their rights, and they are never slow to assert and
+    maintain them when they are invaded. Let them call for an
+    investigation, and I shall ever stand ready to respond to the
+    call. But they have made no such call. I make the assertion
+    boldly, and without fear of contradiction, that no man who
+    does not hold an office, or does not aspire to one, has ever
+    found any fault of the bank. It has doubled the prices of the
+    products of their farms, and filled their pockets with a sound
+    circulating medium; and they are all well pleased with its
+    operations. No, sir, it is the politician who is the first to
+    sound the alarm (which, by the way, is a false one). It is he
+    who, by these unholy means, is endeavoring to blow up a storm
+    that he may ride upon and direct. It is he, and he alone,
+    that here proposes to spend thousands of the people's
+    public treasure, for no other advantage to them than to make
+    valueless in their pockets the reward of their industry. Mr.
+    Chairman, this work is exclusively the work, of politicians--a
+    set of men who have interests aside from the interests of
+    the people, and who, to say the most of them, are, taken as
+    a mass, at least one long step removed from honest men. I say
+    this with the greater freedom, because, being a politician
+    myself, none can regard it as personal."
+
+[Illustration: OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+During the special session of the legislature convened in the fall of
+1839 (the first one held at Springfield), the House of Representatives
+occupied this church, the State House being unfinished. At the short
+special session which opened November 23, 1840, the House first went
+into the Methodist church, but on the second day Representative John
+Logan (father of General John A. Logan) offered a resolution "that the
+Senate be respectfully requested to exchange places of convening with
+this House for a short time on account of the impossibility of the
+House discharging its business in so small a place as the Methodist
+church." This was adopted, and the House moved over to the Second
+Presbyterian church. At this special session the Whigs were interested
+in preventing a _sine die_ adjournment (because they desired to
+protect the State bank, which had been authorized in 1838 to suspend
+specie payment until after the adjournment of the next session of the
+General Assembly), and to this end they sought to break the quorum.
+All the Whigs walked out, except Lincoln and Joseph Gillespie, who
+were left behind to demand a roll-call when deemed expedient. A
+few were brought in by the sergeant-at-arms. Lincoln and Gillespie,
+perceiving that there would be a quorum if they remained, started to
+leave; and finding the doors locked, Lincoln raised a window, and
+both men jumped out--an incident, as Mr. Herndon says, which Lincoln
+"always seemed willing to forget." It was in this church, too, that
+Lincoln delivered an address before the Washingtonian Temperance
+Society, on Washington's birthday, in 1842. The church was erected in
+1839, and stood until torn down, some thirty years later, to make room
+for a new edifice.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+The speech was published in full in the "Sangamo Journal" and the
+editor commented:
+
+    "Mr. Lincoln's remarks on Mr. Linder's bank resolution in
+    the paper are quite to the point. Our friend carries the true
+    Kentucky rifle, and when he fires he seldom fails of sending
+    the shot home."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FIRST PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY.
+
+One other act of his in this session cannot be ignored. It is a
+sinister note in the hopeful chorus of the Tenth Assembly. For months
+there had come from the Southern States violent protests against the
+growth of abolition agitation in the North. Garrison's paper, the
+"infernal Liberator," as it was called in the pro-slavery part of
+the country, had been gradually extending its circulation and its
+influence; and it already had imitators even on the banks of the
+Mississippi. The American Anti-slavery Society was now over three
+years old. A deep, unconquerable conviction of the iniquity of slavery
+was spreading through the North. The South felt it and protested, and
+the statesmen of the North joined them in their protest. Slavery
+could not be crushed, said the conservatives. It was sanctioned by the
+Constitution. The South must be supported in its claims, and agitation
+stopped. But the agitation went on, and riots, violence, and hatred
+pursued the agitators. In Illinois, in this very year, 1837, we have
+a printing-office raided and an anti-slavery editor, Elijah Lovejoy,
+killed by the citizens of Alton, who were determined that it should
+not be said among them that slavery was an iniquity.
+
+To silence the storm, mass-meetings of citizens, the United States
+Congress, the State legislatures, took up the question and voted,
+again and again, resolutions assuring the South that the Abolitionists
+were not supported; that the country recognized their right to their
+"peculiar institution," and that in no case should they be interfered
+with. At Springfield, this same year (1837) the citizens convened and
+passed a resolution declaring that "the efforts of Abolitionists
+in this community are neither necessary nor useful." When the
+riot occurred in Alton, the Springfield papers uttered no word of
+condemnation, giving the affair only a laconic mention.
+
+The Illinois Assembly joined in the general disapproval, and on March
+3d passed the following resolutions:
+
+    "Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois:
+
+    "That we highly disapprove of the formation of Abolition
+    societies, and of the doctrines promulgated by them.
+
+    "That the right of property in slaves is sacred to the
+    slave-holding States by the Federal Constitution, and that
+    they cannot be deprived of that right without their consent.
+
+    "That the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the
+    District of Columbia against the consent of the citizens of
+    said District, without a manifest breach of good faith.
+
+    "That the Governor be requested to transmit to the States of
+    Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, New York, and Connecticut a
+    copy of the foregoing report and resolutions."
+
+Lincoln refused to vote for these resolutions. In his judgment no
+expression on the slavery question should go unaccompanied by the
+statement that it was an evil, and he had the boldness to protest
+immediately against the action of the House. He found only one man in
+the Assembly willing to join him in his action. These two names are
+joined to the document they presented:
+
+    "Resolutions upon the subject of domestic slavery having
+    passed both branches of the General Assembly at its present
+    session, the undersigned hereby protest against the passage of
+    the same.
+
+    "They believe that the institution of slavery is founded on
+    both injustice and bad policy, but that the promulgation of
+    abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its
+    evils.
+
+    "They believe that the Congress of the United States has no
+    power under the Constitution to interfere with the institution
+    of slavery in the different States.
+
+    "They believe that the Congress of the United States has power
+    under the Constitution to abolish slavery in the District of
+    Columbia, but that the power ought not to be exercised unless
+    at the request of the people of the District.
+
+    "The difference between these opinions and those contained
+    in the above resolutions, is their reason for entering this
+    protest.
+
+    "DAN STONE,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN,
+
+    "Representatives from the County of Sangamon."
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM BUTLER.
+
+From a photograph owned by his grandson, Hon. William J. Butler,
+Springfield, Illinois. William Butler was a native of Kentucky, being
+born in Adair County, that State, December 15, 1797. In the war of
+1812, he carried important despatches from the Governor of Kentucky
+to General Harrison in the field, travelling on horseback. He went to
+Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1828. In 1836 he was appointed clerk of
+the Circuit Court by Judge Logan, whom he had known in Kentucky. In
+1859 he was appointed by Governor Bissell State treasurer of Illinois,
+to fill a vacancy, and in 1860 was elected to that office. He
+was married to Elizabeth Rickard, December 18, 1863. He died in
+Springfield, January 11, 1876. Soon after becoming a resident of
+Springfield, Lincoln went to William Butler's house to board. There
+he was like a member of the family. He lived with Mr. Butler until
+his marriage in 1842. The two men were ever the warmest personal and
+political friends.]
+
+
+SOCIAL LIFE IN VANDALIA IN 1836 AND 1837.
+
+The Tenth Assembly was important to Lincoln not only in its
+legislation; it greatly increased his circle of acquaintances. The
+character of the work of the session called to Vandalia numbers of
+persons of influence from almost every county in the State. They were
+invariably there to secure something for their town or county, and
+naturally made a point of getting acquainted. Game suppers seem to
+have been the means usually employed by visitors for bringing people
+together. The lobbyists were not the only ones in Vandalia who gave
+suppers, however. Not a bill was passed nor an election decided that
+a banquet did not follow. Mr. John Bryant, the brother of William
+Cullen, was in Vandalia that winter in the interest of his county, and
+he attended one of these banquets, given by the successful candidate
+for the United States Senate. Lincoln was present, of course, and so
+were all the prominent politicians of the State.
+
+"After the company had gotten pretty noisy and mellow from their
+imbibitions of Yellow Seal and 'corn juice,'" says Mr. Bryant, "Mr.
+Douglas and General Shields, to the consternation of the host and
+intense merriment of the guests, climbed up on the table, at one end,
+encircled each other's waists, and to the tune of a rollicking song,
+pirouetted down the whole length of the table, shouting, singing,
+and kicking dishes, glasses, and everything right and left, helter
+skelter. For this night of entertainment to his constituents, the
+successful candidate was presented with a bill, in the morning, for
+supper, wines, liquors, and damages, which amounted to six hundred
+dollars."
+
+But boisterous suppers were not by any means the important feature of
+Lincoln's social life that winter in Vandalia. There was another
+and quieter side in which he showed his rare companionableness and
+endeared himself to many people. In the midst of the log-rolling
+and jubilations of the session he would often slip away to some
+acquaintance's room and spend hours in talk and stories. Mr. John
+Bryant tells of his coming frequently to his room at the hotel, and
+sitting "with his knees up to his chin, telling his inimitable stories
+and his triumphs in the House in circumventing the Democrats."
+
+Major Newton Walker, of Lewiston, was in Vandalia at the time;
+and still talks with pleasure not only of the Assembly's energetic
+legislation, but of the way Lincoln endeared himself to him and to
+his colleague. "We both loved him," says Major Walker, "but I little
+thought then that he would become the greatest man that this country
+ever produced, or perhaps ever will. Many a night I have sat up
+listening to Lincoln's wonderful stories. That was a long time
+ago--nearly sixty years. I shall be ninety-two years old in a few
+days. I was six years older than Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH
+LINCOLN WAS ONE OF THE MANAGERS.
+
+The invitation is in the collection of Mr. C.F. Gunther of Chicago,
+through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.]
+
+"I used to play the fiddle a great deal, and have played for Lincoln a
+number of times. He used to come over to where I was boarding and ask
+me to play the fiddle for him; and I would take it with me when I went
+over to visit him, and when he grew weary of telling stories he would
+ask me to give him a tune, which I never refused to do."
+
+
+LINCOLN MOVES TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+As soon as the Assembly closed, Lincoln returned to New Salem; but it
+was not to stay. He had determined to go to Springfield. Major John
+Stuart, the friend who had advised him to study law and who had lent
+him books and with whom he had been associated closely in politics,
+had offered to take him as a partner. It was a good opening, for
+Stuart was one of the leading lawyers and politicians of the State,
+and his influence would place Lincoln at once in command of more or
+less business. From every point of view the change seems to have been
+wise; yet Lincoln made it with foreboding.
+
+To practise law he must abandon his business as surveyor, which was
+bringing him a fair income; he must for a time, at least, go without
+any certain income. If he failed, what then? The uncertainty weighed
+on him heavily, the more so because he was burdened by the debts left
+from his store and because he was constantly called upon to aid his
+father's family. Thomas Lincoln had remained in Coles County, but he
+had not, in these six years in which his son had risen so rapidly,
+been able to get anything more than a poor livelihood from his farm.
+The sense of responsibility Lincoln had towards his father's family
+made it the more difficult for him to undertake a new profession. His
+decision was made, however, and as soon as the session of the Tenth
+Assembly was over he started for Springfield. His first appearance
+there is as pathetic as amusing.
+
+"He had ridden into town," says Joshua Speed, "on a borrowed horse,
+with no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags containing a few
+clothes. I was a merchant at Springfield, and kept a large country
+store, embracing dry-goods, groceries, hardware, books, medicines,
+bed-clothes, mattresses--in fact, everything that the country needed.
+Lincoln came into the store with his saddle-bags on his arm. He
+said he wanted to buy the furniture for a single bed. The mattress,
+blankets, sheets, coverlid, and pillow, according to the figures made
+by me, would cost seventeen dollars. He said that perhaps was cheap
+enough; but small as the price was, he was unable to pay it. But if I
+would credit him till Christmas, and his experiment as a lawyer was a
+success, he would pay then; saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in
+this I do not know that I can ever pay you.' As I looked up at him I
+thought then, and I think now, that I never saw a sadder face.
+
+"I said to him: 'You seem to be so much pained at contracting so small
+a debt, I think I can suggest a plan by which you can avoid the debt,
+and at the same time attain your end. I have a large room with a
+double bed upstairs, which you are very welcome to share with me.'
+
+"'Where is your room?' said he.
+
+"'Upstairs,' said I, pointing to a pair of winding stairs which led
+from the store to my room.
+
+"He took his saddle-bags on his arm, went upstairs, set them on the
+floor, and came down with the most changed expression of countenance.
+Beaming with pleasure, he exclaimed:
+
+"'Well, Speed, I am moved.'"
+
+Another friend, William Butler, with whom Lincoln had become intimate
+at Vandalia, took him to board; life at Springfield thus began under
+as favorable auspices as he could hope for.
+
+After Chicago, Springfield was at that day the most promising city in
+Illinois. It had some fifteen hundred inhabitants, and the removal of
+the capital was certain to bring many more. Already, in fact, the town
+felt the effect. Houses and blocks were started; lawyers, politicians,
+tradesmen, laborers, were pouring in. Hitherto most of the dwellings
+had been of log or frame; now, however, there was an increase in brick
+buildings.
+
+The effect was apparent too, in society. "We used to eat all
+together," said an old man who in the early thirties came to
+Springfield as a hostler; "but about this time some one came along and
+told the people they oughtn't to do so, and then the hired folks ate
+in the kitchen." This differentiation was apparent to Lincoln and
+a little discouraging. He was thinking vaguely, at the time of this
+removal to Springfield, that perhaps he best marry a Miss Mary Owens,
+with whom he had become intimately acquainted in 1836 in New Salem;
+but Springfield society, and the impossibility of his supporting a
+wife in it, discouraged him.
+
+    "I am often thinking of what we said about your coming to live
+    at Springfield," he wrote her in May.
+
+    "I am afraid you would not be satisfied. There is a great deal
+    of flourishing about in carriages here, which it would be your
+    doom to see without sharing it. You would have to be poor,
+    without the means of hiding your poverty. Do you believe you
+    could bear that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot
+    with mine, should any ever do so, it is my intention to do
+    all in my power to make her happy and contented; and there is
+    nothing I can imagine that would make me more unhappy than to
+    fail in the effort. I know I should be much happier with you
+    than the way I am, provided I saw no signs of discontent in
+    you. What you have said to me may have been in the way of
+    jest, or I may have misunderstood it. If so, then let it be
+    forgotten; if otherwise, I much wish you would think seriously
+    before you decide. What I have said I will most positively
+    abide by, provided you wish it. My opinion is that you had
+    better not do it. You have not been accustomed to hardship,
+    and it may be more severe than you now imagine. I know you
+    are capable of thinking correctly on any subject, and if you
+    deliberate maturely upon this before you decide, then I am
+    willing to abide your decision."
+
+[Illustration: (MAP OF ILLINOIS ILLUSTRATING "_An Act to establish and
+maintain a General System of Internal Improvements, in force 27th Feb.
+1837_")
+
+When the Illinois legislature adopted the above plan of internal
+improvement in 1837, there was in the whole United States only about
+eleven hundred miles of railroad. The above scheme provided for
+thirteen hundred and fifty. The basis of the outlines used by
+the committee in developing the plan was contained in a series of
+resolutions offered in the beginning of the session by Stephen A.
+Douglas. In the house the vote on the bill stood sixty-one in favor to
+twenty-five against.]
+
+This decidedly dispassionate view of their relation seems not to
+have brought any decision from Miss Owens; for three months later
+Mr. Lincoln wrote her an equally judicial letter, telling her that
+he could not think of her "with entire indifference," that he in all
+cases wanted to do right and "most particularly so in all cases with
+women," and summing up his position as follows:
+
+    "What I do wish is that our further acquaintance shall depend
+    upon yourself. If such further acquaintance would contribute
+    nothing to your happiness, I am sure it would not to mine. If
+    you feel yourself in any degree bound to me, I am now willing
+    to release you, provided you wish it; while, on the other
+    hand, I am willing and even anxious to bind you faster, if I
+    can be convinced that it will in any considerable degree add
+    to your happiness. This, indeed, is the whole question with
+    me. Nothing would make me more miserable than to believe you
+    miserable--nothing more happy than to know you were so."
+
+Miss Owens had enough discernment to recognize the disinterestedness
+of this love-making, and she refused Mr. Lincoln's offer. She found
+him "deficient in those little links which make up the chain of a
+woman's happiness," she said. The affair seems to have been a rather
+vigorous flirtation on her part, which had interested and perhaps
+flattered Mr. Lincoln. In the sincerity of his nature he feared he had
+awakened a genuine attachment, and his notions of honor compelled
+him to find out. When finally refused, he wrote a description of the
+affair to a friend, in which he ridiculed himself unmercifully:
+
+    "I was mortified, it seemed to me, in a hundred different
+    ways. My vanity was deeply wounded by the reflection that I
+    had so long been too stupid to discover her intentions, and at
+    the same time never doubting that I understood them perfectly;
+    and also that she, whom I had taught myself to believe nobody
+    else would have, had actually rejected me with all my fancied
+    greatness. And, to cap the whole, I then for the first time
+    began to suspect that I was really a little in love with her.
+    But let it all go! I'll try and outlive it. Others have been
+    made fools of by the girls, but this can never with truth be
+    said of me. I most emphatically, in this instance, made a fool
+    of myself. I have now come to the conclusion never again
+    to think of marrying; and for this reason--I can never be
+    satisfied with any one who would be blockhead enough to have
+    me."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S POSITION IN SPRINGFIELD.
+
+It was not long before Lincoln became a favorite figure in
+Springfield. The skill, the courage, and the good-will he had shown in
+his management of the bill for the removal of the capital gave him at
+once, of course, special prominence. The entire "Long Nine," indeed,
+were regarded by the county as its benefactors, and throughout the
+summer there were barbecues and fireworks, dinners and speeches
+in their honor. "The service rendered Old Sangamon by the present
+delegation" was a continually recurring toast at every gathering.
+At one "sumptuous dinner" the internal improvement scheme in all its
+phases was toasted again and again by the banqueters, "'The Long Nine'
+of Old Sangamon--well done, good and faithful servants," drew forth
+long applause. Among those who offered volunteer toasts at this dinner
+were "A. Lincoln, Esq.," and "S.A. Douglas, Esq."
+
+At a dinner at Athens, given to the delegation, eight formal toasts
+and twenty-five volunteers are quoted in the report of the affair in
+the "Sangamo Journal." Among them were the following:
+
+    A. Lincoln. He has fulfilled the expectations of his friends
+    and disappointed the hopes of his enemies.
+
+    A. Lincoln. One of nature's noblemen.
+
+    By A. Lincoln. Sangamon County will ever be true to her best
+    interests, and never more so than in reciprocating the good
+    feelings of the citizens of Athens and neighborhood.
+
+Lincoln had not been long in Springfield before he soon was able to
+support himself, a result due, no doubt, very largely to his personal
+qualities and to his reputation as a shrewd politician. Not that he
+made money. The fee-book of Lincoln and Stuart shows that the returns
+were modest enough, and that sometimes they even "traded out" their
+account. Nevertheless it was a satisfaction to earn a livelihood so
+soon. Of his peculiar methods as a lawyer at this date we know very
+little. Most of his cases are utterly uninteresting. The very first
+year he was in Springfield, however, he had one case which created
+a great sensation, and which, so far as we know, has been overlooked
+entirely by his biographers. It is an admirable example of the
+way Lincoln could combine business and politics as well as of his
+merciless persistency in pursuing a man whom he believed unjust.
+
+It seems that among the offices to be filled at the August election of
+1837 was that of probate justice of the peace. One of the candidates
+was General James Adams, a man who had come on from the East in the
+early twenties, and who had at first claimed to be a lawyer. He had
+been an aspirant for various offices, among them that of governor
+of the State, but with little success. A few days before the August
+election of 1837 an anonymous hand-bill was scattered about the
+streets. It was an attack on General Adams, charging him with having
+acquired the title to a ten-acre lot of ground near the town by the
+deliberate forgery of the name of Joseph Anderson, of Fulton County,
+Illinois, to an assignment of a judgment. Anderson had died, and the
+widow, upon going to Springfield to dispose of the land, was surprised
+to find that it was claimed by General Adams, and she employed Stuart
+and Lincoln to look into the matter. The hand-bill, which went into
+all of the details at great length, concluded as follows: "I have
+only made these statements because I am known by many to be one of
+the individuals against whom the charge of forging the assignment and
+slipping it into the general's papers has been made; and because our
+silence might be construed into a confession of the truth. I shall not
+subscribe my name; but hereby authorize the editor of the 'Journal' to
+give it up to any one who may call for it.".
+
+After the election, at which General Adams had been elected, the
+hand-bill was reproduced in the "Sangamo Journal," with a card signed
+by the editor, in which he said: "To save any further remarks on
+this subject, I now state that A. Lincoln, Esq., is the author of
+the hand-bill in question." The same issue of the paper contained a
+lengthy communication from General Adams, denying the charge of fraud.
+
+The controversy was continued for several weeks. General Adams used,
+mostly, the columns of the "Springfield Republican," filling six
+columns of a single issue. He charged that the assault upon him was
+the result of a conspiracy between "a knot of lawyers, doctors, and
+others," who wished to ruin his reputation. Lincoln's answers to Adams
+are most emphatic. In one case, quoting several of his assertions,
+he pronounced them "all as false as hell, as all this community must
+know." Adams's replies were always voluminous. "Such is the turn which
+things have lately taken," wrote Lincoln, "that when General Adams
+writes a book I am expected to write a commentary on it." Replying to
+Adams's denunciation of the lawyers, he said: "He attempted to impose
+himself upon the community as a lawyer, and he actually carried the
+attempt so far as to induce a man who was under the charge of murder
+to entrust the defence of his life to his hands, and finally took his
+money and got him hanged. Is this the man that is to raise a breeze
+in his favor by abusing lawyers? ... If he is not a lawyer, he _is_
+a liar; for he proclaimed himself a lawyer, and got a man hanged by
+depending on him." Lincoln concluded: "Farewell, General. I will see
+you again at court, if not before--when and where we will settle the
+question whether you or the widow shall have the land." The widow did
+get the land, but this was not the worst thing that happened to Adams.
+The climax was reached when the "Sangamo Journal" published a long
+editorial (written by Lincoln, no doubt) on the controversy, and
+followed it with a copy of an indictment found against Adams in Oswego
+County, New York, in 1818. The offence charged in this indictment was
+the forgery of a deed by Adams--"a person of evil name and fame and of
+a wicked disposition."
+
+Lincoln's victory in this controversy undoubtedly did much to impress
+the community, not necessarily that he was a good lawyer, but rather
+that he was a clever strategist and a fearless enemy. It was not, in
+fact, as a lawyer that he was prominent in the first years after he
+came to Springfield. Reëlected to the Assembly in 1838, and again in
+1840, his real impress on the community was made as a politician.
+The qualities which he had already shown in public life were only
+strengthened as he gained experience and self-confidence. He was the
+terror of the pretentious and insincere, and had a way of exposing
+their shams by clever tricks which, to voters, were unanswerable
+arguments. A case in point happened in 1840. It was considered
+necessary, at that day, by a candidate to prove to the farmers that
+he was poor and, like themselves, horny-handed. Those politicians who
+wore good clothes and dined sumptuously were careful to conceal their
+regard for the elegancies of life from their constituents. One of
+the Democrats who in this campaign took particular pains to decry the
+Whigs for their wealth and aristocratic principles was Colonel Dick
+Taylor, generally known in Illinois as "ruffled-shirt Taylor." He was
+a vain and handsome man, who habitually arrayed himself as gorgeously
+as the fashion allowed. One day when he and Lincoln had met in debate
+at a countryside gathering, Colonel Dick became particularly bitter
+in his condemnation of Whig elegance. Lincoln listened for a time, and
+then, slipping near the speaker, suddenly caught his coat, which
+was buttoned up close, and tore it open. A mass of ruffled shirt,
+a gorgeous velvet vest, and a great gold chain from which dangled
+numerous rings and seals, were uncovered to the crowd. Lincoln needed
+to make no further reply that day to the charge of being a "rag
+baron."
+
+Lincoln loved fair play as he hated shams; and throughout these early
+years in Springfield are examples of his boldness in insisting that
+friend and enemy have the chance due them. A most dramatic case of
+this kind occurred at a political meeting held one evening in the
+Springfield court-room, which at that date was temporarily in a hall
+under Stuart and Lincoln's law office. Directly over the platform was
+a trap-door. Lincoln frequently would lie by this opening during a
+meeting, listening to the speeches. One evening one of his friends,
+E.D. Baker, in speaking angered the crowd, and an attempt was made
+to "pull him down." Before the assailants could reach the platform,
+however, a pair of long legs dangled from the trap-door, and in an
+instant Lincoln dropped down beside Baker, crying out, "Hold on,
+gentlemen, this is a land of free speech." His appearance was so
+unexpected, and his attitude so determined, that the crowd soon was
+quiet, and Baker went on with his speech.
+
+In all the intellectual life of the town he took a place. With a few
+of the leading young men he formed a young men's lyceum. One of his
+speeches before this body has been preserved in full. Its subject is
+"The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions."[4] The speech has
+not, however, any of the peculiarly original style which usually
+characterized his efforts.
+
+He came immediately to be a favorite figure in all sorts of local
+affairs. What he said and did on these occasions is still recollected
+by those interested in them. "When the seat of government was removed
+from Vandalia to Springfield in 1836," says the Rev. Peter Wallace
+of Chicago "I obtained the contract of taking down the court-house to
+make a place for the State House. Lincoln, with others, was present
+to receive the job. 'Peter,' he said to me, 'if you succeed as well
+in building houses as you have in tearing this one down, you will make
+your mark as a builder.'" Mr. Wallace tells, too, of hearing Lincoln
+say in a speech, at the funeral of one of their friends: "I read in a
+book whose author never errs, 'Woe unto you when all men shall speak
+well of you.' Our friend will escape that woe, for he would be the
+exception had he no enemies."
+
+The most pleasing feature of his early life in the town was the way in
+which he attached all classes of people to him. He naturally, from his
+political importance and from his relation to Mr. Stuart, was admitted
+to the most exclusive circle of society. But Lincoln was not received
+there from tolerance of his position only. The few members left of
+that interesting circle of Springfield in the thirties are emphatic in
+their statements that he was recognized as a valuable social factor.
+If indifferent to forms and little accustomed to conventional usages,
+he had a native dignity and self-respect which stamped him at once as
+a superior man. He had a good will, an easy adaptability to people,
+which made him take a hand in everything that went on. His name
+appears in every list of banqueters and merry-makers reported in the
+Springfield papers. He even served as committee-man for cotillion
+parties. "We liked Lincoln, though he was not gay," said one charming
+and cultivated old lady to me in Springfield. "He rarely danced, he
+was never very attentive to ladies, but he was always a welcome guest
+everywhere, and the centre of a circle of animated talkers. Indeed, I
+think the only thing we girls had against Lincoln was that he always
+attracted all the men around him."
+
+Lincoln's kindly interest and perfectly democratic feeling attached to
+him many people whom he never met save on the streets. Indeed his life
+in the streets of Springfield is a most touching and delightful study.
+He concerned himself in the progress of every building which was put
+up, of every new street which was opened; he passed nobody without
+recognition; he seemed always to have time to stop and talk. He
+became, in fact, part of Springfield street life, just as he had of
+the town's politics and society. By 1840 there was no man in the town
+better known, better liked, more sought for; though there were more
+than one whose future was considered brighter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 1: Reminiscences of Mr. Weir, a former resident of Sangamon
+County, related by E.B. Howell of Butte, Montana.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Summary condensed from Moses's "History of Illinois."]
+
+[Footnote 3: The original of this letter is owned by E.R. Oeltjen of
+Petersburg, Illinois.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Lincoln's address on "The Perpetuation of Our Political
+Institutions" is dated January 27, 1837, in most biographies, but
+it was published in the "Sangamo Journal" of February 3, 1838. The
+address is preceded by the following resolution:
+
+    "YOUNG MEN'S LYCEUM,
+    SPRINGFIELD, _January 27, 1837[8]_.
+
+    "_Resolved_, That the thanks of this Lyceum be presented to A.
+    Lincoln, Esq., for the lecture delivered by him this evening,
+    and that he be solicited to furnish a copy for publication.
+
+    "JAS. H. MATHENY, _Secretary_"
+
+The confusion as to the date of the delivery of this address evidently
+arises from the fact that the resolution here quoted bears the date of
+"1837"--a mere slip of the pen, of course. In January, 1837, Lincoln
+was in the legislature at Vandalia. He had not yet become a resident
+of Springfield. According to Mr. Herndon, who was a member of the
+Young Men's Lyceum, that society was not formed until the fall of
+1837.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN
+SWEEP OF A BOAT."]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF.
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING,
+
+Author of "The Jungle Book," "Plain Tales from the Hills," etc.
+
+
+It was her first voyage, and though she was only a little cargo
+steamer of two thousand five hundred tons, she was the very best of
+her kind, the outcome of forty years of experiments and improvements
+in framework and machinery; and her designers and owners thought just
+as much of her as though she had been the "Lucania." Any one can make
+a floating hotel that will pay her expenses, if he only puts enough
+money into the saloon, and charges for private baths, suites of rooms,
+and such like; but in these days of competition and low freights every
+square inch of a cargo boat must be built for cheapness, great hold
+capacity, and a certain steady speed. This boat was perhaps
+two hundred and forty feet long and thirty-two feet wide, with
+arrangements that enabled her to carry cattle on her main and sheep on
+her upper deck if she wanted to; but her great glory was the amount of
+cargo that she could store away in her holds. Her owners--they were
+a very well-known Scotch family--came round with her from the North,
+where she had been launched and christened and fitted, to Liverpool,
+where she was to take cargo for New York; and the owner's daughter,
+Miss Frazier, went to and fro on the clean decks, admiring the new
+paint and the brass-work and the patent winches, and particularly the
+strong, straight bow, over which she had cracked a bottle of very
+good champagne when she christened the steamer the "Dimbula." It was
+a beautiful September afternoon, and the boat in all her newness (she
+was painted lead color, with a red funnel) looked very fine indeed.
+Her house flag was flying, and her whistle from time to time
+acknowledged the salutes of friendly boats, who saw that she was new
+to the sea and wished to make her welcome.
+
+"And now," said Miss Frazier, delightedly, to the captain, "she's
+a real ship, isn't she? It seems only the other day father gave the
+order for her, and now--and now--isn't she a beauty?" The girl was
+proud of the firm, and talked as though she were the controlling
+partner.
+
+"Oh, she's no so bad," the skipper replied, cautiously. "But I'm
+sayin' that it takes more than the christenin' to mak' a ship. In the
+nature o' things, Miss Frazier, if ye follow me, she's just irons and
+rivets and plates put into the form of a ship. She has to find herself
+yet."
+
+"But I thought father said she was exceptionally well found."
+
+"So she is," said the skipper, with a laugh. "But it's this way wi'
+ships, Miss Frazier. She's all here, but the parts of her have not
+learned to work together yet. They've had no chance."
+
+"But the engines are working beautifully. I can hear them."
+
+"Yes, indeed. But there is more than engines to a ship. Every inch of
+her, ye'll understand, has to be livened up, and made to work wi' its
+neighbor--sweetenin' her, we call it, technically."
+
+"And how will you do it?" the girl asked.
+
+"We can no more than drive and steer her and so forth; but if we have
+rough weather this trip--it's likely--she'll learn the rest by heart!
+For a ship, ye'll obsairve, Miss Frazier, is in no sense a reegid
+body, closed at both ends. She's a highly complex structure o' various
+an' conflictin' strains, wi' tissues that must give an' tak' accordin'
+to her personal modulus of eelasteecity." Mr. Buchanan, the chief
+engineer, in his blue coat with gilt buttons, was coming toward them.
+"I'm sayin' to Miss Frazier, here, that our little 'Dimbula' has to be
+sweetened yet, and nothin' but a gale will do it. How's all wi' your
+engines, Buck?"
+
+"Well enough--true by plumb an' rule, of course; but there's no
+spontaneeity yet." He turned to the girl. "Take my word, Miss
+Frazier, and maybe ye'll comprehend later, even after a pretty girl's
+christened a ship it does not follow that there's such a thing as a
+ship under the men that work her."
+
+"I was sayin' the very same, Mr. Buchanan," the skipper interrupted.
+
+"That's more metaphysical than I can follow," said Miss Frazier,
+laughing.
+
+"Why so? Ye're good Scotch, an'--I knew your mother's father; he was
+fra' Dumfries--ye've a vested right in metapheesics, Miss Frazier,
+just as ye have in the 'Dimbula,'" the engineer said.
+
+"Eh, well, we must go down to the deep watters, an' earn Miss Frazier
+her deevidends. Will you not come to my cabin for tea?" said the
+skipper. "We'll be in dock the night, and when you're goin' back to
+Glasgie ye can think of us loadin' her down an' drivin' her forth--all
+for your sake."
+
+In the next four days they stowed nearly four thousand tons dead
+weight into the "Dimbula," and took her out from Liverpool. As soon as
+she met the lift of the open water she naturally began to talk. If
+you put your ear to the side of the cabin the next time you are in a
+steamer, you will hear hundreds of little voices in every direction,
+thrilling and buzzing, and whispering and popping, and gurgling and
+sobbing and squeaking exactly like a telephone in a thunder storm.
+Wooden ships shriek and growl and grunt, but iron vessels throb and
+quiver through all their hundreds of ribs and thousands of rivets. The
+"Dimbula" was very strongly built, and every piece of her had a letter
+or a number or both to describe it, and every piece had been hammered
+or forged or rolled or punched by man and had lived in the roar and
+rattle of the shipyard for months. Therefore, every piece had its own
+separate voice in exact proportion to the amount of trouble spent upon
+it. Cast iron, as a rule, says very little; but mild steel plates and
+wrought iron, and ribs and beams that have been bent and welded and
+riveted a good deal, talk continuously. Their conversation, of course,
+is not half as wise as human talk, because they are all, though they
+do not know it, bound down one to the other in black darkness, where
+they cannot tell what is happening near them, nor what is going to
+happen next.
+
+A very short while after she had cleared the Irish coast a sullen,
+gray-headed old wave of the Atlantic climbed leisurely over her
+straight bows, and sat down on the steam capstan, used for hauling
+up the anchor. Now, the capstan and the engine that drove it had been
+newly painted red and green; besides which, nobody cares for being
+ducked.
+
+"Don't you do that again," the capstan sputtered through the teeth of
+his cogs. "Hi! Where's the fellow gone?"
+
+The wave had slouched overside with a plop and a chuckle; but "Plenty
+more where he came from," said a brother wave, and went through and
+over the capstan, who was bolted firmly to an iron plate on the iron
+deck beams below.
+
+[Illustration: THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.]
+
+"Can't you keep still up there," said the deck beams. "What's the
+matter with you? One minute you weigh twice as much as you ought to,
+and the next you don't."
+
+"It isn't my fault," said the capstan. "There's a green brute from
+outside that comes and hits me on the head."
+
+"Tell that to the shipwrights. You've been in position up there for
+months, and you've never wriggled like this before. If you aren't
+careful you'll strain _us_."
+
+"Talking of strain," said a low, rasping, unpleasant voice, "are any
+of you fellows--you deck beams, we mean--aware that those exceedingly
+ugly knees of yours happen to be riveted into our structure--_ours_?"
+
+"Who might you be?" the deck beams inquired.
+
+"Oh, nobody in particular," was the answer. "We're only the port and
+starboard upper-deck stringers; and, if you persist in heaving and
+hiking like this, we shall be reluctantly compelled to take steps."
+
+Now, the stringers of the ship are long iron girders, so to speak,
+that run lengthways from stern to bow. They keep the iron frames (what
+are called ribs in a wooden ship) in place, and also help to hold
+the ends of the deck beams which go from side to side of the ship.
+Stringers always consider themselves most important, because they are
+so long. In the "Dimbula" there were four stringers on each side--one
+far down by the bottom of the hold, called the bilge stringer; one a
+little higher up, called the side stringer; one on the floor of the
+lower deck; and the upper-deck stringers that have been heard from
+already.
+
+"You will take steps, will you?" This was a long, echoing rumble.
+It came from the frames; scores and scores of them, each one about
+eighteen inches distant from the next, and each riveted to the
+stringers in four places. "We think you will have a certain amount of
+trouble in _that_;" and thousands and thousands of the little rivets
+that held everything together whispered: "You will! You will! Stop
+quivering and be quiet. Hold on, brethren! Hold on! Hot punches!
+What's that?"
+
+Rivets have no teeth, so they can't chatter with fright; but they did
+their best as a fluttering jar swept along the ship from stern to bow,
+and she shook like a rat in a terrier's mouth.
+
+An unusually severe pitch, for the sea was rising, had lifted the big
+throbbing screw nearly to the surface, and it was spinning round in a
+kind of soda water--half sea and half air--going much faster than was
+right, because there was no deep water for it to work in. As it sank
+again, the engines--and they were triple-expansion, three cylinders in
+a row--snorted through all their three pistons: "Was that a joke, you
+fellow outside? It's an uncommonly poor one. How are we to do _our_
+work if you fly off the handle that way?"
+
+"I didn't fly off the handle," said the screw, twirling huskily at
+the end of the screw shaft. "If I had, _you'd_ have been scrap iron
+by this time. The sea dropped away from under me, and I had nothing to
+catch on to. That's all."
+
+"That's all, d'you call it?" said the thrust-block, whose business it
+is to take the push of the screw; for if a screw had nothing to hold
+it back it would crawl right into the engine room. (It is the holding
+back of the screwing action that gives the drive to a ship.) "I know
+I do my work deep down and out of sight, but I warn you I expect
+justice. All _I_ ask is justice. Why can't you push steadily and
+evenly, instead of whizzing like a whirligig and making me hot under
+all my collars?" The thrust-block had six collars, each faced with
+brass, and he did not want to get them heated.
+
+All the bearings that supported the fifty feet of screw shaft as it
+ran to the stern whispered: "Justice--give us justice."
+
+"I can only give you what I get," the screw answered. "Look out! It's
+coming again!"
+
+He rose with a roar as the "Dimbula" plunged; and
+"whack--whack--whack--whack" went the engines furiously, for they had
+little to check them.
+
+"I'm the noblest outcome of human ingenuity--Mr. Buchanan says so,"
+squealed the high-pressure cylinder. "This is simply ridiculous." The
+piston went up savagely and choked, for half the steam behind it
+was mixed with dirty water. "Help! Oiler! Fitter! Stoker! Help! I'm
+choking," it gasped. "Never in the history of maritime invention has
+such a calamity overtaken one so young and strong. And if I go, who's
+to drive the ship?"
+
+"Hush! oh, hush!" whispered the steam, who, of course, had been to sea
+many times before. He used to spend his leisure ashore, in a cloud, or
+a gutter, or a flower-pot, or a thunder storm, or anywhere else where
+water was needed. "That's only a little priming, as they call it.
+It'll happen all night, on and off. I don't say it's nice, but it's
+the best we can do under the circumstances."
+
+"What difference can circumstances make? I'm here to do my work--on
+clean, dry steam. Blow circumstances!" the cylinder roared.
+
+"The circumstances will attend to the blowing. I've worked on the
+North Atlantic run a good many times--it's going to be rough before
+morning."
+
+"It isn't distressingly calm now," said the extra strong frames, they
+were called web frames, in the engine room. "There's an upward thrust
+that we don't understand, and there's a twist that is very bad for our
+brackets and diamond plates, and there's a sort of northwestward pull
+that follows the twist, which seriously annoys us. We mention this
+because _we_ happened to cost a great deal of money, and we feel
+sure that the owner would not approve of our being treated in this
+frivolous way."
+
+"I'm afraid the matter's out of the owner's hands for the present,"
+said the steam, slipping into the condenser. "You're left to your own
+devices till the weather betters."
+
+"I wouldn't mind the weather," said a flat bass voice deep below;
+"it's this confounded cargo that's breaking my heart. I'm the garboard
+strake, and I'm twice as thick as most of the others, and I ought to
+know something."
+
+The garboard strake is the very bottom-most plate in the bottom of
+a ship, and the "Dimbula's" garboard strake (she was a flat-bottomed
+boat) was nearly three-quarters of an inch mild steel.
+
+"The sea pushes me up in a way I should never have expected," the
+strake went on, "and the cargo pushes me down, and between the two I
+don't know what I'm supposed to do."
+
+"When in doubt, hold on," rumbled the steam, making head in the
+boilers.
+
+"Yes, but there's only dark and cold and hurry down here, and how do
+I know whether the other plates are doing their duty? Those bulwark
+plates up above, I've heard, aren't more than five-sixteenths of an
+inch thick--scandalous, I call it."
+
+"I agree with you," said a huge web frame by the main cargo hatch. He
+was deeper and thicker than all the others, and curved half-way across
+the ship's side in the shape of half an arch, to support the deck
+where deck beams would have been in the way of cargo coming up and
+down. "I work entirely unsupported, and I observe that I am the
+sole strength of this vessel, so far as my vision extends. The
+responsibility, I assure you, is enormous. I believe the money value
+of the cargo is over one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. Think of
+that!"
+
+"And every pound of it dependent on my personal exertions." Here spoke
+a sea-valve that communicated directly with the water outside and was
+seated not very far from the garboard strake. "I rejoice to think that
+I am a Prince-Hyde valve, with best Para rubber facings. Five patents
+cover me--I mention this without pride--five separate and several
+patents, each one finer than the other. At present I am screwed
+fast. Should I open, you would immediately be swamped. This is
+incontrovertible!"
+
+Patent things always use the longest words they can. It is a trick
+they pick up from their inventors.
+
+"That's news," said a big centrifugal bilge pump. "I had an idea that
+you were employed to clean decks and things with. At least, I've used
+you for that more than once. I forget the precise number in thousands
+of gallons which I am guaranteed to pump in an hour; but I assure you,
+my complaining friends, that there is not the least danger. _I_ alone
+am capable of clearing any water that may find its way here. By my
+biggest delivery, we pitched then!"
+
+The sea was getting up in workmanlike style. It was a dead westerly
+gale, blown from under a ragged opening of green sky, narrowed on all
+sides by fat gray clouds; and the wind bit like pincers, as it fretted
+the spray into lace-work on the heads of the waves.
+
+"I tell you what it is," the foremast telephoned down its wire stays.
+"I'm up here, and I can take a dispassionate view of things. There's
+an organized conspiracy against us. I'm sure of it, because every
+single one of these waves is heading directly for our bows. The whole
+sea is concerned in it--and so's the wind. It's awful!"
+
+"What's awful?" said a wave, drowning the capstan for the hundredth
+time.
+
+"This organized conspiracy on your part," the capstan gurgled, taking
+his cue from the mast.
+
+"Organized bubbles and spindrift! There has been a depression in the
+Gulf of Mexico. Excuse me!" He leaped overside; but his friends took
+up the tale one after another.
+
+"Which has advanced--" _That_ wave threw green over the funnel.
+
+"As far as Cape Hatteras--" _He_ drenched the bridge.
+
+"And is now going out to sea--to sea--to sea!" _He_ went out in three
+surges, making a clean sweep of a boat, which turned bottom up and
+sank in the darkening troughs alongside.
+
+"That's all there is to it," seethed the broken water, roaring
+through the scuppers. "There's no animus in our proceedings. We're a
+meteorological corollary."
+
+"Is it going to get any worse?" said the bow anchor, chained down to
+the deck, where he could only breathe once in five minutes.
+
+"Not knowing, can't say. Wind may blow a bit by midnight. Thanks
+awfully. Good-by."
+
+The wave that spoke so politely had travelled some distance aft, and
+got itself all mixed up on the deck amidships, which was a well deck
+sunk between high bulwarks. One of the bulwark plates, which was hung
+on hinges to open outward, had swung out, and passed the bulk of the
+water back to the sea again with a wop.
+
+"Evidently that's what I'm made for," said the plate, shutting up
+again with a sputter of pride. "Oh, no, you don't, my friend!"
+
+The top of a wave was trying to get in from outside, but the plate did
+not open in that direction, and the defeated water spurted back.
+
+"Not bad for five-sixteenths of an inch," said the bulwark plate. "My
+work, I see, is laid down for the night;" and it began opening and
+shutting, as it was designed to do, with the motion of the ship.
+
+"We are not what you might call idle," groaned all the frames
+together, as the "Dimbula" climbed a big wave, lay on her side at the
+top, and shot into the next hollow, twisting as she descended. A huge
+swell pushed up exactly under her middle, and her bow and stern hung
+free, with nothing to support them, and then one joking wave caught
+her up at the bow, and another at the stern, while the rest of the
+water fell away from under her, just to see how she would like it, and
+she was held up at the two ends, and the weight of the cargo and the
+machinery fell on the groaning iron keels and bilge stringers.
+
+"Ease off! Ease off there!" roared the garboard strake. "I want an
+eighth of an inch play. D'you hear me, you young rivets!"
+
+"Ease off! ease off!" cried the bilge stringers. "Don't hold us so
+tight to the frames!"
+
+"Ease off!" grunted the deck beams, as the "Dimbula" rolled fearfully.
+"You've cramped our knees into the stringers and we can't move. Ease
+off, you flat-headed little nuisances."
+
+[Illustration: "AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG
+THROBBING SCREW NEARLY TO THE SURFACE."]
+
+Then two converging seas hit the bows, one on each side, and fell away
+in torrents of streaming thunder.
+
+"Ease off!" shouted the forward collision bulkhead. "I want to crumple
+up, but I'm stiffened in every direction. Ease off, you dirty little
+forge filings. Let me breathe!"
+
+All the hundreds of plates that are riveted on to the frames, and make
+the outside skin of every steamer, echoed the call, for each plate
+wanted to shift and creep a little, and each plate, according to its
+position, complained against the rivets.
+
+"We can't help it! _We_ can't help it!" they murmured. "We're put here
+to hold you, and we're going to do it. You never pull us twice in the
+same direction. If you'd say what you were going to do next, we'd try
+to meet your views."
+
+"As far as I could feel," said the upper-deck planking, and that was
+four inches thick, "every single iron near me was pushing or pulling
+in opposite directions. Now, what's the sense of that? My friends, let
+us all pull together."
+
+"Pull any way you please." roared the funnel, "so long as you don't
+try your experiments on _me_. I need fourteen wire ropes, all pulling
+in opposite directions, to hold me steady. Isn't that so?"
+
+"We believe you, my boy!" whistled the funnel stays through their
+clenched teeth, as they twanged in the wind from the top of the funnel
+to the deck.
+
+"Nonsense! We must all pull together," the decks repeated. "Pull
+lengthways."
+
+"Very good," said the stringers; "then stop pushing sideways when you
+get wet. Be content to run gracefully fore and aft, and curve in at
+the ends as we do."
+
+"No, no curves at the end. A very slight workmanlike curve from side
+to side, with a good grip at each knee, and little pieces welded on,"
+said the deck beams.
+
+"Fiddle!" said the iron pillars of the deep, dark hold. "Who ever
+heard of curves? Stand up straight; be a perfectly round column, and
+carry tons of good solid weight. Like that! There!" A big sea smashed
+on to the deck above, and the pillars stiffened themselves to the
+load.
+
+"Straight up and down is not bad," said the frames who run that way
+in the sides of the ship, "but you must also expand yourself sideways.
+Expansion is the law of life, children. Open out! Open out!"
+
+"Come back!" said the deck beam, savagely, as the upward heave of
+the sea made the frames try to open. "Come back to your bearings, you
+slack-jawed irons!"
+
+"Rigidity! Rigidity! Rigidity!" thumped the engines. "Absolute,
+unvarying rigidity--rigidity!"
+
+"You see!" whined the rivets in chorus. "No two of you will ever pull
+alike, and--and you blame it all on us. We only know how to go through
+a plate and bite down on both sides so that it can't and mustn't and
+sha'n't move."
+
+"I've got one-sixteenth of an inch play at any rate," said the
+garboard strake triumphantly; and so he had, and all the bottom of the
+ship felt a good deal easier for it.
+
+"Then we're no good," sobbed the bottom rivets. "We were ordered--we
+were _ordered_--never to give, and we've given, and the sea will come
+in, and we'll all go to the bottom together! First we're blamed for
+everything unpleasant, and now we haven't the consolation of having
+done our work."
+
+"Don't say I told you," whispered the steam consolingly; "but, between
+you and me and the cloud I last came from, it was bound to happen
+sooner or later. You _had_ to give a fraction, and you've given
+without knowing it. Now hold on, as before."
+
+"What's the use?" a few hundred rivets chattered. "We've given--we've
+given; and the sooner we confess that we can't keep the ship together
+and go off our little heads, the easier it will be. No rivet forged
+could stand this strain."
+
+"No one rivet was ever meant to. Share it among you," the steam
+answered.
+
+"The others can have my share. I'm going to pull out," said a rivet in
+one of the forward plates.
+
+"If you go, others will follow," hissed the steam. "There's nothing so
+contagious in a boat as rivets going. Why, I knew a little chap like
+you--he was an eighth of an inch fatter, though--on a steamer--to be
+sure, she was only twelve tons, now I come to think of it--in exactly
+the same place as you are. _He_ pulled out in a bit of a bobble of a
+sea, not half as bad as this, and he started all his friends on the
+same butt-strap, and the plate opened like a furnace door, and I had
+to climb into the nearest fog bank while the boat went down."
+
+"Now that's peculiarly disgraceful," said the rivet. "Fatter than me,
+was he, and in a steamer not half our tonnage? Reedy little peg! I
+blush for the family, sir." He settled himself more firmly than ever
+in his place, and the steam chuckled.
+
+"You see," he went on quite gravely, "a rivet, and especially a rivet
+in _your_ position, is really the _one_ indispensable part of the
+ship." The steam did not say that he had whispered the very same thing
+to every single piece of iron aboard. There is no sense in telling too
+much.
+
+And all that while the little "Dimbula" pitched and chopped and swung
+and slewed, and lay down as though she were going to die, and got up
+as though she had been stung, and threw her nose round and round in
+circles half a dozen times as she dipped, for the gale was at its
+worst. It was inky black, in spite of the tearing white froth on the
+waves, and, to top everything, the rain began to fall in sheets, so
+that you could not see your hand before your face. This did not make
+much difference to the iron-work below, but it troubled the foremast a
+good deal.
+
+"Now it's all finished," he said, dismally. "The conspiracy is too
+strong for us. There is nothing left but to--"
+
+"Hurraar! Brrrraaah! Brrrrrrp!" roared the steam through the foghorn,
+till the decks quivered. "Don't be frightened below. It's only me,
+just throwing out a few words in case any one happens to be rolling
+round to-night,"
+
+"You don't mean to say there's any one except _us_ on the sea in such
+weather?" said the funnel, in a husky snuffle.
+
+"Scores of 'em," said the steam, clearing its throat. "Rrrrrraaa!
+Brraaaaa! Prrrrp! It's a trifle windy up here; and, great boilers, how
+it rains!"
+
+"We're drowning," said the scuppers. They had been doing nothing else
+all night, but this steady thresh of rain above them seemed to be the
+end of the world.
+
+"That's all right. We'll be easier in an hour or two. First the
+wind and then the rain; soon you may make sail again! Grrraaaaah!
+Drrrraaaa! Drrrrrp! I have a notion that the sea is going down
+already. If it does you'll learn something about rolling. We've only
+pitched till now. By the way, aren't you chaps in the hold a little
+easier than you were?"
+
+There was just as much groaning and straining as ever, but it was not
+so loud or squeaky in tone; and when the ship quivered she did not
+jar stiffly, like a poker hit on the floor, but gave a supple little
+waggle, like a perfectly balanced golf club.
+
+"We have made a most amazing discovery," said the stringers, one after
+another; "a discovery that entirely changes the situation. We have
+found, for the first time in the history of shipbuilding, that the
+inward pull of the deck beams and the outward thrust of the frames
+locks us, as it were, more closely in our places, and enables us to
+endure a strain which is entirely without parallel in the records of
+marine architecture."
+
+The steam turned a laugh quickly into a roar up the foghorn. "What
+massive intellects you great stringers have!" he said, softly, when he
+had finished.
+
+"We, also," began the deck beams, "are discoverers and geniuses. We
+are of opinion that the support of the hold-pillars materially helps
+_us_. We find that we lock upon them when we are subjected to a heavy
+and singular weight of sea above."
+
+Here the "Dimbula" shot down a hollow, lying almost on her side, and
+righting at the bottom with a wrench and a spasm.
+
+"In these cases--are you aware of this, steam?--the plating at the
+bows, and particularly at the stern,--we would also mention the floors
+beneath us,--helps _us_ to resist any tendency to spring." It was the
+frames who were speaking in the solemn and awed voice which people use
+when they have just come across something entirely new for the very
+first time.
+
+"I'm only a poor, puffy little flutterer," said the steam, "but I have
+to stand a good deal of pressure in my business. It's all tremendously
+interesting. Tell us some more. You fellows are _so_ strong."
+
+"You'll see," said the bow plates proudly. "Ready behind there! Here's
+the father and mother of waves coming! Sit tight, rivets all!" The
+great sluicing comber thundered by, but through all the scuffle and
+confusion the steam could hear the low, quick cries of the iron-work
+as the various strains took them--cries like these: "Easy now, easy!
+_Now_ push for all your strength! Hold out! Give a fraction! Hold up!
+Pull in! Shove crossways! Mind the strain at the ends! Grip now! Bite
+tight! Let the water get away from under, and there she goes."
+
+The wave raced off into the darkness shouting, "Not bad that, if it's
+your first run!" and the drenched and ducked ship throbbed to the beat
+of the engines inside her. All three cylinders were wet and white with
+the salt spray that had come down through the engine-room hatch; there
+was white salt on the canvas-bound steam pipes, and even the bright
+work below was speckled and soiled; but the cylinders had learned to
+make the most of steam that was half water, and were pounding along
+cheerfully.
+
+"How's the noblest outcome of human ingenuity hitting it?" said the
+steam, as he whirled through the engine room.
+
+"Nothing for nothing in the world of woe," the cylinders answered,
+as if they had been working for centuries, "and precious little for
+seventy-five pounds head. We've made two knots this last hour and a
+quarter! Rather humiliating for eight hundred horse-power, isn't it?"
+
+"Well, it's better than drifting astern, at any rate. You seem rather
+less--how shall I put it?--stiff in the back than you were."
+
+"If you'd been hammered as we've been this night, you wouldn't be
+stiff--ffreff--ff--either. Theoreti--retti--retti--cally, of course,
+rigidity is _the_ thing. Purr--purr--practically, there has to be a
+little give and take. _We_ found that out by working on our sides for
+five minutes at a stretch--chch--chh. How's the weather?"
+
+"Sea's going down fast," said the steam.
+
+"Good business," said the high-pressure cylinder. "Whack her up along,
+boys. They've given us five pounds more steam;" and he began humming
+the first bars of "Said the young Obadiah to the old Obadiah," which,
+as you must have noticed, is a pet tune among engines not made for
+high speed. Racing liners with twin screws sing "The Turkish Patrol"
+and the overture to the "Bronze Horse" and "Madame Angot," till
+something goes wrong, and then they give Gounod's "Funeral March of a
+Marionette" with variations.
+
+"You'll learn a song of your own some fine day," said the steam, as he
+flew up the foghorn for one last bellow.
+
+Next day the sky cleared and the sea dropped a little, and the
+"Dimbula" began to roll from side to side till every inch of iron in
+her was sick and giddy. But, luckily, they did not all feel ill at the
+same time; otherwise she would have opened out like a wet paper box.
+The steam whistled warnings as he went about his business, for it is
+in this short, quick roll and tumble that follows a heavy sea that
+most of the accidents happen; because then everything thinks that the
+worst is over and goes off guard. So he orated and chattered till the
+beams and frames and floors and stringers and things had learned how
+to lock down and lock up on one another, and endure this new kind of
+strain.
+
+They had ample time, for they were sixteen days at sea, and it was
+foul weather till within a hundred miles of New York. The "Dimbula"
+picked up her pilot, and came in covered with salt and red rust. Her
+funnel was dirty gray from top to bottom; two boats had been carried
+away; three copper ventilators looked like hats after a fight with the
+police; the bridge had a dimple in the middle of it; the house that
+covered the steam steering-gear was split as with hatchets; there
+was a bill for small repairs in the engine room almost as long as the
+screw-shaft; the forward cargo hatch fell into bucket staves when
+they raised the iron crossbars; and the steam capstan had been badly
+wrenched on its bed. Altogether, as the skipper said, it was "a pretty
+general average."
+
+"But she's soupled," he said to Mr. Buchanan. "For all her dead
+weight, she rode like a yacht. Ye mind that last blow off the Banks? I
+was proud of her."
+
+"It's vara good," said the chief engineer, looking along the
+dishevelled decks. "Now, a man judging superficially would say we were
+a wreck, but we know otherwise--by experience."
+
+Naturally, everything in the "Dimbula" stiffened with pride, and
+the foremast and the forward collision bulkhead, who are pushing
+creatures, begged the steam to warn the port of New York of their
+arrival. "Tell those big boats all about us," they said. "They seem to
+take us quite as a matter of course."
+
+It was a glorious, clear, dead calm morning, and in single file, with
+less than half a mile between each, their bands playing, and
+their tugboats shouting and waving handkerchiefs beneath, were the
+"Majestic," the "Paris," the "Touraine," the "Servia," the "Kaiser
+Wilhelm II." and the "Werkendam," all statelily going out to sea. As
+the "Dimbula" shifted her helm to give the great boats clear way, the
+steam (who knows far too much to mind making an exhibition of himself
+now and then) shouted:
+
+"Oyez! oyez! oyez! Princes, Dukes, and Barons of the High Seas! Know
+ye by these presents we are the 'Dimbula,' fifteen days nine hours out
+from Liverpool, having crossed the Atlantic with four thousand ton of
+cargo for the first time in our career. We have not foundered! We are
+here! Eer! eer! We are not disabled. But we have had a time wholly
+unparalleled in the annals of shipbuilding. Our decks were swept. We
+pitched, we rolled! We thought we were going to die! Hi! hi! But we
+didn't! We wish to give notice that we have come to New York all the
+way across the Atlantic, through the worst weather in the world; and
+we are the 'Dimbula.' We are--arr--ha--ha--ha-r-r!"
+
+The beautiful line of boats swept by as steadily as the procession of
+the seasons. The "Dimbula" heard the "Majestic" say "Humph!" and the
+"Paris" grunted "How!" and the "Touraine" said "Oui!" with a little
+coquettish flicker of steam; and the "Servia" said "Haw!" and the
+"Kaiser" and the "Werkendam" said "Hoch!" Dutch fashion--and that was
+absolutely all.
+
+"I did my best," said the steam, gravely, "but I don't think they were
+much impressed with us, somehow. Do you?"
+
+"It's simply disgusting," said the bow-plates. "They might have
+seen what we've been through. There isn't a ship on the sea that has
+suffered as we have--is there now?"
+
+"Well, I wouldn't go so far as that," said the steam, "because I've
+worked on some of those boats, and put them through weather quite as
+bad as we've had in six days; and some of them are a little over ten
+thousand tons, I believe. Now, I've seen the 'Majestic,' for instance,
+ducked from her bows to her funnel, and I've helped the 'Arizona,' I
+think she was, to back off an iceberg she met with one dark night; and
+I had to run out of the 'Paris's' engine room one day because there
+was thirty foot of water in it. Of course, I don't deny--" The steam
+shut off suddenly as a tugboat, loaded with a political club and a
+brass band that had been to see a senator off to Europe, crossed the
+bows, going to Hoboken. There was a long silence, that reached without
+a break from the cut-water to the propeller blades of the "Dimbula."
+
+Then one big voice said slowly and thickly, as though the owner had
+just waked up: "It's my conviction that I have made a fool of myself."
+
+The steam knew what had happened at once; for when a ship finds
+herself, all the talking of the separate pieces ceases and melts into
+one deep voice, which is the soul of the ship.
+
+"Who are you?" he said, with a laugh.
+
+"I am the 'Dimbula,' of course. I've never been anything else except
+that--and a fool."
+
+The tugboat, which was doing its very best to be run down, got away
+just in time, and its band was playing clashily and brassily a popular
+but impolite air:
+
+  In the days of old Rameses--are you on?
+  In the days of old Rameses--are you on?
+  In the days of old Rameses,
+  That story had paresis--
+  Are you on--are you on--are you on?
+
+"Well, I'm glad you've found yourself," said the steam. "To tell the
+truth, I was a little tired of talking to all those ribs of stringers.
+Here's quarantine. After that we'll go to our wharf and clean up a
+little, and next month we'll do it all over again."
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--GOYA AND HIS CAREER.--FOUR ENGLISH
+PAINTERS OF FAMILIAR LIFE.--GÉRICAULT, INGRES, AND DELACROIX.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+Looking backward to the first quarter of this century, it is hardly
+too sweeping an assertion to say that, with a single exception, there
+was little that was important in the way of painting outside of France
+and England. There were local reputations in all the other countries,
+practitioners of the art who joined to a respectable proficiency in
+painting an adhesion to the traditions which had been handed down to
+them. These men, in their time and place, were notable; and in
+the museums of their respective countries their works remain of
+chronological interest to students of painting. But to the larger
+public which these papers address, they are of little importance,
+having exercised but slight influence on contemporaneous art.
+
+The exception already noted was in Spain, and there only in the case
+of a single painter. Francisco Goya y Lucientes, "Pintor Español," as
+he delighted to call himself, would be, indeed has been, a fascinating
+subject for picturesque biography. Charles Yriarte, the well-known
+French art critic, has given the world a most interesting and complete
+story of Goya's life, which, though it is only separated from our own
+day by a span of seventy years, chronicles the exploits of one who
+in the history of art must hark back to Benvenuto Cellini in the
+sixteenth century to find his parallel.
+
+Goya was born March 31, 1746, at Fuente de Todos, in the province of
+Aragon. The son of a small farmer, he was placed when very young
+in the local Academy of Fine Arts at Saragossa, where he received
+instruction from Bayen and Luzan, painters little known outside of
+Spain. The swashbuckler instincts which were to govern him through
+life manifested themselves here, where in a street brawl he laid low
+three of his adversaries. He found it prudent to evade both justice
+and the vengeance which followed swift and sure in those days in
+Spain, by flying to Madrid. Soon after his arrival in the capital,
+however, in continuation of his old mode of life, he was picked up for
+dead in one of the low quarters of the town. Surviving the poignard,
+but again threatened with arrest, he joined a _quadrilla_ of
+bull-fighters, in whose company he went from town to town, giving
+exhibitions of his prowess in the national sport.
+
+[Illustration: THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+
+There is a tradition that this etching was made from nature, the
+model--some malefactor executed by the strangling method employed in
+Spain--being studied by Goya from his chamber window.]
+
+With all this, painting must have been somewhat of an interlude;
+but Goya had early shown signs of great talent, and before he left
+Saragossa, his master, Josepha Bayen, had confidence enough in
+his future to entrust the happiness of his daughter to his care by
+permitting his marriage to her. Goya's biographer notes that through
+all the various adventures of his career he had the utmost care for
+the material comfort of this lady. Her character must impress us
+to-day as charitable to excess; for, shortly after the bull-fighting
+episode, Goya found himself in Rome, where his next exploit was the
+abduction, from a convent, of a noble Roman girl. With the police once
+more on his track, he sought refuge at the Spanish Embassy, whence
+he was despatched home in disguise, probably to the relief of his
+country's representative in Rome. Before this adventure, which was
+only one of many which the charitable wife had to pardon, he had
+attracted the attention of David, who was then in Italy, and who,
+as his art differed in every way from that of Goya, must have been
+strongly impressed by his work to give it his approval.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+
+One of the plates from the "Disasters of War" where the grotesque and
+huge figure of Death appears to the combatants.]
+
+On arriving home Goya was given employment in designing a series of
+tapestries for the royal palace; and from 1780, when he was made a
+member of the Spanish Royal Academy, ensues the period of his
+greatest artistic activity. Carrying into his art the same excess
+of temperament which marked his life, his execution was rapid and
+decisive. Rebellious to the ordinary means employed by painters, he
+used various mediums, some of which have ill withstood the ravages of
+time; and, disdaining brushes, he often employed sponges or bits of
+rag in their place. In the case of one of his pictures, a revolt of
+the Madrilenians against the French, it is said that he employed a
+spoon.
+
+In 1799 Goya was made painter to the king, Charles III., whose
+successor, the fourth of his name, continued his favor. The time,
+which was that of the notorious "Prince of Peace," Godoy, was
+favorable for a character like that of Goya, whose eccentricities were
+looked upon with an indulgent eye by a court which must have felt
+that its function was hardly that of moral censor. At least Goya, the
+intimate of Maria Louisa and the court circle, by no means abandoned
+his friends the bull-fighters and tavern-keepers. Fresh from an
+altar-piece for a cathedral, or a royal portrait, his ready brush
+found employment in rapidly painting a street scene, or even a sign
+for a wine-shop. A whitewashed wall for canvas and mud from the gutter
+for pigment, were the means employed to embody a patriotic theme at
+the entrance of the French soldiers into Madrid--a popular masterpiece
+executed to the plaudits of the crowd.
+
+All this would seem to denote a charlatan; yet withal, Goya has fairly
+won his place amid the great painters of the world. Perhaps no better
+example could be found of the essential difference between the outward
+and visible actions of a man and the inward and spiritual grace of an
+artist than in this instance; and the Latin standpoint, always more
+intellectually liberal than our own Anglo-Saxon appreciation of the
+same problem furnishes the reason why Goya was left free to pursue his
+artistic career instead of languishing in prison. His illogical brush
+filled the cathedrals of Saragossa, Seville, Toledo, and Valencia
+with masterly frescoes, while with the etching needle he produced
+many plates. Some of these, like the "Caprices," a series of eighty
+etchings, are filled with imagination alternately tragical and
+grotesque; while another series, representing bull-fights, throughout
+its thirty-three plates depicts the incidents of the game with intense
+realism. The "Disasters of War," another series of eighty, were
+inspired by the French invasion; and never, perhaps, were the
+cruelties of war more strenuously realized in art than in these.
+Probably these etchings, executed, like all his works, by methods
+peculiar to himself, constitute his best title to remembrance. But
+his painting, replete though it be with the defects of his qualities,
+stands as a precursor of the great coloristic school of which
+Delacroix was the head and front. This is notably to be felt in his
+portraits, and in some of the rapidly executed single figures of
+which the Louvre has a specimen and the Metropolitan Museum, New York,
+another--the latter, "A Jewess of Tangiers."
+
+[Illustration: GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.
+
+This portrait is the frontispiece to a series of etchings by Goya.]
+
+Before leaving Goya for men whose works are their only history,
+a characteristic incident, which caused his flight from Spain to
+Bordeaux in France, must be told. In 1814 Wellington was in Madrid
+and sat for his portrait to Goya. After the first sitting, the soldier
+presumed to criticise the work; whereat Goya, seizing a cutlass,
+attacked him, causing the future hero of Waterloo to flee for his life
+from the maniacal fury of the painter. It is said that, later, peace
+was made between the two men, and that the portrait was achieved;
+but for the moment Goya found safety in France, together with his
+long-suffering wife, who had incidentally borne him twenty children.
+At the green old age of eighty-two Goya died at Bordeaux, April 16,
+1828.
+
+[Illustration: ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN
+THE CATHEDRAL AT SEVILLE.
+
+These are the patron saints of Seville. The legend has it that they
+were the daughters of a potter and followed their father's trade,
+giving away in charity, however, all that they earned more than was
+sufficient to supply their simple wants. At the time of a festival
+to Venus, they were requested to supply the vessels to be used in her
+worship, and on their refusing, they were dragged before the prefect,
+who condemned them to death, July 19, A.D. 304. They are generally
+represented with earthen vessels and the palms of martyrdom; in this
+case, the broken statue of Venus lies in the foreground. The Giralda
+tower, the chief ornament of Seville, and the prototype of the Madison
+Square tower in New York City, is their especial care, and it is
+believed that its preservation from lightning is due to them.]
+
+No greater contrast could be devised than the four works which follow,
+either in the character of the art or in the uneventful respectability
+of the painters' lives. They are all typical of a class of pictures
+which has been popular in England, from the time of Hogarth to the
+present day. The earliest of them is the "Blind Fiddler" of Sir David
+Wilkie, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1807. The dates at
+which the others, by Mulready, Webster, and Leslie, were painted would
+preclude their appearance here, if strict chronological sequence were
+imposed, as they were painted about 1840. It is instructive,
+however, to group them together, to show that these artists and their
+followers, who were legion, thought at least as much of subject as of
+method. Not that the latter quality is lacking. On the contrary, it
+is only too evident; but it is a method of convention. No one would
+imagine for a moment, in looking at any one of these pictures, that
+he was admitted an unseen spectator to some scene of intimate family
+life. It is this quality which the great Dutchmen in all their scenes
+of familiar life preserved; and when we look at a Pieter de Hooge,
+for instance, there is no suspicion that the homely scene has been
+arranged for our delectation. In its transplantation from Holland,
+however, English art lost just this quality.
+
+David Wilkie, born in Scotland, at Cults in Fifeshire, November 18,
+1785, came to London in 1805 to enter the Royal Academy schools, after
+some preliminary training at Edinburgh. His first picture, in the
+exhibition of 1806, "The Village Politicians," attracted attention,
+and was followed the next year by "The Blind Fiddler." The work of
+a youth of twenty-two, it is remarkable for its close observation
+of character and the skilful use made of what may be termed the
+theatrical faculty of grouping the personages so that their action
+tells the story. This is not a merit, and there is little doubt that
+the scene would be greater as art were it more consistently human.
+Character is well and pictorially rendered; but by its insistence in
+every figure, we feel that it is but a moment since the curtain
+was withdrawn and the _tableau vivant_ shown. This and the pictures
+following it met with the most unbounded popular approval, were
+reproduced by engraving, and exercised an influence increased by the
+honors and fortune which were showered on the painter.
+
+In 1825 Wilkie made an extended continental tour, and three years
+later, after his return to England, changed his class of subjects for
+historical and portrait painting, bringing to these later themes the
+same ability and the same lack of _naïveté_ which characterized his
+former work. A Royal Academician since 1811, he was appointed first
+painter in ordinary to the king, on the death of Lawrence, in 1830. He
+was knighted in 1836, and died at sea on June 1, 1841, while returning
+from Egypt.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+
+"An itinerant musician is entertaining a cottager and his family with a
+tune on the fiddle; the father gayly snaps his fingers at an infant on
+the knees of the mother, behind whom a mischievous boy, with the poker
+and bellows in his hands, is mimicking the action of the musician.
+With this exception, all, even the dog standing by the chair of its
+mistress, appear to be intent upon the music of the blind fiddler."
+This quotation, from the catalogue of the National Gallery where the
+original picture is placed, accurately describes it.]
+
+[Illustration: CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM
+MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON.
+
+To the title of this picture, the painter himself added, as expository
+of his theme and the source of his inspiration, the following passage
+from Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield": "I had scarcely taken orders
+a year, before I began to think seriously of matrimony, and chose my
+wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a fine glossy surface, but
+for such qualities as would wear well." The picture thus affords
+a good instance of the dependence on literature of the painters of
+Mulready's school. Its title alone would suffice, so well and simply
+is the story told; but, apparently, with the British public, and in
+the painter's mind, it gained an added grace by diverting the visual
+impression of the observer to the realm of literature. The picture is
+here reproduced from a copyrighted photograph by Frederick Hollyer,
+Kensington.]
+
+William Mulready was of Irish birth, having come into the world at
+Ennis, in the County Clare, April 1, 1786. In 1809, after a period
+in the schools of the Royal Academy, he exhibited there a picture
+entitled "Fair Time," which gave him almost instant success; and until
+his death, July 7, 1863, though producing fewer pictures than Wilkie,
+he worked on very much the same class of subjects. His color is less
+agreeable than that of the Scot, and his execution very much more
+labored. His life was uneventful, occupied exclusively with his work,
+which he loved; so much so that two days before his death, an old
+man of seventy-seven, he sat drawing in the evening life class at the
+Royal Academy. He had been a member of the Academy since 1816. The
+picture here reproduced is (even without the quotation from the "Vicar
+of Wakefield" which accompanies it in the catalogue of the South
+Kensington Museum) a simple story simply told. It is free from the
+mannerisms which mar much of Mulready's work, especially in the
+portrayal of children, and in the original is more agreeable in color
+than are many of his pictures.
+
+[Illustration: CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER. The
+happily chosen title explains sufficiently this pleasant scene. The
+picture, painted in 1843, is now in the South Kensington Museum.]
+
+Thomas Webster, born March 20, 1800, in London, and dying at Cranbrook
+in Kent, September, 1886, was another painter whose work had enjoyed
+the full meed of popularity, from 1825 to the time of his retirement
+from the Royal Academy in 1877. Pictures like the one here reproduced
+(from the original in the South Kensington Museum, painted in 1843,
+and entitled "Contrary Winds"), pictures depicting homely rustic
+life, were his specialty. His work had gained him the title of Royal
+Academician in 1846.
+
+Through all this time, and in the work of many painters unnoticed
+here, the qualities are evident of an honest endeavor to paint the
+simple life of the country. With a higher standard of taste, and
+better preliminary instruction, painting would have gained; and the
+defect with which British art has been so often reproached, of being
+too literary, might have been lessened. Charles Robert Leslie,
+whose works are almost uniformly inspired by literature, was born at
+Clerkenwell in England, of American parents, October 19, 1794. He was
+taken to Philadelphia when five years of age, but returned to England
+in 1811, to study at the Royal Academy. Washington Allston and
+Benjamin West, both Americans--the latter at the time President of the
+Royal Academy--aided Leslie by advice.
+
+After a preliminary stage as a portrait painter, Leslie exhibited at
+the Royal Academy in 1819 a picture of "Sir Roger de Coverley Going to
+Church," the first of a long series of pictures dependent on books
+for their subjects. In 1825 he painted "Sancho Panza and the Duchess,"
+which procured him his election as an Academician the following year.
+The picture here reproduced is a repetition, with some slight changes,
+of the same subject, but was painted in 1844. Leslie may be said to
+have originated this style of subject in England, where he has had
+many followers; and, given the requisite knowledge of literature, his
+pictures tell their story with directness and humor. In painting, his
+work is rather hard; but in grace and style of drawing he was much
+superior to his contemporaries. Among his pictures are many suggested
+by Shakespeare, which have been popularized by engraving.
+
+[Illustration: SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A
+PAINTING BY C.E. LESLIE.
+
+Sancho having, by the command of the Duchess, seated himself upon a
+low stool, is saying, "Now, madam, that I am sure that nobody but the
+company present hears us, I will answer without fear or emotion to all
+you have asked and to all you shall ask me; and the first thing I tell
+you is that I take my master, Don Quixote, for a downright madman."
+The original picture is in the National Gallery, London.]
+
+Leslie returned to this country in 1833 to accept the professorship
+of drawing at the West Point Military Academy, but remained only a
+few months. After returning to London, he enjoyed a successful
+career until his death, May 5, 1859. He was one of the first and most
+consistent admirers of Constable's work, and wrote his life. He also
+published lectures on painting, delivered at the Royal Academy, where
+he had been appointed lecturer in 1848.
+
+The consideration of the two men whose portraits face each other here,
+and who stood thus opposed, during their lives, as the leaders of
+all that constituted art in their time and country, takes us back to
+France. Frequent returns of this character will be necessary in the
+course of these papers; for, without undue prejudice in favor of
+the French, it must be said that they alone have through the century
+maintained a consistent attitude in regard to art. Other countries
+have from time to time encouraged painting, with as frequent lapses
+of interest or lack of men who could legitimately inspire interest.
+Although transplanted bodily from Italy to France, in the time of
+Francis the First, art had taken so firm a root by the commencement
+of this century that, as we have seen, it grew and flourished though
+watered by the red blood of revolution. As a national institution,
+following the prescribed rules of the Academy, it has, of course,
+met with frequent assaults at the hands of men for whom prescribed
+academic law was as naught in comparison with the higher law of
+genius. In 1819 such a man appeared, with a picture which violated the
+unwritten law formulated by David: "Look in your Plutarch and paint!"
+
+[Illustration: THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT
+IN THE LOUVRE.
+
+The frigate "Medusa," accompanied by three other vessels, left France
+June 17, 1816, heading for Saint-Louis (Senegal), with the governor
+and principal officers of the colony as passengers. On July 2 the
+vessel stranded on a reef, and after five days of ineffectual effort
+to float her, was abandoned. A raft was constructed and one hundred
+and forty-nine men embarked on it, the remainder of the crew and
+passengers, four hundred all told, taking to the boats. For twelve
+days, the raft floated at the will of the waves and winds; then it
+was sighted by one of the convoys, the brig Argus. Only fifteen men
+survived. The picture represents the moment of their deliverance.]
+
+Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault, born at Rouen, September 26,
+1791, came to Paris in 1808, and entered the studio of Guérin, where
+his method of painting displeased his master to such a degree that he
+advised him to abandon the study of art. Guérin had thoroughly imbibed
+the defects of the David method; and the spectacle of a youth who
+obstinately persisted in trying to paint the model as he really
+appeared, instead of making a pink imitation of antique sculpture,
+seemed to him to be of little promise.
+
+Géricault, however, persisted; and with the exception of about a year,
+when the halo of military glory seduced him from his work, he worked
+so well and earnestly that, after two years' sojourn in Italy, he
+returned to Paris, a few weeks before the Salon of 1819, equipped with
+the knowledge of a master.
+
+Taking a canvas about fifteen feet high by twenty in length, using the
+green-room of a theatre for a studio, he set to work. Disdaining the
+prevailing taste for mythology and classic themes, he took from the
+journals of the time the moving recital of the sufferings of the crew
+of the frigate "Medusa," abandoned on a raft in mid-ocean. Choosing
+the moment when the fifteen survivors of the hundred and forty-nine
+men who had embarked on the raft sighted the sail in the offing which
+meant their deliverance, he worked with an energy and fire which have
+remained remarkable in the annals of art. Certain of the figures, all
+of which are more than life size, were painted in a day, and when the
+Salon of 1819 opened, the picture was finished.
+
+[Illustration: INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.
+
+Painted for the gallery of Painters' Portraits in the Uffizi,
+Florence, in 1858, according to the inscription on the picture. This
+most interesting collection, which is still being added to year by
+year, comprises the portraits of the great painters, in most cases by
+their own hands, from the time of the Renaissance to our day.]
+
+Seen as it is to-day in the Louvre, blackened by time and the neglect
+from which it suffered for six or seven years before it was placed
+there, it remains one of the capital pages in the history of modern
+art. The effect on the younger generation who saw it fresh from the
+hand of the master, accustomed as they were to the lifeless
+effigies of the classic school, was puzzling, and none but the most
+revolutionary dared approve of it. With the older painters there was
+a similar distrust of the impression which it caused. Yet David--an
+artistic kernel encased in an academic husk--admired it; and so did a
+swarthy youth who was soon to make his mark and who was a friend and
+former comrade of Géricault in the _atelier_ Guérin--Eugène Delacroix.
+
+[Illustration: DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.
+
+This portrait was left by the painter at his death to Mlle. Jenny
+Leguillon, his housekeeper, and by her was bequeathed to the Louvre in
+1872.]
+
+Géricault received a recompense of the fourth class, and, disgusted
+with his lot, took the immense canvas to London, where it was
+exhibited with success. During his sojourn in England he executed a
+number of pictures in oil and water color, and many lithographs, which
+are to-day eagerly sought by collectors. Returning to France full of
+projects for work, his health began to give way, and on the 18th of
+January, 1824, he died. The influence which he exercised had, however,
+borne its fruits. Already in the Salon of 1822 Ferdinand Victor Eugène
+Delacroix, born at Charenton, near Paris, April 26, 1799, had shown
+his "Dante and Virgil."
+
+Before considering Delacroix, however, it is best to return to the
+earlier years of the century, and give J. Dominique Auguste Ingres,
+whose stern face confronts Delacroix's portrait, the precedence to
+which his age entitles him.
+
+"Monsieur" Ingres, as the iconoclastic leaders of the romantic school
+called him in mock deference, was born at Montauban, August 29, 1780.
+His life was fortunate, and his history, which is chiefly that of his
+works, can be told in few words. A pupil of David, he received
+the Prix de Rome in 1801. He remained in Rome much longer than the
+allotted four years to which his prize entitled him, and returned
+there often during his life as to the source of all art. By
+portraiture and the constant patronage of the government, the material
+conditions of his life, which was of a simple character, befitting
+a man who viewed his mission as that of an apostle preaching the
+doctrine of pure classicism, were made easy; and the official titles
+of Member of the Institute, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, and
+Senator of the Empire all came to him with the lapse of years.
+
+More royalist than the king, and the last of David's disciples, Ingres
+pursued throughout his life the even tenor of a man convinced that
+the source of all inspiration in art was Greek sculpture as amplified,
+transmuted, and translated to the realm of painting by Raphael.
+Painting in his hands became almost purely a matter of form. The
+element of color was virtually ignored, and form, chastened in contour
+and modelling, became through the magic of his genius the almost
+sufficient quality. The qualification is necessary. For though too
+great a man to lose, as too many of his master's pupils did, the grasp
+on nature; and while, therefore, his works, seen as they are through
+the glamour of the antique, never lack an intimate relation to
+existing life, it is impossible to resist the feeling before them that
+it is life beautified, of exquisite yet virile choice, but of life
+arrested. The reproach of his opponents of the romantic school that he
+was an "embalmer" has a foundation of truth.
+
+[Illustration: A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.
+
+This lovely drawing, from the collection in the Louvre, shows Ingres
+in his most pleasing aspect. By the magic of a few lines faintly
+traced, he has evoked for us the image of a charming person; and by
+the slight indication of costume, has also fixed the epoch at which
+the drawing was made. It was in the earlier years of the master, while
+he was in Rome, that he drew many such little masterpieces as a means
+of livelihood, drawings which he then made for a few francs, and which
+are now eagerly sought by the museums of Europe.]
+
+[Illustration: APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.
+
+Originally painted for a ceiling in the gallery of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, in the Louvre, where it is now replaced by a copy of the
+same executed by Ingres's pupils. The picture represents Homer crowned
+as Jupiter by Victory, and seated before his temple receiving the
+homage of the poets, painters, sculptors, and architects of the
+world.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A
+PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX.
+
+In 1203, through political intrigue, a French army, raised to take
+part in the fourth crusade for the rescue of Jerusalem from
+the Mohammedans, joined with a Venetian army in an attack on
+Constantinople, then a Christian city, the capital of the Byzantine
+Empire. The city fell, but later was recovered. Then, on April 12,
+1204, the invaders secured it again, and subjected it to a despoilment
+without parallel. Delacroix's picture portrays a scene in this
+despoilment. One of the invading barons, attended by his escort, rides
+on to a terrace, and the citizens fall before him, praying his mercy.
+Behind lies the Bosphorous, and beyond it are the shores of Asia.]
+
+For all this, it is hardly superlative to say that, since art began,
+no man has ever felt the exquisite and subtle harmony of line to
+the same degree as Ingres. Naturally the best examples of this, his
+greatest quality, are to be found in his rendering of the nude human
+form; and from the "Oedipus and the Sphinx," of 1808, to "La Source,"
+of 1856, both of which are now in the Louvre, he returned again and
+again to its study, producing each time a masterpiece. His portraits,
+again, are most masterly, occasionally rising through sheer force of
+rendering each characteristic trait of his model (as in the portrait
+of M. Bertin, the editor of the "Débats"), to the extreme exactitude
+of Holbein, coupled with an _allure_ so thoroughly modern that
+the whole epoch of Louis Philippe lives before us. In the slighter
+drawings of his earlier years in Rome, one of which is reproduced
+here, only the most typical details are chosen, and these are
+indicated with a delicacy of touch, a sureness of hand, that not
+only indicates the master, but lends a distinctive charm of truthful
+delicacy of which none but Ingres has known the secret. It is in such
+works that his influence will be felt the longest; for, as with his
+master, the great pictures in which he exemplified his principles
+remain cold and uninteresting. The "Homer Deified," reproduced here,
+was originally intended as a ceiling for the Louvre, and from a
+decorative point of view would excite a pitying smile from Veronese
+or Tiepolo. Taken bit by bit, as a beautiful exhibition of supreme
+knowledge, of the evasive quality of style in drawing, it is, however,
+admirable, and as a whole it has the merits of grave, balanced
+composition. It was the spirit of work like this which the master
+sought to force upon his epoch, rather than that of his portraits or
+of pictures like the "Source;" and the austerity of these principles
+met with more submission in the earlier years of the century than when
+later Géricault had shown the path in which the audacious Delacroix
+threw himself at the head of a band of romantic followers.
+
+[Illustration: DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE
+INFERNAL CITY OF DITÉ. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX, IN THE
+LOUVRE.
+
+The subject is taken from Dante's "Inferno," and represents the poet
+and his companions and guide standing in a bark conducted by Phlegyas,
+while around them appear on the surface of the water the writhing
+bodies of the condemned, among whom Dante recognizes certain
+Florentines.]
+
+I have used the term audacious in speaking of Delacroix, and
+circumstances forced him to justify the epithet. Yet to a student of
+his work, and still more of his character as revealed in his writings
+(his recently published letters and the few articles published during
+his life in the "Revue des Deux-Mondes"), he would appear to have been
+by nature prepared to receive the full academic tradition, and
+only because of what appeared a violation of the tradition _as he
+understood it_, to have arrayed himself in violent opposition: a
+situation which rendered him in work and in life contradictory to his
+natural instinct. It is the old story of the defect of system. Even
+the most cunningly devised cannot make a place for all the many
+manifestations of temperamental activity. Like Géricault, a pupil of
+Guérin, Delacroix found in his master and in the general spirit of
+the school an insistence on the letter of the classic law to which his
+richly endowed nature could not bend, and was thus forced to rebel;
+whereas a more elastic application of received principles would have
+found him an enthusiastic adherent. In this way he missed acquiring
+the technical mastery over form, which proved a stumbling block to him
+through life. At times his drawing is possessed of a vigor and life
+which even Ingres never had; at others his work is almost lamentable
+in its lack of constructive form. In respect to color in its finest,
+most harmonic qualities, he is the greatest of French painters; and
+at all times he is master of an intense dramatic force. It was with a
+masterpiece--"Dante and Virgil"--that he made his first appearance at
+the Salon in 1822. At a bound he found himself famous. Guérin, who had
+counselled him against sending his picture to the Salon, grudgingly
+acknowledged that he was wrong. Gros told him that it was like Rubens,
+with more correctness of form--Rubens "chastened" was the word. The
+government bought the picture, paying the artist two hundred and forty
+dollars--twelve hundred francs--for it.
+
+The same year Delacroix submissively made his final attempt for the
+Prix de Rome, but came out sixtieth in the competition. Thenceforward
+he was to be constantly before the public, constantly opposed,
+misunderstood, criticised; but nevertheless, with all the energy which
+shows in his portrait, constantly in the front. When his defenders had
+sufficient influence to force the hand of the ministry of fine arts,
+he was commissioned to paint for the state; and to this we owe the
+decorations in the gallery of Apollon in the Louvre, the decorations
+in the church of St. Sulpice, and others. When he received the order
+for the entrance of the Crusaders to Constantinople for the Gallery of
+Battles at Versailles, the good King Louis Philippe sent him word to
+make it as little like his usual style as possible!
+
+Among Delacroix's critics Ingres, with all the force of his
+convictions, was the foremost. He to whom a sky had always served as
+a simple background was not created to understand the almost purple
+canopy of azure stretching far above the heads of the Crusaders; nor
+to find barbaric delight in the rich trappings of horses and men,
+since to him a drapery was simply a textureless covering adjusted to
+accentuate the form beneath. Delacroix, whose intelligence was of a
+higher order and who said of himself that he was "more rebellious than
+revolutionary," treated Ingres when they met on official occasions,
+as at the meetings of the Institute (where finally Delacroix had
+penetrated), with a high and distant courtesy which his sturdy
+adversary, strong in his pious devotion to classicism, hardly
+returned. Delacroix had by far the most brilliant following,
+reinforced as it was by the landscape painters, who from 1830 onwards
+gave to this century its most notable school of painting. Added to
+this was a fair measure of appreciation on the part of collectors.
+
+Delacroix's genius found expression in many small pictures, all of
+them characterized by a gem-like coloration (which is more than mere
+color, however, for in it lies the secret of a powerful and direct
+expression of sentiment) and by a vivid realization of movement. Proud
+by nature, delicate in health, his life was far from happy; he never
+ceased to feel the sting of adverse criticism. "For more than thirty
+years I have been given over to the wild beasts," he said once. He
+had warm friends, who have left many records of his sweetness of
+disposition when the outer barrier of haughty reserve was broken
+through; but they were few in number. He never married; painting,
+he said, was his only mistress, and his passion for his art is felt
+through all his work. His death occurred at Champrosay near Paris,
+where he had a modest country house, on August 13, 1863; and four
+years later, January 14, 1867, his great adversary, Ingres, followed
+him.
+
+
+
+
+CY AND I.
+
+BY EUGENE FIELD.
+
+
+  As I went moseyin' down th' street,
+  My Denver friend I chanced t' meet.
+      "Hello!" says I,
+      "Where have you been so long a time
+  That we have missed your soothin' rhyme?"
+      "New York," says Cy.
+      "Gee whiz!" says I.
+
+  "You must have seen some wonders down
+  In that historic, splendid town;"
+      And then says I:
+  "For bridges, parks, and crowded streets
+  There is no other place that beats
+      New York," says I.
+      "_Correct!_" says Cy.
+
+  "The town is mighty big, but then
+  It isn't in it with its men,
+      Is it?" says I.
+  "And tell me, Cyrus, if you can,
+  Who is its biggest, brainiest man?"
+      "Dana!" says Cy.
+      "You _bet_!" says I.
+
+  "He's big of heart and big of brain,
+  And he's been good unto us twain"--
+      Choked up, says I.
+  "I love him, and I pray God give
+  Him many, many years to live!
+      Eh, Cy?" says I.
+      "_Amen!_" says Cy.
+
+
+
+
+A YOUNG HERO
+
+PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF COLONEL E.E. ELLSWORTH.
+
+BY JOHN HAY,
+
+Author, with John G. Nicolay, of "Abraham Lincoln: a History."
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORIGINAL COMPANY OF
+ELLSWORTH ZOUAVES.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Miller and taken in 1861 by Colonel
+E.L. Brand, at that time commanding the company.]
+
+It is in contemplating what the world loses in the deaths of brilliant
+young citizen soldiers that we appreciate most fully the waste of
+war and the priceless value of the cause for which such lives were
+sacrificed. When a man like Henri Regnault--the most substantial
+hope and promise of art in our century--is seen at the siege of Paris
+lingering behind his retreating comrades, "_le temps de bruler une
+dernière cartouche_" the last words he uttered; when a genius like
+Theodore Winthrop is extinguished in its ardent dawn on an obscure
+skirmish field; when a patriot and poet like Koerner dies in battle
+with his work hardly begun--we feel how inadequate are all the
+millions of the treasury to rival such offerings. We shall have no
+correct idea what our country is worth to us if we forget all the
+singing voices that were hushed, all the noble hearts that stopped
+beating, all the fiery energies that were quenched, that we might be
+citizens of the great and indivisible Republic of the Western world.
+
+I believe that few men who fell in our civil conflict bore with them
+out of the world possibilities of fame and usefulness so bright or
+so important as Colonel Ephraim Elmer Ellsworth, who was killed at
+Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861--the first conspicuous victim of
+the war. The world can never compute, can hardly even guess, what was
+lost in his untimely end. He was killed by the first gun he ever heard
+fired in strife; and his friends, who believe him to have had in him
+the making of a great soldier, have nothing to support their opinion
+but the impression made upon them by his manly character, his winning
+and vigorous personality, and the extraordinary ardor and zest with
+which his powerful mind turned towards military affairs in the midst
+of circumstances of almost incredible difficulty and privation. He was
+one of the dearest of the friends of my youth. I cannot hope to
+enable the readers of this paper to see him as I saw him. No words can
+express the vivid brilliancy of his look and his speech, the swift and
+graceful energy of his bearing. He was not a scholar, yet his words
+were like martial music; in stature he was less than the medium size,
+yet his strength was extraordinary; he seemed made of tempered steel.
+His entire aspect breathed high ambition and daring. His jet-black
+curls, his open candid brow, his dark eyes, at once fiery and tender,
+his eagle profile, his mouth just shaded by the youthful growth that
+hid none of its powerful and delicate lines--the whole face, which
+seemed made for nothing less than the command of men, whether as
+general or as orator, comes before me as I write, with a look of
+indignant appeal to the future for the chance of fame which inexorable
+fate denied him. The appeal, of course, is in vain. Only a few men,
+now growing old, knew what he was and what he might have been if life
+had been spared him for a year or two. I will merely try to show in
+these few pages, mainly from his own words, how great a heart was
+broken by the slugs of the assassin at the Marshall House.
+
+He was born in the village of Mechanicsville, Saratoga County, New
+York, on April 23, 1837. His parents were plain people, without
+culture or means; one cannot guess how this eaglet came into so lowly
+a nest. He went out into the world at the first opportunity, to seek
+his fortune; he turned his hand, like other American boys, to anything
+he could find to do. He lived a while in New York, and finally drifted
+to Chicago, where we find him, in the spring of 1859, a clerk and
+student in the law office of Mr. J.E. Cone. From his earliest boyhood
+he had a passionate love of the army. He learned as a child the manual
+of arms; he picked up instinctively a knowledge of the pistol and the
+rifle; he became, almost without instruction, a scientific fencer.
+But he was now of age, and determined to be a lawyer, since, to all
+appearance, there was no chance for him in the army. The way in which
+he pursued his legal studies he has set down in a diary which he kept
+for a little while. He began it on his twenty-second birthday. "I do
+this," he said, "because it seems pleasant to be able to look back
+upon our past lives and note the gradual change in our sentiments and
+views of life; and because my life has been, and bids fair to be,
+such a jumble of strange incidents that, should I become anybody or
+anything, this will be useful as a means of showing how much suffering
+and temptation a man may undergo and still keep clear of despair and
+vice."
+
+[Illustration: ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE WAS A
+LIEUTENANT IN THE REGULAR ARMY AND JUST BEFORE HE RECRUITED THE
+REGIMENT OF NEW YORK ZOUAVES.
+
+From a photograph by Brady in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert
+Coster, by whose permission it is here reproduced.]
+
+He was neat, almost foppish, in his attire; not strictly fashionable,
+for he liked bright colors, flowing cravats, and hats that suggested
+the hunter or ranger rather than the law clerk; yet the pittance for
+which he worked was very small, and his poverty extreme. He therefore
+economized upon his food. He lived for months together upon dry
+biscuits and water. Here is a touching entry from his diary: "Had
+an opportunity to buy a desk to-day worth forty-five dollars, for
+fourteen dollars. It was just such a one as I needed, and I could sell
+at any time for more than was asked for it. I bought it at auction. I
+can now indulge my ideas of order in the arrangement of my papers to
+their fullest extent. Paid five dollars of my own money and borrowed
+ten dollars of James Clayburne; promised to return it next Tuesday.
+By the way, this was an instance in a small way of the importance of
+little things. Some two years since, when I was so poor, I went one
+day into an eating-house on an errand. While there, Clayburne and
+several friends came in.
+
+"As I started to go out they stopped me and insisted upon my having
+an oyster stew. I refused, for I always made it a practice never to
+accept even an apple from any one, because I could not return like
+courtesies. While they were clamoring about the matter and I trying to
+get from them, the waiter brought on the oysters for the whole party,
+having taken it for granted that I was going to stay. So to escape
+making myself any more conspicuous by further refusal, I sat down. How
+gloriously every morsel tasted--the first food I had touched for three
+days and three nights. When I came to Chicago with a pocket full of
+money I sought James out and told him I owed him half a dollar. He
+said no, but I insisted my memory was better than his, and made him
+take it. Well, when I wanted ten dollars, I went to him, and he gave
+it to me freely, and would take no security. Have written four hours
+this evening; two pounds of crackers; sleep on office floor to-night."
+
+The diary relates many incidents like this. He took a boyish pride
+in refusing offers of assistance, in resisting temptation to innocent
+indulgence, in passing most of his hours in study, earning only enough
+by his copying to keep body and soul together. One entry is, "Read one
+hundred and fifty pages of Blackstone--slept on floor." Such a regimen
+was not long in having its effect upon even his rugged health. He
+writes: "I tried to read, but could not. I am afraid my strength will
+not hold out. I have contracted a cold by sleeping on the floor, which
+has settled in my head, and nearly sets me crazy with catarrh. Then
+there is that gnawing, unsatisfied sensation which I begin to feel
+again, which prevents any long-continued application." About this time
+he was urged to take command of a company of cadets which, through
+mismanagement, had been reduced to a deplorable condition. He at first
+declined, but afterward consented if the company would accept certain
+rigorous conditions of discipline and obedience. He was as firm as
+granite to his company, and cheery and gay to the world, while in his
+private life he was subjecting himself to the cruel rigors described
+in his diary of April 21: "I am convinced that the course of reading
+which I am pursuing is not sufficiently thorough. Have commenced again
+at beginning of Blackstone. I now read a proposition or paragraph
+and reason upon it; try to get at the principle involved, in my own
+language; view it in every light till I think I understand it; then
+write it down in my commonplace book. My progress is, in consequence,
+very slow, as it takes on an average half an hour to each page.
+Attended meeting of cadets' committee on ways and means; all my
+propositions accepted. I spent my last ten cents for crackers to-day.
+Ten pages of Blackstone."
+
+The next day he writes: "My mind was so occupied with obtaining
+money due to-morrow that I could not study. Five pages of Blackstone.
+Nothing whatever to eat. I am very tired and hungry to-night. Onward."
+
+[Illustration: ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO
+COMPANY.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. H.H. Miller of Chicago, a member of
+the Chicago company, and taken July 2, 1860, by Colonel E.L. Brand of
+Chicago, a member of Ellsworth's Chicago company, and afterwards
+in command of it. In the State House at Springfield, Illinois, is
+a portrait group of the members of the Ellsworth company, with a
+reproduction of this portrait of Ellsworth in the centre.]
+
+In these circumstances of hunger and toil, he took charge of the
+company of cadets, which was falling to pieces from neglect. There was
+no sign in his bearing of the poverty and famine which were consuming
+him. He told them roundly that if they elected him their captain they
+did so with their eyes open; that he should enforce the strictest
+discipline, and make their company second to none in the United
+States. His laws were Draconic in their severity. He forbade his
+cadets from entering a drinking or gambling saloon or any other
+disreputable place under penalty of expulsion, publication of the
+offender's name in the city papers, and forfeiture of uniform. He
+insisted on prompt obedience and unremitting drill. The company under
+his firm and inspiring command rapidly pulled itself together,
+and attracted all at once the notice and admiration of Chicago and
+northern Illinois. The young captain did not give up his law studies.
+He wrote and affixed to his desk a card which contained his own daily
+orders: "So aim to spend your time that at night, when looking back at
+the disposal of the day, you find no time misspent, no hour, no moment
+even, which has not resulted in some benefit, no action which had not
+a purpose in it. Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays: Rise at 5 o'clock;
+5 to 10, study; 10 to 1, copy; 1 to 4, business; 4 to 7, study; 7 to
+8, exercise; 8 to 10, study. Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays: Rise
+at 6; 6 to 10, study; 10 to 1, business; 1 to 7, study and copy; 7 to
+11, drill."
+
+Working faithfully as he did in the office, his whole heart was in his
+drill room. His fame as a fencer went abroad in the town, and he was
+challenged to a bout by the principal teacher of the art in Chicago.
+Ellsworth records the combat in his diary of May 24th: "This evening
+the fencer of whom I have heard so much came up to the armory to fence
+with me. He said to his pupils and several others that if I held to
+the low guard he would disarm me every time I raised my foil. He is
+a great gymnast, and I fully expected to be beaten. The result was: I
+disarmed him four times, hit him thirty times. He disarmed me once
+and hit me five times. At the _touche-à-touche_ I touched him in two
+places at the same allonge, and threw his foil from him several feet.
+He was very angry, though he tried to conceal it."
+
+[Illustration: FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL
+ELLSWORTH.
+
+From a photograph in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert Coster, by
+whose permission it is here reproduced.]
+
+Public interest constantly grew in the Zouaves and their young
+captain. Large crowds attended every drill. The newspapers began to
+report all their proceedings, and to comment upon them with more
+or less malevolence; for military companies were treated with scant
+respect in Western towns before the war. Ellsworth at last determined
+to confront hostile opinion by giving a public exhibition of the
+proficiency of his company on the Fourth of July. He was not without
+trepidation. The night before the Fourth he wrote: "To-morrow will
+be an eventful day to me; to-morrow I have to appear in a conspicuous
+position before thousands of citizens--an immense number of whom,
+without knowing me except by sight, are prejudiced against me.
+To-morrow will demonstrate the truth or falsity of my assertion that
+the citizens would encourage military companies if they were worthy
+of respect." The result was an overwhelming success; and the young
+soldier, after his feast of crackers the next night, wrote in
+exultation: "Victory! And thank God!"
+
+The Chicago "Tribune," which had previously been unfriendly to the
+little company who were trying to make soldiers of themselves, gave
+a long and flattering account of the performance, and said: "We but
+express the opinion of all who saw the drill yesterday morning, when
+we say this company cannot be surpassed this side of West Point."
+
+Encouraged by this public applause, he brought his company of Zouaves
+as near to absolute perfection of drill as was possible; and then,
+having tested them in as many competitive contests as were within
+reach, he challenged the militia companies of the United States, and
+set forth in the summer of 1860 on a tour of the country which was one
+unbroken succession of triumphs. He defeated the crack companies in
+all the principal Eastern cities, and went back to Chicago one of
+the most talked-of men in the country. Hundreds of Zouave companies
+started up in his wake, and a very considerable awakening of interest
+in military matters was the substantial result of his journey.
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.]
+
+On his return to Illinois he made the acquaintance of Abraham Lincoln,
+and gained at once his friendship and esteem. He entered his office
+in Springfield ostensibly as a law student; but Mr. Lincoln was then a
+candidate for the Presidency, and Ellsworth read very little law that
+autumn. He made some Republican speeches in the country towns about
+Springfield, bright, witty, and good-natured. But his mind was full of
+a project which he hoped to accomplish by the aid of Mr. Lincoln--no
+less than the establishment in the War Department of a bureau of
+militia, by which the entire militia system of the United States
+should be concentrated, systematized, and made efficient: an enormous
+undertaking for a boy of twenty-three; but his plans were clear,
+definite, and comprehensive.
+
+[Illustration: THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH
+COLONEL ELLSWORTH WAS KILLED.
+
+From a photograph owned by Bryan, Taylor & Co., publishers, New York,
+and reproduced here by their permission.]
+
+After Mr. Lincoln's election Ellsworth accompanied him to Washington.
+As a preliminary step towards placing him in charge of a bureau of
+militia, the President gave him a commission as a lieutenant in the
+army. Shortly afterward he fell seriously ill with the measles; and
+before he was thoroughly convalescent, the guns about Sumter opened
+the Civil War. There had been much doubt in many minds as to the
+loyalty of the people in case of actual war. Ellsworth never had
+doubted it. He said to me as I sat by his bedside: "You know I have a
+great work to do, to which my life is pledged; I am the only earthly
+stay of my parents; there is a young woman whose happiness I regard as
+dearer than my own; yet I could ask no better death than to fall next
+week before Sumter. I am not better than other men. You will find that
+patriotism is not dead, even if it sleeps." When the news came that
+South Carolina had begun the war, he did not wait an instant. He threw
+up his commission in the regulars, took all the money we both had,
+which was not much, and thus insufficiently equipped, started for New
+York, and raised, with incredible celerity, the New York Zouaves, a
+regiment eleven hundred strong.
+
+This unique organization filled so large a space in the public mind
+while Ellsworth commanded it that it seems hard to realize that its
+history with him is only a matter of a few weeks. He brought
+his regiment down to Washington early in May, arriving thin as a
+greyhound, his voice hoarse with drilling; but flushed and happy to
+know he was busy and useful at last.
+
+There was no limit to the hopes and the confidence of his friends.
+We had grown to admire and respect him for his high and honorable
+character, his thorough knowledge of his business, ardent zeal for the
+flag he followed, and his extraordinary courage and energy. We fully
+expected, relying upon his splendid talents and the President's
+affectionate regard, that his first battle would make him a
+brigadier-general, and that his second would give him a division.
+There was no limit to the glory and usefulness we anticipated for him.
+How soon all these hopes were dust and ashes!
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.
+
+From a photograph taken by Colonel E.L. Brand, a member of Ellsworth's
+Chicago company, and reproduced by the courtesy of Mr. H.H. Miller,
+also a member of the company. The photograph was taken in New York
+City, July, 1860, on the occasion of an exhibition drill given
+there by Ellsworth's company. The persons shown in the picture are,
+beginning on the left, the Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixth Regiment,
+New York Militia; E.E. Ellsworth, Captain of the United States Zouave
+Cadets (Ellsworth's Chicago company); Joseph C. Pinckney, Colonel
+of the Sixth Regiment, New York Militia; the Adjutant of the Sixth
+Regiment, New York Militia; H. Dwight Laflin, Second Lieutenant of the
+United States Zouave Cadets, and J.R. Scott, First Lieutenant of the
+United States Zouave Cadets. The colors shown in the picture were
+won by Ellsworth's company in a drill competition at the National
+Agricultural Fair, Chicago, September, 15, 1859, and were, by it,
+never lost. They are to-day in the custody of the company's color
+sergeant, B.B. Botteford, Chicago.]
+
+On the evening of May 23d he received his orders to lead his regiment
+on the extreme left of the Union lines in the advance into Virginia.
+The part assigned him was the occupation of Alexandria. He worked
+almost all night in his tent, arranging the business of his regiment,
+and then wrote a touching letter of farewell to his parents.
+Anticipating an engagement, he said: "It may be my lot to be injured
+in some manner. Whatever may happen, cherish the consolation that
+I was engaged in the performance of a sacred duty; and to-night,
+thinking over the probabilities of the morrow and the occurrences of
+the past, I am perfectly content to accept whatever my fortune may be,
+confident that He who noteth even the fall of a sparrow will have some
+purpose even in the fate of one like me. My darling and ever-loved
+parents, good-by. God bless, protect, and care for you." These loving
+and filial words were the last that came from his pen.
+
+The Zouaves were embarked before dawn the next morning. The celerity
+and order with which Ellsworth performed his work excited the
+admiration and surprise of Admiral Dahlgren, who commanded the navy
+yard.
+
+The town of Alexandria was occupied without resistance; and Ellsworth,
+with a squad of Zouaves, hurried off to take possession of the
+telegraph office. On his way he caught sight of a Confederate flag
+floating from the summit of the Marshall House. He had often seen,
+from the window of the Executive Mansion in Washington, this self-same
+banner flaunting defiance; and the temptation to tear it down with his
+own hands was too much for his boyish patriotism. Accompanied by four
+soldiers only and several civilians, he ran into the hotel, up the
+stairs to the roof, and tore down the flag; but coming down was met on
+the stairs by the hotel-keeper and shot dead. His assassin perished at
+the same moment, killed by Frank E. Brownell.
+
+Ellsworth was buried from the East Room of the White House by the
+special order of the President, who mourned him as a son. Many brave
+and able officers were to perish in the four years that followed that
+mournful day; but there was not one whose death was more sincerely
+lamented than that of this young soldier who had never seen a battle;
+and it is the belief of his friends that he had not his superior in
+natural capacity among all the most eminent heroes of the war. But who
+will care to hear this said? If Napoleon Bonaparte had been killed at
+the siege of Toulon, who would have listened to some grief-stricken
+comrade's assertion that this young Corsican was the greatest soldier
+since Cæsar? I have written these lines merely to show how simple,
+kindly, and heroic a heart Colonel Ellsworth had--and not to claim for
+him what can never be proved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc.
+
+ANDOVER GIRLS AS STUDENTS OF THEOLOGY.--THE DARK DAYS OF THE
+WAR.--WRITING MAGAZINE STORIES AND SUNDAY-SCHOOL BOOKS.--THE
+DIFFICULTY AND UNCERTAINTY OF WRITING FOR A LIVING.
+
+
+One study in our curriculum at the Andover School I have omitted
+to mention in its place; but, of them all, it was the most
+characteristic, and would be most interesting to an outsider. Where
+else but in Andover would a group of a dozen and a half girls be put
+to studying theology? Yet this is precisely what we did. Not that we
+called our short hour with Professor Park on Tuesday evenings by that
+long word; nor did he. It was understood that we had Bible lessons.
+
+But the gist of the matter was, that we were taught Professor Park's
+theology.
+
+We had our note-books, like the students in the chapel lecture-rooms,
+and we took docile notes of the great man's views on the attributes of
+the Deity, on election and probation, on atonement and sanctification,
+on eschatology, and the rest.
+
+Girls' with pink ribbons at white throats, and girls with blue silk
+nets on their pretty hair, fluttered in like bees and butterflies, and
+settled about the long dining-room table, at whose end, with a shade
+over his eyes to shield them from the light, the professor sat in a
+dark corner.
+
+Thence he promulgated stately doctrines to those soft and dreaming
+woman-creatures, who did not care a maple-leaf whether we sinned
+in Adam, or whether the Trinity were separate as persons or as
+attributes; but who drew little portraits of their dearest Academy
+boys on the margins of their lecture-books, and passed these to their
+particular intimates in surreptitious interludes between doctrines.
+
+What must have been the professor's private speculations on those
+Tuesday evenings? I had a certain sense of their probable nature, even
+then; and glanced furtively into the dark corner for glimpses of the
+distant, sarcastic smile which I felt must be carving itself upon the
+lines of his strong face. But I never caught him at it; not once. With
+the gravity befitting his awful topics, and with the dignity belonging
+to his Chair and to his fame, the professor taught the butterflies,
+to the best of my knowledge and belief, as conscientiously as he did
+those black-coated beetles yonder, the theologues on the Seminary
+benches.
+
+[Illustration: "THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE CLASS OF 1861 IN FRONT.
+
+Of the class of 1861 over twenty went into the war, and several died
+in battle or in war prisons. Lieutenant S.H. Thompson, son of the late
+Professor William Thompson of East Windsor Seminary, was among this
+number. Also, Sergeant J.H. Thompson, son of the late Dr. Joseph P.
+Thompson of New York City. President Ward of Franklin College, the
+Rev. Dr. Dougherty of Kansas City, and the Rev. Dr. Brand of Oberlin
+College, were members of the class, and their portraits appear in the
+picture. The valedictorian was Carlos F. Carter, brother of President
+Carter of Williams College. He was drowned in the Jordan a few months
+after graduation.]
+
+I ought to say, just here, that, in a recent correspondence with
+Professor Park upon this matter, I found him more or less unconscious
+of having been so generous with his theology to the girls. I am giving
+the pupil's impressions, not the teacher's recollections, of that
+Bible-class; and I can give no other. Of course, I may be mistaken,
+and am liable to correction; but my impressions are, that he gave us
+his system of theology pretty straight and very faithfully.
+
+I cannot deny that I enjoyed those stern lessons. Not that I had any
+marked predilections towards theology, but I liked the psychology of
+it. I experienced my first appreciation of the nature and value of
+logic in that class-room, and it did me good, and not evil altogether.
+There I learned to reason with more patience than a school-girl may
+always care to suffer; and there I observed that the mysteries of time
+and eternity, whatever one might personally conclude about them, were
+material of reason.
+
+In many a mental upheaval of later life, the basis of that theological
+training has made itself felt to me, as one feels rocks or stumps or
+solid things underfoot in the sickly swaying of wet sands. I may not
+always believe all I was taught, but what I was taught has helped me
+to what I believe. I certainly think of those theological lectures
+with unqualified gratitude.
+
+The Tuesday evenings grow warm and warmer. The butterflies hover about
+in white muslins, and pretty little bows of summer colors glisten on
+bright heads as they bend over the doctrines, around the long table.
+On the screens of the open windows the June beetles knock their heads,
+like theologues who wish they could get in. There is a moon without.
+Visions of possible forbidden ecstasies of strolls under the arches of
+the Seminary elms with the bravest boy in the Academy melt before the
+gentle minds, through which depravity, election, predestination, and
+justification are filing sternly. The professor's voice arises:
+
+"A sin is a wrong committed against God. God is an Infinite Being;
+therefore sin against Him is an infinite wrong. An infinite wrong
+against an Infinite Being deserves an infinite punishment--"
+
+Now, the professor says that he has no recollection of ever having
+said this in the Bible-class; but there is the note-book of the girl's
+brain, stamped with the sentence for these thirty years!
+
+"I have sometimes quoted it at the Seminary," he writes, "for
+the purpose of exposing the impropriety of it. I do not think any
+professor ever quoted the statement, without adding that it is
+untenable. The Andover argument was ----"[5] He adds the proper
+controversial language, which, it seems, went solidly out of my head.
+Tenable or untenable, my memory has clutched the stately syllogism.
+
+Sharp upon the doctrines there falls across the silence and the
+sweetness of the moonlit Hill a strange and sudden sound. It is
+louder than theology. It is more solemn than the professor's system.
+Insistent, urging everything before it--the toil of strenuous study,
+the fret of little trouble, and the dreams of dawning love--the call
+stirs on. It is the beat of a drum.
+
+The boys of old Phillips, with the down on their faces, and that
+eternal fire in their hearts which has burned upon the youth of all
+the ages when their country has commanded: "Die for me!" are drilling
+by moonlight.
+
+The Academy Company is out in force, passing up and down the quiet,
+studious streets. The marching of their feet beats solemnly at the
+meeting of the paths where (like the gardens of the professors) the
+long walks of the Seminary lawns form the shape of a mighty cross.
+
+"An infinite wrong deserves an infinite punishment--" The
+theologian's voice falls solemnly. The girls turn their grave faces to
+the open windows. Silence helps the drum-beat, which lifts its cry to
+Heaven unimpeded; and the awful questions which it asks, what system
+of theology can answer?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Andover was no more loyal, probably, than other New England villages;
+but perhaps the presence of so many young men helped to make her seem
+so to those who passed the years from 1861 to 1865 upon the Hill.
+
+Theology and church history and exegesis and sacred rhetoric retreated
+from the foreground of that scholastic drama. The great Presence that
+is called War swept up and filled the scene.
+
+Gray-haired men went to their lecture-rooms with bowed heads, the
+morning papers shaking in their hands. The accuracy of the Hebrew
+verb did not matter so much as it did last term. The homiletic uses or
+abuses of an applied text, the soundness of the new school doctrine of
+free will, seemed less important to the universe than they were
+before the Flag went down on Sumter. Young eyes looked up at their
+instructors mistily, for the dawn of utter sacrifice was in them. He
+was only an Academy boy yesterday, or a theologue; unknown, unnoticed,
+saying his lesson in Xenophon, taking his notes on the Nicene Creed;
+blamed a little, possibly, by his teacher or by his professor, for
+inattention.
+
+To-day he comes proudly to the desk. His step rings on the old, bare
+floors that he will never tread again. "Sir, my father gives his
+permission. I enlist at once."
+
+To-day he is a hero, and the hero's light is glorious on his face.
+To-day _he_ is the teacher, and the professor learns lessons in his
+turn now. The boy whom he has lectured and scolded towers above him
+suddenly, a sacred thing to see. The old man stands uncovered before
+his pupil as they clasp hands and part.
+
+The drum calls on, and the boys drill bravely--no boys' parade this,
+but awful earnest now. The ladies of Andover sew red braid upon blue
+flannel shirts, with which the Academy Company make simple uniform.
+
+Then comes a morning when the professors cannot read the papers for
+the news they bring; but cover streaming eyes with trembling hands,
+and turn their faces. For the black day of the defeat at Bull Run has
+darkened the summer sky.
+
+Andover does not sew for the missionaries now. Her poor married
+theologues must wait a little for their babies' dresses. Even the blue
+flannel shirts for the drill are forgotten. The chapel is turned into
+sudden, awful uses, of which the "pious founders" in their comfortable
+graves did never dream. For there the women of the Hill, staying for
+no prayer-meeting, and delaying to sing no hymns, pick lint and roll
+bandages and pack supplies for the field; and there they sacrifice and
+suffer, like women who knew no theology at all; and since it was not
+theirs to offer life to the teeth of shot and shell, they "gave their
+happiness instead."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first thing which I wrote, marking in any sense the beginning of
+what authors are accustomed to call their "literary career"--I dislike
+the phrase and wish we had a better--was a war story.
+
+As nearly as I can recall the facts, up to this time I had shown no
+literary tendency whatever, since the receipt of that check for two
+dollars and a half. Possibly the munificence of that honorarium seemed
+to me to satiate mortal ambition for years. It is true that, during my
+schooldays, I did perpetrate three full-grown novels in manuscript. My
+dearest particular intimate and I shared in this exploit, and read our
+chapters to each other on Saturday afternoons.
+
+I remember that the title of one of these "books" was "The Shadow of
+a Lifetime." It was a double title with a heroine to it, but I forget
+the lady's name, or even the nature of her particular shadow. The
+only thing that can be said about these three volumes is, that their
+youthful author had the saving sense not to try the Christian temper
+of a publisher with their perusal.
+
+Yet, in truth, I have never regretted the precious portion of human
+existence spent in their creation; for I must have written off in that
+way a certain amount of apprenticeship which does, in some cases, find
+its way into type, and devastate the endurance of a patient public.
+
+The war story of which I speak was distinctly the beginning of
+anything like genuine work for me. Mr. Alden tells me that it was
+published in January, 1864; but I think it must have been written
+a while before that, though not long, for its appearance quickly
+followed the receipt of the manuscript. The name of the story was "A
+Sacrifice Consumed." It was a very little story, not covering more
+than four or five pages in print. I sent it to "Harper's Magazine,"
+without introduction or what young writers are accustomed to call
+"influence;" it was sent quite privately, without the knowledge of
+any friend. It was immediately accepted, and a prompt check for
+twenty-five dollars accompanied the acceptance. Even my father knew
+nothing of the venture until I carried the letter and enclosure to
+him. The pleasure on his expressive face was only equalled by its
+frank and unqualified astonishment. He read the story when it came
+out, and, I think, was touched by it--it was a story of a poor and
+plain little dressmaker who lost her lover in the army--and his
+genuine emotion gave me a kind of awed elation which has never been
+repeated in my experience. Ten hundred thousand unknown voices could
+not move me to the pride and pleasure which my father's first gentle
+word of approval gave to a girl who cared much to be loved, and little
+to be praised; and the plaudits of a "career" were the last things in
+earth or heaven then occupying her mind.
+
+[Illustration: ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+From a photograph by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence, Massachusetts, taken in
+1864.]
+
+Afterwards, I wrote with a distinct purpose, and, I think, quite
+steadily. I know that longer stories went, soon and often, to the old
+magazine, which never sent them back; and to which I am glad to pay
+the tribute of a gratitude that I have never outgrown. There was
+nothing of the stuff that heroines and geniuses are made of in a shy
+and self-distrustful girl who had no faith in her own capabilities,
+and, indeed, at that time, the smallest possible amount of interest in
+the subject.
+
+It may be a humiliating fact, but it is the truth, that had my first
+story been refused, or even the second or the third, I should have
+written no more.
+
+For the opinion of important editors, and for the sacredness of market
+value in literary wares, as well as in professorships or cotton cloth,
+I had a kind of respect at which I sometimes wonder; for I do not
+recall that it was ever distinctly taught me. But, assuredly, if
+nobody had cared for my stories enough to print them, I should have
+been the last person to differ from the ruling opinion, and should
+have bought at Warren Draper's old Andover book-store no more cheap
+printer's paper on which to inscribe the girlish handwriting (with the
+pointed letters and the big capitals) which my father, with patient
+pains, had caused to be taught me by a queer old travelling-master
+with an idea. Professor Phelps, by the way, had an exquisite
+chirography, which none of his children, to his evident
+disappointment, inherited.
+
+[Illustration: "THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+This building was burned in 1864 or 1865.]
+
+But the editor of "Harper's" took everything I sent him; so the
+pointed letters and the large capitals continued to flow towards his
+desk.
+
+Long after I had achieved whatever success has been given me, this
+magazine returned me one of my stories--it was the only one in a
+lifetime. I think the Editor then in power called it too tragic,
+or too something; it came out forthwith in the columns of another
+magazine that did not agree with him, and was afterwards issued, I
+think, in some sort of "classic" series of little books.
+
+I was a little sorry, I know, at the time, for I had the most
+superstitious attachment for the magazine that, when "I was a
+stranger, took me in;" but it was probably necessary to break the
+record in this, as in all other forms of human happiness.
+
+Other magazines took their turn--the "Atlantic," I remember--in due
+course; but I shared the general awe of this magazine at that time
+prevailing in New England, and, having, possibly, more than my share
+of personal pride, did not very early venture to intrude my little
+risk upon that fearful lottery.
+
+Perhaps this reserve was more natural because "Harper's" published
+as fast as I could write; which is not saying much, to be sure, for I
+have always been a slow worker. The first story of mine which appeared
+in the "Atlantic" was a fictitious narrative of certain psychical
+phenomena occurring in Connecticut, and known to me, at first hand,
+to be authentic. I have yet to learn that the story attracted any
+attention from anybody more disinterested than those few friends
+of the sort who, in such cases, are wont to inquire, in tones more
+freighted with wonder than admiration: "What! Has she got into the
+'_Atlantic_'?"
+
+The "Century" came in turn, when it came into being. To this
+delightful magazine I have always been, and always hope to be, a
+contributor.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL
+CALLED "THE NUNNERY" WAS HELD.
+
+From a photograph taken in 1864 by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+I read, with a kind of hopeless envy, histories and legends of people
+of our craft who "do not write for money." It must be a pleasant
+experience to be able to cultivate so delicate a class of motives for
+the privilege of doing one's best to express one's thoughts to people
+who care for them. Personally, I have yet to breathe the ether of such
+a transcendent sphere. I am proud to say that I have always been a
+working-woman, and always had to be; though I ought to add that I am
+sure the proposal that my father's allowance to his daughter should
+cease, did not come from the father.
+
+When the first little story appeared in "Harper's Magazine," it
+occurred to me, with a throb of pleasure greater than I supposed then
+that life could hold, that I could take care of myself, and from that
+day to this I have done so.
+
+One hesitates a little, even in autobiography, about saying precisely
+this. But when I remember the thousands of women who find it too easy
+to be dependent on too heavily-weighted and too generous men,
+one hesitates no longer to say anything that may help those other
+thousands of women who stand on their own feet, and their own pluck,
+to understand how good a thing it is to be there.
+
+Of all the methods of making a living open to educated people to-day,
+the profession of literature is, probably, the poorest in point of
+monetary returns. A couple of authors, counted successful as the world
+and the word go, said once:
+
+"We have earned less this year than the fisherman in the dory before
+the door of our summer home." Perhaps it had been a good year for
+Jack; possibly a poor one for those other fishers, who spread their
+brains and hearts--a piteous net--into the seas of life in quest of
+thought and feeling that the idlers on the banks may take a summer's
+fancy to. But the truth remains. A successful teacher, a clever
+manufacturer, a steady mechanic, may depend upon a better income in
+this country than the writer whose supposed wealth he envies, and
+whose books he reads on Sunday afternoons, if he is not too sleepy, or
+does not prefer his bicycle.
+
+When we see (as we have actually done) our market-man driving by our
+old buggy and cheap horse on holidays, with a barouche and span, we
+enjoy the sight very much; and when I say (for the other occupant of
+the buggy has a little taste for two horses, which I am so plebeian
+as not to share, having never been able to understand why one is
+not enough for anybody): "But would you _be_ the span-owner--for the
+span?" we see the end of the subject, and grow ravenously contented.
+
+One cannot live by bread or magazine stories alone, as the young
+daughter of toil too soon found out. Like other writers I did hack
+work. My main dependence was on that venerable and useful form of it
+which consists in making Sunday-school books. Of these I must have
+written over a dozen; I wince, sometimes, when I see their forgotten
+dates and titles in encyclopædias; but a better judgment tells me that
+one should not be ashamed of doing hard work honestly. I was not an
+artist at Sunday-school literature (there are such), and have often
+wondered why the religious publishing societies kept me at it so
+steadily and so long.
+
+There were tales of piety and of mischief, of war and of home, of
+babies and of army nurses, of Tom-boys, and of girls who did their
+mending and obeyed their mothers.
+
+The variety was the only thing I can recall that was commendable about
+these little books, unless one except a considerable dash of fun.
+
+One of them came back to me--it happened to be the only book I ever
+wrote that did--and when the Andover expressman brought in the
+square package, just before tea, I felt my heart stand still with
+mortification. Fortunately nobody saw the expressman. I always kept
+my ventures to myself, and did not, that I can remember, read
+any manuscript of mine to suffering relatives or friends, before
+publication. Indeed, I carried on the writer's profession for many
+years as if it had been a burglar's.
+
+At the earliest moment possible I got myself into my little room, and
+turned both keys upon myself and my rejected manuscript. But when
+I came to read the publisher's letter, I learned that hope still
+remained, a flickering torch, upon a darkened universe. That excellent
+man did not refuse the story, but raised objections to certain points
+or forms therein, to which he summoned my attention. The criticism
+called substantially for the rewriting of the book. I lighted my lamp,
+and, with the June beetles butting at my head, I wrote all night. At
+three o'clock in the morning I put the last sentence to the remodelled
+story--the whole was a matter of some three hundred and fifty pages
+of manuscript--and crawled to bed. At six, I stole out and found the
+expressman, that innocent and ignorant messenger of joy or woe. The
+revised manuscript reached the publisher by ten o'clock, and his
+letter of unconditional acceptance was in my hands before another
+tea-time.
+
+I have never been in the habit of writing at night, having been early
+warned against this practice by the wisest of fathers (who notably
+failed to follow his own advice); and this almost solitary experience
+of the midnight oil remains as vivid as yesterday's sunset to me.
+My present opinion of that night's exploit is, that it signified an
+abnormal pride which might as well have received its due humiliation.
+But, at the time, it seemed to be the inevitable or even the
+creditable thing.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."
+
+From a photograph by G.C. Cox, New York.]
+
+Sunday-school writers did books by sets in those days; perhaps they
+do still. And at least two such sets I provided to order, each of four
+volumes. Both of these, it so happens, have survived their day and
+generation--the Tiny books, we called them, and the Gypsy books. Only
+last year I was called upon to renew the copyright for Gypsy, a young
+person now thirty years old in type.
+
+There is a certain poetic justice in this little circumstance, owing
+to the fact that I never _worked_ harder in my life at anything than
+I did upon those little books; for I had, madly enough, contracted to
+supply four within a year.
+
+We had no vacations in those days; I knew nothing of hills or shore;
+but "spoke straight on" through the terrible Andover weather. Our July
+and August thermometers used to stand up hard at over ninety degrees,
+day and night, for nearly a week at a time. The large white mansion
+was as comfortable as ceiled walls and back plaster could be in that
+furnace; but my own small room, on the sunny side of the house, was
+heated seven times hotter than endurance. Sometimes I got over an open
+register in a lower room, and wrote in the faint puffs of damp air
+that played with my misery. Sometimes I sat in the cellar itself; but
+it was rather dark, and one cherished a consciousness of mice. In the
+orchard, or the grove, one's brains fricasseed quickly; in fact, all
+out-of-doors was a scene of bottomless torment worthy of a theology
+older and severer than Andover's.
+
+When the last chapter of the last book was done, it occurred to me to
+wonder whether I might ever be able to afford to get for a week or two
+where the thermometer went below ninety degrees in summer. But
+this was a wild and baseless dream, whose irrationality I quickly
+recognized. For such books as those into which I had been coining a
+year of my young strength and heart, I received the sum of one hundred
+dollars apiece. The "Gypsy" publisher was more munificent. He offered
+one hundred and fifty; a price which I accepted with incredible
+gratitude.
+
+I mention these figures distinctly, with the cold-blooded view of
+dimming the rosy dreams of those young ladies and gentlemen with whom,
+if I may judge by their letters, our country seems to be brimming
+over.
+
+"Will you read my poem?" "Won't you criticize my manuscript?" "I would
+like to forward my novel for your perusal." "I have sent you the copy
+of a rejected article of mine, on which I venture to ask--," etc.,
+etc. "I have been told that all I need is Influence." "My friends
+think my book shows genius; but I have no Influence." "Will it trouble
+you too much to get this published for me?"
+
+"Your Influence--" and so on, and so on, run the piteous appeals
+which every successful author receives from the great unknown world of
+discouraged and perplexed young people who are mistaking the stir of
+youth or vanity, or the _ennui_ of idleness, or the sting of poverty,
+for the solemn throes of power.
+
+What can one do for them, whom no one but themselves can help? What
+can one say to them, when anything one says is sure to give pain, or
+dishearten courage?
+
+Write, if you _must_; not otherwise. Do not write, if you can earn
+a fair living at teaching or dressmaking, at electricity or
+hod-carrying. Make shoes, weed cabbages, survey land, keep house, make
+ice-cream, sell cake, climb a telephone pole. Nay, be a lightning-rod
+peddler or a book agent, before you set your heart upon it that you
+shall write for a living. Do anything honest, but do not write, unless
+God calls you, and publishers want you, and people read you, and
+editors claim you. Respect the market laws. Lean on nobody. Trust
+the common sense of an experienced publisher to know whether your
+manuscript is worth something or nothing. Do not depend on influence.
+Editors do not care a drop of ink for influence. What they want is
+good material, and the fresher it is, the better. An editor will pass
+by an old writer, any day, for an unknown and gifted new one, with
+power to say a good thing in a fresh way. Make your calling and
+election sure. Do not flirt with your pen. Emerson's phrase was,
+"toiling terribly." Nothing less will hint at the grinding drudgery of
+a life spent in living "by your brains."
+
+Inspiration is all very well; but "genius is the infinite capacity for
+taking pains."
+
+Living? It is more likely to be dying by your pen; despairing by your
+pen; burying hope and heart and youth and courage in your ink-stand.
+
+Unless you are prepared to work like a slave at his galley, for the
+toss-up chance of a freedom which may be denied him when his work is
+done, do not write. There are some pleasant things about this way of
+spending a lifetime, but there are no easy ones.
+
+There are privileges in it, but there are heart-ache, mortification,
+discouragement, and an eternal doubt.
+
+Had one not better have made bread or picture-frames, run a motor, or
+invented a bicycle tire?
+
+Time alone--perhaps one might say, eternity--can answer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 5: "A sin once committed, always _deserves_ punishment;
+and, as long as strict _Justice_ is administered, the sin _must_ be
+punished. Unless there be an Atonement, strict Justice _must_ be
+administered; that is, Sin must be punished forever; but, on the
+ground of the Atonement, _Grace_ may be administered, instead of
+_Justice_, and then the sinner may be pardoned."]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.
+
+From a photograph by Fradelle & Young, London.]
+
+
+
+
+LOST YOUTH.
+
+BY R.L. STEVENSON.
+
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Mull was astern, Egg on the port,
+    Rum on the starboard bow;
+  Glory of youth glowed in his soul:
+    Where is that glory now?
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Give me again all that was there,
+    Give me the sun that shone!
+  Give me the eyes, give me soul,
+    Give me the lad that's gone!
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Billows and breeze, islands and seas,
+    Mountains of rain and sun,
+  All that was good, all that was fair,
+    All that was me is gone.
+
+
+Originally published in the "Pall Mall Gazette."
+
+
+
+
+THE DIVIDED HOUSE
+
+BY JULIA D. WHITING,
+
+Author of "The Story of Myra," "Brother Sesostris," "A special
+Providence," and other stories.
+
+
+When Selucius Huxter had arrived at his last illness, he proved
+himself more than ever in his life troublesome and wearing. Having
+a suspicion that his condition was worse than his doctor or children
+allowed, he gave them no peace until he had extracted an admission
+that such was the case. Left alone with the doctor at his request, he
+reproached him.
+
+"Ye might as well told me before as let me lay here thinkin' and
+stewin' about it. I've lost a sight of strength tryin' to git the
+truth from ye, and there wa'n't no need. Wall--I suppose I ain't reely
+dyin' naow, while I'm a-talkin', be I?"
+
+Assured as to that point, he added: "The reason I wanted to know is
+because I've got to fix my concerns so as to leave 'em as well as I
+can; and all I want of you is that when you think I'm--wall--if you
+see there's goin' to be a change, I want you should tell me, so's't I
+can straighten things right out and git their consent to it." Having
+promised, the doctor apprised him as the last moments drew near.
+
+"Sho! I want to know! Why, I feel full as well as I did yes'dy and a
+leetle grain easier, if anythin'."
+
+"I hope this notice does not find you unprepared," observed the
+doctor.
+
+"Wall, no; I'm prepared as much as I can be, as you may say. I've
+been a member in good and regular standin' this fifty-five year--and
+I hain't arrived at my age without seeing there's somethin' in life
+beside livin'." He paused, then added with an accent of pride, "I
+don't owe any man a cent, nor never cheated a man of one. Wall, I've
+had quite a spell to think of things in, durin' my sickness, and I
+don't know but what I've enjoyed it considerable. Thought of things
+all along back to when I was a boy. Events come up that I'd clean
+forgot."
+
+The doctor gone, he called his children in.
+
+"Wall, Armidy, wall, Lucas, the doctor don't seem to think I shall
+tucker it out much longer. Wall, naow," he exclaimed, quite vexed, "I
+vow for't if I didn't forgit to ask him how long! Wall, too late naow.
+He's got out of sight, I s'pose."
+
+Armida stepped to the window, and assured him of the fact.
+
+"Wall, no gret matter. I jist thought if I could git him to fix the
+time I'd like to see how nigh he'd hit it.
+
+"Naow, I want to fix the property so's't you won't have no trouble
+with it. No use wastin' money gittin' lawyers here. There ain't no
+cheatin' nor double-dealin' anywhere to be found amongst the Huxters
+nor the Lucases; and when you give me your promises to abide by my
+last will and testament I shall expect you to hold to it jist the same
+as if it was writ out.
+
+"Naow, about the farm and house. The house, as you know, stands in
+the middle line of the farm; that is, the north side has a leetle the
+advantage in hevin' the Jabez Norcross paster tacked unto it, over and
+above the south half, but it's near enough. That paster don't count
+for much. Pooty thick with sheep laurel. Wall, seein' the land lies
+jist as it does, and the house is jist as it is, I propose to divide
+it even. Lucas, you can have the north half, and Armidy the south,
+beginnin' right to the front door, and runnin' right through the house
+and right along down to the river, straight as you can fetch it. Do
+you agree to my plan?"
+
+Armida and Lucas exchanged glances. "You speak," said Lucas in a low
+tone.
+
+"No, you," said Armida.
+
+"What you whisperin' about? P'raps you think I can't hear because I'm
+dyin', but I'd have you to know my hearin' ain't affected a grain.
+Speak up naow! What is it, Lucas?"
+
+"We were thinkin' of Theodore," said Lucas. "You're leavin' him out,
+seems so."
+
+"'Tain't 'cause I forgot him; but I give him all I cal'lated to
+when he quit home five year ago--money; and so I sha'n't leave him
+anythin'. Wouldn't do him no good, if I did," he said to himself.
+
+"Well, we should feel better if you did," said Armida. "I don't want
+he should be left out. Neither would mother if she was livin'; she'd
+feel bad."
+
+[Illustration: "'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO
+THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER.'"]
+
+"I'll settle it with your ma when I see her. Come, now, what do you
+say?"
+
+There was a long silence, which Armida broke by saying, "S'posin' him
+or me was to want to leave the place, I mean for good--get tired of
+stayin' here to home?"
+
+"Wall," said her father with a chuckle, "if either of you feels like
+_givin_ your share to the other, you may. I ain't goin' to leave my
+old place for either of you to sell to each other nor nobody else. I
+expect you to live on't."
+
+"Well," now objected Lucas; "s'posin' one of us should git married,
+then how would it be?"
+
+"Why, live along. Put in and work a leetle harder, maybe. This farm
+carried a pooty fair number when I was younger. If you should git too
+numerous you could build on either side. I guess there ain't no gret
+danger," he added.
+
+As neither offered further objections, Mr. Huxter said: "There's been
+talk enough, I s'pose. Do you agree to 't?" He waited while each
+gave an audible "yes." "Naow," said he, "I hain't an earthly thing to
+hamper me."
+
+The father dead, for the brother and sister no new life began. Armida
+still skimmed all the milk and made the butter, looked after Lucas
+as she had before, and Lucas attended impartially to the whole of the
+farm, and Armida sometimes wondered what difference it made. To be
+sure the profits were divided with the most rigid exactness; but
+everything went tranquilly on until more than a year after their
+father's death, when Armida had a suspicion, confirmed by appearances,
+that Lucas was becoming interested in a young girl in a neighborhood
+a few miles away. The spirit of jealousy surely animated poor Armida,
+for nothing else could have prompted her action. Having ascertained
+the girl's name, she caused to be conveyed to her the facts, colored
+for the occasion, relating to the partition of the house and land; and
+the young woman, having a shrewd eye to the main chance, bluntly told
+Lucas when next she saw him that she didn't wish the half of a house
+nor the half of a farm.
+
+[Illustration: THE DIVIDED HOUSE.--"ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL
+MORE AND MORE INTO RUIN; WHILE LUCAS ... KEPT HIS IN EXCELLENT REPAIR,
+AND OCCASIONALLY RENEWED THE PAINT."]
+
+Lucas had thought all might go on smoothly with a wife, and had
+counted on her accepting the situation. Inquiring as to who had
+meddled in his affairs, he traced the matter back to Armida, and
+coming home mortified and angry, reproached her in unsparing terms,
+ending his recital of wrongs with: "I don't know what you did it for,
+unless you was afraid your half was going to be invaded; and if you
+feel that way you'd better keep to your side and take care of your own
+property. I ain't going to interfere."
+
+Armida was powerless to protect herself except with tears, which did
+not avail with Lucas. She made overtures of peace, such as offering to
+cook her brother's meals and look after his share of the milk; but was
+warned to attend to her own business.
+
+Lucas had a new pipe-hole made in the kitchen chimney, and bought
+a new stove, and hunted up a kitchen table, telling Armida she was
+welcome to the stove and table they had previously used in common,
+but he'd thank her to stay on her own side of the room. The situation
+would have been ludicrous if it had not been grim earnest to the
+brother and sister. Lucas had a hard side to his character, and he
+could not forgive his sister's interference. He would not even give
+Armida advice, but allowed her cows to break into her cornfield and
+her sheep to stray away, without warning her, though all the while his
+heart pricked him at sight of her distress. Still all he would do was
+to suggest that she get a hired man.
+
+Accordingly Armida, in despair, hired an easy-going, good-natured
+creature that offered his services. He did very well, and Armida got
+on better, and took courage.
+
+But there was a dreadful blow in store for her. Lucas brought a gang
+of carpenters to the farm, who instituted repairs on his half of the
+house. He even went so far as to commit the extravagance of having
+blinds hung for his sitting-room and front chamber windows, and his
+half of the front porch was trimmed with brackets, and then the whole
+of his half of the house painted white, so that his neighbors rallied
+him on being proud. "Only," as one said, "why don't you extend your
+improvements right along acrost the house, Lucas? It looks sorter
+queer to see one-half so fine and the other so slack."
+
+"Armida's free to do she's a mind to," said Lucas. "If she wants to
+fix up her side, she can. I don't hinder her--"
+
+"Nor you don't help her neither, as I see," said the other.
+
+"I believe in 'tendin' to your own affairs and not interferin' with
+other folks," Lucas rejoined.
+
+Armida was made very unhappy by these changes and the comments of the
+neighbors, and would gladly have beautified her half also, but had no
+money to spend. The farm had fallen behind, and she was pinched for
+means. She did what she could, taking more care than usual of vines
+and flowers, and even had an extra bed dug under her front windows,
+where she had many bright-hued flowers; but as she rose from digging
+around her plants and surveyed the house--Lucas's side with the new
+green blinds and the clapboards shining with paint, hers with its
+stained, weather-beaten appearance and its staring windows--she felt
+ashamed and discouraged.
+
+[Illustration: "AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET
+APPLE-TREE, ... SHE ... LOOKED UP TO SEE A SHABBY, SHAMBLING, OLDISH
+MAN COMING AROUND THE SIDE OF THE HOUSE."]
+
+She feared her hired man was slack and neglected his work; yet when he
+threatened to go, and afterward compromised the matter by offering to
+stay if she'd marry him, at a loss what to do, and partly because
+she was lonely, she married him. He was a respectable man, whose only
+fault was laziness, and she hoped that now he would take an interest.
+When Armida and her husband came back from the minister's and
+announced to Lucas that they were married, his only comment was,
+"Well, a slack help will make a shif'less husband."
+
+Years went by, and Armida's side of the house fell more and more into
+ruin; while Lucas, with what Armida considered cruel carefulness,
+kept his in excellent repair and occasionally renewed the paint. The
+contrast was so great that passers-by stopped their horses that they
+might look and wonder at their leisure. Every glance was like a blow
+to Armida, so that she avoided her sitting-room and kept herself
+in the uncomfortable kitchen that was divided by an imaginary line
+directly through the middle, a line never crossed by her brother, her
+husband, or herself.
+
+It would have looked absurd enough to a stranger to see this divided
+room, with the brother clumsily carrying on his household affairs on
+the one side and the sister doing her work on the other, with often
+not a word exchanged between them for days together. Absurd it might
+be, but it was certainly wretched. Armida grew old rapidly. Her
+husband was a poor stick, and when, as years passed, a touch of
+rheumatism gave him a real excuse for laziness, he did little more
+than sit by the fire and smoke.
+
+As Armida sat on the bench under the old russet apple-tree by the
+back door one day, regretting her evil fate, she heard footsteps
+approaching, and, pushing back her old sun-bonnet, looked up to see a
+shabby, shambling, oldish man coming around the side of the house and
+gazing in at the windows, "What ye doin' there?" said Armida sharply.
+
+The man turned, surveyed her with a smile, then said with a drawl she
+remembered: "I hain't been gone so long but that I know ye, Armidy.
+Don't you remember me?"
+
+"Theodore Huxter! Is that you? Well!" and she hurried up to him, and
+shook hands violently.
+
+"I heard only last week that father was dead," he explained. "I seen a
+man from this way, and he said he was gone. How long since?"
+
+"More than ten years ago."
+
+"Well, I thought I'd come and see ye."
+
+"I'm glad you did," she said. "But come right in;" and she led the way
+into the kitchen.
+
+He leaned up against the door and surveyed the room. "I should 'a'
+s'posed I'd have remembered this room, but what ye done to it? What
+hev you got two stoves and two tables and all that for, Armidy?"
+
+Armida told him all, winding up her story with a few tears.
+
+"That accounts for the looks of the outside, I s'pose," was his
+only comment. "I thought it was about the queerest I ever see. It's
+ridiculous! Why haven't you and Lucas straightened out affairs before
+this?"
+
+"I can't, and he can't, I s'pose," she said hopelessly; "and
+everything makes it worse. I wouldn't care so much if he hadn't fixed
+up the outside the way he did."
+
+"Oh, well now, don't you fret. If I had money--but then I haven't."
+
+"How have you lived sence you left home?" Armida inquired.
+
+"Why, I've had a still, and made essence and peddled it out; but I
+sold the still to git money to come here, and it took all I had."
+
+"Well now, Theodore, I wish you'd stay here now you've got round
+again," said Armida with great earnestness. "I've worried about you a
+sight. I'd be glad to have you, and Lucas would, I know."
+
+To spare a possible rebuff for Theodore, she ran out as she saw
+Lucas coming to the house to get his supper, and apprised him of his
+brother's arrival, glad to find he shared her pleasure in it. As Lucas
+entered the room he shook hands with Theodore, saying, "How are ye?"
+to which Theodore responded with "How are you, Lucas?"
+
+Theodore was a relief and pleasure to all the family. He observed a
+strict impartiality. If he split some kindling-wood for Armida, he
+churned for Lucas. If he took Armida's old horse to be shod, he helped
+Lucas wash his sheep. He accepted everything, asking no questions
+after the first evening, but kept an observant eye on all.
+
+Both Lucas and Armida had loved him since their earliest remembrance,
+and retained their old fondness for him now. He was a welcome guest on
+either side of the kitchen, and though when he announced of an evening
+that he was going visiting, and stepped across the line to the other
+side of the half from where he had been sitting, the owner of the
+side he honored felt pleased by the distinction, yet the one on the
+opposite side, though no longer (according to an understood law)
+joining in the conversation, still had the benefit of Theodore's
+narratives.
+
+[Illustration: EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.]
+
+He was busy, too, in his way. He was indefatigable in berry-picking
+and herb-gathering, selling what Armida and Lucas did not wish, and
+showing not a little shrewdness. When he had laid a little money
+together he bought a still, and distilled essences of peppermint,
+wintergreen, and other sweet-smelling herbs and roots, and when a
+store was accumulated he filled a basket and departed on a peddling
+expedition, returning with money in his purse and a handkerchief or
+ribbon for Armida. Once he bought her a stuff gown, which she came
+near ruining by weeping over it, it was such a delight.
+
+Lucas remonstrated. "I think you're foolish, Theodore. Why don't
+you spend your money on yourself? You'd a sight better get you a new
+coat."
+
+"I'd rather see Armida crying over that stuff," said Theodore, "than
+have a dozen coats. Nobody knows Armida's good looking, because she's
+no good clothes. But she is, and when she gets that dress made up and
+puts it on with that pink ribbon I bought her last time, she'll look
+as pretty as a pink."
+
+Not so great a success were the Venetian blinds that he bought
+second-hand and gave to Armida to hang in the sitting-room. They
+proved to be in sorry condition, and Theodore was much mortified.
+Being a handy creature, he managed to patch them up so that, though
+they could not be rolled up, they looked very well from the outside;
+and, as he philosophically remarked:
+
+"What more do you want, Armidy? A room you never set in, you don't
+want any light in."
+
+There was one thing that Theodore would not do. He would not, as he
+said, fellowship with Jerry, Armida's husband. "Tell you, Armidy," he
+would say, "I can't put up with a man like him."
+
+"Some folks call you shif'less, Theodore," Armida retorted with
+bitterness.
+
+"Well, I am," he allowed; "but the difference is--I'm lazy, but work,
+my fashion; but he's lazy, and don't work at all."
+
+Though he disdained Jerry, he would rather do his tasks than see
+Armida's interests suffer; and when he was not occupied with his still
+or peddling, he busied himself on her side of the farm. Lucas would
+at any time give him a helping hand rather than see Theodore hurt
+himself, and so Armida's fences were mended and sundry repairs on her
+barns and out-houses made. Lucas was still as stiff as ever, and the
+help given was always to oblige Theodore, who laughed to himself but
+said nothing.
+
+He once attempted to wheedle Lucas into painting at least all of the
+front of the house, but Lucas was not to be moved. Disappointed in
+that, Theodore brought home a pot of yellow paint when returning from
+his next expedition, and painted his sister's half of the kitchen
+floor, in spite of her remonstrating that Lucas wouldn't like it,
+though she acknowledged it looked pretty, and in spite of Lucas's
+vexation at finding the room ridiculous.
+
+"No more ridiculous than it was before," Theodore assured him; "it
+couldn't be. Besides," he added, as an afterthought, "I'll bring it
+plumb up to the middle, and neither of you will be trespassin' on the
+other's side. I noticed one of your chairs was a leetle grain onto
+Armidy's side the other night, and that ain't right."
+
+In the middle of an afternoon, as Lucas was ploughing out his corn,
+he heard a "Hello!" to which, when it had been two or three times
+repeated, he replied, though without looking around. Presently he
+heard some one coming, in a sort of scuffling run, and breathing
+heavily, and looked over his shoulder to see Theodore, who dropped
+into a walk as he spied him, and gasped: "Lucas! Say! Stop! Look
+here!"
+
+"Well?" said Lucas, and pulled up his horse.
+
+"I'm too old to run like this, that's a fact," said Theodore, mopping
+his face and leaning up against the plough. "There's a queer piece of
+work for us to do, Lucas. Armidy's all smashed up on the road, right
+down here on that second dip, and I guess Jerry is stone dead, and we
+must fetch 'em up just as soon as we can."
+
+Lucas made no comment, but mechanically unfastened the horse and
+turned toward the house, his brother stumbling behind, quite exhausted
+by the hurry and fatigue of the hour.
+
+As they went Lucas said: "How did you come to know of it?"
+
+"Well, it was cur'us," said Theodore. "You know I had old Sam this
+morning, bringing in a little jag of wood for Armidy, and lengthened
+out the traces to fit the old waggin. Well, all I know about it is
+what I guess. I see from the looks they must 'a' concluded to go to
+the village with some eggs and so on, 'cause you can see in the road
+where they smashed when the basket flew out; and Jerry didn't know no
+more than to hitch up into the buggy without shortenin' the traces,
+and you know how that would work. Well, the cur'us thing is that I was
+out in the paster mowin' some brakes--here, let me hitch up this
+side, while you do the other--and I heard somebody or somethin' comin'
+slam-bang, and I looked up--I wa'n't near enough so as to see who
+'twas nor anythin'--and I looked up, and see 'em comin' like hudy,
+down one of them pitches. Thinks said I, well, there's a hitch-up
+that's goin' to flinders--and just then the forward wheel struck a big
+stone, and I see the woman and man and all fly inter the air and come
+down agin, and the hoss went."
+
+"Where's the horse now?" said Lucas.
+
+"I don't know, and I don't care. Tell ye, best put a feather-bed in
+the bottom of this waggin, because her arm's broke for certain, and I
+don't know what else. I'll fetch it--if you've got some spirits."
+
+"Yes," said Lucas, "I'll fetch some;" and both hurried into the house,
+and soon came out again and hastened off.
+
+"How did you know who 'twas?" Lucas inquired, with solemn curiosity
+fitting the occasion.
+
+"Why, I didn't; but I knew when they didn't offer to git up, whoever
+'twas wanted help, and I put across the lot to 'em, and sure enough
+'twas Armidy and Jerry. I looked her over, and see by the way she
+lay that one of her arms was broke, anyway, and stepped over to where
+Jerry was, and sir! he was as dead as Moses! Head struck right on a
+big stone and broke his neck--his head hung down like that," letting
+his hand fall limply from the wrist.
+
+"Does she know?" said Lucas.
+
+"No, and I hope she won't for a spell. She hadn't come to when I left
+her."
+
+Lucas struck the horse with the end of the reins to urge him on.
+
+"There, now you can see 'em," said Theodore, rising in his seat and
+pointing down the road. Lucas followed his example, and looking before
+them they could see both husband and wife lying motionless in the
+road.
+
+[Illustration: "LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND
+WIFE LYING MOTIONLESS IN THE ROAD."]
+
+Between them they soon lifted poor Armida into the wagon, and laid
+her on the bed as tenderly as might be, eliciting a groan by the
+operation.
+
+"Best give her some?" said Lucas, bringing a bottle of brandy from out
+his pocket. "Come to think of it, best not. She won't sense it so much
+if she don't realize."
+
+A brief examination of Jerry was sufficient. The brothers exchanged
+glances and shakes of the head. "And to think," said Theodore, as they
+regarded the body, "that it was only this morning I said to Armidy
+there was one tramp too many in the house, meaning me, and now to have
+my words brought before me like this! 'Twasn't anything but a joke,
+but I hope she won't remember it against me."
+
+"Well, first thing we've got to do is to get her to the house," said
+Lucas.
+
+Armida having been made as comfortable as the present would allow,
+and Jerry having been brought up and consigned to the best chamber,
+as befitted his state, Lucas hastened after the doctor and Aunt Polly
+Slater. The doctor found Armida in a sad case. "Though I don't think,"
+he assured the brothers, "if she isn't worried she will be hard sick.
+She's naturally rugged, and it's merely a simple fracture of the
+forearm. The sprained ankle will be the most tedious thing, but I must
+charge you to keep her in ignorance of her husband's death."
+
+Theodore helped Aunt Polly in caring for Armida, and never was woman
+more tenderly cared for. Many were the lies he was forced to tell,
+as Armida was first surprised, then indignant, at Jerry's apparent
+neglect.
+
+"Even Lucas has come to the door and looked at me," she complained,
+"and Jerry ain't so much as been near me."
+
+Theodore was fain to concoct a story about a strained back that would
+not allow Jerry to rise from the bed. When it was deemed prudent
+to tell her, the task fell to Theodore, who was very tender of his
+sister, remembering that though he considered Jerry a shiftless, poor
+shack of a creature, Armida probably had affection for him. She took
+her loss very quietly.
+
+"He was always good to me," she said, "and he cared for me when no one
+else did."
+
+"You're wrong there," Theodore remonstrated.
+
+"I used to tell myself I was," she replied sadly. "I knew I give the
+first offence, but Lucas never would 'a' done as he did by the house
+if he'd cared for me."
+
+Lucas heard the reproach where he stood out of sight in the little
+entry that led to Armida's room, listening to the brother and sister
+as they talked together within. He often lingered there, wishing to
+enter, but not daring to; longing to atone for the unhappiness he had
+caused his sister, but not knowing how to set about it. Now, taking
+Theodore into his confidence, he set to work to obliterate all outward
+signs that made it "the divided house," leaving to his brother the
+task of keeping it from Armida. As she querulously inquired what all
+the hammering and pounding that was going on in front of the house
+meant, Theodore had a story ready about the steps to the front porch
+being so worn out that Lucas had to have some new ones, "or else break
+his legs goin' over them." The smell of paint was accounted for by
+Lucas "havin' one of his spells of gittin' his side painted over
+agin;" on which Armida gave way to tears, until her brother comforted
+her by saying it didn't make much difference, a new coat couldn't make
+it any whiter than it was.
+
+It was a great day when Armida was pronounced well enough to eat
+breakfast in the kitchen. Hobbling out with the aid of Theodore's arm,
+she stepped on the threshold, and looked over to where Lucas stood
+by his window. He greeted her with, "How are ye, Armidy?" but did not
+leave his place.
+
+"It seems good to git out of my bedroom," said Armida; then stopped,
+gazed about her, and sank into a convenient chair, exclaiming, "What
+does it mean?"
+
+For both her and Lucas's old stoves were gone, and a new one stood
+directly before the middle of the chimney, with its pipe running into
+the old pipe-hole that they used before the house was divided. The
+coffee-pot steamed and bubbled over the fire, and a platter of ham and
+eggs stood on the hearth, while the table, set for breakfast, stood
+exactly in the centre of the room; the dividing line had been wiped
+out by the paint-brush, and Lucas's side shone with yellow paint like
+her own.
+
+"What does it mean?" she cried, trembling and clutching at Theodore's
+arm. Theodore said nothing, but slipped out of the room, and Lucas,
+after an awkward pause, said: "Armidy, I wanted, if you was willin',
+that we should quit doin' as we have done and have things together as
+we used to. Seems as if it would be pleasanter, and if you can forgive
+what I've done, I'll try to make it up to ye."
+
+"Why, Lucas!" was all she could say.
+
+"I know I hain't done by ye like a brother," said Lucas, anxious to
+get his self-imposed humiliation over, "and I'm sorry, and I'd like to
+begin over again."
+
+"I'm just as much a transgressor as you be," said Armida, anxious
+to spare him. "If I hadn't said what I did, I 'spose you'd married
+Ianthe, and like as not had a family round ye."
+
+"I don't know as I care _now_," said Lucas; "I have felt hard to ye;
+but I see Ianthe last March"--he laughed--"and I didn't mourn much
+that her name wa'n't Huxter. But that's neither here nor there. If
+you feel as if you could git along with two old brothers to look after
+instead of one, and overlook what's passed--"
+
+"I'd be glad to, Lucas, if you won't lay up anything against me."
+
+"Well, then;" and coming to her side Lucas bent over her, and, to her
+great surprise, kissed her. Turning away before she could return the
+kiss, he opened the back door and called to Theodore.
+
+As Theodore came in, Lucas said: "If you had a shawl round ye, Armidy,
+wouldn't you like to git out a minute before breakfast?" and without
+waiting for an answer, he brought her shawl and wrapped it round her,
+then put on her bonnet.
+
+"Can't you and I," he said to Theodore, "make a chair and take her
+out? You hain't forgot sence you left school, hev you?"
+
+Locking their hands together they formed what school-children call a
+chair, and lifting Armida between them, carried her through the hall,
+out at the front door, down the walk to the gate, and turned round,
+while Theodore bade his sister look up at the house. Armida obeyed.
+She saw the house glistening with paint, her side of it as white as
+Lucas's, and blinds adorning her front windows, while the front porch,
+with new-laid floor and steps and bristling with brackets, was, in her
+eyes, the most imposing of entrances.
+
+Could it be true? she asked herself, and shut her eyes; then glanced
+again, then looked at her brothers, who were both silent, Theodore
+smiling with joy, while Lucas looked gravely down at her.
+
+"Oh, Lucas!" she cried, throwing her arms around his neck, "you done
+this for me!"
+
+"I _told_ you I was sorry, Armidy," he said.
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+On the long peninsula that separates New York Bay from Newark Bay,
+there is, among other things, a red house by an open field, in which
+lives the king of kite-flyers. Every one in Bayonne, the town which
+covers this peninsula, knows the red house by the open field; for
+scarcely a day passes, winter or summer, that kites are not seen
+sailing above this spot--sometimes a solitary "hurricane flyer," when
+the wind is sweeping in strong from the ocean; sometimes a tandem
+string of seven or eight six-footers, each one fastened to the
+main line by its separate cord. And wonderful are the feats in
+kite-illumination accomplished by Mr. Eddy (the king aforesaid) on
+holiday nights, especially on the Fourth of July, when he keeps the
+sky ablaze with gracefully waving meteors, to the profound awe or
+admiration of his fellow-townsmen.
+
+If you enter the red house and show a proper interest in the subject,
+Mr. Eddy will take you up to his kite-room, where skyflyers of all
+sorts, sizes, and materials range the walls--from the tiniest, made
+of tissue paper, to nine-footers, with lath frames and oil-cloth
+coverings. Hanging from the ceiling is one of the queer Hargrave
+kites, which looks like a double box, and seems as little likely to
+fly as a full-legged dining-table; yet fly it will, and beautifully
+too, though by a principle of aëroplanes only recently understood.
+
+Then Mr. Eddy will show you the room where, with the help of his
+deft-fingered wife, also a kite enthusiast, he spends many hours
+developing and mounting photographs taken from high altitudes, with a
+camera especially constructed to be swung and operated from the kite
+cord.
+
+Until one talks with a man like Mr. Eddy--though, indeed, there is
+no one just like him--one does not realize what a large and important
+subject this of scientific kite-flying is. Many men of distinction
+have devoted years of their best energies to experiments with kites.
+Mr. Eddy himself is a scientist first, last, and always; for the
+sake of a new observation he will send up a tandem of kites when
+the thermometer is below zero, or stand half a night at his reeling
+apparatus, getting records of the thermograph.
+
+[Illustration: HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A
+TANDEM OF HIS BOX-KITES.]
+
+Perhaps I shall do best to begin by giving some useful information to
+those who may contemplate constructing a modern scientific kite. The
+first thing that should be done by such a person, be he boy or man, is
+to rid his mind of all his preconceived notions about kites, for it is
+almost certain that they are incorrect. To begin with, the scientific
+kite has no tail. A few years ago people would have laughed at any one
+who attempted to send up a kite without a tail. But the question is
+now no longer even open with the scientific kite-flyers, who not
+only send up tailless kites with the greatest ease, but do so under
+conditions which, to kites with tails, would be impossible: for
+instance, in dead calms and in driving hurricanes. The tailless kite,
+sent from the hands of a master, will fly in all winds.
+
+It is true that kites with tails have given good results in
+experimental work; but the tails are annoying and an unnecessary
+weight, and may better be dispensed with. Every boy has had the
+vexatious experience of sending up a kite in a light breeze with a
+tail made light in proportion, only to find that, on reaching stronger
+air currents above, the kite has begun to dive and grow unmanageable.
+Then, when he has taken the kite down and added a heavier tail, he has
+found the breeze at the ground insufficient to lift the extra load;
+and so, between two difficulties, has had to give up his sport in
+disgust. This is the one serious defect of kites with tails, that
+they cannot adapt themselves to wind currents of varying intensities;
+whereas the tailless kites do so without difficulty. And in tandem
+flying, which is the backbone of the modern system, the weight of a
+half dozen or more heavy tails would be a serious impediment, to
+say nothing of the perpetual danger of the different tails getting
+entangled in the lines.
+
+
+HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC KITE.
+
+It is important, then, to know how to make a scientific tailless kite,
+such as is used by the experts at the Smithsonian Institution, or at
+the Blue Hills Conservatory near Boston, for it must not be supposed
+that kite-flying is merely an idle pastime; it is a pleasure doubtless
+for boys, but it is also a field of serious experiment and observation
+for men. The information I here present, including practical
+directions as well as interesting theories, was obtained from Mr. Eddy
+himself, and may be regarded as strictly accurate.
+
+[Illustration: Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+
+This view, from a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, New
+York City at the crossing of Frankfort and William Streets.]
+
+It is much better for amateurs to begin with a kite designed to fly in
+strong winds, as it is a long and delicate task to learn to manage the
+variety with extra wide cross-stick meant for ascension in calms. The
+two sticks which form the skeleton should be of equal lengths, say six
+feet; and should cross each other at right angles at a point on the
+upright stick eighteen per cent. of its length below the top. This
+point of crossing is of great importance, and was only located by
+Mr. Eddy after months of wearisome experiment. He was misled in his
+earlier efforts at tailless kite-making by the example of the Malay
+kiter-flyers, who are reputed to be the most skilful in the world, and
+who cross the sticks much nearer the middle of the upright one. In a
+six-foot kite the two sticks, equal in length, should cross at about
+thirteen inches from the top of the upright stick; and the same
+proportion should be observed for kites of other dimensions. At the
+point of crossing, the sticks should be slightly notched, and strongly
+bound together with twine tied in flat knots. Driving a nail or screw
+through the sticks, to bind them, weakens the frame at the point of
+greatest strain.
+
+As material for the sticks Mr. Eddy has found clear spruce better
+than any other wood. Bamboo is bad, because it bends unevenly at
+the joints. White pine is not tough enough, and cypress is both too
+brittle and too flexible. The hard woods, like ash, hickory, and oak,
+are too heavy; in scientific kite-flying, even so small a weight as
+a quarter of an ounce may make all the difference between failure and
+success. All winds are broken by frequent brief intervals of calm,
+and a kite must rely on its lightness to outride these. Whoever
+contemplates going seriously into kite-flying will do well to
+provide himself with a store of suitable sticks by purchasing a
+straight-grained, well-planed spruce plank, free from knots, and
+having it sawed on a circular saw into sticks five-sixteenths and
+seven-sixteenths inches in thickness, to be cut later into such
+lengths as he may choose.
+
+[Illustration: Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. This view
+also is of New York City about the crossing of Frankfort and William
+Streets. The high wall on the right of Frankfort Street is the back
+of the "World" building; the high wall on the left is the back of the
+"Tribune" building.]
+
+The two sticks (there are never more than two) having been fastened
+firmly together, the cross-stick must be sprung backward; so that,
+when finished, the kite will present a convex or bulging surface to
+the wind. It might be imagined that a concave surface to the wind
+would be better; and indeed this has been tried. But it has invariably
+proved that with a concave surface the kite receives too much of the
+breeze and becomes quite uncontrollable. The amount of spring that
+must be given the cross-piece is in proportion to its length, Mr.
+Eddy's rule being to spring the cross-stick, by means of a cord
+joining the two ends like a bow, until the perpendicular between the
+point of juncture of the two sticks and the centre of the cord is
+equal to one-tenth of the length of the cross-stick, or a little more
+than one-tenth, if the kite is to be flown in very high winds.
+
+It is of the first importance to keep the two halves of the kite on
+the right and the left of the upright stick perfectly symmetrical. And
+this is by no means an easy matter. It often happens in bending the
+cross-stick that, owing to differences in the fibre and elasticity of
+the wood, one side bends more than the other, with the result that
+the two halves present different curves and consequently unequal wind
+areas. To offset this difficulty, and also to strengthen the skeleton,
+Mr. Eddy's practice is to add a bracing piece at the back of the
+cross-stick--a piece about one-fourth of the length of the cross-stick
+itself, and of the same width and thickness. If the two halves of the
+kite are already quite symmetrical, he places this bracing stick with
+its centre directly even with the point of juncture of the two large
+sticks, its two ends being fastened with twine to the cross-stick,
+about nine inches on either side of the crossing-point. But if one
+half of the cross-stick shows a greater bend than the other, he places
+the longer arm of the bracing piece toward the side that bends the
+most, thus presenting a greater leverage against the wind on that side
+than on the other, and so equalizing things.
+
+With the two sticks and the brace all thus properly in place, a
+supporting frame for the paper or cloth is formed by running, not
+cord, but fine picture wire, over the tips of the sticks, notched to
+hold it in place, in the ordinary way. Then, with a thin, clear paste
+made of starch, the paper may be laid on, care being taken to paste
+the edges so as to leave a certain amount of slack or looseness in
+the part of the kite below the cross-stick, so that each of the lower
+faces will present concave wind surfaces. To preserve the required
+equilibrium, it is important that the amount of looseness in the paper
+be equal on the two sides; and in order to keep it so, it is necessary
+to measure exactly the amount allowed.
+
+[Illustration: THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.
+
+Front view, showing how the line is attached.
+
+A storm-flyer.--The diamond-shaped figure in the centre is an opening
+made to lessen the wind pressure.]
+
+Those who wish to make many kites will do well to buy thin manilla
+paper, as wide as possible, having the dealer roll off for them seven
+hundred or eight hundred feet, say a yard in width, which will insure
+a cheap as well as an abundant supply. For strong winds and large
+kites it is best to use cloth as the covering. It should be sewed to
+the frame, and, if carefully put on, will do service for years. Silk,
+of course, is the ideal material; but its costliness puts it beyond
+ordinary means, and common silesia, such as is used in dress linings,
+is almost as good. Whatever the material, the kite should be fortified
+at the corners by pasting or sewing on quadrants of paper or cloth,
+so as to give double thickness at the points most liable to injury.
+A finished six-footer should not weigh over twenty ounces, if covered
+with paper; or twenty-five ounces, if covered with cloth. Mr. Eddy has
+made a six-footer for calm flying as light as eight ounces.
+
+
+HOW TO SEND UP A KITE.
+
+There is only one way to learn the practical art of kite-flying, and
+that is to begin and do the thing yourself--with many mishaps and
+disappointments at the outset. One of Mr. Eddy's practices when
+sending kites up in very light winds or in an apparent calm, is to
+reel out two hundred yards or so of cord in a convenient open space,
+leaving kite and cord on the ground until ready to start. Then, by
+taking the cord at the extreme distance from the kite, and beginning
+to run with it, he gets it quickly into the upper air currents, which
+are always stirring more than those at the surface. It is sometimes
+necessary to run for a considerable distance before the kite reaches
+a sustaining current; but a real kite enthusiast will not mind taking
+trouble; indeed he had better abandon the whole business if he does.
+It is worth noting that even in a dead calm a kite may be kept up
+indefinitely as long as the flyer is willing to run with the cord at
+the rate of about five miles an hour.
+
+In flying kites tandem there is always to be guarded against the
+danger of a breaking of the cord. Few people realize how hard a
+pull is exerted by a series of kites well up in the air. A strain of
+twenty-five or thirty pounds on the cord is not uncommon; and not only
+the strength of the cord, but the way of attaching it, is of great
+importance. There should be two strings (never more), fastened to the
+upright stick at its lower end and at the point of crossing, the
+upper length being about one-third of the lower one, and the two being
+adjusted so that, when taut, the kite takes an angle of about twenty
+degrees with the ground--which means that the kite goes up almost
+straight overhead, the string making an angle of about seventy degrees
+with the ground.
+
+[Illustration: THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.
+
+It was by kites of this variety, flown in tandem, that the inventor,
+Hargrave, was lifted sixteen feet from the ground on November 12,
+1894.]
+
+In sending up a series of kites to fly tandem, it is best to head the
+line with a small kite, three or, four feet in diameter, and gradually
+increase the size until a diameter of six feet is reached for the one
+sent last. This arrangement makes it possible to hold the upper kites
+by lighter cord, the heavier kites being reserved for the half of the
+line nearest to the ground; and thus there is a material lessening
+of the load to be borne. The first kite should be well up, say five
+hundred feet, before the second is attached to the line. But after
+that they maybe sent at closer intervals, sometimes with only a few
+hundred feet between them--say two hundred feet in light winds, and
+five hundred feet in heavy winds. Each kite in a tandem should have
+a length of at least one hundred feet of cord from the main line, and
+great care should be exercised in knotting fast the individual lines.
+
+The best way of starting a second kite, after the first is well up, is
+to pay out about a hundred feet of cord for the tandem line, attaching
+one end of this to the main cord and the other to the second kite,
+which is left lying on the ground back downward. Then pay out the main
+line evenly until the tandem line begins to lift. As the pendent kite
+is borne higher and higher, it will swing for a while in a horizontal
+position; but will presently begin to flutter and sail sideways, and
+then finally come up more and more, until the wind catches it and
+it shoots up like a bird into its proper position. In fact, once the
+first kite is securely up, the others will fly themselves by merely
+being attached to the main line as described. Of course each fresh
+kite increases the pull on the main line, and the line must be made
+proportionately stronger as the tandem is increased.
+
+
+RUNAWAY TANDEMS.
+
+Mr. Eddy has had some remarkable experiences with escaping kites. One
+day at Bayonne, in July, 1894, while he was flying a tandem of eight
+kites in a northwest wind blowing eighteen miles an hour, the main
+line broke with a loud snap, and the kites sailed away towards Staten
+Island with the speed of an escaped balloon. One can scarcely conceive
+the rapidity with which a line of kites like this travels over the
+first four or five hundred feet after its release. An ice-boat goes no
+faster, and one might as well pursue the shadow of a flying cloud
+as chase that string. At the time of the escape the top kite, a
+four-footer, was up nearly a mile, and the other seven were flying
+at a good elevation. The consequence was that although, as invariably
+happens in such cases, they began to drop, the lowest kite did not
+strike the ground until it had been carried about a quarter of a mile,
+to the New Jersey shore of the Kill von Kull, which is half a mile
+wide at this point. Here kite number eight, a six-footer, caught in
+a tree and held the line for a few seconds until its own cord broke,
+under the strain, and set the other kites free. This check had lifted
+the other kites, and they now flew right bravely across the water,
+not one of the seven wetting its heels before the farther shore was
+reached. Then the lowest of them came to the ground, in its turn
+putting a brief check on the others. But its cord soon broke under the
+strain, and the six still flying went sailing over the trees of Staten
+Island, hundreds of people watching them as they flew--six tailless
+kites driving along towards New York Bay, the main line trailing
+behind over lawns and house-tops.
+
+Then a queer thing happened. As the loose end of the main line trailed
+along, it whipped against a line of telegraph wires with such
+violence as to wind itself around the wires again and again, just as
+a whip-lash winds round a hitching-post when whipped against one. The
+result was that the runaway kites were finally anchored by the main
+line, and held fast until their owner, coming in quick pursuit on
+ferryboat and train, could secure them.
+
+On another occasion, two of Mr. Eddy's kites flying in tandem broke
+away, and started out to sea, the dangling line passing over a moored
+coal barge on which a man was working. Feeling something tickle his
+neck, the man put up his hand quickly and touched the kite-cord.
+Greatly surprised, he seized the cord and made it fast; and he was not
+at all disposed to give up the kites when Mr. Eddy claimed them. There
+is no property, indeed, so hard to prove and recover as a runaway
+kite. For one thing, there is absolutely no telling how far a runaway
+kite will sail before landing. Mr. Eddy estimates that when the main
+line breaks, a kite well up in a twenty-five mile breeze will travel,
+before alighting, a distance equal to twelve times its height from the
+ground. This means that a kite straight over the Battery, in New York
+City, and a mile in the air, driven by a stiff south wind, might
+land in Yonkers if the cord broke. There is, by the way, an old-time
+ordinance on the statute book, prohibiting the flying of kites in any
+part of New York City below Fourteenth Street. This, however, did not
+prevent Mr. Eddy from taking recently a series of unique photographs
+(some of them are reproduced in this article), by means of a tandem of
+kites sent up from a high building near the City Hall Park. The only
+complication that resulted was a fierce contention among a crowd of
+idlers and gamins over the possession of one of the kites, which came
+down accidentally and lodged in one of the Park trees.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM
+A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy.]
+
+
+THE LIFTING POWER OF KITES.
+
+A tandem of six or eight six-foot kites exerts a pull of thirty pounds
+or more on the main line; but it must not be assumed that such a
+tandem would lift and carry through the air a weight of thirty pounds.
+The weight of thirty pounds would be carried a short distance; but
+as the weight moved off, there would be a sudden lessening of the
+resistance on the line, and so of the wind pressure against the kites,
+which would soon cause them to sink. A tandem of strong kites in
+a good breeze might be made to operate a sort of jumping apparatus
+which, after being carried a short distance, would anchor itself to
+the ground until the renewed strength of the kites lifted it up again
+for another jump. But all kite experts are agreed that a kite's power
+for lifting loads clear of the ground must be enormously increased
+according as the distance to which the load is to be lifted is
+increased. It would be possible, for example, to build a tandem of
+kites strong enough to lift a man clear of the ground, supposing him
+to be swung in a basket from the main line. This, indeed, has been
+actually accomplished. September 18, 1895, in England, Captain
+Baden-Powell was lifted to a height of one hundred feet on a
+kite-string supported by five large hexagon kites. But Mr. Eddy
+calculates that to lift a man of the same weight (one hundred and
+fifty pounds) to a height of fifteen hundred feet, with a wind blowing
+at the same rate (twenty miles an hour), would require seven kites
+with upright and cross-sticks not less than sixty-four feet each in
+length.
+
+The only other instance on record where a man has been lifted by a
+kite-cord was in the experiment of the great Australian kite expert,
+Hargrave, who, on November 12, 1894, placed himself in a sling seat
+attached to a tandem of his wonderful box kites, and was swung sixteen
+feet clear of the earth. The entire load, including the seat and
+appurtenances, amounted to two hundred and eight pounds. Mr. Eddy
+calculates that six of his bird-shaped kites, twenty feet in diameter,
+would lift a man and basket in safety to a height of one hundred feet,
+assuming the wind to be blowing steadily at twenty miles an hour.
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.
+
+NOTE.--In this picture the square box suspended from the upper line is
+the camera. The ball hanging from the camera is the burnished signal
+which, by its fall, informs the operator on the ground when the
+shutter of the camera has opened. The shutter and the ball are
+controlled from the ground by the lower line.]
+
+
+THE METEOROLOGICAL USE OF KITES.
+
+Although Mr. Eddy began flying kites as a diversion, he soon saw that
+there were more serious reasons for continuing his experiments. Having
+long been interested in meteorological problems, it occurred to him
+that good results might be obtained by sending aloft, on kite-strings,
+self-registering thermometers and apparatus for indicating the
+direction and strength of the air currents. On February 4, 1891, he
+sent up what is believed to be the first thermometer ever attached
+to a kite for scientific purposes. This was at nine o'clock in the
+evening on a cold winter's night, the thermometer registering ten
+degrees Fahrenheit at the ground. On reading the record after the
+descent, the thermometer was found to mark six degrees Fahrenheit,
+which indicated, according to the recognized law of decrease of
+temperature, that the kite had been sent to a height of one thousand
+feet. The law is that in ascending from the earth the temperature
+falls one degree for every two hundred and fifty feet; but subsequent
+experiments convinced Mr. Eddy that it was by no means to be relied
+upon as an indication of the height of kites. Not that the law is
+false; but it holds good only when the meteorological conditions above
+are the same as at the earth's surface, which is very far from being
+the case always.
+
+Out of these experiments Mr. Eddy evolved an important theory which
+has since been abundantly verified. Seeing the frequent variations in
+the thermometric readings from what the law had led him to expect, he
+concluded that these were due to meteorological variations overhead;
+and that changes in the weather, say the approach of warm waves or
+cold waves, make themselves felt in the air strata above the earth's
+surface several hours before they can be detected at the surface.
+Observations extending over months at the Blue Hills Observatory, near
+Boston, and elsewhere, have abundantly confirmed this theory.
+
+With this fact established, it followed, in Mr. Eddy's opinion,
+that it was perfectly possible to use kites in making weather
+prognostications; and, indeed, he has been doing this himself for
+several years with the best results. Whenever his kite-thermometers,
+sent to a fixed height which he determines independently by a
+specially devised kite-quadrant, show actual readings which are either
+warmer or cooler than the theoretical readings, he prophesies that
+the weather will, within a few hours, become warmer or colder at
+the earth's surface, and these prophecies are fulfilled in a
+large majority of cases. If the kite-thermometers show exactly the
+temperature which the law would call for, he prophesies that there
+will be no change in the weather.
+
+[Illustration: CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. City Hall Park,
+New York City, appears in the foreground, with Broadway back of it.]
+
+It has also been demonstrated that kites may be used by meteorologists
+to indicate the approach of storms, which they foretell by a sudden
+and continuous veering over a considerable arc, usually about sixty
+degrees. This veering begins usually six or seven hours before a
+storm, and often as much as twelve hours. And another sure sign of a
+storm is the continuous and sudden dropping of the kites followed by
+a quick recovery, which shows that the wind is blowing in gusts
+interspersed with periods of calm.
+
+In making a series of meteorological experiments which he conducted at
+the Blue Hills Observatory, Mr. Eddy often employed as many as eight
+or ten kites; and in August, 1895, he sent up twelve kites on one
+line, three of them being nine-footers. This is probably the largest
+number of kites ever sent up in tandem; and although on this occasion
+the line carried only the thermographs suspended in a basket, the
+whole weighing not more than two pounds, a very much larger load might
+have been carried, had it been desired.
+
+[Illustration: Murray Street. Warren Street.
+
+MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, showing Murray
+and Warren Streets, New York City, as they run west from Broadway.]
+
+Among many other curious things about the wind observed by Mr. Eddy,
+is the fact that the night winds are by far the steadiest and most
+satisfactory for kite-flying. On this account much of his work with
+kites has been done in the darkness, although he uses lanterns on
+the lines to assist him in locating the kites. It has also been
+demonstrated that the force of the wind increases steadily as the
+distance from the earth increases. Archibald proved this conclusively,
+by suspending a series of wind-measuring instruments at intervals
+along the main line, their registration showing almost invariably
+greater wind pressure at the higher altitude. Mr. Eddy has furthermore
+noted that, while the early morning wind is usually very light at the
+earth's surface, it is almost invariably good aloft; and he has again
+and again verified the well-established fact that all clouds herald
+their approach and are accompanied by increased wind velocity.
+
+
+THE HIGHEST FLIGHT EVER MADE BY A KITE.
+
+The modern system of flying kites tandem was devised by Mr. Eddy in
+1890, although it was hit upon two years later independently by Dr.
+Alexander B. Johnson, the distinguished surgeon of the Roosevelt
+Hospital in New York. The tandem system makes it possible to send
+kites to far greater altitudes than had ever been previously attained.
+And here the best record is undoubtedly held by one of Mr. Eddy's
+tandems, sent aloft at Bayonne, on November 7, 1893. Mr. Eddy began to
+send up the kites at 7:30 A.M.; but, being hampered by light breezes
+from the east, found he was kept busy until half-past three in the
+afternoon in getting nine kites aloft. He had paid out nearly two
+miles of cord, when the top kite, a little two-footer, stood straight
+over the spar buoy in Newark Bay. The lowest kite, a six-footer, was
+hovering some distance inland from the shore, on a line from the shore
+to Mr. Eddy's house (where the end of the line was anchored) measuring
+fifty-five hundred feet by the surveyor's map. Taking two observations
+from the two ends of this base line, Mr. Eddy's kite-quadrant showed
+angles of thirty-five and sixty-six degrees; and these data, by simple
+methods of triangulation, were sufficient to determine the altitude
+of the kite, which was found to be five thousand five hundred and
+ninety-five feet--or something over one mile. The kites were seen by
+hundreds of persons during the fifteen hours that they remained up,
+the experiment coming to an abrupt end at ten o'clock that night by
+the blowing away of the two upper kites in the increasing wind. The
+escaped kites disappeared in Newark Bay, along with three thousand
+feet of the line.
+
+[Illustration: KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+
+Invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis. This buoy lacks the steering
+appliances of the one shown below, and travels simply in a line with
+the kite that draws it.]
+
+Much interest attaches from a scientific point of view to experiments
+designed to test how great an altitude may be reached by kites; and
+for a year past Mr. Eddy has been working in this direction for
+the Smithsonian Institution, the hope being that he will ultimately
+succeed in sending kites two miles above the earth's surface.
+Professor Langley has been following these experiments with great
+interest, and has furnished Mr. Eddy with a special quality of silk
+cord which, it is believed, will give better results in meteorological
+observation than the ordinary hempen twine or rope. The great
+difficulty that Mr. Eddy finds in the way of making his kites reach
+great altitudes, is the pull on the cord, which increases greatly
+as the kites rise higher. It is probable that a tandem of fifteen or
+twenty big kites, reaching to a mile above the earth's surface, would
+exert a pull of one hundred pounds; while at a height of two miles
+they might, Mr. Eddy thinks, exert a pull of three hundred and fifty
+pounds; and at a height of three miles, a pull of seven hundred
+pounds. However great the pull, it is essential to successful flying
+that the man in control be able to let out or reel in the main line
+with great rapidity, and it is evident that a dozen men could not by
+hand alone accomplish this if the kites were sent as high as might
+be. It is likely, therefore, that, as the importance of scientific
+kite-flying becomes more widely understood, some simple dummy engine
+will be devised for rapidly turning the windlass on which the main
+line is wound.
+
+Mr. Eddy has made frequent experiments with rain-kites, which he used
+for the first time in November, 1893. It is true that Franklin sent
+up a flyer during a shower, but in his case the rain was merely an
+accident accompanying the electric storm, which was his only concern.
+Mr. Eddy, however, has sent up kites in the rain for the purpose of
+studying cloud altitudes and other meteorological phenomena; and by
+this means he has discovered what was not previously believed to be
+true: that clouds sometimes sink to within six hundred feet of the
+earth's surface without actually coming down to it. In fact, Mr. Eddy
+has had kites disappear in a cloud at a height of only five hundred
+and sixty-eight feet. It has sometimes happened that clouds settling
+toward the earth have obscured the kites gradually, the top one
+becoming invisible first, and then the others in succession. Mr. Eddy
+has found that by such indications he is able to foretell the approach
+of fog four or five hours before it reaches the earth's surface, so
+slowly do the clouds settle through the air strata.
+
+[Illustration: DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+
+This is the buoy invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis for conveying
+messages, food, or life-lines between disabled vessels and the shore.
+The buoy is drawn over the water by the kite-line, like the one shown
+above, but the setting of the keel and the three guy-ropes give it
+whatever direction is desired.]
+
+[Illustration: THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.]
+
+It is best to make rain-kites of oil-skin or paraffine paper, as the
+ordinary paper or cloth becomes saturated with the dampness and very
+heavy, thus lessening the buoyancy of the line. So penetrating is the
+dampness of clouds, even without a rain-storm, that the wooden frames
+sometimes become warped and the paste seams soak open.
+
+
+DRAWING DOWN ELECTRICITY BY A KITE-STRING.
+
+The scientific kite-flyer will find much to tempt him into the field
+of electricity; and will be able, not only to duplicate Dr. Franklin's
+historic experiment of bringing down sparks from the heavens, but
+may go far beyond this, taking advantage of the greater knowledge of
+electricity at his disposal and the superior apparatus. In the summer
+of 1885, Alexander McAdie, at the Blue Hills Observatory, got strong
+sparks at the earth's surface from a wire connected with a kite
+whose surface had been coated with tinfoil so as to form an electric
+collector. He also, by the brightness and increased lengths of the
+sparks obtained, proved that the electric force in the atmosphere is
+very greatly increased with the approach of thunder clouds; and
+also that this force increases steadily as the kites reach greater
+altitude, and _vice versa_. Indeed Mr. Eddy and others who have
+conducted similar experiments, have found the electric force so strong
+at certain altitudes as to make the manipulation of the conducting
+wire a source of considerable danger.
+
+On October 8, 1892, Mr. Eddy made an important advance in electrical
+experiments with kites, by using a collector quite separate from the
+kites themselves, which were merely used in tandem to support the line
+on which the collector was swung and raised to any desired altitude.
+By this arrangement any accident that might befall one of the kites is
+less likely to ruin the whole experiment.
+
+Much experience with the kite-collector has convinced Mr. Eddy that
+there is always in the air overhead, at all times of the year and
+in all weathers, an abundant, practically a boundless, supply of
+electricity. It has never yet happened to him to send his collector up
+to even so low a height as four hundred feet without getting a spark
+in his discharge-box at the earth. He has discovered, however, that
+the greater the amount of moisture in the air, the greater is the
+height to which he must send the collector before getting the first
+spark. There is no doubt that large quantities of electricity might
+be obtained by hoisting large collectors, supported by strong flying
+tandems, to considerable altitudes, and drawing off the supply at
+the earth by means of a system of transformers which would lower the
+electricity from the dangerously high tension at which it discharges
+down the wire, to a voltage that could be handled with safety. In his
+experiments thus far, Mr. Eddy has discharged the copper wire leading
+from his collector into a wooden box containing a pasteboard wheel
+with darning-needle axle and tinfoil edges. The axle is grounded, and
+the copper wire from the collector placed near the tinfoil periphery
+of the wheel, so as to discharge its sparks through the intervening
+distance, and by the shock cause the wheel to turn.
+
+
+THE USE OF KITES IN PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+One of the most interesting applications of the kite, but a thoroughly
+practical one, is its use in photography. This has been
+entirely developed within the past year or two; indeed the first
+kite-photograph taken on the American continent was one made by
+Mr. Eddy's camera on May 30, 1895. Although some attempts in this
+direction had been previously made in Europe, this was the first
+clearly focused kite-photograph obtained. The previous ones had been
+blurred, owing to defects in the devices for swinging the camera
+apparatus from the kite-cord, and for loosening the shutter. Mr.
+Eddy's apparatus will be better understood from the accompanying
+cut than from any description. In a general way it is a wooden frame
+capable of holding the camera, and terminating behind in a long stick
+or boom, by means of which the camera is made to point in any desired
+direction or at any angle. This is arranged before sending up the
+apparatus, the boom being properly placed and held in position by
+means of guy cords from the main kite-line. A separate line hangs
+from the spring of the camera shutter, with which is also connected
+a hollow ball of polished metal supported in such a way that it will
+drop from its position, five or six feet through the air, when the
+camera cord is pulled. The purpose of this ball is to allow the
+operator on the ground to be sure that the camera has responded to his
+pull and that the desired photograph has been taken. He is assured of
+this, having given the pull, on seeing the flash made by the polished
+ball in its fall.
+
+All this being arranged, it is only necessary to send the camera up
+to any desired altitude and pull the camera cord, in order to get
+photographs of wide-stretching landscapes, extensive cities, like New
+York, and panoramas of every description. Such photographs could
+not but be of the greatest value to geologists, mountain climbers,
+surveyors, and explorers. And they must possess particular interest
+for students of geography and for map-makers.
+
+
+POSSIBLE USE OF KITES IN WAR.
+
+It is obvious, too, that kite-photographs might be of great value
+in time of war, since a detailed view of an enemy's lines and
+fortifications might be thus obtained; while at sea a perfected
+kite-photographing apparatus might be of great value in recording
+the approach of an enemy's ships. Mr. Eddy regards it as perfectly
+possible to send up a tandem of kites from the deck of a man-of-war,
+with a circular camera, such as has already been devised, attached
+to the main line, and an apparatus for snapping all the shutters
+simultaneously; and photograph, not only the whole horizon as seen
+from the deck of a vessel, but, because of the greater elevation, many
+miles beyond. A battle-ship provided with this photographing device
+would enjoy as great an advantage as if it were able at will to
+stretch out its mainmast into a tower of observation a mile high.
+
+It is true that some of the lenses in the circular camera, the
+ones facing the sun, might give imperfect pictures; but in whatever
+position the sun might be, at least one hundred and eighty degrees
+of the horizon would be clearly photographed. And by taking such
+observations in the early morning, and again in the middle of the
+afternoon, it would be possible to cover the whole circuit, and thus
+be aware of the approach of an enemy's ships long before they would
+have been visible to a telescope used on the deck. In such a circular
+camera each lens would be numbered, and the position of each would be
+accurately determined with regard to the points of the compass by the
+use of guy-cords stretching from the main line to the framework of the
+apparatus. Thus, on looking at the number of a lens, the photographer
+would immediately know from which direction any vessel whose image was
+shown might be coming.
+
+Nor is the use of the kite in war limited to the services it would
+render in photography; it might easily do more than that, and become a
+most efficient and novel engine of destruction. As has been shown, it
+is merely a question of carpenter work to send up a tandem of kites
+that will swing a heavy load high in the air. Suppose that load were
+dynamite, with an arrangement for dropping it over any desired spot.
+Mr. Eddy suggests that this might be effected by means of a slow match
+made by soaking a cotton string in saltpetre, which would be lighted
+on despatching the load of dynamite, and would burn at a regular rate,
+say one foot in five minutes, so that the length of the match could be
+timed to meet the necessities of the case. On burning to its end,
+the match would ignite a cord holding the dynamite in a pasteboard
+receptacle, one side of which would fall down like the front of a
+wall-pocket as soon as the restraining cord was burned through; and
+immediately the dynamite in the box would be launched toward its
+destination. Mr. Eddy has already carried out an experiment similar
+to this, in setting loose from high elevations tiny paper aëroplanes.
+With a little practice he found he could start the slow match with
+such precision as to cause the aëroplanes to burst out into flight at
+any desired altitude. This interesting and beautiful experiment was
+performed for the first time by Mr. Eddy on February 22, 1893, when
+he sent off from a height of one thousand feet forty aëroplanes, their
+forward edges weighted with pins for greater stability.
+
+Assuming such an arrangement made for discharging a load of dynamite,
+Mr. Eddy calculates that, with a twenty-mile breeze, six eighteen-foot
+kites would lift fifty pounds of the explosive a quarter of a mile
+in the air and suspend it over a fort or beleaguered city half a mile
+distant. It would thus be perfectly possible, supposing the wind to be
+in the right direction, to bombard Staten Island with dynamite dropped
+from kites sent up from the Jersey shore. It is evident that,
+for purposes of bombardment, a tandem of kites possesses several
+advantages over the war balloon. Kites are much cheaper. Then it would
+be far more difficult to disable them than to disable a balloon, since
+they offer a smaller mark to the enemy's guns; and even if one or two
+were destroyed, the others would still suffice to carry the dynamite.
+Finally, the kites may be sent up without risk to the lives of those
+who directed them, which is not the case with the balloons.
+
+Another interesting and important application of the modern kite has
+been conceived by Professor J. Woodbridge Davis, principal of the
+Woodbridge Boys' School, in New York, who is one of the most famous
+kite-flyers in the world, in addition to being a distinguished
+scientist and mathematician. It was Professor Davis who invented the
+dirigible kite several years ago, three strings allowing the operator
+to steer the kite from right to left at will or to make it sink to
+earth. Having perfected this curious kite, which is of hexagon shape,
+is covered with oiled silk, is foldable, portable, and has a tail,
+Professor Davis turned his attention to his more recent and important
+discovery of the dirigible buoy, which bids fair to do much to lessen
+the dangers of shipwreck. For months past Professor Davis, assisted by
+Mr. Eddy, has been experimenting on the Kill von Kull with this buoy,
+and has obtained most encouraging results. There are two kinds, both
+being designed to be attached to kite lines and drawn over the water
+by the power of the kite. The simpler variety is merely a long wooden
+tube about three inches in diameter and shaped very much like a gun
+projectile, with a cone of tin dragging behind to give steadiness. It
+is for use only when the wind is blowing in exactly the direction in
+which it is designed to send a message or carry a rope. It will be
+observed that, in a large number of cases when ships are driven on
+rocks, the wind is blowing toward the shore, and in such cases a
+line of kites would readily carry one of these buoys ashore with the
+important words inside or the still more important rope following
+after.
+
+Not satisfied, however, with this buoy, Professor Davis sought some
+means of making kites draw a load across the water in any direction
+desired, regardless of the way the wind might be blowing; and, after
+much thought and calculation, he hit upon what is now known as the
+Davis buoy, an object that has become familiar to dwellers at Bergen
+Point and Port Richmond, from the frequent experiments on the Kill
+that have been carried on during the past year. This form of buoy is
+much larger than the other, being three or four feet in length; and
+its essential feature is a deep iron keel that projects below out of
+the block of wood forming the body. It is evident that this keel will
+tend to keep the buoy headed in any given direction; and stability of
+position is further assured by the presence of guy-ropes attached to
+the main line of the kite. Each buoy is provided with three of these
+ropes, which, by being lengthened or shortened, may cause the buoy to
+form any desired angle with the kite-cord, and to keep it. Professor
+Davis has entirely succeeded in making the kites drag the buoy along
+the water in various directions in the very strongest gales--in fact,
+under precisely the conditions that would assist when the buoys would
+be needed for life-saving service from wrecks. And he is positive
+that, with further experiment, he will be able, by moving along the
+shore until a tacking angle is reached, not only to send lines, food,
+or messages to a disabled vessel from the shore, but to bring back
+by the same kites and the same buoy other lines and messages from the
+people in distress.
+
+Considering the important offices of which it has already been
+proved capable, and the possibility which these suggest of many other
+practical applications, it is clear that the kite is no longer to
+be regarded as simply a toy. And this, in turn, suggests anew the
+familiar truth that, after all, nothing in this world is of small
+consequence.
+
+
+
+
+A DRAMATIC POINT.
+
+BY ROBERT BARR,
+
+Author of "In the Midst of Alarms," "A Typewritten Letter," etc.
+
+
+In the bad days of Balmaceda, when Chili was rent in twain, and its
+capital was practically a besieged city, two actors walked together
+along the chief street of the place towards the one theatre that
+was then open. They belonged to a French dramatic company that would
+gladly have left Chili if it could; but being compelled by stress
+of war to remain, the company did the next best thing, and gave
+performances at the principal theatre on such nights as a paying
+audience came.
+
+A stranger would hardly have suspected, by the look of the streets,
+that a deadly war was going on, and that the rebels--so called--were
+almost at the city gates. Although business was ruined, credit dead,
+and no man's life or liberty safe, the streets were filled with a
+crowd that seemed bent on enjoyment and making the best of things.
+
+As Jacques Dupré and Carlos Lemoine walked together they were talking
+earnestly, not of the real war so close to their doors, but of the
+mimic conflicts of the stage. M. Dupré was the leading man of the
+company, and he listened with the amused tolerance of an elder man to
+the energetic vehemence of the younger.
+
+"You are all wrong, Dupré," cried Lemoine, "all wrong! I have studied
+the subject. Remember I am saying nothing against your acting in
+general. You know you have no greater admirer than I am, and that is
+something to say when you know that the members of a dramatic company
+are usually at loggerheads through jealousy."
+
+"Speak for yourself, Lemoine. You know I am green with jealousy of
+you. You are the rising star, and I am setting. You can't teach an old
+dog new tricks, Carl, my boy."
+
+"That's nonsense, Dupré. I wish you would consider this seriously. It
+is because you are so good on the stage that I can't bear to see you
+false to your art just to please the gallery. You should be above all
+that."
+
+"How can a man be above his gallery--the highest spot in the house?
+Talk sense, Carlos, and I'll listen."
+
+"Yes, you're flippant simply because you know you're wrong, and
+dare not argue this matter soberly. Now she stabs you through the
+heart--"
+
+"No. False premises entirely. She says something about my wicked
+heart, and evidently _intends_ to pierce that depraved organ; but a
+woman never hits what she aims at, and I deny that I'm ever stabbed
+through the heart. Say in the region or the neighborhood of the heart,
+and go on with your talk."
+
+"Very well. She stabs you in a spot so vital that you die in a
+few minutes. You throw up your hands, you stagger against the
+mantel-shelf, you tear open your collar and then grope at nothing; you
+press your hands on your wound and take two reeling steps forward; you
+call feebly for help and stumble against the sofa which you fall upon,
+and finally, still groping wildly, you roll off on the floor, where
+you kick out once or twice; your clinched hand comes down with a thud
+on the boards, and all is over."
+
+"Admirably described, Carlos. I wish my audience paid such attention
+to my efforts as you do. Now, you claim this is all wrong, do you?"
+
+"All wrong."
+
+"Suppose she stabbed you, what would _you_ do?"
+
+"I would plunge forward on my face--dead."
+
+"Great Heavens! What would become of your curtain?"
+
+"Oh, bother the curtain!"
+
+"It's all very well for you to condemn the curtain, Carl, but you must
+work up to it. Your curtain would come down, and your friends in
+the gallery would not know what had happened. Now, I go through the
+evolutions you so graphically describe, and the audience gets time
+to take in the situation. They say, chuckling to themselves, 'That
+villain's got his dose at last, and serves him right, too.' They want
+to enjoy his struggles, while she stands grimly at the door taking
+care that he doesn't get away. Then when my fist comes down flop on
+the stage, and they realize that I am indeed done for, the yell of
+triumph that goes up is something delicious to hear."
+
+"That's just the point, Dupré. I claim the actor has no right to
+hear applause--that he should not know there is such a thing as an
+audience. His business is to portray life exactly as it is."
+
+"You can't portray life in a death scene, Carl."
+
+"Dupré, I lose all patience with you, or rather I would did I not
+know that you are much deeper than you would have us suppose. You
+apparently won't see that I am very much in earnest about this."
+
+"Of course you are, my boy, and that is one reason why you will
+become a very great actor, I was ambitious myself once; but as we grow
+older"--Dupré shrugged his shoulders--"well, we begin to have an eye
+on the box-office receipts. I think you sometimes forget that I am a
+good deal older than you are."
+
+"You mean that I am a fool and that I may learn wisdom with age. I
+quite admit that you are a better actor than I am; in fact, I said so
+only a moment ago, but--"
+
+"You wrong me, Brutus; I said an older soldier, not a better. But I
+will take you on your own grounds. Have you ever seen a man stabbed or
+shot through the heart?"
+
+"I never have, but I know mighty well he wouldn't undo his necktie
+afterwards."
+
+Dupré threw back his head and laughed.
+
+"Who is flippant now?" he asked.
+
+"I don't undo my necktie; I merely tear off my collar, which a dying
+man may surely be permitted to do. But until you have seen a man die
+from such a stab as I receive every night, I don't understand how you
+can justly find fault with my rendition of the tragedy. I imagine, you
+know, that the truth lies between the two extremes. The man done to
+death would likely not make such a fuss as I make; nor would he depart
+so quickly as you say he would, without giving the gallery gods a
+show for their money. But here we are at the theatre, Carlos, and this
+acrimonious debate is closed--until we take our next walk together."
+
+In front of the theatre soldiers were on duty, marching up and down
+with muskets on their shoulders, to show that the state was mighty and
+could take care of a theatre as well as conduct a war. There were many
+loungers about, which might have indicated to a person who did not
+know, that there would be a good house when the play began. The two
+actors met the manager in the throng near the door.
+
+"How are prospects to-night?" asked Dupré.
+
+"Very poor," replied the manager. "Not half a dozen seats have been
+sold."
+
+"Then it isn't worth while beginning?"
+
+"We must begin," said the manager, lowering his voice. "The President
+has ordered me not to close the theatre."
+
+"Oh, hang the President!" cried Lemoine impatiently. "Why doesn't he
+put a stop to the war, and then the theatre would remain open of its
+own accord?"
+
+"He is doing his best to put a stop to the war, only his army does not
+carry out his orders as implicitly as our manager does," said Dupré,
+smiling at the other's vehemence.
+
+"Balmaceda is a fool," retorted the younger actor. "If he were out of
+the way the war would not last another day. I believe he is playing a
+losing game, anyhow. It's a pity he hasn't to go to the front himself,
+and then a stray bullet might find him and put an end to the war,
+which would save the lives of many better men."
+
+"I say, Lemoine, I wish you wouldn't talk like that," expostulated the
+manager gently, "especially when there are so many listeners."
+
+"Oh, the larger my audience the better I like it," rejoined Lemoine.
+"I have all an actor's vanity in that respect. I say what I think, and
+I don't care who hears me."
+
+"Yes; but you forget that we are, in a measure, guests of this
+country, and we should not abuse our hosts, or the man who represents
+them."
+
+"Ah, does he represent them? It seems to me that begs the whole
+question; that's just what the war is about. The general opinion is
+that Balmaceda misrepresents them, and that the country would be glad
+to be rid of him."
+
+"That may all be," said the manager almost in a whisper, for he was a
+man evidently inclined towards peace; "but it does not rest with us
+to say so. We are French, and I think therefore it is better not to
+express an opinion."
+
+"I'm not French," cried Lemoine. "I'm a native Chilian, and I have a
+right to abuse my own country if I choose to do so."
+
+"All the more reason, then," said the manager, looking timorously over
+his shoulder--"all the more reason that you should be careful what you
+say."
+
+"I suppose," said Dupré, by way of putting an end to the discussion,
+"it is time for us to get our war paint on. Come along, Lemoine,
+and lecture me on our mutual art, and stop talking politics--if the
+nonsense you utter about Chili and its President is politics."
+
+[Illustration: "MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."]
+
+The two actors entered the theatre; they occupied the same
+dressing-room, and the volatile Lemoine talked incessantly. Although
+there were but few people in the stalls, the gallery was well filled,
+as was usually the case. When going on for the last act in the final
+scene, Dupré whispered a word to the man who controlled the falling of
+the curtain; and when the actor, as the villain of the piece, received
+the fatal knife-thrust from the ill-used heroine, he plunged forward
+on his face and died without a struggle, to the amazement of the
+manager, who was watching the play from the front of the house, and
+to the evident bewilderment of the gallery, who had counted on an
+exciting struggle with death. Much as they desired the cutting off of
+the villain, they were not pleased to see him so suddenly shift
+his worlds without an agonizing realization of the fact that he was
+quitting an existence in which he had done nothing but evil. The
+curtain came down upon the climax, but there was no applause, and the
+audience silently filtered out into the street.
+
+"There," said Dupré, when he returned to his dressing-room, "I hope
+you are satisfied now, Lemoine, and if you are, you are the only
+satisfied person in the house. I fell perfectly flat, as you
+suggested, and you must have seen that the climax of the play fell
+flat also."
+
+"Nevertheless," persisted Lemoine stoutly, "it was the true rendition
+of the part."
+
+As they were talking, the manager came into their dressing-room. "Good
+Heavens, Dupré!" he said, "why did you end the piece in that idiotic
+way? What on earth got into you?"
+
+"The knife," said Dupré, flippantly. "It went directly through the
+heart, and Lemoine, here, insists that when that happens a man should
+fall dead instantly. I did it to please Lemoine."
+
+"But you spoiled your curtain," protested the manager.
+
+"Yes; I knew that would happen, and I told Lemoine so; but he insists
+on art for art's sake. You must expostulate with Lemoine; although I
+don't mind telling you both frankly that I don't intend to die in that
+way again."
+
+"Well, I hope not," replied the manager. "I don't want you to kill the
+play as well as yourself, you know, Dupré."
+
+Lemoine, whose face had by this time become restored to its normal
+appearance, retorted hotly:
+
+"It all goes to show how we are surrounded and hampered by the
+traditions of the stage. The gallery wants to see a man die all over
+the place, and so the victim has to scatter the furniture about and
+make a fool of himself generally, when he should quietly succumb to a
+well-deserved blow. You ask any physician, and he will tell you that
+a man stabbed or shot through the heart collapses at once. There is
+no jumping-jack business in such a case. He doesn't play at leap-frog
+with the chairs and sofas, but sinks instantly to the floor and is
+done for."
+
+"Come along, Lemoine," cried Dupré, putting on his coat, "and stop
+talking nonsense. True art consists in a judicious blending of the
+preconceived ideas of the gallery with the actual facts of the
+case. An instantaneous photograph of a trotting horse is doubtless
+technically and absolutely correct, yet it is not a true picture of
+the animal in motion."
+
+"Then you admit," said Lemoine quickly, "that I am technically correct
+in what I state about the result of such a wound?"
+
+"I admit nothing," said Dupré. "I don't believe you are correct in
+anything you say about the matter. I suppose the truth is that no two
+men die alike under the same circumstances."
+
+"They do when the heart is touched."
+
+"What absurd nonsense you talk! No two men act alike when the heart
+is touched in love; why then should they when it is touched in death?
+Come along to the hotel, and let us stop this idiotic discussion."
+
+"Ah!" sighed Lemoine, "you will throw your chances away. You are too
+careless, Dupré; you do not study enough. This kind of thing is all
+well enough in Chili, but it will wreck your chances when you go to
+Paris. If you studied more deeply, Dupré, you would take Paris by
+storm."
+
+"Thanks," said Dupré lightly; "but unless the rebels take this city
+by storm, and that shortly, we may never see Paris again. To tell the
+truth, I have no heart for anything but the heroine's knife. I am sick
+and tired of the situation here."
+
+As Dupré spoke they met a small squad of soldiers coming briskly
+towards the theatre. The man in charge evidently recognized them, for
+saying a word to his men, they instantly surrounded the two actors.
+The sergeant touched Lemoine on the shoulder, and said:
+
+"It is my duty to arrest you, sir."
+
+"In Heaven's name, why?" asked Lemoine.
+
+The man did not answer; but a soldier stepped to each side of Lemoine.
+
+"Am I under arrest also?" asked Dupré.
+
+"No."
+
+"By what authority do you arrest my friend?" inquired Dupré.
+
+"By the President's order."
+
+"But where is your authority? Where are your papers? Why is this
+arrest made?"
+
+The sergeant shook his head and said:
+
+"We have the orders of the President, and that is sufficient for us.
+Stand back, please!"
+
+The next instant Dupré found himself alone, with the squad and their
+prisoner disappearing down a back street. For a moment he stood there
+as if dazed, then he turned and ran as fast as he could back to the
+theatre again, hoping to meet a carriage for hire on the way. Arriving
+at the theatre he found the lights out and the manager on the point of
+leaving.
+
+"Lemoine has been arrested," he cried; "arrested by a squad of
+soldiers whom we met, and they said they acted by the order of the
+President."
+
+The manager seemed thunderstruck by the intelligence, and gazed
+helplessly at Dupré.
+
+"What is the charge?" he said at last.
+
+"That I do not know," answered the actor. "They simply said they were
+acting under the President's orders."
+
+"This is bad, as bad as can be," said the manager, looking over
+his shoulder, and speaking as if in fear. "Lemoine has been talking
+recklessly. I never could get him to realize that he was in Chili,
+and that he must not be so free in his speech. He always insisted that
+this was the nineteenth century, and a man could say what he liked; as
+if the nineteenth century had anything to do with Chili in its present
+state."
+
+"You don't imagine," said Dupré, with a touch of pallor coming into
+his cheeks, "that this is anything serious? It will mean nothing more
+than a day or two in prison, at the worst?"
+
+The manager shook his head and said:
+
+"We had better get a carriage and see the President as soon as
+possible. I'll undertake to send Lemoine back to Paris, or to put
+him on board one of the French iron-clads. But there is no time to be
+lost. We can probably get a carriage in the square."
+
+They found a carriage, and drove as quickly as they could to the
+residence of the President. At first they were refused admittance; but
+finally they were allowed to wait in a small room while their message
+was taken to Balmaceda. An hour passed, but still no invitation came
+to them from the President. The manager sat silent in a corner, but
+Dupré paced up and down the small room, torn with anxiety about his
+friend. At last an officer entered the room, and presented them with
+the compliments of the President, who regretted that it was impossible
+for him to see them that night. He added for their information, by
+order of the President, that Lemoine was to be shot at day-break. He
+had been tried by court-martial, and condemned to death for sedition.
+The President regretted having kept them waiting so long, but the
+court-martial had been going on when they arrived, and the President
+thought that perhaps they would be interested in the verdict. With
+that the officer escorted the two dumfounded men to the door, where
+they got into their carriage without a word. The moment they were out
+of ear-shot, the manager said to the coachman:
+
+"Drive as quickly as you can to the residence of the French minister."
+
+Every one at the French Legation had retired when the two
+panic-stricken men reached there; but after a time the secretary
+consented to see them, and on learning the seriousness of the case, he
+undertook to arouse his Excellency, and see if anything could be
+done. The minister entered the room shortly after, and listened with
+interest to what they had to say.
+
+"You have your carriage at the door?" he asked, when they had finished
+their recital.
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Then I will take it, and see the President at once. Perhaps you will
+wait here until I return."
+
+Another hour dragged its slow length along, and they were well into
+the second hour before the rattle of the wheels was heard in the
+silent street. The minister came in, and the two anxious men saw by
+his face that he had failed in his mission.
+
+"I am sorry to say," said his Excellency, "that I have been unable
+even to get the execution postponed. I did not understand, when I
+undertook the mission, that M. Lemoine was a citizen of Chili.
+You see, that fact puts the matter entirely out of my hands. I am
+powerless. I could only advise the President not to carry out his
+intentions; but he is to-night in a most unreasonable and excited
+mood, and I fear nothing can be done to save your friend. If he had
+been a citizen of France, of course this execution would not have
+been permitted to take place; but as it is, it is not our affair. M.
+Lemoine seems to have been talking with some indiscretion. He does not
+deny it himself, nor does he deny his citizenship. If he had taken a
+conciliatory attitude at the court-martial the result might not have
+been so disastrous; but it seems that he insulted the President to his
+face, and predicted that he would within two weeks meet him in Hades.
+The utmost I could do was to get the President to sign a permit for
+you to see your friend, if you present it at the prison before the
+execution takes place. I fear you have no time to lose. Here is the
+paper."
+
+Dupré took the document, and thanked his Excellency for his exertions
+on their behalf. He realized that Lemoine had sealed his own fate by
+his independence and lack of tact.
+
+The two dejected men drove from the Legation and through the deserted
+streets to the prison. They were shown through several stone-paved
+rooms to a stone-paved court-yard, and there they waited for some time
+until the prisoner was brought in between two soldiers. Lemoine had
+thrown off his coat, and appeared in his shirt-sleeves. He was not
+manacled or bound in any way, there being too many prisoners for each
+one to be allowed the luxury of fetters.
+
+"Ah," cried Lemoine, when he saw them, "I knew you would come if that
+old scoundrel of a President would allow you in, of which I had my
+doubts. How did you manage it?"
+
+"The French minister got us a permit," said Dupré.
+
+"Oh, you went to him, did you? Of course he could do nothing, for, as
+I told you, I have the misfortune to be a citizen of this country. How
+comically life is made up of trivialities! I remember once in Paris
+going with a friend to take the oath of allegiance to the French
+Republic."
+
+"And did you take it?" cried Dupré eagerly.
+
+"Alas, no! We met two other friends, and we all adjourned to a café
+and had something to drink. I little thought that bottle of champagne
+was going to cost me my life; for, of course, if I had taken the oath
+of allegiance, my friend the French minister would have bombarded the
+city before he would have allowed this execution to go on."
+
+"Then you know to what you are condemned?" said the manager, with
+tears in his eyes.
+
+"Oh, I know that Balmaceda thinks he is going to have me shot; but
+then he always was a fool, and never knew what he was talking about. I
+told him if he would allow you two in at the execution, and instead of
+ordering a whole squad to fire at me, order one expert marksman, if
+he had such a thing in his whole army, who would shoot me through
+the heart, that I would show you, Dupré, how a man dies under such
+circumstances; but the villain refused. The usurper has no soul for
+art, or for anything else, for that matter. I hope you two won't mind
+my death. I assure you I don't mind it myself I would much rather be
+shot than live in this confounded country any longer. But I have made
+up my mind to cheat old Balmaceda if I can, and I want you, Dupré, to
+pay particular attention, and not to interfere."
+
+As Lemoine said this he quickly snatched from the sheath at the
+soldier's side the bayonet which hung at his hip. The soldiers were
+standing one to the right and one to the left of him, with their hands
+interlaced over the muzzles of their guns, whose butts rested on the
+stone floor. They apparently paid no attention to the conversation
+that was going on, if they understood it, which was unlikely. Lemoine
+had the bayonet in his hands before either of the four men present
+knew what he was doing.
+
+Grasping both hands over the butt of the bayonet, with the point
+towards his breast, he thrust the blade with desperate energy nearly
+through his body. The whole action was done so quickly that no one
+realized what had happened until Lemoine threw his hands up and they
+saw the bayonet sticking in his breast. A look of agony came in the
+wounded man's eyes, and his lips whitened. He staggered against
+the soldier at his right, who gave way with the impact, and then he
+tottered against the whitewashed stone wall, his right arm sweeping
+automatically up and down the wall as if he were brushing something
+from the stones. A groan escaped him, and he dropped on one knee. His
+eyes turned helplessly towards Dupré, and he gasped out the words:
+
+"My God!--you were right--after all."
+
+Then he fell forward on his face, and the tragedy ended.
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+MR. WARD'S STORY "THE SILENT WITNESS."
+
+We published in our January number the first of a series of stories by
+Herbert D. Ward, in which Mr. Ward will exhibit in dramatic form some
+monstrous imperfections in the present modes of judicial procedure.
+That there is great need of such a study is shown by the remarkable
+effect produced by the story already published, "The Silent Witness."
+In various parts of the country the press has taken particular notice
+of the story and of the question with which it deals. A recent
+number of "The Argus," Avoca, Pennsylvania, contained the following
+editorial:
+
+
+"JUSTICE, WHERE ART THOU?"
+
+"'The Silent Witness,' a powerful story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE for
+January, portrays in a graphic and thrilling manner the evil, which
+in some cases amounts almost to a horror, of holding in confinement
+witnesses in cases of capital crime who are unable to furnish bail.
+
+"The story tells of a young and stalwart country lad who goes to
+Boston in search of fortune, and on the night of his arrival, while
+wandering about in quest of lodgings to suit his scanty purse, is the
+unwilling witness of a murder.
+
+"He is arrested and held in the city jail to await the trial of the
+murderer.
+
+"The news of his imprisonment reaches his widow mother up among the
+New Hampshire hills. She knows nothing of the circumstances further
+than the rumors brought to her by her country neighbors. She dies of a
+broken heart, though never doubting the innocence of her noble-hearted
+boy.
+
+"The unfortunate young man learns of her death through his sweetheart,
+who comes to the Boston prison to see him.
+
+"His grief is beyond endurance, and he curses the law that forces such
+suffering upon the innocent. He has brain fever, and when the case
+is called several months after the incarceration, the sheriff, who is
+asked to produce the only witness for the commonwealth, responds that
+he died that morning.
+
+"The murderer, a saloon-keeper and ward man, has been at liberty under
+bail during the time that the innocent witness has been suffering the
+untold agony experienced by one who comes with spotless character
+from green fields and rural simplicity to the company of felons in a
+wretched cell. There being no witnesses against him at the trial, a
+_nolle prosequi_ is found, and he goes free.
+
+"This story is fiction, but it is not overdrawn. Such horrible things
+do happen in these _fin-de-siècle_ days in a civilized country.
+
+"In Scranton, only this week, a woman, Mrs. Nicotera, was released
+after having been in custody since February 28th last, as a witness in
+the Rosa murder case. She was confined with, her husband, who was also
+a witness, in the Lackawanna county jail until her health broke down,
+when she was removed to the Lackawanna hospital.
+
+"On Tuesday she was released on her own recognizance. Her husband had
+been given his liberty in a similar manner some weeks before. She was
+thin and pale when she appeared in court, and had evidently passed
+through severe suffering. Careful nursing will be required to restore
+her to health.
+
+"It would seem as if some means of meeting the ends of justice could
+be devised without the necessity of subjecting innocent persons to a
+felon's fate for simply being a chance witness of an affair that is to
+be brought into the court."
+
+In the editorial columns of a recent number of the Cleveland, Ohio,
+"World" appeared the following:
+
+
+"A DISGRACE TO CIVILIZATION."
+
+"A heart-breaking story, founded on fact, in McCLURE's MAGAZINE
+for the current month, is an arraignment of the nineteenth century
+civilization that, considering its boasts of enlightenment and
+decency, is as horrible an official crime as any that has given so
+dark a stain to Russian treatment of innocence."
+
+Following this is a long outline of Mr. Ward's story, and then the
+article continues:
+
+"It is impossible to conceive of more awful inhuman injustice than
+this. But the story is not overdrawn. It has happened with variations
+scores, if not hundreds, of times. It is occurring or liable to occur
+this very day, not alone in Boston, but in Cleveland.
+
+"At a meeting of the judges, a short time ago, Judge Lamson used the
+following language:
+
+"'The detention of innocent persons as witnesses is, under the best
+of circumstances, bad. It is clearly the duty of the people of this
+country or their representatives to see that the present disgraceful
+method in vogue in the county jail is abolished. We have no right,
+under any law, to place innocent persons on a plane with criminals. It
+is nothing more or less than an outrage, inflicted on helpless people.
+I hope that the people of this county will be aroused to the enormity
+of this problem, and very soon put an end to this imposition.'
+
+"And the counterpart of the story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE has happened
+here within a short time. Lewis Gerardin, a sailor, was released last
+April, after being detained six months. Several months before, Frank
+Blaha, a saloon-keeper, who committed the crime of murder in the
+second degree, managed to get bail. While Gerardin was held he
+received pathetic letters from his wife and family begging him to come
+home. They did not know why he was held, and he said that if they were
+to learn of his imprisonment they could not understand his innocence
+of crime. One day a letter was received from home, announcing that his
+favorite little son had died but a week before. The last words of the
+child called for his father. But Gerardin was not released until the
+prosecutor was ready to dismiss him.
+
+"Such possibilities are a disgrace to any community that tolerates
+such a horrible law or such a feeble administration of it, and such
+callousness to human suffering that it will not save these innocent
+victims from its outrageous injustice. When to this brutality are
+added the comparative safety of the criminal, and the vile jails and
+the vile inmates with whom young boys and girls and honest men and
+decent women are thrown for the crime of witnessing a crime, it
+convicts the civilization of the age with a combination of stupidity
+and heartlessness that had better say nothing of the Czar of Russia or
+the ferocious Kurds. In its essential injustice and inhumanity it is
+not many removes from the lynchings of the South."
+
+
+THE REAL LINCOLN.
+
+The "McClure's Early Life of Lincoln," which has just been published,
+is worthy of comment in these pages for several reasons.
+
+1st. It contains no less than twenty portraits of Lincoln; and
+although this is only one-third of the number that will appear in
+the whole life, it is more than twice as many as have appeared in
+any previous life. Furthermore, most of the portraits are new to the
+public.
+
+2d. There are a large number of entirely fresh documents, several
+of which are absolutely essential to a full understanding of Abraham
+Lincoln, and some of which make it necessary to revise our opinion of
+Lincoln's career.
+
+3d. It contains a remarkable record of the achievements of the Lincoln
+family, whose services to the country extended through nearly a
+century--a century which included the Revolutionary War and the Civil
+War. Lincoln himself was ignorant of much of the history we have given
+about his ancestors; but in the light of the facts set forth, his
+career is logical and easily understood.
+
+4th. We have shown by new documents that Lincoln's father was by no
+means the colorless individual we have hitherto understood him to be.
+The reminiscences of Christopher Columbus Graham, first published in
+this volume, together with records we have unearthed in Kentucky, show
+that Thomas Lincoln was the owner of a farm three years before his
+marriage, that he was a good carpenter, and that he was held in esteem
+by his neighbors; while according to Mr. Graham, Thomas's brother
+Mordecai (uncle of Abraham Lincoln) was a member of the Kentucky
+legislature. His two sisters married into leading families.
+
+5th. In regard to Lincoln personally, we have shown how thoroughly he
+educated himself, so that at twenty-six he was able to more than hold
+his own as a member of the legislature of Illinois.
+
+It does not detract from the great fame of Abraham Lincoln to show
+that he was a worthy son of a splendid ancestry, for his extraordinary
+personality would be just as hard to account for had he been a
+scion of the most notable family in the world. When a man climbs the
+Matterhorn it matters little whether he began his journey at Zermatt
+or a few furlongs farther on.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LINCOLN IN 1860--J. HENRY BROWN'S JOURNAL.
+
+As stated in the note to the portrait of Lincoln which makes the
+frontispiece of this number of the MAGAZINE, the late J. Henry Brown,
+who went to Springfield, Illinois, in 1860, and painted a miniature
+of Mr. Lincoln on ivory, left at his death a manuscript journal
+which contains interesting entries regarding Mr. Brown's sojourn in
+Springfield and his acquaintance with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln. We print
+herewith this part of the journal entire:
+
+  1860.                        AUGUST, _Continued_.
+
+  Spring-  Illinois. 12. Sunday. Arrived here at three o'clock
+  field                    this morning. Wrote some letters.
+  "        "      13. Called at Mr. Lincoln's house to see him.  As
+                      he was not in, I was directed to the Executive
+                      Chamber, in the State Capitol. I found him
+                      there. Handed him my letters from Judge Read.
+                      He at once consented to sit for his picture.
+                      We walked together from the Executive Chamber
+                      to a daguerrean establishment. I had a half
+                      dozen of ambrotypes taken of him before I
+                      could get one to suit me. I was at once most
+                      favorably impressed with Mr. Lincoln. In the
+                      afternoon I unpacked my painting materials.
+  "        "      14. Commenced Mr. Lincoln's picture; at it all day.
+  "        "      15. At Mr. Lincoln's picture.
+  "        "      16. Mr. Lincoln gave me his first sitting, in the
+                      library room of the State Capitol. Called
+                      to see Mrs. Lincoln; much pleased with her.
+                      Wrote five letters.
+  "        "  17, 18. At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Received an
+                      invitation from Mrs. Lincoln to take tea with
+                      them.
+  "        "      19. Sunday. Wrote letters.
+  "        "      20. Mr. Lincoln's second sitting. Have arranged to
+                      have his sittings in the Representative
+                      Chamber.
+  "        "      21. At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Heard from home; all
+                      well.
+  "        "      22. Mr. Lincoln's third sitting.
+  "        "      23. At Mr. Lincoln's picture.
+  "        "      24. Mr. Lincoln's fourth sitting.
+  "        "      25. Mr. Lincoln's fifth and last sitting. The
+                      picture gives great satisfaction; Mrs.  Lincoln
+                      speaks of it in the most extravagant terms of
+                      approbation.
+  "        "      26. Sunday. At church. Saw Mr. Lincoln there. I
+                      hardly know how to express the strength of my
+                      personal regard for Mr. Lincoln. I never saw a
+                      man for whom I so soon formed an attachment. I
+                      like him much, and agree with him in all things
+                      but his politics. He is kind and very sociable;
+                      immensely popular among the people of
+                      Springfield; even those opposed to him in
+                      politics speak of him in unqualified terms of
+                      praise. He is fifty-one years old, six feet
+                      four inches high, and weighs one hundred and
+                      sixty pounds.  There are so many hard lines in
+                      his face that it becomes a mask to the inner
+                      man. His true character only shines out when
+                      in an animated conversation, or when telling an
+                      amusing tale, of which he is very fond. He is
+                      said to be a homely man; I do not think so.
+                      Mrs. Lincoln is a very fine-looking woman,
+                      apparently in excellent health, and seems to be
+                      about forty or forty-five years of age.
+  "        "      27. The people of Springfield who have seen Mr.
+                      Lincoln's picture speak of it in strong terms
+                      of approbation, declaring it to be the best
+                      that has yet been taken of him.  Received a
+                      letter from Mr. Lincoln indorsing the picture;
+                      also one from Mrs. Lincoln expressing her
+                      unqualified satisfaction with it; also one
+                      from Mr. John G. Nicolay, Mr.  Lincoln's
+                      confidential clerk; and one from the man who
+                      took the ambrotype. This would be, I suppose,
+                      the proper place to say a word about
+                      Springfield, the prairie city, as it is
+                      sometimes called. It is a very pretty place;
+                      the streets eighty feet wide.  It contains many
+                      very fine buildings, and has a population of
+                      about ten thousand.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol.
+VI., No. 4., by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol. VI.,
+No. 4., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol. VI., No. 4.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 10, 2004 [EBook #14319]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h4>March, 1896.</h4>
+    <h4>Vol. VI. No. 4</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+
+    <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+<div class="toc">
+<p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p>
+<p>ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell. <a href="#page307">307</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln Is Admitted to the Bar. <a href="#page310">310</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln in the Tenth Assembly of Illinois. <a href="#page312">312</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Removal of the Capital to Springfield. <a href="#page315">315</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln's First Reported Speech. <a href="#page317">317</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Abraham Lincoln's First Protest Against Slavery. <a href="#page320">320</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Social Life in Vandalia in 1836 and 1837. <a href="#page321">321</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln Moves to Springfield. <a href="#page322">322</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln's Position in Springfield. <a href="#page325">325</a></p>
+<p>THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF. By Rudyard Kipling. <a href="#page328">328</a></p>
+<p>A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.<a href="#page337">337</a></p>
+<p>CY AND I. By Eugene Field. <a href="#page353">353</a></p>
+<p>A YOUNG HERO. By John Hay. <a href="#page354">354</a></p>
+<p>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. <a href="#page361">361</a></p>
+<p>LOST YOUTH. By R.L. Steveson. <a href="#page369">369</a></p>
+<p>THE DIVIDED HOUSE. By Julia D. Whiting. <a href="#page370">370</a></p>
+<p>SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING. By Cleveland Moffett. <a href="#page379">379</a></p>
+<p class="i4">How to Make a Scientific Kite. <a href="#page380">380</a></p>
+<p class="i4">How to Send Up a Kite. <a href="#page382">382</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Runaway Tandems. <a href="#page383">383</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Lifting Power of Kites. <a href="#page384">384</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Meteorological Use of Kites. <a href="#page386">386</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Highest Flight Ever Made by a Kite. <a href="#page387">387</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Drawing Down Electricity by a Kite-string. <a href="#page390">390</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Use of Kites in Photography. <a href="#page390">390</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Possible Use of Kites in War. <a href="#page391">391</a></p>
+<p>A DRAMATIC POINT. By Robert Barr. <a href="#page393">393</a></p>
+<p>EDITORIAL NOTES. <a href="#page399">399</a></p>
+<p class="i4">"Justice, Where Art Thou?" <a href="#page399">399</a></p>
+<p class="i4">"A Disgrace to Civilization." <a href="#page399">399</a></p>
+<p class="i4">The Real Lincoln. <a href="#page400">400</a></p>
+<p class="i4">Lincoln in 1860--J. Henry Brown's Journal. <a href="#page400">400</a></p>
+
+    <hr />
+    <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+    <a name="illustrations" id="illustrations"></a>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig306">LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig309">LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig310">EBENEZER PECK.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-1">NINIAN W. EDWARDS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-2">JOB FLETCHER, SR.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-3">WILLIAM F. ELKINS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-4">ROBERT L. WILSON.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig311-5">JOHN DAWSON.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig312">ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig313">LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig314">FRONTISPIECE OF "ALTON TRIALS."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig315-1">STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig315-2">OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig316">STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig317-1">A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig317-2">MARY L. OWENS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig318">LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig319">PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig320">OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig322">INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig324">MAP OF ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig328">THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig330">THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig333">"AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig338-1">THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig338-2">DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig339">GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig340">ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig341">THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig342">CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig343">CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig344">SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A PAINTING BY</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig345">THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT IN THE</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig346">INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig347">DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig348">A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig349">APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig350">THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A PAINTING</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig351">DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig354">HENRY H. MILLER,</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig355">ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig356">ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO COMPANY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig357">FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig358">THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig359">THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH COLONEL</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig360">COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig362">"THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig364">ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig365-1">"THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig365-2">THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL CALLED "THE</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig367">HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig369">ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig367">"'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig372">THE DIVIDED HOUSE.--"ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL MORE AND</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig373">AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ...</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig375">EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig377">"LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig379">HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig380">Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig381">Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig382">THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig383">THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig384">NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig385">PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig386">CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig387">Murray Street. Warren Street.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig388-1">KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig388-2">DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig389">THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.</a></p>
+<p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig395">MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/306.jpg" name="fig306" id="fig306">
+<img src="images/306.jpg" alt="LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+<p>From an ambrotype taken in Springfield, Illinois, on August 13,
+1860, and now owned by Mr. William H. Lambert of Philadelphia,
+through whose courtesy we are allowed to reproduce it here. This
+ambrotype was bought by Mr. Lambert from Mr. W.P. Brown of
+Philadelphia. Mr. Brown writes of the portrait: "This picture, along
+with another one of the same kind, was presented by President
+Lincoln to my father, J. Henry Brown, deceased (miniature artist),
+after he had finished painting Lincoln's picture on ivory, at
+Springfield, Illinois. The commission was given my father by Judge
+Read (John M. Read of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania),
+immediately after Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency. One of
+the ambrotypes I sold to the Historical Society of Boston,
+Massachusetts, and it is now in their possession." The miniature
+referred to is now owned by Mr. Robert T. Lincoln. It was engraved
+by Samuel Sartain, and circulated widely before the inauguration.
+After Mr. Lincoln grew a beard, Sartain put a beard on his plate,
+and the engraving continued to sell extensively. While Mr. Brown was
+in Springfield painting the miniature he kept a journal, which Mr.
+Lambert also owns and which he has generously put at our disposal.
+It will be found on page 400.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page307" id="page307"></a>[pg 307]</span>
+
+
+<h2>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h4>
+
+<h3>LINCOLN'S ELECTION TO THE TENTH ASSEMBLY.&mdash;ADMISSION TO THE BAR.&mdash;
+REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.</h3>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterT.jpg" name="fig307-1" id="fig307-1"><img  src="images/LetterT.jpg" alt="Letter T" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">HE first twenty-six years of Abraham Lincoln's life have been
+traced in the preceding chapters. We have seen him struggling to
+escape from the lot of a common farm laborer, to which he seemed to
+be born; becoming a flatboatman, a grocery clerk, a store-keeper, a
+postmaster, and finally a surveyor. We have traced his efforts to
+rise above the intellectual apathy and the indifference to culture
+which characterized the people among whom he was reared, by studying
+with eagerness every subject on which he could find
+books,&mdash;biography, state history, mathematics, grammar,
+surveying, and finally law. We have followed his growth in ambition
+and in popularity from the day when, on a keg in an Indiana grocery,
+he debated the contents of the Louisville "Journal" with a company
+of admiring elders, to the time when, purely because he was liked,
+he was elected to the State Assembly of Illinois by the people of
+Sangamon County. His joys and sorrows have been reviewed from his
+childhood in Kentucky to the day of the death of the woman he loved
+and had hoped to make his wife. These twenty-six years form the
+first period of Lincoln's life. It was a period of makeshifts and
+experiments, ending in a tragic sorrow; but at its close he had
+definite aims, and preparation and experience enough to convince him
+that he dared follow them. Law and politics were the fields he had
+chosen, and in the first year of the second period of his life,
+1836, he entered them definitely.</p>
+
+<p>The Ninth General Assembly of Illinois, in which Lincoln had done
+his preparatory work as a legislator, was dissolved, and in June,
+1836, he announced himself as a candidate for the Tenth Assembly. A
+few days later the "Sangamon Journal" published his simple
+platform:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right">NEW SALEM, <i>June 13, 1836</i>.</p>
+<p class="close">"TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'JOURNAL':</p>
+
+<p>"In your paper of last Saturday I see a communication over the
+signature of 'Many Voters,' in which the candidates who are
+announced in the 'Journal' are called upon to 'show their hands.'
+Agreed. Here's mine:</p>
+
+<p>I go for all sharing the privileges of the government who assist
+in bearing its burdens. Consequently, I go for admitting all whites
+to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or bear arms (by no means
+excluding females).</p>
+
+<p>If elected, I shall consider the whole people of Sangamon my
+constituents, as well those that oppose as those that support
+me.</p>
+
+<p>While acting as their representative, I shall be governed by
+their will on all subjects upon which I have the means of knowing
+what their will is; and upon all others, I shall do what my own
+judgment teaches me will best advance their interests. Whether
+elected or not, I go for distributing the proceeds of the sales of
+public lands to the several States, to enable our State, in common
+with others, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page308"
+id="page308"></a>[pg 308]</span> to dig canals and construct
+railroads without borrowing money and paying the interest on it.</p>
+
+<p>"If alive on the first Monday in November, I shall vote for Hugh
+L. White for President.</p>
+
+<p >"Very respectfully,</p>
+<p class="author">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The campaign which Lincoln began with this letter was in every
+way more exciting for him than those of 1832 and 1834. Since the
+last election a census had been taken in Illinois which showed so
+large an increase in the population that the legislative districts
+had been reapportioned and the General Assembly increased by fifty
+members. In this reapportionment Sangamon County's delegation had
+been enlarged to seven representatives and two senators. This gave
+large new opportunity to political ambition, and doubled the
+enthusiasm of political meetings.</p>
+
+<p>But the increase of the representation was not all that made the
+campaign exciting. Party lines had never before been so clearly
+drawn, nor personal abuse quite so intense. One of Lincoln's first
+acts was to answer a personal attack. He did it in a letter marked
+by candor, good-humor, and shrewdness.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right">"NEW SALEM, <i>June 21, 1836</i>.</p>
+<p class="close">"DEAR COLONEL:</p>
+
+<p>"I am told that during my absence last week you passed through the
+place and stated publicly that you were in possession of a fact or
+facts which, if known to the public, would entirely destroy the
+prospects of N.W. Edwards and myself at the ensuing election; but
+that through favor to us you would forbear to divulge them. No one
+has needed favors more than I, and generally few have been less
+unwilling to accept them; but in this case favor to me would be
+injustice to the public, and therefore I must beg your pardon for
+declining it. That I once had the confidence of the people of
+Sangamon County is sufficiently evident; and if I have done
+anything, either by design or misadventure, which if known would
+subject me to a forfeiture of that confidence, he that knows of that
+thing and conceals it is a traitor to his country's interest.</p>
+
+<p>"I find myself wholly unable to form any conjecture of what fact
+or facts, real or supposed, you spoke; but my opinion of your
+veracity will not permit me for a moment to doubt that you at least
+believed what you said. I am flattered with the personal regard you
+manifested for me; but I do hope that on mature reflection you will
+view the public interest as a paramount consideration and therefore
+let the worst come.</p>
+
+<p>"I assure you that the candid statement of facts on your part,
+however low it may sink me, shall never break the ties of personal
+friendship between us.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish an answer to this, and you are at liberty to publish both
+if you choose.</p>
+
+<p>"Very respectfully,</p>
+<p class="author">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+<p>"COLONEL ROBERT ALLEN."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Usually during the campaign Lincoln was obliged to meet personal
+attacks, not by letter, but on the platform. Joshua Speed, who later
+became the most intimate friend that Lincoln probably ever had,
+tells of one occasion when he was obliged to meet such an attack on
+the very spur of the moment. A great mass-meeting was in progress at
+Springfield, and Lincoln had made a speech which had produced a deep
+impression. "I was then fresh from Kentucky," says Mr. Speed, "and
+had heard many of her great orators. It seemed to me then, as it
+seems to me now, that I never heard a more effective speaker. He
+carried the crowd with him, and swayed them as he pleased. So deep
+an impression did he make that George Forquer, a man of much
+celebrity as a sarcastic speaker and with a great reputation
+throughout the State as an orator, rose and asked the people to hear
+<i>him</i>. He began his speech by saying that this young man would have
+to be taken down, and he was sorry that the task devolved upon him.
+He made what was called one of his 'slasher-gaff' speeches, dealing
+much in ridicule and sarcasm. Lincoln stood near him, with his arms
+folded, never interrupting him. When Forquer was done, Lincoln
+walked to the stand, and replied so fully and completely that his
+friends bore him from the court-house on their shoulders.</p>
+
+<p>"So deep an impression did this first speech make upon me that I
+remember its conclusion now, after a lapse of thirty-eight years.
+Said he:</p>
+
+<p>"'The gentleman commenced his speech by saying that this young
+man would have to be taken down, and he was sorry the task devolved
+upon him. I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trade
+of a politician; but live long or die young, I would rather die now
+than, like the gentleman, change my politics and simultaneous with
+the change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year,
+and then have to erect a lightning-rod over my house to protect a
+guilty conscience from an offended God.'</p>
+
+<p>"To understand the point of this it must be explained that
+Forquer had been a Whig, but had changed his politics, and had been
+appointed Register of the Land Office; and over his house was the
+only lightning-rod in the town or country. Lincoln had seen the
+lightning-rod for the first time on the day before."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page309" id="page309"></a>[pg 309]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/309.jpg" name="fig309" id="fig309">
+<img src="images/309.jpg" alt="LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+<p>From a carbon enlargement, made by Sherman and McHugh of New York
+City, of an ambrotype owned by Mr. A. Montgomery of Columbus, Ohio,
+to whose generosity we owe the right of reproduction. This portrait
+of Lincoln was made in June, 1860, by Butler, a Springfield
+(Illinois) photographer. On July 4th of that year, Mr. Lincoln
+delivered an address at Atlanta, Illinois, where he was the guest of
+Mr. Vester Strong. Before leaving town he handed Mr. Strong the
+ambrotype which we copy here. Mr. Strong valued the picture highly,
+but as he had no children to whom to leave it, and as he wished it
+to be in the care of one who would appreciate its value, he gave it
+a few years ago to Mr. Montgomery.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page310" id="page310"></a>[pg 310]</span>
+
+<p>This speech has never been forgotten in Springfield, and on my
+visits there I have repeatedly had the site of the house on which
+this particular lightning-rod was placed pointed out, and one or
+another of the many versions which the story has been given, related
+to me.</p>
+
+<p>It was the practice at that date in Illinois for two rival
+candidates to travel over the district together. The custom led to
+much good-natured raillery between them; and in such contests
+Lincoln was rarely, if ever, worsted. He could even turn the
+generosity of his rival to account by his whimsical treatment, as
+the following shows: He had driven out from Springfield in company
+with a political opponent to engage in joint debate. The carriage,
+it seems, belonged to his opponent. In addressing the gathering of
+farmers that met them, Lincoln was lavish in praise of the
+generosity of his friend. "I am too poor to own a carriage," he
+said, "but my friend has generously invited me to ride with him. I
+want you to vote for me if you will; but if not, then vote for my
+opponent, for he is a fine man." His extravagant and persistent
+praise of his opponent appealed to the sense of humor in his farmer
+audience, to whom Lincoln's inability to own a carriage was by no
+means a disqualification.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a>
+<a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The election came off in August, and resulted in the choice of a
+delegation from Sangamon County famous in the annals of Illinois.
+The nine successful candidates were Abraham Lincoln, John Dawson,
+Daniel Stone, Ninian W. Edwards, William F. Elkins, R.L. Wilson,
+Andrew McCormick, Job Fletcher, and Arthur Herndon. Each one of
+these men was over six feet in height, their combined stature being,
+it is said, fifty-five feet. The "Long Nine" was the name Sangamon
+County gave them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<a href="images/310.jpg" name="fig310" id="fig310">
+<img src="images/310.jpg" alt="EBENEZER PECK." /></a>
+<h5>EBENEZER PECK.</h5>
+
+<p>Ebenezer Peck, who was chiefly instrumental in introducing the
+convention system into Illinois politics, was born in Portland,
+Maine, May 22, 1805. He lived for some time in Peacham, Vermont,
+where he was educated. While yet a boy, removed with his parents to
+Canada. He studied law at Montreal, and practised there; became
+King's Counsel for Canada East, and was finally elected to the
+provincial parliament on the Reform ticket. In the summer of 1835 he
+removed to Chicago, and there, as a lawyer and a politician, he at
+once made his mark. He was a delegate to the first Democratic State
+convention in Illinois, held at Vandalia, December 7, 1835, and was
+the chief advocate of the general adoption of the convention
+system&mdash;a system which was at first opposed and ridiculed by
+the Whigs, but which very soon they were forced to adopt. In 1837
+Mr. Peck was made one of the Internal Improvement Commissioners. In
+1838 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1840 to the House.
+He was clerk of the Supreme Court from 1841 to 1848, and reporter of
+that court from 1849 to 1863. His anti-slavery sentiments led him to
+abandon the Democratic party in 1853, and in 1856 he helped
+establish the Republican party in the State. He was again elected to
+the legislature in 1858. In 1863 President Lincoln appointed him a
+judge of the Court of Claims, and he held this position until 1875.
+He died May 25, 1881.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>LINCOLN IS ADMITTED TO THE BAR.</h4>
+
+<p>As soon as the election was over Lincoln occupied himself in
+settling another matter, of much greater moment, in his own
+judgment. He went to Springfield to seek admission to the bar. The
+"roll of attorneys and counsellors at law," on file in the office of
+the clerk of the Supreme Court at Springfield, Illinois, shows that
+his license was dated September 9, 1836, and that the date of the
+enrollment of his name upon the official list was March 1, 1837. The
+first case in which he was concerned, as far as we know, was that of
+Hawthorn against Woolridge. He made his first appearance in court in
+October, 1836.</p>
+
+<p>Although he had given much time during this year to politics and
+the law, he had by no means abandoned surveying. Indeed he never had
+more calls. Surveying was particularly brisk at the moment, and he
+frequently was obliged to be away for three and four weeks at a
+time, laying out towns or locating roads. "When he got a job," says
+the Hon. J.M. Ruggles, a friend and political supporter of Mr.
+Lincoln, "there was a picnic and jolly time in the neighborhood. Men
+and boys would gather around, ready to carry chain, drive stakes,
+and blaze trees, but mainly to hear Lincoln's odd stories and jokes.
+The fun was interspersed with foot races and wrestling matches. To
+this day the old settlers around Bath repeat the incidents of
+Lincoln's sojourns in their neighborhood while surveying that
+town."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page311" id="page311"></a>[pg 311]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<div class="figleft" style="width:27%">
+<a href="images/311-1.jpg" name="fig311-1" id="fig311-1">
+<img src="images/311-1.jpg" alt="NINIAN W. EDWARDS." /></a>
+<h5>NINIAN W. EDWARDS.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:32%">
+<a href="images/311-3.jpg" name="fig311-3" id="fig311-3">
+<img src="images/311-3.jpg" alt="WILLIAM F. ELKINS." /></a>
+<h5>WILLIAM F. ELKINS.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:27%">
+<a href="images/311-2.jpg" name="fig311-2" id="fig311-2">
+<img src="images/311-2.jpg" alt="JOB FLETCHER, SR." /></a>
+<h5>JOB FLETCHER, SR.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%">
+<a href="images/311-4.jpg" name="fig311-4" id="fig311-4">
+<img  src="images/311-4.jpg" alt="ROBERT L. WILSON." /></a>
+<h5>ROBERT L. WILSON.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:45%">
+<a href="images/311-5.jpg" name="fig311-5" id="fig311-5">
+<img  src="images/311-5.jpg" alt="JOHN DAWSON." /></a>
+<h5>JOHN DAWSON.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+<h5>MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON COUNTY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+ASSEMBLY&mdash;THE DELEGATION KNOWN AS THE "LONG NINE."</h5>
+
+<p>NINIAN W. EDWARDS was born in Kentucky in 1809, a son of Ninian
+Edwards, who in the same year was appointed Governor of the new
+Territory of Illinois. Mr. Edwards was appointed Attorney-General of
+Illinois in 1834; in 1836 was elected to the legislature; was
+reëlected in 1838; served in the State Senate from 1844 to 1848, and
+again in the House from 1848 to 1852. He was a member of the
+constitutional convention of 1847. He died at Springfield, September
+2, 1889.</p>
+
+<p>JOB FLETCHER, SR., was born in Virginia in 1793; removed to
+Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1819. In 1826 he was elected to the
+Illinois House of Representatives, and in 1834 to the State Senate,
+where he served six years. He died in Sangamon County in 1872.</p>
+
+<p>WILLIAM F. ELKINS was born in Kentucky in 1792. He went to
+Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1825. In 1828, 1836, and 1838 he was
+elected to the legislature. In 1831 he raised a company for the
+Black Hawk War, and was its captain. In 1861 President Lincoln
+appointed him Register of the United States Land Office at
+Springfield, an office which he held until 1872, when he resigned.
+He died at Decatur, Illinois, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>ROBERT LANG WILSON was born in Pennsylvania in 1805. In 1831 he
+went to Kentucky; in 1833 removed to Sangamon County, Illinois; in
+1836 was elected to the Illinois House. He removed to Sterling,
+Illinois, in 1840, and died there in 1880. For some years he was
+paymaster in the United States Army.</p>
+
+<p>JOHN DAWSON was born in Virginia in 1791; he removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1827. He was elected to the lower house of the
+legislature in 1830, 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1846. He was a member of
+the constitutional convention of 1847. He died November 12,
+1850.</p>
+
+<p>The other members of the "Long Nine" were Abraham Lincoln, Daniel
+Stone, Andrew McCormick, and Arthur Herndon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page312" id="page312"></a>[pg 312]</span>
+
+
+<h4>LINCOLN IN THE TENTH ASSEMBLY OF
+ILLINOIS</h4>
+
+<p>In December Lincoln put away his surveying instruments to go to
+Vandalia for the opening session of the Tenth Assembly. Larger by
+fifty members than its predecessor, this body was as much superior
+in intellect as in numbers. It included among its members a future
+President of the United States, a future candidate for the same high
+office, six future United States Senators, eight future members of
+the National House of Representatives, a future Secretary of the
+Interior, and three future Judges of the State Supreme Court. Here
+sat side by side Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas; Edward
+Dickinson Baker, who represented at different times the States of
+Illinois and Oregon in the national councils; O.H. Browning, a
+prospective senator and future cabinet officer, and William L.D.
+Ewing, who had just served in the senate; John Logan, father of the
+late General John A. Logan; Robert M. Cullom, father of Senator
+Shelby M. Cullom; John A. McClernand, afterward member of Congress
+for many years, and a distinguished general in the late Civil War;
+and many others of national repute.<a id="footnotetag2"
+name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<a href="images/312.jpg" name="fig312" id="fig312">
+<img src="images/312.jpg" alt="ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY." /></a>
+<h5>ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.</h5>
+
+<p>From a silhouette loaned by Mr. Owen Lovejoy of Princeton,
+Illinois. Elijah Lovejoy was born in Maine in 1802. When twenty-five
+years old he emigrated to St. Louis, where he at first did
+journalistic work on a Whig newspaper. In 1833 he entered the
+ministry, and was soon after made editor of a religious newspaper,
+the "St. Louis Observer." Mr. Lovejoy began, in 1835, to turn his
+paper against slavery, but the opposition he found in Missouri was
+so strong that in the summer of 1836 he decided to move his paper to
+Alton, Illinois. Before he could get his plant out of St. Louis a
+mob destroyed the greater part. The remainder he succeeded in
+getting to Alton, but a mob met it there and threw it into the
+river. The citizens of Alton, ashamed of this act, gave Mr. Lovejoy
+money to buy a new press. At first the tone of the paper was
+moderate, but gradually it grew more emphatic in its utterances
+against slavery. The pro-slavery element of the town protested,
+indignation meetings were held, and in August, 1837, his press was
+thrown into the river. Another was immediately bought, which, in
+September, followed its predecessor to the bottom of the
+Mississippi. When it was known in Alton that Mr. Lovejoy had ordered
+a fourth press, and had resolved to fight the opposition to the end,
+a public meeting was called, at which many speeches were made on
+both sides, and he was urged to leave Alton. This he refused to do,
+and his fourth press was landed on November 6, 1837. The next night
+a mob attacked the warehouse where it was placed, and in the riot
+one of the assailants, Lyman Bishop, and Elijah Lovejoy himself were
+killed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The members came to Vandalia full of hope and exultation. In
+their judgment it needed only a few months of legislation to put
+their State by the side of New York; and from the opening of the
+session they were overflowing with excitement and schemes. In the
+general ebullition of spirits which characterized the Assembly,
+Lincoln had little share. Only a week after the opening of the
+session he wrote to a friend, Mary Owens, at New Salem, that he had
+been ill, though he believed himself to be about well then; and he
+added: "But that, with other things I cannot account for, have
+conspired, and have gotten my spirits so low that I feel I would
+rather be any place in the world than here. I really cannot endure
+the thought of staying here ten weeks."</p>
+
+<p>Though depressed, he was far from being inactive. The Sangamon
+delegation, in fact, had their hands full, and to no one of the nine
+had more been entrusted than to Lincoln. In common with almost every
+delegation, they had been instructed by their constituents to adopt
+a scheme of internal improvements complete enough to give every
+budding town in Illinois easy communication with the world. This for
+the State in general; for Sangamon County in particular, they had
+been directed to secure the capital. The change in the State's
+centre of population made it advisable to move the seat of
+government northward from Vandalia, and Springfield was anxious to
+secure it. To Lincoln was entrusted the work of putting through the
+bill to remove the capital. In the same letter quoted from above he
+tells Miss Owens, "Our chance to take the seat of government to
+Springfield is better than I expected." Regarding the internal
+improvements scheme he feels less confident: "Some of the
+legislature are for it, and some against; which has the majority, I
+cannot tell."</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page313"
+id="page313"></a>[pg 313]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="80%">
+<a href="images/313.jpg" name="fig313" id="fig313">
+<img src="images/313.jpg" alt="LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864." /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Brady, and kindly loaned by Mr. Noah Brooks for this
+reproduction.</p>
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page314" id="page314"></a>[pg 314]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<a href="images/314.jpg" name="fig314" id="fig314">
+<img src="images/314.jpg" alt="Frontispiece of &quot;Alton Trials.&quot;" /></a>
+<h5>Frontispiece of "Alton Trials."</h5>
+<p>Frontispiece of "Alton Trials," a small volume published in 1838,
+containing full notes taken at the time of the trial of the persons
+engaged in what is called the "Alton riot." Twelve persons were
+indicted "for the crime of riot committed on the night of the 7th of
+November, 1837, while engaged in defending a Printing Press from an
+attack made on it at that time by an Armed Mob;" eleven others were
+indicted "for a riot committed in Alton on the night of the 7th of
+November, 1837, in unlawfully and forcibly entering the warehouse of
+Godfrey Gilman and Company, and breaking up and destroying a
+printing press." In both cases the juries returned a verdict of "not
+guilty." (See note on Elijah Lovejoy.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It was not long, however, before all uncertainty about internal
+improvements was over. The people were determined to have them, and
+the Assembly responded to their demands by passing an act which
+provided, at State expense, for railroads, canals, or river
+improvements in almost every county in Illinois. To compensate those
+counties to which they could not give anything else, they voted them
+a sum of money for roads and bridges. No finer bit of imaginative
+work was ever done, in fact, by a legislative body, than the map of
+internal improvements made by the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>There was no time to estimate exactly the cost of these fine
+plans. Nor did they feel any need of estimates; that was a mere
+matter of detail. They would vote a fund, and when that was
+exhausted they would vote more; and so they appropriated sum after
+sum: one hundred thousand dollars to improve the Rock River; one
+million eight hundred thousand dollars to build a road from Quincy
+to Danville; four million dollars to complete the Illinois and
+Michigan Canal; two hundred and fifty thousand for the Western Mail
+Route&mdash;in all, some twelve million dollars. To carry out the
+elaborate scheme, they provided a commission, one of the first
+duties of which was to sell the bonds of the State to raise the
+money for the enterprise. The majority of the Assembly seem not to
+have entertained for a moment an idea that there would be any
+difficulty in selling at a premium the bonds of Illinois. "On the
+contrary," as General Linder says in his "Reminiscences," "the
+enthusiastic friends of the measure maintained that, instead of
+there being any difficulty in obtaining a loan of the fifteen or
+twenty millions authorized to be borrowed, our bonds would go like
+hot cakes, and be sought for by the Rothschilds, and Baring
+Brothers, and others of that stamp; and that the premiums which we
+would obtain upon them would range from fifty to one hundred per
+cent., and that the premium itself would be sufficient to construct
+most of the important works, leaving the principal sum to go into
+our treasury, and leave the people free from taxation for years to
+come."</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page315"
+id="page315"></a>[pg 315]</span>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:42%">
+<a href="images/315-1.jpg" name="fig315-1" id="fig315-1">
+<img  src="images/315-1.jpg" alt="STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD." /></a>
+<h5>STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.</h5>
+
+<p>The professional card of Stuart and Lincoln shows that the
+copartnership began April 12, 1837. The card appeared in the next
+issue of the "Sangamo Journal," and was continued until Lincoln
+became the partner of Judge Logan, in 1841.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO SPRINGFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>Although Lincoln favored and aided in every way the plan for
+internal improvements, his real work was in securing the removal of
+the capital to Springfield. The task was by no means an easy one to
+direct; for outside of the "Long Nine" there was, of course, nobody
+particularly interested in Springfield, and there were delegations
+from a dozen other counties hot to secure the capital for their own
+constituencies. It took patient and clever manipulation to put the
+bill through. Certain votes Lincoln, no doubt, gained for his cause
+by force of his personal qualities. Thus Jesse K. Dubois says that
+he and his colleagues voted for the bill because they liked Lincoln,
+and wanted to oblige him. But probably the majority were won by
+skilful log-rolling. Not that Lincoln ever sanctioned "trading" to
+the sacrifice of his own convictions. General T.H. Henderson, of
+Illinois, says in some interesting reminiscences of Lincoln,
+prepared for this Life and hitherto unpublished: "Before I had ever
+seen Abraham Lincoln I heard my father, who served with him in the
+legislature of 1838-39 and of 1840-41, relate an incident in Mr.
+Lincoln's life which illustrates his character for integrity and his
+firmness in maintaining what he regarded as right in his public
+acts, in a marked manner.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not remember whether this incident occurred during the
+session of the legislature in 1836-37 or 1838-39. But I think it was
+in that of 1836-37, when it was said that there was a great deal of
+log-rolling going on among the members. But, however that may be,
+according to the story related by my father, an effort was made to
+unite the friends of capital removal with the friends of some
+measure which Mr. Lincoln, for some reason, did not approve. What
+that measure was to which he objected, I am not now able to recall.
+But those who desired the removal of the capital to Springfield were
+very anxious to effect the proposed combination, and a meeting was
+held to see if it could be accomplished. The meeting continued in
+session nearly all night, when it adjourned without accomplishing
+anything, Mr. Lincoln refusing to yield his objections and to
+support the obnoxious measure.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/315-2.jpg" name="fig315-2" id="fig315-2">
+<img src="images/315-2.jpg" alt="OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE." /></a>
+<h5>OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</h5>
+
+<p>The chair is now in the Oldroyd Collection in Washington, D.C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Another meeting was called, and at this second meeting a number
+of citizens, not members of the legislature, from the central and
+northern parts of the State, among them my father, were present by
+invitation. The meeting was long protracted, and earnest in its
+deliberations. Every argument that could be thought of was used to
+induce Mr. Lincoln to yield his objections and unite with his
+friends, and thus secure the removal of the capital to his own city;
+but without effect. Finally, after midnight, when everybody seemed
+exhausted with the discussion, and when the candles were burning low
+in the room, Mr. Lincoln rose amid the silence and solemnity which
+prevailed, and, my father said, made one of the most eloquent and
+powerful speeches to which he had ever listened. And he concluded
+his remarks by saying, 'You may <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page316" id="page316"></a>[pg 316]</span> burn my body to
+ashes, and scatter them to the winds of heaven; you may drag my soul
+down to the regions of darkness and despair to be tormented forever;
+but you will never get me to support a measure which I believe to be
+wrong, although by doing so I may accomplish that which I believe to
+be right.' And the meeting adjourned."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/316.jpg" name="fig316" id="fig316">
+<img src="images/316.jpg" alt="STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE." /></a>
+<h5>STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph loaned by Jesse W. Weik. The law office of
+Stuart and Lincoln was in the second story of the building occupied
+at the time the photograph was made by "Tom Dupleaux's Furniture
+Store." Hoffman's Row, as this group of buildings was called, was
+used as a court-house at that date, 1837. The court-room was in the
+lower story of the two central buildings.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>If Lincoln did not support measures
+which he considered doubtful, he did, now
+and then, "tack a provision" on a bill to
+please a friend, as the following letter,
+hitherto unpublished, shows:<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right"> "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, <i>August 5, 1837</i>.</p>
+<p class="close">"DEAR SIR:</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Edwards tells me you wish to know whether the act to which
+your town incorporation provision was attached passed into a law. It
+did. You can organize under the general incorporation law as soon as
+you choose.</p>
+
+<p>"I also tacked a provision on to a fellow's bill, to authorize
+the relocation of the road from Salem down to your town, but I am
+not certain whether or not the bill passed. Neither do I suppose I
+can ascertain before the law will be published&mdash;if it is a law.
+Bowling Green, Bennett Abell, and yourself are appointed to make the
+change.</p>
+
+<p>"No news. No excitement, except a little about the election of
+Monday next. I suppose, of course, our friend Dr. Henry stands no
+chance in your 'diggings.'</p>
+
+<p>"Your friend and honorable servant,</p>
+
+<p class="author">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+
+<p>"JOHN BENNETT, ESQ.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As was to be expected, the Democrats charged that the Whigs of
+Sangamon had won their victory by "bargain and corruption." These
+charges became so serious that, in an extra session called in the
+summer of 1837, a few months after the bill passed, Lincoln had a
+bitter fight over them with General L.D. Ewing, who wanted to keep
+Vandalia as the capital. "The arrogance of Springfield," said
+General Ewing, "its presumption in claiming the seat of government,
+is not to be endured; the law has been passed by chicanery and
+trickery; the Springfield delegation has sold out to the internal
+improvement men, and has promised its support to every measure that
+would gain a vote to the law removing the seat of government."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln answered in a speech of such severity and keenness that
+the House believed he was "digging his own grave;" for Ewing was a
+high-spirited man who would not hesitate to answer by a challenge.
+It was, in fact, only the interference <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page317" id="page317"></a>[pg 317]</span> of their friends
+which prevented a duel at this time between Ewing and Lincoln. This
+speech, to many of Lincoln's colleagues, was a revelation of his
+ability and character. "This was the first time," said General
+Linder, "that I began to conceive a very high opinion of the talents
+and personal courage of Abraham Lincoln."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:35%;">
+<a href="images/317-1.jpg" name="fig317-1" id="fig317-1">
+<img src="images/317-1t.jpg" alt="A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834." /></a>
+<h5>A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.</h5>
+
+<p>This advertisement appeared in the "Sangamo Journal" in April,
+1834, and held a place in the paper through the next three years. As
+the "Four Horse Coach" ran through Sangamon town and New Salem, it
+doubtless had Lincoln as a passenger now and then, but not often,
+probably, for the fare from New Salem to Springfield was one dollar
+and twenty-five cents, and walking, or riding upon a borrowed horse,
+must generally have been preferred by Lincoln to so costly a mode of
+travelling.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A few months later the "Long Nine" were again attacked, Lincoln
+specially being abused. The assailant this time was a prominent
+Democrat, Mr. J.B. Thomas. When he had ended, Lincoln replied in a
+speech which was long known in local political circles as the
+"skinning of Thomas."</p>
+
+
+<h4>LINCOLN'S FIRST REPORTED SPEECH.</h4>
+
+<p>No one doubted after this that Lincoln could defend himself. He
+became doubly respected as an opponent, for his reputation for
+good-humored raillery had been established in his campaigns. In a
+speech made in January he gave another evidence of his skill in the
+use of ridicule. A resolution had been offered by Mr. Linder to
+institute an inquiry into the management of the affairs of the State
+bank. Lincoln's remarks on the resolution form his first reported
+speech. This speech has been unnoticed by his biographers hitherto;
+and it appears in none of the editions of his speeches and letters.
+It was discovered in the "Sangamo Journal" for January 28, 1837, by
+Mr. J. McCan Davis, in the course of a search through the files
+instituted by this Magazine.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/317-2.jpg" name="fig317-2" id="fig317-2">
+<img src="images/317-2.jpg" alt="MARY L. OWENS." /></a>
+<h5>MARY L. OWENS.</h5>
+
+<p>Born in Kentucky in 1808. Lincoln first met Miss Owens in 1833 at
+New Salem, where she made a short visit. In 1836 she came back to
+New Salem, and a warm friendship sprang up between them. The
+question of marriage was discussed in a disinterested way. Miss
+Owens left Illinois in 1838, and in 1841 she married a Mr. Jesse
+Vineyard. The letters written to her by Mr. Lincoln she herself gave
+to Mr. Herndon for publication.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lincoln began these remarks by good-humored but nettling chaffing
+of his opponent.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"Mr. Chairman," he said: "Lest I should fall into the too common
+error of being mistaken in regard to which side I design to be upon,
+I shall make it my first care to remove all doubt on that point, by
+declaring that I am opposed to the resolution under consideration,
+<i>in toto</i>. Before I proceed to the body of the subject, I will
+further remark, that it is not without a considerable degree of
+apprehension that I venture to cross the track of the gentleman from
+Coles [Mr. Linder]. Indeed, I do not believe I could muster a
+sufficiency of courage to come in contact with that gentleman, were
+it not for the fact that he, some days since, most graciously
+condescended to assure us that he would never be found wasting
+ammunition on <i>small game</i>. On the same fortunate occasion he
+further gave us to understand that he regarded <i>himself</i> as being
+decidedly the <i>superior</i> of our common friend from Randolph [Mr.
+Shields]; and feeling, as I really do, that I, to say the most of
+myself, am nothing more than the peer of our friend from Randolph, I
+shall regard the gentleman from Coles as decidedly my superior also;
+and consequently, in the course of what I shall have to say,
+whenever I shall have occasion to allude to that gentleman I shall
+endeavor to adopt that kind of court language which I understand to
+be due to decided superiority. In one faculty, at least, there can
+be no dispute of the gentleman's superiority over me, and most other
+men; and that is, the faculty of entangling a subject so that
+neither himself, or any other man, can find head or tail to it."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page318" id="page318"></a>[pg 318]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/318.jpg" name="fig318" id="fig318">
+<img  src="images/318.jpg" alt="LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS quot;TAD.&quot;" /></a>
+<h5>LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS &quot;TAD.&quot;"</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph made by Brady early in Mr. Lincoln's first term.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page319" id="page319"></a>[pg 319]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/319.jpg" name="fig319" id="fig319">
+<img src="images/319t.jpg" alt="PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK." /></a>
+<h5>PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.</h5>
+
+<p>From the original, owned by Jesse W. Weik, by permission.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Taking up the resolution on the bank,
+he declared its meaning:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p> "Some gentlemen have their stock in their hands, while others, who
+have more money than they know what to do with, want it; and this,
+and this alone, is the question, to settle which we are called on to
+squander thousands of the people's money. What interest, let me ask,
+have the people in the settlement of this question? What difference
+is it to them whether the stock is owned by Judge Smith or Sam
+Wiggins? If any gentleman be entitled to stock in the bank, which he
+is kept out of possession of by others, let him assert his right in
+the Supreme Court, and let him or his antagonist, whichever may be
+found in the wrong, pay the costs of suit. It is an old maxim, and a
+very sound one, that he that dances should always pay the fiddler.
+Now, sir, in the present case, if any gentlemen whose money is a
+burden to them, choose to lead off a dance, I am decidedly opposed
+to the people's money being used to pay the fiddler. No one can
+doubt that the examination proposed by this resolution must cost the
+State some ten or twelve thousand dollars; and all this to settle a
+question in which the people have no interest, and about which they
+care nothing. These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in
+concert to fleece the people; and now that they have got into a
+quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate the
+people's money to settle the quarrel."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The resolution had declared that the bank practised various
+methods which were "to the great injury of the people." Lincoln took
+the occasion to announce his ideas of the people and the
+politicians.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"If the bank really be a grievance, why is it that no one of the
+real people is found to ask redress of it? The truth is, no such
+oppression exists. If it did, our people would groan with memorials
+and petitions, and we would not be permitted to rest day or night
+till we had put it down. The people know their rights, and they are
+never slow to assert and maintain them when they are invaded. Let
+them call for an investigation, and I shall ever stand ready to
+respond to the call. But they have made no such call. I make the
+assertion boldly, and without fear of contradiction, that no man who
+does not hold an office, or does not aspire to one, has ever found
+any fault of the bank. It has doubled the prices of the products of
+their farms, and filled their pockets with a sound circulating
+medium; and they are all well pleased with its operations. No, sir,
+it is the politician who is the first to sound the alarm (which, by
+the way, is a false one). It is he who, by these unholy means, is
+endeavoring to blow up a storm that he may ride upon and direct. It
+is he, and he alone, that here proposes to spend thousands of the
+people's public treasure, for no other advantage to them than to
+make valueless in their pockets the reward of their <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page320" id="page320"></a>[pg 320]</span>
+industry. Mr. Chairman, this work is exclusively the work, of
+politicians&mdash;a set of men who have interests aside from the
+interests of the people, and who, to say the most of them, are,
+taken as a mass, at least one long step removed from honest men. I
+say this with the greater freedom, because, being a politician
+myself, none can regard it as personal."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The speech was published in full in the "Sangamo Journal" and the
+editor commented:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"Mr. Lincoln's remarks on Mr. Linder's bank resolution in the paper
+are quite to the point. Our friend carries the true Kentucky rifle,
+and when he fires he seldom fails of sending the shot home."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/320.jpg" name="fig320" id="fig320">
+<img src="images/320.jpg" alt="OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." /></a>
+<h5>OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+<p>During the special session of the legislature convened in the
+fall of 1839 (the first one held at Springfield), the House of
+Representatives occupied this church, the State House being
+unfinished. At the short special session which opened November 23,
+1840, the House first went into the Methodist church, but on the
+second day Representative John Logan (father of General John A.
+Logan) offered a resolution "that the Senate be respectfully
+requested to exchange places of convening with this House for a
+short time on account of the impossibility of the House discharging
+its business in so small a place as the Methodist church." This was
+adopted, and the House moved over to the Second Presbyterian church.
+At this special session the Whigs were interested in preventing a
+<i>sine die</i> adjournment (because they desired to protect the State
+bank, which had been authorized in 1838 to suspend specie payment
+until after the adjournment of the next session of the General
+Assembly), and to this end they sought to break the quorum. All the
+Whigs walked out, except Lincoln and Joseph Gillespie, who were left
+behind to demand a roll-call when deemed expedient. A few were
+brought in by the sergeant-at-arms. Lincoln and Gillespie,
+perceiving that there would be a quorum if they remained, started to
+leave; and finding the doors locked, Lincoln raised a window, and
+both men jumped out&mdash;an incident, as Mr. Herndon says, which
+Lincoln "always seemed willing to forget." It was in this church,
+too, that Lincoln delivered an address before the Washingtonian
+Temperance Society, on Washington's birthday, in 1842. The church
+was erected in 1839, and stood until torn down, some thirty years
+later, to make room for a new edifice.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h4>ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FIRST PROTEST
+AGAINST SLAVERY.</h4>
+
+<p>One other act of his in this session cannot be ignored. It is a
+sinister note in the hopeful chorus of the Tenth Assembly. For
+months there had come from the Southern States violent protests
+against the growth of abolition agitation in the North. Garrison's
+paper, the "infernal Liberator," as it was called in the pro-slavery
+part of the country, had been gradually extending its circulation
+and its influence; and it already had imitators even on the banks of
+the Mississippi. The American Anti-slavery Society was now over
+three years old. A deep, unconquerable conviction of the iniquity of
+slavery was spreading through the North. The South felt it and
+protested, and the statesmen of the North joined them in their
+protest. Slavery could not be crushed, said the conservatives. It
+was sanctioned by the Constitution. The South must be <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page321" id="page321"></a>[pg 321]</span>
+supported in its claims, and agitation stopped. But the agitation
+went on, and riots, violence, and hatred pursued the agitators. In
+Illinois, in this very year, 1837, we have a printing-office raided
+and an anti-slavery editor, Elijah Lovejoy, killed by the citizens
+of Alton, who were determined that it should not be said among them
+that slavery was an iniquity.</p>
+
+<p>To silence the storm, mass-meetings of citizens, the United
+States Congress, the State legislatures, took up the question and
+voted, again and again, resolutions assuring the South that the
+Abolitionists were not supported; that the country recognized their
+right to their "peculiar institution," and that in no case should
+they be interfered with. At Springfield, this same year (1837) the
+citizens convened and passed a resolution declaring that "the
+efforts of Abolitionists in this community are neither necessary nor
+useful." When the riot occurred in Alton, the Springfield papers
+uttered no word of condemnation, giving the affair only a laconic
+mention.</p>
+
+<p>The Illinois Assembly joined in the general disapproval, and on
+March 3d passed the following resolutions:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois:</p>
+
+<p>"That we highly disapprove of the formation of Abolition
+societies, and of the doctrines promulgated by them.</p>
+
+<p>"That the right of property in slaves is sacred to the
+slave-holding States by the Federal Constitution, and that they
+cannot be deprived of that right without their consent.</p>
+
+<p>"That the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the
+District of Columbia against the consent of the citizens of said
+District, without a manifest breach of good faith.</p>
+
+<p>"That the Governor be requested to transmit to the States of
+Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, New York, and Connecticut a copy of
+the foregoing report and resolutions."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Lincoln refused to vote for these resolutions. In his judgment no
+expression on the slavery question should go unaccompanied by the
+statement that it was an evil, and he had the boldness to protest
+immediately against the action of the House. He found only one man
+in the Assembly willing to join him in his action. These two names
+are joined to the document they presented:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+"Resolutions upon the subject of domestic slavery having passed both
+branches of the General Assembly at its present session, the
+undersigned hereby protest against the passage of the same.</p>
+
+<p>"They believe that the institution of slavery is founded on both
+injustice and bad policy, but that the promulgation of abolition
+doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils.</p>
+
+<p>"They believe that the Congress of the United States has no power
+under the Constitution to interfere with the institution of slavery
+in the different States.</p>
+
+<p>"They believe that the Congress of the United States has power
+under the Constitution to abolish slavery in the District of
+Columbia, but that the power ought not to be exercised unless at the
+request of the people of the District.</p>
+
+<p>"The difference between these opinions and those contained in the
+above resolutions, is their reason for entering this protest.</p>
+
+<p class="author">"DAN STONE,</p>
+<p class="right" style="margin-top: -1em">"A. LINCOLN,</p>
+
+<p class="close">"Representatives from the County of Sangamon."
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/321.jpg" name="fig321" id="fig321">
+<img src="images/321.jpg" alt="" /></a>
+<h5>WILLIAM BUTLER.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph owned by his grandson, Hon. William J. Butler,
+Springfield, Illinois. William Butler was a native of Kentucky,
+being born in Adair County, that State, December 15, 1797. In the
+war of 1812, he carried important despatches from the Governor of
+Kentucky to General Harrison in the field, travelling on horseback.
+He went to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1828. In 1836 he was
+appointed clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Logan, whom he had
+known in Kentucky. In 1859 he was appointed by Governor Bissell
+State treasurer of Illinois, to fill a vacancy, and in 1860 was
+elected to that office. He was married to Elizabeth Rickard,
+December 18, 1863. He died in Springfield, January 11, 1876. Soon
+after becoming a resident of Springfield, Lincoln went to William
+Butler's house to board. There he was like a member of the family.
+He lived with Mr. Butler until his marriage in 1842. The two men
+were ever the warmest personal and political friends.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>SOCIAL LIFE IN VANDALIA IN 1836 AND 1837.</h4>
+
+<p>The Tenth Assembly was important to Lincoln not only in its
+legislation; it greatly increased his circle of acquaintances. The
+character of the work of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page322"
+id="page322"></a>[pg 322]</span> session called to Vandalia numbers
+of persons of influence from almost every county in the State. They
+were invariably there to secure something for their town or county,
+and naturally made a point of getting acquainted. Game suppers seem
+to have been the means usually employed by visitors for bringing
+people together. The lobbyists were not the only ones in Vandalia
+who gave suppers, however. Not a bill was passed nor an election
+decided that a banquet did not follow. Mr. John Bryant, the brother
+of William Cullen, was in Vandalia that winter in the interest of
+his county, and he attended one of these banquets, given by the
+successful candidate for the United States Senate. Lincoln was
+present, of course, and so were all the prominent politicians of the
+State.</p>
+
+<p>"After the company had gotten pretty noisy and mellow from their
+imbibitions of Yellow Seal and 'corn juice,'" says Mr. Bryant, "Mr.
+Douglas and General Shields, to the consternation of the host and
+intense merriment of the guests, climbed up on the table, at one
+end, encircled each other's waists, and to the tune of a rollicking
+song, pirouetted down the whole length of the table, shouting,
+singing, and kicking dishes, glasses, and everything right and left,
+helter skelter. For this night of entertainment to his constituents,
+the successful candidate was presented with a bill, in the morning,
+for supper, wines, liquors, and damages, which amounted to six
+hundred dollars."</p>
+
+<p>But boisterous suppers were not by any means the important
+feature of Lincoln's social life that winter in Vandalia. There was
+another and quieter side in which he showed his rare
+companionableness and endeared himself to many people. In the midst
+of the log-rolling and jubilations of the session he would often
+slip away to some acquaintance's room and spend hours in talk and
+stories. Mr. John Bryant tells of his coming frequently to his room
+at the hotel, and sitting "with his knees up to his chin, telling
+his inimitable stories and his triumphs in the House in
+circumventing the Democrats."</p>
+
+<p>Major Newton Walker, of Lewiston, was in Vandalia at the time;
+and still talks with pleasure not only of the Assembly's energetic
+legislation, but of the way Lincoln endeared himself to him and to
+his colleague. "We both loved him," says Major Walker, "but I little
+thought then that he would become the greatest man that this country
+ever produced, or perhaps ever will. Many a night I have sat up
+listening to Lincoln's wonderful stories. That was a long time
+ago&mdash;nearly sixty years. I shall be ninety-two years old in a
+few days. I was six years older than Lincoln."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/322.jpg" name="fig322" id="fig322">
+<img  src="images/322t.jpg" alt="INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH" /></a>
+<h5>INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH LINCOLN
+WAS ONE OF THE MANAGERS.</h5>
+
+<p>The invitation is in the collection of Mr. C.F. Gunther of
+Chicago, through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I used to play the fiddle a great deal, and have played for
+Lincoln a number of times. He used to come over to where I was
+boarding and ask me to play the fiddle for him; and I would take it
+with me when I went over to visit him, and when he grew weary of
+telling stories he would ask me to give him a tune, which I never
+refused to do."</p>
+
+<h4>LINCOLN MOVES TO SPRINGFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>As soon as the Assembly closed, Lincoln returned to New Salem;
+but it was not to stay. He had determined to go to Springfield.
+Major John Stuart, the friend who had advised him to study law and
+who <span class="pagenum"><a name="page323" id="page323"></a>[pg
+323]</span> had lent him books and with whom he had been associated
+closely in politics, had offered to take him as a partner. It was a
+good opening, for Stuart was one of the leading lawyers and
+politicians of the State, and his influence would place Lincoln at
+once in command of more or less business. From every point of view
+the change seems to have been wise; yet Lincoln made it with
+foreboding.</p>
+
+<p>To practise law he must abandon his business as surveyor, which
+was bringing him a fair income; he must for a time, at least, go
+without any certain income. If he failed, what then? The uncertainty
+weighed on him heavily, the more so because he was burdened by the
+debts left from his store and because he was constantly called upon
+to aid his father's family. Thomas Lincoln had remained in Coles
+County, but he had not, in these six years in which his son had
+risen so rapidly, been able to get anything more than a poor
+livelihood from his farm. The sense of responsibility Lincoln had
+towards his father's family made it the more difficult for him to
+undertake a new profession. His decision was made, however, and as
+soon as the session of the Tenth Assembly was over he started for
+Springfield. His first appearance there is as pathetic as
+amusing.</p>
+
+<p>"He had ridden into town," says Joshua Speed, "on a borrowed
+horse, with no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags
+containing a few clothes. I was a merchant at Springfield, and kept
+a large country store, embracing dry-goods, groceries, hardware,
+books, medicines, bed-clothes, mattresses&mdash;in fact, everything
+that the country needed. Lincoln came into the store with his
+saddle-bags on his arm. He said he wanted to buy the furniture for a
+single bed. The mattress, blankets, sheets, coverlid, and pillow,
+according to the figures made by me, would cost seventeen dollars.
+He said that perhaps was cheap enough; but small as the price was,
+he was unable to pay it. But if I would credit him till Christmas,
+and his experiment as a lawyer was a success, he would pay then;
+saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in this I do not know that I
+can ever pay you.' As I looked up at him I thought then, and I think
+now, that I never saw a sadder face.</p>
+
+<p>"I said to him: 'You seem to be so much pained at contracting so
+small a debt, I think I can suggest a plan by which you can avoid
+the debt, and at the same time attain your end. I have a large room
+with a double bed upstairs, which you are very welcome to share with
+me.'</p>
+
+<p>"'Where is your room?' said he.</p>
+
+<p>"'Upstairs,' said I, pointing to a pair of winding stairs which
+led from the store to my room.</p>
+
+<p>"He took his saddle-bags on his arm, went upstairs, set them on
+the floor, and came down with the most changed expression of
+countenance. Beaming with pleasure, he exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>"'Well, Speed, I am moved.'"</p>
+
+<p>Another friend, William Butler, with whom Lincoln had become
+intimate at Vandalia, took him to board; life at Springfield thus
+began under as favorable auspices as he could hope for.</p>
+
+<p>After Chicago, Springfield was at that day the most promising
+city in Illinois. It had some fifteen hundred inhabitants, and the
+removal of the capital was certain to bring many more. Already, in
+fact, the town felt the effect. Houses and blocks were started;
+lawyers, politicians, tradesmen, laborers, were pouring in. Hitherto
+most of the dwellings had been of log or frame; now, however, there
+was an increase in brick buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The effect was apparent too, in society. "We used to eat all
+together," said an old man who in the early thirties came to
+Springfield as a hostler; "but about this time some one came along
+and told the people they oughtn't to do so, and then the hired folks
+ate in the kitchen." This differentiation was apparent to Lincoln
+and a little discouraging. He was thinking vaguely, at the time of
+this removal to Springfield, that perhaps he best marry a Miss Mary
+Owens, with whom he had become intimately acquainted in 1836 in New
+Salem; but Springfield society, and the impossibility of his
+supporting a wife in it, discouraged him.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"I am often thinking of what we said about your
+coming to live at Springfield," he wrote her in May.</p>
+
+<p>"I am afraid you would not be satisfied. There
+is a great deal of flourishing about in carriages here,
+which it would be your doom to see without sharing
+it. You would have to be poor, without the means of
+hiding your poverty. Do you believe you could bear
+that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot
+with mine, should any ever do so, it is my intention
+to do all in my power to make her happy and contented;
+and there is nothing I can imagine that
+would make me more unhappy than to fail in the
+effort. I know I should be much happier with you
+than the way I am, provided I saw no signs of discontent
+in you. What you have said to me may have
+been in the way of jest, or I may have misunderstood
+it. If so, then let it be forgotten; if otherwise,
+I much wish you would think seriously before
+you decide. What I have said I will most positively
+abide by, provided you wish it. My opinion is that
+you had better not do it. You have not been accustomed
+to hardship, and it may be more severe than
+you now imagine. I know you are capable of thinking
+correctly on any subject, and if you deliberate
+maturely upon this before you decide, then I am willing
+to abide your decision."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page324" id="page324"></a>[pg 324]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/324.jpg" name="fig324" id="fig324">
+<img  src="images/324t.jpg" alt="MAP OF ILLINOIS" /></a>
+<h5>MAP OF ILLINOIS.  ILLUSTRATING "<i>An Act to establish and maintain a
+General System of Internal Improvements, in force 27th Feb. 1837</i>"</h5>
+
+<p>When the Illinois legislature adopted the above plan of internal
+improvement in 1837, there was in the whole United States only about
+eleven hundred miles of railroad. The above scheme provided for
+thirteen hundred and fifty. The basis of the outlines used by the
+committee in developing the plan was contained in a series of
+resolutions offered in the beginning of the session by Stephen A.
+Douglas. In the house the vote on the bill stood sixty-one in favor
+to twenty-five against.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page325" id="page325"></a>[pg 325]</span>
+
+<p>This decidedly dispassionate view of their relation seems not to
+have brought any decision from Miss Owens; for three months later
+Mr. Lincoln wrote her an equally judicial letter, telling her that
+he could not think of her "with entire indifference," that he in all
+cases wanted to do right and "most particularly so in all cases with
+women," and summing up his position as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"What I do wish is that our further acquaintance shall depend
+upon yourself. If such further acquaintance would contribute nothing
+to your happiness, I am sure it would not to mine. If you feel
+yourself in any degree bound to me, I am now willing to release you,
+provided you wish it; while, on the other hand, I am willing and
+even anxious to bind you faster, if I can be convinced that it will
+in any considerable degree add to your happiness. This, indeed, is
+the whole question with me. Nothing would make me more miserable
+than to believe you miserable&mdash;nothing more happy than to know
+you were so." </p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Miss Owens had enough discernment to recognize the
+disinterestedness of this love-making, and she refused Mr. Lincoln's
+offer. She found him "deficient in those little links which make up
+the chain of a woman's happiness," she said. The affair seems to
+have been a rather vigorous flirtation on her part, which had
+interested and perhaps flattered Mr. Lincoln. In the sincerity of
+his nature he feared he had awakened a genuine attachment, and his
+notions of honor compelled him to find out. When finally refused, he
+wrote a description of the affair to a friend, in which he ridiculed
+himself unmercifully:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"I was mortified, it seemed to me, in a hundred different ways.
+My vanity was deeply wounded by the reflection that I had so long
+been too stupid to discover her intentions, and at the same time
+never doubting that I understood them perfectly; and also that she,
+whom I had taught myself to believe nobody else would have, had
+actually rejected me with all my fancied greatness. And, to cap the
+whole, I then for the first time began to suspect that I was really
+a little in love with her. But let it all go! I'll try and outlive
+it. Others have been made fools of by the girls, but this can never
+with truth be said of me. I most emphatically, in this instance,
+made a fool of myself. I have now come to the conclusion never again
+to think of marrying; and for this reason&mdash;I can never be
+satisfied with any one who would be blockhead enough to have me."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h4>LINCOLN'S POSITION IN SPRINGFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>It was not long before Lincoln became a favorite figure in
+Springfield. The skill, the courage, and the good-will he had shown
+in his management of the bill for the removal of the capital gave
+him at once, of course, special prominence. The entire "Long Nine,"
+indeed, were regarded by the county as its benefactors, and
+throughout the summer there were barbecues and fireworks, dinners
+and speeches in their honor. "The service rendered Old Sangamon by
+the present delegation" was a continually recurring toast at every
+gathering. At one "sumptuous dinner" the internal improvement scheme
+in all its phases was toasted again and again by the banqueters,
+"'The Long Nine' of Old Sangamon&mdash;well done, good and faithful
+servants," drew forth long applause. Among those who offered
+volunteer toasts at this dinner were "A. Lincoln, Esq.," and "S.A.
+Douglas, Esq."</p>
+
+<p>At a dinner at Athens, given to the delegation, eight formal
+toasts and twenty-five volunteers are quoted in the report of the
+affair in the "Sangamo Journal." Among them were the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>A. Lincoln. He has fulfilled the expectations of his friends and
+disappointed the hopes of his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>A. Lincoln. One of nature's noblemen.</p>
+
+<p>By A. Lincoln. Sangamon County will ever be true to her best
+interests, and never more so than in reciprocating the good feelings
+of the citizens of Athens and neighborhood. </p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Lincoln had not been long in Springfield before he soon was able
+to support himself, a result due, no doubt, very largely to his
+personal qualities and to his reputation as a shrewd politician. Not
+that he made money. The fee-book of Lincoln and Stuart shows that
+the returns were modest enough, and that sometimes they even "traded
+out" their account. Nevertheless it was a satisfaction to earn a
+livelihood so soon. Of his peculiar methods as a lawyer at this date
+we know very little. Most of his cases are utterly uninteresting.
+The very first year he was in Springfield, however, he had one case
+which created a great sensation, and which, so far as we know, has
+been overlooked entirely by his biographers. It is an admirable
+example of the way Lincoln could combine business and politics as
+well as of his merciless persistency in pursuing a man whom he
+believed unjust.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that among the offices to be filled at the August
+election of 1837 was that of probate justice of the peace. One of
+the candidates was General James Adams, a man who had come on from
+the East in the early twenties, and who had at first claimed to be a
+lawyer. He had been an aspirant for various offices, among them that
+of governor of the State, but with little <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page326" id="page326"></a>[pg 326]</span> success. A few days
+before the August election of 1837 an anonymous hand-bill was
+scattered about the streets. It was an attack on General Adams,
+charging him with having acquired the title to a ten-acre lot of
+ground near the town by the deliberate forgery of the name of Joseph
+Anderson, of Fulton County, Illinois, to an assignment of a
+judgment. Anderson had died, and the widow, upon going to
+Springfield to dispose of the land, was surprised to find that it
+was claimed by General Adams, and she employed Stuart and Lincoln to
+look into the matter. The hand-bill, which went into all of the
+details at great length, concluded as follows: "I have only made
+these statements because I am known by many to be one of the
+individuals against whom the charge of forging the assignment and
+slipping it into the general's papers has been made; and because our
+silence might be construed into a confession of the truth. I shall
+not subscribe my name; but hereby authorize the editor of the
+'Journal' to give it up to any one who may call for it.".</p>
+
+<p>After the election, at which General Adams had been elected, the
+hand-bill was reproduced in the "Sangamo Journal," with a card
+signed by the editor, in which he said: "To save any further remarks
+on this subject, I now state that A. Lincoln, Esq., is the author of
+the hand-bill in question." The same issue of the paper contained a
+lengthy communication from General Adams, denying the charge of
+fraud.</p>
+
+<p>The controversy was continued for several weeks. General Adams
+used, mostly, the columns of the "Springfield Republican," filling
+six columns of a single issue. He charged that the assault upon him
+was the result of a conspiracy between "a knot of lawyers, doctors,
+and others," who wished to ruin his reputation. Lincoln's answers to
+Adams are most emphatic. In one case, quoting several of his
+assertions, he pronounced them "all as false as hell, as all this
+community must know." Adams's replies were always voluminous. "Such
+is the turn which things have lately taken," wrote Lincoln, "that
+when General Adams writes a book I am expected to write a commentary
+on it." Replying to Adams's denunciation of the lawyers, he said:
+"He attempted to impose himself upon the community as a lawyer, and
+he actually carried the attempt so far as to induce a man who was
+under the charge of murder to entrust the defence of his life to his
+hands, and finally took his money and got him hanged. Is this the
+man that is to raise a breeze in his favor by abusing lawyers? ...
+If he is not a lawyer, he <i>is</i> a liar; for he proclaimed himself a
+lawyer, and got a man hanged by depending on him." Lincoln
+concluded: "Farewell, General. I will see you again at court, if not
+before&mdash;when and where we will settle the question whether you
+or the widow shall have the land." The widow did get the land, but
+this was not the worst thing that happened to Adams. The climax was
+reached when the "Sangamo Journal" published a long editorial
+(written by Lincoln, no doubt) on the controversy, and followed it
+with a copy of an indictment found against Adams in Oswego County,
+New York, in 1818. The offence charged in this indictment was the
+forgery of a deed by Adams&mdash;"a person of evil name and fame and
+of a wicked disposition."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln's victory in this controversy undoubtedly did much to
+impress the community, not necessarily that he was a good lawyer,
+but rather that he was a clever strategist and a fearless enemy. It
+was not, in fact, as a lawyer that he was prominent in the first
+years after he came to Springfield. Reëlected to the Assembly in
+1838, and again in 1840, his real impress on the community was made
+as a politician. The qualities which he had already shown in public
+life were only strengthened as he gained experience and
+self-confidence. He was the terror of the pretentious and insincere,
+and had a way of exposing their shams by clever tricks which, to
+voters, were unanswerable arguments. A case in point happened in
+1840. It was considered necessary, at that day, by a candidate to
+prove to the farmers that he was poor and, like themselves,
+horny-handed. Those politicians who wore good clothes and dined
+sumptuously were careful to conceal their regard for the elegancies
+of life from their constituents. One of the Democrats who in this
+campaign took particular pains to decry the Whigs for their wealth
+and aristocratic principles was Colonel Dick Taylor, generally known
+in Illinois as "ruffled-shirt Taylor." He was a vain and handsome
+man, who habitually arrayed himself as gorgeously as the fashion
+allowed. One day when he and Lincoln had met in debate at a
+countryside gathering, Colonel Dick became particularly bitter in
+his condemnation of Whig elegance. Lincoln listened for a time, and
+then, slipping near the speaker, suddenly caught his coat, which was
+buttoned up close, and tore it open. A mass of ruffled shirt, a
+gorgeous velvet vest, and a great gold chain from which dangled
+numerous rings and seals, were uncovered to the crowd. Lincoln
+needed <span class="pagenum"><a name="page327" id="page327"></a>[pg
+327]</span> to make no further reply that day to the charge of being
+a "rag baron."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln loved fair play as he hated shams; and throughout these
+early years in Springfield are examples of his boldness in insisting
+that friend and enemy have the chance due them. A most dramatic case
+of this kind occurred at a political meeting held one evening in the
+Springfield court-room, which at that date was temporarily in a hall
+under Stuart and Lincoln's law office. Directly over the platform
+was a trap-door. Lincoln frequently would lie by this opening during
+a meeting, listening to the speeches. One evening one of his
+friends, E.D. Baker, in speaking angered the crowd, and an attempt
+was made to "pull him down." Before the assailants could reach the
+platform, however, a pair of long legs dangled from the trap-door,
+and in an instant Lincoln dropped down beside Baker, crying out,
+"Hold on, gentlemen, this is a land of free speech." His appearance
+was so unexpected, and his attitude so determined, that the crowd
+soon was quiet, and Baker went on with his speech.</p>
+
+<p>In all the intellectual life of the town he took a place. With a
+few of the leading young men he formed a young men's lyceum. One of
+his speeches before this body has been preserved in full. Its
+subject is "The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions."<a
+id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a
+href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> The speech has not, however, any
+of the peculiarly original style which usually characterized his
+efforts.</p>
+
+<p>He came immediately to be a favorite figure in all sorts of local
+affairs. What he said and did on these occasions is still
+recollected by those interested in them. "When the seat of
+government was removed from Vandalia to Springfield in 1836," says
+the Rev. Peter Wallace of Chicago "I obtained the contract of taking
+down the court-house to make a place for the State House. Lincoln,
+with others, was present to receive the job. 'Peter,' he said to me,
+'if you succeed as well in building houses as you have in tearing
+this one down, you will make your mark as a builder.'" Mr. Wallace
+tells, too, of hearing Lincoln say in a speech, at the funeral of
+one of their friends: "I read in a book whose author never errs,
+'Woe unto you when all men shall speak well of you.' Our friend will
+escape that woe, for he would be the exception had he no
+enemies."</p>
+
+<p>The most pleasing feature of his early life in the town was the
+way in which he attached all classes of people to him. He naturally,
+from his political importance and from his relation to Mr. Stuart,
+was admitted to the most exclusive circle of society. But Lincoln
+was not received there from tolerance of his position only. The few
+members left of that interesting circle of Springfield in the
+thirties are emphatic in their statements that he was recognized as
+a valuable social factor. If indifferent to forms and little
+accustomed to conventional usages, he had a native dignity and
+self-respect which stamped him at once as a superior man. He had a
+good will, an easy adaptability to people, which made him take a
+hand in everything that went on. His name appears in every list of
+banqueters and merry-makers reported in the Springfield papers. He
+even served as committee-man for cotillion parties. "We liked
+Lincoln, though he was not gay," said one charming and cultivated
+old lady to me in Springfield. "He rarely danced, he was never very
+attentive to ladies, but he was always a welcome guest everywhere,
+and the centre of a circle of animated talkers. Indeed, I think the
+only thing we girls had against Lincoln was that he always attracted
+all the men around him."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln's kindly interest and perfectly democratic feeling
+attached to him many people whom he never met save on the streets.
+Indeed his life in the streets of Springfield is a most touching and
+delightful study. He concerned himself in the progress of every
+building which was put up, of every new street which was opened; he
+passed nobody without recognition; he seemed always to have time to
+stop and talk. He became, in fact, part of Springfield street life,
+just as he had of the town's politics and society. By 1840 there was
+no man in the town better known, better liked, more sought for;
+though there were more than one whose future was considered
+brighter.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1"> (return) </a>
+<p>Reminiscences of Mr. Weir, a former resident of Sangamon County,
+related by E.B. Howell of Butte, Montana.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2"> (return) </a>
+<p>Summary condensed from Moses's "History of Illinois."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3"> (return) </a>
+<p>The original of this letter is owned by E.R. Oeltjen of
+Petersburg, Illinois.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4"> (return) </a>
+<p>Lincoln's address on "The Perpetuation of Our Political
+Institutions" is dated January 27, 1837, in most biographies, but it
+was published in the "Sangamo Journal" of February 3, 1838. The
+address is preceded by the following resolution:</p>
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p class="right"> "YOUNG MEN'S LYCEUM,</p>
+
+<p class="right" style="margin-top: -1em">SPRINGFIELD, <i>January 27, 1837[8]</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of this Lyceum be presented
+to A. Lincoln, Esq., for the lecture delivered by him this
+evening, and that he be solicited to furnish a copy for publication.</p>
+
+<p class="author">"JAS. H. MATHENY, <i>Secretary</i>"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The confusion as to the date of the delivery of this address
+evidently arises from the fact that the resolution here quoted bears
+the date of "1837"&mdash;a mere slip of the pen, of course. In
+January, 1837, Lincoln was in the legislature at Vandalia. He had
+not yet become a resident of Springfield. According to Mr. Herndon,
+who was a member of the Young Men's Lyceum, that society was not
+formed until the fall of 1837.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page328" id="page328"></a>[pg 328]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/328.jpg" name="fig328" id="fig328">
+<img  src="images/328.jpg" alt="THE WAVE 'WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT.'" /></a>
+<h5>THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."</h5>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Rudyard Kipling,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "The Jungle Book," "Plain Tales from the Hills," etc.</h5>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterI.jpg" name="fig328-2" id="fig328-2"><img  src="images/LetterI.jpg" alt="Letter I" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">T was her first voyage, and though she was only a little cargo
+steamer of two thousand five hundred tons, she was the very best of
+her kind, the outcome of forty years of experiments and improvements
+in framework and machinery; and her designers and owners thought
+just as much of her as though she had been the "Lucania." Any one
+can make a floating hotel that will pay her expenses, if he only
+puts enough money into the saloon, and charges for private baths,
+suites of rooms, and such like; but in these days of competition and
+low freights every square inch of a cargo boat must be built for
+cheapness, great hold capacity, and a certain steady speed. This
+boat was perhaps two hundred and forty feet long and thirty-two feet
+wide, with arrangements that enabled her to carry cattle on her main
+and sheep on her upper deck if she wanted to; but her great glory
+was the amount of cargo that she could store away in her holds. Her
+owners&mdash;they were a very well-known Scotch family&mdash;came
+round with her from the North, where she had been launched and
+christened and fitted, to Liverpool, where she was to take cargo for
+New York; and the owner's daughter, Miss Frazier, went to and fro on
+the clean decks, admiring the new paint and the brass-work and the
+patent winches, and particularly the strong, straight bow, over
+which she had cracked a bottle of very good champagne when she
+christened the steamer the "Dimbula." It was a beautiful September
+afternoon, and the boat in all her newness (she was painted lead
+color, with a red funnel) looked very fine indeed. Her house flag
+was flying, and her whistle from time to time acknowledged <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page329" id="page329"></a>[pg 329]</span>
+the salutes of friendly boats, who saw that she was new to the sea
+and wished to make her welcome.</p>
+
+<p>"And now," said Miss Frazier, delightedly, to the captain, "she's
+a real ship, isn't she? It seems only the other day father gave the
+order for her, and now&mdash;and now&mdash;isn't she a beauty?" The
+girl was proud of the firm, and talked as though she were the
+controlling partner.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, she's no so bad," the skipper replied, cautiously. "But I'm
+sayin' that it takes more than the christenin' to mak' a ship. In
+the nature o' things, Miss Frazier, if ye follow me, she's just
+irons and rivets and plates put into the form of a ship. She has to
+find herself yet."</p>
+
+<p>"But I thought father said she was exceptionally well found."</p>
+
+<p>"So she is," said the skipper, with a laugh. "But it's this way
+wi' ships, Miss Frazier. She's all here, but the parts of her have
+not learned to work together yet. They've had no chance."</p>
+
+<p>"But the engines are working beautifully. I can hear them."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, indeed. But there is more than engines to a ship. Every
+inch of her, ye'll understand, has to be livened up, and made to
+work wi' its neighbor&mdash;sweetenin' her, we call it,
+technically."</p>
+
+<p>"And how will you do it?" the girl asked.</p>
+
+<p>"We can no more than drive and steer her and so forth; but if we
+have rough weather this trip&mdash;it's likely&mdash;she'll learn
+the rest by heart! For a ship, ye'll obsairve, Miss Frazier, is in
+no sense a reegid body, closed at both ends. She's a highly complex
+structure o' various an' conflictin' strains, wi' tissues that must
+give an' tak' accordin' to her personal modulus of eelasteecity."
+Mr. Buchanan, the chief engineer, in his blue coat with gilt
+buttons, was coming toward them. "I'm sayin' to Miss Frazier, here,
+that our little 'Dimbula' has to be sweetened yet, and nothin' but a
+gale will do it. How's all wi' your engines, Buck?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well enough&mdash;true by plumb an' rule, of course; but there's
+no spontaneeity yet." He turned to the girl. "Take my word, Miss
+Frazier, and maybe ye'll comprehend later, even after a pretty
+girl's christened a ship it does not follow that there's such a
+thing as a ship under the men that work her."</p>
+
+<p>"I was sayin' the very same, Mr. Buchanan," the skipper
+interrupted.</p>
+
+<p>"That's more metaphysical than I can follow," said Miss Frazier,
+laughing.</p>
+
+<p>"Why so? Ye're good Scotch, an'&mdash;I knew your mother's
+father; he was fra' Dumfries&mdash;ye've a vested right in
+metapheesics, Miss Frazier, just as ye have in the 'Dimbula,'" the
+engineer said.</p>
+
+<p>"Eh, well, we must go down to the deep watters, an' earn Miss
+Frazier her deevidends. Will you not come to my cabin for tea?" said
+the skipper. "We'll be in dock the night, and when you're goin' back
+to Glasgie ye can think of us loadin' her down an' drivin' her
+forth&mdash;all for your sake."</p>
+
+<p>In the next four days they stowed nearly four thousand tons dead
+weight into the "Dimbula," and took her out from Liverpool. As soon
+as she met the lift of the open water she naturally began to talk.
+If you put your ear to the side of the cabin the next time you are
+in a steamer, you will hear hundreds of little voices in every
+direction, thrilling and buzzing, and whispering and popping, and
+gurgling and sobbing and squeaking exactly like a telephone in a
+thunder storm. Wooden ships shriek and growl and grunt, but iron
+vessels throb and quiver through all their hundreds of ribs and
+thousands of rivets. The "Dimbula" was very strongly built, and
+every piece of her had a letter or a number or both to describe it,
+and every piece had been hammered or forged or rolled or punched by
+man and had lived in the roar and rattle of the shipyard for months.
+Therefore, every piece had its own separate voice in exact
+proportion to the amount of trouble spent upon it. Cast iron, as a
+rule, says very little; but mild steel plates and wrought iron, and
+ribs and beams that have been bent and welded and riveted a good
+deal, talk continuously. Their conversation, of course, is not half
+as wise as human talk, because they are all, though they do not know
+it, bound down one to the other in black darkness, where they cannot
+tell what is happening near them, nor what is going to happen
+next.</p>
+
+<p>A very short while after she had cleared the Irish coast a
+sullen, gray-headed old wave of the Atlantic climbed leisurely over
+her straight bows, and sat down on the steam capstan, used for
+hauling up the anchor. Now, the capstan and the engine that drove it
+had been newly painted red and green; besides which, nobody cares
+for being ducked.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't you do that again," the capstan sputtered through the
+teeth of his cogs. "Hi! Where's the fellow gone?"</p>
+
+<p>The wave had slouched overside with a plop and a chuckle; but
+"Plenty more where he came from," said a brother wave, and went
+through and over the capstan, who was <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page330" id="page330"></a>[pg 330]</span> bolted firmly to an
+iron plate on the iron deck beams below.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/330.jpg" name="fig330" id="fig330">
+<img src="images/330.jpg" alt="THE 'DIMBULA' TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE." /></a>
+<h5>THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Can't you keep still up there," said the deck beams. "What's the
+matter with you? One minute you weigh twice as much as you ought to,
+and the next you don't."</p>
+
+<p>"It isn't my fault," said the capstan. "There's a green brute
+from outside that comes and hits me on the head."</p>
+
+<p>"Tell that to the shipwrights. You've been in position up there
+for months, and you've never wriggled like this before. If you
+aren't careful you'll strain <i>us</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"Talking of strain," said a low, rasping, unpleasant voice, "are
+any of you fellows&mdash;you deck beams, we mean&mdash;aware that
+those exceedingly ugly knees of yours happen to be riveted into our
+structure&mdash;<i>ours</i>?"</p>
+
+<p>"Who might you be?" the deck beams inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, nobody in particular," was the answer. "We're only the port
+and starboard upper-deck stringers; and, if you persist in heaving
+and hiking like this, we shall be reluctantly compelled to take
+steps."</p>
+
+<p>Now, the stringers of the ship are long iron girders, so to
+speak, that run lengthways from stern to bow. They keep the iron
+frames (what are called ribs in a wooden ship) in place, and also
+help to hold the ends of the deck beams which go from side to side
+of the ship. Stringers always consider themselves most important,
+because they are so long. In the "Dimbula" there were four stringers
+on each side&mdash;one far down by the bottom of the hold, called
+the bilge stringer; one a little higher up, called the side
+stringer; one on the floor of the lower deck; and the upper-deck
+stringers that have been heard from already.</p>
+
+<p>"You will take steps, will you?" This was a long, echoing rumble.
+It came from the frames; scores and scores of them, each one about
+eighteen inches distant from the next, and each riveted to the
+stringers in four places. "We think you will have a certain amount
+of trouble in <i>that</i>;" and thousands and thousands of the little
+rivets that held everything together whispered: "You will! You will!
+Stop quivering and be quiet. Hold on, brethren! Hold on! Hot
+punches! What's that?"</p>
+
+<p>Rivets have no teeth, so they can't chatter with fright; but they
+did their best as a fluttering jar swept along the ship from stern
+to bow, and she shook like a rat in a terrier's mouth.</p>
+
+<p>An unusually severe pitch, for the sea was rising, had lifted the
+big throbbing screw <span class="pagenum"><a name="page331"
+id="page331"></a>[pg 331]</span> nearly to the surface, and it was
+spinning round in a kind of soda water&mdash;half sea and half
+air&mdash;going much faster than was right, because there was no
+deep water for it to work in. As it sank again, the
+engines&mdash;and they were triple-expansion, three cylinders in a
+row&mdash;snorted through all their three pistons: "Was that a joke,
+you fellow outside? It's an uncommonly poor one. How are we to do
+<i>our</i> work if you fly off the handle that way?"</p>
+
+<p>"I didn't fly off the handle," said the screw, twirling huskily
+at the end of the screw shaft. "If I had, <i>you'd</i> have been scrap
+iron by this time. The sea dropped away from under me, and I had
+nothing to catch on to. That's all."</p>
+
+<p>"That's all, d'you call it?" said the thrust-block, whose
+business it is to take the push of the screw; for if a screw had
+nothing to hold it back it would crawl right into the engine room.
+(It is the holding back of the screwing action that gives the drive
+to a ship.) "I know I do my work deep down and out of sight, but I
+warn you I expect justice. All <i>I</i> ask is justice. Why can't you
+push steadily and evenly, instead of whizzing like a whirligig and
+making me hot under all my collars?" The thrust-block had six
+collars, each faced with brass, and he did not want to get them
+heated.</p>
+
+<p>All the bearings that supported the fifty feet of screw shaft as
+it ran to the stern whispered: "Justice&mdash;give us justice."</p>
+
+<p>"I can only give you what I get," the screw answered. "Look out!
+It's coming again!"</p>
+
+<p>He rose with a roar as the "Dimbula" plunged; and
+"whack&mdash;whack&mdash;whack&mdash;whack" went the engines
+furiously, for they had little to check them.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm the noblest outcome of human ingenuity&mdash;Mr. Buchanan
+says so," squealed the high-pressure cylinder. "This is simply
+ridiculous." The piston went up savagely and choked, for half the
+steam behind it was mixed with dirty water. "Help! Oiler! Fitter!
+Stoker! Help! I'm choking," it gasped. "Never in the history of
+maritime invention has such a calamity overtaken one so young and
+strong. And if I go, who's to drive the ship?"</p>
+
+<p>"Hush! oh, hush!" whispered the steam, who, of course, had been
+to sea many times before. He used to spend his leisure ashore, in a
+cloud, or a gutter, or a flower-pot, or a thunder storm, or anywhere
+else where water was needed. "That's only a little priming, as they
+call it. It'll happen all night, on and off. I don't say it's nice,
+but it's the best we can do under the circumstances."</p>
+
+<p>"What difference can circumstances make? I'm here to do my
+work&mdash;on clean, dry steam. Blow circumstances!" the cylinder
+roared.</p>
+
+<p>"The circumstances will attend to the blowing. I've worked on the
+North Atlantic run a good many times&mdash;it's going to be rough
+before morning."</p>
+
+<p>"It isn't distressingly calm now," said the extra strong frames,
+they were called web frames, in the engine room. "There's an upward
+thrust that we don't understand, and there's a twist that is very
+bad for our brackets and diamond plates, and there's a sort of
+northwestward pull that follows the twist, which seriously annoys
+us. We mention this because <i>we</i> happened to cost a great deal of
+money, and we feel sure that the owner would not approve of our
+being treated in this frivolous way."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm afraid the matter's out of the owner's hands for the
+present," said the steam, slipping into the condenser. "You're left
+to your own devices till the weather betters."</p>
+
+<p>"I wouldn't mind the weather," said a flat bass voice deep below;
+"it's this confounded cargo that's breaking my heart. I'm the
+garboard strake, and I'm twice as thick as most of the others, and I
+ought to know something."</p>
+
+<p>The garboard strake is the very bottom-most plate in the bottom
+of a ship, and the "Dimbula's" garboard strake (she was a
+flat-bottomed boat) was nearly three-quarters of an inch mild
+steel.</p>
+
+<p>"The sea pushes me up in a way I should never have expected," the
+strake went on, "and the cargo pushes me down, and between the two I
+don't know what I'm supposed to do."</p>
+
+<p>"When in doubt, hold on," rumbled the steam, making head in the
+boilers.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, but there's only dark and cold and hurry down here, and how
+do I know whether the other plates are doing their duty? Those
+bulwark plates up above, I've heard, aren't more than
+five-sixteenths of an inch thick&mdash;scandalous, I call it."</p>
+
+<p>"I agree with you," said a huge web frame by the main cargo
+hatch. He was deeper and thicker than all the others, and curved
+half-way across the ship's side in the shape of half an arch, to
+support the deck where deck beams would have been in the way of
+cargo coming up and down. "I work entirely unsupported, and I
+observe that I am the sole strength of this vessel, so far as my
+vision extends. The responsibility, I assure you, is enormous. I
+believe <span class="pagenum"><a name="page332" id="page332"></a>[pg
+332]</span> the money value of the cargo is over one hundred and
+fifty thousand pounds. Think of that!"</p>
+
+<p>"And every pound of it dependent on my personal exertions." Here
+spoke a sea-valve that communicated directly with the water outside
+and was seated not very far from the garboard strake. "I rejoice to
+think that I am a Prince-Hyde valve, with best Para rubber facings.
+Five patents cover me&mdash;I mention this without pride&mdash;five
+separate and several patents, each one finer than the other. At
+present I am screwed fast. Should I open, you would immediately be
+swamped. This is incontrovertible!"</p>
+
+<p>Patent things always use the longest words they can. It is a
+trick they pick up from their inventors.</p>
+
+<p>"That's news," said a big centrifugal bilge pump. "I had an idea
+that you were employed to clean decks and things with. At least,
+I've used you for that more than once. I forget the precise number
+in thousands of gallons which I am guaranteed to pump in an hour;
+but I assure you, my complaining friends, that there is not the
+least danger. <i>I</i> alone am capable of clearing any water that may
+find its way here. By my biggest delivery, we pitched then!"</p>
+
+<p>The sea was getting up in workmanlike style. It was a dead
+westerly gale, blown from under a ragged opening of green sky,
+narrowed on all sides by fat gray clouds; and the wind bit like
+pincers, as it fretted the spray into lace-work on the heads of the
+waves.</p>
+
+<p>"I tell you what it is," the foremast telephoned down its wire
+stays. "I'm up here, and I can take a dispassionate view of things.
+There's an organized conspiracy against us. I'm sure of it, because
+every single one of these waves is heading directly for our bows.
+The whole sea is concerned in it&mdash;and so's the wind. It's
+awful!"</p>
+
+<p>"What's awful?" said a wave, drowning the capstan for the
+hundredth time.</p>
+
+<p>"This organized conspiracy on your part," the capstan gurgled,
+taking his cue from the mast.</p>
+
+<p>"Organized bubbles and spindrift! There has been a depression in
+the Gulf of Mexico. Excuse me!" He leaped overside; but his friends
+took up the tale one after another.</p>
+
+<p>"Which has advanced&mdash;" <i>That</i> wave threw green over the
+funnel.</p>
+
+<p>"As far as Cape Hatteras&mdash;" <i>He</i> drenched the bridge.</p>
+
+<p>"And is now going out to sea&mdash;to sea&mdash;to sea!" <i>He</i>
+went out in three surges, making a clean sweep of a boat, which
+turned bottom up and sank in the darkening troughs alongside.</p>
+
+<p>"That's all there is to it," seethed the broken water, roaring
+through the scuppers. "There's no animus in our proceedings. We're a
+meteorological corollary."</p>
+
+<p>"Is it going to get any worse?" said the bow anchor, chained down
+to the deck, where he could only breathe once in five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>"Not knowing, can't say. Wind may blow a bit by midnight. Thanks
+awfully. Good-by."</p>
+
+<p>The wave that spoke so politely had travelled some distance aft,
+and got itself all mixed up on the deck amidships, which was a well
+deck sunk between high bulwarks. One of the bulwark plates, which
+was hung on hinges to open outward, had swung out, and passed the
+bulk of the water back to the sea again with a wop.</p>
+
+<p>"Evidently that's what I'm made for," said the plate, shutting up
+again with a sputter of pride. "Oh, no, you don't, my friend!"</p>
+
+<p>The top of a wave was trying to get in from outside, but the
+plate did not open in that direction, and the defeated water spurted
+back.</p>
+
+<p>"Not bad for five-sixteenths of an inch," said the bulwark plate.
+"My work, I see, is laid down for the night;" and it began opening
+and shutting, as it was designed to do, with the motion of the
+ship.</p>
+
+<p>"We are not what you might call idle," groaned all the frames
+together, as the "Dimbula" climbed a big wave, lay on her side at
+the top, and shot into the next hollow, twisting as she descended. A
+huge swell pushed up exactly under her middle, and her bow and stern
+hung free, with nothing to support them, and then one joking wave
+caught her up at the bow, and another at the stern, while the rest
+of the water fell away from under her, just to see how she would
+like it, and she was held up at the two ends, and the weight of the
+cargo and the machinery fell on the groaning iron keels and bilge
+stringers.</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off! Ease off there!" roared the garboard strake. "I want
+an eighth of an inch play. D'you hear me, you young rivets!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off! ease off!" cried the bilge stringers. "Don't hold us
+so tight to the frames!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off!" grunted the deck beams, as the "Dimbula" rolled
+fearfully. "You've cramped our knees into the stringers and we can't
+move. Ease off, you flat-headed little nuisances."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page333" id="page333"></a>[pg 333]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/333.jpg" name="fig333" id="fig333">
+<img src="images/333.jpg" alt="'AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW NEARLY TO THE SURFACE.'" /></a>
+<h5>"AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW NEARLY TO THE SURFACE." </h5>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page334" id="page334"></a>[pg 334]</span>
+
+<p>Then two converging seas hit the bows,
+one on each side, and fell away in torrents
+of streaming thunder.</p>
+
+<p>"Ease off!" shouted the forward collision bulkhead. "I want to
+crumple up, but I'm stiffened in every direction. Ease off, you
+dirty little forge filings. Let me breathe!"</p>
+
+<p>All the hundreds of plates that are riveted on to the frames, and
+make the outside skin of every steamer, echoed the call, for each
+plate wanted to shift and creep a little, and each plate, according
+to its position, complained against the rivets.</p>
+
+<p>"We can't help it! <i>We</i> can't help it!" they murmured. "We're put
+here to hold you, and we're going to do it. You never pull us twice
+in the same direction. If you'd say what you were going to do next,
+we'd try to meet your views."</p>
+
+<p>"As far as I could feel," said the upper-deck planking, and that
+was four inches thick, "every single iron near me was pushing or
+pulling in opposite directions. Now, what's the sense of that? My
+friends, let us all pull together."</p>
+
+<p>"Pull any way you please." roared the funnel, "so long as you
+don't try your experiments on <i>me</i>. I need fourteen wire ropes, all
+pulling in opposite directions, to hold me steady. Isn't that
+so?"</p>
+
+<p>"We believe you, my boy!" whistled the funnel stays through their
+clenched teeth, as they twanged in the wind from the top of the
+funnel to the deck.</p>
+
+<p>"Nonsense! We must all pull together," the decks repeated. "Pull
+lengthways."</p>
+
+<p>"Very good," said the stringers; "then stop pushing sideways when
+you get wet. Be content to run gracefully fore and aft, and curve in
+at the ends as we do."</p>
+
+<p>"No, no curves at the end. A very slight workmanlike curve from
+side to side, with a good grip at each knee, and little pieces
+welded on," said the deck beams.</p>
+
+<p>"Fiddle!" said the iron pillars of the deep, dark hold. "Who ever
+heard of curves? Stand up straight; be a perfectly round column, and
+carry tons of good solid weight. Like that! There!" A big sea
+smashed on to the deck above, and the pillars stiffened themselves
+to the load.</p>
+
+<p>"Straight up and down is not bad," said the frames who run that
+way in the sides of the ship, "but you must also expand yourself
+sideways. Expansion is the law of life, children. Open out! Open
+out!"</p>
+
+<p>"Come back!" said the deck beam, savagely, as the upward heave of
+the sea made the frames try to open. "Come back to your bearings,
+you slack-jawed irons!"</p>
+
+<p>"Rigidity! Rigidity! Rigidity!" thumped the engines. "Absolute,
+unvarying rigidity&mdash;rigidity!"</p>
+
+<p>"You see!" whined the rivets in chorus. "No two of you will ever
+pull alike, and&mdash;and you blame it all on us. We only know how
+to go through a plate and bite down on both sides so that it can't
+and mustn't and sha'n't move."</p>
+
+<p>"I've got one-sixteenth of an inch play at any rate," said the
+garboard strake triumphantly; and so he had, and all the bottom of
+the ship felt a good deal easier for it.</p>
+
+<p>"Then we're no good," sobbed the bottom rivets. "We were
+ordered&mdash;we were <i>ordered</i>&mdash;never to give, and we've
+given, and the sea will come in, and we'll all go to the bottom
+together! First we're blamed for everything unpleasant, and now we
+haven't the consolation of having done our work."</p>
+
+<p>"Don't say I told you," whispered the steam consolingly; "but,
+between you and me and the cloud I last came from, it was bound to
+happen sooner or later. You <i>had</i> to give a fraction, and you've
+given without knowing it. Now hold on, as before."</p>
+
+<p>"What's the use?" a few hundred rivets chattered. "We've
+given&mdash;we've given; and the sooner we confess that we can't
+keep the ship together and go off our little heads, the easier it
+will be. No rivet forged could stand this strain."</p>
+
+<p>"No one rivet was ever meant to. Share it among you," the steam
+answered.</p>
+
+<p>"The others can have my share. I'm going to pull out," said a
+rivet in one of the forward plates.</p>
+
+<p>"If you go, others will follow," hissed the steam. "There's
+nothing so contagious in a boat as rivets going. Why, I knew a
+little chap like you&mdash;he was an eighth of an inch fatter,
+though&mdash;on a steamer&mdash;to be sure, she was only twelve
+tons, now I come to think of it&mdash;in exactly the same place as
+you are. <i>He</i> pulled out in a bit of a bobble of a sea, not half as
+bad as this, and he started all his friends on the same butt-strap,
+and the plate opened like a furnace door, and I had to climb into
+the nearest fog bank while the boat went down."</p>
+
+<p>"Now that's peculiarly disgraceful," said the rivet. "Fatter than
+me, was he, and in a steamer not half our tonnage? Reedy little peg!
+I blush for the family, sir." He settled himself more firmly than
+ever in his place, and the steam chuckled.</p>
+
+<p>"You see," he went on quite gravely, "a rivet, and especially a
+rivet in <i>your</i> position, is really the <i>one</i> indispensable part of
+the ship." The steam did not say that he had whispered the very same
+thing to every <span class="pagenum"><a name="page335"
+id="page335"></a>[pg 335]</span> single piece of iron aboard. There
+is no sense in telling too much.</p>
+
+<p>And all that while the little "Dimbula" pitched and chopped and
+swung and slewed, and lay down as though she were going to die, and
+got up as though she had been stung, and threw her nose round and
+round in circles half a dozen times as she dipped, for the gale was
+at its worst. It was inky black, in spite of the tearing white froth
+on the waves, and, to top everything, the rain began to fall in
+sheets, so that you could not see your hand before your face. This
+did not make much difference to the iron-work below, but it troubled
+the foremast a good deal.</p>
+
+<p>"Now it's all finished," he said, dismally. "The conspiracy is
+too strong for us. There is nothing left but to&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Hurraar! Brrrraaah! Brrrrrrp!" roared the steam through the
+foghorn, till the decks quivered. "Don't be frightened below. It's
+only me, just throwing out a few words in case any one happens to be
+rolling round to-night,"</p>
+
+<p>"You don't mean to say there's any one except <i>us</i> on the sea in
+such weather?" said the funnel, in a husky snuffle.</p>
+
+<p>"Scores of 'em," said the steam, clearing its throat. "Rrrrrraaa!
+Brraaaaa! Prrrrp! It's a trifle windy up here; and, great boilers,
+how it rains!"</p>
+
+<p>"We're drowning," said the scuppers. They had been doing nothing
+else all night, but this steady thresh of rain above them seemed to
+be the end of the world.</p>
+
+<p>"That's all right. We'll be easier in an hour or two. First the
+wind and then the rain; soon you may make sail again! Grrraaaaah!
+Drrrraaaa! Drrrrrp! I have a notion that the sea is going down
+already. If it does you'll learn something about rolling. We've only
+pitched till now. By the way, aren't you chaps in the hold a little
+easier than you were?"</p>
+
+<p>There was just as much groaning and straining as ever, but it was
+not so loud or squeaky in tone; and when the ship quivered she did
+not jar stiffly, like a poker hit on the floor, but gave a supple
+little waggle, like a perfectly balanced golf club.</p>
+
+<p>"We have made a most amazing discovery," said the stringers, one
+after another; "a discovery that entirely changes the situation. We
+have found, for the first time in the history of shipbuilding, that
+the inward pull of the deck beams and the outward thrust of the
+frames locks us, as it were, more closely in our places, and enables
+us to endure a strain which is entirely without parallel in the
+records of marine architecture."</p>
+
+<p>The steam turned a laugh quickly into a roar up the foghorn.
+"What massive intellects you great stringers have!" he said, softly,
+when he had finished.</p>
+
+<p>"We, also," began the deck beams, "are discoverers and geniuses.
+We are of opinion that the support of the hold-pillars materially
+helps <i>us</i>. We find that we lock upon them when we are subjected to
+a heavy and singular weight of sea above."</p>
+
+<p>Here the "Dimbula" shot down a hollow, lying almost on her side,
+and righting at the bottom with a wrench and a spasm.</p>
+
+<p>"In these cases&mdash;are you aware of this, steam?&mdash;the
+plating at the bows, and particularly at the stern,&mdash;we would
+also mention the floors beneath us,&mdash;helps <i>us</i> to resist any
+tendency to spring." It was the frames who were speaking in the
+solemn and awed voice which people use when they have just come
+across something entirely new for the very first time.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm only a poor, puffy little flutterer," said the steam, "but I
+have to stand a good deal of pressure in my business. It's all
+tremendously interesting. Tell us some more. You fellows are <i>so</i>
+strong."</p>
+
+<p>"You'll see," said the bow plates proudly. "Ready behind there!
+Here's the father and mother of waves coming! Sit tight, rivets
+all!" The great sluicing comber thundered by, but through all the
+scuffle and confusion the steam could hear the low, quick cries of
+the iron-work as the various strains took them&mdash;cries like
+these: "Easy now, easy! <i>Now</i> push for all your strength! Hold out!
+Give a fraction! Hold up! Pull in! Shove crossways! Mind the strain
+at the ends! Grip now! Bite tight! Let the water get away from
+under, and there she goes."</p>
+
+<p>The wave raced off into the darkness shouting, "Not bad that, if
+it's your first run!" and the drenched and ducked ship throbbed to
+the beat of the engines inside her. All three cylinders were wet and
+white with the salt spray that had come down through the engine-room
+hatch; there was white salt on the canvas-bound steam pipes, and
+even the bright work below was speckled and soiled; but the
+cylinders had learned to make the most of steam that was half water,
+and were pounding along cheerfully.</p>
+
+<p>"How's the noblest outcome of human ingenuity hitting it?" said
+the steam, as he whirled through the engine room.</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing for nothing in the world of woe," the cylinders
+answered, as if they had <span class="pagenum"><a name="page336"
+id="page336"></a>[pg 336]</span> been working for centuries, "and
+precious little for seventy-five pounds head. We've made two knots
+this last hour and a quarter! Rather humiliating for eight hundred
+horse-power, isn't it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, it's better than drifting astern, at any rate. You seem
+rather less&mdash;how shall I put it?&mdash;stiff in the back than
+you were."</p>
+
+<p>"If you'd been hammered as we've been this night, you wouldn't be
+stiff&mdash;ffreff&mdash;ff&mdash;either.
+Theoreti&mdash;retti&mdash;retti&mdash;cally, of course, rigidity is
+<i>the</i> thing. Purr&mdash;purr&mdash;practically, there has to be a
+little give and take. <i>We</i> found that out by working on our sides
+for five minutes at a stretch&mdash;chch&mdash;chh. How's the
+weather?"</p>
+
+<p>"Sea's going down fast," said the steam.</p>
+
+<p>"Good business," said the high-pressure cylinder. "Whack her up
+along, boys. They've given us five pounds more steam;" and he began
+humming the first bars of "Said the young Obadiah to the old
+Obadiah," which, as you must have noticed, is a pet tune among
+engines not made for high speed. Racing liners with twin screws sing
+"The Turkish Patrol" and the overture to the "Bronze Horse" and
+"Madame Angot," till something goes wrong, and then they give
+Gounod's "Funeral March of a Marionette" with variations.</p>
+
+<p>"You'll learn a song of your own some fine day," said the steam,
+as he flew up the foghorn for one last bellow.</p>
+
+<p>Next day the sky cleared and the sea dropped a little, and the
+"Dimbula" began to roll from side to side till every inch of iron in
+her was sick and giddy. But, luckily, they did not all feel ill at
+the same time; otherwise she would have opened out like a wet paper
+box. The steam whistled warnings as he went about his business, for
+it is in this short, quick roll and tumble that follows a heavy sea
+that most of the accidents happen; because then everything thinks
+that the worst is over and goes off guard. So he orated and
+chattered till the beams and frames and floors and stringers and
+things had learned how to lock down and lock up on one another, and
+endure this new kind of strain.</p>
+
+<p>They had ample time, for they were sixteen days at sea, and it
+was foul weather till within a hundred miles of New York. The
+"Dimbula" picked up her pilot, and came in covered with salt and red
+rust. Her funnel was dirty gray from top to bottom; two boats had
+been carried away; three copper ventilators looked like hats after a
+fight with the police; the bridge had a dimple in the middle of it;
+the house that covered the steam steering-gear was split as with
+hatchets; there was a bill for small repairs in the engine room
+almost as long as the screw-shaft; the forward cargo hatch fell into
+bucket staves when they raised the iron crossbars; and the steam
+capstan had been badly wrenched on its bed. Altogether, as the
+skipper said, it was "a pretty general average."</p>
+
+<p>"But she's soupled," he said to Mr. Buchanan. "For all her dead
+weight, she rode like a yacht. Ye mind that last blow off the Banks?
+I was proud of her."</p>
+
+<p>"It's vara good," said the chief engineer, looking along the
+dishevelled decks. "Now, a man judging superficially would say we
+were a wreck, but we know otherwise&mdash;by experience."</p>
+
+<p>Naturally, everything in the "Dimbula" stiffened with pride, and
+the foremast and the forward collision bulkhead, who are pushing
+creatures, begged the steam to warn the port of New York of their
+arrival. "Tell those big boats all about us," they said. "They seem
+to take us quite as a matter of course."</p>
+
+<p>It was a glorious, clear, dead calm morning, and in single file,
+with less than half a mile between each, their bands playing, and
+their tugboats shouting and waving handkerchiefs beneath, were the
+"Majestic," the "Paris," the "Touraine," the "Servia," the "Kaiser
+Wilhelm II." and the "Werkendam," all statelily going out to sea. As
+the "Dimbula" shifted her helm to give the great boats clear way,
+the steam (who knows far too much to mind making an exhibition of
+himself now and then) shouted:</p>
+
+<p>"Oyez! oyez! oyez! Princes, Dukes, and Barons of the High Seas!
+Know ye by these presents we are the 'Dimbula,' fifteen days nine
+hours out from Liverpool, having crossed the Atlantic with four
+thousand ton of cargo for the first time in our career. We have not
+foundered! We are here! Eer! eer! We are not disabled. But we have
+had a time wholly unparalleled in the annals of shipbuilding. Our
+decks were swept. We pitched, we rolled! We thought we were going to
+die! Hi! hi! But we didn't! We wish to give notice that we have come
+to New York all the way across the Atlantic, through the worst
+weather in the world; and we are the 'Dimbula.' We
+are&mdash;arr&mdash;ha&mdash;ha&mdash;ha-r-r!"</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful line of boats swept by as steadily as the
+procession of the seasons. The "Dimbula" heard the "Majestic" say
+"Humph!" and the "Paris" grunted "How!" and the "Touraine" said
+"Oui!" with a little coquettish flicker of steam; and the "Servia"
+said "Haw!" and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page337"
+id="page337"></a>[pg 337]</span> "Kaiser" and the "Werkendam" said
+"Hoch!" Dutch fashion&mdash;and that was absolutely all.</p>
+
+<p>"I did my best," said the steam, gravely, "but I don't think they
+were much impressed with us, somehow. Do you?"</p>
+
+<p>"It's simply disgusting," said the bow-plates. "They might have
+seen what we've been through. There isn't a ship on the sea that has
+suffered as we have&mdash;is there now?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I wouldn't go so far as that," said the steam, "because
+I've worked on some of those boats, and put them through weather
+quite as bad as we've had in six days; and some of them are a little
+over ten thousand tons, I believe. Now, I've seen the 'Majestic,'
+for instance, ducked from her bows to her funnel, and I've helped
+the 'Arizona,' I think she was, to back off an iceberg she met with
+one dark night; and I had to run out of the 'Paris's' engine room
+one day because there was thirty foot of water in it. Of course, I
+don't deny&mdash;" The steam shut off suddenly as a tugboat, loaded
+with a political club and a brass band that had been to see a
+senator off to Europe, crossed the bows, going to Hoboken. There was
+a long silence, that reached without a break from the cut-water to
+the propeller blades of the "Dimbula."</p>
+
+<p>Then one big voice said slowly and thickly, as though the owner
+had just waked up: "It's my conviction that I have made a fool of
+myself."</p>
+
+<p>The steam knew what had happened at once; for when a ship finds
+herself, all the talking of the separate pieces ceases and melts
+into one deep voice, which is the soul of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>"Who are you?" he said, with a laugh.</p>
+
+<p>"I am the 'Dimbula,' of course. I've never been anything else
+except that&mdash;and a fool."</p>
+
+<p>The tugboat, which was doing its very best to be run down, got
+away just in time, and its band was playing clashily and brassily a
+popular but impolite air:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>In the days of old Rameses&mdash;are you on?</p>
+<p>In the days of old Rameses&mdash;are you on?</p>
+<p>In the days of old Rameses,</p>
+<p>That story had paresis&mdash;</p>
+<p>Are you on&mdash;are you on&mdash;are you on?</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<p>"Well, I'm glad you've found yourself,"
+said the steam. "To tell the truth, I was
+a little tired of talking to all those ribs of
+stringers. Here's quarantine. After that
+we'll go to our wharf and clean up a
+little, and next month we'll do it all over
+again."</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+<h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.&mdash;GOYA AND HIS CAREER.&mdash;FOUR ENGLISH
+PAINTERS OF FAMILIAR LIFE.&mdash;GÉRICAULT, INGRES, AND DELACROIX.</h3>
+
+<h4>By Will H. Low.</h4>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterL.jpg" name="fig337" id="fig337"><img  src="images/LetterL.jpg" alt="Letter L" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">OOKING backward to the first quarter of this century, it is
+hardly too sweeping an assertion to say that, with a single
+exception, there was little that was important in the way of
+painting outside of France and England. There were local reputations
+in all the other countries, practitioners of the art who joined to a
+respectable proficiency in painting an adhesion to the traditions
+which had been handed down to them. These men, in their time and
+place, were notable; and in the museums of their respective
+countries their works remain of chronological interest to students
+of painting. But to the larger public which these papers address,
+they are of little importance, having exercised but slight influence
+on contemporaneous art.</p>
+
+<p>The exception already noted was in Spain, and there only in the
+case of a single painter. Francisco Goya y Lucientes, "Pintor
+Español," as he delighted to call himself, would be, indeed has
+been, a fascinating subject for picturesque biography. Charles
+Yriarte, the well-known French art critic, has given the world a
+most interesting and complete story of Goya's life, which, though it
+is only separated from our own day by a span of seventy years,
+chronicles the exploits of one who in the history of art must hark
+back to Benvenuto Cellini in the sixteenth century to find his
+parallel.</p>
+
+<p>Goya was born March 31, 1746, at Fuente de Todos, in the province
+of Aragon. The son of a small farmer, he was <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page338" id="page338"></a>[pg 338]</span>
+placed when very young in the local Academy of Fine Arts at
+Saragossa, where he received instruction from Bayen and Luzan,
+painters little known outside of Spain. The swashbuckler instincts
+which were to govern him through life manifested themselves here,
+where in a street brawl he laid low three of his adversaries. He
+found it prudent to evade both justice and the vengeance which
+followed swift and sure in those days in Spain, by flying to Madrid.
+Soon after his arrival in the capital, however, in continuation of
+his old mode of life, he was picked up for dead in one of the low
+quarters of the town. Surviving the poignard, but again threatened
+with arrest, he joined a <i>quadrilla</i> of bull-fighters, in whose
+company he went from town to town, giving exhibitions of his prowess
+in the national sport.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/338-1.jpg" name="fig338-1" id="fig338-1">
+<img  src="images/338-1.jpg" alt="THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA." /></a>
+<h5>THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</h5>
+
+<p>There is a tradition that this etching was made from nature, the
+model&mdash;some malefactor executed by the strangling method
+employed in Spain&mdash;being studied by Goya from his chamber
+window.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>With all this, painting must have been somewhat of an interlude;
+but Goya had early shown signs of great talent, and before he left
+Saragossa, his master, Josepha Bayen, had confidence enough in his
+future to entrust the happiness of his daughter to his care by
+permitting his marriage to her. Goya's biographer notes that through
+all the various adventures of his career he had the utmost care for
+the material comfort of this lady. Her character must impress us
+to-day as charitable to excess; for, shortly after the bull-fighting
+episode, Goya found himself in Rome, where his next exploit was the
+abduction, from a convent, of a noble Roman girl. With the police
+once more on his track, he sought refuge at the Spanish Embassy,
+whence he was despatched home in disguise, probably to the relief of
+his country's representative in Rome. Before this adventure, which
+was only one of many which the charitable wife had to pardon, he had
+attracted the attention of David, who was then in Italy, and who, as
+his art differed in every way from that of Goya, must have been
+strongly impressed by his work to give it his approval.</p>
+<br clear="all" />
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/338-2.jpg" name="fig338-2" id="fig338-2">
+<img  src="images/338-2.jpg" alt="DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA." /></a>
+<h5>DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.</h5>
+
+<p>One of the plates from the "Disasters of War" where the grotesque
+and huge figure of Death appears to the combatants.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On arriving home Goya was given employment in designing a series
+of tapestries for the royal palace; and from 1780, when he was made
+a member of the Spanish Royal Academy, ensues the period of his
+greatest artistic activity. Carrying into his art the same excess of
+temperament which marked his life, his execution was rapid and
+decisive. Rebellious to the ordinary means employed by painters, he
+used various mediums, some of which <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page339" id="page339"></a>[pg 339]</span> have ill withstood
+the ravages of time; and, disdaining brushes, he often employed
+sponges or bits of rag in their place. In the case of one of his
+pictures, a revolt of the Madrilenians against the French, it is
+said that he employed a spoon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1799 Goya was made painter to the king, Charles III., whose
+successor, the fourth of his name, continued his favor. The time,
+which was that of the notorious "Prince of Peace," Godoy, was
+favorable for a character like that of Goya, whose eccentricities
+were looked upon with an indulgent eye by a court which must have
+felt that its function was hardly that of moral censor. At least
+Goya, the intimate of Maria Louisa and the court circle, by no means
+abandoned his friends the bull-fighters and tavern-keepers. Fresh
+from an altar-piece for a cathedral, or a royal portrait, his ready
+brush found employment in rapidly painting a street scene, or even a
+sign for a wine-shop. A whitewashed wall for canvas and mud from the
+gutter for pigment, were the means employed to embody a patriotic
+theme at the entrance of the French soldiers into Madrid&mdash;a
+popular masterpiece executed to the plaudits of the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>All this would seem to denote a charlatan; yet withal, Goya has
+fairly won his place amid the great painters of the world. Perhaps
+no better example could be found of the essential difference between
+the outward and visible actions of a man and the inward and
+spiritual grace of an artist than in this instance; and the Latin
+standpoint, always more intellectually liberal than our own
+Anglo-Saxon appreciation of the same problem furnishes the reason
+why Goya was left free to pursue his artistic career instead of
+languishing in prison. His illogical brush filled the cathedrals of
+Saragossa, Seville, Toledo, and Valencia with masterly frescoes,
+while with the etching needle he produced many plates. Some of
+these, like the "Caprices," a series of eighty etchings, are filled
+with imagination alternately tragical and grotesque; while another
+series, representing bull-fights, throughout its thirty-three plates
+depicts the incidents of the game with intense realism. The
+"Disasters of War," another series of eighty, were inspired by the
+French invasion; and never, perhaps, were the cruelties of war more
+strenuously realized in art than in these. Probably these etchings,
+executed, like all his works, by methods peculiar to himself,
+constitute his best title to remembrance. But his painting, replete
+though it be with the defects of his qualities, stands as a
+precursor of the great coloristic school of which Delacroix was the
+head and front. This is notably to be felt in his portraits, and in
+some of the rapidly executed single figures of which the Louvre has
+a specimen and the Metropolitan Museum, New York, another&mdash;the
+latter, "A Jewess of Tangiers."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/339.jpg" name="fig339" id="fig339">
+<img src="images/339.jpg" alt="GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF." /></a>
+<h5>GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.</h5>
+
+<p>This portrait is the frontispiece to a series of etchings by Goya.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before leaving Goya for men whose works are their only history, a
+characteristic incident, which caused his flight from Spain to
+Bordeaux in France, must be told. In 1814 Wellington was in Madrid
+and sat for his portrait to Goya. After the first sitting, the
+soldier presumed to criticise the work; whereat Goya, seizing a
+cutlass, attacked him, causing the future hero of Waterloo to flee
+for his life from the maniacal fury of the painter. It is said that,
+later, peace was made between the two men, and that the portrait was
+achieved; but for the moment Goya found safety in France, together
+with his <span class="pagenum"><a name="page340"
+id="page340"></a>[pg 340]</span> long-suffering wife, who had
+incidentally borne him twenty children. At the green old age of
+eighty-two Goya died at Bordeaux, April 16, 1828.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/340.jpg" name="fig340" id="fig340">
+<img src="images/340.jpg" alt="ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN THE CATHEDRAL AT SEVILLE." /></a>
+<h5>ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN THE CATHEDRAL AT SEVILLE.</h5>
+
+<p>These are the patron saints of Seville. The legend has it
+that they were the daughters of a potter and followed their
+father's trade, giving away in charity, however, all that they
+earned more than was sufficient to supply their simple wants.
+At the time of a festival to Venus, they were requested to supply
+the vessels to be used in her worship, and on their refusing,
+they were dragged before the prefect, who condemned them to
+death, July 19, A.D. 304. They are generally represented with
+earthen vessels and the palms of martyrdom; in this case, the
+broken statue of Venus lies in the foreground. The Giralda
+tower, the chief ornament of Seville, and the prototype of the
+Madison Square tower in New York City, is their especial care,
+and it is believed that its preservation from lightning is due to
+them.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No greater contrast could be devised than the four works which
+follow, either in the character of the art or in the uneventful
+respectability of the painters' lives. They are all typical of a
+class of pictures which has been popular in England, from the time
+of Hogarth to the present day. The earliest of them is the "Blind
+Fiddler" of Sir David Wilkie, which was exhibited at the Royal
+Academy in 1807. The dates at which the others, by Mulready,
+Webster, and Leslie, were painted would preclude their appearance
+here, if strict chronological sequence were imposed, as they were
+painted about 1840. It is instructive, however, to group them
+together, to show that these artists and their followers, who were
+legion, thought at least as much of subject as of method. Not that
+the latter quality is lacking. On the contrary, it is only too
+evident; but it is a method of convention. No one would imagine for
+a moment, in looking at any one of these pictures, that he was
+admitted an unseen spectator to some scene of intimate family life.
+It is this quality which the great Dutchmen in all their scenes of
+familiar life preserved; and when we look at a Pieter de Hooge, for
+instance, there is no suspicion that the homely scene has been
+arranged for our delectation. In its transplantation from Holland,
+however, English art lost just this quality.</p>
+
+<p>David Wilkie, born in Scotland, at Cults in Fifeshire, November
+18, 1785, came to London in 1805 to enter the Royal Academy schools,
+after some preliminary training at Edinburgh. His first picture, in
+the exhibition of 1806, "The Village Politicians," attracted
+attention, and was followed the next year by "The Blind Fiddler."
+The work of a youth of twenty-two, it is remarkable for its close
+observation of character and the skilful use made of what may be
+termed the theatrical faculty of grouping the personages so that
+their action tells the story. This is not a merit, and there is
+little doubt that the scene would be greater as art were it more
+consistently human. Character is well and pictorially rendered; but
+by its insistence in every figure, we feel that it is but a moment
+since the curtain was withdrawn and the <i>tableau vivant</i> shown. This
+and the pictures following it met with the most unbounded popular
+approval, were reproduced by engraving, and exercised an influence
+increased by the honors and fortune which were showered on the
+painter.</p>
+
+<p>In 1825 Wilkie made an extended continental tour, and three years
+later, after his return to England, changed his class of subjects
+for historical and portrait painting, bringing to these later themes
+the same ability and the same lack of <i>naïveté</i> which characterized
+his former work. A Royal Academician since 1811, he was appointed
+first painter in ordinary to the king, on the death of Lawrence, in
+1830. He was knighted in 1836, and died at sea on June 1, 1841,
+while returning from Egypt.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page341" id="page341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/341.jpg" name="fig341" id="fig341">
+<img src="images/341.jpg" alt="THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE." /></a>
+<h5>THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.</h5>
+
+<p>"An itinerant musician is entertaining a cottager and his family
+with a tune on the fiddle; the father gayly snaps his fingers at an
+infant on the knees of the mother, behind whom a mischievous boy,
+with the poker and bellows in his hands, is mimicking the action of
+the musician. With this exception, all, even the dog standing by the
+chair of its mistress, appear to be intent upon the music of the
+blind fiddler." This quotation, from the catalogue of the National
+Gallery where the original picture is placed, accurately describes
+it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page342" id="page342"></a>[pg 342]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/342.jpg" name="fig342" id="fig342">
+<img  src="images/342.jpg" alt="CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON." /></a>
+<h5>CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON.</h5>
+
+<p>To the title of this picture, the painter himself added, as
+expository of his theme and the source of his inspiration, the
+following passage from Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield": "I had
+scarcely taken orders a year, before I began to think seriously of
+matrimony, and chose my wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a
+fine glossy surface, but for such qualities as would wear well." The
+picture thus affords a good instance of the dependence on literature
+of the painters of Mulready's school. Its title alone would suffice,
+so well and simply is the story told; but, apparently, with the
+British public, and in the painter's mind, it gained an added grace
+by diverting the visual impression of the observer to the realm of
+literature. The picture is here reproduced from a copyrighted
+photograph by Frederick Hollyer, Kensington.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>William Mulready was of Irish birth, having come into the world
+at Ennis, in the County Clare, April 1, 1786. In 1809, after a
+period in the schools of the Royal Academy, he exhibited there a
+picture entitled "Fair Time," which gave him almost instant success;
+and until his death, July 7, 1863, though producing fewer pictures
+than Wilkie, he worked on very much the same class of subjects.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page343" id="page343"></a>[pg
+343]</span> His color is less agreeable than that of the Scot, and
+his execution very much more labored. His life was uneventful,
+occupied exclusively with his work, which he loved; so much so that
+two days before his death, an old man of seventy-seven, he sat
+drawing in the evening life class at the Royal Academy. He had been
+a member of the Academy since 1816. The picture here reproduced is
+(even without the quotation from the "Vicar of Wakefield" which
+accompanies it in the catalogue of the South Kensington Museum) a
+simple story simply told. It is free from the mannerisms which mar
+much of Mulready's work, especially in the portrayal of children,
+and in the original is more agreeable in color than are many of his
+pictures.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/343.jpg" name="fig343" id="fig343">
+<img  src="images/343.jpg" alt="CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER." /></a>
+<h5>CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.</h5>
+<p> The happily chosen title explains sufficiently this pleasant scene.
+The picture, painted in 1843, is now in the South
+Kensington Museum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thomas Webster, born March 20, 1800, in London, and dying at
+Cranbrook in Kent, September, 1886, was another painter whose work
+had enjoyed the full meed of popularity, from 1825 to the time of
+his retirement from the Royal Academy in 1877. Pictures like the one
+here reproduced (from the original in the South Kensington Museum,
+painted in 1843, and entitled "Contrary Winds"), pictures depicting
+homely rustic life, were his specialty. His work had gained him the
+title of Royal Academician in 1846.</p>
+
+<p>Through all this time, and in the work of many painters unnoticed
+here, the qualities are evident of an honest endeavor to paint the
+simple life of the country. With a higher standard of taste, and
+better preliminary instruction, painting would have gained; and the
+defect with which British art has been so often reproached, of being
+too literary, might have been lessened. Charles Robert Leslie, whose
+works are almost uniformly inspired by literature, was born at
+Clerkenwell in England, of American parents, October 19, 1794. He
+was taken to Philadelphia when five years of age, but returned to
+England in 1811, to study at the Royal Academy. Washington Allston
+and Benjamin West, both Americans&mdash;the latter at the time
+President of the Royal Academy&mdash;aided Leslie by advice.</p>
+
+<p>After a preliminary stage as a portrait painter, Leslie exhibited
+at the Royal Academy in 1819 a picture of "Sir Roger de Coverley
+Going to Church," the first of a long series of pictures dependent
+on books for their subjects. In 1825 he painted "Sancho Panza and
+the Duchess," which procured him his election as an Academician the
+following year. The picture here reproduced is a repetition, with
+some slight changes, of the same subject, <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page344" id="page344"></a>[pg 344]</span> but was painted in
+1844. Leslie may be said to have originated this style of subject in
+England, where he has had many followers; and, given the requisite
+knowledge of literature, his pictures tell their story with
+directness and humor. In painting, his work is rather hard; but in
+grace and style of drawing he was much superior to his
+contemporaries. Among his pictures are many suggested by
+Shakespeare, which have been popularized by engraving.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/344.jpg" name="fig344" id="fig344">
+<img src="images/344.jpg" alt="SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A PAINTING BY C.E. LESLIE." /></a>
+<h5>SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A PAINTING BY
+C.E. LESLIE.</h5>
+
+<p>Sancho having, by the command of the Duchess, seated himself upon
+a low stool, is saying, "Now, madam, that I am sure that nobody but
+the company present hears us, I will answer without fear or emotion
+to all you have asked and to all you shall ask me; and the first
+thing I tell you is that I take my master, Don Quixote, for a
+downright madman." The original picture is in the National Gallery,
+London.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Leslie returned to this country in 1833 to accept the
+professorship of drawing at the West Point Military Academy, but
+remained only a few months. After returning to London, he enjoyed a
+successful career until his death, May 5, 1859. He was one of the
+first and most consistent admirers of Constable's work, and wrote
+his life. He also published lectures on painting, delivered at the
+Royal Academy, where he had been appointed lecturer in 1848.</p>
+
+<p>The consideration of the two men whose portraits face each other
+here, and who stood thus opposed, during their lives, as the leaders
+of all that constituted art in their time and country, takes us back
+to France. Frequent returns of this character will be necessary in
+the course of these papers; for, without undue prejudice in favor of
+the French, it must be said that they alone have through the century
+maintained a consistent attitude in regard to art. Other countries
+have from time to time encouraged painting, with as frequent lapses
+of interest or lack of men who could legitimately inspire interest.
+Although transplanted bodily from Italy to France, in the time of
+Francis the First, art had taken so firm a root by the commencement
+of this century that, as we have seen, it grew and flourished though
+watered by the red blood of revolution. As a national institution,
+following the prescribed rules of the Academy, it has, of course,
+met with frequent assaults at the hands of men for whom prescribed
+academic law was as naught in comparison with the higher law of
+genius. In 1819 such a man appeared, with a picture which violated
+the unwritten law formulated by David: "Look in your Plutarch and
+paint!"</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>[pg 345]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/345.jpg" name="fig345" id="fig345">
+<img src="images/345.jpg" alt="THE RAFT OF THE 'MEDUSA.' FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT IN THE LOUVRE." /></a>
+<h5>THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT IN THE
+LOUVRE.</h5>
+
+<p>The frigate "Medusa," accompanied by three other vessels, left
+France June 17, 1816, heading for Saint-Louis (Senegal), with the
+governor and principal officers of the colony as passengers. On July
+2 the vessel stranded on a reef, and after five days of ineffectual
+effort to float her, was abandoned. A raft was constructed and one
+hundred and forty-nine men embarked on it, the remainder of the crew
+and passengers, four hundred all told, taking to the boats. For
+twelve days, the raft floated at the will of the waves and winds;
+then it was sighted by one of the convoys, the brig Argus. Only
+fifteen men survived. The picture represents the moment of their
+deliverance.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page346" id="page346"></a>[pg 346]</span>
+
+<p>Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault, born at Rouen, September 26,
+1791, came to Paris in 1808, and entered the studio of Guérin, where
+his method of painting displeased his master to such a degree that
+he advised him to abandon the study of art. Guérin had thoroughly
+imbibed the defects of the David method; and the spectacle of a
+youth who obstinately persisted in trying to paint the model as he
+really appeared, instead of making a pink imitation of antique
+sculpture, seemed to him to be of little promise.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/346.jpg" name="fig346" id="fig346">
+<img src="images/346.jpg" alt="INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF." /></a>
+<h5>INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.</h5>
+
+<p>Painted for the gallery of Painters' Portraits in the Uffizi,
+Florence, in 1858, according to the inscription on the picture. This
+most interesting collection, which is still being added to year by
+year, comprises the portraits of the great painters, in most cases
+by their own hands, from the time of the Renaissance to our day.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Géricault, however, persisted; and with the exception of about a
+year, when the halo of military glory seduced him from his work, he
+worked so well and earnestly that, after two years' sojourn in
+Italy, he returned to Paris, a few weeks before the Salon of 1819,
+equipped with the knowledge of a master.</p>
+
+<p>Taking a canvas about fifteen feet high by twenty in length,
+using the green-room of a theatre for a studio, he set to work.
+Disdaining the prevailing taste for mythology and classic themes, he
+took from the journals of the time the moving recital of the
+sufferings of the crew of the frigate "Medusa," abandoned on a raft
+in mid-ocean. Choosing the moment when the fifteen survivors of the
+hundred and forty-nine men who had embarked on the raft sighted the
+sail in the offing which meant their deliverance, he worked with an
+energy and fire which have remained remarkable in the annals of art.
+Certain of the figures, all of which are more than life size, were
+painted in a day, and when the Salon of 1819 opened, the picture was
+finished.</p>
+
+
+<p>Seen as it is to-day in the Louvre, blackened by time and the
+neglect from which it suffered for six or seven years before it was
+placed there, it remains one of the capital pages in the history of
+modern art. The effect on the younger generation who saw it fresh
+from the hand of the master, accustomed as they were to the lifeless
+effigies of the classic school, was puzzling, and none but the most
+revolutionary dared approve of it. With the older painters there was
+a similar distrust of the impression which it caused. Yet
+David&mdash;an artistic kernel encased in an academic
+husk&mdash;admired it; and so did a swarthy youth who was soon to
+make his <span class="pagenum"><a name="page347"
+id="page347"></a>[pg 347]</span> mark and who was a friend and
+former comrade of Géricault in the <i>atelier</i> Guérin&mdash;Eugène
+Delacroix.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/347.jpg" name="fig347" id="fig347">
+<img src="images/347.jpg" alt="DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837." /></a>
+<h5>DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.</h5>
+
+<p>This portrait was left by the painter at his death to Mlle. Jenny
+Leguillon, his housekeeper, and by her was bequeathed to the Louvre
+in 1872.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Géricault received a recompense of the fourth class, and,
+disgusted with his lot, took the immense canvas to London, where it
+was exhibited with success. During his sojourn in England he
+executed a number of pictures in oil and water color, and many
+lithographs, which are to-day eagerly sought by collectors.
+Returning to France full of projects for work, his health began to
+give way, and on the 18th of January, 1824, he died. The influence
+which he exercised had, however, borne its fruits. Already in the
+Salon of 1822 Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix, born at Charenton,
+near Paris, April 26, 1799, had shown his "Dante and Virgil."</p>
+
+<p>Before considering Delacroix, however, it is best to return to
+the earlier years of the century, and give J. Dominique Auguste
+Ingres, whose stern face confronts Delacroix's portrait, the
+precedence to which his age entitles him.</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur" Ingres, as the iconoclastic leaders of the romantic
+school called him in mock deference, was born at Montauban, August
+29, 1780. His life was fortunate, and his history, which is chiefly
+that of his works, can be told in few words. A pupil of David, he
+received the Prix de Rome in 1801. He remained in Rome much longer
+than the allotted four years to which his prize entitled him, and
+returned there often during his life as to the source of all art. By
+portraiture and the constant patronage of the government, the
+material conditions of his life, which was of a simple character,
+befitting a man who viewed his mission as that of an apostle
+preaching the doctrine of pure classicism, were made easy; and the
+official titles of Member of the Institute, Grand Officer of the
+Legion of Honor, and Senator of the Empire all came to him with the
+lapse of years.</p>
+
+<p>More royalist than the king, and the last of David's disciples,
+Ingres pursued throughout his life the even tenor of a man convinced
+that the source of all inspiration in art was Greek sculpture as
+amplified, transmuted, and translated to the realm of painting by
+Raphael. Painting in his hands became almost purely a matter of
+form. The element of color was virtually ignored, and form,
+chastened in contour and modelling, became through the magic of his
+genius the almost sufficient quality. The qualification is
+necessary. For though too great a man to lose, as too many of his
+master's pupils did, the grasp on nature; and while, therefore, his
+works, seen as they are through the glamour of the antique, never
+lack an intimate relation to existing life, it is impossible to
+resist the feeling before them that it is life beautified, of
+exquisite yet virile choice, but of life arrested. The reproach of
+his opponents of the romantic school that he was an "embalmer" has a
+foundation of truth.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page348" id="page348"></a>[pg 348]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/348.jpg" name="fig348" id="fig348">
+<img src="images/348.jpg" alt="A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816." /></a>
+<h5>A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.</h5>
+
+<p>This lovely drawing, from the collection in the Louvre, shows
+Ingres in his most pleasing aspect. By the magic of a few lines
+faintly traced, he has evoked for us the image of a charming person;
+and by the slight indication of costume, has also fixed the epoch at
+which the drawing was made. It was in the earlier years of the
+master, while he was in Rome, that he drew many such little
+masterpieces as a means of livelihood, drawings which he then made
+for a few francs, and which are now eagerly sought by the museums of
+Europe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page349" id="page349"></a>[pg 349]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/349.jpg" name="fig349" id="fig349">
+<img src="images/349.jpg" alt="APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES." /></a>
+<h5>APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.</h5>
+
+<p>Originally painted for a ceiling in the gallery of Greek and
+Roman Antiquities, in the Louvre, where it is now replaced by a copy
+of the same executed by Ingres's pupils. The picture represents
+Homer crowned as Jupiter by Victory, and seated before his temple
+receiving the homage of the poets, painters, sculptors, and
+architects of the world.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page350" id="page350"></a>[pg 350]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/350.jpg" name="fig350" id="fig350">
+<img src="images/350.jpg" alt="THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX." /></a>
+<h5>THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A PAINTING
+BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX.</h5>
+
+<p>In 1203, through political intrigue, a French army, raised to
+take part in the fourth crusade for the rescue of Jerusalem from the
+Mohammedans, joined with a Venetian army in an attack on
+Constantinople, then a Christian city, the capital of the Byzantine
+Empire. The city fell, but later was recovered. Then, on April 12,
+1204, the invaders secured it again, and subjected it to a
+despoilment without parallel. Delacroix's picture portrays a scene
+in this despoilment. One of the invading barons, attended by his
+escort, rides on to a terrace, and the citizens fall before him,
+praying his mercy. Behind lies the Bosphorous, and beyond it are the
+shores of Asia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>For all this, it is hardly superlative to say that, since art
+began, no man has ever felt the exquisite and subtle harmony of line
+to the same degree as Ingres. Naturally the best examples of this,
+his greatest quality, are to be found in his rendering of the nude
+human form; and from the "Oedipus and the Sphinx," of 1808, to "La
+Source," of 1856, both of which are now in the Louvre, he returned
+again and again to its study, producing each time a masterpiece. His
+portraits, again, are most masterly, occasionally rising through
+sheer force of rendering each characteristic trait of his model (as
+in the portrait of M. Bertin, the editor of the "Débats"), to the
+extreme exactitude of Holbein, coupled with an <i>allure</i> so
+thoroughly modern that the whole epoch of Louis Philippe lives
+before us. In the slighter drawings of his earlier years in Rome,
+one of which is reproduced here, only the most typical details are
+chosen, and these are indicated with a delicacy of touch, a sureness
+of hand, that not only indicates the master, but lends a distinctive
+charm of truthful delicacy of which none but Ingres has known the
+secret. It is in such works that his influence will be felt the
+longest; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page351"
+id="page351"></a>[pg 351]</span> for, as with his master, the great
+pictures in which he exemplified his principles remain cold and
+uninteresting. The "Homer Deified," reproduced here, was originally
+intended as a ceiling for the Louvre, and from a decorative point of
+view would excite a pitying smile from Veronese or Tiepolo. Taken
+bit by bit, as a beautiful exhibition of supreme knowledge, of the
+evasive quality of style in drawing, it is, however, admirable, and
+as a whole it has the merits of grave, balanced composition. It was
+the spirit of work like this which the master sought to force upon
+his epoch, rather than that of his portraits or of pictures like the
+"Source;" and the austerity of these principles met with more
+submission in the earlier years of the century than when later
+Géricault had shown the path in which the audacious Delacroix threw
+himself at the head of a band of romantic followers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/351.jpg" name="fig351" id="fig351">
+<img src="images/351.jpg" alt="DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL CITY OF DITÉ. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX, IN THE LOUVRE." /></a>
+<h5>DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL
+CITY OF DITÉ. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX, IN THE LOUVRE.</h5>
+
+<p>The subject is taken from Dante's "Inferno," and represents the
+poet and his companions and guide standing in a bark conducted by
+Phlegyas, while around them appear on the surface of the water the
+writhing bodies of the condemned, among whom Dante recognizes
+certain Florentines.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page352" id="page352"></a>[pg 352]</span>
+
+<p>I have used the term audacious in speaking of Delacroix, and
+circumstances forced him to justify the epithet. Yet to a student of
+his work, and still more of his character as revealed in his
+writings (his recently published letters and the few articles
+published during his life in the "Revue des Deux-Mondes"), he would
+appear to have been by nature prepared to receive the full academic
+tradition, and only because of what appeared a violation of the
+tradition <i>as he understood it</i>, to have arrayed himself in violent
+opposition: a situation which rendered him in work and in life
+contradictory to his natural instinct. It is the old story of the
+defect of system. Even the most cunningly devised cannot make a
+place for all the many manifestations of temperamental activity.
+Like Géricault, a pupil of Guérin, Delacroix found in his master and
+in the general spirit of the school an insistence on the letter of
+the classic law to which his richly endowed nature could not bend,
+and was thus forced to rebel; whereas a more elastic application of
+received principles would have found him an enthusiastic adherent.
+In this way he missed acquiring the technical mastery over form,
+which proved a stumbling block to him through life. At times his
+drawing is possessed of a vigor and life which even Ingres never
+had; at others his work is almost lamentable in its lack of
+constructive form. In respect to color in its finest, most harmonic
+qualities, he is the greatest of French painters; and at all times
+he is master of an intense dramatic force. It was with a
+masterpiece&mdash;"Dante and Virgil"&mdash;that he made his first
+appearance at the Salon in 1822. At a bound he found himself famous.
+Guérin, who had counselled him against sending his picture to the
+Salon, grudgingly acknowledged that he was wrong. Gros told him that
+it was like Rubens, with more correctness of form&mdash;Rubens
+"chastened" was the word. The government bought the picture, paying
+the artist two hundred and forty dollars&mdash;twelve hundred
+francs&mdash;for it.</p>
+
+<p>The same year Delacroix submissively made his final attempt for
+the Prix de Rome, but came out sixtieth in the competition.
+Thenceforward he was to be constantly before the public, constantly
+opposed, misunderstood, criticised; but nevertheless, with all the
+energy which shows in his portrait, constantly in the front. When
+his defenders had sufficient influence to force the hand of the
+ministry of fine arts, he was commissioned to paint for the state;
+and to this we owe the decorations in the gallery of Apollon in the
+Louvre, the decorations in the church of St. Sulpice, and others.
+When he received the order for the entrance of the Crusaders to
+Constantinople for the Gallery of Battles at Versailles, the good
+King Louis Philippe sent him word to make it as little like his
+usual style as possible!</p>
+
+<p>Among Delacroix's critics Ingres, with all the force of his
+convictions, was the foremost. He to whom a sky had always served as
+a simple background was not created to understand the almost purple
+canopy of azure stretching far above the heads of the Crusaders; nor
+to find barbaric delight in the rich trappings of horses and men,
+since to him a drapery was simply a textureless covering adjusted to
+accentuate the form beneath. Delacroix, whose intelligence was of a
+higher order and who said of himself that he was "more rebellious
+than revolutionary," treated Ingres when they met on official
+occasions, as at the meetings of the Institute (where finally
+Delacroix had penetrated), with a high and distant courtesy which
+his sturdy adversary, strong in his pious devotion to classicism,
+hardly returned. Delacroix had by far the most brilliant following,
+reinforced as it was by the landscape painters, who from 1830
+onwards gave to this century its most notable school of painting.
+Added to this was a fair measure of appreciation on the part of
+collectors.</p>
+
+<p>Delacroix's genius found expression in many small pictures, all
+of them characterized by a gem-like coloration (which is more than
+mere color, however, for in it lies the secret of a powerful and
+direct expression of sentiment) and by a vivid realization of
+movement. Proud by nature, delicate in health, his life was far from
+happy; he never ceased to feel the sting of adverse criticism. "For
+more than thirty years I have been given over to the wild beasts,"
+he said once. He had warm friends, who have left many records of his
+sweetness of disposition when the outer barrier of haughty reserve
+was broken through; but they were few in number. He never married;
+painting, he said, was his only mistress, and his passion for his
+art is felt through all his work. His death occurred at Champrosay
+near Paris, where he had a modest country house, on August 13, 1863;
+and four years later, January 14, 1867, his great adversary, Ingres,
+followed him.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page353" id="page353"></a>[pg 353]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CY AND I.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Eugene Field.</h4>
+
+
+<div style="margin-left: 25%">
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>As I went moseyin' down th' street,</p>
+<p>My Denver friend I chanced t' meet.</p>
+<p class="i4">"Hello!" says I,</p>
+<p>"Where have you been so long a time</p>
+<p>That we have missed your soothin' rhyme?"</p>
+<p class="i4">"New York," says Cy.</p>
+<p class="i4">"Gee whiz!" says I.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"You must have seen some wonders down</p>
+<p>In that historic, splendid town;"</p>
+<p class="i4">And then says I:</p>
+<p>"For bridges, parks, and crowded streets</p>
+<p>There is no other place that beats</p>
+<p class="i4">New York," says I.</p>
+<p class="i4">"<i>Correct!</i>" says Cy.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"The town is mighty big, but then</p>
+<p>It isn't in it with its men,</p>
+<p class="i4">Is it?" says I.</p>
+<p>"And tell me, Cyrus, if you can,</p>
+<p>Who is its biggest, brainiest man?"</p>
+<p class="i4">"Dana!" says Cy.</p>
+<p class="i4">"You <i>bet</i>!" says I.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>"He's big of heart and big of brain,</p>
+<p>And he's been good unto us twain"&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i4">Choked up, says I.</p>
+<p>"I love him, and I pray God give</p>
+<p>Him many, many years to live!</p>
+<p class="i4">Eh, Cy?" says I.</p>
+<p class="i4">"<i>Amen!</i>" says Cy.</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>[pg 354]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>A YOUNG HERO</h2>
+
+<h3>PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF COLONEL E.E. ELLSWORTH.</h3>
+
+<h4>By John Hay,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author, with John G. Nicolay, of "Abraham Lincoln: a History."</h5>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+<a href="images/354.jpg" name="fig354" id="fig354">
+<img src="images/354.jpg" alt="HENRY H. MILLER," /></a>
+<h5>HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORIGINAL COMPANY
+OF ELLSWORTH ZOUAVES.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Miller and taken in 1861 by
+Colonel E.L. Brand, at that time commanding the company.</p> </div>
+
+<p class="cap">It is in contemplating what the world loses in the deaths of
+brilliant young citizen soldiers that we appreciate most fully the
+waste of war and the priceless value of the cause for which such
+lives were sacrificed. When a man like Henri Regnault&mdash;the most
+substantial hope and promise of art in our century&mdash;is seen at
+the siege of Paris lingering behind his retreating comrades, "<i>le
+temps de bruler une dernière cartouche</i>" the last words he uttered;
+when a genius like Theodore Winthrop is extinguished in its ardent
+dawn on an obscure skirmish field; when a patriot and poet like
+Koerner dies in battle with his work hardly begun&mdash;we feel how
+inadequate are all the millions of the treasury to rival such
+offerings. We shall have no correct idea what our country is worth
+to us if we forget all the singing voices that were hushed, all the
+noble hearts that stopped beating, all the fiery energies that were
+quenched, that we might be citizens of the great and indivisible
+Republic of the Western world.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that few men who fell in our civil conflict bore with
+them out of the world possibilities of fame and usefulness so bright
+or so important as Colonel Ephraim Elmer Ellsworth, who was killed
+at Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861&mdash;the first conspicuous
+victim of the war. The world can never compute, can hardly even
+guess, what was lost in his untimely end. He was killed by the first
+gun he ever heard fired in strife; and his friends, who believe him
+to have had in him the making of a great soldier, have nothing to
+support their opinion but the impression made upon them by his manly
+character, his winning and vigorous personality, and the
+extraordinary ardor and zest with which his powerful mind turned
+towards military affairs in the midst of circumstances of almost
+incredible difficulty and privation. He was one of the dearest of
+the friends of my youth. I cannot hope to enable the readers of this
+paper to see him as I saw him. No words can express the vivid
+brilliancy of his look and his speech, the swift and graceful energy
+of his bearing. He was not a scholar, yet his words were like
+martial music; in stature he was less than the medium size, yet his
+strength was extraordinary; he seemed made of tempered steel. His
+entire aspect breathed high ambition and daring. His jet-black
+curls, his open candid brow, his dark eyes, at once fiery and
+tender, his eagle profile, his mouth just shaded by the youthful
+growth that hid none of its powerful and delicate lines&mdash;the
+whole face, which seemed made for nothing less than the command of
+men, whether as general or as orator, comes before me as I write,
+with a look of indignant appeal to the future for the chance of fame
+which inexorable fate denied him. The appeal, of course, is in vain.
+Only a few men, now growing old, knew what he was and what he might
+have been if life had been spared him for a year or two. I will
+merely try to show in these few pages, mainly from his own words,
+how great a heart was broken by the slugs of the assassin at the
+Marshall House.</p>
+
+<p>He was born in the village of Mechanicsville, Saratoga County,
+New York, on April 23, 1837. His parents were plain people, without
+culture or means; one cannot guess how this eaglet came into so
+lowly a nest. He went out into the world at the first opportunity,
+to seek his fortune; he turned his hand, like other American <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page355" id="page355"></a>[pg 355]</span>
+boys, to anything he could find to do. He lived a while in New York,
+and finally drifted to Chicago, where we find him, in the spring of
+1859, a clerk and student in the law office of Mr. J.E. Cone. From
+his earliest boyhood he had a passionate love of the army. He
+learned as a child the manual of arms; he picked up instinctively a
+knowledge of the pistol and the rifle; he became, almost without
+instruction, a scientific fencer. But he was now of age, and
+determined to be a lawyer, since, to all appearance, there was no
+chance for him in the army. The way in which he pursued his legal
+studies he has set down in a diary which he kept for a little while.
+He began it on his twenty-second birthday. "I do this," he said,
+"because it seems pleasant to be able to look back upon our past
+lives and note the gradual change in our sentiments and views of
+life; and because my life has been, and bids fair to be, such a
+jumble of strange incidents that, should I become anybody or
+anything, this will be useful as a means of showing how much
+suffering and temptation a man may undergo and still keep clear of
+despair and vice."</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/355.jpg" name="fig355" id="fig355">
+<img src="images/355.jpg" alt="ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE WAS A LIEUTENANT IN THE REGULAR ARMY AND JUST BEFORE HE RECRUITED THE REGIMENT OF NEW YORK ZOUAVES." /></a>
+<h5>ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE
+WAS A LIEUTENANT IN THE REGULAR ARMY
+AND JUST BEFORE HE RECRUITED THE REGIMENT
+OF NEW YORK ZOUAVES.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Brady in the Civil War collection of Mr.
+Robert Coster, by whose permission it is here reproduced.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was neat, almost foppish, in his attire; not strictly
+fashionable, for he liked bright colors, flowing cravats, and hats
+that suggested the hunter or ranger rather than the law clerk; yet
+the pittance for which he worked was very small, and his poverty
+extreme. He therefore economized upon his food. He lived for months
+together upon dry biscuits and water. Here is a touching entry from
+his diary: "Had an opportunity to buy a desk to-day worth forty-five
+dollars, for fourteen dollars. It was just such a one as I needed,
+and I could sell at any time for more than was asked for it. I
+bought it at auction. I can now indulge my ideas of order in the
+arrangement of my papers to their fullest extent. Paid five dollars
+of my own money and borrowed ten dollars of James Clayburne;
+promised to return it next Tuesday. By the way, this was an instance
+in a small way of the importance of little things. Some two years
+since, when I was so poor, I went one day into an eating-house on an
+errand. While there, Clayburne and several friends came in.</p>
+
+<p>"As I started to go out they stopped me and insisted upon my
+having an oyster stew. I refused, for I always made it a practice
+never to accept even an apple from any one, because I could not
+return like courtesies. While they were clamoring about the matter
+and I trying to get from them, the waiter brought on the oysters for
+the whole party, having taken it for granted that I was going to
+stay. So to escape making myself any more conspicuous by further
+refusal, I sat down. How gloriously every morsel tasted&mdash;the
+first food I had touched for three days and three nights. When I
+came to Chicago with a pocket full of money I sought James out and
+told him I owed him half a dollar. He said no, but I insisted my
+memory was better than his, and made him take it. Well, when I
+wanted ten dollars, I went to him, and he gave it to me freely, and
+would take no security. Have written four hours this evening; two
+pounds of crackers; sleep on office floor to-night."</p>
+
+<p>The diary relates many incidents like this. He took a boyish
+pride in refusing offers of assistance, in resisting temptation to
+innocent indulgence, in passing most of his hours in study, earning
+only enough by his copying to keep body and soul together. One entry
+is, "Read one hundred and fifty pages of Blackstone&mdash;slept on
+floor." Such a regimen was not long in having its effect upon even
+his rugged health. He writes: "I tried to read, but could not. I am
+afraid my strength will not hold out. I have contracted a cold by
+sleeping on the floor, which has <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page356" id="page356"></a>[pg 356]</span> settled in my head,
+and nearly sets me crazy with catarrh. Then there is that gnawing,
+unsatisfied sensation which I begin to feel again, which prevents
+any long-continued application." About this time he was urged to
+take command of a company of cadets which, through mismanagement,
+had been reduced to a deplorable condition. He at first declined,
+but afterward consented if the company would accept certain rigorous
+conditions of discipline and obedience. He was as firm as granite to
+his company, and cheery and gay to the world, while in his private
+life he was subjecting himself to the cruel rigors described in his
+diary of April 21: "I am convinced that the course of reading which
+I am pursuing is not sufficiently thorough. Have commenced again at
+beginning of Blackstone. I now read a proposition or paragraph and
+reason upon it; try to get at the principle involved, in my own
+language; view it in every light till I think I understand it; then
+write it down in my commonplace book. My progress is, in
+consequence, very slow, as it takes on an average half an hour to
+each page. Attended meeting of cadets' committee on ways and means;
+all my propositions accepted. I spent my last ten cents for crackers
+to-day. Ten pages of Blackstone."</p>
+
+<p>The next day he writes: "My mind was so occupied with obtaining
+money due to-morrow that I could not study. Five pages of
+Blackstone. Nothing whatever to eat. I am very tired and hungry
+to-night. Onward."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/356.jpg" name="fig356" id="fig356">
+<img src="images/356.jpg" alt="ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO COMPANY." /></a>
+<h5>ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO COMPANY.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. H.H. Miller of Chicago, a member
+of the Chicago company, and taken July 2, 1860, by Colonel E.L.
+Brand of Chicago, a member of Ellsworth's Chicago company, and
+afterwards in command of it. In the State House at Springfield,
+Illinois, is a portrait group of the members of the Ellsworth
+company, with a reproduction of this portrait of Ellsworth in the
+centre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In these circumstances of hunger and toil, he took charge of the
+company of cadets, which was falling to pieces from neglect. There
+was no sign in his bearing of the poverty and famine which were
+consuming him. He told them roundly that if they elected him their
+captain they did so with their eyes open; that he should enforce the
+strictest discipline, and make their company second to none in the
+United States. His laws were Draconic in their severity. He forbade
+his cadets from entering <span class="pagenum"><a name="page357"
+id="page357"></a>[pg 357]</span> a drinking or gambling saloon or
+any other disreputable place under penalty of expulsion, publication
+of the offender's name in the city papers, and forfeiture of
+uniform. He insisted on prompt obedience and unremitting drill. The
+company under his firm and inspiring command rapidly pulled itself
+together, and attracted all at once the notice and admiration of
+Chicago and northern Illinois. The young captain did not give up his
+law studies. He wrote and affixed to his desk a card which contained
+his own daily orders: "So aim to spend your time that at night, when
+looking back at the disposal of the day, you find no time misspent,
+no hour, no moment even, which has not resulted in some benefit, no
+action which had not a purpose in it. Mondays, Thursdays and
+Saturdays: Rise at 5 o'clock; 5 to 10, study; 10 to 1, copy; 1 to 4,
+business; 4 to 7, study; 7 to 8, exercise; 8 to 10, study. Tuesdays,
+Wednesdays, and Fridays: Rise at 6; 6 to 10, study; 10 to 1,
+business; 1 to 7, study and copy; 7 to 11, drill."</p>
+
+<p>Working faithfully as he did in the office, his whole heart was
+in his drill room. His fame as a fencer went abroad in the town, and
+he was challenged to a bout by the principal teacher of the art in
+Chicago. Ellsworth records the combat in his diary of May 24th:
+"This evening the fencer of whom I have heard so much came up to the
+armory to fence with me. He said to his pupils and several others
+that if I held to the low guard he would disarm me every time I
+raised my foil. He is a great gymnast, and I fully expected to be
+beaten. The result was: I disarmed him four times, hit him thirty
+times. He disarmed me once and hit me five times. At the
+<i>touche-à-touche</i> I touched him in two places at the same allonge,
+and threw his foil from him several feet. He was very angry, though
+he tried to conceal it."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/357.jpg" name="fig357" id="fig357">
+<img src="images/357.jpg" alt="FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH." /></a>
+<h5>FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert
+Coster, by whose permission it is here reproduced.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Public interest constantly grew in the Zouaves and their young
+captain. Large crowds attended every drill. The newspapers began to
+report all their proceedings, and to comment upon them with more or
+less malevolence; for military companies were treated with scant
+respect in Western towns before the war. Ellsworth at last
+determined to confront hostile opinion by giving a public exhibition
+of the proficiency of his company on the Fourth of July. He was not
+without trepidation. The night before the Fourth he wrote:
+"To-morrow will be an eventful day to me; to-morrow I have to appear
+in a conspicuous position before thousands of citizens&mdash;an
+immense number of whom, without knowing me except by sight, are
+prejudiced against me. To-morrow will demonstrate the truth or
+falsity of my assertion that the citizens would encourage military
+companies if they were worthy of respect." The result was an
+overwhelming success; and the young soldier, after his feast of
+crackers the next night, wrote in exultation: "Victory! And thank
+God!"</p>
+
+<p>The Chicago "Tribune," which had previously been unfriendly to
+the little company who were trying to make soldiers of themselves,
+gave a long and flattering account of the performance, and said: "We
+but express the opinion of all who saw the drill yesterday morning,
+when we say this company cannot be surpassed this side of West
+Point."</p>
+
+<p>Encouraged by this public applause, he brought his company of
+Zouaves as near to absolute perfection of drill as was possible; and
+then, having tested them in as many competitive contests as were
+within reach, he challenged the militia companies of the United
+States, and set forth in the summer of 1860 on a tour of the country
+which was one unbroken succession of triumphs. He defeated the crack
+companies in all the principal Eastern cities, and <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page358" id="page358"></a>[pg 358]</span>
+went back to Chicago one of the most talked-of men in the country.
+Hundreds of Zouave companies started up in his wake, and a very
+considerable awakening of interest in military matters was the
+substantial result of his journey.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/358.jpg" name="fig358" id="fig358">
+<img src="images/358.jpg" alt="THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH." /></a>
+<h5>THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>On his return to Illinois he made the acquaintance of Abraham
+Lincoln, and gained at once his friendship and esteem. He entered
+his office in Springfield ostensibly as a law student; but Mr.
+Lincoln was then a candidate for the Presidency, and Ellsworth read
+very little law that autumn. He made some Republican speeches in the
+country towns about Springfield, bright, witty, and good-natured.
+But his mind was full of a project which he hoped to accomplish by
+the aid of Mr. Lincoln&mdash;no less than the establishment in the
+War Department of a bureau of militia, by which the entire militia
+system of the United States should be concentrated, systematized,
+and made efficient: an enormous undertaking for a boy of
+twenty-three; but his plans were clear, definite, and
+comprehensive.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page359" id="page359"></a>[pg 359]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/359.jpg" name="fig359" id="fig359">
+<img src="images/359.jpg" alt="THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH COLONEL ELLSWORTH WAS KILLED." /></a>
+<h5>THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH COLONEL
+ELLSWORTH WAS KILLED.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph owned by Bryan, Taylor &amp; Co., publishers, New York, and
+reproduced here by their permission.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After Mr. Lincoln's election Ellsworth accompanied him to
+Washington. As a preliminary step towards placing him in charge of a
+bureau of militia, the President gave him a commission as a
+lieutenant in the army. Shortly afterward he fell seriously ill with
+the measles; and before he was thoroughly convalescent, the guns
+about Sumter opened the Civil War. There had been much doubt in many
+minds as to the loyalty of the people in case of actual war.
+Ellsworth never had doubted it. He said to me as I sat by his
+bedside: "You know I have a great work to do, to which my life is
+pledged; I am the only earthly stay of my parents; there is a young
+woman whose happiness I regard as dearer than my own; yet I could
+ask no better death than to fall next week before Sumter. I am not
+better than other men. You will find that patriotism is not dead,
+even if it sleeps." When the news came that South Carolina had begun
+the war, he did not wait an instant. He threw up his commission in
+the regulars, took all the money we both had, which was not much,
+and thus insufficiently equipped, started for New York, and raised,
+with incredible celerity, the New York Zouaves, a regiment eleven
+hundred strong.</p>
+
+<p>This unique organization filled so large a space in the public
+mind while Ellsworth commanded it that it seems hard to realize that
+its history with him is only a matter of a few weeks. He brought his
+regiment down to Washington early in May, arriving thin as a
+greyhound, his voice hoarse with drilling; but flushed and happy to
+know he was busy and useful at last.</p>
+
+<p>There was no limit to the hopes and the confidence of his
+friends. We had grown to admire and respect him for his high and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page360" id="page360"></a>[pg
+360]</span> honorable character, his thorough knowledge of his
+business, ardent zeal for the flag he followed, and his
+extraordinary courage and energy. We fully expected, relying upon
+his splendid talents and the President's affectionate regard, that
+his first battle would make him a brigadier-general, and that his
+second would give him a division. There was no limit to the glory
+and usefulness we anticipated for him. How soon all these hopes were
+dust and ashes!</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/360.jpg" name="fig360" id="fig360">
+<img src="images/360.jpg" alt="COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS." /></a>
+<h5>COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken by Colonel E.L. Brand, a member of
+Ellsworth's Chicago company, and reproduced by the courtesy of Mr.
+H.H. Miller, also a member of the company. The photograph was taken
+in New York City, July, 1860, on the occasion of an exhibition drill
+given there by Ellsworth's company. The persons shown in the picture
+are, beginning on the left, the Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixth
+Regiment, New York Militia; E.E. Ellsworth, Captain of the United
+States Zouave Cadets (Ellsworth's Chicago company); Joseph C.
+Pinckney, Colonel of the Sixth Regiment, New York Militia; the
+Adjutant of the Sixth Regiment, New York Militia; H. Dwight Laflin,
+Second Lieutenant of the United States Zouave Cadets, and J.R.
+Scott, First Lieutenant of the United States Zouave Cadets. The
+colors shown in the picture were won by Ellsworth's company in a
+drill competition at the National Agricultural Fair, Chicago,
+September, 15, 1859, and were, by it, never lost. They are to-day in
+the custody of the company's color sergeant, B.B. Botteford,
+Chicago.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the evening of May 23d he received his orders to lead his
+regiment on the extreme left of the Union lines in the advance into
+Virginia. The part assigned him was the occupation of Alexandria. He
+worked almost all night in his tent, arranging the business of his
+regiment, and then wrote a touching letter of farewell to his
+parents. Anticipating an engagement, he said: "It may be my lot to
+be injured in some manner. Whatever may happen, cherish the
+consolation that I was engaged in the performance of a sacred duty;
+and to-night, thinking over the probabilities of the morrow and the
+occurrences of the past, I am perfectly content to accept whatever
+my fortune may be, confident that He who noteth even the fall of a
+sparrow will have some purpose even in the fate of one like me. My
+darling and ever-loved parents, good-by. God bless, protect, and
+care for you." These loving and filial words were the last that came
+from his pen.</p>
+
+<p>The Zouaves were embarked before dawn the next morning. The
+celerity and order with which Ellsworth performed his work excited
+the admiration and surprise <span class="pagenum"><a name="page361"
+id="page361"></a>[pg 361]</span> of Admiral Dahlgren, who commanded
+the navy yard.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Alexandria was occupied without resistance; and
+Ellsworth, with a squad of Zouaves, hurried off to take possession
+of the telegraph office. On his way he caught sight of a Confederate
+flag floating from the summit of the Marshall House. He had often
+seen, from the window of the Executive Mansion in Washington, this
+self-same banner flaunting defiance; and the temptation to tear it
+down with his own hands was too much for his boyish patriotism.
+Accompanied by four soldiers only and several civilians, he ran into
+the hotel, up the stairs to the roof, and tore down the flag; but
+coming down was met on the stairs by the hotel-keeper and shot dead.
+His assassin perished at the same moment, killed by Frank E.
+Brownell.</p>
+
+<p>Ellsworth was buried from the East Room of the White House by the
+special order of the President, who mourned him as a son. Many brave
+and able officers were to perish in the four years that followed
+that mournful day; but there was not one whose death was more
+sincerely lamented than that of this young soldier who had never
+seen a battle; and it is the belief of his friends that he had not
+his superior in natural capacity among all the most eminent heroes
+of the war. But who will care to hear this said? If Napoleon
+Bonaparte had been killed at the siege of Toulon, who would have
+listened to some grief-stricken comrade's assertion that this young
+Corsican was the greatest soldier since Cæsar? I have written these
+lines merely to show how simple, kindly, and heroic a heart Colonel
+Ellsworth had&mdash;and not to claim for him what can never be
+proved.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc.</h5>
+
+<h3>ANDOVER GIRLS AS STUDENTS OF THEOLOGY.&mdash;THE DARK DAYS OF THE WAR.&mdash;WRITING
+MAGAZINE STORIES AND SUNDAY-SCHOOL BOOKS.&mdash;THE DIFFICULTY
+AND UNCERTAINTY OF WRITING FOR A LIVING.</h3>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterO.jpg" name="fig361" id="fig361"><img  src="images/LetterO.jpg" alt="Letter O" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">NE study in our curriculum at the Andover School I have omitted
+to mention in its place; but, of them all, it was the most
+characteristic, and would be most interesting to an outsider. Where
+else but in Andover would a group of a dozen and a half girls be put
+to studying theology? Yet this is precisely what we did. Not that we
+called our short hour with Professor Park on Tuesday evenings by
+that long word; nor did he. It was understood that we had Bible
+lessons.</p>
+
+<p>But the gist of the matter was, that we were taught Professor
+Park's theology.</p>
+
+<p>We had our note-books, like the students in the chapel
+lecture-rooms, and we took docile notes of the great man's views on
+the attributes of the Deity, on election and probation, on atonement
+and sanctification, on eschatology, and the rest.</p>
+
+<p>Girls' with pink ribbons at white throats, and girls with blue
+silk nets on their pretty hair, fluttered in like bees and
+butterflies, and settled about the long dining-room table, at whose
+end, with a shade over his eyes to shield them from the light, the
+professor sat in a dark corner.</p>
+
+<p>Thence he promulgated stately doctrines to those soft and
+dreaming woman-creatures, who did not care a maple-leaf whether we
+sinned in Adam, or whether the Trinity were separate as persons or
+as attributes; but who drew little portraits of their dearest
+Academy boys on the margins of their lecture-books, and passed these
+to their particular intimates in surreptitious interludes between
+doctrines.</p>
+
+<p>What must have been the professor's private speculations on those
+Tuesday evenings? I had a certain sense of their probable nature,
+even then; and glanced furtively into the dark corner for glimpses
+of the distant, sarcastic smile which I felt must be carving itself
+upon the lines of his strong face. But I never caught him at it; not
+once. With the gravity befitting his awful topics, and with the
+dignity belonging to his Chair and <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page362" id="page362"></a>[pg 362]</span> to his fame, the
+professor taught the butterflies, to the best of my knowledge and
+belief, as conscientiously as he did those black-coated beetles
+yonder, the theologues on the Seminary benches.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/362.jpg" name="fig362" id="fig362">
+<img src="images/362.jpg" alt="'THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY,' PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE CLASS OF 1861 IN FRONT." /></a>
+<h5>"THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE CLASS OF 1861 IN FRONT.</h5>
+
+<p>Of the class of 1861 over twenty went into the war, and several
+died in battle or in war prisons. Lieutenant S.H. Thompson, son of
+the late Professor William Thompson of East Windsor Seminary, was
+among this number. Also, Sergeant J.H. Thompson, son of the late Dr.
+Joseph P. Thompson of New York City. President Ward of Franklin
+College, the Rev. Dr. Dougherty of Kansas City, and the Rev. Dr.
+Brand of Oberlin College, were members of the class, and their
+portraits appear in the picture. The valedictorian was Carlos F.
+Carter, brother of President Carter of Williams College. He was
+drowned in the Jordan a few months after graduation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I ought to say, just here, that, in a recent correspondence with
+Professor Park upon this matter, I found him more or less
+unconscious of having been so generous with his theology to the
+girls. I am giving the pupil's impressions, not the teacher's
+recollections, of that Bible-class; and I can give no other. Of
+course, I may be mistaken, and am liable to correction; but my
+impressions are, that he gave us his system of theology pretty
+straight and very faithfully.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot deny that I enjoyed those stern lessons. Not that I had
+any marked predilections towards theology, but I liked the
+psychology of it. I experienced my first appreciation of the nature
+and value of logic in that class-room, and it did me good, and not
+evil altogether. There I learned to reason with more patience than a
+school-girl may always care to suffer; and there I observed that the
+mysteries of time and eternity, whatever one might personally
+conclude about them, were material of reason.</p>
+
+<p>In many a mental upheaval of later life, the basis of that
+theological training has made itself felt to me, as one feels rocks
+or stumps or solid things underfoot in the sickly swaying of wet
+sands. I may not always believe all I was taught, but what I was
+taught has helped me to what I believe. I certainly think of those
+theological lectures with unqualified gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>The Tuesday evenings grow warm and warmer. The butterflies hover
+about in white muslins, and pretty little bows of summer colors
+glisten on bright heads as they bend over the doctrines, around the
+long table. On the screens of the open windows the June beetles
+knock their heads, like theologues who wish they could get in. There
+is a moon without. Visions of possible forbidden ecstasies of
+strolls under the arches of the Seminary elms with the bravest boy
+in the Academy melt before the gentle minds, through which
+depravity, election, predestination, and justification are filing
+sternly. The professor's voice arises:</p> <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page363" id="page363"></a>[pg 363]</span>
+
+<p>"A sin is a wrong committed against God. God is an Infinite
+Being; therefore sin against Him is an infinite wrong. An infinite
+wrong against an Infinite Being deserves an infinite
+punishment&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>Now, the professor says that he has no recollection of ever
+having said this in the Bible-class; but there is the note-book of
+the girl's brain, stamped with the sentence for these thirty
+years!</p>
+
+<p>"I have sometimes quoted it at the Seminary," he writes, "for the
+purpose of exposing the impropriety of it. I do not think any
+professor ever quoted the statement, without adding that it is
+untenable. The Andover argument was &mdash;&mdash;"<a
+id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a
+href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> He adds the proper controversial
+language, which, it seems, went solidly out of my head. Tenable or
+untenable, my memory has clutched the stately syllogism.</p>
+
+<p>Sharp upon the doctrines there falls across the silence and the
+sweetness of the moonlit Hill a strange and sudden sound. It is
+louder than theology. It is more solemn than the professor's system.
+Insistent, urging everything before it&mdash;the toil of strenuous
+study, the fret of little trouble, and the dreams of dawning
+love&mdash;the call stirs on. It is the beat of a drum.</p>
+
+<p>The boys of old Phillips, with the down on their faces, and that
+eternal fire in their hearts which has burned upon the youth of all
+the ages when their country has commanded: "Die for me!" are
+drilling by moonlight.</p>
+
+<p>The Academy Company is out in force, passing up and down the
+quiet, studious streets. The marching of their feet beats solemnly
+at the meeting of the paths where (like the gardens of the
+professors) the long walks of the Seminary lawns form the shape of a
+mighty cross.</p>
+
+<p>"An infinite wrong deserves an infinite punishment&mdash;" The
+theologian's voice falls solemnly. The girls turn their grave faces
+to the open windows. Silence helps the drum-beat, which lifts its
+cry to Heaven unimpeded; and the awful questions which it asks, what
+system of theology can answer?</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Andover was no more loyal, probably, than other New England
+villages; but perhaps the presence of so many young men helped to
+make her seem so to those who passed the years from 1861 to 1865
+upon the Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Theology and church history and exegesis and sacred rhetoric
+retreated from the foreground of that scholastic drama. The great
+Presence that is called War swept up and filled the scene.</p>
+
+<p>Gray-haired men went to their lecture-rooms with bowed heads, the
+morning papers shaking in their hands. The accuracy of the Hebrew
+verb did not matter so much as it did last term. The homiletic uses
+or abuses of an applied text, the soundness of the new school
+doctrine of free will, seemed less important to the universe than
+they were before the Flag went down on Sumter. Young eyes looked up
+at their instructors mistily, for the dawn of utter sacrifice was in
+them. He was only an Academy boy yesterday, or a theologue; unknown,
+unnoticed, saying his lesson in Xenophon, taking his notes on the
+Nicene Creed; blamed a little, possibly, by his teacher or by his
+professor, for inattention.</p>
+
+<p>To-day he comes proudly to the desk. His step rings on the old,
+bare floors that he will never tread again. "Sir, my father gives
+his permission. I enlist at once."</p>
+
+<p>To-day he is a hero, and the hero's light is glorious on his
+face. To-day <i>he</i> is the teacher, and the professor learns lessons
+in his turn now. The boy whom he has lectured and scolded towers
+above him suddenly, a sacred thing to see. The old man stands
+uncovered before his pupil as they clasp hands and part.</p>
+
+<p>The drum calls on, and the boys drill bravely&mdash;no boys'
+parade this, but awful earnest now. The ladies of Andover sew red
+braid upon blue flannel shirts, with which the Academy Company make
+simple uniform.</p>
+
+<p>Then comes a morning when the professors cannot read the papers
+for the news they bring; but cover streaming eyes with trembling
+hands, and turn their faces. For the black day of the defeat at Bull
+Run has darkened the summer sky.</p>
+
+<p>Andover does not sew for the missionaries now. Her poor married
+theologues must wait a little for their babies' dresses. Even the
+blue flannel shirts for the drill are forgotten. The chapel is
+turned into sudden, awful uses, of which the "pious founders" in
+their comfortable graves did never dream. For there the women of the
+Hill, staying for no prayer-meeting, and delaying to sing no hymns,
+pick lint and roll bandages and pack supplies for the field; and
+there they sacrifice and suffer, like women who knew no theology at
+all; and since it was not theirs to offer life to the teeth of shot
+and shell, they "gave their happiness instead."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The first thing which I wrote, marking in <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page364" id="page364"></a>[pg 364]</span>
+any sense the beginning of what authors are accustomed to call their
+"literary career"&mdash;I dislike the phrase and wish we had a
+better&mdash;was a war story.</p>
+
+<p>As nearly as I can recall the facts, up to this time I had shown
+no literary tendency whatever, since the receipt of that check for
+two dollars and a half. Possibly the munificence of that honorarium
+seemed to me to satiate mortal ambition for years. It is true that,
+during my schooldays, I did perpetrate three full-grown novels in
+manuscript. My dearest particular intimate and I shared in this
+exploit, and read our chapters to each other on Saturday
+afternoons.</p>
+
+<p>I remember that the title of one of these "books" was "The Shadow
+of a Lifetime." It was a double title with a heroine to it, but I
+forget the lady's name, or even the nature of her particular shadow.
+The only thing that can be said about these three volumes is, that
+their youthful author had the saving sense not to try the Christian
+temper of a publisher with their perusal.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, in truth, I have never regretted the precious portion of
+human existence spent in their creation; for I must have written off
+in that way a certain amount of apprenticeship which does, in some
+cases, find its way into type, and devastate the endurance of a
+patient public.</p>
+
+<p>The war story of which I speak was distinctly the beginning of
+anything like genuine work for me. Mr. Alden tells me that it was
+published in January, 1864; but I think it must have been written a
+while before that, though not long, for its appearance quickly
+followed the receipt of the manuscript. The name of the story was "A
+Sacrifice Consumed." It was a very little story, not covering more
+than four or five pages in print. I sent it to "Harper's Magazine,"
+without introduction or what young writers are accustomed to call
+"influence;" it was sent quite privately, without the knowledge of
+any friend. It was immediately accepted, and a prompt check for
+twenty-five dollars accompanied the acceptance. Even my father knew
+nothing of the venture until I carried the letter and enclosure to
+him. The pleasure on his expressive face was only equalled by its
+frank and unqualified astonishment. He read the story when it came
+out, and, I think, was touched by it&mdash;it was a story of a poor
+and plain little dressmaker who lost her lover in the army&mdash;and
+his genuine emotion gave me a kind of awed elation which has never
+been repeated in my experience. Ten hundred thousand unknown voices
+could not move me to the pride and pleasure which my father's first
+gentle word of approval gave to a girl who cared much to be loved,
+and little to be praised; and the plaudits of a "career" were the
+last things in earth or heaven then occupying her mind.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/364.jpg" name="fig364" id="fig364">
+<img src="images/364.jpg" alt="ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS." /></a>
+<h5>ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence, Massachusetts, taken in 1864.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Afterwards, I wrote with a distinct purpose, and, I think, quite
+steadily. I know that longer stories went, soon and often, to the
+old magazine, which never sent them back; and to which I am glad to
+pay the tribute of a gratitude that I have never outgrown. There was
+nothing of the stuff that heroines and geniuses are made of in a shy
+and self-distrustful girl who had no faith in her own capabilities,
+and, indeed, at that time, the smallest possible amount of interest
+in the subject.</p>
+
+<p>It may be a humiliating fact, but it is the truth, that had my
+first story been refused, or even the second or the third, I should
+have written no more.</p>
+
+<p>For the opinion of important editors, and for the sacredness of
+market value in literary wares, as well as in professorships or
+cotton cloth, I had a kind of respect at which I sometimes wonder;
+for I do not recall that it was ever distinctly taught me. But,
+assuredly, if nobody had cared for my stories enough to print them,
+I should have <span class="pagenum"><a name="page365"
+id="page365"></a>[pg 365]</span> been the last person to differ from
+the ruling opinion, and should have bought at Warren Draper's old
+Andover book-store no more cheap printer's paper on which to
+inscribe the girlish handwriting (with the pointed letters and the
+big capitals) which my father, with patient pains, had caused to be
+taught me by a queer old travelling-master with an idea. Professor
+Phelps, by the way, had an exquisite chirography, which none of his
+children, to his evident disappointment, inherited.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%;">
+<a href="images/365-1.jpg" name="fig365-1" id="fig365-1">
+<img src="images/365-1.jpg" alt="'THE STONE BUILDING,' PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS." /></a>
+<h5>"THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.</h5>
+
+<p>This building was burned in 1864 or 1865.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the editor of "Harper's" took everything I sent him; so the
+pointed letters and the large capitals continued to flow towards his
+desk.</p>
+
+<p>Long after I had achieved whatever success has been given me,
+this magazine returned me one of my stories&mdash;it was the only
+one in a lifetime. I think the Editor then in power called it too
+tragic, or too something; it came out forthwith in the columns of
+another magazine that did not agree with him, and was afterwards
+issued, I think, in some sort of "classic" series of little
+books.</p>
+
+<p>I was a little sorry, I know, at the time, for I had the most
+superstitious attachment for the magazine that, when "I was a
+stranger, took me in;" but it was probably necessary to break the
+record in this, as in all other forms of human happiness.</p>
+
+<p>Other magazines took their turn&mdash;the "Atlantic," I
+remember&mdash;in due course; but I shared the general awe of this
+magazine at that time prevailing in New England, and, having,
+possibly, more than my share of personal pride, did not very early
+venture to intrude my little risk upon that fearful lottery.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps this reserve was more natural because "Harper's"
+published as fast as I could write; which is not saying much, to be
+sure, for I have always been a slow worker. The first story of mine
+which appeared in the "Atlantic" was a fictitious narrative of
+certain psychical phenomena occurring in Connecticut, and known to
+me, at first hand, to be authentic. I have yet to learn that the
+story attracted any attention from anybody more disinterested than
+those few friends of the sort who, in such cases, are wont to
+inquire, in tones more freighted with wonder than admiration: "What!
+Has she got into the '<i>Atlantic</i>'?"</p>
+
+<p>The "Century" came in turn, when it came into being. To this
+delightful magazine I have always been, and always hope to be, a
+contributor.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/365-2.jpg" name="fig365-2" id="fig365-2">
+<img src="images/365-2.jpg" alt="THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL CALLED 'THE NUNNERY' WAS HELD." /></a>
+<h5>THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL CALLED "THE
+NUNNERY" WAS HELD.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken in 1864 by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I read, with a kind of hopeless envy, histories and legends of
+people of our craft who "do not write for money." It must be a
+pleasant experience to be able to cultivate so delicate a class of
+motives for the privilege of doing one's best to express <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page366" id="page366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+one's thoughts to people who care for them. Personally, I have yet
+to breathe the ether of such a transcendent sphere. I am proud to
+say that I have always been a working-woman, and always had to be;
+though I ought to add that I am sure the proposal that my father's
+allowance to his daughter should cease, did not come from the
+father.</p>
+
+<p>When the first little story appeared in "Harper's Magazine," it
+occurred to me, with a throb of pleasure greater than I supposed
+then that life could hold, that I could take care of myself, and
+from that day to this I have done so.</p>
+
+<p>One hesitates a little, even in autobiography, about saying
+precisely this. But when I remember the thousands of women who find
+it too easy to be dependent on too heavily-weighted and too generous
+men, one hesitates no longer to say anything that may help those
+other thousands of women who stand on their own feet, and their own
+pluck, to understand how good a thing it is to be there.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the methods of making a living open to educated people
+to-day, the profession of literature is, probably, the poorest in
+point of monetary returns. A couple of authors, counted successful
+as the world and the word go, said once:</p>
+
+<p>"We have earned less this year than the fisherman in the dory
+before the door of our summer home." Perhaps it had been a good year
+for Jack; possibly a poor one for those other fishers, who spread
+their brains and hearts&mdash;a piteous net&mdash;into the seas of
+life in quest of thought and feeling that the idlers on the banks
+may take a summer's fancy to. But the truth remains. A successful
+teacher, a clever manufacturer, a steady mechanic, may depend upon a
+better income in this country than the writer whose supposed wealth
+he envies, and whose books he reads on Sunday afternoons, if he is
+not too sleepy, or does not prefer his bicycle.</p>
+
+<p>When we see (as we have actually done) our market-man driving by
+our old buggy and cheap horse on holidays, with a barouche and span,
+we enjoy the sight very much; and when I say (for the other occupant
+of the buggy has a little taste for two horses, which I am so
+plebeian as not to share, having never been able to understand why
+one is not enough for anybody): "But would you <i>be</i> the
+span-owner&mdash;for the span?" we see the end of the subject, and
+grow ravenously contented.</p>
+
+<p>One cannot live by bread or magazine stories alone, as the young
+daughter of toil too soon found out. Like other writers I did hack
+work. My main dependence was on that venerable and useful form of it
+which consists in making Sunday-school books. Of these I must have
+written over a dozen; I wince, sometimes, when I see their forgotten
+dates and titles in encyclopædias; but a better judgment tells me
+that one should not be ashamed of doing hard work honestly. I was
+not an artist at Sunday-school literature (there are such), and have
+often wondered why the religious publishing societies kept me at it
+so steadily and so long.</p>
+
+<p>There were tales of piety and of mischief, of war and of home, of
+babies and of army nurses, of Tom-boys, and of girls who did their
+mending and obeyed their mothers.</p>
+
+<p>The variety was the only thing I can recall that was commendable
+about these little books, unless one except a considerable dash of
+fun.</p>
+
+<p>One of them came back to me&mdash;it happened to be the only book
+I ever wrote that did&mdash;and when the Andover expressman brought
+in the square package, just before tea, I felt my heart stand still
+with mortification. Fortunately nobody saw the expressman. I always
+kept my ventures to myself, and did not, that I can remember, read
+any manuscript of mine to suffering relatives or friends, before
+publication. Indeed, I carried on the writer's profession for many
+years as if it had been a burglar's.</p>
+
+<p>At the earliest moment possible I got myself into my little room,
+and turned both keys upon myself and my rejected manuscript. But
+when I came to read the publisher's letter, I learned that hope
+still remained, a flickering torch, upon a darkened universe. That
+excellent man did not refuse the story, but raised objections to
+certain points or forms therein, to which he summoned my attention.
+The criticism called substantially for the rewriting of the book. I
+lighted my lamp, and, with the June beetles butting at my head, I
+wrote all night. At three o'clock in the morning I put the last
+sentence to the remodelled story&mdash;the whole was a matter of
+some three hundred and fifty pages of manuscript&mdash;and crawled
+to bed. At six, I stole out and found the expressman, that innocent
+and ignorant messenger of joy or woe. The revised manuscript reached
+the publisher by ten o'clock, and his letter of unconditional
+acceptance was in my hands before another tea-time.</p>
+
+<p>I have never been in the habit of writing at night, having been
+early warned against this practice by the wisest of fathers (who
+notably failed to follow his own advice); and this almost solitary
+experience of the midnight <span class="pagenum"><a name="page367"
+id="page367"></a>[pg 367]</span> oil remains as vivid as yesterday's
+sunset to me. My present opinion of that night's exploit is, that it
+signified an abnormal pride which might as well have received its
+due humiliation. But, at the time, it seemed to be the inevitable or
+even the creditable thing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/367.jpg" name="fig367" id="fig367">
+<img src="images/367.jpg" alt="HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF 'HARPER'S MAGAZINE.'" /></a>
+<h5>HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by G.C. Cox, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sunday-school writers did books by sets in those days; perhaps
+they do still. And at least two such sets I provided to order, each
+of four volumes. Both of these, it so happens, have survived their
+day and generation&mdash;the Tiny books, we called them, and the
+Gypsy books. Only last year I was called upon to renew the copyright
+for Gypsy, a young person now thirty years old in type.</p>
+
+<p>There is a certain poetic justice in this little circumstance,
+owing to the fact that I never <i>worked</i> harder in my life at
+anything than I did upon those little books; for I had, madly
+enough, contracted to supply four within a year.</p>
+
+<p>We had no vacations in those days; I knew nothing of hills or
+shore; but "spoke straight on" through the terrible Andover weather.
+Our July and August thermometers used to stand up hard at over
+ninety degrees, day and night, for nearly a week at a time. The
+large white mansion was as comfortable as ceiled walls and back
+plaster could be in that furnace; but my own small room, on the
+sunny side of the house, was heated seven times hotter than
+endurance. Sometimes I got over an open register in a lower room,
+and wrote in the faint puffs of damp air that played with my misery.
+Sometimes I sat in the cellar itself; but it was rather dark, and
+one cherished a consciousness of mice. In the orchard, or the grove,
+one's brains fricasseed quickly; <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page368" id="page368"></a>[pg 368]</span> in fact, all
+out-of-doors was a scene of bottomless torment worthy of a theology
+older and severer than Andover's.</p>
+
+<p>When the last chapter of the last book was done, it occurred to
+me to wonder whether I might ever be able to afford to get for a
+week or two where the thermometer went below ninety degrees in
+summer. But this was a wild and baseless dream, whose irrationality
+I quickly recognized. For such books as those into which I had been
+coining a year of my young strength and heart, I received the sum of
+one hundred dollars apiece. The "Gypsy" publisher was more
+munificent. He offered one hundred and fifty; a price which I
+accepted with incredible gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>I mention these figures distinctly, with the cold-blooded view of
+dimming the rosy dreams of those young ladies and gentlemen with
+whom, if I may judge by their letters, our country seems to be
+brimming over.</p>
+
+<p>"Will you read my poem?" "Won't you criticize my manuscript?" "I
+would like to forward my novel for your perusal." "I have sent you
+the copy of a rejected article of mine, on which I venture to
+ask&mdash;," etc., etc. "I have been told that all I need is
+Influence." "My friends think my book shows genius; but I have no
+Influence." "Will it trouble you too much to get this published for
+me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Your Influence&mdash;" and so on, and so on, run the piteous
+appeals which every successful author receives from the great
+unknown world of discouraged and perplexed young people who are
+mistaking the stir of youth or vanity, or the <i>ennui</i> of idleness,
+or the sting of poverty, for the solemn throes of power.</p>
+
+<p>What can one do for them, whom no one but themselves can help?
+What can one say to them, when anything one says is sure to give
+pain, or dishearten courage?</p>
+
+<p>Write, if you <i>must</i>; not otherwise. Do not write, if you can
+earn a fair living at teaching or dressmaking, at electricity or
+hod-carrying. Make shoes, weed cabbages, survey land, keep house,
+make ice-cream, sell cake, climb a telephone pole. Nay, be a
+lightning-rod peddler or a book agent, before you set your heart
+upon it that you shall write for a living. Do anything honest, but
+do not write, unless God calls you, and publishers want you, and
+people read you, and editors claim you. Respect the market laws.
+Lean on nobody. Trust the common sense of an experienced publisher
+to know whether your manuscript is worth something or nothing. Do
+not depend on influence. Editors do not care a drop of ink for
+influence. What they want is good material, and the fresher it is,
+the better. An editor will pass by an old writer, any day, for an
+unknown and gifted new one, with power to say a good thing in a
+fresh way. Make your calling and election sure. Do not flirt with
+your pen. Emerson's phrase was, "toiling terribly." Nothing less
+will hint at the grinding drudgery of a life spent in living "by
+your brains."</p>
+
+<p>Inspiration is all very well; but "genius is the infinite
+capacity for taking pains."</p>
+
+<p>Living? It is more likely to be dying by your pen; despairing by
+your pen; burying hope and heart and youth and courage in your
+ink-stand.</p>
+
+<p>Unless you are prepared to work like a slave at his galley, for
+the toss-up chance of a freedom which may be denied him when his
+work is done, do not write. There are some pleasant things about
+this way of spending a lifetime, but there are no easy ones.</p>
+
+<p>There are privileges in it, but there are heart-ache,
+mortification, discouragement, and an eternal doubt.</p>
+
+<p>Had one not better have made bread or picture-frames, run a
+motor, or invented a bicycle tire?</p>
+
+<p>Time alone&mdash;perhaps one might say, eternity&mdash;can
+answer.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5"> (return) </a>
+<p>"A sin once committed, always <i>deserves</i> punishment;
+and, as long as strict <i>Justice</i> is administered, the sin <i>must</i> be
+punished. Unless there be an Atonement, strict Justice <i>must</i>
+be administered; that is, Sin must be punished forever; but,
+on the ground of the Atonement, <i>Grace</i> may be administered,
+instead of <i>Justice</i>, and then the sinner may be pardoned."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/368.jpg" name="fig368" id="fig368">
+<img src="images/368.jpg" alt="Chapter End Graphic." /></a></div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page369" id="page369"></a>[pg 369]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/369.jpg" name="fig369" id="fig369">
+<img src="images/369.jpg" alt="ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN." /></a>
+<h5>ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph by Fradelle &amp; Young, London.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>LOST YOUTH.</h2>
+
+<h4>By R. L. Stevenson.</h4>
+
+<div style="margin-left:20%">
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,</p>
+<p class="i2">Say, could that lad be I?</p>
+<p>Merry of soul he sailed on a day</p>
+<p class="i2">Over the sea to Skye.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Mull was astern, Egg on the port,</p>
+<p class="i2">Rum on the starboard bow;</p>
+<p>Glory of youth glowed in his soul:</p>
+<p class="i2">Where is that glory now?</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,</p>
+<p class="i2">Say, could that lad be I?</p>
+<p>Merry of soul he sailed on a day</p>
+<p class="i2">Over the sea to Skye.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Give me again all that was there,</p>
+<p class="i2">Give me the sun that shone!</p>
+<p>Give me the eyes, give me soul,</p>
+<p class="i2">Give me the lad that's gone!</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,</p>
+<p class="i2">Say, could that lad be I?</p>
+<p>Merry of soul he sailed on a day</p>
+<p class="i2">Over the sea to Skye.</p>
+  </div><div class="stanza">
+<p>Billows and breeze, islands and seas,</p>
+<p class="i2">Mountains of rain and sun,</p>
+<p>All that was good, all that was fair,</p>
+<p class="i2">All that was me is gone.</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+Originally published in the "Pall Mall Gazette."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page370" id="page370"></a>[pg 370]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE DIVIDED HOUSE</h2>
+
+<h4>By Julia D. Whiting,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "The Story of Myra," "Brother Sesostris," "A Special Providence," and other stories.</h5>
+
+<div class="figletter"><a href="images/LetterW.jpg" name="fig370" id="fig370"><img  src="images/LetterW.jpg" alt="Letter W" /></a></div>
+
+<p class="hang">HEN Selucius Huxter had arrived at his last illness, he proved
+himself more than ever in his life troublesome and wearing. Having a
+suspicion that his condition was worse than his doctor or children
+allowed, he gave them no peace until he had extracted an admission
+that such was the case. Left alone with the doctor at his request,
+he reproached him.</p>
+
+<p>"Ye might as well told me before as let me lay here thinkin' and
+stewin' about it. I've lost a sight of strength tryin' to git the
+truth from ye, and there wa'n't no need. Wall&mdash;I suppose I
+ain't reely dyin' naow, while I'm a-talkin', be I?"</p>
+
+<p>Assured as to that point, he added: "The reason I wanted to know
+is because I've got to fix my concerns so as to leave 'em as well as
+I can; and all I want of you is that when you think
+I'm&mdash;wall&mdash;if you see there's goin' to be a change, I want
+you should tell me, so's't I can straighten things right out and git
+their consent to it." Having promised, the doctor apprised him as
+the last moments drew near.</p>
+
+<p>"Sho! I want to know! Why, I feel full as well as I did yes'dy
+and a leetle grain easier, if anythin'."</p>
+
+<p>"I hope this notice does not find you unprepared," observed the
+doctor.</p>
+
+<p>"Wall, no; I'm prepared as much as I can be, as you may say. I've
+been a member in good and regular standin' this fifty-five
+year&mdash;and I hain't arrived at my age without seeing there's
+somethin' in life beside livin'." He paused, then added with an
+accent of pride, "I don't owe any man a cent, nor never cheated a
+man of one. Wall, I've had quite a spell to think of things in,
+durin' my sickness, and I don't know but what I've enjoyed it
+considerable. Thought of things all along back to when I was a boy.
+Events come up that I'd clean forgot."</p>
+
+<p>The doctor gone, he called his children in.</p>
+
+<p>"Wall, Armidy, wall, Lucas, the doctor don't seem to think I
+shall tucker it out much longer. Wall, naow," he exclaimed, quite
+vexed, "I vow for't if I didn't forgit to ask him how long! Wall,
+too late naow. He's got out of sight, I s'pose."</p>
+
+<p>Armida stepped to the window, and assured him of the fact.</p>
+
+<p>"Wall, no gret matter. I jist thought if I could git him to fix
+the time I'd like to see how nigh he'd hit it.</p>
+
+<p>"Naow, I want to fix the property so's't you won't have no
+trouble with it. No use wastin' money gittin' lawyers here. There
+ain't no cheatin' nor double-dealin' anywhere to be found amongst
+the Huxters nor the Lucases; and when you give me your promises to
+abide by my last will and testament I shall expect you to hold to it
+jist the same as if it was writ out.</p>
+
+<p>"Naow, about the farm and house. The house, as you know, stands
+in the middle line of the farm; that is, the north side has a leetle
+the advantage in hevin' the Jabez Norcross paster tacked unto it,
+over and above the south half, but it's near enough. That paster
+don't count for much. Pooty thick with sheep laurel. Wall, seein'
+the land lies jist as it does, and the house is jist as it is, I
+propose to divide it even. Lucas, you can have the north half, and
+Armidy the south, beginnin' right to the front door, and runnin'
+right through the house and right along down to the river, straight
+as you can fetch it. Do you agree to my plan?"</p>
+
+<p>Armida and Lucas exchanged glances. "You speak," said Lucas in a
+low tone.</p>
+
+<p>"No, you," said Armida.</p>
+
+<p>"What you whisperin' about? P'raps you think I can't hear because
+I'm dyin', but I'd have you to know my hearin' ain't affected a
+grain. Speak up naow! What is it, Lucas?"</p>
+
+<p>"We were thinkin' of Theodore," said Lucas. "You're leavin' him
+out, seems so."</p>
+
+<p>"'Tain't 'cause I forgot him; but I give him all I cal'lated to
+when he quit home five year ago&mdash;money; and so I sha'n't leave
+him anythin'. Wouldn't do him no good, if I did," he said to
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, we should feel better if you did," said Armida. "I don't
+want he should be <span class="pagenum"><a name="page371"
+id="page371"></a>[pg 371]</span> left out. Neither would mother if
+she was livin'; she'd feel bad."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/371.jpg" name="fig371" id="fig371">
+<img src="images/371.jpg" alt="'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER.'" /></a>
+<h5>"'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I
+SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER.'"</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I'll settle it with your ma when I see her. Come, now, what do
+you say?"</p>
+
+<p>There was a long silence, which Armida broke by saying, "S'posin'
+him or me was to want to leave the place, I mean for good&mdash;get
+tired of stayin' here to home?"</p>
+
+<p>"Wall," said her father with a chuckle, "if either of you feels
+like <i>givin</i> your share to the other, you may. I ain't goin' to
+leave my old place for either of you to sell to each other nor
+nobody else. I expect you to live on't."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," now objected Lucas; "s'posin' one of us should git
+married, then how would it be?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, live along. Put in and work a leetle harder, maybe. This
+farm carried a pooty fair number when I was younger. If you should
+git too numerous you could build on either side. I guess there ain't
+no gret danger," he added.</p>
+
+<p>As neither offered further objections, Mr. Huxter said: "There's
+been talk enough, I s'pose. Do you agree to 't?" He waited while
+each gave an audible "yes." "Naow," said he, "I hain't an earthly
+thing to hamper me."</p>
+
+<p>The father dead, for the brother and sister no new life began.
+Armida still skimmed all the milk and made the butter, looked after
+Lucas as she had before, and Lucas attended impartially to the whole
+of the farm, and Armida sometimes wondered what difference it made.
+To be sure the profits were divided with the most rigid exactness;
+but everything went tranquilly <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page372" id="page372"></a>[pg 372]</span> on until more than a
+year after their father's death, when Armida had a suspicion,
+confirmed by appearances, that Lucas was becoming interested in a
+young girl in a neighborhood a few miles away. The spirit of
+jealousy surely animated poor Armida, for nothing else could have
+prompted her action. Having ascertained the girl's name, she caused
+to be conveyed to her the facts, colored for the occasion, relating
+to the partition of the house and land; and the young woman, having
+a shrewd eye to the main chance, bluntly told Lucas when next she
+saw him that she didn't wish the half of a house nor the half of a
+farm.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/372.jpg" name="fig372" id="fig372">
+<img src="images/372.jpg" alt="THE DIVIDED HOUSE.&mdash;'ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL MORE AND MORE INTO RUIN; WHILE LUCAS ... KEPT HIS IN EXCELLENT REPAIR, AND OCCASIONALLY RENEWED THE PAINT.'" /></a>
+<h5>THE DIVIDED HOUSE.&mdash;"ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL MORE AND
+MORE INTO RUIN; WHILE LUCAS ... KEPT HIS IN EXCELLENT REPAIR, AND OCCASIONALLY
+RENEWED THE PAINT."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lucas had thought all might go on smoothly with a wife, and had
+counted on her accepting the situation. Inquiring as to who had
+meddled in his affairs, he traced the matter back to Armida, and
+coming home mortified and angry, reproached her in unsparing terms,
+ending his recital of wrongs with: "I don't know what you did it
+for, unless you was afraid your half was going to be invaded; and if
+you feel that way you'd better keep to your side and take care of
+your own property. I ain't going to interfere."</p>
+
+<p>Armida was powerless to protect herself except with tears, which
+did not avail with Lucas. She made overtures of peace, such as
+offering to cook her brother's meals and look after his share of the
+milk; but was warned to attend to her own business.</p>
+
+<p>Lucas had a new pipe-hole made in the kitchen chimney, and bought
+a new stove, and hunted up a kitchen table, telling Armida she was
+welcome to the stove and table they had previously used in common,
+but he'd thank her to stay on her own side of the room. The
+situation would have been ludicrous if it had not been grim earnest
+to the brother and sister. Lucas had a hard side to his character,
+and he could not forgive his sister's interference. He would not
+even give Armida advice, but allowed her cows to break into her
+cornfield and her sheep to stray away, without warning her, though
+all the while his heart pricked him at sight of her distress. Still
+all he would do was to suggest that she get a hired man.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly Armida, in despair, hired an easy-going, good-natured
+creature that offered his services. He did very well, and Armida got
+on better, and took courage.</p>
+
+<p>But there was a dreadful blow in store for her. Lucas brought a
+gang of carpenters to the farm, who instituted repairs on his half
+of the house. He even went so far as to commit the extravagance of
+having blinds hung for his sitting-room and front chamber windows,
+and his half of the front porch was trimmed with brackets, and then
+the whole of his half of the house painted white, so that his
+neighbors rallied him on being proud. "Only," as <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page373" id="page373"></a>[pg 373]</span>
+one said, "why don't you extend your improvements right along acrost
+the house, Lucas? It looks sorter queer to see one-half so fine and
+the other so slack."</p>
+
+<p>"Armida's free to do she's a mind to," said Lucas. "If she wants
+to fix up her side, she can. I don't hinder her&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"Nor you don't help her neither, as I see," said the other.</p>
+
+<p>"I believe in 'tendin' to your own affairs and not interferin'
+with other folks," Lucas rejoined.</p>
+
+<p>Armida was made very unhappy by these changes and the comments of
+the neighbors, and would gladly have beautified her half also, but
+had no money to spend. The farm had fallen behind, and she was
+pinched for means. She did what she could, taking more care than
+usual of vines and flowers, and even had an extra bed dug under her
+front windows, where she had many bright-hued flowers; but as she
+rose from digging around her plants and surveyed the
+house&mdash;Lucas's side with the new green blinds and the
+clapboards shining with paint, hers with its stained, weather-beaten
+appearance and its staring windows&mdash;she felt ashamed and
+discouraged.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/373.jpg" name="fig373" id="fig373">
+<img src="images/373.jpg" alt="'AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ... SHE ... LOOKED UP TO SEE A SHABBY, SHAMBLING, OLDISH MAN COMING AROUND THE SIDE OF THE HOUSE.'" /></a>
+<h5>"AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ...
+SHE ... LOOKED UP TO SEE A SHABBY, SHAMBLING, OLDISH MAN COMING AROUND
+THE SIDE OF THE HOUSE."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page374" id="page374"></a>[pg 374]</span>
+
+<p>She feared her hired man was slack and neglected his work; yet
+when he threatened to go, and afterward compromised the matter by
+offering to stay if she'd marry him, at a loss what to do, and
+partly because she was lonely, she married him. He was a respectable
+man, whose only fault was laziness, and she hoped that now he would
+take an interest. When Armida and her husband came back from the
+minister's and announced to Lucas that they were married, his only
+comment was, "Well, a slack help will make a shif'less husband."</p>
+
+<p>Years went by, and Armida's side of the house fell more and more
+into ruin; while Lucas, with what Armida considered cruel
+carefulness, kept his in excellent repair and occasionally renewed
+the paint. The contrast was so great that passers-by stopped their
+horses that they might look and wonder at their leisure. Every
+glance was like a blow to Armida, so that she avoided her
+sitting-room and kept herself in the uncomfortable kitchen that was
+divided by an imaginary line directly through the middle, a line
+never crossed by her brother, her husband, or herself.</p>
+
+<p>It would have looked absurd enough to a stranger to see this
+divided room, with the brother clumsily carrying on his household
+affairs on the one side and the sister doing her work on the other,
+with often not a word exchanged between them for days together.
+Absurd it might be, but it was certainly wretched. Armida grew old
+rapidly. Her husband was a poor stick, and when, as years passed, a
+touch of rheumatism gave him a real excuse for laziness, he did
+little more than sit by the fire and smoke.</p>
+
+<p>As Armida sat on the bench under the old russet apple-tree by the
+back door one day, regretting her evil fate, she heard footsteps
+approaching, and, pushing back her old sun-bonnet, looked up to see
+a shabby, shambling, oldish man coming around the side of the house
+and gazing in at the windows, "What ye doin' there?" said Armida
+sharply.</p>
+
+<p>The man turned, surveyed her with a smile, then said with a drawl
+she remembered: "I hain't been gone so long but that I know ye,
+Armidy. Don't you remember me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Theodore Huxter! Is that you? Well!" and she hurried up to him,
+and shook hands violently.</p>
+
+<p>"I heard only last week that father was dead," he explained. "I
+seen a man from this way, and he said he was gone. How long
+since?"</p>
+
+<p>"More than ten years ago."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I thought I'd come and see ye."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm glad you did," she said. "But come right in;" and she led
+the way into the kitchen.</p>
+
+<p>He leaned up against the door and surveyed the room. "I should
+'a' s'posed I'd have remembered this room, but what ye done to it?
+What hev you got two stoves and two tables and all that for,
+Armidy?"</p>
+
+<p>Armida told him all, winding up her story with a few tears.</p>
+
+<p>"That accounts for the looks of the outside, I s'pose," was his
+only comment. "I thought it was about the queerest I ever see. It's
+ridiculous! Why haven't you and Lucas straightened out affairs
+before this?"</p>
+
+<p>"I can't, and he can't, I s'pose," she said hopelessly; "and
+everything makes it worse. I wouldn't care so much if he hadn't
+fixed up the outside the way he did."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, well now, don't you fret. If I had money&mdash;but then I
+haven't."</p>
+
+<p>"How have you lived sence you left home?" Armida inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, I've had a still, and made essence and peddled it out; but
+I sold the still to git money to come here, and it took all I
+had."</p>
+
+<p>"Well now, Theodore, I wish you'd stay here now you've got round
+again," said Armida with great earnestness. "I've worried about you
+a sight. I'd be glad to have you, and Lucas would, I know."</p>
+
+<p>To spare a possible rebuff for Theodore, she ran out as she saw
+Lucas coming to the house to get his supper, and apprised him of his
+brother's arrival, glad to find he shared her pleasure in it. As
+Lucas entered the room he shook hands with Theodore, saying, "How
+are ye?" to which Theodore responded with "How are you, Lucas?"</p>
+
+<p>Theodore was a relief and pleasure to all the family. He observed
+a strict impartiality. If he split some kindling-wood for Armida, he
+churned for Lucas. If he took Armida's old horse to be shod, he
+helped Lucas wash his sheep. He accepted everything, asking no
+questions after the first evening, but kept an observant eye on
+all.</p>
+
+<p>Both Lucas and Armida had loved him since their earliest
+remembrance, and retained their old fondness for him now. He was a
+welcome guest on either side of the kitchen, and though when he
+announced of an evening that he was going visiting, and stepped
+across the line to the other <span class="pagenum"><a name="page375"
+id="page375"></a>[pg 375]</span> side of the half from where he had
+been sitting, the owner of the side he honored felt pleased by the
+distinction, yet the one on the opposite side, though no longer
+(according to an understood law) joining in the conversation, still
+had the benefit of Theodore's narratives.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/375.jpg" name="fig375" id="fig375">
+<img  src="images/375.jpg" alt="EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN." /></a>
+<h5>EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was busy, too, in his way. He was indefatigable in
+berry-picking and herb-gathering, selling what Armida and Lucas did
+not wish, and showing not a little shrewdness. When he had laid a
+little money together he bought a still, and distilled essences of
+peppermint, wintergreen, and other sweet-smelling herbs and roots,
+and when a store was accumulated he filled a basket and departed on
+a peddling expedition, returning with money in his purse and a
+handkerchief or ribbon for Armida. Once he bought her a stuff gown,
+which she came near ruining by weeping over it, it was such a
+delight.</p>
+
+<p>Lucas remonstrated. "I think you're foolish, Theodore. Why don't
+you spend your money on yourself? You'd a sight better get you a new
+coat."</p>
+
+<p>"I'd rather see Armida crying over that stuff," said Theodore,
+"than have a dozen coats. Nobody knows Armida's good looking,
+because she's no good clothes. But she is, and when she gets that
+dress made up and puts it on with that pink ribbon I bought her last
+time, she'll look as pretty as a pink."</p>
+
+<p>Not so great a success were the Venetian blinds that he bought
+second-hand and gave to Armida to hang in the sitting-room. They
+proved to be in sorry condition, and Theodore was much mortified.
+Being a handy creature, he managed to patch them up so that, though
+they could not be rolled up, they looked very well from the outside;
+and, as he philosophically remarked:</p>
+
+<p>"What more do you want, Armidy? A room you never set in, you
+don't want any light in."</p>
+
+<p>There was one thing that Theodore would not do. He would not, as
+he said, fellowship with Jerry, Armida's husband. "Tell you,
+Armidy," he would say, "I can't put up with a man like him."</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page376" id="page376"></a>[pg
+376]</span>
+
+<p>"Some folks call you shif'less, Theodore," Armida retorted with
+bitterness.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I am," he allowed; "but the difference is&mdash;I'm lazy,
+but work, my fashion; but he's lazy, and don't work at all."</p>
+
+<p>Though he disdained Jerry, he would rather do his tasks than see
+Armida's interests suffer; and when he was not occupied with his
+still or peddling, he busied himself on her side of the farm. Lucas
+would at any time give him a helping hand rather than see Theodore
+hurt himself, and so Armida's fences were mended and sundry repairs
+on her barns and out-houses made. Lucas was still as stiff as ever,
+and the help given was always to oblige Theodore, who laughed to
+himself but said nothing.</p>
+
+<p>He once attempted to wheedle Lucas into painting at least all of
+the front of the house, but Lucas was not to be moved. Disappointed
+in that, Theodore brought home a pot of yellow paint when returning
+from his next expedition, and painted his sister's half of the
+kitchen floor, in spite of her remonstrating that Lucas wouldn't
+like it, though she acknowledged it looked pretty, and in spite of
+Lucas's vexation at finding the room ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>"No more ridiculous than it was before," Theodore assured him;
+"it couldn't be. Besides," he added, as an afterthought, "I'll bring
+it plumb up to the middle, and neither of you will be trespassin' on
+the other's side. I noticed one of your chairs was a leetle grain
+onto Armidy's side the other night, and that ain't right."</p>
+
+<p>In the middle of an afternoon, as Lucas was ploughing out his
+corn, he heard a "Hello!" to which, when it had been two or three
+times repeated, he replied, though without looking around. Presently
+he heard some one coming, in a sort of scuffling run, and breathing
+heavily, and looked over his shoulder to see Theodore, who dropped
+into a walk as he spied him, and gasped: "Lucas! Say! Stop! Look
+here!"</p>
+
+<p>"Well?" said Lucas, and pulled up his horse.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm too old to run like this, that's a fact," said Theodore,
+mopping his face and leaning up against the plough. "There's a queer
+piece of work for us to do, Lucas. Armidy's all smashed up on the
+road, right down here on that second dip, and I guess Jerry is stone
+dead, and we must fetch 'em up just as soon as we can."</p>
+
+<p>Lucas made no comment, but mechanically unfastened the horse and
+turned toward the house, his brother stumbling behind, quite
+exhausted by the hurry and fatigue of the hour.</p>
+
+<p>As they went Lucas said: "How did you come to know of it?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, it was cur'us," said Theodore. "You know I had old Sam
+this morning, bringing in a little jag of wood for Armidy, and
+lengthened out the traces to fit the old waggin. Well, all I know
+about it is what I guess. I see from the looks they must 'a'
+concluded to go to the village with some eggs and so on, 'cause you
+can see in the road where they smashed when the basket flew out; and
+Jerry didn't know no more than to hitch up into the buggy without
+shortenin' the traces, and you know how that would work. Well, the
+cur'us thing is that I was out in the paster mowin' some
+brakes&mdash;here, let me hitch up this side, while you do the
+other&mdash;and I heard somebody or somethin' comin' slam-bang, and
+I looked up&mdash;I wa'n't near enough so as to see who 'twas nor
+anythin'&mdash;and I looked up, and see 'em comin' like hudy, down
+one of them pitches. Thinks said I, well, there's a hitch-up that's
+goin' to flinders&mdash;and just then the forward wheel struck a big
+stone, and I see the woman and man and all fly inter the air and
+come down agin, and the hoss went."</p>
+
+<p>"Where's the horse now?" said Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know, and I don't care. Tell ye, best put a feather-bed
+in the bottom of this waggin, because her arm's broke for certain,
+and I don't know what else. I'll fetch it&mdash;if you've got some
+spirits."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Lucas, "I'll fetch some;" and both hurried into the
+house, and soon came out again and hastened off.</p>
+
+<p>"How did you know who 'twas?" Lucas inquired, with solemn
+curiosity fitting the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, I didn't; but I knew when they didn't offer to git up,
+whoever 'twas wanted help, and I put across the lot to 'em, and sure
+enough 'twas Armidy and Jerry. I looked her over, and see by the way
+she lay that one of her arms was broke, anyway, and stepped over to
+where Jerry was, and sir! he was as dead as Moses! Head struck right
+on a big stone and broke his neck&mdash;his head hung down like
+that," letting his hand fall limply from the wrist.</p>
+
+<p>"Does she know?" said Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>"No, and I hope she won't for a spell. She hadn't come to when I
+left her."</p>
+
+<p>Lucas struck the horse with the end of the reins to urge him
+on.</p>
+
+<p>"There, now you can see 'em," said Theodore, rising in his seat
+and pointing <span class="pagenum"><a name="page377"
+id="page377"></a>[pg 377]</span> down the road. Lucas followed his
+example, and looking before them they could see both husband and
+wife lying motionless in the road.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/377.jpg" name="fig377" id="fig377">
+<img src="images/377.jpg" alt="'LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE LYING MOTIONLESS IN THE ROAD.'" /></a>
+<h5>"LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY
+COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE LYING MOTIONLESS IN THE ROAD."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>Between them they soon lifted poor Armida into the wagon, and
+laid her on the bed as tenderly as might be, eliciting a groan by
+the operation.</p>
+
+<p>"Best give her some?" said Lucas, bringing a bottle of brandy
+from out his pocket. "Come to think of it, best not. She won't sense
+it so much if she don't realize."</p>
+
+<p>A brief examination of Jerry was sufficient. The brothers
+exchanged glances and shakes of the head. "And to think," said
+Theodore, as they regarded the body, "that it was only this morning
+I said to Armidy there was one tramp too many in the house, meaning
+me, and now to have my words brought before me like this! 'Twasn't
+anything but a joke, but I hope she won't remember it against
+me."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, first thing we've got to do is to get her to the house,"
+said Lucas.</p>
+
+<p>Armida having been made as comfortable as the present would
+allow, and Jerry having been brought up and consigned to the best
+chamber, as befitted his state, Lucas hastened after the doctor and
+Aunt Polly Slater. The doctor found Armida in a sad case. "Though I
+don't think," he assured the brothers, "if she isn't worried she
+will be hard sick. She's naturally rugged, and it's merely a simple
+fracture of the forearm. The sprained ankle will be the most tedious
+thing, but I must charge you to keep her in ignorance of her
+husband's death."</p>
+
+<p>Theodore helped Aunt Polly in caring for Armida, and never was
+woman more tenderly cared for. Many were the lies he was forced to
+tell, as Armida was first surprised, then indignant, at Jerry's
+apparent neglect.</p>
+
+<p>"Even Lucas has come to the door and looked at me," she
+complained, "and Jerry ain't so much as been near me."</p>
+
+<p>Theodore was fain to concoct a story about a strained back that
+would not allow Jerry to rise from the bed. When it was deemed
+prudent to tell her, the task fell to Theodore, who was very tender
+of his sister, remembering that though he considered Jerry a
+shiftless, poor shack of a creature, Armida probably had affection
+for him. She took her loss very quietly.</p>
+
+<p>"He was always good to me," she said, "and he cared for me when
+no one else did."</p>
+
+<p>"You're wrong there," Theodore remonstrated.</p> <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page378" id="page378"></a>[pg 378]</span>
+
+<p>"I used to tell myself I was," she replied sadly. "I knew I give
+the first offence, but Lucas never would 'a' done as he did by the
+house if he'd cared for me."</p>
+
+<p>Lucas heard the reproach where he stood out of sight in the
+little entry that led to Armida's room, listening to the brother and
+sister as they talked together within. He often lingered there,
+wishing to enter, but not daring to; longing to atone for the
+unhappiness he had caused his sister, but not knowing how to set
+about it. Now, taking Theodore into his confidence, he set to work
+to obliterate all outward signs that made it "the divided house,"
+leaving to his brother the task of keeping it from Armida. As she
+querulously inquired what all the hammering and pounding that was
+going on in front of the house meant, Theodore had a story ready
+about the steps to the front porch being so worn out that Lucas had
+to have some new ones, "or else break his legs goin' over them." The
+smell of paint was accounted for by Lucas "havin' one of his spells
+of gittin' his side painted over agin;" on which Armida gave way to
+tears, until her brother comforted her by saying it didn't make much
+difference, a new coat couldn't make it any whiter than it was.</p>
+
+<p>It was a great day when Armida was pronounced well enough to eat
+breakfast in the kitchen. Hobbling out with the aid of Theodore's
+arm, she stepped on the threshold, and looked over to where Lucas
+stood by his window. He greeted her with, "How are ye, Armidy?" but
+did not leave his place.</p>
+
+<p>"It seems good to git out of my bedroom," said Armida; then
+stopped, gazed about her, and sank into a convenient chair,
+exclaiming, "What does it mean?"</p>
+
+<p>For both her and Lucas's old stoves were gone, and a new one
+stood directly before the middle of the chimney, with its pipe
+running into the old pipe-hole that they used before the house was
+divided. The coffee-pot steamed and bubbled over the fire, and a
+platter of ham and eggs stood on the hearth, while the table, set
+for breakfast, stood exactly in the centre of the room; the dividing
+line had been wiped out by the paint-brush, and Lucas's side shone
+with yellow paint like her own.</p>
+
+<p>"What does it mean?" she cried, trembling and clutching at
+Theodore's arm. Theodore said nothing, but slipped out of the room,
+and Lucas, after an awkward pause, said: "Armidy, I wanted, if you
+was willin', that we should quit doin' as we have done and have
+things together as we used to. Seems as if it would be pleasanter,
+and if you can forgive what I've done, I'll try to make it up to
+ye."</p>
+
+<p>"Why, Lucas!" was all she could say.</p>
+
+<p>"I know I hain't done by ye like a brother," said Lucas, anxious
+to get his self-imposed humiliation over, "and I'm sorry, and I'd
+like to begin over again."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm just as much a transgressor as you be," said Armida, anxious
+to spare him. "If I hadn't said what I did, I 'spose you'd married
+Ianthe, and like as not had a family round ye."</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know as I care <i>now</i>," said Lucas; "I have felt hard to
+ye; but I see Ianthe last March"&mdash;he laughed&mdash;"and I
+didn't mourn much that her name wa'n't Huxter. But that's neither
+here nor there. If you feel as if you could git along with two old
+brothers to look after instead of one, and overlook what's
+passed&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"I'd be glad to, Lucas, if you won't lay up anything against
+me."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, then;" and coming to her side Lucas bent over her, and, to
+her great surprise, kissed her. Turning away before she could return
+the kiss, he opened the back door and called to Theodore.</p>
+
+<p>As Theodore came in, Lucas said: "If you had a shawl round ye,
+Armidy, wouldn't you like to git out a minute before breakfast?" and
+without waiting for an answer, he brought her shawl and wrapped it
+round her, then put on her bonnet.</p>
+
+<p>"Can't you and I," he said to Theodore, "make a chair and take
+her out? You hain't forgot sence you left school, hev you?"</p>
+
+<p>Locking their hands together they formed what school-children
+call a chair, and lifting Armida between them, carried her through
+the hall, out at the front door, down the walk to the gate, and
+turned round, while Theodore bade his sister look up at the house.
+Armida obeyed. She saw the house glistening with paint, her side of
+it as white as Lucas's, and blinds adorning her front windows, while
+the front porch, with new-laid floor and steps and bristling with
+brackets, was, in her eyes, the most imposing of entrances.</p>
+
+<p>Could it be true? she asked herself, and shut her eyes; then
+glanced again, then looked at her brothers, who were both silent,
+Theodore smiling with joy, while Lucas looked gravely down at
+her.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, Lucas!" she cried, throwing her arms around his neck, "you
+done this for me!"</p>
+
+<p>"I <i>told</i> you I was sorry, Armidy," he said.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page379" id="page379"></a>[pg 379]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Cleveland Moffett.</h4>
+
+
+<p>On the long peninsula that separates New York Bay from Newark
+Bay, there is, among other things, a red house by an open field, in
+which lives the king of kite-flyers. Every one in Bayonne, the town
+which covers this peninsula, knows the red house by the open field;
+for scarcely a day passes, winter or summer, that kites are not seen
+sailing above this spot&mdash;sometimes a solitary "hurricane
+flyer," when the wind is sweeping in strong from the ocean;
+sometimes a tandem string of seven or eight six-footers, each one
+fastened to the main line by its separate cord. And wonderful are
+the feats in kite-illumination accomplished by Mr. Eddy (the king
+aforesaid) on holiday nights, especially on the Fourth of July, when
+he keeps the sky ablaze with gracefully waving meteors, to the
+profound awe or admiration of his fellow-townsmen.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:52%;">
+<a href="images/379.jpg" name="fig379" id="fig379">
+<img src="images/379t.jpg" alt="HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A TANDEM OF HIS BOX-KITES." /></a>
+<h5>HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND
+BY A TANDEM OF HIS BOX-KITES.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>If you enter the red house and show a proper interest in the
+subject, Mr. Eddy will take you up to his kite-room, where skyflyers
+of all sorts, sizes, and materials range the walls&mdash;from the
+tiniest, made of tissue paper, to nine-footers, with lath frames and
+oil-cloth coverings. Hanging from the ceiling is one of the queer
+Hargrave kites, which looks like a double box, and seems as little
+likely to fly as a full-legged dining-table; yet fly it will, and
+beautifully too, though by a principle of aëroplanes only recently
+understood.</p>
+
+<p>Then Mr. Eddy will show you the room where, with the help of his
+deft-fingered wife, also a kite enthusiast, he spends many hours
+developing and mounting photographs taken from high altitudes, with
+a camera especially constructed to be swung and operated from the
+kite cord.</p>
+
+<p>Until one talks with a man like Mr. Eddy&mdash;though, indeed,
+there is no one just like him&mdash;one does not realize what a
+large and important subject this of scientific kite-flying is. Many
+men of distinction have devoted years of their best energies to
+experiments with kites. Mr. Eddy himself is a scientist first, last,
+and always; for the sake of a new observation he will send up a
+tandem of kites when the thermometer is below zero, or stand half a
+night at his reeling apparatus, getting records of the
+thermograph.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps I shall do best to begin by giving some useful
+information to those who may contemplate constructing a modern
+scientific kite. The first thing that should be done by such a
+person, be he boy or man, is to rid his mind of all his preconceived
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page380" id="page380"></a>[pg
+380]</span> notions about kites, for it is almost certain that they
+are incorrect. To begin with, the scientific kite has no tail. A few
+years ago people would have laughed at any one who attempted to send
+up a kite without a tail. But the question is now no longer even
+open with the scientific kite-flyers, who not only send up tailless
+kites with the greatest ease, but do so under conditions which, to
+kites with tails, would be impossible: for instance, in dead calms
+and in driving hurricanes. The tailless kite, sent from the hands of
+a master, will fly in all winds.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that kites with tails have given good results in
+experimental work; but the tails are annoying and an unnecessary
+weight, and may better be dispensed with. Every boy has had the
+vexatious experience of sending up a kite in a light breeze with a
+tail made light in proportion, only to find that, on reaching
+stronger air currents above, the kite has begun to dive and grow
+unmanageable. Then, when he has taken the kite down and added a
+heavier tail, he has found the breeze at the ground insufficient to
+lift the extra load; and so, between two difficulties, has had to
+give up his sport in disgust. This is the one serious defect of
+kites with tails, that they cannot adapt themselves to wind currents
+of varying intensities; whereas the tailless kites do so without
+difficulty. And in tandem flying, which is the backbone of the
+modern system, the weight of a half dozen or more heavy tails would
+be a serious impediment, to say nothing of the perpetual danger of
+the different tails getting entangled in the lines.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC KITE.</h4>
+
+<p>It is important, then, to know how to make a scientific tailless
+kite, such as is used by the experts at the Smithsonian Institution,
+or at the Blue Hills Conservatory near Boston, for it must not be
+supposed that kite-flying is merely an idle pastime; it is a
+pleasure doubtless for boys, but it is also a field of serious
+experiment and observation for men. The information I here present,
+including practical directions as well as interesting theories, was
+obtained from Mr. Eddy himself, and may be regarded as strictly
+accurate.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/380.jpg" name="fig380" id="fig380">
+<img  src="images/380t.jpg" alt="Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>This view, from a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy,
+New York City at the crossing of Frankfort and William
+Streets.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is much better for amateurs to begin with a kite designed to
+fly in strong winds, as it is a long and delicate task to learn to
+manage the variety with extra wide cross-stick meant for ascension
+in calms. The two sticks which form the skeleton should be of equal
+lengths, say six feet; and should cross each other at right angles
+at a point on the upright stick eighteen per cent. of its length
+below the top. This point of crossing is of great importance, and
+was only located by Mr. Eddy after months of wearisome experiment.
+He was misled in his earlier efforts at tailless kite-making by the
+example of the Malay kiter-flyers, who are reputed to be the most
+skilful in the world, and who cross the sticks much nearer the
+middle of the upright one. In a six-foot kite the two sticks, equal
+in length, should cross at about thirteen inches from the top of the
+upright stick; and the same proportion should be observed for kites
+of other dimensions. At the point of crossing, <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page381" id="page381"></a>[pg 381]</span>
+the sticks should be slightly notched, and strongly bound together
+with twine tied in flat knots. Driving a nail or screw through the
+sticks, to bind them, weakens the frame at the point of greatest
+strain.</p>
+
+<p>As material for the sticks Mr. Eddy has found clear spruce better
+than any other wood. Bamboo is bad, because it bends unevenly at the
+joints. White pine is not tough enough, and cypress is both too
+brittle and too flexible. The hard woods, like ash, hickory, and
+oak, are too heavy; in scientific kite-flying, even so small a
+weight as a quarter of an ounce may make all the difference between
+failure and success. All winds are broken by frequent brief
+intervals of calm, and a kite must rely on its lightness to outride
+these. Whoever contemplates going seriously into kite-flying will do
+well to provide himself with a store of suitable sticks by
+purchasing a straight-grained, well-planed spruce plank, free from
+knots, and having it sawed on a circular saw into sticks
+five-sixteenths and seven-sixteenths inches in thickness, to be cut
+later into such lengths as he may choose.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%;">
+<a href="images/381.jpg" name="fig381" id="fig381">
+<img  src="images/381t.jpg" alt="Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. This view
+also is of New York City about the crossing of Frankfort and William Streets.
+The high wall on the right of Frankfort Street is the back of the "World"
+building; the high wall on the left is the back of the "Tribune" building.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The two sticks (there are never more than two) having been
+fastened firmly together, the cross-stick must be sprung backward;
+so that, when finished, the kite will present a convex or bulging
+surface to the wind. It might be imagined that a concave surface to
+the wind would be better; and indeed this has been tried. But it has
+invariably proved that with a concave surface the kite receives too
+much of the breeze and becomes quite uncontrollable. The amount of
+spring that must be given the cross-piece is in proportion to its
+length, Mr. Eddy's rule being to spring the cross-stick, by means of
+a cord joining the two ends like a bow, until the perpendicular
+between the point of juncture of the two sticks and the centre of
+the cord is equal to one-tenth of the length of the cross-stick, or
+a little more than one-tenth, if the kite is to be flown in very
+high winds.</p>
+
+<p>It is of the first importance to keep the two halves of the kite
+on the right and the left of the upright stick perfectly
+symmetrical. And this is by no means an easy matter. It often
+happens in bending the cross-stick that, owing to differences in the
+fibre and elasticity of the wood, one side bends more than the
+other, with the result that the two halves present different curves
+and consequently unequal wind areas. To offset this difficulty, and
+also to strengthen the skeleton, Mr. Eddy's practice is to add a
+bracing piece at the back of the cross-stick&mdash;a piece about
+one-fourth of the length of the cross-stick itself, and of the same
+width and thickness. If the two halves of the kite are already quite
+symmetrical, he places this bracing stick with its centre directly
+even with the point of juncture of the two large sticks, its two
+ends being fastened with twine to the cross-stick, about nine inches
+on either side of the crossing-point. But if one half of the
+cross-stick shows a greater bend than the other, he places the
+longer arm of the bracing piece toward the side that bends the most,
+thus presenting a greater leverage against the wind on that side
+than on the other, and so equalizing things.</p>
+
+<p>With the two sticks and the brace all <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page382" id="page382"></a>[pg 382]</span> thus properly in
+place, a supporting frame for the paper or cloth is formed by
+running, not cord, but fine picture wire, over the tips of the
+sticks, notched to hold it in place, in the ordinary way. Then, with
+a thin, clear paste made of starch, the paper may be laid on, care
+being taken to paste the edges so as to leave a certain amount of
+slack or looseness in the part of the kite below the cross-stick, so
+that each of the lower faces will present concave wind surfaces. To
+preserve the required equilibrium, it is important that the amount
+of looseness in the paper be equal on the two sides; and in order to
+keep it so, it is necessary to measure exactly the amount
+allowed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/382.jpg" name="fig382" id="fig382">
+<img src="images/382.jpg" alt="THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE." /></a>
+<h5>THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>Front view, showing how the line is attached.</p>
+
+<p>A storm-flyer.&mdash;The diamond-shaped figure in the centre is
+an opening made to lessen the wind pressure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Those who wish to make many kites will do well to buy thin
+manilla paper, as wide as possible, having the dealer roll off for
+them seven hundred or eight hundred feet, say a yard in width, which
+will insure a cheap as well as an abundant supply. For strong winds
+and large kites it is best to use cloth as the covering. It should
+be sewed to the frame, and, if carefully put on, will do service for
+years. Silk, of course, is the ideal material; but its costliness
+puts it beyond ordinary means, and common silesia, such as is used
+in dress linings, is almost as good. Whatever the material, the kite
+should be fortified at the corners by pasting or sewing on quadrants
+of paper or cloth, so as to give double thickness at the points most
+liable to injury. A finished six-footer should not weigh over twenty
+ounces, if covered with paper; or twenty-five ounces, if covered
+with cloth. Mr. Eddy has made a six-footer for calm flying as light
+as eight ounces.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HOW TO SEND UP A KITE.</h4>
+
+<p>There is only one way to learn the practical art of kite-flying,
+and that is to begin and do the thing yourself&mdash;with many
+mishaps and disappointments at the outset. One of Mr. Eddy's
+practices when sending kites up in very light winds or in an
+apparent calm, is to reel out two hundred yards or so of cord in a
+convenient open space, leaving kite and cord on the ground until
+ready to start. Then, by taking the cord at the extreme distance
+from the kite, and beginning to run with it, he gets it quickly into
+the upper air currents, which are always stirring more than those at
+the surface. It is sometimes necessary to run for a considerable
+distance before the kite reaches a sustaining current; but a real
+kite enthusiast will not mind taking trouble; indeed he had better
+abandon the whole business if he does. It is worth noting that even
+in a dead calm a kite may be kept up indefinitely as long as the
+flyer is willing to run with the cord at the rate of about five
+miles an hour.</p>
+
+<p>In flying kites tandem there is always to be guarded against the
+danger of a breaking of the cord. Few people realize how hard a pull
+is exerted by a series of kites well up in the air. A strain of
+twenty-five or thirty pounds on the cord is not uncommon; and not
+only the strength of the cord, but the way of attaching it, is of
+great importance. There should be two strings (never more), fastened
+to the upright <span class="pagenum"><a name="page383"
+id="page383"></a>[pg 383]</span> stick at its lower end and at the
+point of crossing, the upper length being about one-third of the
+lower one, and the two being adjusted so that, when taut, the kite
+takes an angle of about twenty degrees with the ground&mdash;which
+means that the kite goes up almost straight overhead, the string
+making an angle of about seventy degrees with the ground.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/383.jpg" name="fig383" id="fig383">
+<img src="images/383.jpg" alt="THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE." /></a>
+<h5>THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>It was by kites of this variety, flown in tandem, that the inventor, Hargrave,
+was lifted sixteen feet from the ground on
+November 12, 1894.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In sending up a series of kites to fly tandem, it is best to head
+the line with a small kite, three or, four feet in diameter, and
+gradually increase the size until a diameter of six feet is reached
+for the one sent last. This arrangement makes it possible to hold
+the upper kites by lighter cord, the heavier kites being reserved
+for the half of the line nearest to the ground; and thus there is a
+material lessening of the load to be borne. The first kite should be
+well up, say five hundred feet, before the second is attached to the
+line. But after that they maybe sent at closer intervals, sometimes
+with only a few hundred feet between them&mdash;say two hundred feet
+in light winds, and five hundred feet in heavy winds. Each kite in a
+tandem should have a length of at least one hundred feet of cord
+from the main line, and great care should be exercised in knotting
+fast the individual lines.</p>
+
+<p>The best way of starting a second kite, after the first is well
+up, is to pay out about a hundred feet of cord for the tandem line,
+attaching one end of this to the main cord and the other to the
+second kite, which is left lying on the ground back downward. Then
+pay out the main line evenly until the tandem line begins to lift.
+As the pendent kite is borne higher and higher, it will swing for a
+while in a horizontal position; but will presently begin to flutter
+and sail sideways, and then finally come up more and more, until the
+wind catches it and it shoots up like a bird into its proper
+position. In fact, once the first kite is securely up, the others
+will fly themselves by merely being attached to the main line as
+described. Of course each fresh kite increases the pull on the main
+line, and the line must be made proportionately stronger as the
+tandem is increased.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RUNAWAY TANDEMS.</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Eddy has had some remarkable experiences with escaping kites.
+One day at Bayonne, in July, 1894, while he was flying a tandem of
+eight kites in a northwest wind blowing eighteen miles an hour, the
+main line broke with a loud snap, and the kites sailed away towards
+Staten Island with the speed of an escaped balloon. One can scarcely
+conceive the rapidity with which a line of kites like this travels
+over the first four or five hundred feet after its release. An
+ice-boat goes no faster, and one might as well pursue the shadow of
+a flying cloud as chase that string. At the time of the escape the
+top kite, a four-footer, was up nearly a mile, and the other seven
+were flying at a good elevation. The consequence was that although,
+as invariably happens in such cases, they began to drop, the lowest
+kite did not strike the ground until it had been carried about a
+quarter of a mile, to the New Jersey shore of the Kill von Kull,
+which is half a mile wide at this point. <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page384" id="page384"></a>[pg 384]</span> Here kite number
+eight, a six-footer, caught in a tree and held the line for a few
+seconds until its own cord broke, under the strain, and set the
+other kites free. This check had lifted the other kites, and they
+now flew right bravely across the water, not one of the seven
+wetting its heels before the farther shore was reached. Then the
+lowest of them came to the ground, in its turn putting a brief check
+on the others. But its cord soon broke under the strain, and the six
+still flying went sailing over the trees of Staten Island, hundreds
+of people watching them as they flew&mdash;six tailless kites
+driving along towards New York Bay, the main line trailing behind
+over lawns and house-tops.</p>
+
+<p>Then a queer thing happened. As the loose end of the main line
+trailed along, it whipped against a line of telegraph wires with
+such violence as to wind itself around the wires again and again,
+just as a whip-lash winds round a hitching-post when whipped against
+one. The result was that the runaway kites were finally anchored by
+the main line, and held fast until their owner, coming in quick
+pursuit on ferryboat and train, could secure them.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, two of Mr. Eddy's kites flying in tandem
+broke away, and started out to sea, the dangling line passing over a
+moored coal barge on which a man was working. Feeling something
+tickle his neck, the man put up his hand quickly and touched the
+kite-cord. Greatly surprised, he seized the cord and made it fast;
+and he was not at all disposed to give up the kites when Mr. Eddy
+claimed them. There is no property, indeed, so hard to prove and
+recover as a runaway kite. For one thing, there is absolutely no
+telling how far a runaway kite will sail before landing. Mr. Eddy
+estimates that when the main line breaks, a kite well up in a
+twenty-five mile breeze will travel, before alighting, a distance
+equal to twelve times its height from the ground. This means that a
+kite straight over the Battery, in New York City, and a mile in the
+air, driven by a stiff south wind, might land in Yonkers if the cord
+broke. There is, by the way, an old-time ordinance on the statute
+book, prohibiting the flying of kites in any part of New York City
+below Fourteenth Street. This, however, did not prevent Mr. Eddy
+from taking recently a series of unique photographs (some of them
+are reproduced in this article), by means of a tandem of kites sent
+up from a high building near the City Hall Park. The only
+complication that resulted was a fierce contention among a crowd of
+idlers and gamins over the possession of one of the kites, which
+came down accidentally and lodged in one of the Park trees.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/384.jpg" name="fig384" id="fig384">
+<img  src="images/384t.jpg" alt="NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE LIFTING POWER OF KITES.</h4>
+
+<p>A tandem of six or eight six-foot kites exerts a pull of thirty
+pounds or more on the main line; but it must not be assumed that
+such a tandem would lift and carry through the air a weight of
+thirty pounds. The weight of thirty pounds would be carried a short
+distance; but as the weight moved off, there would be a sudden
+lessening of the resistance on the line, and so of the wind pressure
+against the kites, which would soon cause them to sink. A tandem of
+strong kites in a good breeze might be made to operate a sort of
+jumping apparatus which, after being carried a short distance, would
+anchor itself to the ground until the renewed strength of the kites
+lifted it up again for another jump. <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page385" id="page385"></a>[pg 385]</span> But all kite experts
+are agreed that a kite's power for lifting loads clear of the ground
+must be enormously increased according as the distance to which the
+load is to be lifted is increased. It would be possible, for
+example, to build a tandem of kites strong enough to lift a man
+clear of the ground, supposing him to be swung in a basket from the
+main line. This, indeed, has been actually accomplished. September
+18, 1895, in England, Captain Baden-Powell was lifted to a height of
+one hundred feet on a kite-string supported by five large hexagon
+kites. But Mr. Eddy calculates that to lift a man of the same weight
+(one hundred and fifty pounds) to a height of fifteen hundred feet,
+with a wind blowing at the same rate (twenty miles an hour), would
+require seven kites with upright and cross-sticks not less than
+sixty-four feet each in length.</p>
+
+<p>The only other instance on record where a man has been lifted by
+a kite-cord was in the experiment of the great Australian kite
+expert, Hargrave, who, on November 12, 1894, placed himself in a
+sling seat attached to a tandem of his wonderful box kites, and was
+swung sixteen feet clear of the earth. The entire load, including
+the seat and appurtenances, amounted to two hundred and eight
+pounds. Mr. Eddy calculates that six of his bird-shaped kites,
+twenty feet in diameter, would lift a man and basket in safety to a
+height of one hundred feet, assuming the wind to be blowing steadily
+at twenty miles an hour.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:30%;">
+<a href="images/385.jpg" name="fig385" id="fig385">
+<img src="images/385t.jpg" alt="PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE." /></a>
+<h5>PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.</h5>
+
+<p>NOTE.&mdash;In this picture the square
+box suspended from the upper line is
+the camera. The ball hanging from
+the camera is the burnished signal
+which, by its fall, informs the operator on the ground when the shutter of the
+camera has opened. The shutter and
+the ball are controlled from the ground by the lower line.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page386" id="page386"></a>[pg 386]</span>
+
+
+<h4>THE METEOROLOGICAL USE OF KITES.</h4>
+
+<p>Although Mr. Eddy began flying kites as a diversion, he soon saw
+that there were more serious reasons for continuing his experiments.
+Having long been interested in meteorological problems, it occurred
+to him that good results might be obtained by sending aloft, on
+kite-strings, self-registering thermometers and apparatus for
+indicating the direction and strength of the air currents. On
+February 4, 1891, he sent up what is believed to be the first
+thermometer ever attached to a kite for scientific purposes. This
+was at nine o'clock in the evening on a cold winter's night, the
+thermometer registering ten degrees Fahrenheit at the ground. On
+reading the record after the descent, the thermometer was found to
+mark six degrees Fahrenheit, which indicated, according to the
+recognized law of decrease of temperature, that the kite had been
+sent to a height of one thousand feet. The law is that in ascending
+from the earth the temperature falls one degree for every two
+hundred and fifty feet; but subsequent experiments convinced Mr.
+Eddy that it was by no means to be relied upon as an indication of
+the height of kites. Not that the law is false; but it holds good
+only when the meteorological conditions above are the same as at the
+earth's surface, which is very far from being the case always.</p>
+
+<p>Out of these experiments Mr. Eddy evolved an important theory
+which has since been abundantly verified. Seeing the frequent
+variations in the thermometric readings from what the law had led
+him to expect, he concluded that these were due to meteorological
+variations overhead; and that changes in the weather, say the
+approach of warm waves or cold waves, make themselves felt in the
+air strata above the earth's surface several hours before they can
+be detected at the surface. Observations extending over months at
+the Blue Hills Observatory, near Boston, and elsewhere, have
+abundantly confirmed this theory.</p>
+
+<p>With this fact established, it followed, in Mr. Eddy's opinion,
+that it was perfectly possible to use kites in making weather
+prognostications; and, indeed, he has been doing this himself for
+several years with the best results. Whenever his kite-thermometers,
+sent to a fixed height which he determines independently by a
+specially devised kite-quadrant, show actual readings which are
+either warmer or cooler than the theoretical readings, he prophesies
+that the weather will, within a few hours, become warmer or colder
+at the earth's surface, and these prophecies are fulfilled in a
+large majority of cases. If the kite-thermometers show exactly the
+temperature which the law would call for, he prophesies that there
+will be no change in the weather.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%;">
+<a href="images/386.jpg" name="fig386" id="fig386">
+<img src="images/386t.jpg" alt="CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE." /></a>
+<h5>CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. City Hall Park,
+New York City, appears in the foreground, with Broadway back of it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It has also been demonstrated that kites may be used by
+meteorologists to indicate the approach of storms, which they
+foretell by a sudden and continuous veering over a considerable arc,
+usually about sixty degrees. This veering begins usually six or
+seven hours before a storm, and often as much as twelve hours. And
+another sure sign of a storm is the continuous and sudden dropping
+of the kites followed by a quick recovery, which shows that the wind
+is blowing in gusts interspersed with periods of calm.</p> <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page387" id="page387"></a>[pg 387]</span>
+
+<p>In making a series of meteorological experiments which he
+conducted at the Blue Hills Observatory, Mr. Eddy often employed as
+many as eight or ten kites; and in August, 1895, he sent up twelve
+kites on one line, three of them being nine-footers. This is
+probably the largest number of kites ever sent up in tandem; and
+although on this occasion the line carried only the thermographs
+suspended in a basket, the whole weighing not more than two pounds,
+a very much larger load might have been carried, had it been
+desired.</p>
+
+<br clear="all" />
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:45%;">
+<a href="images/387.jpg" name="fig387" id="fig387">
+<img src="images/387t.jpg" alt="Murray Street. Warren Street. From a Kite." /></a>
+
+<h5>MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.</h5>
+
+<p>From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, showing Murray
+and Warren Streets, New York City, as they run west from Broadway.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Among many other curious things about the wind observed by Mr.
+Eddy, is the fact that the night winds are by far the steadiest and
+most satisfactory for kite-flying. On this account much of his work
+with kites has been done in the darkness, although he uses lanterns
+on the lines to assist him in locating the kites. It has also been
+demonstrated that the force of the wind increases steadily as the
+distance from the earth increases. Archibald proved this
+conclusively, by suspending a series of wind-measuring instruments
+at intervals along the main line, their registration showing almost
+invariably greater wind pressure at the higher altitude. Mr. Eddy
+has furthermore noted that, while the early morning wind is usually
+very light at the earth's surface, it is almost invariably good
+aloft; and he has again and again verified the well-established fact
+that all clouds herald their approach and are accompanied by
+increased wind velocity.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE HIGHEST FLIGHT EVER MADE BY A KITE.</h4>
+
+<p>The modern system of flying kites tandem was devised by Mr. Eddy
+in 1890, although it was hit upon two years later independently by
+Dr. Alexander B. Johnson, the distinguished surgeon of the Roosevelt
+Hospital in New York. The tandem system makes it possible to send
+kites to far greater altitudes than had ever been previously
+attained. And here the best record is undoubtedly held by one of Mr.
+Eddy's tandems, sent aloft at Bayonne, on November 7, 1893. Mr. Eddy
+began to send up the kites at 7:30 A.M.; but, being hampered by
+light breezes from the east, found he was kept busy until half-past
+three in the afternoon in getting nine kites aloft. He had paid out
+nearly two miles of cord, when the top kite, a little two-footer,
+stood straight over the spar buoy in Newark Bay. The lowest kite, a
+six-footer, was hovering some distance inland from the shore, on a
+line from the shore to Mr. Eddy's house (where the end of the line
+was anchored) measuring fifty-five hundred feet by the surveyor's
+map. Taking two observations from the two ends of this base line,
+Mr. Eddy's kite-quadrant showed angles of thirty-five and sixty-six
+degrees; and these data, by simple methods of triangulation, were
+sufficient to determine the altitude of the kite, which was found to
+be five thousand five hundred and ninety-five feet&mdash;or
+something over one mile. The kites were seen by hundreds of persons
+during the fifteen hours that they remained up, the experiment
+coming to an abrupt end at ten o'clock that night by the blowing
+away of the two upper kites in the increasing wind. The escaped
+kites disappeared in Newark Bay, along with three thousand feet of
+the line.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page388" id="page388"></a>[pg 388]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/388-1.jpg" name="fig388-1" id="fig388-1">
+<img src="images/388-1.jpg" alt="KITE-DRAWN BUOY." /></a>
+<h5>KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</h5>
+
+<p>Invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis. This buoy lacks the
+steering appliances of the one shown below, and travels simply in a
+line with the kite that draws it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Much interest attaches from a scientific point of view to
+experiments designed to test how great an altitude may be reached by
+kites; and for a year past Mr. Eddy has been working in this
+direction for the Smithsonian Institution, the hope being that he
+will ultimately succeed in sending kites two miles above the earth's
+surface. Professor Langley has been following these experiments with
+great interest, and has furnished Mr. Eddy with a special quality of
+silk cord which, it is believed, will give better results in
+meteorological observation than the ordinary hempen twine or rope.
+The great difficulty that Mr. Eddy finds in the way of making his
+kites reach great altitudes, is the pull on the cord, which
+increases greatly as the kites rise higher. It is probable that a
+tandem of fifteen or twenty big kites, reaching to a mile above the
+earth's surface, would exert a pull of one hundred pounds; while at
+a height of two miles they might, Mr. Eddy thinks, exert a pull of
+three hundred and fifty pounds; and at a height of three miles, a
+pull of seven hundred pounds. However great the pull, it is
+essential to successful flying that the man in control be able to
+let out or reel in the main line with great rapidity, and it is
+evident that a dozen men could not by hand alone accomplish this if
+the kites were sent as high as might be. It is likely, therefore,
+that, as the importance of scientific kite-flying becomes more
+widely understood, some simple dummy engine will be devised for
+rapidly turning the windlass on which the main line is wound.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Eddy has made frequent experiments with rain-kites, which he
+used for the first time in November, 1893. It is true that Franklin
+sent up a flyer during a shower, but in his case the rain was merely
+an accident accompanying the electric storm, which was his only
+concern. Mr. Eddy, however, has sent up kites in the rain for the
+purpose of studying cloud altitudes and other meteorological
+phenomena; and by this means he has discovered what was not
+previously believed to be true: that clouds sometimes sink to within
+six hundred feet of the earth's surface without actually coming down
+to it. In fact, Mr. Eddy has had kites disappear in a cloud at a
+height of only five hundred and sixty-eight feet. It has sometimes
+happened that clouds settling toward the earth have obscured the
+kites gradually, the top one becoming invisible first, and then the
+others in succession. Mr. Eddy has found that by such indications he
+is able to foretell the approach of fog four or five hours before it
+reaches the earth's surface, so slowly do the clouds settle through
+the air strata.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/388-2.jpg" name="fig388-2" id="fig388-2">
+<img  src="images/388-2.jpg" alt="DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY." /></a>
+<h5>DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.</h5>
+
+<p>This is the buoy invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis for
+conveying messages, food, or life-lines between disabled vessels and
+the shore. The buoy is drawn over the water by the kite-line, like
+the one shown above, but the setting of the keel and the three
+guy-ropes give it whatever direction is desired.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page389" id="page389"></a>[pg 389]</span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/389.jpg" name="fig389" id="fig389">
+<img src="images/389.jpg" alt="THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE." /></a>
+<h5>THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page390" id="page390"></a>[pg 390]</span>
+
+<p>It is best to make rain-kites of oil-skin or paraffine paper, as
+the ordinary paper or cloth becomes saturated with the dampness and
+very heavy, thus lessening the buoyancy of the line. So penetrating
+is the dampness of clouds, even without a rain-storm, that the
+wooden frames sometimes become warped and the paste seams soak
+open.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DRAWING DOWN ELECTRICITY BY A KITE-STRING.</h4>
+
+<p>The scientific kite-flyer will find much to tempt him into the
+field of electricity; and will be able, not only to duplicate Dr.
+Franklin's historic experiment of bringing down sparks from the
+heavens, but may go far beyond this, taking advantage of the greater
+knowledge of electricity at his disposal and the superior apparatus.
+In the summer of 1885, Alexander McAdie, at the Blue Hills
+Observatory, got strong sparks at the earth's surface from a wire
+connected with a kite whose surface had been coated with tinfoil so
+as to form an electric collector. He also, by the brightness and
+increased lengths of the sparks obtained, proved that the electric
+force in the atmosphere is very greatly increased with the approach
+of thunder clouds; and also that this force increases steadily as
+the kites reach greater altitude, and <i>vice versa</i>. Indeed Mr. Eddy
+and others who have conducted similar experiments, have found the
+electric force so strong at certain altitudes as to make the
+manipulation of the conducting wire a source of considerable
+danger.</p>
+
+<p>On October 8, 1892, Mr. Eddy made an important advance in
+electrical experiments with kites, by using a collector quite
+separate from the kites themselves, which were merely used in tandem
+to support the line on which the collector was swung and raised to
+any desired altitude. By this arrangement any accident that might
+befall one of the kites is less likely to ruin the whole
+experiment.</p>
+
+<p>Much experience with the kite-collector has convinced Mr. Eddy
+that there is always in the air overhead, at all times of the year
+and in all weathers, an abundant, practically a boundless, supply of
+electricity. It has never yet happened to him to send his collector
+up to even so low a height as four hundred feet without getting a
+spark in his discharge-box at the earth. He has discovered, however,
+that the greater the amount of moisture in the air, the greater is
+the height to which he must send the collector before getting the
+first spark. There is no doubt that large quantities of electricity
+might be obtained by hoisting large collectors, supported by strong
+flying tandems, to considerable altitudes, and drawing off the
+supply at the earth by means of a system of transformers which would
+lower the electricity from the dangerously high tension at which it
+discharges down the wire, to a voltage that could be handled with
+safety. In his experiments thus far, Mr. Eddy has discharged the
+copper wire leading from his collector into a wooden box containing
+a pasteboard wheel with darning-needle axle and tinfoil edges. The
+axle is grounded, and the copper wire from the collector placed near
+the tinfoil periphery of the wheel, so as to discharge its sparks
+through the intervening distance, and by the shock cause the wheel
+to turn.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE USE OF KITES IN PHOTOGRAPHY.</h4>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting applications of the kite, but a
+thoroughly practical one, is its use in photography. This has been
+entirely developed within the past year or two; indeed the first
+kite-photograph taken on the American continent was one made by Mr.
+Eddy's camera on May 30, 1895. Although some attempts in this
+direction had been previously made in Europe, this was the first
+clearly focused kite-photograph obtained. The previous ones had been
+blurred, owing to defects in the devices for swinging the camera
+apparatus from the kite-cord, and for loosening the shutter. Mr.
+Eddy's apparatus will be better understood from the accompanying cut
+than from any description. In a general way it is a wooden frame
+capable of holding the camera, and terminating behind in a long
+stick or boom, by means of which the camera is made to point in any
+desired direction or at any angle. This is arranged before sending
+up the apparatus, the boom being properly placed and held in
+position by means of guy cords from the main kite-line. A separate
+line hangs from the spring of the camera shutter, with which is also
+connected a hollow ball of polished metal supported in such a way
+that it will drop from its position, five or six feet through the
+air, when the camera cord is pulled. The purpose of this ball is to
+allow the operator on the ground to be sure that the camera has
+responded to his pull and that the desired photograph has been
+taken. He is assured of this, having given the pull, on seeing the
+flash made by the polished ball in its fall.</p>
+
+<p>All this being arranged, it is only necessary <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page391" id="page391"></a>[pg 391]</span>
+to send the camera up to any desired altitude and pull the camera
+cord, in order to get photographs of wide-stretching landscapes,
+extensive cities, like New York, and panoramas of every description.
+Such photographs could not but be of the greatest value to
+geologists, mountain climbers, surveyors, and explorers. And they
+must possess particular interest for students of geography and for
+map-makers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POSSIBLE USE OF KITES IN WAR.</h4>
+
+<p>It is obvious, too, that kite-photographs might be of great value
+in time of war, since a detailed view of an enemy's lines and
+fortifications might be thus obtained; while at sea a perfected
+kite-photographing apparatus might be of great value in recording
+the approach of an enemy's ships. Mr. Eddy regards it as perfectly
+possible to send up a tandem of kites from the deck of a man-of-war,
+with a circular camera, such as has already been devised, attached
+to the main line, and an apparatus for snapping all the shutters
+simultaneously; and photograph, not only the whole horizon as seen
+from the deck of a vessel, but, because of the greater elevation,
+many miles beyond. A battle-ship provided with this photographing
+device would enjoy as great an advantage as if it were able at will
+to stretch out its mainmast into a tower of observation a mile
+high.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that some of the lenses in the circular camera, the
+ones facing the sun, might give imperfect pictures; but in whatever
+position the sun might be, at least one hundred and eighty degrees
+of the horizon would be clearly photographed. And by taking such
+observations in the early morning, and again in the middle of the
+afternoon, it would be possible to cover the whole circuit, and thus
+be aware of the approach of an enemy's ships long before they would
+have been visible to a telescope used on the deck. In such a
+circular camera each lens would be numbered, and the position of
+each would be accurately determined with regard to the points of the
+compass by the use of guy-cords stretching from the main line to the
+framework of the apparatus. Thus, on looking at the number of a
+lens, the photographer would immediately know from which direction
+any vessel whose image was shown might be coming.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is the use of the kite in war limited to the services it
+would render in photography; it might easily do more than that, and
+become a most efficient and novel engine of destruction. As has been
+shown, it is merely a question of carpenter work to send up a tandem
+of kites that will swing a heavy load high in the air. Suppose that
+load were dynamite, with an arrangement for dropping it over any
+desired spot. Mr. Eddy suggests that this might be effected by means
+of a slow match made by soaking a cotton string in saltpetre, which
+would be lighted on despatching the load of dynamite, and would burn
+at a regular rate, say one foot in five minutes, so that the length
+of the match could be timed to meet the necessities of the case. On
+burning to its end, the match would ignite a cord holding the
+dynamite in a pasteboard receptacle, one side of which would fall
+down like the front of a wall-pocket as soon as the restraining cord
+was burned through; and immediately the dynamite in the box would be
+launched toward its destination. Mr. Eddy has already carried out an
+experiment similar to this, in setting loose from high elevations
+tiny paper aëroplanes. With a little practice he found he could
+start the slow match with such precision as to cause the aëroplanes
+to burst out into flight at any desired altitude. This interesting
+and beautiful experiment was performed for the first time by Mr.
+Eddy on February 22, 1893, when he sent off from a height of one
+thousand feet forty aëroplanes, their forward edges weighted with
+pins for greater stability.</p>
+
+<p>Assuming such an arrangement made for discharging a load of
+dynamite, Mr. Eddy calculates that, with a twenty-mile breeze, six
+eighteen-foot kites would lift fifty pounds of the explosive a
+quarter of a mile in the air and suspend it over a fort or
+beleaguered city half a mile distant. It would thus be perfectly
+possible, supposing the wind to be in the right direction, to
+bombard Staten Island with dynamite dropped from kites sent up from
+the Jersey shore. It is evident that, for purposes of bombardment, a
+tandem of kites possesses several advantages over the war balloon.
+Kites are much cheaper. Then it would be far more difficult to
+disable them than to disable a balloon, since they offer a smaller
+mark to the enemy's guns; and even if one or two were destroyed, the
+others would still suffice to carry the dynamite. Finally, the kites
+may be sent up without risk to the lives of those who directed them,
+which is not the case with the balloons.</p>
+
+<p>Another interesting and important application of the modern kite
+has been conceived <span class="pagenum"><a name="page392"
+id="page392"></a>[pg 392]</span> by Professor J. Woodbridge Davis,
+principal of the Woodbridge Boys' School, in New York, who is one of
+the most famous kite-flyers in the world, in addition to being a
+distinguished scientist and mathematician. It was Professor Davis
+who invented the dirigible kite several years ago, three strings
+allowing the operator to steer the kite from right to left at will
+or to make it sink to earth. Having perfected this curious kite,
+which is of hexagon shape, is covered with oiled silk, is foldable,
+portable, and has a tail, Professor Davis turned his attention to
+his more recent and important discovery of the dirigible buoy, which
+bids fair to do much to lessen the dangers of shipwreck. For months
+past Professor Davis, assisted by Mr. Eddy, has been experimenting
+on the Kill von Kull with this buoy, and has obtained most
+encouraging results. There are two kinds, both being designed to be
+attached to kite lines and drawn over the water by the power of the
+kite. The simpler variety is merely a long wooden tube about three
+inches in diameter and shaped very much like a gun projectile, with
+a cone of tin dragging behind to give steadiness. It is for use only
+when the wind is blowing in exactly the direction in which it is
+designed to send a message or carry a rope. It will be observed
+that, in a large number of cases when ships are driven on rocks, the
+wind is blowing toward the shore, and in such cases a line of kites
+would readily carry one of these buoys ashore with the important
+words inside or the still more important rope following after.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied, however, with this buoy, Professor Davis sought
+some means of making kites draw a load across the water in any
+direction desired, regardless of the way the wind might be blowing;
+and, after much thought and calculation, he hit upon what is now
+known as the Davis buoy, an object that has become familiar to
+dwellers at Bergen Point and Port Richmond, from the frequent
+experiments on the Kill that have been carried on during the past
+year. This form of buoy is much larger than the other, being three
+or four feet in length; and its essential feature is a deep iron
+keel that projects below out of the block of wood forming the body.
+It is evident that this keel will tend to keep the buoy headed in
+any given direction; and stability of position is further assured by
+the presence of guy-ropes attached to the main line of the kite.
+Each buoy is provided with three of these ropes, which, by being
+lengthened or shortened, may cause the buoy to form any desired
+angle with the kite-cord, and to keep it. Professor Davis has
+entirely succeeded in making the kites drag the buoy along the water
+in various directions in the very strongest gales&mdash;in fact,
+under precisely the conditions that would assist when the buoys
+would be needed for life-saving service from wrecks. And he is
+positive that, with further experiment, he will be able, by moving
+along the shore until a tacking angle is reached, not only to send
+lines, food, or messages to a disabled vessel from the shore, but to
+bring back by the same kites and the same buoy other lines and
+messages from the people in distress.</p>
+
+<p>Considering the important offices of which it has already been
+proved capable, and the possibility which these suggest of many
+other practical applications, it is clear that the kite is no longer
+to be regarded as simply a toy. And this, in turn, suggests anew the
+familiar truth that, after all, nothing in this world is of small
+consequence.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/392.jpg" name="fig392" id="fig392">
+<img src="images/392.jpg" alt="Chapter End Graphic." /></a></div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page393" id="page393"></a>[pg 393]</span>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>A DRAMATIC POINT.</h2>
+
+<h4>By Robert Barr,</h4>
+
+<h5>Author of "In the Midst of Alarms," "A Typewritten Letter," etc.</h5>
+
+
+<p class="cap">In the bad days of Balmaceda, when Chili was rent in twain, and
+its capital was practically a besieged city, two actors walked
+together along the chief street of the place towards the one theatre
+that was then open. They belonged to a French dramatic company that
+would gladly have left Chili if it could; but being compelled by
+stress of war to remain, the company did the next best thing, and
+gave performances at the principal theatre on such nights as a
+paying audience came.</p>
+
+<p>A stranger would hardly have suspected, by the look of the
+streets, that a deadly war was going on, and that the
+rebels&mdash;so called&mdash;were almost at the city gates. Although
+business was ruined, credit dead, and no man's life or liberty safe,
+the streets were filled with a crowd that seemed bent on enjoyment
+and making the best of things.</p>
+
+<p>As Jacques Dupré and Carlos Lemoine walked together they were
+talking earnestly, not of the real war so close to their doors, but
+of the mimic conflicts of the stage. M. Dupré was the leading man of
+the company, and he listened with the amused tolerance of an elder
+man to the energetic vehemence of the younger.</p>
+
+<p>"You are all wrong, Dupré," cried Lemoine, "all wrong! I have
+studied the subject. Remember I am saying nothing against your
+acting in general. You know you have no greater admirer than I am,
+and that is something to say when you know that the members of a
+dramatic company are usually at loggerheads through jealousy."</p>
+
+<p>"Speak for yourself, Lemoine. You know I am green with jealousy
+of you. You are the rising star, and I am setting. You can't teach
+an old dog new tricks, Carl, my boy."</p>
+
+<p>"That's nonsense, Dupré. I wish you would consider this
+seriously. It is because you are so good on the stage that I can't
+bear to see you false to your art just to please the gallery. You
+should be above all that."</p>
+
+<p>"How can a man be above his gallery&mdash;the highest spot in the
+house? Talk sense, Carlos, and I'll listen."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, you're flippant simply because you know you're wrong, and
+dare not argue this matter soberly. Now she stabs you through the
+heart&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"No. False premises entirely. She says something about my wicked
+heart, and evidently <i>intends</i> to pierce that depraved organ; but a
+woman never hits what she aims at, and I deny that I'm ever stabbed
+through the heart. Say in the region or the neighborhood of the
+heart, and go on with your talk."</p>
+
+<p>"Very well. She stabs you in a spot so vital that you die in a
+few minutes. You throw up your hands, you stagger against the
+mantel-shelf, you tear open your collar and then grope at nothing;
+you press your hands on your wound and take two reeling steps
+forward; you call feebly for help and stumble against the sofa which
+you fall upon, and finally, still groping wildly, you roll off on
+the floor, where you kick out once or twice; your clinched hand
+comes down with a thud on the boards, and all is over."</p>
+
+<p>"Admirably described, Carlos. I wish my audience paid such
+attention to my efforts as you do. Now, you claim this is all wrong,
+do you?"</p>
+
+<p>"All wrong."</p>
+
+<p>"Suppose she stabbed you, what would <i>you</i> do?"</p>
+
+<p>"I would plunge forward on my face&mdash;dead."</p>
+
+<p>"Great Heavens! What would become of your curtain?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, bother the curtain!"</p>
+
+<p>"It's all very well for you to condemn the curtain, Carl, but you
+must work up to it. Your curtain would come down, and your friends
+in the gallery would not know what had happened. Now, I go through
+the evolutions you so graphically describe, and the audience gets
+time to take in the situation. They say, chuckling to themselves,
+'That villain's got his dose at last, and serves him right, too.'
+They want to enjoy his struggles, while she stands grimly at the
+door taking care that he doesn't get away. Then when my fist comes
+down flop on the stage, and they realize that I am indeed done for,
+the yell of triumph <span class="pagenum"><a name="page394"
+id="page394"></a>[pg 394]</span> that goes up is something delicious
+to hear."</p>
+
+<p>"That's just the point, Dupré. I claim the actor has no right to
+hear applause&mdash;that he should not know there is such a thing as
+an audience. His business is to portray life exactly as it is."</p>
+
+<p>"You can't portray life in a death scene, Carl."</p>
+
+<p>"Dupré, I lose all patience with you, or rather I would did I not
+know that you are much deeper than you would have us suppose. You
+apparently won't see that I am very much in earnest about this."</p>
+
+<p>"Of course you are, my boy, and that is one reason why you will
+become a very great actor, I was ambitious myself once; but as we
+grow older"&mdash;Dupré shrugged his shoulders&mdash;"well, we begin
+to have an eye on the box-office receipts. I think you sometimes
+forget that I am a good deal older than you are."</p>
+
+<p>"You mean that I am a fool and that I may learn wisdom with age.
+I quite admit that you are a better actor than I am; in fact, I said
+so only a moment ago, but&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>"You wrong me, Brutus; I said an older soldier, not a better. But
+I will take you on your own grounds. Have you ever seen a man
+stabbed or shot through the heart?"</p>
+
+<p>"I never have, but I know mighty well he wouldn't undo his
+necktie afterwards."</p>
+
+<p>Dupré threw back his head and laughed.</p>
+
+<p>"Who is flippant now?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"I don't undo my necktie; I merely tear off my collar, which a
+dying man may surely be permitted to do. But until you have seen a
+man die from such a stab as I receive every night, I don't
+understand how you can justly find fault with my rendition of the
+tragedy. I imagine, you know, that the truth lies between the two
+extremes. The man done to death would likely not make such a fuss as
+I make; nor would he depart so quickly as you say he would, without
+giving the gallery gods a show for their money. But here we are at
+the theatre, Carlos, and this acrimonious debate is
+closed&mdash;until we take our next walk together."</p>
+
+<p>In front of the theatre soldiers were on duty, marching up and
+down with muskets on their shoulders, to show that the state was
+mighty and could take care of a theatre as well as conduct a war.
+There were many loungers about, which might have indicated to a
+person who did not know, that there would be a good house when the
+play began. The two actors met the manager in the throng near the
+door.</p>
+
+<p>"How are prospects to-night?" asked Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"Very poor," replied the manager. "Not half a dozen seats have
+been sold."</p>
+
+<p>"Then it isn't worth while beginning?"</p>
+
+<p>"We must begin," said the manager, lowering his voice. "The
+President has ordered me not to close the theatre."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, hang the President!" cried Lemoine impatiently. "Why doesn't
+he put a stop to the war, and then the theatre would remain open of
+its own accord?"</p>
+
+<p>"He is doing his best to put a stop to the war, only his army
+does not carry out his orders as implicitly as our manager does,"
+said Dupré, smiling at the other's vehemence.</p>
+
+<p>"Balmaceda is a fool," retorted the younger actor. "If he were
+out of the way the war would not last another day. I believe he is
+playing a losing game, anyhow. It's a pity he hasn't to go to the
+front himself, and then a stray bullet might find him and put an end
+to the war, which would save the lives of many better men."</p>
+
+<p>"I say, Lemoine, I wish you wouldn't talk like that,"
+expostulated the manager gently, "especially when there are so many
+listeners."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, the larger my audience the better I like it," rejoined
+Lemoine. "I have all an actor's vanity in that respect. I say what I
+think, and I don't care who hears me."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; but you forget that we are, in a measure, guests of this
+country, and we should not abuse our hosts, or the man who
+represents them."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, does he represent them? It seems to me that begs the whole
+question; that's just what the war is about. The general opinion is
+that Balmaceda misrepresents them, and that the country would be
+glad to be rid of him."</p>
+
+<p>"That may all be," said the manager almost in a whisper, for he
+was a man evidently inclined towards peace; "but it does not rest
+with us to say so. We are French, and I think therefore it is better
+not to express an opinion."</p>
+
+<p>"I'm not French," cried Lemoine. "I'm a native Chilian, and I
+have a right to abuse my own country if I choose to do so."</p>
+
+<p>"All the more reason, then," said the manager, looking timorously
+over his shoulder&mdash;"all the more reason that you should be
+careful what you say."</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose," said Dupré, by way of <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page395" id="page395"></a>[pg 395]</span> putting an end to
+the discussion, "it is time for us to get our war paint on. Come
+along, Lemoine, and lecture me on our mutual art, and stop talking
+politics&mdash;if the nonsense you utter about Chili and its
+President is politics."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/395.jpg" name="fig395" id="fig395">
+<img src="images/395.jpg" alt="&quot;MY GOD!&mdash;YOU WERE RIGHT&mdash;AFTER ALL.&quot;" /></a>
+<h5>"MY GOD!&mdash;YOU WERE RIGHT&mdash;AFTER ALL."</h5>
+</div>
+
+<p>The two actors entered the theatre; they occupied the same
+dressing-room, and the volatile Lemoine talked incessantly. Although
+there were but few people in the stalls, the gallery was well
+filled, as was usually the case. When going on for the last act in
+the final scene, Dupré whispered a word to the man who controlled
+the falling of the curtain; and when the actor, as the villain of
+the piece, received the fatal knife-thrust from the ill-used
+heroine, he plunged forward on his face and died without a struggle,
+to the amazement of the manager, who was watching the play from the
+front of the house, and to the evident bewilderment of the gallery,
+who had counted on an exciting struggle with death. Much as they
+desired the cutting off of the villain, they were not pleased to see
+him so suddenly shift his worlds without an agonizing realization of
+the fact that he was quitting an existence in which he had done
+nothing but evil. The curtain came down upon the climax, but there
+was no applause, and the audience silently filtered out into the
+street.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page396"
+id="page396"></a>[pg 396]</span>
+
+<p>"There," said Dupré, when he returned to his dressing-room, "I
+hope you are satisfied now, Lemoine, and if you are, you are the
+only satisfied person in the house. I fell perfectly flat, as you
+suggested, and you must have seen that the climax of the play fell
+flat also."</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless," persisted Lemoine stoutly, "it was the true
+rendition of the part."</p>
+
+<p>As they were talking, the manager came into their dressing-room.
+"Good Heavens, Dupré!" he said, "why did you end the piece in that
+idiotic way? What on earth got into you?"</p>
+
+<p>"The knife," said Dupré, flippantly. "It went directly through
+the heart, and Lemoine, here, insists that when that happens a man
+should fall dead instantly. I did it to please Lemoine."</p>
+
+<p>"But you spoiled your curtain," protested the manager.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; I knew that would happen, and I told Lemoine so; but he
+insists on art for art's sake. You must expostulate with Lemoine;
+although I don't mind telling you both frankly that I don't intend
+to die in that way again."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I hope not," replied the manager. "I don't want you to
+kill the play as well as yourself, you know, Dupré."</p>
+
+<p>Lemoine, whose face had by this time become restored to its
+normal appearance, retorted hotly:</p>
+
+<p>"It all goes to show how we are surrounded and hampered by the
+traditions of the stage. The gallery wants to see a man die all over
+the place, and so the victim has to scatter the furniture about and
+make a fool of himself generally, when he should quietly succumb to
+a well-deserved blow. You ask any physician, and he will tell you
+that a man stabbed or shot through the heart collapses at once.
+There is no jumping-jack business in such a case. He doesn't play at
+leap-frog with the chairs and sofas, but sinks instantly to the
+floor and is done for."</p>
+
+<p>"Come along, Lemoine," cried Dupré, putting on his coat, "and
+stop talking nonsense. True art consists in a judicious blending of
+the preconceived ideas of the gallery with the actual facts of the
+case. An instantaneous photograph of a trotting horse is doubtless
+technically and absolutely correct, yet it is not a true picture of
+the animal in motion."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you admit," said Lemoine quickly, "that I am technically
+correct in what I state about the result of such a wound?"</p>
+
+<p>"I admit nothing," said Dupré. "I don't believe you are correct
+in anything you say about the matter. I suppose the truth is that no
+two men die alike under the same circumstances."</p>
+
+<p>"They do when the heart is touched."</p>
+
+<p>"What absurd nonsense you talk! No two men act alike when the
+heart is touched in love; why then should they when it is touched in
+death? Come along to the hotel, and let us stop this idiotic
+discussion."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah!" sighed Lemoine, "you will throw your chances away. You are
+too careless, Dupré; you do not study enough. This kind of thing is
+all well enough in Chili, but it will wreck your chances when you go
+to Paris. If you studied more deeply, Dupré, you would take Paris by
+storm."</p>
+
+<p>"Thanks," said Dupré lightly; "but unless the rebels take this
+city by storm, and that shortly, we may never see Paris again. To
+tell the truth, I have no heart for anything but the heroine's
+knife. I am sick and tired of the situation here."</p>
+
+<p>As Dupré spoke they met a small squad of soldiers coming briskly
+towards the theatre. The man in charge evidently recognized them,
+for saying a word to his men, they instantly surrounded the two
+actors. The sergeant touched Lemoine on the shoulder, and said:</p>
+
+<p>"It is my duty to arrest you, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"In Heaven's name, why?" asked Lemoine.</p>
+
+<p>The man did not answer; but a soldier stepped to each side of
+Lemoine.</p>
+
+<p>"Am I under arrest also?" asked Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"No."</p>
+
+<p>"By what authority do you arrest my friend?" inquired Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"By the President's order."</p>
+
+<p>"But where is your authority? Where are your papers? Why is this
+arrest made?"</p>
+
+<p>The sergeant shook his head and said:</p>
+
+<p>"We have the orders of the President, and that is sufficient for
+us. Stand back, please!"</p>
+
+<p>The next instant Dupré found himself alone, with the squad and
+their prisoner disappearing down a back street. For a moment he
+stood there as if dazed, then he turned and ran as fast as he could
+back to the theatre again, hoping to meet a carriage for hire on the
+way. Arriving at the theatre he found the lights out and the manager
+on the point of leaving.</p>
+
+<p>"Lemoine has been arrested," he cried; <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="page397" id="page397"></a>[pg 397]</span> "arrested by a squad
+of soldiers whom we met, and they said they acted by the order of
+the President."</p>
+
+<p>The manager seemed thunderstruck by the intelligence, and gazed
+helplessly at Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"What is the charge?" he said at last.</p>
+
+<p>"That I do not know," answered the actor. "They simply said they
+were acting under the President's orders."</p>
+
+<p>"This is bad, as bad as can be," said the manager, looking over
+his shoulder, and speaking as if in fear. "Lemoine has been talking
+recklessly. I never could get him to realize that he was in Chili,
+and that he must not be so free in his speech. He always insisted
+that this was the nineteenth century, and a man could say what he
+liked; as if the nineteenth century had anything to do with Chili in
+its present state."</p>
+
+<p>"You don't imagine," said Dupré, with a touch of pallor coming
+into his cheeks, "that this is anything serious? It will mean
+nothing more than a day or two in prison, at the worst?"</p>
+
+<p>The manager shook his head and said:</p>
+
+<p>"We had better get a carriage and see the President as soon as
+possible. I'll undertake to send Lemoine back to Paris, or to put
+him on board one of the French iron-clads. But there is no time to
+be lost. We can probably get a carriage in the square."</p>
+
+<p>They found a carriage, and drove as quickly as they could to the
+residence of the President. At first they were refused admittance;
+but finally they were allowed to wait in a small room while their
+message was taken to Balmaceda. An hour passed, but still no
+invitation came to them from the President. The manager sat silent
+in a corner, but Dupré paced up and down the small room, torn with
+anxiety about his friend. At last an officer entered the room, and
+presented them with the compliments of the President, who regretted
+that it was impossible for him to see them that night. He added for
+their information, by order of the President, that Lemoine was to be
+shot at day-break. He had been tried by court-martial, and condemned
+to death for sedition. The President regretted having kept them
+waiting so long, but the court-martial had been going on when they
+arrived, and the President thought that perhaps they would be
+interested in the verdict. With that the officer escorted the two
+dumfounded men to the door, where they got into their carriage
+without a word. The moment they were out of ear-shot, the manager
+said to the coachman:</p>
+
+<p>"Drive as quickly as you can to the residence of the French
+minister."</p>
+
+<p>Every one at the French Legation had retired when the two
+panic-stricken men reached there; but after a time the secretary
+consented to see them, and on learning the seriousness of the case,
+he undertook to arouse his Excellency, and see if anything could be
+done. The minister entered the room shortly after, and listened with
+interest to what they had to say.</p>
+
+<p>"You have your carriage at the door?" he asked, when they had
+finished their recital.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes."</p>
+
+<p>"Then I will take it, and see the President at once. Perhaps you
+will wait here until I return."</p>
+
+<p>Another hour dragged its slow length along, and they were well
+into the second hour before the rattle of the wheels was heard in
+the silent street. The minister came in, and the two anxious men saw
+by his face that he had failed in his mission.</p>
+
+<p>"I am sorry to say," said his Excellency, "that I have been
+unable even to get the execution postponed. I did not understand,
+when I undertook the mission, that M. Lemoine was a citizen of
+Chili. You see, that fact puts the matter entirely out of my hands.
+I am powerless. I could only advise the President not to carry out
+his intentions; but he is to-night in a most unreasonable and
+excited mood, and I fear nothing can be done to save your friend. If
+he had been a citizen of France, of course this execution would not
+have been permitted to take place; but as it is, it is not our
+affair. M. Lemoine seems to have been talking with some
+indiscretion. He does not deny it himself, nor does he deny his
+citizenship. If he had taken a conciliatory attitude at the
+court-martial the result might not have been so disastrous; but it
+seems that he insulted the President to his face, and predicted that
+he would within two weeks meet him in Hades. The utmost I could do
+was to get the President to sign a permit for you to see your
+friend, if you present it at the prison before the execution takes
+place. I fear you have no time to lose. Here is the paper."</p>
+
+<p>Dupré took the document, and thanked his Excellency for his
+exertions on their behalf. He realized that Lemoine had sealed his
+own fate by his independence and lack of tact.</p> <span
+class="pagenum"><a name="page398" id="page398"></a>[pg 398]</span>
+
+<p>The two dejected men drove from the Legation and through the
+deserted streets to the prison. They were shown through several
+stone-paved rooms to a stone-paved court-yard, and there they waited
+for some time until the prisoner was brought in between two
+soldiers. Lemoine had thrown off his coat, and appeared in his
+shirt-sleeves. He was not manacled or bound in any way, there being
+too many prisoners for each one to be allowed the luxury of
+fetters.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah," cried Lemoine, when he saw them, "I knew you would come if
+that old scoundrel of a President would allow you in, of which I had
+my doubts. How did you manage it?"</p>
+
+<p>"The French minister got us a permit," said Dupré.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, you went to him, did you? Of course he could do nothing,
+for, as I told you, I have the misfortune to be a citizen of this
+country. How comically life is made up of trivialities! I remember
+once in Paris going with a friend to take the oath of allegiance to
+the French Republic."</p>
+
+<p>"And did you take it?" cried Dupré eagerly.</p>
+
+<p>"Alas, no! We met two other friends, and we all adjourned to a
+café and had something to drink. I little thought that bottle of
+champagne was going to cost me my life; for, of course, if I had
+taken the oath of allegiance, my friend the French minister would
+have bombarded the city before he would have allowed this execution
+to go on."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you know to what you are condemned?" said the manager, with
+tears in his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, I know that Balmaceda thinks he is going to have me shot;
+but then he always was a fool, and never knew what he was talking
+about. I told him if he would allow you two in at the execution, and
+instead of ordering a whole squad to fire at me, order one expert
+marksman, if he had such a thing in his whole army, who would shoot
+me through the heart, that I would show you, Dupré, how a man dies
+under such circumstances; but the villain refused. The usurper has
+no soul for art, or for anything else, for that matter. I hope you
+two won't mind my death. I assure you I don't mind it myself I would
+much rather be shot than live in this confounded country any longer.
+But I have made up my mind to cheat old Balmaceda if I can, and I
+want you, Dupré, to pay particular attention, and not to
+interfere."</p>
+
+<p>As Lemoine said this he quickly snatched from the sheath at the
+soldier's side the bayonet which hung at his hip. The soldiers were
+standing one to the right and one to the left of him, with their
+hands interlaced over the muzzles of their guns, whose butts rested
+on the stone floor. They apparently paid no attention to the
+conversation that was going on, if they understood it, which was
+unlikely. Lemoine had the bayonet in his hands before either of the
+four men present knew what he was doing.</p>
+
+<p>Grasping both hands over the butt of the bayonet, with the point
+towards his breast, he thrust the blade with desperate energy nearly
+through his body. The whole action was done so quickly that no one
+realized what had happened until Lemoine threw his hands up and they
+saw the bayonet sticking in his breast. A look of agony came in the
+wounded man's eyes, and his lips whitened. He staggered against the
+soldier at his right, who gave way with the impact, and then he
+tottered against the whitewashed stone wall, his right arm sweeping
+automatically up and down the wall as if he were brushing something
+from the stones. A groan escaped him, and he dropped on one knee.
+His eyes turned helplessly towards Dupré, and he gasped out the
+words:</p>
+
+<p>"My God!&mdash;you were right&mdash;after all."</p>
+
+<p>Then he fell forward on his face, and the tragedy ended.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+<a href="images/398.jpg" name="fig398" id="fig398">
+<img src="images/398.jpg" alt="Chapter End Graphic." /></a></div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page399" id="page399"></a>[pg 399]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>EDITORIAL NOTES.</h2>
+
+
+<h4>MR. WARD'S STORY "THE SILENT WITNESS."</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>We published in our January number the first of a series of
+stories by Herbert D. Ward, in which Mr. Ward will exhibit in
+dramatic form some monstrous imperfections in the present modes of
+judicial procedure. That there is great need of such a study is
+shown by the remarkable effect produced by the story already
+published, "The Silent Witness." In various parts of the country the
+press has taken particular notice of the story and of the question
+with which it deals. A recent number of "The Argus," Avoca,
+Pennsylvania, contained the following editorial:</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<h4>"JUSTICE, WHERE ART THOU?"</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"'The Silent Witness,' a powerful story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE for
+January, portrays in a graphic and thrilling manner the evil, which
+in some cases amounts almost to a horror, of holding in confinement
+witnesses in cases of capital crime who are unable to furnish
+bail.</p>
+
+<p>"The story tells of a young and stalwart country lad who goes to
+Boston in search of fortune, and on the night of his arrival, while
+wandering about in quest of lodgings to suit his scanty purse, is
+the unwilling witness of a murder.</p>
+
+<p>"He is arrested and held in the city jail to await the trial of
+the murderer.</p>
+
+<p>"The news of his imprisonment reaches his widow mother up among
+the New Hampshire hills. She knows nothing of the circumstances
+further than the rumors brought to her by her country neighbors. She
+dies of a broken heart, though never doubting the innocence of her
+noble-hearted boy.</p>
+
+<p>"The unfortunate young man learns of her death through his
+sweetheart, who comes to the Boston prison to see him.</p>
+
+<p>"His grief is beyond endurance, and he curses the law that forces
+such suffering upon the innocent. He has brain fever, and when the
+case is called several months after the incarceration, the sheriff,
+who is asked to produce the only witness for the commonwealth,
+responds that he died that morning.</p>
+
+<p>"The murderer, a saloon-keeper and ward man, has been at liberty
+under bail during the time that the innocent witness has been
+suffering the untold agony experienced by one who comes with
+spotless character from green fields and rural simplicity to the
+company of felons in a wretched cell. There being no witnesses
+against him at the trial, a <i>nolle prosequi</i> is found, and he goes
+free.</p>
+
+<p>"This story is fiction, but it is not overdrawn. Such horrible
+things do happen in these <i>fin-de-siècle</i> days in a civilized
+country.</p>
+
+<p>"In Scranton, only this week, a woman, Mrs. Nicotera, was
+released after having been in custody since February 28th last, as a
+witness in the Rosa murder case. She was confined with, her husband,
+who was also a witness, in the Lackawanna county jail until her
+health broke down, when she was removed to the Lackawanna
+hospital.</p>
+
+<p>"On Tuesday she was released on her own recognizance. Her husband
+had been given his liberty in a similar manner some weeks before.
+She was thin and pale when she appeared in court, and had evidently
+passed through severe suffering. Careful nursing will be required to
+restore her to health.</p>
+
+<p>"It would seem as if some means of meeting the ends of justice
+could be devised without the necessity of subjecting innocent
+persons to a felon's fate for simply being a chance witness of an
+affair that is to be brought into the court."</p>
+
+<p>In the editorial columns of a recent number of the Cleveland,
+Ohio, "World" appeared the following:</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<h4>"A DISGRACE TO CIVILIZATION."</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>"A heart-breaking story, founded on fact, in McCLURE's MAGAZINE
+for the current month, is an arraignment of the nineteenth century
+civilization that, considering its boasts of enlightenment and
+decency, is as horrible an official crime as any that has given so
+dark a stain to Russian treatment of innocence."</p>
+
+<p>Following this is a long outline of Mr. Ward's story, and then
+the article continues:</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible to conceive of more awful inhuman injustice
+than this. But the story is not overdrawn. It has happened with
+variations scores, if not hundreds, of times. It is occurring or
+liable to occur this very day, not alone in Boston, but in
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>"At a meeting of the judges, a short time ago, Judge Lamson used
+the following language:</p>
+
+<p>"'The detention of innocent persons as witnesses is, under the
+best of circumstances, bad. It is clearly the duty of the people of
+this country or their representatives to see that the present
+disgraceful method in vogue in the county jail is abolished. We have
+no right, under any law, to place innocent persons on a plane with
+criminals. It is nothing more or less than an outrage, inflicted on
+helpless people. I hope that the people of this county will be
+aroused to the enormity of this problem, and very soon put an end to
+this imposition.'</p>
+
+<p>"And the counterpart of the story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE has
+happened here within a short time. Lewis Gerardin, a sailor, was
+released last April, after being detained six months. Several months
+before, Frank Blaha, a saloon-keeper, who committed the crime of
+murder in the second degree, managed to get bail. While Gerardin was
+held he received pathetic letters from his wife and family begging
+him to come home. They did not know why he was held, and he said
+that if they were to learn of his imprisonment they could not
+understand his innocence of crime. One day a letter was received
+from home, announcing that his favorite little son had died but a
+week before. The last words of the child called for his father. But
+Gerardin was not released until the prosecutor was ready to dismiss
+him.</p>
+
+<p>"Such possibilities are a disgrace to any community that
+tolerates such a horrible law or such a feeble administration of it,
+and such callousness to human suffering that it will not save these
+innocent victims from its outrageous injustice. When to this
+brutality are added the comparative safety of the criminal, and the
+vile jails and the vile inmates with whom young boys and girls and
+honest men and decent women <span class="pagenum"><a name="page400"
+id="page400"></a>[pg 400]</span> are thrown for the crime of
+witnessing a crime, it convicts the civilization of the age with a
+combination of stupidity and heartlessness that had better say
+nothing of the Czar of Russia or the ferocious Kurds. In its
+essential injustice and inhumanity it is not many removes from the
+lynchings of the South."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<h4>THE REAL LINCOLN.</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>The "McClure's Early Life of Lincoln," which has just been
+published, is worthy of comment in these pages for several
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>1st. It contains no less than twenty portraits of Lincoln; and
+although this is only one-third of the number that will appear in
+the whole life, it is more than twice as many as have appeared in
+any previous life. Furthermore, most of the portraits are new to the
+public.</p>
+
+<p>2d. There are a large number of entirely fresh documents, several
+of which are absolutely essential to a full understanding of Abraham
+Lincoln, and some of which make it necessary to revise our opinion
+of Lincoln's career.</p>
+
+<p>3d. It contains a remarkable record of the achievements of the
+Lincoln family, whose services to the country extended through
+nearly a century&mdash;a century which included the Revolutionary
+War and the Civil War. Lincoln himself was ignorant of much of the
+history we have given about his ancestors; but in the light of the
+facts set forth, his career is logical and easily understood.</p>
+
+<p>4th. We have shown by new documents that Lincoln's father was by
+no means the colorless individual we have hitherto understood him to
+be. The reminiscences of Christopher Columbus Graham, first
+published in this volume, together with records we have unearthed in
+Kentucky, show that Thomas Lincoln was the owner of a farm three
+years before his marriage, that he was a good carpenter, and that he
+was held in esteem by his neighbors; while according to Mr. Graham,
+Thomas's brother Mordecai (uncle of Abraham Lincoln) was a member of
+the Kentucky legislature. His two sisters married into leading
+families.</p>
+
+<p>5th. In regard to Lincoln personally, we have shown how
+thoroughly he educated himself, so that at twenty-six he was able to
+more than hold his own as a member of the legislature of
+Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>It does not detract from the great fame of Abraham Lincoln to
+show that he was a worthy son of a splendid ancestry, for his
+extraordinary personality would be just as hard to account for had
+he been a scion of the most notable family in the world. When a man
+climbs the Matterhorn it matters little whether he began his journey
+at Zermatt or a few furlongs farther on.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4>LINCOLN IN 1860&mdash;J. HENRY BROWN'S JOURNAL.</h4>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p>As stated in the note to the portrait of Lincoln which makes the
+frontispiece of this number of the MAGAZINE, the late J. Henry
+Brown, who went to Springfield, Illinois, in 1860, and painted a
+miniature of Mr. Lincoln on ivory, left at his death a manuscript
+journal which contains interesting entries regarding Mr. Brown's
+sojourn in Springfield and his acquaintance with Mr. and Mrs.
+Lincoln. We print herewith this part of the journal entire:</p>
+
+<table summary="Journal of J. Henry Brown">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<td>1860.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>AUGUST, <i>Continued</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tr>
+<td><p>Springfield,</p> </td>
+<td><p>Illinois</p></td>
+<td><p>12.</p></td>
+<td><p>Sunday. Arrived here at three o'clock this morning.
+Wrote some letters.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>13.</p></td>
+<td><p>Called at Mr. Lincoln's house to see him.
+As he was not in, I was directed to the
+Executive Chamber, in the State Capitol. I
+found him there. Handed him my letters from
+Judge Read. He at once consented to sit for
+his picture. We walked together from the
+Executive Chamber to a daguerrean
+establishment. I had a half dozen of
+ambrotypes taken of him before I could get
+one to suit me. I was at once most favorably
+impressed with Mr. Lincoln. In the afternoon
+I unpacked my painting materials.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>14.</p></td>
+<td><p>Commenced Mr. Lincoln's picture; at it all day.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>15.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>16.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln gave me his first sitting, in the
+library room of the State Capitol. Called
+to see Mrs. Lincoln; much pleased with her.
+Wrote five letters.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>17,18.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Received an
+invitation from Mrs. Lincoln to take tea
+with them.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>19.</p></td>
+<td><p>Sunday. Wrote letters.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>20.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln's second sitting. Have arranged to
+have his sittings in the Representative
+Chamber.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>21.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Heard from home; all well.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>22.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln's third sitting.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>23.</p></td>
+<td><p>At Mr. Lincoln's picture.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>24.</p></td>
+<td><p>Mr. Lincoln's fourth sitting.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>25.</p></td>
+<td><p>Lincoln's fifth and last sitting. The
+picture gives great satisfaction; Mrs.
+Lincoln speaks of it in the most
+extravagant terms of approbation.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>26.</p></td>
+<td><p>Sunday. At church. Saw Mr. Lincoln there. I
+hardly know how to express the strength of
+my personal regard for Mr. Lincoln. I never
+saw a man for whom I so soon formed an
+attachment. I like him much, and agree with
+him in all things but his politics. He is
+kind and very sociable; immensely popular
+among the people of Springfield; even those
+opposed to him in politics speak of him in
+unqualified terms of praise. He is
+fifty-one years old, six feet four inches
+high, and weighs one hundred and sixty pounds.
+There are so many hard lines in his face
+that it becomes a mask to the inner man. His
+true character only shines out when in an
+animated conversation, or when telling an
+amusing tale, of which he is very fond. He
+is said to be a homely man; I do not think
+so. Mrs. Lincoln is a very fine-looking
+woman, apparently in excellent health, and
+seems to be about forty or forty-five years
+of age.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>"</p></td>
+<td><p>27.</p></td>
+<td><p>The people of Springfield who have seen Mr.
+Lincoln's picture speak of it in strong
+terms of approbation, declaring it to be
+the best that has yet been taken of him.
+Received a letter from Mr. Lincoln indorsing
+the picture; also one from Mrs. Lincoln
+expressing her unqualified satisfaction with
+it; also one from Mr. John G. Nicolay, Mr.
+Lincoln's confidential clerk; and one from
+the man who took the ambrotype. This would
+be, I suppose, the proper place to say a
+word about Springfield, the prairie city,
+as it is sometimes called. It is a very
+pretty place; the streets eighty feet wide.
+It contains many very fine buildings, and
+has a population of about ten thousand.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol.
+VI., No. 4., by Various
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol. VI.,
+No. 4., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol. VI., No. 4.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 10, 2004 [EBook #14319]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+  by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+
+  McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+  MARCH, 1896.
+
+  VOL. VI. NO. 4.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln Is Admitted to the Bar.
+    Lincoln in the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.
+    The Removal of the Capital to Springfield.
+    Lincoln's First Reported Speech.
+    Abraham Lincoln's First Protest Against Slavery.
+    Social Life in Vandalia in 1836 and 1837.
+    Lincoln Moves to Springfield.
+    Lincoln's Position in Springfield.
+  THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF. By Rudyard Kipling.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  CY AND I. By Eugene Field.
+  A YOUNG HERO. By John Hay.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  LOST YOUTH. By R.L. Stevenson.
+  THE DIVIDED HOUSE. By Julia D. Whiting.
+  SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING. By Cleveland Moffett.
+    How to Make a Scientific Kite.
+    How to Send Up a Kite.
+    Runaway Tandems.
+    The Lifting Power of Kites.
+    The Meteorological Use of Kites.
+    The Highest Flight Ever Made by a Kite.
+    Drawing Down Electricity by a Kite-string.
+    The Use of Kites in Photography.
+    Possible Use of Kites in War.
+  A DRAMATIC POINT. By Robert Barr.
+  EDITORIAL NOTES.
+    "Justice, Where Art Thou?"
+    "A Disgrace to Civilization."
+    The Real Lincoln.
+    Lincoln in 1860--J. Henry Brown's Journal.
+
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  EBENEZER PECK.
+  MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON SOCIETY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+      ASSEMBLY.
+  ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.
+  LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.
+  FRONTISPIECE OF "ALTON TRIALS," A SMALL VOLUME PUBLISHED IN 1838.
+  STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.
+  OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+  STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+  A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.
+  MARY L. OWENS.
+  LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."
+  PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.
+  OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  WILLIAM BUTLER.
+  INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY.
+  MAP OF ILLINOIS.
+  THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."
+  THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.
+  "AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW
+      NEARLY TO THE SURFACE."
+  THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+  DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+  GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.
+  ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA.
+  THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+  CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY.
+  CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.
+  SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS.
+  THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GERICAULT.
+  INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.
+  DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.
+  A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.
+  APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.
+  THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS.
+  DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL
+      CITY OF DITE.
+  HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORGINAL COMPANY OF ELLSWORTH
+      ZOUAVES.
+  ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861.
+  ELLSWORTH IN 1860.
+  FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
+  THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
+  THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA.
+  COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.
+  "THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACUSETTS.
+  ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+  "THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+  THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, CONTAINING THE SCHOOL CALLED
+      "THE NUNNERY."
+  HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."
+  ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.
+  "THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER."
+  THE DIVIDED HOUSE.
+  "AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ..."
+  EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.
+  "LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE MOTIONLESS
+      IN THE ROAD."
+  HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A TANDEM OF HIS
+      BOX-KITES.
+  FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+  FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE. (ANOTHER VIEW.)
+  THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.
+  THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.
+  NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.
+  PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.
+  CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.
+  MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.
+  KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+  DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+  THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.
+  "MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From an ambrotype taken in Springfield, Illinois, on August 13, 1860,
+and now owned by Mr. William H. Lambert of Philadelphia, through
+whose courtesy we are allowed to reproduce it here. This ambrotype was
+bought by Mr. Lambert from Mr. W.P. Brown of Philadelphia. Mr. Brown
+writes of the portrait: "This picture, along with another one of the
+same kind, was presented by President Lincoln to my father, J. Henry
+Brown, deceased (miniature artist), after he had finished painting
+Lincoln's picture on ivory, at Springfield, Illinois. The commission
+was given my father by Judge Read (John M. Read of the Supreme Court
+of Pennsylvania), immediately after Lincoln's nomination for the
+Presidency. One of the ambrotypes I sold to the Historical Society
+of Boston, Massachusetts, and it is now in their possession." The
+miniature referred to is now owned by Mr. Robert T. Lincoln. It
+was engraved by Samuel Sartain, and circulated widely before the
+inauguration. After Mr. Lincoln grew a beard, Sartain put a beard on
+his plate, and the engraving continued to sell extensively. While Mr.
+Brown was in Springfield painting the miniature he kept a journal,
+which Mr. Lambert also owns and which he has generously put at our
+disposal. It will be found on page 400.]
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+
+VOL. VI. MARCH, 1896. No. 4.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S ELECTION TO THE TENTH ASSEMBLY.--ADMISSION TO THE
+BAR.--REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+
+The first twenty-six years of Abraham Lincoln's life have been traced
+in the preceding chapters. We have seen him struggling to escape
+from the lot of a common farm laborer, to which he seemed to be born;
+becoming a flatboatman, a grocery clerk, a store-keeper, a postmaster,
+and finally a surveyor. We have traced his efforts to rise above
+the intellectual apathy and the indifference to culture which
+characterized the people among whom he was reared, by studying with
+eagerness every subject on which he could find books,--biography,
+state history, mathematics, grammar, surveying, and finally law. We
+have followed his growth in ambition and in popularity from the day
+when, on a keg in an Indiana grocery, he debated the contents of the
+Louisville "Journal" with a company of admiring elders, to the
+time when, purely because he was liked, he was elected to the State
+Assembly of Illinois by the people of Sangamon County. His joys and
+sorrows have been reviewed from his childhood in Kentucky to the day
+of the death of the woman he loved and had hoped to make his wife.
+These twenty-six years form the first period of Lincoln's life. It was
+a period of makeshifts and experiments, ending in a tragic sorrow;
+but at its close he had definite aims, and preparation and experience
+enough to convince him that he dared follow them. Law and politics
+were the fields he had chosen, and in the first year of the second
+period of his life, 1836, he entered them definitely.
+
+The Ninth General Assembly of Illinois, in which Lincoln had done his
+preparatory work as a legislator, was dissolved, and in June, 1836,
+he announced himself as a candidate for the Tenth Assembly. A few days
+later the "Sangamon Journal" published his simple platform:
+
+    NEW SALEM, _June 13, 1836_.
+    TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'JOURNAL':
+
+    "In your paper of last Saturday I see a communication over the
+    signature of 'Many Voters,' in which the candidates who are
+    announced in the 'Journal' are called upon to 'show their
+    hands.' Agreed. Here's mine:
+
+    I go for all sharing the privileges of the government
+    who assist in bearing its burdens. Consequently, I go for
+    admitting all whites to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or
+    bear arms (by no means excluding females).
+
+    If elected, I shall consider the whole people of Sangamon my
+    constituents, as well those that oppose as those that support
+    me.
+
+    While acting as their representative, I shall be governed
+    by their will on all subjects upon which I have the means of
+    knowing what their will is; and upon all others, I shall
+    do what my own judgment teaches me will best advance their
+    interests. Whether elected or not, I go for distributing the
+    proceeds of the sales of public lands to the several States,
+    to enable our State, in common with others, to dig canals and
+    construct railroads without borrowing money and paying the
+    interest on it.
+
+    "If alive on the first Monday in November, I shall vote for
+    Hugh L. White for President.
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+The campaign which Lincoln began with this letter was in every way
+more exciting for him than those of 1832 and 1834. Since the last
+election a census had been taken in Illinois which showed so large
+an increase in the population that the legislative districts had been
+reapportioned and the General Assembly increased by fifty members. In
+this reapportionment Sangamon County's delegation had been enlarged
+to seven representatives and two senators. This gave large new
+opportunity to political ambition, and doubled the enthusiasm of
+political meetings.
+
+But the increase of the representation was not all that made the
+campaign exciting. Party lines had never before been so clearly drawn,
+nor personal abuse quite so intense. One of Lincoln's first acts was
+to answer a personal attack. He did it in a letter marked by candor,
+good-humor, and shrewdness.
+
+    "NEW SALEM, _June 21, 1836_.
+    "DEAR COLONEL:
+
+    "I am told that during my absence last week you passed through
+    the place and stated publicly that you were in possession of
+    a fact or facts which, if known to the public, would entirely
+    destroy the prospects of N.W. Edwards and myself at the
+    ensuing election; but that through favor to us you would
+    forbear to divulge them. No one has needed favors more than I,
+    and generally few have been less unwilling to accept them; but
+    in this case favor to me would be injustice to the public, and
+    therefore I must beg your pardon for declining it. That I
+    once had the confidence of the people of Sangamon County is
+    sufficiently evident; and if I have done anything, either by
+    design or misadventure, which if known would subject me to a
+    forfeiture of that confidence, he that knows of that thing and
+    conceals it is a traitor to his country's interest.
+
+    "I find myself wholly unable to form any conjecture of what
+    fact or facts, real or supposed, you spoke; but my opinion of
+    your veracity will not permit me for a moment to doubt that
+    you at least believed what you said. I am flattered with the
+    personal regard you manifested for me; but I do hope that
+    on mature reflection you will view the public interest as a
+    paramount consideration and therefore let the worst come.
+
+    "I assure you that the candid statement of facts on your part,
+    however low it may sink me, shall never break the ties of
+    personal friendship between us.
+
+    "I wish an answer to this, and you are at liberty to publish
+    both if you choose.
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    "COLONEL ROBERT ALLEN."
+
+Usually during the campaign Lincoln was obliged to meet personal
+attacks, not by letter, but on the platform. Joshua Speed, who later
+became the most intimate friend that Lincoln probably ever had, tells
+of one occasion when he was obliged to meet such an attack on the
+very spur of the moment. A great mass-meeting was in progress at
+Springfield, and Lincoln had made a speech which had produced a deep
+impression. "I was then fresh from Kentucky," says Mr. Speed, "and had
+heard many of her great orators. It seemed to me then, as it seems to
+me now, that I never heard a more effective speaker. He carried the
+crowd with him, and swayed them as he pleased. So deep an impression
+did he make that George Forquer, a man of much celebrity as a
+sarcastic speaker and with a great reputation throughout the State
+as an orator, rose and asked the people to hear _him_. He began his
+speech by saying that this young man would have to be taken down, and
+he was sorry that the task devolved upon him. He made what was called
+one of his 'slasher-gaff' speeches, dealing much in ridicule
+and sarcasm. Lincoln stood near him, with his arms folded, never
+interrupting him. When Forquer was done, Lincoln walked to the stand,
+and replied so fully and completely that his friends bore him from the
+court-house on their shoulders.
+
+"So deep an impression did this first speech make upon me that I
+remember its conclusion now, after a lapse of thirty-eight years. Said
+he:
+
+"'The gentleman commenced his speech by saying that this young man
+would have to be taken down, and he was sorry the task devolved upon
+him. I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trade of a
+politician; but live long or die young, I would rather die now than,
+like the gentleman, change my politics and simultaneous with the
+change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year, and
+then have to erect a lightning-rod over my house to protect a guilty
+conscience from an offended God.'
+
+"To understand the point of this it must be explained that Forquer
+had been a Whig, but had changed his politics, and had been appointed
+Register of the Land Office; and over his house was the only
+lightning-rod in the town or country. Lincoln had seen the
+lightning-rod for the first time on the day before."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From a carbon enlargement, made by Sherman and McHugh of New York
+City, of an ambrotype owned by Mr. A. Montgomery of Columbus, Ohio,
+to whose generosity we owe the right of reproduction. This portrait
+of Lincoln was made in June, 1860, by Butler, a Springfield (Illinois)
+photographer. On July 4th of that year, Mr. Lincoln delivered an
+address at Atlanta, Illinois, where he was the guest of Mr. Vester
+Strong. Before leaving town he handed Mr. Strong the ambrotype which
+we copy here. Mr. Strong valued the picture highly, but as he had no
+children to whom to leave it, and as he wished it to be in the care of
+one who would appreciate its value, he gave it a few years ago to Mr.
+Montgomery.]
+
+This speech has never been forgotten in Springfield, and on my visits
+there I have repeatedly had the site of the house on which this
+particular lightning-rod was placed pointed out, and one or another of
+the many versions which the story has been given, related to me.
+
+It was the practice at that date in Illinois for two rival candidates
+to travel over the district together. The custom led to much
+good-natured raillery between them; and in such contests Lincoln was
+rarely, if ever, worsted. He could even turn the generosity of his
+rival to account by his whimsical treatment, as the following shows:
+He had driven out from Springfield in company with a political
+opponent to engage in joint debate. The carriage, it seems, belonged
+to his opponent. In addressing the gathering of farmers that met them,
+Lincoln was lavish in praise of the generosity of his friend. "I am
+too poor to own a carriage," he said, "but my friend has generously
+invited me to ride with him. I want you to vote for me if you will;
+but if not, then vote for my opponent, for he is a fine man." His
+extravagant and persistent praise of his opponent appealed to the
+sense of humor in his farmer audience, to whom Lincoln's inability to
+own a carriage was by no means a disqualification.[1]
+
+The election came off in August, and resulted in the choice of a
+delegation from Sangamon County famous in the annals of Illinois. The
+nine successful candidates were Abraham Lincoln, John Dawson, Daniel
+Stone, Ninian W. Edwards, William F. Elkins, R.L. Wilson, Andrew
+McCormick, Job Fletcher, and Arthur Herndon. Each one of these men
+was over six feet in height, their combined stature being, it is said,
+fifty-five feet. The "Long Nine" was the name Sangamon County gave
+them.
+
+[Illustration: EBENEZER PECK.
+
+Ebenezer Peck, who was chiefly instrumental in introducing the
+convention system into Illinois politics, was born in Portland, Maine,
+May 22, 1805. He lived for some time in Peacham, Vermont, where he
+was educated. While yet a boy, removed with his parents to Canada. He
+studied law at Montreal, and practised there; became King's Counsel
+for Canada East, and was finally elected to the provincial parliament
+on the Reform ticket. In the summer of 1835 he removed to Chicago, and
+there, as a lawyer and a politician, he at once made his mark. He was
+a delegate to the first Democratic State convention in Illinois,
+held at Vandalia, December 7, 1835, and was the chief advocate of the
+general adoption of the convention system--a system which was at first
+opposed and ridiculed by the Whigs, but which very soon they were
+forced to adopt. In 1837 Mr. Peck was made one of the Internal
+Improvement Commissioners. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate,
+and in 1840 to the House. He was clerk of the Supreme Court from
+1841 to 1848, and reporter of that court from 1849 to 1863. His
+anti-slavery sentiments led him to abandon the Democratic party in
+1853, and in 1856 he helped establish the Republican party in the
+State. He was again elected to the legislature in 1858. In 1863
+President Lincoln appointed him a judge of the Court of Claims, and
+he held this position until 1875. He died May 25, 1881.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+
+LINCOLN IS ADMITTED TO THE BAR.
+
+As soon as the election was over Lincoln occupied himself in settling
+another matter, of much greater moment, in his own judgment. He went
+to Springfield to seek admission to the bar. The "roll of attorneys
+and counsellors at law," on file in the office of the clerk of the
+Supreme Court at Springfield, Illinois, shows that his license was
+dated September 9, 1836, and that the date of the enrollment of his
+name upon the official list was March 1, 1837. The first case in which
+he was concerned, as far as we know, was that of Hawthorn against
+Woolridge. He made his first appearance in court in October, 1836.
+
+Although he had given much time during this year to politics and the
+law, he had by no means abandoned surveying. Indeed he never had
+more calls. Surveying was particularly brisk at the moment, and he
+frequently was obliged to be away for three and four weeks at a time,
+laying out towns or locating roads. "When he got a job," says the Hon.
+J.M. Ruggles, a friend and political supporter of Mr. Lincoln, "there
+was a picnic and jolly time in the neighborhood. Men and boys would
+gather around, ready to carry chain, drive stakes, and blaze trees,
+but mainly to hear Lincoln's odd stories and jokes. The fun was
+interspersed with foot races and wrestling matches. To this day the
+old settlers around Bath repeat the incidents of Lincoln's sojourns in
+their neighborhood while surveying that town."
+
+[Illustration: NINIAN W. EDWARDS., JOB FLETCHER, SR.,
+WILLIAM F. ELKINS., ROBERT L. WILSON., JOHN DAWSON.
+
+MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON COUNTY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
+ASSEMBLY--THE DELEGATION KNOWN AS THE "LONG NINE."
+
+NINIAN W. EDWARDS was born in Kentucky in 1809, a son of Ninian
+Edwards, who in the same year was appointed Governor of the new
+Territory of Illinois. Mr. Edwards was appointed Attorney-General
+of Illinois in 1834; in 1836 was elected to the legislature; was
+reelected in 1838; served in the State Senate from 1844 to 1848,
+and again in the House from 1848 to 1852. He was a member of the
+constitutional convention of 1847. He died at Springfield, September
+2, 1889.
+
+JOB FLETCHER, SR., was born in Virginia in 1793; removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1819. In 1826 he was elected to the Illinois
+House of Representatives, and in 1834 to the State Senate, where he
+served six years. He died in Sangamon County in 1872.
+
+WILLIAM F. ELKINS was born in Kentucky in 1792. He went to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1825. In 1828, 1836, and 1838 he was elected to
+the legislature. In 1831 he raised a company for the Black Hawk War,
+and was its captain. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him Register
+of the United States Land Office at Springfield, an office which he
+held until 1872, when he resigned. He died at Decatur, Illinois, 1880.
+
+ROBERT LANG WILSON was born in Pennsylvania in 1805. In 1831 he went
+to Kentucky; in 1833 removed to Sangamon County, Illinois; in 1836 was
+elected to the Illinois House. He removed to Sterling, Illinois, in
+1840, and died there in 1880. For some years he was paymaster in the
+United States Army.
+
+JOHN DAWSON was born in Virginia in 1791; he removed to Sangamon
+County, Illinois, in 1827. He was elected to the lower house of the
+legislature in 1830, 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1846. He was a member of
+the constitutional convention of 1847. He died November 12, 1850.
+
+The other members of the "Long Nine" were Abraham Lincoln, Daniel
+Stone, Andrew McCormick, and Arthur Herndon.]
+
+
+LINCOLN IN THE TENTH ASSEMBLY OF ILLINOIS
+
+In December Lincoln put away his surveying instruments to go to
+Vandalia for the opening session of the Tenth Assembly. Larger by
+fifty members than its predecessor, this body was as much superior
+in intellect as in numbers. It included among its members a future
+President of the United States, a future candidate for the same high
+office, six future United States Senators, eight future members of the
+National House of Representatives, a future Secretary of the Interior,
+and three future Judges of the State Supreme Court. Here sat side by
+side Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas; Edward Dickinson Baker,
+who represented at different times the States of Illinois and Oregon
+in the national councils; O.H. Browning, a prospective senator and
+future cabinet officer, and William L.D. Ewing, who had just served
+in the senate; John Logan, father of the late General John A.
+Logan; Robert M. Cullom, father of Senator Shelby M. Cullom; John
+A. McClernand, afterward member of Congress for many years, and
+a distinguished general in the late Civil War; and many others of
+national repute.[2]
+
+[Illustration: ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.
+
+From a silhouette loaned by Mr. Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, Illinois.
+Elijah Lovejoy was born in Maine in 1802. When twenty-five years old
+he emigrated to St. Louis, where he at first did journalistic work on
+a Whig newspaper. In 1833 he entered the ministry, and was soon after
+made editor of a religious newspaper, the "St. Louis Observer." Mr.
+Lovejoy began, in 1835, to turn his paper against slavery, but the
+opposition he found in Missouri was so strong that in the summer of
+1836 he decided to move his paper to Alton, Illinois. Before he could
+get his plant out of St. Louis a mob destroyed the greater part. The
+remainder he succeeded in getting to Alton, but a mob met it there and
+threw it into the river. The citizens of Alton, ashamed of this act,
+gave Mr. Lovejoy money to buy a new press. At first the tone of
+the paper was moderate, but gradually it grew more emphatic in its
+utterances against slavery. The pro-slavery element of the town
+protested, indignation meetings were held, and in August, 1837, his
+press was thrown into the river. Another was immediately bought,
+which, in September, followed its predecessor to the bottom of the
+Mississippi. When it was known in Alton that Mr. Lovejoy had ordered
+a fourth press, and had resolved to fight the opposition to the end,
+a public meeting was called, at which many speeches were made on both
+sides, and he was urged to leave Alton. This he refused to do, and
+his fourth press was landed on November 6, 1837. The next night a mob
+attacked the warehouse where it was placed, and in the riot one of the
+assailants, Lyman Bishop, and Elijah Lovejoy himself were killed.]
+
+The members came to Vandalia full of hope and exultation. In their
+judgment it needed only a few months of legislation to put their State
+by the side of New York; and from the opening of the session they were
+overflowing with excitement and schemes. In the general ebullition of
+spirits which characterized the Assembly, Lincoln had little share.
+Only a week after the opening of the session he wrote to a friend,
+Mary Owens, at New Salem, that he had been ill, though he believed
+himself to be about well then; and he added: "But that, with other
+things I cannot account for, have conspired, and have gotten my
+spirits so low that I feel I would rather be any place in the world
+than here. I really cannot endure the thought of staying here ten
+weeks."
+
+Though depressed, he was far from being inactive. The Sangamon
+delegation, in fact, had their hands full, and to no one of the nine
+had more been entrusted than to Lincoln. In common with almost every
+delegation, they had been instructed by their constituents to adopt a
+scheme of internal improvements complete enough to give every budding
+town in Illinois easy communication with the world. This for the State
+in general; for Sangamon County in particular, they had been directed
+to secure the capital. The change in the State's centre of population
+made it advisable to move the seat of government northward from
+Vandalia, and Springfield was anxious to secure it. To Lincoln was
+entrusted the work of putting through the bill to remove the capital.
+In the same letter quoted from above he tells Miss Owens, "Our
+chance to take the seat of government to Springfield is better than
+I expected." Regarding the internal improvements scheme he feels less
+confident: "Some of the legislature are for it, and some against;
+which has the majority, I cannot tell."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.
+
+From a photograph by Brady, and kindly loaned by Mr. Noah Brooks for
+this reproduction.]
+
+[Illustration: Frontispiece of "Alton Trials," a small volume
+published in 1838, containing full notes taken at the time of the
+trial of the persons engaged in what is called the "Alton riot."
+Twelve persons were indicted "for the crime of riot committed on
+the night of the 7th of November, 1837, while engaged in defending
+a Printing Press from an attack made on it at that time by an Armed
+Mob;" eleven others were indicted "for a riot committed in Alton on
+the night of the 7th of November, 1837, in unlawfully and forcibly
+entering the warehouse of Godfrey Gilman and Company, and breaking up
+and destroying a printing press." In both cases the juries returned a
+verdict of "not guilty." (See note on Elijah Lovejoy.)]
+
+It was not long, however, before all uncertainty about internal
+improvements was over. The people were determined to have them,
+and the Assembly responded to their demands by passing an act
+which provided, at State expense, for railroads, canals, or river
+improvements in almost every county in Illinois. To compensate those
+counties to which they could not give anything else, they voted them
+a sum of money for roads and bridges. No finer bit of imaginative
+work was ever done, in fact, by a legislative body, than the map of
+internal improvements made by the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.
+
+There was no time to estimate exactly the cost of these fine plans.
+Nor did they feel any need of estimates; that was a mere matter of
+detail. They would vote a fund, and when that was exhausted they
+would vote more; and so they appropriated sum after sum: one hundred
+thousand dollars to improve the Rock River; one million eight hundred
+thousand dollars to build a road from Quincy to Danville; four million
+dollars to complete the Illinois and Michigan Canal; two hundred and
+fifty thousand for the Western Mail Route--in all, some twelve
+million dollars. To carry out the elaborate scheme, they provided a
+commission, one of the first duties of which was to sell the bonds of
+the State to raise the money for the enterprise. The majority of the
+Assembly seem not to have entertained for a moment an idea that there
+would be any difficulty in selling at a premium the bonds of Illinois.
+"On the contrary," as General Linder says in his "Reminiscences," "the
+enthusiastic friends of the measure maintained that, instead of there
+being any difficulty in obtaining a loan of the fifteen or twenty
+millions authorized to be borrowed, our bonds would go like hot cakes,
+and be sought for by the Rothschilds, and Baring Brothers, and others
+of that stamp; and that the premiums which we would obtain upon them
+would range from fifty to one hundred per cent., and that the premium
+itself would be sufficient to construct most of the important works,
+leaving the principal sum to go into our treasury, and leave the
+people free from taxation for years to come."
+
+[Illustration: STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.
+
+The professional card of Stuart and Lincoln shows that the
+copartnership began April 12, 1837. The card appeared in the next
+issue of the "Sangamo Journal," and was continued until Lincoln became
+the partner of Judge Logan, in 1841.]
+
+
+THE REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+Although Lincoln favored and aided in every way the plan for internal
+improvements, his real work was in securing the removal of the capital
+to Springfield. The task was by no means an easy one to direct; for
+outside of the "Long Nine" there was, of course, nobody particularly
+interested in Springfield, and there were delegations from a dozen
+other counties hot to secure the capital for their own constituencies.
+It took patient and clever manipulation to put the bill through.
+Certain votes Lincoln, no doubt, gained for his cause by force of
+his personal qualities. Thus Jesse K. Dubois says that he and his
+colleagues voted for the bill because they liked Lincoln, and
+wanted to oblige him. But probably the majority were won by skilful
+log-rolling. Not that Lincoln ever sanctioned "trading" to the
+sacrifice of his own convictions. General T.H. Henderson, of Illinois,
+says in some interesting reminiscences of Lincoln, prepared for this
+Life and hitherto unpublished: "Before I had ever seen Abraham Lincoln
+I heard my father, who served with him in the legislature of 1838-39
+and of 1840-41, relate an incident in Mr. Lincoln's life which
+illustrates his character for integrity and his firmness in
+maintaining what he regarded as right in his public acts, in a marked
+manner.
+
+"I do not remember whether this incident occurred during the session
+of the legislature in 1836-37 or 1838-39. But I think it was in
+that of 1836-37, when it was said that there was a great deal of
+log-rolling going on among the members. But, however that may be,
+according to the story related by my father, an effort was made to
+unite the friends of capital removal with the friends of some measure
+which Mr. Lincoln, for some reason, did not approve. What that measure
+was to which he objected, I am not now able to recall. But those who
+desired the removal of the capital to Springfield were very anxious to
+effect the proposed combination, and a meeting was held to see if it
+could be accomplished. The meeting continued in session nearly all
+night, when it adjourned without accomplishing anything, Mr. Lincoln
+refusing to yield his objections and to support the obnoxious measure."
+
+[Illustration: OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+
+The chair is now in the Oldroyd Collection in Washington, D.C.]
+
+"Another meeting was called, and at this second meeting a number
+of citizens, not members of the legislature, from the central and
+northern parts of the State, among them my father, were present
+by invitation. The meeting was long protracted, and earnest in its
+deliberations. Every argument that could be thought of was used to
+induce Mr. Lincoln to yield his objections and unite with his friends,
+and thus secure the removal of the capital to his own city; but
+without effect. Finally, after midnight, when everybody seemed
+exhausted with the discussion, and when the candles were burning low
+in the room, Mr. Lincoln rose amid the silence and solemnity which
+prevailed, and, my father said, made one of the most eloquent and
+powerful speeches to which he had ever listened. And he concluded his
+remarks by saying, 'You may burn my body to ashes, and scatter them
+to the winds of heaven; you may drag my soul down to the regions of
+darkness and despair to be tormented forever; but you will never get
+me to support a measure which I believe to be wrong, although by doing
+so I may accomplish that which I believe to be right.' And the meeting
+adjourned."
+
+[Illustration: STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Jesse W. Weik. The law office of Stuart
+and Lincoln was in the second story of the building occupied at the
+time the photograph was made by "Tom Dupleaux's Furniture Store."
+Hoffman's Row, as this group of buildings was called, was used as a
+court-house at that date, 1837. The court-room was in the lower story
+of the two central buildings.]
+
+If Lincoln did not support measures which he considered doubtful, he
+did, now and then, "tack a provision" on a bill to please a friend, as
+the following letter, hitherto unpublished, shows:[3]
+
+    "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, _August 5, 1837_.
+
+    "DEAR SIR:
+
+    "Mr. Edwards tells me you wish to know whether the act to
+    which your town incorporation provision was attached passed
+    into a law. It did. You can organize under the general
+    incorporation law as soon as you choose.
+
+    "I also tacked a provision on to a fellow's bill, to authorize
+    the relocation of the road from Salem down to your town, but
+    I am not certain whether or not the bill passed. Neither do I
+    suppose I can ascertain before the law will be published--if
+    it is a law. Bowling Green, Bennett Abell, and yourself are
+    appointed to make the change.
+
+    "No news. No excitement, except a little about the election of
+    Monday next. I suppose, of course, our friend Dr. Henry stands
+    no chance in your 'diggings.'
+
+    "Your friend and honorable servant,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    "JOHN BENNETT, ESQ.
+
+As was to be expected, the Democrats charged that the Whigs of
+Sangamon had won their victory by "bargain and corruption." These
+charges became so serious that, in an extra session called in the
+summer of 1837, a few months after the bill passed, Lincoln had a
+bitter fight over them with General L.D. Ewing, who wanted to keep
+Vandalia as the capital. "The arrogance of Springfield," said General
+Ewing, "its presumption in claiming the seat of government, is not
+to be endured; the law has been passed by chicanery and trickery; the
+Springfield delegation has sold out to the internal improvement men,
+and has promised its support to every measure that would gain a vote
+to the law removing the seat of government."
+
+Lincoln answered in a speech of such severity and keenness that
+the House believed he was "digging his own grave;" for Ewing was a
+high-spirited man who would not hesitate to answer by a challenge. It
+was, in fact, only the interference of their friends which prevented
+a duel at this time between Ewing and Lincoln. This speech, to many of
+Lincoln's colleagues, was a revelation of his ability and character.
+"This was the first time," said General Linder, "that I began to
+conceive a very high opinion of the talents and personal courage of
+Abraham Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.
+
+This advertisement appeared in the "Sangamo Journal" in April, 1834,
+and held a place in the paper through the next three years. As
+the "Four Horse Coach" ran through Sangamon town and New Salem, it
+doubtless had Lincoln as a passenger now and then, but not often,
+probably, for the fare from New Salem to Springfield was one dollar
+and twenty-five cents, and walking, or riding upon a borrowed horse,
+must generally have been preferred by Lincoln to so costly a mode of
+travelling.]
+
+A few months later the "Long Nine" were again attacked, Lincoln
+specially being abused. The assailant this time was a prominent
+Democrat, Mr. J.B. Thomas. When he had ended, Lincoln replied in
+a speech which was long known in local political circles as the
+"skinning of Thomas."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S FIRST REPORTED SPEECH.
+
+No one doubted after this that Lincoln could defend himself. He became
+doubly respected as an opponent, for his reputation for good-humored
+raillery had been established in his campaigns. In a speech made in
+January he gave another evidence of his skill in the use of ridicule.
+A resolution had been offered by Mr. Linder to institute an inquiry
+into the management of the affairs of the State bank. Lincoln's
+remarks on the resolution form his first reported speech. This speech
+has been unnoticed by his biographers hitherto; and it appears in none
+of the editions of his speeches and letters. It was discovered in the
+"Sangamo Journal" for January 28, 1837, by Mr. J. McCan Davis, in the
+course of a search through the files instituted by this Magazine.
+
+[Illustration: MARY L. OWENS.
+
+Born in Kentucky in 1808. Lincoln first met Miss Owens in 1833 at
+New Salem, where she made a short visit. In 1836 she came back to New
+Salem, and a warm friendship sprang up between them. The question
+of marriage was discussed in a disinterested way. Miss Owens left
+Illinois in 1838, and in 1841 she married a Mr. Jesse Vineyard. The
+letters written to her by Mr. Lincoln she herself gave to Mr. Herndon
+for publication.]
+
+Lincoln began these remarks by good-humored but nettling chaffing of
+his opponent.
+
+    "Mr. Chairman," he said: "Lest I should fall into the too
+    common error of being mistaken in regard to which side I
+    design to be upon, I shall make it my first care to remove
+    all doubt on that point, by declaring that I am opposed to the
+    resolution under consideration, _in toto_. Before I proceed to
+    the body of the subject, I will further remark, that it is not
+    without a considerable degree of apprehension that I venture
+    to cross the track of the gentleman from Coles [Mr. Linder].
+    Indeed, I do not believe I could muster a sufficiency of
+    courage to come in contact with that gentleman, were it
+    not for the fact that he, some days since, most graciously
+    condescended to assure us that he would never be found wasting
+    ammunition on _small game_. On the same fortunate occasion he
+    further gave us to understand that he regarded _himself_
+    as being decidedly the _superior_ of our common friend from
+    Randolph [Mr. Shields]; and feeling, as I really do, that I,
+    to say the most of myself, am nothing more than the peer of
+    our friend from Randolph, I shall regard the gentleman from
+    Coles as decidedly my superior also; and consequently, in
+    the course of what I shall have to say, whenever I shall have
+    occasion to allude to that gentleman I shall endeavor to adopt
+    that kind of court language which I understand to be due to
+    decided superiority. In one faculty, at least, there can be no
+    dispute of the gentleman's superiority over me, and most other
+    men; and that is, the faculty of entangling a subject so that
+    neither himself, or any other man, can find head or tail to
+    it."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."
+
+From a photograph made by Brady early in Mr. Lincoln's first term.]
+
+[Illustration: PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.
+
+From the original, owned by Jesse W. Weik, by permission.]
+
+Taking up the resolution on the bank, he declared its meaning:
+
+    "Some gentlemen have their stock in their hands, while others,
+    who have more money than they know what to do with, want it;
+    and this, and this alone, is the question, to settle which
+    we are called on to squander thousands of the people's money.
+    What interest, let me ask, have the people in the settlement
+    of this question? What difference is it to them whether the
+    stock is owned by Judge Smith or Sam Wiggins? If any gentleman
+    be entitled to stock in the bank, which he is kept out of
+    possession of by others, let him assert his right in the
+    Supreme Court, and let him or his antagonist, whichever may be
+    found in the wrong, pay the costs of suit. It is an old maxim,
+    and a very sound one, that he that dances should always pay
+    the fiddler. Now, sir, in the present case, if any gentlemen
+    whose money is a burden to them, choose to lead off a dance,
+    I am decidedly opposed to the people's money being used to pay
+    the fiddler. No one can doubt that the examination proposed
+    by this resolution must cost the State some ten or twelve
+    thousand dollars; and all this to settle a question in
+    which the people have no interest, and about which they care
+    nothing. These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in
+    concert to fleece the people; and now that they have got into
+    a quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate
+    the people's money to settle the quarrel."
+
+The resolution had declared that the bank practised various methods
+which were "to the great injury of the people." Lincoln took the
+occasion to announce his ideas of the people and the politicians.
+
+    "If the bank really be a grievance, why is it that no one of
+    the real people is found to ask redress of it? The truth is,
+    no such oppression exists. If it did, our people would groan
+    with memorials and petitions, and we would not be permitted
+    to rest day or night till we had put it down. The people know
+    their rights, and they are never slow to assert and
+    maintain them when they are invaded. Let them call for an
+    investigation, and I shall ever stand ready to respond to the
+    call. But they have made no such call. I make the assertion
+    boldly, and without fear of contradiction, that no man who
+    does not hold an office, or does not aspire to one, has ever
+    found any fault of the bank. It has doubled the prices of the
+    products of their farms, and filled their pockets with a sound
+    circulating medium; and they are all well pleased with its
+    operations. No, sir, it is the politician who is the first to
+    sound the alarm (which, by the way, is a false one). It is he
+    who, by these unholy means, is endeavoring to blow up a storm
+    that he may ride upon and direct. It is he, and he alone,
+    that here proposes to spend thousands of the people's
+    public treasure, for no other advantage to them than to make
+    valueless in their pockets the reward of their industry. Mr.
+    Chairman, this work is exclusively the work, of politicians--a
+    set of men who have interests aside from the interests of
+    the people, and who, to say the most of them, are, taken as
+    a mass, at least one long step removed from honest men. I say
+    this with the greater freedom, because, being a politician
+    myself, none can regard it as personal."
+
+[Illustration: OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+During the special session of the legislature convened in the fall of
+1839 (the first one held at Springfield), the House of Representatives
+occupied this church, the State House being unfinished. At the short
+special session which opened November 23, 1840, the House first went
+into the Methodist church, but on the second day Representative John
+Logan (father of General John A. Logan) offered a resolution "that the
+Senate be respectfully requested to exchange places of convening with
+this House for a short time on account of the impossibility of the
+House discharging its business in so small a place as the Methodist
+church." This was adopted, and the House moved over to the Second
+Presbyterian church. At this special session the Whigs were interested
+in preventing a _sine die_ adjournment (because they desired to
+protect the State bank, which had been authorized in 1838 to suspend
+specie payment until after the adjournment of the next session of the
+General Assembly), and to this end they sought to break the quorum.
+All the Whigs walked out, except Lincoln and Joseph Gillespie, who
+were left behind to demand a roll-call when deemed expedient. A
+few were brought in by the sergeant-at-arms. Lincoln and Gillespie,
+perceiving that there would be a quorum if they remained, started to
+leave; and finding the doors locked, Lincoln raised a window, and
+both men jumped out--an incident, as Mr. Herndon says, which Lincoln
+"always seemed willing to forget." It was in this church, too, that
+Lincoln delivered an address before the Washingtonian Temperance
+Society, on Washington's birthday, in 1842. The church was erected in
+1839, and stood until torn down, some thirty years later, to make room
+for a new edifice.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+The speech was published in full in the "Sangamo Journal" and the
+editor commented:
+
+    "Mr. Lincoln's remarks on Mr. Linder's bank resolution in
+    the paper are quite to the point. Our friend carries the true
+    Kentucky rifle, and when he fires he seldom fails of sending
+    the shot home."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FIRST PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY.
+
+One other act of his in this session cannot be ignored. It is a
+sinister note in the hopeful chorus of the Tenth Assembly. For months
+there had come from the Southern States violent protests against the
+growth of abolition agitation in the North. Garrison's paper, the
+"infernal Liberator," as it was called in the pro-slavery part of
+the country, had been gradually extending its circulation and its
+influence; and it already had imitators even on the banks of the
+Mississippi. The American Anti-slavery Society was now over three
+years old. A deep, unconquerable conviction of the iniquity of slavery
+was spreading through the North. The South felt it and protested, and
+the statesmen of the North joined them in their protest. Slavery
+could not be crushed, said the conservatives. It was sanctioned by the
+Constitution. The South must be supported in its claims, and agitation
+stopped. But the agitation went on, and riots, violence, and hatred
+pursued the agitators. In Illinois, in this very year, 1837, we have
+a printing-office raided and an anti-slavery editor, Elijah Lovejoy,
+killed by the citizens of Alton, who were determined that it should
+not be said among them that slavery was an iniquity.
+
+To silence the storm, mass-meetings of citizens, the United States
+Congress, the State legislatures, took up the question and voted,
+again and again, resolutions assuring the South that the Abolitionists
+were not supported; that the country recognized their right to their
+"peculiar institution," and that in no case should they be interfered
+with. At Springfield, this same year (1837) the citizens convened and
+passed a resolution declaring that "the efforts of Abolitionists
+in this community are neither necessary nor useful." When the
+riot occurred in Alton, the Springfield papers uttered no word of
+condemnation, giving the affair only a laconic mention.
+
+The Illinois Assembly joined in the general disapproval, and on March
+3d passed the following resolutions:
+
+    "Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois:
+
+    "That we highly disapprove of the formation of Abolition
+    societies, and of the doctrines promulgated by them.
+
+    "That the right of property in slaves is sacred to the
+    slave-holding States by the Federal Constitution, and that
+    they cannot be deprived of that right without their consent.
+
+    "That the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the
+    District of Columbia against the consent of the citizens of
+    said District, without a manifest breach of good faith.
+
+    "That the Governor be requested to transmit to the States of
+    Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, New York, and Connecticut a
+    copy of the foregoing report and resolutions."
+
+Lincoln refused to vote for these resolutions. In his judgment no
+expression on the slavery question should go unaccompanied by the
+statement that it was an evil, and he had the boldness to protest
+immediately against the action of the House. He found only one man in
+the Assembly willing to join him in his action. These two names are
+joined to the document they presented:
+
+    "Resolutions upon the subject of domestic slavery having
+    passed both branches of the General Assembly at its present
+    session, the undersigned hereby protest against the passage of
+    the same.
+
+    "They believe that the institution of slavery is founded on
+    both injustice and bad policy, but that the promulgation of
+    abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its
+    evils.
+
+    "They believe that the Congress of the United States has no
+    power under the Constitution to interfere with the institution
+    of slavery in the different States.
+
+    "They believe that the Congress of the United States has power
+    under the Constitution to abolish slavery in the District of
+    Columbia, but that the power ought not to be exercised unless
+    at the request of the people of the District.
+
+    "The difference between these opinions and those contained
+    in the above resolutions, is their reason for entering this
+    protest.
+
+    "DAN STONE,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN,
+
+    "Representatives from the County of Sangamon."
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM BUTLER.
+
+From a photograph owned by his grandson, Hon. William J. Butler,
+Springfield, Illinois. William Butler was a native of Kentucky, being
+born in Adair County, that State, December 15, 1797. In the war of
+1812, he carried important despatches from the Governor of Kentucky
+to General Harrison in the field, travelling on horseback. He went to
+Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1828. In 1836 he was appointed clerk of
+the Circuit Court by Judge Logan, whom he had known in Kentucky. In
+1859 he was appointed by Governor Bissell State treasurer of Illinois,
+to fill a vacancy, and in 1860 was elected to that office. He
+was married to Elizabeth Rickard, December 18, 1863. He died in
+Springfield, January 11, 1876. Soon after becoming a resident of
+Springfield, Lincoln went to William Butler's house to board. There
+he was like a member of the family. He lived with Mr. Butler until
+his marriage in 1842. The two men were ever the warmest personal and
+political friends.]
+
+
+SOCIAL LIFE IN VANDALIA IN 1836 AND 1837.
+
+The Tenth Assembly was important to Lincoln not only in its
+legislation; it greatly increased his circle of acquaintances. The
+character of the work of the session called to Vandalia numbers of
+persons of influence from almost every county in the State. They were
+invariably there to secure something for their town or county, and
+naturally made a point of getting acquainted. Game suppers seem to
+have been the means usually employed by visitors for bringing people
+together. The lobbyists were not the only ones in Vandalia who gave
+suppers, however. Not a bill was passed nor an election decided that
+a banquet did not follow. Mr. John Bryant, the brother of William
+Cullen, was in Vandalia that winter in the interest of his county, and
+he attended one of these banquets, given by the successful candidate
+for the United States Senate. Lincoln was present, of course, and so
+were all the prominent politicians of the State.
+
+"After the company had gotten pretty noisy and mellow from their
+imbibitions of Yellow Seal and 'corn juice,'" says Mr. Bryant, "Mr.
+Douglas and General Shields, to the consternation of the host and
+intense merriment of the guests, climbed up on the table, at one end,
+encircled each other's waists, and to the tune of a rollicking song,
+pirouetted down the whole length of the table, shouting, singing,
+and kicking dishes, glasses, and everything right and left, helter
+skelter. For this night of entertainment to his constituents, the
+successful candidate was presented with a bill, in the morning, for
+supper, wines, liquors, and damages, which amounted to six hundred
+dollars."
+
+But boisterous suppers were not by any means the important feature of
+Lincoln's social life that winter in Vandalia. There was another
+and quieter side in which he showed his rare companionableness and
+endeared himself to many people. In the midst of the log-rolling
+and jubilations of the session he would often slip away to some
+acquaintance's room and spend hours in talk and stories. Mr. John
+Bryant tells of his coming frequently to his room at the hotel, and
+sitting "with his knees up to his chin, telling his inimitable stories
+and his triumphs in the House in circumventing the Democrats."
+
+Major Newton Walker, of Lewiston, was in Vandalia at the time;
+and still talks with pleasure not only of the Assembly's energetic
+legislation, but of the way Lincoln endeared himself to him and to
+his colleague. "We both loved him," says Major Walker, "but I little
+thought then that he would become the greatest man that this country
+ever produced, or perhaps ever will. Many a night I have sat up
+listening to Lincoln's wonderful stories. That was a long time
+ago--nearly sixty years. I shall be ninety-two years old in a few
+days. I was six years older than Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY OF WHICH
+LINCOLN WAS ONE OF THE MANAGERS.
+
+The invitation is in the collection of Mr. C.F. Gunther of Chicago,
+through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.]
+
+"I used to play the fiddle a great deal, and have played for Lincoln a
+number of times. He used to come over to where I was boarding and ask
+me to play the fiddle for him; and I would take it with me when I went
+over to visit him, and when he grew weary of telling stories he would
+ask me to give him a tune, which I never refused to do."
+
+
+LINCOLN MOVES TO SPRINGFIELD.
+
+As soon as the Assembly closed, Lincoln returned to New Salem; but it
+was not to stay. He had determined to go to Springfield. Major John
+Stuart, the friend who had advised him to study law and who had lent
+him books and with whom he had been associated closely in politics,
+had offered to take him as a partner. It was a good opening, for
+Stuart was one of the leading lawyers and politicians of the State,
+and his influence would place Lincoln at once in command of more or
+less business. From every point of view the change seems to have been
+wise; yet Lincoln made it with foreboding.
+
+To practise law he must abandon his business as surveyor, which was
+bringing him a fair income; he must for a time, at least, go without
+any certain income. If he failed, what then? The uncertainty weighed
+on him heavily, the more so because he was burdened by the debts left
+from his store and because he was constantly called upon to aid his
+father's family. Thomas Lincoln had remained in Coles County, but he
+had not, in these six years in which his son had risen so rapidly,
+been able to get anything more than a poor livelihood from his farm.
+The sense of responsibility Lincoln had towards his father's family
+made it the more difficult for him to undertake a new profession. His
+decision was made, however, and as soon as the session of the Tenth
+Assembly was over he started for Springfield. His first appearance
+there is as pathetic as amusing.
+
+"He had ridden into town," says Joshua Speed, "on a borrowed horse,
+with no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags containing a few
+clothes. I was a merchant at Springfield, and kept a large country
+store, embracing dry-goods, groceries, hardware, books, medicines,
+bed-clothes, mattresses--in fact, everything that the country needed.
+Lincoln came into the store with his saddle-bags on his arm. He
+said he wanted to buy the furniture for a single bed. The mattress,
+blankets, sheets, coverlid, and pillow, according to the figures made
+by me, would cost seventeen dollars. He said that perhaps was cheap
+enough; but small as the price was, he was unable to pay it. But if I
+would credit him till Christmas, and his experiment as a lawyer was a
+success, he would pay then; saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in
+this I do not know that I can ever pay you.' As I looked up at him I
+thought then, and I think now, that I never saw a sadder face.
+
+"I said to him: 'You seem to be so much pained at contracting so small
+a debt, I think I can suggest a plan by which you can avoid the debt,
+and at the same time attain your end. I have a large room with a
+double bed upstairs, which you are very welcome to share with me.'
+
+"'Where is your room?' said he.
+
+"'Upstairs,' said I, pointing to a pair of winding stairs which led
+from the store to my room.
+
+"He took his saddle-bags on his arm, went upstairs, set them on the
+floor, and came down with the most changed expression of countenance.
+Beaming with pleasure, he exclaimed:
+
+"'Well, Speed, I am moved.'"
+
+Another friend, William Butler, with whom Lincoln had become intimate
+at Vandalia, took him to board; life at Springfield thus began under
+as favorable auspices as he could hope for.
+
+After Chicago, Springfield was at that day the most promising city in
+Illinois. It had some fifteen hundred inhabitants, and the removal of
+the capital was certain to bring many more. Already, in fact, the town
+felt the effect. Houses and blocks were started; lawyers, politicians,
+tradesmen, laborers, were pouring in. Hitherto most of the dwellings
+had been of log or frame; now, however, there was an increase in brick
+buildings.
+
+The effect was apparent too, in society. "We used to eat all
+together," said an old man who in the early thirties came to
+Springfield as a hostler; "but about this time some one came along and
+told the people they oughtn't to do so, and then the hired folks ate
+in the kitchen." This differentiation was apparent to Lincoln and
+a little discouraging. He was thinking vaguely, at the time of this
+removal to Springfield, that perhaps he best marry a Miss Mary Owens,
+with whom he had become intimately acquainted in 1836 in New Salem;
+but Springfield society, and the impossibility of his supporting a
+wife in it, discouraged him.
+
+    "I am often thinking of what we said about your coming to live
+    at Springfield," he wrote her in May.
+
+    "I am afraid you would not be satisfied. There is a great deal
+    of flourishing about in carriages here, which it would be your
+    doom to see without sharing it. You would have to be poor,
+    without the means of hiding your poverty. Do you believe you
+    could bear that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot
+    with mine, should any ever do so, it is my intention to do
+    all in my power to make her happy and contented; and there is
+    nothing I can imagine that would make me more unhappy than to
+    fail in the effort. I know I should be much happier with you
+    than the way I am, provided I saw no signs of discontent in
+    you. What you have said to me may have been in the way of
+    jest, or I may have misunderstood it. If so, then let it be
+    forgotten; if otherwise, I much wish you would think seriously
+    before you decide. What I have said I will most positively
+    abide by, provided you wish it. My opinion is that you had
+    better not do it. You have not been accustomed to hardship,
+    and it may be more severe than you now imagine. I know you
+    are capable of thinking correctly on any subject, and if you
+    deliberate maturely upon this before you decide, then I am
+    willing to abide your decision."
+
+[Illustration: (MAP OF ILLINOIS ILLUSTRATING "_An Act to establish and
+maintain a General System of Internal Improvements, in force 27th Feb.
+1837_")
+
+When the Illinois legislature adopted the above plan of internal
+improvement in 1837, there was in the whole United States only about
+eleven hundred miles of railroad. The above scheme provided for
+thirteen hundred and fifty. The basis of the outlines used by
+the committee in developing the plan was contained in a series of
+resolutions offered in the beginning of the session by Stephen A.
+Douglas. In the house the vote on the bill stood sixty-one in favor to
+twenty-five against.]
+
+This decidedly dispassionate view of their relation seems not to
+have brought any decision from Miss Owens; for three months later
+Mr. Lincoln wrote her an equally judicial letter, telling her that
+he could not think of her "with entire indifference," that he in all
+cases wanted to do right and "most particularly so in all cases with
+women," and summing up his position as follows:
+
+    "What I do wish is that our further acquaintance shall depend
+    upon yourself. If such further acquaintance would contribute
+    nothing to your happiness, I am sure it would not to mine. If
+    you feel yourself in any degree bound to me, I am now willing
+    to release you, provided you wish it; while, on the other
+    hand, I am willing and even anxious to bind you faster, if I
+    can be convinced that it will in any considerable degree add
+    to your happiness. This, indeed, is the whole question with
+    me. Nothing would make me more miserable than to believe you
+    miserable--nothing more happy than to know you were so."
+
+Miss Owens had enough discernment to recognize the disinterestedness
+of this love-making, and she refused Mr. Lincoln's offer. She found
+him "deficient in those little links which make up the chain of a
+woman's happiness," she said. The affair seems to have been a rather
+vigorous flirtation on her part, which had interested and perhaps
+flattered Mr. Lincoln. In the sincerity of his nature he feared he had
+awakened a genuine attachment, and his notions of honor compelled
+him to find out. When finally refused, he wrote a description of the
+affair to a friend, in which he ridiculed himself unmercifully:
+
+    "I was mortified, it seemed to me, in a hundred different
+    ways. My vanity was deeply wounded by the reflection that I
+    had so long been too stupid to discover her intentions, and at
+    the same time never doubting that I understood them perfectly;
+    and also that she, whom I had taught myself to believe nobody
+    else would have, had actually rejected me with all my fancied
+    greatness. And, to cap the whole, I then for the first time
+    began to suspect that I was really a little in love with her.
+    But let it all go! I'll try and outlive it. Others have been
+    made fools of by the girls, but this can never with truth be
+    said of me. I most emphatically, in this instance, made a fool
+    of myself. I have now come to the conclusion never again
+    to think of marrying; and for this reason--I can never be
+    satisfied with any one who would be blockhead enough to have
+    me."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S POSITION IN SPRINGFIELD.
+
+It was not long before Lincoln became a favorite figure in
+Springfield. The skill, the courage, and the good-will he had shown in
+his management of the bill for the removal of the capital gave him at
+once, of course, special prominence. The entire "Long Nine," indeed,
+were regarded by the county as its benefactors, and throughout the
+summer there were barbecues and fireworks, dinners and speeches
+in their honor. "The service rendered Old Sangamon by the present
+delegation" was a continually recurring toast at every gathering.
+At one "sumptuous dinner" the internal improvement scheme in all its
+phases was toasted again and again by the banqueters, "'The Long Nine'
+of Old Sangamon--well done, good and faithful servants," drew forth
+long applause. Among those who offered volunteer toasts at this dinner
+were "A. Lincoln, Esq.," and "S.A. Douglas, Esq."
+
+At a dinner at Athens, given to the delegation, eight formal toasts
+and twenty-five volunteers are quoted in the report of the affair in
+the "Sangamo Journal." Among them were the following:
+
+    A. Lincoln. He has fulfilled the expectations of his friends
+    and disappointed the hopes of his enemies.
+
+    A. Lincoln. One of nature's noblemen.
+
+    By A. Lincoln. Sangamon County will ever be true to her best
+    interests, and never more so than in reciprocating the good
+    feelings of the citizens of Athens and neighborhood.
+
+Lincoln had not been long in Springfield before he soon was able to
+support himself, a result due, no doubt, very largely to his personal
+qualities and to his reputation as a shrewd politician. Not that he
+made money. The fee-book of Lincoln and Stuart shows that the returns
+were modest enough, and that sometimes they even "traded out" their
+account. Nevertheless it was a satisfaction to earn a livelihood so
+soon. Of his peculiar methods as a lawyer at this date we know very
+little. Most of his cases are utterly uninteresting. The very first
+year he was in Springfield, however, he had one case which created
+a great sensation, and which, so far as we know, has been overlooked
+entirely by his biographers. It is an admirable example of the
+way Lincoln could combine business and politics as well as of his
+merciless persistency in pursuing a man whom he believed unjust.
+
+It seems that among the offices to be filled at the August election of
+1837 was that of probate justice of the peace. One of the candidates
+was General James Adams, a man who had come on from the East in the
+early twenties, and who had at first claimed to be a lawyer. He had
+been an aspirant for various offices, among them that of governor
+of the State, but with little success. A few days before the August
+election of 1837 an anonymous hand-bill was scattered about the
+streets. It was an attack on General Adams, charging him with having
+acquired the title to a ten-acre lot of ground near the town by the
+deliberate forgery of the name of Joseph Anderson, of Fulton County,
+Illinois, to an assignment of a judgment. Anderson had died, and the
+widow, upon going to Springfield to dispose of the land, was surprised
+to find that it was claimed by General Adams, and she employed Stuart
+and Lincoln to look into the matter. The hand-bill, which went into
+all of the details at great length, concluded as follows: "I have
+only made these statements because I am known by many to be one of
+the individuals against whom the charge of forging the assignment and
+slipping it into the general's papers has been made; and because our
+silence might be construed into a confession of the truth. I shall not
+subscribe my name; but hereby authorize the editor of the 'Journal' to
+give it up to any one who may call for it.".
+
+After the election, at which General Adams had been elected, the
+hand-bill was reproduced in the "Sangamo Journal," with a card signed
+by the editor, in which he said: "To save any further remarks on
+this subject, I now state that A. Lincoln, Esq., is the author of
+the hand-bill in question." The same issue of the paper contained a
+lengthy communication from General Adams, denying the charge of fraud.
+
+The controversy was continued for several weeks. General Adams used,
+mostly, the columns of the "Springfield Republican," filling six
+columns of a single issue. He charged that the assault upon him was
+the result of a conspiracy between "a knot of lawyers, doctors, and
+others," who wished to ruin his reputation. Lincoln's answers to Adams
+are most emphatic. In one case, quoting several of his assertions,
+he pronounced them "all as false as hell, as all this community must
+know." Adams's replies were always voluminous. "Such is the turn which
+things have lately taken," wrote Lincoln, "that when General Adams
+writes a book I am expected to write a commentary on it." Replying to
+Adams's denunciation of the lawyers, he said: "He attempted to impose
+himself upon the community as a lawyer, and he actually carried the
+attempt so far as to induce a man who was under the charge of murder
+to entrust the defence of his life to his hands, and finally took his
+money and got him hanged. Is this the man that is to raise a breeze
+in his favor by abusing lawyers? ... If he is not a lawyer, he _is_
+a liar; for he proclaimed himself a lawyer, and got a man hanged by
+depending on him." Lincoln concluded: "Farewell, General. I will see
+you again at court, if not before--when and where we will settle the
+question whether you or the widow shall have the land." The widow did
+get the land, but this was not the worst thing that happened to Adams.
+The climax was reached when the "Sangamo Journal" published a long
+editorial (written by Lincoln, no doubt) on the controversy, and
+followed it with a copy of an indictment found against Adams in Oswego
+County, New York, in 1818. The offence charged in this indictment was
+the forgery of a deed by Adams--"a person of evil name and fame and of
+a wicked disposition."
+
+Lincoln's victory in this controversy undoubtedly did much to impress
+the community, not necessarily that he was a good lawyer, but rather
+that he was a clever strategist and a fearless enemy. It was not, in
+fact, as a lawyer that he was prominent in the first years after he
+came to Springfield. Reelected to the Assembly in 1838, and again in
+1840, his real impress on the community was made as a politician.
+The qualities which he had already shown in public life were only
+strengthened as he gained experience and self-confidence. He was the
+terror of the pretentious and insincere, and had a way of exposing
+their shams by clever tricks which, to voters, were unanswerable
+arguments. A case in point happened in 1840. It was considered
+necessary, at that day, by a candidate to prove to the farmers that
+he was poor and, like themselves, horny-handed. Those politicians who
+wore good clothes and dined sumptuously were careful to conceal their
+regard for the elegancies of life from their constituents. One of
+the Democrats who in this campaign took particular pains to decry the
+Whigs for their wealth and aristocratic principles was Colonel Dick
+Taylor, generally known in Illinois as "ruffled-shirt Taylor." He was
+a vain and handsome man, who habitually arrayed himself as gorgeously
+as the fashion allowed. One day when he and Lincoln had met in debate
+at a countryside gathering, Colonel Dick became particularly bitter
+in his condemnation of Whig elegance. Lincoln listened for a time, and
+then, slipping near the speaker, suddenly caught his coat, which
+was buttoned up close, and tore it open. A mass of ruffled shirt,
+a gorgeous velvet vest, and a great gold chain from which dangled
+numerous rings and seals, were uncovered to the crowd. Lincoln needed
+to make no further reply that day to the charge of being a "rag
+baron."
+
+Lincoln loved fair play as he hated shams; and throughout these early
+years in Springfield are examples of his boldness in insisting that
+friend and enemy have the chance due them. A most dramatic case of
+this kind occurred at a political meeting held one evening in the
+Springfield court-room, which at that date was temporarily in a hall
+under Stuart and Lincoln's law office. Directly over the platform was
+a trap-door. Lincoln frequently would lie by this opening during a
+meeting, listening to the speeches. One evening one of his friends,
+E.D. Baker, in speaking angered the crowd, and an attempt was made
+to "pull him down." Before the assailants could reach the platform,
+however, a pair of long legs dangled from the trap-door, and in an
+instant Lincoln dropped down beside Baker, crying out, "Hold on,
+gentlemen, this is a land of free speech." His appearance was so
+unexpected, and his attitude so determined, that the crowd soon was
+quiet, and Baker went on with his speech.
+
+In all the intellectual life of the town he took a place. With a few
+of the leading young men he formed a young men's lyceum. One of his
+speeches before this body has been preserved in full. Its subject is
+"The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions."[4] The speech has
+not, however, any of the peculiarly original style which usually
+characterized his efforts.
+
+He came immediately to be a favorite figure in all sorts of local
+affairs. What he said and did on these occasions is still recollected
+by those interested in them. "When the seat of government was removed
+from Vandalia to Springfield in 1836," says the Rev. Peter Wallace
+of Chicago "I obtained the contract of taking down the court-house to
+make a place for the State House. Lincoln, with others, was present
+to receive the job. 'Peter,' he said to me, 'if you succeed as well
+in building houses as you have in tearing this one down, you will make
+your mark as a builder.'" Mr. Wallace tells, too, of hearing Lincoln
+say in a speech, at the funeral of one of their friends: "I read in a
+book whose author never errs, 'Woe unto you when all men shall speak
+well of you.' Our friend will escape that woe, for he would be the
+exception had he no enemies."
+
+The most pleasing feature of his early life in the town was the way in
+which he attached all classes of people to him. He naturally, from his
+political importance and from his relation to Mr. Stuart, was admitted
+to the most exclusive circle of society. But Lincoln was not received
+there from tolerance of his position only. The few members left of
+that interesting circle of Springfield in the thirties are emphatic in
+their statements that he was recognized as a valuable social factor.
+If indifferent to forms and little accustomed to conventional usages,
+he had a native dignity and self-respect which stamped him at once as
+a superior man. He had a good will, an easy adaptability to people,
+which made him take a hand in everything that went on. His name
+appears in every list of banqueters and merry-makers reported in the
+Springfield papers. He even served as committee-man for cotillion
+parties. "We liked Lincoln, though he was not gay," said one charming
+and cultivated old lady to me in Springfield. "He rarely danced, he
+was never very attentive to ladies, but he was always a welcome guest
+everywhere, and the centre of a circle of animated talkers. Indeed, I
+think the only thing we girls had against Lincoln was that he always
+attracted all the men around him."
+
+Lincoln's kindly interest and perfectly democratic feeling attached to
+him many people whom he never met save on the streets. Indeed his life
+in the streets of Springfield is a most touching and delightful study.
+He concerned himself in the progress of every building which was put
+up, of every new street which was opened; he passed nobody without
+recognition; he seemed always to have time to stop and talk. He
+became, in fact, part of Springfield street life, just as he had of
+the town's politics and society. By 1840 there was no man in the town
+better known, better liked, more sought for; though there were more
+than one whose future was considered brighter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 1: Reminiscences of Mr. Weir, a former resident of Sangamon
+County, related by E.B. Howell of Butte, Montana.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Summary condensed from Moses's "History of Illinois."]
+
+[Footnote 3: The original of this letter is owned by E.R. Oeltjen of
+Petersburg, Illinois.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Lincoln's address on "The Perpetuation of Our Political
+Institutions" is dated January 27, 1837, in most biographies, but
+it was published in the "Sangamo Journal" of February 3, 1838. The
+address is preceded by the following resolution:
+
+    "YOUNG MEN'S LYCEUM,
+    SPRINGFIELD, _January 27, 1837[8]_.
+
+    "_Resolved_, That the thanks of this Lyceum be presented to A.
+    Lincoln, Esq., for the lecture delivered by him this evening,
+    and that he be solicited to furnish a copy for publication.
+
+    "JAS. H. MATHENY, _Secretary_"
+
+The confusion as to the date of the delivery of this address evidently
+arises from the fact that the resolution here quoted bears the date of
+"1837"--a mere slip of the pen, of course. In January, 1837, Lincoln
+was in the legislature at Vandalia. He had not yet become a resident
+of Springfield. According to Mr. Herndon, who was a member of the
+Young Men's Lyceum, that society was not formed until the fall of
+1837.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN
+SWEEP OF A BOAT."]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF.
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING,
+
+Author of "The Jungle Book," "Plain Tales from the Hills," etc.
+
+
+It was her first voyage, and though she was only a little cargo
+steamer of two thousand five hundred tons, she was the very best of
+her kind, the outcome of forty years of experiments and improvements
+in framework and machinery; and her designers and owners thought just
+as much of her as though she had been the "Lucania." Any one can make
+a floating hotel that will pay her expenses, if he only puts enough
+money into the saloon, and charges for private baths, suites of rooms,
+and such like; but in these days of competition and low freights every
+square inch of a cargo boat must be built for cheapness, great hold
+capacity, and a certain steady speed. This boat was perhaps
+two hundred and forty feet long and thirty-two feet wide, with
+arrangements that enabled her to carry cattle on her main and sheep on
+her upper deck if she wanted to; but her great glory was the amount of
+cargo that she could store away in her holds. Her owners--they were
+a very well-known Scotch family--came round with her from the North,
+where she had been launched and christened and fitted, to Liverpool,
+where she was to take cargo for New York; and the owner's daughter,
+Miss Frazier, went to and fro on the clean decks, admiring the new
+paint and the brass-work and the patent winches, and particularly the
+strong, straight bow, over which she had cracked a bottle of very
+good champagne when she christened the steamer the "Dimbula." It was
+a beautiful September afternoon, and the boat in all her newness (she
+was painted lead color, with a red funnel) looked very fine indeed.
+Her house flag was flying, and her whistle from time to time
+acknowledged the salutes of friendly boats, who saw that she was new
+to the sea and wished to make her welcome.
+
+"And now," said Miss Frazier, delightedly, to the captain, "she's
+a real ship, isn't she? It seems only the other day father gave the
+order for her, and now--and now--isn't she a beauty?" The girl was
+proud of the firm, and talked as though she were the controlling
+partner.
+
+"Oh, she's no so bad," the skipper replied, cautiously. "But I'm
+sayin' that it takes more than the christenin' to mak' a ship. In the
+nature o' things, Miss Frazier, if ye follow me, she's just irons and
+rivets and plates put into the form of a ship. She has to find herself
+yet."
+
+"But I thought father said she was exceptionally well found."
+
+"So she is," said the skipper, with a laugh. "But it's this way wi'
+ships, Miss Frazier. She's all here, but the parts of her have not
+learned to work together yet. They've had no chance."
+
+"But the engines are working beautifully. I can hear them."
+
+"Yes, indeed. But there is more than engines to a ship. Every inch of
+her, ye'll understand, has to be livened up, and made to work wi' its
+neighbor--sweetenin' her, we call it, technically."
+
+"And how will you do it?" the girl asked.
+
+"We can no more than drive and steer her and so forth; but if we have
+rough weather this trip--it's likely--she'll learn the rest by heart!
+For a ship, ye'll obsairve, Miss Frazier, is in no sense a reegid
+body, closed at both ends. She's a highly complex structure o' various
+an' conflictin' strains, wi' tissues that must give an' tak' accordin'
+to her personal modulus of eelasteecity." Mr. Buchanan, the chief
+engineer, in his blue coat with gilt buttons, was coming toward them.
+"I'm sayin' to Miss Frazier, here, that our little 'Dimbula' has to be
+sweetened yet, and nothin' but a gale will do it. How's all wi' your
+engines, Buck?"
+
+"Well enough--true by plumb an' rule, of course; but there's no
+spontaneeity yet." He turned to the girl. "Take my word, Miss
+Frazier, and maybe ye'll comprehend later, even after a pretty girl's
+christened a ship it does not follow that there's such a thing as a
+ship under the men that work her."
+
+"I was sayin' the very same, Mr. Buchanan," the skipper interrupted.
+
+"That's more metaphysical than I can follow," said Miss Frazier,
+laughing.
+
+"Why so? Ye're good Scotch, an'--I knew your mother's father; he was
+fra' Dumfries--ye've a vested right in metapheesics, Miss Frazier,
+just as ye have in the 'Dimbula,'" the engineer said.
+
+"Eh, well, we must go down to the deep watters, an' earn Miss Frazier
+her deevidends. Will you not come to my cabin for tea?" said the
+skipper. "We'll be in dock the night, and when you're goin' back to
+Glasgie ye can think of us loadin' her down an' drivin' her forth--all
+for your sake."
+
+In the next four days they stowed nearly four thousand tons dead
+weight into the "Dimbula," and took her out from Liverpool. As soon as
+she met the lift of the open water she naturally began to talk. If
+you put your ear to the side of the cabin the next time you are in a
+steamer, you will hear hundreds of little voices in every direction,
+thrilling and buzzing, and whispering and popping, and gurgling and
+sobbing and squeaking exactly like a telephone in a thunder storm.
+Wooden ships shriek and growl and grunt, but iron vessels throb and
+quiver through all their hundreds of ribs and thousands of rivets. The
+"Dimbula" was very strongly built, and every piece of her had a letter
+or a number or both to describe it, and every piece had been hammered
+or forged or rolled or punched by man and had lived in the roar and
+rattle of the shipyard for months. Therefore, every piece had its own
+separate voice in exact proportion to the amount of trouble spent upon
+it. Cast iron, as a rule, says very little; but mild steel plates and
+wrought iron, and ribs and beams that have been bent and welded and
+riveted a good deal, talk continuously. Their conversation, of course,
+is not half as wise as human talk, because they are all, though they
+do not know it, bound down one to the other in black darkness, where
+they cannot tell what is happening near them, nor what is going to
+happen next.
+
+A very short while after she had cleared the Irish coast a sullen,
+gray-headed old wave of the Atlantic climbed leisurely over her
+straight bows, and sat down on the steam capstan, used for hauling
+up the anchor. Now, the capstan and the engine that drove it had been
+newly painted red and green; besides which, nobody cares for being
+ducked.
+
+"Don't you do that again," the capstan sputtered through the teeth of
+his cogs. "Hi! Where's the fellow gone?"
+
+The wave had slouched overside with a plop and a chuckle; but "Plenty
+more where he came from," said a brother wave, and went through and
+over the capstan, who was bolted firmly to an iron plate on the iron
+deck beams below.
+
+[Illustration: THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.]
+
+"Can't you keep still up there," said the deck beams. "What's the
+matter with you? One minute you weigh twice as much as you ought to,
+and the next you don't."
+
+"It isn't my fault," said the capstan. "There's a green brute from
+outside that comes and hits me on the head."
+
+"Tell that to the shipwrights. You've been in position up there for
+months, and you've never wriggled like this before. If you aren't
+careful you'll strain _us_."
+
+"Talking of strain," said a low, rasping, unpleasant voice, "are any
+of you fellows--you deck beams, we mean--aware that those exceedingly
+ugly knees of yours happen to be riveted into our structure--_ours_?"
+
+"Who might you be?" the deck beams inquired.
+
+"Oh, nobody in particular," was the answer. "We're only the port and
+starboard upper-deck stringers; and, if you persist in heaving and
+hiking like this, we shall be reluctantly compelled to take steps."
+
+Now, the stringers of the ship are long iron girders, so to speak,
+that run lengthways from stern to bow. They keep the iron frames (what
+are called ribs in a wooden ship) in place, and also help to hold
+the ends of the deck beams which go from side to side of the ship.
+Stringers always consider themselves most important, because they are
+so long. In the "Dimbula" there were four stringers on each side--one
+far down by the bottom of the hold, called the bilge stringer; one a
+little higher up, called the side stringer; one on the floor of the
+lower deck; and the upper-deck stringers that have been heard from
+already.
+
+"You will take steps, will you?" This was a long, echoing rumble.
+It came from the frames; scores and scores of them, each one about
+eighteen inches distant from the next, and each riveted to the
+stringers in four places. "We think you will have a certain amount of
+trouble in _that_;" and thousands and thousands of the little rivets
+that held everything together whispered: "You will! You will! Stop
+quivering and be quiet. Hold on, brethren! Hold on! Hot punches!
+What's that?"
+
+Rivets have no teeth, so they can't chatter with fright; but they did
+their best as a fluttering jar swept along the ship from stern to bow,
+and she shook like a rat in a terrier's mouth.
+
+An unusually severe pitch, for the sea was rising, had lifted the big
+throbbing screw nearly to the surface, and it was spinning round in a
+kind of soda water--half sea and half air--going much faster than was
+right, because there was no deep water for it to work in. As it sank
+again, the engines--and they were triple-expansion, three cylinders in
+a row--snorted through all their three pistons: "Was that a joke, you
+fellow outside? It's an uncommonly poor one. How are we to do _our_
+work if you fly off the handle that way?"
+
+"I didn't fly off the handle," said the screw, twirling huskily at
+the end of the screw shaft. "If I had, _you'd_ have been scrap iron
+by this time. The sea dropped away from under me, and I had nothing to
+catch on to. That's all."
+
+"That's all, d'you call it?" said the thrust-block, whose business it
+is to take the push of the screw; for if a screw had nothing to hold
+it back it would crawl right into the engine room. (It is the holding
+back of the screwing action that gives the drive to a ship.) "I know
+I do my work deep down and out of sight, but I warn you I expect
+justice. All _I_ ask is justice. Why can't you push steadily and
+evenly, instead of whizzing like a whirligig and making me hot under
+all my collars?" The thrust-block had six collars, each faced with
+brass, and he did not want to get them heated.
+
+All the bearings that supported the fifty feet of screw shaft as it
+ran to the stern whispered: "Justice--give us justice."
+
+"I can only give you what I get," the screw answered. "Look out! It's
+coming again!"
+
+He rose with a roar as the "Dimbula" plunged; and
+"whack--whack--whack--whack" went the engines furiously, for they had
+little to check them.
+
+"I'm the noblest outcome of human ingenuity--Mr. Buchanan says so,"
+squealed the high-pressure cylinder. "This is simply ridiculous." The
+piston went up savagely and choked, for half the steam behind it
+was mixed with dirty water. "Help! Oiler! Fitter! Stoker! Help! I'm
+choking," it gasped. "Never in the history of maritime invention has
+such a calamity overtaken one so young and strong. And if I go, who's
+to drive the ship?"
+
+"Hush! oh, hush!" whispered the steam, who, of course, had been to sea
+many times before. He used to spend his leisure ashore, in a cloud, or
+a gutter, or a flower-pot, or a thunder storm, or anywhere else where
+water was needed. "That's only a little priming, as they call it.
+It'll happen all night, on and off. I don't say it's nice, but it's
+the best we can do under the circumstances."
+
+"What difference can circumstances make? I'm here to do my work--on
+clean, dry steam. Blow circumstances!" the cylinder roared.
+
+"The circumstances will attend to the blowing. I've worked on the
+North Atlantic run a good many times--it's going to be rough before
+morning."
+
+"It isn't distressingly calm now," said the extra strong frames, they
+were called web frames, in the engine room. "There's an upward thrust
+that we don't understand, and there's a twist that is very bad for our
+brackets and diamond plates, and there's a sort of northwestward pull
+that follows the twist, which seriously annoys us. We mention this
+because _we_ happened to cost a great deal of money, and we feel
+sure that the owner would not approve of our being treated in this
+frivolous way."
+
+"I'm afraid the matter's out of the owner's hands for the present,"
+said the steam, slipping into the condenser. "You're left to your own
+devices till the weather betters."
+
+"I wouldn't mind the weather," said a flat bass voice deep below;
+"it's this confounded cargo that's breaking my heart. I'm the garboard
+strake, and I'm twice as thick as most of the others, and I ought to
+know something."
+
+The garboard strake is the very bottom-most plate in the bottom of
+a ship, and the "Dimbula's" garboard strake (she was a flat-bottomed
+boat) was nearly three-quarters of an inch mild steel.
+
+"The sea pushes me up in a way I should never have expected," the
+strake went on, "and the cargo pushes me down, and between the two I
+don't know what I'm supposed to do."
+
+"When in doubt, hold on," rumbled the steam, making head in the
+boilers.
+
+"Yes, but there's only dark and cold and hurry down here, and how do
+I know whether the other plates are doing their duty? Those bulwark
+plates up above, I've heard, aren't more than five-sixteenths of an
+inch thick--scandalous, I call it."
+
+"I agree with you," said a huge web frame by the main cargo hatch. He
+was deeper and thicker than all the others, and curved half-way across
+the ship's side in the shape of half an arch, to support the deck
+where deck beams would have been in the way of cargo coming up and
+down. "I work entirely unsupported, and I observe that I am the
+sole strength of this vessel, so far as my vision extends. The
+responsibility, I assure you, is enormous. I believe the money value
+of the cargo is over one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. Think of
+that!"
+
+"And every pound of it dependent on my personal exertions." Here spoke
+a sea-valve that communicated directly with the water outside and was
+seated not very far from the garboard strake. "I rejoice to think that
+I am a Prince-Hyde valve, with best Para rubber facings. Five patents
+cover me--I mention this without pride--five separate and several
+patents, each one finer than the other. At present I am screwed
+fast. Should I open, you would immediately be swamped. This is
+incontrovertible!"
+
+Patent things always use the longest words they can. It is a trick
+they pick up from their inventors.
+
+"That's news," said a big centrifugal bilge pump. "I had an idea that
+you were employed to clean decks and things with. At least, I've used
+you for that more than once. I forget the precise number in thousands
+of gallons which I am guaranteed to pump in an hour; but I assure you,
+my complaining friends, that there is not the least danger. _I_ alone
+am capable of clearing any water that may find its way here. By my
+biggest delivery, we pitched then!"
+
+The sea was getting up in workmanlike style. It was a dead westerly
+gale, blown from under a ragged opening of green sky, narrowed on all
+sides by fat gray clouds; and the wind bit like pincers, as it fretted
+the spray into lace-work on the heads of the waves.
+
+"I tell you what it is," the foremast telephoned down its wire stays.
+"I'm up here, and I can take a dispassionate view of things. There's
+an organized conspiracy against us. I'm sure of it, because every
+single one of these waves is heading directly for our bows. The whole
+sea is concerned in it--and so's the wind. It's awful!"
+
+"What's awful?" said a wave, drowning the capstan for the hundredth
+time.
+
+"This organized conspiracy on your part," the capstan gurgled, taking
+his cue from the mast.
+
+"Organized bubbles and spindrift! There has been a depression in the
+Gulf of Mexico. Excuse me!" He leaped overside; but his friends took
+up the tale one after another.
+
+"Which has advanced--" _That_ wave threw green over the funnel.
+
+"As far as Cape Hatteras--" _He_ drenched the bridge.
+
+"And is now going out to sea--to sea--to sea!" _He_ went out in three
+surges, making a clean sweep of a boat, which turned bottom up and
+sank in the darkening troughs alongside.
+
+"That's all there is to it," seethed the broken water, roaring
+through the scuppers. "There's no animus in our proceedings. We're a
+meteorological corollary."
+
+"Is it going to get any worse?" said the bow anchor, chained down to
+the deck, where he could only breathe once in five minutes.
+
+"Not knowing, can't say. Wind may blow a bit by midnight. Thanks
+awfully. Good-by."
+
+The wave that spoke so politely had travelled some distance aft, and
+got itself all mixed up on the deck amidships, which was a well deck
+sunk between high bulwarks. One of the bulwark plates, which was hung
+on hinges to open outward, had swung out, and passed the bulk of the
+water back to the sea again with a wop.
+
+"Evidently that's what I'm made for," said the plate, shutting up
+again with a sputter of pride. "Oh, no, you don't, my friend!"
+
+The top of a wave was trying to get in from outside, but the plate did
+not open in that direction, and the defeated water spurted back.
+
+"Not bad for five-sixteenths of an inch," said the bulwark plate. "My
+work, I see, is laid down for the night;" and it began opening and
+shutting, as it was designed to do, with the motion of the ship.
+
+"We are not what you might call idle," groaned all the frames
+together, as the "Dimbula" climbed a big wave, lay on her side at the
+top, and shot into the next hollow, twisting as she descended. A huge
+swell pushed up exactly under her middle, and her bow and stern hung
+free, with nothing to support them, and then one joking wave caught
+her up at the bow, and another at the stern, while the rest of the
+water fell away from under her, just to see how she would like it, and
+she was held up at the two ends, and the weight of the cargo and the
+machinery fell on the groaning iron keels and bilge stringers.
+
+"Ease off! Ease off there!" roared the garboard strake. "I want an
+eighth of an inch play. D'you hear me, you young rivets!"
+
+"Ease off! ease off!" cried the bilge stringers. "Don't hold us so
+tight to the frames!"
+
+"Ease off!" grunted the deck beams, as the "Dimbula" rolled fearfully.
+"You've cramped our knees into the stringers and we can't move. Ease
+off, you flat-headed little nuisances."
+
+[Illustration: "AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG
+THROBBING SCREW NEARLY TO THE SURFACE."]
+
+Then two converging seas hit the bows, one on each side, and fell away
+in torrents of streaming thunder.
+
+"Ease off!" shouted the forward collision bulkhead. "I want to crumple
+up, but I'm stiffened in every direction. Ease off, you dirty little
+forge filings. Let me breathe!"
+
+All the hundreds of plates that are riveted on to the frames, and make
+the outside skin of every steamer, echoed the call, for each plate
+wanted to shift and creep a little, and each plate, according to its
+position, complained against the rivets.
+
+"We can't help it! _We_ can't help it!" they murmured. "We're put here
+to hold you, and we're going to do it. You never pull us twice in the
+same direction. If you'd say what you were going to do next, we'd try
+to meet your views."
+
+"As far as I could feel," said the upper-deck planking, and that was
+four inches thick, "every single iron near me was pushing or pulling
+in opposite directions. Now, what's the sense of that? My friends, let
+us all pull together."
+
+"Pull any way you please." roared the funnel, "so long as you don't
+try your experiments on _me_. I need fourteen wire ropes, all pulling
+in opposite directions, to hold me steady. Isn't that so?"
+
+"We believe you, my boy!" whistled the funnel stays through their
+clenched teeth, as they twanged in the wind from the top of the funnel
+to the deck.
+
+"Nonsense! We must all pull together," the decks repeated. "Pull
+lengthways."
+
+"Very good," said the stringers; "then stop pushing sideways when you
+get wet. Be content to run gracefully fore and aft, and curve in at
+the ends as we do."
+
+"No, no curves at the end. A very slight workmanlike curve from side
+to side, with a good grip at each knee, and little pieces welded on,"
+said the deck beams.
+
+"Fiddle!" said the iron pillars of the deep, dark hold. "Who ever
+heard of curves? Stand up straight; be a perfectly round column, and
+carry tons of good solid weight. Like that! There!" A big sea smashed
+on to the deck above, and the pillars stiffened themselves to the
+load.
+
+"Straight up and down is not bad," said the frames who run that way
+in the sides of the ship, "but you must also expand yourself sideways.
+Expansion is the law of life, children. Open out! Open out!"
+
+"Come back!" said the deck beam, savagely, as the upward heave of
+the sea made the frames try to open. "Come back to your bearings, you
+slack-jawed irons!"
+
+"Rigidity! Rigidity! Rigidity!" thumped the engines. "Absolute,
+unvarying rigidity--rigidity!"
+
+"You see!" whined the rivets in chorus. "No two of you will ever pull
+alike, and--and you blame it all on us. We only know how to go through
+a plate and bite down on both sides so that it can't and mustn't and
+sha'n't move."
+
+"I've got one-sixteenth of an inch play at any rate," said the
+garboard strake triumphantly; and so he had, and all the bottom of the
+ship felt a good deal easier for it.
+
+"Then we're no good," sobbed the bottom rivets. "We were ordered--we
+were _ordered_--never to give, and we've given, and the sea will come
+in, and we'll all go to the bottom together! First we're blamed for
+everything unpleasant, and now we haven't the consolation of having
+done our work."
+
+"Don't say I told you," whispered the steam consolingly; "but, between
+you and me and the cloud I last came from, it was bound to happen
+sooner or later. You _had_ to give a fraction, and you've given
+without knowing it. Now hold on, as before."
+
+"What's the use?" a few hundred rivets chattered. "We've given--we've
+given; and the sooner we confess that we can't keep the ship together
+and go off our little heads, the easier it will be. No rivet forged
+could stand this strain."
+
+"No one rivet was ever meant to. Share it among you," the steam
+answered.
+
+"The others can have my share. I'm going to pull out," said a rivet in
+one of the forward plates.
+
+"If you go, others will follow," hissed the steam. "There's nothing so
+contagious in a boat as rivets going. Why, I knew a little chap like
+you--he was an eighth of an inch fatter, though--on a steamer--to be
+sure, she was only twelve tons, now I come to think of it--in exactly
+the same place as you are. _He_ pulled out in a bit of a bobble of a
+sea, not half as bad as this, and he started all his friends on the
+same butt-strap, and the plate opened like a furnace door, and I had
+to climb into the nearest fog bank while the boat went down."
+
+"Now that's peculiarly disgraceful," said the rivet. "Fatter than me,
+was he, and in a steamer not half our tonnage? Reedy little peg! I
+blush for the family, sir." He settled himself more firmly than ever
+in his place, and the steam chuckled.
+
+"You see," he went on quite gravely, "a rivet, and especially a rivet
+in _your_ position, is really the _one_ indispensable part of the
+ship." The steam did not say that he had whispered the very same thing
+to every single piece of iron aboard. There is no sense in telling too
+much.
+
+And all that while the little "Dimbula" pitched and chopped and swung
+and slewed, and lay down as though she were going to die, and got up
+as though she had been stung, and threw her nose round and round in
+circles half a dozen times as she dipped, for the gale was at its
+worst. It was inky black, in spite of the tearing white froth on the
+waves, and, to top everything, the rain began to fall in sheets, so
+that you could not see your hand before your face. This did not make
+much difference to the iron-work below, but it troubled the foremast a
+good deal.
+
+"Now it's all finished," he said, dismally. "The conspiracy is too
+strong for us. There is nothing left but to--"
+
+"Hurraar! Brrrraaah! Brrrrrrp!" roared the steam through the foghorn,
+till the decks quivered. "Don't be frightened below. It's only me,
+just throwing out a few words in case any one happens to be rolling
+round to-night,"
+
+"You don't mean to say there's any one except _us_ on the sea in such
+weather?" said the funnel, in a husky snuffle.
+
+"Scores of 'em," said the steam, clearing its throat. "Rrrrrraaa!
+Brraaaaa! Prrrrp! It's a trifle windy up here; and, great boilers, how
+it rains!"
+
+"We're drowning," said the scuppers. They had been doing nothing else
+all night, but this steady thresh of rain above them seemed to be the
+end of the world.
+
+"That's all right. We'll be easier in an hour or two. First the
+wind and then the rain; soon you may make sail again! Grrraaaaah!
+Drrrraaaa! Drrrrrp! I have a notion that the sea is going down
+already. If it does you'll learn something about rolling. We've only
+pitched till now. By the way, aren't you chaps in the hold a little
+easier than you were?"
+
+There was just as much groaning and straining as ever, but it was not
+so loud or squeaky in tone; and when the ship quivered she did not
+jar stiffly, like a poker hit on the floor, but gave a supple little
+waggle, like a perfectly balanced golf club.
+
+"We have made a most amazing discovery," said the stringers, one after
+another; "a discovery that entirely changes the situation. We have
+found, for the first time in the history of shipbuilding, that the
+inward pull of the deck beams and the outward thrust of the frames
+locks us, as it were, more closely in our places, and enables us to
+endure a strain which is entirely without parallel in the records of
+marine architecture."
+
+The steam turned a laugh quickly into a roar up the foghorn. "What
+massive intellects you great stringers have!" he said, softly, when he
+had finished.
+
+"We, also," began the deck beams, "are discoverers and geniuses. We
+are of opinion that the support of the hold-pillars materially helps
+_us_. We find that we lock upon them when we are subjected to a heavy
+and singular weight of sea above."
+
+Here the "Dimbula" shot down a hollow, lying almost on her side, and
+righting at the bottom with a wrench and a spasm.
+
+"In these cases--are you aware of this, steam?--the plating at the
+bows, and particularly at the stern,--we would also mention the floors
+beneath us,--helps _us_ to resist any tendency to spring." It was the
+frames who were speaking in the solemn and awed voice which people use
+when they have just come across something entirely new for the very
+first time.
+
+"I'm only a poor, puffy little flutterer," said the steam, "but I have
+to stand a good deal of pressure in my business. It's all tremendously
+interesting. Tell us some more. You fellows are _so_ strong."
+
+"You'll see," said the bow plates proudly. "Ready behind there! Here's
+the father and mother of waves coming! Sit tight, rivets all!" The
+great sluicing comber thundered by, but through all the scuffle and
+confusion the steam could hear the low, quick cries of the iron-work
+as the various strains took them--cries like these: "Easy now, easy!
+_Now_ push for all your strength! Hold out! Give a fraction! Hold up!
+Pull in! Shove crossways! Mind the strain at the ends! Grip now! Bite
+tight! Let the water get away from under, and there she goes."
+
+The wave raced off into the darkness shouting, "Not bad that, if it's
+your first run!" and the drenched and ducked ship throbbed to the beat
+of the engines inside her. All three cylinders were wet and white with
+the salt spray that had come down through the engine-room hatch; there
+was white salt on the canvas-bound steam pipes, and even the bright
+work below was speckled and soiled; but the cylinders had learned to
+make the most of steam that was half water, and were pounding along
+cheerfully.
+
+"How's the noblest outcome of human ingenuity hitting it?" said the
+steam, as he whirled through the engine room.
+
+"Nothing for nothing in the world of woe," the cylinders answered,
+as if they had been working for centuries, "and precious little for
+seventy-five pounds head. We've made two knots this last hour and a
+quarter! Rather humiliating for eight hundred horse-power, isn't it?"
+
+"Well, it's better than drifting astern, at any rate. You seem rather
+less--how shall I put it?--stiff in the back than you were."
+
+"If you'd been hammered as we've been this night, you wouldn't be
+stiff--ffreff--ff--either. Theoreti--retti--retti--cally, of course,
+rigidity is _the_ thing. Purr--purr--practically, there has to be a
+little give and take. _We_ found that out by working on our sides for
+five minutes at a stretch--chch--chh. How's the weather?"
+
+"Sea's going down fast," said the steam.
+
+"Good business," said the high-pressure cylinder. "Whack her up along,
+boys. They've given us five pounds more steam;" and he began humming
+the first bars of "Said the young Obadiah to the old Obadiah," which,
+as you must have noticed, is a pet tune among engines not made for
+high speed. Racing liners with twin screws sing "The Turkish Patrol"
+and the overture to the "Bronze Horse" and "Madame Angot," till
+something goes wrong, and then they give Gounod's "Funeral March of a
+Marionette" with variations.
+
+"You'll learn a song of your own some fine day," said the steam, as he
+flew up the foghorn for one last bellow.
+
+Next day the sky cleared and the sea dropped a little, and the
+"Dimbula" began to roll from side to side till every inch of iron in
+her was sick and giddy. But, luckily, they did not all feel ill at the
+same time; otherwise she would have opened out like a wet paper box.
+The steam whistled warnings as he went about his business, for it is
+in this short, quick roll and tumble that follows a heavy sea that
+most of the accidents happen; because then everything thinks that the
+worst is over and goes off guard. So he orated and chattered till the
+beams and frames and floors and stringers and things had learned how
+to lock down and lock up on one another, and endure this new kind of
+strain.
+
+They had ample time, for they were sixteen days at sea, and it was
+foul weather till within a hundred miles of New York. The "Dimbula"
+picked up her pilot, and came in covered with salt and red rust. Her
+funnel was dirty gray from top to bottom; two boats had been carried
+away; three copper ventilators looked like hats after a fight with the
+police; the bridge had a dimple in the middle of it; the house that
+covered the steam steering-gear was split as with hatchets; there
+was a bill for small repairs in the engine room almost as long as the
+screw-shaft; the forward cargo hatch fell into bucket staves when
+they raised the iron crossbars; and the steam capstan had been badly
+wrenched on its bed. Altogether, as the skipper said, it was "a pretty
+general average."
+
+"But she's soupled," he said to Mr. Buchanan. "For all her dead
+weight, she rode like a yacht. Ye mind that last blow off the Banks? I
+was proud of her."
+
+"It's vara good," said the chief engineer, looking along the
+dishevelled decks. "Now, a man judging superficially would say we were
+a wreck, but we know otherwise--by experience."
+
+Naturally, everything in the "Dimbula" stiffened with pride, and
+the foremast and the forward collision bulkhead, who are pushing
+creatures, begged the steam to warn the port of New York of their
+arrival. "Tell those big boats all about us," they said. "They seem to
+take us quite as a matter of course."
+
+It was a glorious, clear, dead calm morning, and in single file, with
+less than half a mile between each, their bands playing, and
+their tugboats shouting and waving handkerchiefs beneath, were the
+"Majestic," the "Paris," the "Touraine," the "Servia," the "Kaiser
+Wilhelm II." and the "Werkendam," all statelily going out to sea. As
+the "Dimbula" shifted her helm to give the great boats clear way, the
+steam (who knows far too much to mind making an exhibition of himself
+now and then) shouted:
+
+"Oyez! oyez! oyez! Princes, Dukes, and Barons of the High Seas! Know
+ye by these presents we are the 'Dimbula,' fifteen days nine hours out
+from Liverpool, having crossed the Atlantic with four thousand ton of
+cargo for the first time in our career. We have not foundered! We are
+here! Eer! eer! We are not disabled. But we have had a time wholly
+unparalleled in the annals of shipbuilding. Our decks were swept. We
+pitched, we rolled! We thought we were going to die! Hi! hi! But we
+didn't! We wish to give notice that we have come to New York all the
+way across the Atlantic, through the worst weather in the world; and
+we are the 'Dimbula.' We are--arr--ha--ha--ha-r-r!"
+
+The beautiful line of boats swept by as steadily as the procession of
+the seasons. The "Dimbula" heard the "Majestic" say "Humph!" and the
+"Paris" grunted "How!" and the "Touraine" said "Oui!" with a little
+coquettish flicker of steam; and the "Servia" said "Haw!" and the
+"Kaiser" and the "Werkendam" said "Hoch!" Dutch fashion--and that was
+absolutely all.
+
+"I did my best," said the steam, gravely, "but I don't think they were
+much impressed with us, somehow. Do you?"
+
+"It's simply disgusting," said the bow-plates. "They might have
+seen what we've been through. There isn't a ship on the sea that has
+suffered as we have--is there now?"
+
+"Well, I wouldn't go so far as that," said the steam, "because I've
+worked on some of those boats, and put them through weather quite as
+bad as we've had in six days; and some of them are a little over ten
+thousand tons, I believe. Now, I've seen the 'Majestic,' for instance,
+ducked from her bows to her funnel, and I've helped the 'Arizona,' I
+think she was, to back off an iceberg she met with one dark night; and
+I had to run out of the 'Paris's' engine room one day because there
+was thirty foot of water in it. Of course, I don't deny--" The steam
+shut off suddenly as a tugboat, loaded with a political club and a
+brass band that had been to see a senator off to Europe, crossed the
+bows, going to Hoboken. There was a long silence, that reached without
+a break from the cut-water to the propeller blades of the "Dimbula."
+
+Then one big voice said slowly and thickly, as though the owner had
+just waked up: "It's my conviction that I have made a fool of myself."
+
+The steam knew what had happened at once; for when a ship finds
+herself, all the talking of the separate pieces ceases and melts into
+one deep voice, which is the soul of the ship.
+
+"Who are you?" he said, with a laugh.
+
+"I am the 'Dimbula,' of course. I've never been anything else except
+that--and a fool."
+
+The tugboat, which was doing its very best to be run down, got away
+just in time, and its band was playing clashily and brassily a popular
+but impolite air:
+
+  In the days of old Rameses--are you on?
+  In the days of old Rameses--are you on?
+  In the days of old Rameses,
+  That story had paresis--
+  Are you on--are you on--are you on?
+
+"Well, I'm glad you've found yourself," said the steam. "To tell the
+truth, I was a little tired of talking to all those ribs of stringers.
+Here's quarantine. After that we'll go to our wharf and clean up a
+little, and next month we'll do it all over again."
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--GOYA AND HIS CAREER.--FOUR ENGLISH
+PAINTERS OF FAMILIAR LIFE.--GERICAULT, INGRES, AND DELACROIX.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+Looking backward to the first quarter of this century, it is hardly
+too sweeping an assertion to say that, with a single exception, there
+was little that was important in the way of painting outside of France
+and England. There were local reputations in all the other countries,
+practitioners of the art who joined to a respectable proficiency in
+painting an adhesion to the traditions which had been handed down to
+them. These men, in their time and place, were notable; and in
+the museums of their respective countries their works remain of
+chronological interest to students of painting. But to the larger
+public which these papers address, they are of little importance,
+having exercised but slight influence on contemporaneous art.
+
+The exception already noted was in Spain, and there only in the case
+of a single painter. Francisco Goya y Lucientes, "Pintor Espanol," as
+he delighted to call himself, would be, indeed has been, a fascinating
+subject for picturesque biography. Charles Yriarte, the well-known
+French art critic, has given the world a most interesting and complete
+story of Goya's life, which, though it is only separated from our own
+day by a span of seventy years, chronicles the exploits of one who
+in the history of art must hark back to Benvenuto Cellini in the
+sixteenth century to find his parallel.
+
+Goya was born March 31, 1746, at Fuente de Todos, in the province of
+Aragon. The son of a small farmer, he was placed when very young
+in the local Academy of Fine Arts at Saragossa, where he received
+instruction from Bayen and Luzan, painters little known outside of
+Spain. The swashbuckler instincts which were to govern him through
+life manifested themselves here, where in a street brawl he laid low
+three of his adversaries. He found it prudent to evade both justice
+and the vengeance which followed swift and sure in those days in
+Spain, by flying to Madrid. Soon after his arrival in the capital,
+however, in continuation of his old mode of life, he was picked up for
+dead in one of the low quarters of the town. Surviving the poignard,
+but again threatened with arrest, he joined a _quadrilla_ of
+bull-fighters, in whose company he went from town to town, giving
+exhibitions of his prowess in the national sport.
+
+[Illustration: THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+
+There is a tradition that this etching was made from nature, the
+model--some malefactor executed by the strangling method employed in
+Spain--being studied by Goya from his chamber window.]
+
+With all this, painting must have been somewhat of an interlude;
+but Goya had early shown signs of great talent, and before he left
+Saragossa, his master, Josepha Bayen, had confidence enough in
+his future to entrust the happiness of his daughter to his care by
+permitting his marriage to her. Goya's biographer notes that through
+all the various adventures of his career he had the utmost care for
+the material comfort of this lady. Her character must impress us
+to-day as charitable to excess; for, shortly after the bull-fighting
+episode, Goya found himself in Rome, where his next exploit was the
+abduction, from a convent, of a noble Roman girl. With the police once
+more on his track, he sought refuge at the Spanish Embassy, whence
+he was despatched home in disguise, probably to the relief of his
+country's representative in Rome. Before this adventure, which was
+only one of many which the charitable wife had to pardon, he had
+attracted the attention of David, who was then in Italy, and who,
+as his art differed in every way from that of Goya, must have been
+strongly impressed by his work to give it his approval.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
+
+One of the plates from the "Disasters of War" where the grotesque and
+huge figure of Death appears to the combatants.]
+
+On arriving home Goya was given employment in designing a series of
+tapestries for the royal palace; and from 1780, when he was made a
+member of the Spanish Royal Academy, ensues the period of his
+greatest artistic activity. Carrying into his art the same excess
+of temperament which marked his life, his execution was rapid and
+decisive. Rebellious to the ordinary means employed by painters, he
+used various mediums, some of which have ill withstood the ravages of
+time; and, disdaining brushes, he often employed sponges or bits of
+rag in their place. In the case of one of his pictures, a revolt of
+the Madrilenians against the French, it is said that he employed a
+spoon.
+
+In 1799 Goya was made painter to the king, Charles III., whose
+successor, the fourth of his name, continued his favor. The time,
+which was that of the notorious "Prince of Peace," Godoy, was
+favorable for a character like that of Goya, whose eccentricities were
+looked upon with an indulgent eye by a court which must have felt
+that its function was hardly that of moral censor. At least Goya, the
+intimate of Maria Louisa and the court circle, by no means abandoned
+his friends the bull-fighters and tavern-keepers. Fresh from an
+altar-piece for a cathedral, or a royal portrait, his ready brush
+found employment in rapidly painting a street scene, or even a sign
+for a wine-shop. A whitewashed wall for canvas and mud from the gutter
+for pigment, were the means employed to embody a patriotic theme at
+the entrance of the French soldiers into Madrid--a popular masterpiece
+executed to the plaudits of the crowd.
+
+All this would seem to denote a charlatan; yet withal, Goya has fairly
+won his place amid the great painters of the world. Perhaps no better
+example could be found of the essential difference between the outward
+and visible actions of a man and the inward and spiritual grace of an
+artist than in this instance; and the Latin standpoint, always more
+intellectually liberal than our own Anglo-Saxon appreciation of the
+same problem furnishes the reason why Goya was left free to pursue his
+artistic career instead of languishing in prison. His illogical brush
+filled the cathedrals of Saragossa, Seville, Toledo, and Valencia
+with masterly frescoes, while with the etching needle he produced
+many plates. Some of these, like the "Caprices," a series of eighty
+etchings, are filled with imagination alternately tragical and
+grotesque; while another series, representing bull-fights, throughout
+its thirty-three plates depicts the incidents of the game with intense
+realism. The "Disasters of War," another series of eighty, were
+inspired by the French invasion; and never, perhaps, were the
+cruelties of war more strenuously realized in art than in these.
+Probably these etchings, executed, like all his works, by methods
+peculiar to himself, constitute his best title to remembrance. But
+his painting, replete though it be with the defects of his qualities,
+stands as a precursor of the great coloristic school of which
+Delacroix was the head and front. This is notably to be felt in his
+portraits, and in some of the rapidly executed single figures of
+which the Louvre has a specimen and the Metropolitan Museum, New York,
+another--the latter, "A Jewess of Tangiers."
+
+[Illustration: GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.
+
+This portrait is the frontispiece to a series of etchings by Goya.]
+
+Before leaving Goya for men whose works are their only history,
+a characteristic incident, which caused his flight from Spain to
+Bordeaux in France, must be told. In 1814 Wellington was in Madrid
+and sat for his portrait to Goya. After the first sitting, the soldier
+presumed to criticise the work; whereat Goya, seizing a cutlass,
+attacked him, causing the future hero of Waterloo to flee for his life
+from the maniacal fury of the painter. It is said that, later, peace
+was made between the two men, and that the portrait was achieved;
+but for the moment Goya found safety in France, together with his
+long-suffering wife, who had incidentally borne him twenty children.
+At the green old age of eighty-two Goya died at Bordeaux, April 16,
+1828.
+
+[Illustration: ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA IN
+THE CATHEDRAL AT SEVILLE.
+
+These are the patron saints of Seville. The legend has it that they
+were the daughters of a potter and followed their father's trade,
+giving away in charity, however, all that they earned more than was
+sufficient to supply their simple wants. At the time of a festival
+to Venus, they were requested to supply the vessels to be used in her
+worship, and on their refusing, they were dragged before the prefect,
+who condemned them to death, July 19, A.D. 304. They are generally
+represented with earthen vessels and the palms of martyrdom; in this
+case, the broken statue of Venus lies in the foreground. The Giralda
+tower, the chief ornament of Seville, and the prototype of the Madison
+Square tower in New York City, is their especial care, and it is
+believed that its preservation from lightning is due to them.]
+
+No greater contrast could be devised than the four works which follow,
+either in the character of the art or in the uneventful respectability
+of the painters' lives. They are all typical of a class of pictures
+which has been popular in England, from the time of Hogarth to the
+present day. The earliest of them is the "Blind Fiddler" of Sir David
+Wilkie, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1807. The dates at
+which the others, by Mulready, Webster, and Leslie, were painted would
+preclude their appearance here, if strict chronological sequence were
+imposed, as they were painted about 1840. It is instructive,
+however, to group them together, to show that these artists and their
+followers, who were legion, thought at least as much of subject as of
+method. Not that the latter quality is lacking. On the contrary, it
+is only too evident; but it is a method of convention. No one would
+imagine for a moment, in looking at any one of these pictures, that
+he was admitted an unseen spectator to some scene of intimate family
+life. It is this quality which the great Dutchmen in all their scenes
+of familiar life preserved; and when we look at a Pieter de Hooge,
+for instance, there is no suspicion that the homely scene has been
+arranged for our delectation. In its transplantation from Holland,
+however, English art lost just this quality.
+
+David Wilkie, born in Scotland, at Cults in Fifeshire, November 18,
+1785, came to London in 1805 to enter the Royal Academy schools, after
+some preliminary training at Edinburgh. His first picture, in the
+exhibition of 1806, "The Village Politicians," attracted attention,
+and was followed the next year by "The Blind Fiddler." The work of
+a youth of twenty-two, it is remarkable for its close observation
+of character and the skilful use made of what may be termed the
+theatrical faculty of grouping the personages so that their action
+tells the story. This is not a merit, and there is little doubt that
+the scene would be greater as art were it more consistently human.
+Character is well and pictorially rendered; but by its insistence in
+every figure, we feel that it is but a moment since the curtain
+was withdrawn and the _tableau vivant_ shown. This and the pictures
+following it met with the most unbounded popular approval, were
+reproduced by engraving, and exercised an influence increased by the
+honors and fortune which were showered on the painter.
+
+In 1825 Wilkie made an extended continental tour, and three years
+later, after his return to England, changed his class of subjects for
+historical and portrait painting, bringing to these later themes the
+same ability and the same lack of _naivete_ which characterized his
+former work. A Royal Academician since 1811, he was appointed first
+painter in ordinary to the king, on the death of Lawrence, in 1830. He
+was knighted in 1836, and died at sea on June 1, 1841, while returning
+from Egypt.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+
+"An itinerant musician is entertaining a cottager and his family with a
+tune on the fiddle; the father gayly snaps his fingers at an infant on
+the knees of the mother, behind whom a mischievous boy, with the poker
+and bellows in his hands, is mimicking the action of the musician.
+With this exception, all, even the dog standing by the chair of its
+mistress, appear to be intent upon the music of the blind fiddler."
+This quotation, from the catalogue of the National Gallery where the
+original picture is placed, accurately describes it.]
+
+[Illustration: CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM
+MULREADY IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, LONDON.
+
+To the title of this picture, the painter himself added, as expository
+of his theme and the source of his inspiration, the following passage
+from Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield": "I had scarcely taken orders
+a year, before I began to think seriously of matrimony, and chose my
+wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a fine glossy surface, but
+for such qualities as would wear well." The picture thus affords
+a good instance of the dependence on literature of the painters of
+Mulready's school. Its title alone would suffice, so well and simply
+is the story told; but, apparently, with the British public, and in
+the painter's mind, it gained an added grace by diverting the visual
+impression of the observer to the realm of literature. The picture is
+here reproduced from a copyrighted photograph by Frederick Hollyer,
+Kensington.]
+
+William Mulready was of Irish birth, having come into the world at
+Ennis, in the County Clare, April 1, 1786. In 1809, after a period
+in the schools of the Royal Academy, he exhibited there a picture
+entitled "Fair Time," which gave him almost instant success; and until
+his death, July 7, 1863, though producing fewer pictures than Wilkie,
+he worked on very much the same class of subjects. His color is less
+agreeable than that of the Scot, and his execution very much more
+labored. His life was uneventful, occupied exclusively with his work,
+which he loved; so much so that two days before his death, an old
+man of seventy-seven, he sat drawing in the evening life class at the
+Royal Academy. He had been a member of the Academy since 1816. The
+picture here reproduced is (even without the quotation from the "Vicar
+of Wakefield" which accompanies it in the catalogue of the South
+Kensington Museum) a simple story simply told. It is free from the
+mannerisms which mar much of Mulready's work, especially in the
+portrayal of children, and in the original is more agreeable in color
+than are many of his pictures.
+
+[Illustration: CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER. The
+happily chosen title explains sufficiently this pleasant scene. The
+picture, painted in 1843, is now in the South Kensington Museum.]
+
+Thomas Webster, born March 20, 1800, in London, and dying at Cranbrook
+in Kent, September, 1886, was another painter whose work had enjoyed
+the full meed of popularity, from 1825 to the time of his retirement
+from the Royal Academy in 1877. Pictures like the one here reproduced
+(from the original in the South Kensington Museum, painted in 1843,
+and entitled "Contrary Winds"), pictures depicting homely rustic
+life, were his specialty. His work had gained him the title of Royal
+Academician in 1846.
+
+Through all this time, and in the work of many painters unnoticed
+here, the qualities are evident of an honest endeavor to paint the
+simple life of the country. With a higher standard of taste, and
+better preliminary instruction, painting would have gained; and the
+defect with which British art has been so often reproached, of being
+too literary, might have been lessened. Charles Robert Leslie,
+whose works are almost uniformly inspired by literature, was born at
+Clerkenwell in England, of American parents, October 19, 1794. He was
+taken to Philadelphia when five years of age, but returned to England
+in 1811, to study at the Royal Academy. Washington Allston and
+Benjamin West, both Americans--the latter at the time President of the
+Royal Academy--aided Leslie by advice.
+
+After a preliminary stage as a portrait painter, Leslie exhibited at
+the Royal Academy in 1819 a picture of "Sir Roger de Coverley Going to
+Church," the first of a long series of pictures dependent on books
+for their subjects. In 1825 he painted "Sancho Panza and the Duchess,"
+which procured him his election as an Academician the following year.
+The picture here reproduced is a repetition, with some slight changes,
+of the same subject, but was painted in 1844. Leslie may be said to
+have originated this style of subject in England, where he has had
+many followers; and, given the requisite knowledge of literature, his
+pictures tell their story with directness and humor. In painting, his
+work is rather hard; but in grace and style of drawing he was much
+superior to his contemporaries. Among his pictures are many suggested
+by Shakespeare, which have been popularized by engraving.
+
+[Illustration: SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS. FROM A
+PAINTING BY C.E. LESLIE.
+
+Sancho having, by the command of the Duchess, seated himself upon a
+low stool, is saying, "Now, madam, that I am sure that nobody but the
+company present hears us, I will answer without fear or emotion to all
+you have asked and to all you shall ask me; and the first thing I tell
+you is that I take my master, Don Quixote, for a downright madman."
+The original picture is in the National Gallery, London.]
+
+Leslie returned to this country in 1833 to accept the professorship
+of drawing at the West Point Military Academy, but remained only a
+few months. After returning to London, he enjoyed a successful
+career until his death, May 5, 1859. He was one of the first and most
+consistent admirers of Constable's work, and wrote his life. He also
+published lectures on painting, delivered at the Royal Academy, where
+he had been appointed lecturer in 1848.
+
+The consideration of the two men whose portraits face each other here,
+and who stood thus opposed, during their lives, as the leaders of
+all that constituted art in their time and country, takes us back to
+France. Frequent returns of this character will be necessary in the
+course of these papers; for, without undue prejudice in favor of
+the French, it must be said that they alone have through the century
+maintained a consistent attitude in regard to art. Other countries
+have from time to time encouraged painting, with as frequent lapses
+of interest or lack of men who could legitimately inspire interest.
+Although transplanted bodily from Italy to France, in the time of
+Francis the First, art had taken so firm a root by the commencement
+of this century that, as we have seen, it grew and flourished though
+watered by the red blood of revolution. As a national institution,
+following the prescribed rules of the Academy, it has, of course,
+met with frequent assaults at the hands of men for whom prescribed
+academic law was as naught in comparison with the higher law of
+genius. In 1819 such a man appeared, with a picture which violated the
+unwritten law formulated by David: "Look in your Plutarch and paint!"
+
+[Illustration: THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GERICAULT
+IN THE LOUVRE.
+
+The frigate "Medusa," accompanied by three other vessels, left France
+June 17, 1816, heading for Saint-Louis (Senegal), with the governor
+and principal officers of the colony as passengers. On July 2 the
+vessel stranded on a reef, and after five days of ineffectual effort
+to float her, was abandoned. A raft was constructed and one hundred
+and forty-nine men embarked on it, the remainder of the crew and
+passengers, four hundred all told, taking to the boats. For twelve
+days, the raft floated at the will of the waves and winds; then it
+was sighted by one of the convoys, the brig Argus. Only fifteen men
+survived. The picture represents the moment of their deliverance.]
+
+Jean Louis Andre Theodore Gericault, born at Rouen, September 26,
+1791, came to Paris in 1808, and entered the studio of Guerin, where
+his method of painting displeased his master to such a degree that he
+advised him to abandon the study of art. Guerin had thoroughly imbibed
+the defects of the David method; and the spectacle of a youth who
+obstinately persisted in trying to paint the model as he really
+appeared, instead of making a pink imitation of antique sculpture,
+seemed to him to be of little promise.
+
+Gericault, however, persisted; and with the exception of about a year,
+when the halo of military glory seduced him from his work, he worked
+so well and earnestly that, after two years' sojourn in Italy, he
+returned to Paris, a few weeks before the Salon of 1819, equipped with
+the knowledge of a master.
+
+Taking a canvas about fifteen feet high by twenty in length, using the
+green-room of a theatre for a studio, he set to work. Disdaining the
+prevailing taste for mythology and classic themes, he took from the
+journals of the time the moving recital of the sufferings of the crew
+of the frigate "Medusa," abandoned on a raft in mid-ocean. Choosing
+the moment when the fifteen survivors of the hundred and forty-nine
+men who had embarked on the raft sighted the sail in the offing which
+meant their deliverance, he worked with an energy and fire which have
+remained remarkable in the annals of art. Certain of the figures, all
+of which are more than life size, were painted in a day, and when the
+Salon of 1819 opened, the picture was finished.
+
+[Illustration: INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.
+
+Painted for the gallery of Painters' Portraits in the Uffizi,
+Florence, in 1858, according to the inscription on the picture. This
+most interesting collection, which is still being added to year by
+year, comprises the portraits of the great painters, in most cases by
+their own hands, from the time of the Renaissance to our day.]
+
+Seen as it is to-day in the Louvre, blackened by time and the neglect
+from which it suffered for six or seven years before it was placed
+there, it remains one of the capital pages in the history of modern
+art. The effect on the younger generation who saw it fresh from the
+hand of the master, accustomed as they were to the lifeless
+effigies of the classic school, was puzzling, and none but the most
+revolutionary dared approve of it. With the older painters there was
+a similar distrust of the impression which it caused. Yet David--an
+artistic kernel encased in an academic husk--admired it; and so did a
+swarthy youth who was soon to make his mark and who was a friend and
+former comrade of Gericault in the _atelier_ Guerin--Eugene Delacroix.
+
+[Illustration: DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.
+
+This portrait was left by the painter at his death to Mlle. Jenny
+Leguillon, his housekeeper, and by her was bequeathed to the Louvre in
+1872.]
+
+Gericault received a recompense of the fourth class, and, disgusted
+with his lot, took the immense canvas to London, where it was
+exhibited with success. During his sojourn in England he executed a
+number of pictures in oil and water color, and many lithographs, which
+are to-day eagerly sought by collectors. Returning to France full of
+projects for work, his health began to give way, and on the 18th of
+January, 1824, he died. The influence which he exercised had, however,
+borne its fruits. Already in the Salon of 1822 Ferdinand Victor Eugene
+Delacroix, born at Charenton, near Paris, April 26, 1799, had shown
+his "Dante and Virgil."
+
+Before considering Delacroix, however, it is best to return to the
+earlier years of the century, and give J. Dominique Auguste Ingres,
+whose stern face confronts Delacroix's portrait, the precedence to
+which his age entitles him.
+
+"Monsieur" Ingres, as the iconoclastic leaders of the romantic school
+called him in mock deference, was born at Montauban, August 29, 1780.
+His life was fortunate, and his history, which is chiefly that of his
+works, can be told in few words. A pupil of David, he received
+the Prix de Rome in 1801. He remained in Rome much longer than the
+allotted four years to which his prize entitled him, and returned
+there often during his life as to the source of all art. By
+portraiture and the constant patronage of the government, the material
+conditions of his life, which was of a simple character, befitting
+a man who viewed his mission as that of an apostle preaching the
+doctrine of pure classicism, were made easy; and the official titles
+of Member of the Institute, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, and
+Senator of the Empire all came to him with the lapse of years.
+
+More royalist than the king, and the last of David's disciples, Ingres
+pursued throughout his life the even tenor of a man convinced that
+the source of all inspiration in art was Greek sculpture as amplified,
+transmuted, and translated to the realm of painting by Raphael.
+Painting in his hands became almost purely a matter of form. The
+element of color was virtually ignored, and form, chastened in contour
+and modelling, became through the magic of his genius the almost
+sufficient quality. The qualification is necessary. For though too
+great a man to lose, as too many of his master's pupils did, the grasp
+on nature; and while, therefore, his works, seen as they are through
+the glamour of the antique, never lack an intimate relation to
+existing life, it is impossible to resist the feeling before them that
+it is life beautified, of exquisite yet virile choice, but of life
+arrested. The reproach of his opponents of the romantic school that he
+was an "embalmer" has a foundation of truth.
+
+[Illustration: A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.
+
+This lovely drawing, from the collection in the Louvre, shows Ingres
+in his most pleasing aspect. By the magic of a few lines faintly
+traced, he has evoked for us the image of a charming person; and by
+the slight indication of costume, has also fixed the epoch at which
+the drawing was made. It was in the earlier years of the master, while
+he was in Rome, that he drew many such little masterpieces as a means
+of livelihood, drawings which he then made for a few francs, and which
+are now eagerly sought by the museums of Europe.]
+
+[Illustration: APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.
+
+Originally painted for a ceiling in the gallery of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, in the Louvre, where it is now replaced by a copy of the
+same executed by Ingres's pupils. The picture represents Homer crowned
+as Jupiter by Victory, and seated before his temple receiving the
+homage of the poets, painters, sculptors, and architects of the
+world.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS. FROM A
+PAINTING BY EUGENE DELACROIX.
+
+In 1203, through political intrigue, a French army, raised to take
+part in the fourth crusade for the rescue of Jerusalem from
+the Mohammedans, joined with a Venetian army in an attack on
+Constantinople, then a Christian city, the capital of the Byzantine
+Empire. The city fell, but later was recovered. Then, on April 12,
+1204, the invaders secured it again, and subjected it to a despoilment
+without parallel. Delacroix's picture portrays a scene in this
+despoilment. One of the invading barons, attended by his escort, rides
+on to a terrace, and the citizens fall before him, praying his mercy.
+Behind lies the Bosphorous, and beyond it are the shores of Asia.]
+
+For all this, it is hardly superlative to say that, since art began,
+no man has ever felt the exquisite and subtle harmony of line to
+the same degree as Ingres. Naturally the best examples of this, his
+greatest quality, are to be found in his rendering of the nude human
+form; and from the "Oedipus and the Sphinx," of 1808, to "La Source,"
+of 1856, both of which are now in the Louvre, he returned again and
+again to its study, producing each time a masterpiece. His portraits,
+again, are most masterly, occasionally rising through sheer force of
+rendering each characteristic trait of his model (as in the portrait
+of M. Bertin, the editor of the "Debats"), to the extreme exactitude
+of Holbein, coupled with an _allure_ so thoroughly modern that
+the whole epoch of Louis Philippe lives before us. In the slighter
+drawings of his earlier years in Rome, one of which is reproduced
+here, only the most typical details are chosen, and these are
+indicated with a delicacy of touch, a sureness of hand, that not
+only indicates the master, but lends a distinctive charm of truthful
+delicacy of which none but Ingres has known the secret. It is in such
+works that his influence will be felt the longest; for, as with his
+master, the great pictures in which he exemplified his principles
+remain cold and uninteresting. The "Homer Deified," reproduced here,
+was originally intended as a ceiling for the Louvre, and from a
+decorative point of view would excite a pitying smile from Veronese
+or Tiepolo. Taken bit by bit, as a beautiful exhibition of supreme
+knowledge, of the evasive quality of style in drawing, it is, however,
+admirable, and as a whole it has the merits of grave, balanced
+composition. It was the spirit of work like this which the master
+sought to force upon his epoch, rather than that of his portraits or
+of pictures like the "Source;" and the austerity of these principles
+met with more submission in the earlier years of the century than when
+later Gericault had shown the path in which the audacious Delacroix
+threw himself at the head of a band of romantic followers.
+
+[Illustration: DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE
+INFERNAL CITY OF DITE. FROM A PAINTING BY EUGENE DELACROIX, IN THE
+LOUVRE.
+
+The subject is taken from Dante's "Inferno," and represents the poet
+and his companions and guide standing in a bark conducted by Phlegyas,
+while around them appear on the surface of the water the writhing
+bodies of the condemned, among whom Dante recognizes certain
+Florentines.]
+
+I have used the term audacious in speaking of Delacroix, and
+circumstances forced him to justify the epithet. Yet to a student of
+his work, and still more of his character as revealed in his writings
+(his recently published letters and the few articles published during
+his life in the "Revue des Deux-Mondes"), he would appear to have been
+by nature prepared to receive the full academic tradition, and
+only because of what appeared a violation of the tradition _as he
+understood it_, to have arrayed himself in violent opposition: a
+situation which rendered him in work and in life contradictory to his
+natural instinct. It is the old story of the defect of system. Even
+the most cunningly devised cannot make a place for all the many
+manifestations of temperamental activity. Like Gericault, a pupil of
+Guerin, Delacroix found in his master and in the general spirit of
+the school an insistence on the letter of the classic law to which his
+richly endowed nature could not bend, and was thus forced to rebel;
+whereas a more elastic application of received principles would have
+found him an enthusiastic adherent. In this way he missed acquiring
+the technical mastery over form, which proved a stumbling block to him
+through life. At times his drawing is possessed of a vigor and life
+which even Ingres never had; at others his work is almost lamentable
+in its lack of constructive form. In respect to color in its finest,
+most harmonic qualities, he is the greatest of French painters; and
+at all times he is master of an intense dramatic force. It was with a
+masterpiece--"Dante and Virgil"--that he made his first appearance at
+the Salon in 1822. At a bound he found himself famous. Guerin, who had
+counselled him against sending his picture to the Salon, grudgingly
+acknowledged that he was wrong. Gros told him that it was like Rubens,
+with more correctness of form--Rubens "chastened" was the word. The
+government bought the picture, paying the artist two hundred and forty
+dollars--twelve hundred francs--for it.
+
+The same year Delacroix submissively made his final attempt for the
+Prix de Rome, but came out sixtieth in the competition. Thenceforward
+he was to be constantly before the public, constantly opposed,
+misunderstood, criticised; but nevertheless, with all the energy which
+shows in his portrait, constantly in the front. When his defenders had
+sufficient influence to force the hand of the ministry of fine arts,
+he was commissioned to paint for the state; and to this we owe the
+decorations in the gallery of Apollon in the Louvre, the decorations
+in the church of St. Sulpice, and others. When he received the order
+for the entrance of the Crusaders to Constantinople for the Gallery of
+Battles at Versailles, the good King Louis Philippe sent him word to
+make it as little like his usual style as possible!
+
+Among Delacroix's critics Ingres, with all the force of his
+convictions, was the foremost. He to whom a sky had always served as
+a simple background was not created to understand the almost purple
+canopy of azure stretching far above the heads of the Crusaders; nor
+to find barbaric delight in the rich trappings of horses and men,
+since to him a drapery was simply a textureless covering adjusted to
+accentuate the form beneath. Delacroix, whose intelligence was of a
+higher order and who said of himself that he was "more rebellious than
+revolutionary," treated Ingres when they met on official occasions,
+as at the meetings of the Institute (where finally Delacroix had
+penetrated), with a high and distant courtesy which his sturdy
+adversary, strong in his pious devotion to classicism, hardly
+returned. Delacroix had by far the most brilliant following,
+reinforced as it was by the landscape painters, who from 1830 onwards
+gave to this century its most notable school of painting. Added to
+this was a fair measure of appreciation on the part of collectors.
+
+Delacroix's genius found expression in many small pictures, all of
+them characterized by a gem-like coloration (which is more than mere
+color, however, for in it lies the secret of a powerful and direct
+expression of sentiment) and by a vivid realization of movement. Proud
+by nature, delicate in health, his life was far from happy; he never
+ceased to feel the sting of adverse criticism. "For more than thirty
+years I have been given over to the wild beasts," he said once. He
+had warm friends, who have left many records of his sweetness of
+disposition when the outer barrier of haughty reserve was broken
+through; but they were few in number. He never married; painting,
+he said, was his only mistress, and his passion for his art is felt
+through all his work. His death occurred at Champrosay near Paris,
+where he had a modest country house, on August 13, 1863; and four
+years later, January 14, 1867, his great adversary, Ingres, followed
+him.
+
+
+
+
+CY AND I.
+
+BY EUGENE FIELD.
+
+
+  As I went moseyin' down th' street,
+  My Denver friend I chanced t' meet.
+      "Hello!" says I,
+      "Where have you been so long a time
+  That we have missed your soothin' rhyme?"
+      "New York," says Cy.
+      "Gee whiz!" says I.
+
+  "You must have seen some wonders down
+  In that historic, splendid town;"
+      And then says I:
+  "For bridges, parks, and crowded streets
+  There is no other place that beats
+      New York," says I.
+      "_Correct!_" says Cy.
+
+  "The town is mighty big, but then
+  It isn't in it with its men,
+      Is it?" says I.
+  "And tell me, Cyrus, if you can,
+  Who is its biggest, brainiest man?"
+      "Dana!" says Cy.
+      "You _bet_!" says I.
+
+  "He's big of heart and big of brain,
+  And he's been good unto us twain"--
+      Choked up, says I.
+  "I love him, and I pray God give
+  Him many, many years to live!
+      Eh, Cy?" says I.
+      "_Amen!_" says Cy.
+
+
+
+
+A YOUNG HERO
+
+PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF COLONEL E.E. ELLSWORTH.
+
+BY JOHN HAY,
+
+Author, with John G. Nicolay, of "Abraham Lincoln: a History."
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORIGINAL COMPANY OF
+ELLSWORTH ZOUAVES.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Miller and taken in 1861 by Colonel
+E.L. Brand, at that time commanding the company.]
+
+It is in contemplating what the world loses in the deaths of brilliant
+young citizen soldiers that we appreciate most fully the waste of
+war and the priceless value of the cause for which such lives were
+sacrificed. When a man like Henri Regnault--the most substantial
+hope and promise of art in our century--is seen at the siege of Paris
+lingering behind his retreating comrades, "_le temps de bruler une
+derniere cartouche_" the last words he uttered; when a genius like
+Theodore Winthrop is extinguished in its ardent dawn on an obscure
+skirmish field; when a patriot and poet like Koerner dies in battle
+with his work hardly begun--we feel how inadequate are all the
+millions of the treasury to rival such offerings. We shall have no
+correct idea what our country is worth to us if we forget all the
+singing voices that were hushed, all the noble hearts that stopped
+beating, all the fiery energies that were quenched, that we might be
+citizens of the great and indivisible Republic of the Western world.
+
+I believe that few men who fell in our civil conflict bore with them
+out of the world possibilities of fame and usefulness so bright or
+so important as Colonel Ephraim Elmer Ellsworth, who was killed at
+Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861--the first conspicuous victim of
+the war. The world can never compute, can hardly even guess, what was
+lost in his untimely end. He was killed by the first gun he ever heard
+fired in strife; and his friends, who believe him to have had in him
+the making of a great soldier, have nothing to support their opinion
+but the impression made upon them by his manly character, his winning
+and vigorous personality, and the extraordinary ardor and zest with
+which his powerful mind turned towards military affairs in the midst
+of circumstances of almost incredible difficulty and privation. He was
+one of the dearest of the friends of my youth. I cannot hope to
+enable the readers of this paper to see him as I saw him. No words can
+express the vivid brilliancy of his look and his speech, the swift and
+graceful energy of his bearing. He was not a scholar, yet his words
+were like martial music; in stature he was less than the medium size,
+yet his strength was extraordinary; he seemed made of tempered steel.
+His entire aspect breathed high ambition and daring. His jet-black
+curls, his open candid brow, his dark eyes, at once fiery and tender,
+his eagle profile, his mouth just shaded by the youthful growth that
+hid none of its powerful and delicate lines--the whole face, which
+seemed made for nothing less than the command of men, whether as
+general or as orator, comes before me as I write, with a look of
+indignant appeal to the future for the chance of fame which inexorable
+fate denied him. The appeal, of course, is in vain. Only a few men,
+now growing old, knew what he was and what he might have been if life
+had been spared him for a year or two. I will merely try to show in
+these few pages, mainly from his own words, how great a heart was
+broken by the slugs of the assassin at the Marshall House.
+
+He was born in the village of Mechanicsville, Saratoga County, New
+York, on April 23, 1837. His parents were plain people, without
+culture or means; one cannot guess how this eaglet came into so lowly
+a nest. He went out into the world at the first opportunity, to seek
+his fortune; he turned his hand, like other American boys, to anything
+he could find to do. He lived a while in New York, and finally drifted
+to Chicago, where we find him, in the spring of 1859, a clerk and
+student in the law office of Mr. J.E. Cone. From his earliest boyhood
+he had a passionate love of the army. He learned as a child the manual
+of arms; he picked up instinctively a knowledge of the pistol and the
+rifle; he became, almost without instruction, a scientific fencer.
+But he was now of age, and determined to be a lawyer, since, to all
+appearance, there was no chance for him in the army. The way in which
+he pursued his legal studies he has set down in a diary which he kept
+for a little while. He began it on his twenty-second birthday. "I do
+this," he said, "because it seems pleasant to be able to look back
+upon our past lives and note the gradual change in our sentiments and
+views of life; and because my life has been, and bids fair to be,
+such a jumble of strange incidents that, should I become anybody or
+anything, this will be useful as a means of showing how much suffering
+and temptation a man may undergo and still keep clear of despair and
+vice."
+
+[Illustration: ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861, WHEN HE WAS A
+LIEUTENANT IN THE REGULAR ARMY AND JUST BEFORE HE RECRUITED THE
+REGIMENT OF NEW YORK ZOUAVES.
+
+From a photograph by Brady in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert
+Coster, by whose permission it is here reproduced.]
+
+He was neat, almost foppish, in his attire; not strictly fashionable,
+for he liked bright colors, flowing cravats, and hats that suggested
+the hunter or ranger rather than the law clerk; yet the pittance for
+which he worked was very small, and his poverty extreme. He therefore
+economized upon his food. He lived for months together upon dry
+biscuits and water. Here is a touching entry from his diary: "Had
+an opportunity to buy a desk to-day worth forty-five dollars, for
+fourteen dollars. It was just such a one as I needed, and I could sell
+at any time for more than was asked for it. I bought it at auction. I
+can now indulge my ideas of order in the arrangement of my papers to
+their fullest extent. Paid five dollars of my own money and borrowed
+ten dollars of James Clayburne; promised to return it next Tuesday.
+By the way, this was an instance in a small way of the importance of
+little things. Some two years since, when I was so poor, I went one
+day into an eating-house on an errand. While there, Clayburne and
+several friends came in.
+
+"As I started to go out they stopped me and insisted upon my having
+an oyster stew. I refused, for I always made it a practice never to
+accept even an apple from any one, because I could not return like
+courtesies. While they were clamoring about the matter and I trying to
+get from them, the waiter brought on the oysters for the whole party,
+having taken it for granted that I was going to stay. So to escape
+making myself any more conspicuous by further refusal, I sat down. How
+gloriously every morsel tasted--the first food I had touched for three
+days and three nights. When I came to Chicago with a pocket full of
+money I sought James out and told him I owed him half a dollar. He
+said no, but I insisted my memory was better than his, and made him
+take it. Well, when I wanted ten dollars, I went to him, and he gave
+it to me freely, and would take no security. Have written four hours
+this evening; two pounds of crackers; sleep on office floor to-night."
+
+The diary relates many incidents like this. He took a boyish pride
+in refusing offers of assistance, in resisting temptation to innocent
+indulgence, in passing most of his hours in study, earning only enough
+by his copying to keep body and soul together. One entry is, "Read one
+hundred and fifty pages of Blackstone--slept on floor." Such a regimen
+was not long in having its effect upon even his rugged health. He
+writes: "I tried to read, but could not. I am afraid my strength will
+not hold out. I have contracted a cold by sleeping on the floor, which
+has settled in my head, and nearly sets me crazy with catarrh. Then
+there is that gnawing, unsatisfied sensation which I begin to feel
+again, which prevents any long-continued application." About this time
+he was urged to take command of a company of cadets which, through
+mismanagement, had been reduced to a deplorable condition. He at first
+declined, but afterward consented if the company would accept certain
+rigorous conditions of discipline and obedience. He was as firm as
+granite to his company, and cheery and gay to the world, while in his
+private life he was subjecting himself to the cruel rigors described
+in his diary of April 21: "I am convinced that the course of reading
+which I am pursuing is not sufficiently thorough. Have commenced again
+at beginning of Blackstone. I now read a proposition or paragraph
+and reason upon it; try to get at the principle involved, in my own
+language; view it in every light till I think I understand it; then
+write it down in my commonplace book. My progress is, in consequence,
+very slow, as it takes on an average half an hour to each page.
+Attended meeting of cadets' committee on ways and means; all my
+propositions accepted. I spent my last ten cents for crackers to-day.
+Ten pages of Blackstone."
+
+The next day he writes: "My mind was so occupied with obtaining
+money due to-morrow that I could not study. Five pages of Blackstone.
+Nothing whatever to eat. I am very tired and hungry to-night. Onward."
+
+[Illustration: ELLSWORTH IN 1860, WHEN HE WAS CAPTAIN OF THE CHICAGO
+COMPANY.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. H.H. Miller of Chicago, a member of
+the Chicago company, and taken July 2, 1860, by Colonel E.L. Brand of
+Chicago, a member of Ellsworth's Chicago company, and afterwards
+in command of it. In the State House at Springfield, Illinois, is
+a portrait group of the members of the Ellsworth company, with a
+reproduction of this portrait of Ellsworth in the centre.]
+
+In these circumstances of hunger and toil, he took charge of the
+company of cadets, which was falling to pieces from neglect. There was
+no sign in his bearing of the poverty and famine which were consuming
+him. He told them roundly that if they elected him their captain they
+did so with their eyes open; that he should enforce the strictest
+discipline, and make their company second to none in the United
+States. His laws were Draconic in their severity. He forbade his
+cadets from entering a drinking or gambling saloon or any other
+disreputable place under penalty of expulsion, publication of the
+offender's name in the city papers, and forfeiture of uniform. He
+insisted on prompt obedience and unremitting drill. The company under
+his firm and inspiring command rapidly pulled itself together,
+and attracted all at once the notice and admiration of Chicago and
+northern Illinois. The young captain did not give up his law studies.
+He wrote and affixed to his desk a card which contained his own daily
+orders: "So aim to spend your time that at night, when looking back at
+the disposal of the day, you find no time misspent, no hour, no moment
+even, which has not resulted in some benefit, no action which had not
+a purpose in it. Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays: Rise at 5 o'clock;
+5 to 10, study; 10 to 1, copy; 1 to 4, business; 4 to 7, study; 7 to
+8, exercise; 8 to 10, study. Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays: Rise
+at 6; 6 to 10, study; 10 to 1, business; 1 to 7, study and copy; 7 to
+11, drill."
+
+Working faithfully as he did in the office, his whole heart was in his
+drill room. His fame as a fencer went abroad in the town, and he was
+challenged to a bout by the principal teacher of the art in Chicago.
+Ellsworth records the combat in his diary of May 24th: "This evening
+the fencer of whom I have heard so much came up to the armory to fence
+with me. He said to his pupils and several others that if I held to
+the low guard he would disarm me every time I raised my foil. He is
+a great gymnast, and I fully expected to be beaten. The result was: I
+disarmed him four times, hit him thirty times. He disarmed me once
+and hit me five times. At the _touche-a-touche_ I touched him in two
+places at the same allonge, and threw his foil from him several feet.
+He was very angry, though he tried to conceal it."
+
+[Illustration: FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL
+ELLSWORTH.
+
+From a photograph in the Civil War collection of Mr. Robert Coster, by
+whose permission it is here reproduced.]
+
+Public interest constantly grew in the Zouaves and their young
+captain. Large crowds attended every drill. The newspapers began to
+report all their proceedings, and to comment upon them with more
+or less malevolence; for military companies were treated with scant
+respect in Western towns before the war. Ellsworth at last determined
+to confront hostile opinion by giving a public exhibition of the
+proficiency of his company on the Fourth of July. He was not without
+trepidation. The night before the Fourth he wrote: "To-morrow will
+be an eventful day to me; to-morrow I have to appear in a conspicuous
+position before thousands of citizens--an immense number of whom,
+without knowing me except by sight, are prejudiced against me.
+To-morrow will demonstrate the truth or falsity of my assertion that
+the citizens would encourage military companies if they were worthy
+of respect." The result was an overwhelming success; and the young
+soldier, after his feast of crackers the next night, wrote in
+exultation: "Victory! And thank God!"
+
+The Chicago "Tribune," which had previously been unfriendly to the
+little company who were trying to make soldiers of themselves, gave
+a long and flattering account of the performance, and said: "We but
+express the opinion of all who saw the drill yesterday morning, when
+we say this company cannot be surpassed this side of West Point."
+
+Encouraged by this public applause, he brought his company of Zouaves
+as near to absolute perfection of drill as was possible; and then,
+having tested them in as many competitive contests as were within
+reach, he challenged the militia companies of the United States, and
+set forth in the summer of 1860 on a tour of the country which was one
+unbroken succession of triumphs. He defeated the crack companies in
+all the principal Eastern cities, and went back to Chicago one of
+the most talked-of men in the country. Hundreds of Zouave companies
+started up in his wake, and a very considerable awakening of interest
+in military matters was the substantial result of his journey.
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.]
+
+On his return to Illinois he made the acquaintance of Abraham Lincoln,
+and gained at once his friendship and esteem. He entered his office
+in Springfield ostensibly as a law student; but Mr. Lincoln was then a
+candidate for the Presidency, and Ellsworth read very little law that
+autumn. He made some Republican speeches in the country towns about
+Springfield, bright, witty, and good-natured. But his mind was full of
+a project which he hoped to accomplish by the aid of Mr. Lincoln--no
+less than the establishment in the War Department of a bureau of
+militia, by which the entire militia system of the United States
+should be concentrated, systematized, and made efficient: an enormous
+undertaking for a boy of twenty-three; but his plans were clear,
+definite, and comprehensive.
+
+[Illustration: THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, IN WHICH
+COLONEL ELLSWORTH WAS KILLED.
+
+From a photograph owned by Bryan, Taylor & Co., publishers, New York,
+and reproduced here by their permission.]
+
+After Mr. Lincoln's election Ellsworth accompanied him to Washington.
+As a preliminary step towards placing him in charge of a bureau of
+militia, the President gave him a commission as a lieutenant in the
+army. Shortly afterward he fell seriously ill with the measles; and
+before he was thoroughly convalescent, the guns about Sumter opened
+the Civil War. There had been much doubt in many minds as to the
+loyalty of the people in case of actual war. Ellsworth never had
+doubted it. He said to me as I sat by his bedside: "You know I have a
+great work to do, to which my life is pledged; I am the only earthly
+stay of my parents; there is a young woman whose happiness I regard as
+dearer than my own; yet I could ask no better death than to fall next
+week before Sumter. I am not better than other men. You will find that
+patriotism is not dead, even if it sleeps." When the news came that
+South Carolina had begun the war, he did not wait an instant. He threw
+up his commission in the regulars, took all the money we both had,
+which was not much, and thus insufficiently equipped, started for New
+York, and raised, with incredible celerity, the New York Zouaves, a
+regiment eleven hundred strong.
+
+This unique organization filled so large a space in the public mind
+while Ellsworth commanded it that it seems hard to realize that its
+history with him is only a matter of a few weeks. He brought
+his regiment down to Washington early in May, arriving thin as a
+greyhound, his voice hoarse with drilling; but flushed and happy to
+know he was busy and useful at last.
+
+There was no limit to the hopes and the confidence of his friends.
+We had grown to admire and respect him for his high and honorable
+character, his thorough knowledge of his business, ardent zeal for the
+flag he followed, and his extraordinary courage and energy. We fully
+expected, relying upon his splendid talents and the President's
+affectionate regard, that his first battle would make him a
+brigadier-general, and that his second would give him a division.
+There was no limit to the glory and usefulness we anticipated for him.
+How soon all these hopes were dust and ashes!
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.
+
+From a photograph taken by Colonel E.L. Brand, a member of Ellsworth's
+Chicago company, and reproduced by the courtesy of Mr. H.H. Miller,
+also a member of the company. The photograph was taken in New York
+City, July, 1860, on the occasion of an exhibition drill given
+there by Ellsworth's company. The persons shown in the picture are,
+beginning on the left, the Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixth Regiment,
+New York Militia; E.E. Ellsworth, Captain of the United States Zouave
+Cadets (Ellsworth's Chicago company); Joseph C. Pinckney, Colonel
+of the Sixth Regiment, New York Militia; the Adjutant of the Sixth
+Regiment, New York Militia; H. Dwight Laflin, Second Lieutenant of the
+United States Zouave Cadets, and J.R. Scott, First Lieutenant of the
+United States Zouave Cadets. The colors shown in the picture were
+won by Ellsworth's company in a drill competition at the National
+Agricultural Fair, Chicago, September, 15, 1859, and were, by it,
+never lost. They are to-day in the custody of the company's color
+sergeant, B.B. Botteford, Chicago.]
+
+On the evening of May 23d he received his orders to lead his regiment
+on the extreme left of the Union lines in the advance into Virginia.
+The part assigned him was the occupation of Alexandria. He worked
+almost all night in his tent, arranging the business of his regiment,
+and then wrote a touching letter of farewell to his parents.
+Anticipating an engagement, he said: "It may be my lot to be injured
+in some manner. Whatever may happen, cherish the consolation that
+I was engaged in the performance of a sacred duty; and to-night,
+thinking over the probabilities of the morrow and the occurrences of
+the past, I am perfectly content to accept whatever my fortune may be,
+confident that He who noteth even the fall of a sparrow will have some
+purpose even in the fate of one like me. My darling and ever-loved
+parents, good-by. God bless, protect, and care for you." These loving
+and filial words were the last that came from his pen.
+
+The Zouaves were embarked before dawn the next morning. The celerity
+and order with which Ellsworth performed his work excited the
+admiration and surprise of Admiral Dahlgren, who commanded the navy
+yard.
+
+The town of Alexandria was occupied without resistance; and Ellsworth,
+with a squad of Zouaves, hurried off to take possession of the
+telegraph office. On his way he caught sight of a Confederate flag
+floating from the summit of the Marshall House. He had often seen,
+from the window of the Executive Mansion in Washington, this self-same
+banner flaunting defiance; and the temptation to tear it down with his
+own hands was too much for his boyish patriotism. Accompanied by four
+soldiers only and several civilians, he ran into the hotel, up the
+stairs to the roof, and tore down the flag; but coming down was met on
+the stairs by the hotel-keeper and shot dead. His assassin perished at
+the same moment, killed by Frank E. Brownell.
+
+Ellsworth was buried from the East Room of the White House by the
+special order of the President, who mourned him as a son. Many brave
+and able officers were to perish in the four years that followed that
+mournful day; but there was not one whose death was more sincerely
+lamented than that of this young soldier who had never seen a battle;
+and it is the belief of his friends that he had not his superior in
+natural capacity among all the most eminent heroes of the war. But who
+will care to hear this said? If Napoleon Bonaparte had been killed at
+the siege of Toulon, who would have listened to some grief-stricken
+comrade's assertion that this young Corsican was the greatest soldier
+since Caesar? I have written these lines merely to show how simple,
+kindly, and heroic a heart Colonel Ellsworth had--and not to claim for
+him what can never be proved.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc.
+
+ANDOVER GIRLS AS STUDENTS OF THEOLOGY.--THE DARK DAYS OF THE
+WAR.--WRITING MAGAZINE STORIES AND SUNDAY-SCHOOL BOOKS.--THE
+DIFFICULTY AND UNCERTAINTY OF WRITING FOR A LIVING.
+
+
+One study in our curriculum at the Andover School I have omitted
+to mention in its place; but, of them all, it was the most
+characteristic, and would be most interesting to an outsider. Where
+else but in Andover would a group of a dozen and a half girls be put
+to studying theology? Yet this is precisely what we did. Not that we
+called our short hour with Professor Park on Tuesday evenings by that
+long word; nor did he. It was understood that we had Bible lessons.
+
+But the gist of the matter was, that we were taught Professor Park's
+theology.
+
+We had our note-books, like the students in the chapel lecture-rooms,
+and we took docile notes of the great man's views on the attributes of
+the Deity, on election and probation, on atonement and sanctification,
+on eschatology, and the rest.
+
+Girls' with pink ribbons at white throats, and girls with blue silk
+nets on their pretty hair, fluttered in like bees and butterflies, and
+settled about the long dining-room table, at whose end, with a shade
+over his eyes to shield them from the light, the professor sat in a
+dark corner.
+
+Thence he promulgated stately doctrines to those soft and dreaming
+woman-creatures, who did not care a maple-leaf whether we sinned
+in Adam, or whether the Trinity were separate as persons or as
+attributes; but who drew little portraits of their dearest Academy
+boys on the margins of their lecture-books, and passed these to their
+particular intimates in surreptitious interludes between doctrines.
+
+What must have been the professor's private speculations on those
+Tuesday evenings? I had a certain sense of their probable nature, even
+then; and glanced furtively into the dark corner for glimpses of the
+distant, sarcastic smile which I felt must be carving itself upon the
+lines of his strong face. But I never caught him at it; not once. With
+the gravity befitting his awful topics, and with the dignity belonging
+to his Chair and to his fame, the professor taught the butterflies,
+to the best of my knowledge and belief, as conscientiously as he did
+those black-coated beetles yonder, the theologues on the Seminary
+benches.
+
+[Illustration: "THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE CLASS OF 1861 IN FRONT.
+
+Of the class of 1861 over twenty went into the war, and several died
+in battle or in war prisons. Lieutenant S.H. Thompson, son of the late
+Professor William Thompson of East Windsor Seminary, was among this
+number. Also, Sergeant J.H. Thompson, son of the late Dr. Joseph P.
+Thompson of New York City. President Ward of Franklin College, the
+Rev. Dr. Dougherty of Kansas City, and the Rev. Dr. Brand of Oberlin
+College, were members of the class, and their portraits appear in the
+picture. The valedictorian was Carlos F. Carter, brother of President
+Carter of Williams College. He was drowned in the Jordan a few months
+after graduation.]
+
+I ought to say, just here, that, in a recent correspondence with
+Professor Park upon this matter, I found him more or less unconscious
+of having been so generous with his theology to the girls. I am giving
+the pupil's impressions, not the teacher's recollections, of that
+Bible-class; and I can give no other. Of course, I may be mistaken,
+and am liable to correction; but my impressions are, that he gave us
+his system of theology pretty straight and very faithfully.
+
+I cannot deny that I enjoyed those stern lessons. Not that I had any
+marked predilections towards theology, but I liked the psychology of
+it. I experienced my first appreciation of the nature and value of
+logic in that class-room, and it did me good, and not evil altogether.
+There I learned to reason with more patience than a school-girl may
+always care to suffer; and there I observed that the mysteries of time
+and eternity, whatever one might personally conclude about them, were
+material of reason.
+
+In many a mental upheaval of later life, the basis of that theological
+training has made itself felt to me, as one feels rocks or stumps or
+solid things underfoot in the sickly swaying of wet sands. I may not
+always believe all I was taught, but what I was taught has helped me
+to what I believe. I certainly think of those theological lectures
+with unqualified gratitude.
+
+The Tuesday evenings grow warm and warmer. The butterflies hover about
+in white muslins, and pretty little bows of summer colors glisten on
+bright heads as they bend over the doctrines, around the long table.
+On the screens of the open windows the June beetles knock their heads,
+like theologues who wish they could get in. There is a moon without.
+Visions of possible forbidden ecstasies of strolls under the arches of
+the Seminary elms with the bravest boy in the Academy melt before the
+gentle minds, through which depravity, election, predestination, and
+justification are filing sternly. The professor's voice arises:
+
+"A sin is a wrong committed against God. God is an Infinite Being;
+therefore sin against Him is an infinite wrong. An infinite wrong
+against an Infinite Being deserves an infinite punishment--"
+
+Now, the professor says that he has no recollection of ever having
+said this in the Bible-class; but there is the note-book of the girl's
+brain, stamped with the sentence for these thirty years!
+
+"I have sometimes quoted it at the Seminary," he writes, "for
+the purpose of exposing the impropriety of it. I do not think any
+professor ever quoted the statement, without adding that it is
+untenable. The Andover argument was ----"[5] He adds the proper
+controversial language, which, it seems, went solidly out of my head.
+Tenable or untenable, my memory has clutched the stately syllogism.
+
+Sharp upon the doctrines there falls across the silence and the
+sweetness of the moonlit Hill a strange and sudden sound. It is
+louder than theology. It is more solemn than the professor's system.
+Insistent, urging everything before it--the toil of strenuous study,
+the fret of little trouble, and the dreams of dawning love--the call
+stirs on. It is the beat of a drum.
+
+The boys of old Phillips, with the down on their faces, and that
+eternal fire in their hearts which has burned upon the youth of all
+the ages when their country has commanded: "Die for me!" are drilling
+by moonlight.
+
+The Academy Company is out in force, passing up and down the quiet,
+studious streets. The marching of their feet beats solemnly at the
+meeting of the paths where (like the gardens of the professors) the
+long walks of the Seminary lawns form the shape of a mighty cross.
+
+"An infinite wrong deserves an infinite punishment--" The
+theologian's voice falls solemnly. The girls turn their grave faces to
+the open windows. Silence helps the drum-beat, which lifts its cry to
+Heaven unimpeded; and the awful questions which it asks, what system
+of theology can answer?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Andover was no more loyal, probably, than other New England villages;
+but perhaps the presence of so many young men helped to make her seem
+so to those who passed the years from 1861 to 1865 upon the Hill.
+
+Theology and church history and exegesis and sacred rhetoric retreated
+from the foreground of that scholastic drama. The great Presence that
+is called War swept up and filled the scene.
+
+Gray-haired men went to their lecture-rooms with bowed heads, the
+morning papers shaking in their hands. The accuracy of the Hebrew
+verb did not matter so much as it did last term. The homiletic uses or
+abuses of an applied text, the soundness of the new school doctrine of
+free will, seemed less important to the universe than they were
+before the Flag went down on Sumter. Young eyes looked up at their
+instructors mistily, for the dawn of utter sacrifice was in them. He
+was only an Academy boy yesterday, or a theologue; unknown, unnoticed,
+saying his lesson in Xenophon, taking his notes on the Nicene Creed;
+blamed a little, possibly, by his teacher or by his professor, for
+inattention.
+
+To-day he comes proudly to the desk. His step rings on the old, bare
+floors that he will never tread again. "Sir, my father gives his
+permission. I enlist at once."
+
+To-day he is a hero, and the hero's light is glorious on his face.
+To-day _he_ is the teacher, and the professor learns lessons in his
+turn now. The boy whom he has lectured and scolded towers above him
+suddenly, a sacred thing to see. The old man stands uncovered before
+his pupil as they clasp hands and part.
+
+The drum calls on, and the boys drill bravely--no boys' parade this,
+but awful earnest now. The ladies of Andover sew red braid upon blue
+flannel shirts, with which the Academy Company make simple uniform.
+
+Then comes a morning when the professors cannot read the papers for
+the news they bring; but cover streaming eyes with trembling hands,
+and turn their faces. For the black day of the defeat at Bull Run has
+darkened the summer sky.
+
+Andover does not sew for the missionaries now. Her poor married
+theologues must wait a little for their babies' dresses. Even the blue
+flannel shirts for the drill are forgotten. The chapel is turned into
+sudden, awful uses, of which the "pious founders" in their comfortable
+graves did never dream. For there the women of the Hill, staying for
+no prayer-meeting, and delaying to sing no hymns, pick lint and roll
+bandages and pack supplies for the field; and there they sacrifice and
+suffer, like women who knew no theology at all; and since it was not
+theirs to offer life to the teeth of shot and shell, they "gave their
+happiness instead."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first thing which I wrote, marking in any sense the beginning of
+what authors are accustomed to call their "literary career"--I dislike
+the phrase and wish we had a better--was a war story.
+
+As nearly as I can recall the facts, up to this time I had shown no
+literary tendency whatever, since the receipt of that check for two
+dollars and a half. Possibly the munificence of that honorarium seemed
+to me to satiate mortal ambition for years. It is true that, during my
+schooldays, I did perpetrate three full-grown novels in manuscript. My
+dearest particular intimate and I shared in this exploit, and read our
+chapters to each other on Saturday afternoons.
+
+I remember that the title of one of these "books" was "The Shadow of
+a Lifetime." It was a double title with a heroine to it, but I forget
+the lady's name, or even the nature of her particular shadow. The
+only thing that can be said about these three volumes is, that their
+youthful author had the saving sense not to try the Christian temper
+of a publisher with their perusal.
+
+Yet, in truth, I have never regretted the precious portion of human
+existence spent in their creation; for I must have written off in that
+way a certain amount of apprenticeship which does, in some cases, find
+its way into type, and devastate the endurance of a patient public.
+
+The war story of which I speak was distinctly the beginning of
+anything like genuine work for me. Mr. Alden tells me that it was
+published in January, 1864; but I think it must have been written
+a while before that, though not long, for its appearance quickly
+followed the receipt of the manuscript. The name of the story was "A
+Sacrifice Consumed." It was a very little story, not covering more
+than four or five pages in print. I sent it to "Harper's Magazine,"
+without introduction or what young writers are accustomed to call
+"influence;" it was sent quite privately, without the knowledge of
+any friend. It was immediately accepted, and a prompt check for
+twenty-five dollars accompanied the acceptance. Even my father knew
+nothing of the venture until I carried the letter and enclosure to
+him. The pleasure on his expressive face was only equalled by its
+frank and unqualified astonishment. He read the story when it came
+out, and, I think, was touched by it--it was a story of a poor and
+plain little dressmaker who lost her lover in the army--and his
+genuine emotion gave me a kind of awed elation which has never been
+repeated in my experience. Ten hundred thousand unknown voices could
+not move me to the pride and pleasure which my father's first gentle
+word of approval gave to a girl who cared much to be loved, and little
+to be praised; and the plaudits of a "career" were the last things in
+earth or heaven then occupying her mind.
+
+[Illustration: ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+From a photograph by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence, Massachusetts, taken in
+1864.]
+
+Afterwards, I wrote with a distinct purpose, and, I think, quite
+steadily. I know that longer stories went, soon and often, to the old
+magazine, which never sent them back; and to which I am glad to pay
+the tribute of a gratitude that I have never outgrown. There was
+nothing of the stuff that heroines and geniuses are made of in a shy
+and self-distrustful girl who had no faith in her own capabilities,
+and, indeed, at that time, the smallest possible amount of interest in
+the subject.
+
+It may be a humiliating fact, but it is the truth, that had my first
+story been refused, or even the second or the third, I should have
+written no more.
+
+For the opinion of important editors, and for the sacredness of market
+value in literary wares, as well as in professorships or cotton cloth,
+I had a kind of respect at which I sometimes wonder; for I do not
+recall that it was ever distinctly taught me. But, assuredly, if
+nobody had cared for my stories enough to print them, I should have
+been the last person to differ from the ruling opinion, and should
+have bought at Warren Draper's old Andover book-store no more cheap
+printer's paper on which to inscribe the girlish handwriting (with the
+pointed letters and the big capitals) which my father, with patient
+pains, had caused to be taught me by a queer old travelling-master
+with an idea. Professor Phelps, by the way, had an exquisite
+chirography, which none of his children, to his evident
+disappointment, inherited.
+
+[Illustration: "THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER,
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+This building was burned in 1864 or 1865.]
+
+But the editor of "Harper's" took everything I sent him; so the
+pointed letters and the large capitals continued to flow towards his
+desk.
+
+Long after I had achieved whatever success has been given me, this
+magazine returned me one of my stories--it was the only one in a
+lifetime. I think the Editor then in power called it too tragic,
+or too something; it came out forthwith in the columns of another
+magazine that did not agree with him, and was afterwards issued, I
+think, in some sort of "classic" series of little books.
+
+I was a little sorry, I know, at the time, for I had the most
+superstitious attachment for the magazine that, when "I was a
+stranger, took me in;" but it was probably necessary to break the
+record in this, as in all other forms of human happiness.
+
+Other magazines took their turn--the "Atlantic," I remember--in due
+course; but I shared the general awe of this magazine at that time
+prevailing in New England, and, having, possibly, more than my share
+of personal pride, did not very early venture to intrude my little
+risk upon that fearful lottery.
+
+Perhaps this reserve was more natural because "Harper's" published
+as fast as I could write; which is not saying much, to be sure, for I
+have always been a slow worker. The first story of mine which appeared
+in the "Atlantic" was a fictitious narrative of certain psychical
+phenomena occurring in Connecticut, and known to me, at first hand,
+to be authentic. I have yet to learn that the story attracted any
+attention from anybody more disinterested than those few friends
+of the sort who, in such cases, are wont to inquire, in tones more
+freighted with wonder than admiration: "What! Has she got into the
+'_Atlantic_'?"
+
+The "Century" came in turn, when it came into being. To this
+delightful magazine I have always been, and always hope to be, a
+contributor.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, WHERE THE SCHOOL
+CALLED "THE NUNNERY" WAS HELD.
+
+From a photograph taken in 1864 by Geo. H. Leek, Lawrence,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+I read, with a kind of hopeless envy, histories and legends of people
+of our craft who "do not write for money." It must be a pleasant
+experience to be able to cultivate so delicate a class of motives for
+the privilege of doing one's best to express one's thoughts to people
+who care for them. Personally, I have yet to breathe the ether of such
+a transcendent sphere. I am proud to say that I have always been a
+working-woman, and always had to be; though I ought to add that I am
+sure the proposal that my father's allowance to his daughter should
+cease, did not come from the father.
+
+When the first little story appeared in "Harper's Magazine," it
+occurred to me, with a throb of pleasure greater than I supposed then
+that life could hold, that I could take care of myself, and from that
+day to this I have done so.
+
+One hesitates a little, even in autobiography, about saying precisely
+this. But when I remember the thousands of women who find it too easy
+to be dependent on too heavily-weighted and too generous men,
+one hesitates no longer to say anything that may help those other
+thousands of women who stand on their own feet, and their own pluck,
+to understand how good a thing it is to be there.
+
+Of all the methods of making a living open to educated people to-day,
+the profession of literature is, probably, the poorest in point of
+monetary returns. A couple of authors, counted successful as the world
+and the word go, said once:
+
+"We have earned less this year than the fisherman in the dory before
+the door of our summer home." Perhaps it had been a good year for
+Jack; possibly a poor one for those other fishers, who spread their
+brains and hearts--a piteous net--into the seas of life in quest of
+thought and feeling that the idlers on the banks may take a summer's
+fancy to. But the truth remains. A successful teacher, a clever
+manufacturer, a steady mechanic, may depend upon a better income in
+this country than the writer whose supposed wealth he envies, and
+whose books he reads on Sunday afternoons, if he is not too sleepy, or
+does not prefer his bicycle.
+
+When we see (as we have actually done) our market-man driving by our
+old buggy and cheap horse on holidays, with a barouche and span, we
+enjoy the sight very much; and when I say (for the other occupant of
+the buggy has a little taste for two horses, which I am so plebeian
+as not to share, having never been able to understand why one is
+not enough for anybody): "But would you _be_ the span-owner--for the
+span?" we see the end of the subject, and grow ravenously contented.
+
+One cannot live by bread or magazine stories alone, as the young
+daughter of toil too soon found out. Like other writers I did hack
+work. My main dependence was on that venerable and useful form of it
+which consists in making Sunday-school books. Of these I must have
+written over a dozen; I wince, sometimes, when I see their forgotten
+dates and titles in encyclopaedias; but a better judgment tells me that
+one should not be ashamed of doing hard work honestly. I was not an
+artist at Sunday-school literature (there are such), and have often
+wondered why the religious publishing societies kept me at it so
+steadily and so long.
+
+There were tales of piety and of mischief, of war and of home, of
+babies and of army nurses, of Tom-boys, and of girls who did their
+mending and obeyed their mothers.
+
+The variety was the only thing I can recall that was commendable about
+these little books, unless one except a considerable dash of fun.
+
+One of them came back to me--it happened to be the only book I ever
+wrote that did--and when the Andover expressman brought in the
+square package, just before tea, I felt my heart stand still with
+mortification. Fortunately nobody saw the expressman. I always kept
+my ventures to myself, and did not, that I can remember, read
+any manuscript of mine to suffering relatives or friends, before
+publication. Indeed, I carried on the writer's profession for many
+years as if it had been a burglar's.
+
+At the earliest moment possible I got myself into my little room, and
+turned both keys upon myself and my rejected manuscript. But when
+I came to read the publisher's letter, I learned that hope still
+remained, a flickering torch, upon a darkened universe. That excellent
+man did not refuse the story, but raised objections to certain points
+or forms therein, to which he summoned my attention. The criticism
+called substantially for the rewriting of the book. I lighted my lamp,
+and, with the June beetles butting at my head, I wrote all night. At
+three o'clock in the morning I put the last sentence to the remodelled
+story--the whole was a matter of some three hundred and fifty pages
+of manuscript--and crawled to bed. At six, I stole out and found the
+expressman, that innocent and ignorant messenger of joy or woe. The
+revised manuscript reached the publisher by ten o'clock, and his
+letter of unconditional acceptance was in my hands before another
+tea-time.
+
+I have never been in the habit of writing at night, having been early
+warned against this practice by the wisest of fathers (who notably
+failed to follow his own advice); and this almost solitary experience
+of the midnight oil remains as vivid as yesterday's sunset to me.
+My present opinion of that night's exploit is, that it signified an
+abnormal pride which might as well have received its due humiliation.
+But, at the time, it seemed to be the inevitable or even the
+creditable thing.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."
+
+From a photograph by G.C. Cox, New York.]
+
+Sunday-school writers did books by sets in those days; perhaps they
+do still. And at least two such sets I provided to order, each of four
+volumes. Both of these, it so happens, have survived their day and
+generation--the Tiny books, we called them, and the Gypsy books. Only
+last year I was called upon to renew the copyright for Gypsy, a young
+person now thirty years old in type.
+
+There is a certain poetic justice in this little circumstance, owing
+to the fact that I never _worked_ harder in my life at anything than
+I did upon those little books; for I had, madly enough, contracted to
+supply four within a year.
+
+We had no vacations in those days; I knew nothing of hills or shore;
+but "spoke straight on" through the terrible Andover weather. Our July
+and August thermometers used to stand up hard at over ninety degrees,
+day and night, for nearly a week at a time. The large white mansion
+was as comfortable as ceiled walls and back plaster could be in that
+furnace; but my own small room, on the sunny side of the house, was
+heated seven times hotter than endurance. Sometimes I got over an open
+register in a lower room, and wrote in the faint puffs of damp air
+that played with my misery. Sometimes I sat in the cellar itself; but
+it was rather dark, and one cherished a consciousness of mice. In the
+orchard, or the grove, one's brains fricasseed quickly; in fact, all
+out-of-doors was a scene of bottomless torment worthy of a theology
+older and severer than Andover's.
+
+When the last chapter of the last book was done, it occurred to me to
+wonder whether I might ever be able to afford to get for a week or two
+where the thermometer went below ninety degrees in summer. But
+this was a wild and baseless dream, whose irrationality I quickly
+recognized. For such books as those into which I had been coining a
+year of my young strength and heart, I received the sum of one hundred
+dollars apiece. The "Gypsy" publisher was more munificent. He offered
+one hundred and fifty; a price which I accepted with incredible
+gratitude.
+
+I mention these figures distinctly, with the cold-blooded view of
+dimming the rosy dreams of those young ladies and gentlemen with whom,
+if I may judge by their letters, our country seems to be brimming
+over.
+
+"Will you read my poem?" "Won't you criticize my manuscript?" "I would
+like to forward my novel for your perusal." "I have sent you the copy
+of a rejected article of mine, on which I venture to ask--," etc.,
+etc. "I have been told that all I need is Influence." "My friends
+think my book shows genius; but I have no Influence." "Will it trouble
+you too much to get this published for me?"
+
+"Your Influence--" and so on, and so on, run the piteous appeals
+which every successful author receives from the great unknown world of
+discouraged and perplexed young people who are mistaking the stir of
+youth or vanity, or the _ennui_ of idleness, or the sting of poverty,
+for the solemn throes of power.
+
+What can one do for them, whom no one but themselves can help? What
+can one say to them, when anything one says is sure to give pain, or
+dishearten courage?
+
+Write, if you _must_; not otherwise. Do not write, if you can earn
+a fair living at teaching or dressmaking, at electricity or
+hod-carrying. Make shoes, weed cabbages, survey land, keep house, make
+ice-cream, sell cake, climb a telephone pole. Nay, be a lightning-rod
+peddler or a book agent, before you set your heart upon it that you
+shall write for a living. Do anything honest, but do not write, unless
+God calls you, and publishers want you, and people read you, and
+editors claim you. Respect the market laws. Lean on nobody. Trust
+the common sense of an experienced publisher to know whether your
+manuscript is worth something or nothing. Do not depend on influence.
+Editors do not care a drop of ink for influence. What they want is
+good material, and the fresher it is, the better. An editor will pass
+by an old writer, any day, for an unknown and gifted new one, with
+power to say a good thing in a fresh way. Make your calling and
+election sure. Do not flirt with your pen. Emerson's phrase was,
+"toiling terribly." Nothing less will hint at the grinding drudgery of
+a life spent in living "by your brains."
+
+Inspiration is all very well; but "genius is the infinite capacity for
+taking pains."
+
+Living? It is more likely to be dying by your pen; despairing by your
+pen; burying hope and heart and youth and courage in your ink-stand.
+
+Unless you are prepared to work like a slave at his galley, for the
+toss-up chance of a freedom which may be denied him when his work is
+done, do not write. There are some pleasant things about this way of
+spending a lifetime, but there are no easy ones.
+
+There are privileges in it, but there are heart-ache, mortification,
+discouragement, and an eternal doubt.
+
+Had one not better have made bread or picture-frames, run a motor, or
+invented a bicycle tire?
+
+Time alone--perhaps one might say, eternity--can answer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 5: "A sin once committed, always _deserves_ punishment;
+and, as long as strict _Justice_ is administered, the sin _must_ be
+punished. Unless there be an Atonement, strict Justice _must_ be
+administered; that is, Sin must be punished forever; but, on the
+ground of the Atonement, _Grace_ may be administered, instead of
+_Justice_, and then the sinner may be pardoned."]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.
+
+From a photograph by Fradelle & Young, London.]
+
+
+
+
+LOST YOUTH.
+
+BY R.L. STEVENSON.
+
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Mull was astern, Egg on the port,
+    Rum on the starboard bow;
+  Glory of youth glowed in his soul:
+    Where is that glory now?
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Give me again all that was there,
+    Give me the sun that shone!
+  Give me the eyes, give me soul,
+    Give me the lad that's gone!
+
+  Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
+    Say, could that lad be I?
+  Merry of soul he sailed on a day
+    Over the sea to Skye.
+
+  Billows and breeze, islands and seas,
+    Mountains of rain and sun,
+  All that was good, all that was fair,
+    All that was me is gone.
+
+
+Originally published in the "Pall Mall Gazette."
+
+
+
+
+THE DIVIDED HOUSE
+
+BY JULIA D. WHITING,
+
+Author of "The Story of Myra," "Brother Sesostris," "A special
+Providence," and other stories.
+
+
+When Selucius Huxter had arrived at his last illness, he proved
+himself more than ever in his life troublesome and wearing. Having
+a suspicion that his condition was worse than his doctor or children
+allowed, he gave them no peace until he had extracted an admission
+that such was the case. Left alone with the doctor at his request, he
+reproached him.
+
+"Ye might as well told me before as let me lay here thinkin' and
+stewin' about it. I've lost a sight of strength tryin' to git the
+truth from ye, and there wa'n't no need. Wall--I suppose I ain't reely
+dyin' naow, while I'm a-talkin', be I?"
+
+Assured as to that point, he added: "The reason I wanted to know is
+because I've got to fix my concerns so as to leave 'em as well as I
+can; and all I want of you is that when you think I'm--wall--if you
+see there's goin' to be a change, I want you should tell me, so's't I
+can straighten things right out and git their consent to it." Having
+promised, the doctor apprised him as the last moments drew near.
+
+"Sho! I want to know! Why, I feel full as well as I did yes'dy and a
+leetle grain easier, if anythin'."
+
+"I hope this notice does not find you unprepared," observed the
+doctor.
+
+"Wall, no; I'm prepared as much as I can be, as you may say. I've
+been a member in good and regular standin' this fifty-five year--and
+I hain't arrived at my age without seeing there's somethin' in life
+beside livin'." He paused, then added with an accent of pride, "I
+don't owe any man a cent, nor never cheated a man of one. Wall, I've
+had quite a spell to think of things in, durin' my sickness, and I
+don't know but what I've enjoyed it considerable. Thought of things
+all along back to when I was a boy. Events come up that I'd clean
+forgot."
+
+The doctor gone, he called his children in.
+
+"Wall, Armidy, wall, Lucas, the doctor don't seem to think I shall
+tucker it out much longer. Wall, naow," he exclaimed, quite vexed, "I
+vow for't if I didn't forgit to ask him how long! Wall, too late naow.
+He's got out of sight, I s'pose."
+
+Armida stepped to the window, and assured him of the fact.
+
+"Wall, no gret matter. I jist thought if I could git him to fix the
+time I'd like to see how nigh he'd hit it.
+
+"Naow, I want to fix the property so's't you won't have no trouble
+with it. No use wastin' money gittin' lawyers here. There ain't no
+cheatin' nor double-dealin' anywhere to be found amongst the Huxters
+nor the Lucases; and when you give me your promises to abide by my
+last will and testament I shall expect you to hold to it jist the same
+as if it was writ out.
+
+"Naow, about the farm and house. The house, as you know, stands in
+the middle line of the farm; that is, the north side has a leetle the
+advantage in hevin' the Jabez Norcross paster tacked unto it, over and
+above the south half, but it's near enough. That paster don't count
+for much. Pooty thick with sheep laurel. Wall, seein' the land lies
+jist as it does, and the house is jist as it is, I propose to divide
+it even. Lucas, you can have the north half, and Armidy the south,
+beginnin' right to the front door, and runnin' right through the house
+and right along down to the river, straight as you can fetch it. Do
+you agree to my plan?"
+
+Armida and Lucas exchanged glances. "You speak," said Lucas in a low
+tone.
+
+"No, you," said Armida.
+
+"What you whisperin' about? P'raps you think I can't hear because I'm
+dyin', but I'd have you to know my hearin' ain't affected a grain.
+Speak up naow! What is it, Lucas?"
+
+"We were thinkin' of Theodore," said Lucas. "You're leavin' him out,
+seems so."
+
+"'Tain't 'cause I forgot him; but I give him all I cal'lated to
+when he quit home five year ago--money; and so I sha'n't leave him
+anythin'. Wouldn't do him no good, if I did," he said to himself.
+
+"Well, we should feel better if you did," said Armida. "I don't want
+he should be left out. Neither would mother if she was livin'; she'd
+feel bad."
+
+[Illustration: "'WALL, ARMIDY, WALL, LUCAS, THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO
+THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER.'"]
+
+"I'll settle it with your ma when I see her. Come, now, what do you
+say?"
+
+There was a long silence, which Armida broke by saying, "S'posin' him
+or me was to want to leave the place, I mean for good--get tired of
+stayin' here to home?"
+
+"Wall," said her father with a chuckle, "if either of you feels like
+_givin_ your share to the other, you may. I ain't goin' to leave my
+old place for either of you to sell to each other nor nobody else. I
+expect you to live on't."
+
+"Well," now objected Lucas; "s'posin' one of us should git married,
+then how would it be?"
+
+"Why, live along. Put in and work a leetle harder, maybe. This farm
+carried a pooty fair number when I was younger. If you should git too
+numerous you could build on either side. I guess there ain't no gret
+danger," he added.
+
+As neither offered further objections, Mr. Huxter said: "There's been
+talk enough, I s'pose. Do you agree to 't?" He waited while each
+gave an audible "yes." "Naow," said he, "I hain't an earthly thing to
+hamper me."
+
+The father dead, for the brother and sister no new life began. Armida
+still skimmed all the milk and made the butter, looked after Lucas
+as she had before, and Lucas attended impartially to the whole of the
+farm, and Armida sometimes wondered what difference it made. To be
+sure the profits were divided with the most rigid exactness; but
+everything went tranquilly on until more than a year after their
+father's death, when Armida had a suspicion, confirmed by appearances,
+that Lucas was becoming interested in a young girl in a neighborhood
+a few miles away. The spirit of jealousy surely animated poor Armida,
+for nothing else could have prompted her action. Having ascertained
+the girl's name, she caused to be conveyed to her the facts, colored
+for the occasion, relating to the partition of the house and land; and
+the young woman, having a shrewd eye to the main chance, bluntly told
+Lucas when next she saw him that she didn't wish the half of a house
+nor the half of a farm.
+
+[Illustration: THE DIVIDED HOUSE.--"ARMIDA'S SIDE OF THE HOUSE FELL
+MORE AND MORE INTO RUIN; WHILE LUCAS ... KEPT HIS IN EXCELLENT REPAIR,
+AND OCCASIONALLY RENEWED THE PAINT."]
+
+Lucas had thought all might go on smoothly with a wife, and had
+counted on her accepting the situation. Inquiring as to who had
+meddled in his affairs, he traced the matter back to Armida, and
+coming home mortified and angry, reproached her in unsparing terms,
+ending his recital of wrongs with: "I don't know what you did it for,
+unless you was afraid your half was going to be invaded; and if you
+feel that way you'd better keep to your side and take care of your own
+property. I ain't going to interfere."
+
+Armida was powerless to protect herself except with tears, which did
+not avail with Lucas. She made overtures of peace, such as offering to
+cook her brother's meals and look after his share of the milk; but was
+warned to attend to her own business.
+
+Lucas had a new pipe-hole made in the kitchen chimney, and bought
+a new stove, and hunted up a kitchen table, telling Armida she was
+welcome to the stove and table they had previously used in common,
+but he'd thank her to stay on her own side of the room. The situation
+would have been ludicrous if it had not been grim earnest to the
+brother and sister. Lucas had a hard side to his character, and he
+could not forgive his sister's interference. He would not even give
+Armida advice, but allowed her cows to break into her cornfield and
+her sheep to stray away, without warning her, though all the while his
+heart pricked him at sight of her distress. Still all he would do was
+to suggest that she get a hired man.
+
+Accordingly Armida, in despair, hired an easy-going, good-natured
+creature that offered his services. He did very well, and Armida got
+on better, and took courage.
+
+But there was a dreadful blow in store for her. Lucas brought a gang
+of carpenters to the farm, who instituted repairs on his half of the
+house. He even went so far as to commit the extravagance of having
+blinds hung for his sitting-room and front chamber windows, and his
+half of the front porch was trimmed with brackets, and then the whole
+of his half of the house painted white, so that his neighbors rallied
+him on being proud. "Only," as one said, "why don't you extend your
+improvements right along acrost the house, Lucas? It looks sorter
+queer to see one-half so fine and the other so slack."
+
+"Armida's free to do she's a mind to," said Lucas. "If she wants to
+fix up her side, she can. I don't hinder her--"
+
+"Nor you don't help her neither, as I see," said the other.
+
+"I believe in 'tendin' to your own affairs and not interferin' with
+other folks," Lucas rejoined.
+
+Armida was made very unhappy by these changes and the comments of the
+neighbors, and would gladly have beautified her half also, but had no
+money to spend. The farm had fallen behind, and she was pinched for
+means. She did what she could, taking more care than usual of vines
+and flowers, and even had an extra bed dug under her front windows,
+where she had many bright-hued flowers; but as she rose from digging
+around her plants and surveyed the house--Lucas's side with the new
+green blinds and the clapboards shining with paint, hers with its
+stained, weather-beaten appearance and its staring windows--she felt
+ashamed and discouraged.
+
+[Illustration: "AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET
+APPLE-TREE, ... SHE ... LOOKED UP TO SEE A SHABBY, SHAMBLING, OLDISH
+MAN COMING AROUND THE SIDE OF THE HOUSE."]
+
+She feared her hired man was slack and neglected his work; yet when he
+threatened to go, and afterward compromised the matter by offering to
+stay if she'd marry him, at a loss what to do, and partly because
+she was lonely, she married him. He was a respectable man, whose only
+fault was laziness, and she hoped that now he would take an interest.
+When Armida and her husband came back from the minister's and
+announced to Lucas that they were married, his only comment was,
+"Well, a slack help will make a shif'less husband."
+
+Years went by, and Armida's side of the house fell more and more into
+ruin; while Lucas, with what Armida considered cruel carefulness,
+kept his in excellent repair and occasionally renewed the paint. The
+contrast was so great that passers-by stopped their horses that they
+might look and wonder at their leisure. Every glance was like a blow
+to Armida, so that she avoided her sitting-room and kept herself
+in the uncomfortable kitchen that was divided by an imaginary line
+directly through the middle, a line never crossed by her brother, her
+husband, or herself.
+
+It would have looked absurd enough to a stranger to see this divided
+room, with the brother clumsily carrying on his household affairs on
+the one side and the sister doing her work on the other, with often
+not a word exchanged between them for days together. Absurd it might
+be, but it was certainly wretched. Armida grew old rapidly. Her
+husband was a poor stick, and when, as years passed, a touch of
+rheumatism gave him a real excuse for laziness, he did little more
+than sit by the fire and smoke.
+
+As Armida sat on the bench under the old russet apple-tree by the
+back door one day, regretting her evil fate, she heard footsteps
+approaching, and, pushing back her old sun-bonnet, looked up to see a
+shabby, shambling, oldish man coming around the side of the house and
+gazing in at the windows, "What ye doin' there?" said Armida sharply.
+
+The man turned, surveyed her with a smile, then said with a drawl she
+remembered: "I hain't been gone so long but that I know ye, Armidy.
+Don't you remember me?"
+
+"Theodore Huxter! Is that you? Well!" and she hurried up to him, and
+shook hands violently.
+
+"I heard only last week that father was dead," he explained. "I seen a
+man from this way, and he said he was gone. How long since?"
+
+"More than ten years ago."
+
+"Well, I thought I'd come and see ye."
+
+"I'm glad you did," she said. "But come right in;" and she led the way
+into the kitchen.
+
+He leaned up against the door and surveyed the room. "I should 'a'
+s'posed I'd have remembered this room, but what ye done to it? What
+hev you got two stoves and two tables and all that for, Armidy?"
+
+Armida told him all, winding up her story with a few tears.
+
+"That accounts for the looks of the outside, I s'pose," was his
+only comment. "I thought it was about the queerest I ever see. It's
+ridiculous! Why haven't you and Lucas straightened out affairs before
+this?"
+
+"I can't, and he can't, I s'pose," she said hopelessly; "and
+everything makes it worse. I wouldn't care so much if he hadn't fixed
+up the outside the way he did."
+
+"Oh, well now, don't you fret. If I had money--but then I haven't."
+
+"How have you lived sence you left home?" Armida inquired.
+
+"Why, I've had a still, and made essence and peddled it out; but I
+sold the still to git money to come here, and it took all I had."
+
+"Well now, Theodore, I wish you'd stay here now you've got round
+again," said Armida with great earnestness. "I've worried about you a
+sight. I'd be glad to have you, and Lucas would, I know."
+
+To spare a possible rebuff for Theodore, she ran out as she saw
+Lucas coming to the house to get his supper, and apprised him of his
+brother's arrival, glad to find he shared her pleasure in it. As Lucas
+entered the room he shook hands with Theodore, saying, "How are ye?"
+to which Theodore responded with "How are you, Lucas?"
+
+Theodore was a relief and pleasure to all the family. He observed a
+strict impartiality. If he split some kindling-wood for Armida, he
+churned for Lucas. If he took Armida's old horse to be shod, he helped
+Lucas wash his sheep. He accepted everything, asking no questions
+after the first evening, but kept an observant eye on all.
+
+Both Lucas and Armida had loved him since their earliest remembrance,
+and retained their old fondness for him now. He was a welcome guest on
+either side of the kitchen, and though when he announced of an evening
+that he was going visiting, and stepped across the line to the other
+side of the half from where he had been sitting, the owner of the
+side he honored felt pleased by the distinction, yet the one on the
+opposite side, though no longer (according to an understood law)
+joining in the conversation, still had the benefit of Theodore's
+narratives.
+
+[Illustration: EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.]
+
+He was busy, too, in his way. He was indefatigable in berry-picking
+and herb-gathering, selling what Armida and Lucas did not wish, and
+showing not a little shrewdness. When he had laid a little money
+together he bought a still, and distilled essences of peppermint,
+wintergreen, and other sweet-smelling herbs and roots, and when a
+store was accumulated he filled a basket and departed on a peddling
+expedition, returning with money in his purse and a handkerchief or
+ribbon for Armida. Once he bought her a stuff gown, which she came
+near ruining by weeping over it, it was such a delight.
+
+Lucas remonstrated. "I think you're foolish, Theodore. Why don't
+you spend your money on yourself? You'd a sight better get you a new
+coat."
+
+"I'd rather see Armida crying over that stuff," said Theodore, "than
+have a dozen coats. Nobody knows Armida's good looking, because she's
+no good clothes. But she is, and when she gets that dress made up and
+puts it on with that pink ribbon I bought her last time, she'll look
+as pretty as a pink."
+
+Not so great a success were the Venetian blinds that he bought
+second-hand and gave to Armida to hang in the sitting-room. They
+proved to be in sorry condition, and Theodore was much mortified.
+Being a handy creature, he managed to patch them up so that, though
+they could not be rolled up, they looked very well from the outside;
+and, as he philosophically remarked:
+
+"What more do you want, Armidy? A room you never set in, you don't
+want any light in."
+
+There was one thing that Theodore would not do. He would not, as he
+said, fellowship with Jerry, Armida's husband. "Tell you, Armidy," he
+would say, "I can't put up with a man like him."
+
+"Some folks call you shif'less, Theodore," Armida retorted with
+bitterness.
+
+"Well, I am," he allowed; "but the difference is--I'm lazy, but work,
+my fashion; but he's lazy, and don't work at all."
+
+Though he disdained Jerry, he would rather do his tasks than see
+Armida's interests suffer; and when he was not occupied with his still
+or peddling, he busied himself on her side of the farm. Lucas would
+at any time give him a helping hand rather than see Theodore hurt
+himself, and so Armida's fences were mended and sundry repairs on her
+barns and out-houses made. Lucas was still as stiff as ever, and the
+help given was always to oblige Theodore, who laughed to himself but
+said nothing.
+
+He once attempted to wheedle Lucas into painting at least all of the
+front of the house, but Lucas was not to be moved. Disappointed in
+that, Theodore brought home a pot of yellow paint when returning from
+his next expedition, and painted his sister's half of the kitchen
+floor, in spite of her remonstrating that Lucas wouldn't like it,
+though she acknowledged it looked pretty, and in spite of Lucas's
+vexation at finding the room ridiculous.
+
+"No more ridiculous than it was before," Theodore assured him; "it
+couldn't be. Besides," he added, as an afterthought, "I'll bring it
+plumb up to the middle, and neither of you will be trespassin' on the
+other's side. I noticed one of your chairs was a leetle grain onto
+Armidy's side the other night, and that ain't right."
+
+In the middle of an afternoon, as Lucas was ploughing out his corn,
+he heard a "Hello!" to which, when it had been two or three times
+repeated, he replied, though without looking around. Presently he
+heard some one coming, in a sort of scuffling run, and breathing
+heavily, and looked over his shoulder to see Theodore, who dropped
+into a walk as he spied him, and gasped: "Lucas! Say! Stop! Look
+here!"
+
+"Well?" said Lucas, and pulled up his horse.
+
+"I'm too old to run like this, that's a fact," said Theodore, mopping
+his face and leaning up against the plough. "There's a queer piece of
+work for us to do, Lucas. Armidy's all smashed up on the road, right
+down here on that second dip, and I guess Jerry is stone dead, and we
+must fetch 'em up just as soon as we can."
+
+Lucas made no comment, but mechanically unfastened the horse and
+turned toward the house, his brother stumbling behind, quite exhausted
+by the hurry and fatigue of the hour.
+
+As they went Lucas said: "How did you come to know of it?"
+
+"Well, it was cur'us," said Theodore. "You know I had old Sam this
+morning, bringing in a little jag of wood for Armidy, and lengthened
+out the traces to fit the old waggin. Well, all I know about it is
+what I guess. I see from the looks they must 'a' concluded to go to
+the village with some eggs and so on, 'cause you can see in the road
+where they smashed when the basket flew out; and Jerry didn't know no
+more than to hitch up into the buggy without shortenin' the traces,
+and you know how that would work. Well, the cur'us thing is that I was
+out in the paster mowin' some brakes--here, let me hitch up this
+side, while you do the other--and I heard somebody or somethin' comin'
+slam-bang, and I looked up--I wa'n't near enough so as to see who
+'twas nor anythin'--and I looked up, and see 'em comin' like hudy,
+down one of them pitches. Thinks said I, well, there's a hitch-up
+that's goin' to flinders--and just then the forward wheel struck a big
+stone, and I see the woman and man and all fly inter the air and come
+down agin, and the hoss went."
+
+"Where's the horse now?" said Lucas.
+
+"I don't know, and I don't care. Tell ye, best put a feather-bed in
+the bottom of this waggin, because her arm's broke for certain, and I
+don't know what else. I'll fetch it--if you've got some spirits."
+
+"Yes," said Lucas, "I'll fetch some;" and both hurried into the house,
+and soon came out again and hastened off.
+
+"How did you know who 'twas?" Lucas inquired, with solemn curiosity
+fitting the occasion.
+
+"Why, I didn't; but I knew when they didn't offer to git up, whoever
+'twas wanted help, and I put across the lot to 'em, and sure enough
+'twas Armidy and Jerry. I looked her over, and see by the way she
+lay that one of her arms was broke, anyway, and stepped over to where
+Jerry was, and sir! he was as dead as Moses! Head struck right on a
+big stone and broke his neck--his head hung down like that," letting
+his hand fall limply from the wrist.
+
+"Does she know?" said Lucas.
+
+"No, and I hope she won't for a spell. She hadn't come to when I left
+her."
+
+Lucas struck the horse with the end of the reins to urge him on.
+
+"There, now you can see 'em," said Theodore, rising in his seat and
+pointing down the road. Lucas followed his example, and looking before
+them they could see both husband and wife lying motionless in the
+road.
+
+[Illustration: "LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND
+WIFE LYING MOTIONLESS IN THE ROAD."]
+
+Between them they soon lifted poor Armida into the wagon, and laid
+her on the bed as tenderly as might be, eliciting a groan by the
+operation.
+
+"Best give her some?" said Lucas, bringing a bottle of brandy from out
+his pocket. "Come to think of it, best not. She won't sense it so much
+if she don't realize."
+
+A brief examination of Jerry was sufficient. The brothers exchanged
+glances and shakes of the head. "And to think," said Theodore, as they
+regarded the body, "that it was only this morning I said to Armidy
+there was one tramp too many in the house, meaning me, and now to have
+my words brought before me like this! 'Twasn't anything but a joke,
+but I hope she won't remember it against me."
+
+"Well, first thing we've got to do is to get her to the house," said
+Lucas.
+
+Armida having been made as comfortable as the present would allow,
+and Jerry having been brought up and consigned to the best chamber,
+as befitted his state, Lucas hastened after the doctor and Aunt Polly
+Slater. The doctor found Armida in a sad case. "Though I don't think,"
+he assured the brothers, "if she isn't worried she will be hard sick.
+She's naturally rugged, and it's merely a simple fracture of the
+forearm. The sprained ankle will be the most tedious thing, but I must
+charge you to keep her in ignorance of her husband's death."
+
+Theodore helped Aunt Polly in caring for Armida, and never was woman
+more tenderly cared for. Many were the lies he was forced to tell,
+as Armida was first surprised, then indignant, at Jerry's apparent
+neglect.
+
+"Even Lucas has come to the door and looked at me," she complained,
+"and Jerry ain't so much as been near me."
+
+Theodore was fain to concoct a story about a strained back that would
+not allow Jerry to rise from the bed. When it was deemed prudent
+to tell her, the task fell to Theodore, who was very tender of his
+sister, remembering that though he considered Jerry a shiftless, poor
+shack of a creature, Armida probably had affection for him. She took
+her loss very quietly.
+
+"He was always good to me," she said, "and he cared for me when no one
+else did."
+
+"You're wrong there," Theodore remonstrated.
+
+"I used to tell myself I was," she replied sadly. "I knew I give the
+first offence, but Lucas never would 'a' done as he did by the house
+if he'd cared for me."
+
+Lucas heard the reproach where he stood out of sight in the little
+entry that led to Armida's room, listening to the brother and sister
+as they talked together within. He often lingered there, wishing to
+enter, but not daring to; longing to atone for the unhappiness he had
+caused his sister, but not knowing how to set about it. Now, taking
+Theodore into his confidence, he set to work to obliterate all outward
+signs that made it "the divided house," leaving to his brother the
+task of keeping it from Armida. As she querulously inquired what all
+the hammering and pounding that was going on in front of the house
+meant, Theodore had a story ready about the steps to the front porch
+being so worn out that Lucas had to have some new ones, "or else break
+his legs goin' over them." The smell of paint was accounted for by
+Lucas "havin' one of his spells of gittin' his side painted over
+agin;" on which Armida gave way to tears, until her brother comforted
+her by saying it didn't make much difference, a new coat couldn't make
+it any whiter than it was.
+
+It was a great day when Armida was pronounced well enough to eat
+breakfast in the kitchen. Hobbling out with the aid of Theodore's arm,
+she stepped on the threshold, and looked over to where Lucas stood
+by his window. He greeted her with, "How are ye, Armidy?" but did not
+leave his place.
+
+"It seems good to git out of my bedroom," said Armida; then stopped,
+gazed about her, and sank into a convenient chair, exclaiming, "What
+does it mean?"
+
+For both her and Lucas's old stoves were gone, and a new one stood
+directly before the middle of the chimney, with its pipe running into
+the old pipe-hole that they used before the house was divided. The
+coffee-pot steamed and bubbled over the fire, and a platter of ham and
+eggs stood on the hearth, while the table, set for breakfast, stood
+exactly in the centre of the room; the dividing line had been wiped
+out by the paint-brush, and Lucas's side shone with yellow paint like
+her own.
+
+"What does it mean?" she cried, trembling and clutching at Theodore's
+arm. Theodore said nothing, but slipped out of the room, and Lucas,
+after an awkward pause, said: "Armidy, I wanted, if you was willin',
+that we should quit doin' as we have done and have things together as
+we used to. Seems as if it would be pleasanter, and if you can forgive
+what I've done, I'll try to make it up to ye."
+
+"Why, Lucas!" was all she could say.
+
+"I know I hain't done by ye like a brother," said Lucas, anxious to
+get his self-imposed humiliation over, "and I'm sorry, and I'd like to
+begin over again."
+
+"I'm just as much a transgressor as you be," said Armida, anxious
+to spare him. "If I hadn't said what I did, I 'spose you'd married
+Ianthe, and like as not had a family round ye."
+
+"I don't know as I care _now_," said Lucas; "I have felt hard to ye;
+but I see Ianthe last March"--he laughed--"and I didn't mourn much
+that her name wa'n't Huxter. But that's neither here nor there. If
+you feel as if you could git along with two old brothers to look after
+instead of one, and overlook what's passed--"
+
+"I'd be glad to, Lucas, if you won't lay up anything against me."
+
+"Well, then;" and coming to her side Lucas bent over her, and, to her
+great surprise, kissed her. Turning away before she could return the
+kiss, he opened the back door and called to Theodore.
+
+As Theodore came in, Lucas said: "If you had a shawl round ye, Armidy,
+wouldn't you like to git out a minute before breakfast?" and without
+waiting for an answer, he brought her shawl and wrapped it round her,
+then put on her bonnet.
+
+"Can't you and I," he said to Theodore, "make a chair and take her
+out? You hain't forgot sence you left school, hev you?"
+
+Locking their hands together they formed what school-children call a
+chair, and lifting Armida between them, carried her through the hall,
+out at the front door, down the walk to the gate, and turned round,
+while Theodore bade his sister look up at the house. Armida obeyed.
+She saw the house glistening with paint, her side of it as white as
+Lucas's, and blinds adorning her front windows, while the front porch,
+with new-laid floor and steps and bristling with brackets, was, in her
+eyes, the most imposing of entrances.
+
+Could it be true? she asked herself, and shut her eyes; then glanced
+again, then looked at her brothers, who were both silent, Theodore
+smiling with joy, while Lucas looked gravely down at her.
+
+"Oh, Lucas!" she cried, throwing her arms around his neck, "you done
+this for me!"
+
+"I _told_ you I was sorry, Armidy," he said.
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+On the long peninsula that separates New York Bay from Newark Bay,
+there is, among other things, a red house by an open field, in which
+lives the king of kite-flyers. Every one in Bayonne, the town which
+covers this peninsula, knows the red house by the open field; for
+scarcely a day passes, winter or summer, that kites are not seen
+sailing above this spot--sometimes a solitary "hurricane flyer," when
+the wind is sweeping in strong from the ocean; sometimes a tandem
+string of seven or eight six-footers, each one fastened to the
+main line by its separate cord. And wonderful are the feats in
+kite-illumination accomplished by Mr. Eddy (the king aforesaid) on
+holiday nights, especially on the Fourth of July, when he keeps the
+sky ablaze with gracefully waving meteors, to the profound awe or
+admiration of his fellow-townsmen.
+
+If you enter the red house and show a proper interest in the subject,
+Mr. Eddy will take you up to his kite-room, where skyflyers of all
+sorts, sizes, and materials range the walls--from the tiniest, made
+of tissue paper, to nine-footers, with lath frames and oil-cloth
+coverings. Hanging from the ceiling is one of the queer Hargrave
+kites, which looks like a double box, and seems as little likely to
+fly as a full-legged dining-table; yet fly it will, and beautifully
+too, though by a principle of aeroplanes only recently understood.
+
+Then Mr. Eddy will show you the room where, with the help of his
+deft-fingered wife, also a kite enthusiast, he spends many hours
+developing and mounting photographs taken from high altitudes, with a
+camera especially constructed to be swung and operated from the kite
+cord.
+
+Until one talks with a man like Mr. Eddy--though, indeed, there is
+no one just like him--one does not realize what a large and important
+subject this of scientific kite-flying is. Many men of distinction
+have devoted years of their best energies to experiments with kites.
+Mr. Eddy himself is a scientist first, last, and always; for the
+sake of a new observation he will send up a tandem of kites when
+the thermometer is below zero, or stand half a night at his reeling
+apparatus, getting records of the thermograph.
+
+[Illustration: HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A
+TANDEM OF HIS BOX-KITES.]
+
+Perhaps I shall do best to begin by giving some useful information to
+those who may contemplate constructing a modern scientific kite. The
+first thing that should be done by such a person, be he boy or man, is
+to rid his mind of all his preconceived notions about kites, for it is
+almost certain that they are incorrect. To begin with, the scientific
+kite has no tail. A few years ago people would have laughed at any one
+who attempted to send up a kite without a tail. But the question is
+now no longer even open with the scientific kite-flyers, who not
+only send up tailless kites with the greatest ease, but do so under
+conditions which, to kites with tails, would be impossible: for
+instance, in dead calms and in driving hurricanes. The tailless kite,
+sent from the hands of a master, will fly in all winds.
+
+It is true that kites with tails have given good results in
+experimental work; but the tails are annoying and an unnecessary
+weight, and may better be dispensed with. Every boy has had the
+vexatious experience of sending up a kite in a light breeze with a
+tail made light in proportion, only to find that, on reaching stronger
+air currents above, the kite has begun to dive and grow unmanageable.
+Then, when he has taken the kite down and added a heavier tail, he has
+found the breeze at the ground insufficient to lift the extra load;
+and so, between two difficulties, has had to give up his sport in
+disgust. This is the one serious defect of kites with tails, that
+they cannot adapt themselves to wind currents of varying intensities;
+whereas the tailless kites do so without difficulty. And in tandem
+flying, which is the backbone of the modern system, the weight of a
+half dozen or more heavy tails would be a serious impediment, to
+say nothing of the perpetual danger of the different tails getting
+entangled in the lines.
+
+
+HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC KITE.
+
+It is important, then, to know how to make a scientific tailless kite,
+such as is used by the experts at the Smithsonian Institution, or at
+the Blue Hills Conservatory near Boston, for it must not be supposed
+that kite-flying is merely an idle pastime; it is a pleasure doubtless
+for boys, but it is also a field of serious experiment and observation
+for men. The information I here present, including practical
+directions as well as interesting theories, was obtained from Mr. Eddy
+himself, and may be regarded as strictly accurate.
+
+[Illustration: Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+
+This view, from a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, New
+York City at the crossing of Frankfort and William Streets.]
+
+It is much better for amateurs to begin with a kite designed to fly in
+strong winds, as it is a long and delicate task to learn to manage the
+variety with extra wide cross-stick meant for ascension in calms. The
+two sticks which form the skeleton should be of equal lengths, say six
+feet; and should cross each other at right angles at a point on the
+upright stick eighteen per cent. of its length below the top. This
+point of crossing is of great importance, and was only located by
+Mr. Eddy after months of wearisome experiment. He was misled in his
+earlier efforts at tailless kite-making by the example of the Malay
+kiter-flyers, who are reputed to be the most skilful in the world, and
+who cross the sticks much nearer the middle of the upright one. In a
+six-foot kite the two sticks, equal in length, should cross at about
+thirteen inches from the top of the upright stick; and the same
+proportion should be observed for kites of other dimensions. At the
+point of crossing, the sticks should be slightly notched, and strongly
+bound together with twine tied in flat knots. Driving a nail or screw
+through the sticks, to bind them, weakens the frame at the point of
+greatest strain.
+
+As material for the sticks Mr. Eddy has found clear spruce better
+than any other wood. Bamboo is bad, because it bends unevenly at
+the joints. White pine is not tough enough, and cypress is both too
+brittle and too flexible. The hard woods, like ash, hickory, and oak,
+are too heavy; in scientific kite-flying, even so small a weight as
+a quarter of an ounce may make all the difference between failure and
+success. All winds are broken by frequent brief intervals of calm,
+and a kite must rely on its lightness to outride these. Whoever
+contemplates going seriously into kite-flying will do well to
+provide himself with a store of suitable sticks by purchasing a
+straight-grained, well-planed spruce plank, free from knots, and
+having it sawed on a circular saw into sticks five-sixteenths and
+seven-sixteenths inches in thickness, to be cut later into such
+lengths as he may choose.
+
+[Illustration: Frankfort Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. This view
+also is of New York City about the crossing of Frankfort and William
+Streets. The high wall on the right of Frankfort Street is the back
+of the "World" building; the high wall on the left is the back of the
+"Tribune" building.]
+
+The two sticks (there are never more than two) having been fastened
+firmly together, the cross-stick must be sprung backward; so that,
+when finished, the kite will present a convex or bulging surface to
+the wind. It might be imagined that a concave surface to the wind
+would be better; and indeed this has been tried. But it has invariably
+proved that with a concave surface the kite receives too much of the
+breeze and becomes quite uncontrollable. The amount of spring that
+must be given the cross-piece is in proportion to its length, Mr.
+Eddy's rule being to spring the cross-stick, by means of a cord
+joining the two ends like a bow, until the perpendicular between the
+point of juncture of the two sticks and the centre of the cord is
+equal to one-tenth of the length of the cross-stick, or a little more
+than one-tenth, if the kite is to be flown in very high winds.
+
+It is of the first importance to keep the two halves of the kite on
+the right and the left of the upright stick perfectly symmetrical. And
+this is by no means an easy matter. It often happens in bending the
+cross-stick that, owing to differences in the fibre and elasticity of
+the wood, one side bends more than the other, with the result that
+the two halves present different curves and consequently unequal wind
+areas. To offset this difficulty, and also to strengthen the skeleton,
+Mr. Eddy's practice is to add a bracing piece at the back of the
+cross-stick--a piece about one-fourth of the length of the cross-stick
+itself, and of the same width and thickness. If the two halves of the
+kite are already quite symmetrical, he places this bracing stick with
+its centre directly even with the point of juncture of the two large
+sticks, its two ends being fastened with twine to the cross-stick,
+about nine inches on either side of the crossing-point. But if one
+half of the cross-stick shows a greater bend than the other, he places
+the longer arm of the bracing piece toward the side that bends the
+most, thus presenting a greater leverage against the wind on that side
+than on the other, and so equalizing things.
+
+With the two sticks and the brace all thus properly in place, a
+supporting frame for the paper or cloth is formed by running, not
+cord, but fine picture wire, over the tips of the sticks, notched to
+hold it in place, in the ordinary way. Then, with a thin, clear paste
+made of starch, the paper may be laid on, care being taken to paste
+the edges so as to leave a certain amount of slack or looseness in
+the part of the kite below the cross-stick, so that each of the lower
+faces will present concave wind surfaces. To preserve the required
+equilibrium, it is important that the amount of looseness in the paper
+be equal on the two sides; and in order to keep it so, it is necessary
+to measure exactly the amount allowed.
+
+[Illustration: THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.
+
+Front view, showing how the line is attached.
+
+A storm-flyer.--The diamond-shaped figure in the centre is an opening
+made to lessen the wind pressure.]
+
+Those who wish to make many kites will do well to buy thin manilla
+paper, as wide as possible, having the dealer roll off for them seven
+hundred or eight hundred feet, say a yard in width, which will insure
+a cheap as well as an abundant supply. For strong winds and large
+kites it is best to use cloth as the covering. It should be sewed to
+the frame, and, if carefully put on, will do service for years. Silk,
+of course, is the ideal material; but its costliness puts it beyond
+ordinary means, and common silesia, such as is used in dress linings,
+is almost as good. Whatever the material, the kite should be fortified
+at the corners by pasting or sewing on quadrants of paper or cloth,
+so as to give double thickness at the points most liable to injury.
+A finished six-footer should not weigh over twenty ounces, if covered
+with paper; or twenty-five ounces, if covered with cloth. Mr. Eddy has
+made a six-footer for calm flying as light as eight ounces.
+
+
+HOW TO SEND UP A KITE.
+
+There is only one way to learn the practical art of kite-flying, and
+that is to begin and do the thing yourself--with many mishaps and
+disappointments at the outset. One of Mr. Eddy's practices when
+sending kites up in very light winds or in an apparent calm, is to
+reel out two hundred yards or so of cord in a convenient open space,
+leaving kite and cord on the ground until ready to start. Then, by
+taking the cord at the extreme distance from the kite, and beginning
+to run with it, he gets it quickly into the upper air currents, which
+are always stirring more than those at the surface. It is sometimes
+necessary to run for a considerable distance before the kite reaches
+a sustaining current; but a real kite enthusiast will not mind taking
+trouble; indeed he had better abandon the whole business if he does.
+It is worth noting that even in a dead calm a kite may be kept up
+indefinitely as long as the flyer is willing to run with the cord at
+the rate of about five miles an hour.
+
+In flying kites tandem there is always to be guarded against the
+danger of a breaking of the cord. Few people realize how hard a
+pull is exerted by a series of kites well up in the air. A strain of
+twenty-five or thirty pounds on the cord is not uncommon; and not only
+the strength of the cord, but the way of attaching it, is of great
+importance. There should be two strings (never more), fastened to the
+upright stick at its lower end and at the point of crossing, the
+upper length being about one-third of the lower one, and the two being
+adjusted so that, when taut, the kite takes an angle of about twenty
+degrees with the ground--which means that the kite goes up almost
+straight overhead, the string making an angle of about seventy degrees
+with the ground.
+
+[Illustration: THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.
+
+It was by kites of this variety, flown in tandem, that the inventor,
+Hargrave, was lifted sixteen feet from the ground on November 12,
+1894.]
+
+In sending up a series of kites to fly tandem, it is best to head the
+line with a small kite, three or, four feet in diameter, and gradually
+increase the size until a diameter of six feet is reached for the one
+sent last. This arrangement makes it possible to hold the upper kites
+by lighter cord, the heavier kites being reserved for the half of the
+line nearest to the ground; and thus there is a material lessening
+of the load to be borne. The first kite should be well up, say five
+hundred feet, before the second is attached to the line. But after
+that they maybe sent at closer intervals, sometimes with only a few
+hundred feet between them--say two hundred feet in light winds, and
+five hundred feet in heavy winds. Each kite in a tandem should have
+a length of at least one hundred feet of cord from the main line, and
+great care should be exercised in knotting fast the individual lines.
+
+The best way of starting a second kite, after the first is well up, is
+to pay out about a hundred feet of cord for the tandem line, attaching
+one end of this to the main cord and the other to the second kite,
+which is left lying on the ground back downward. Then pay out the main
+line evenly until the tandem line begins to lift. As the pendent kite
+is borne higher and higher, it will swing for a while in a horizontal
+position; but will presently begin to flutter and sail sideways, and
+then finally come up more and more, until the wind catches it and
+it shoots up like a bird into its proper position. In fact, once the
+first kite is securely up, the others will fly themselves by merely
+being attached to the main line as described. Of course each fresh
+kite increases the pull on the main line, and the line must be made
+proportionately stronger as the tandem is increased.
+
+
+RUNAWAY TANDEMS.
+
+Mr. Eddy has had some remarkable experiences with escaping kites. One
+day at Bayonne, in July, 1894, while he was flying a tandem of eight
+kites in a northwest wind blowing eighteen miles an hour, the main
+line broke with a loud snap, and the kites sailed away towards Staten
+Island with the speed of an escaped balloon. One can scarcely conceive
+the rapidity with which a line of kites like this travels over the
+first four or five hundred feet after its release. An ice-boat goes no
+faster, and one might as well pursue the shadow of a flying cloud
+as chase that string. At the time of the escape the top kite, a
+four-footer, was up nearly a mile, and the other seven were flying
+at a good elevation. The consequence was that although, as invariably
+happens in such cases, they began to drop, the lowest kite did not
+strike the ground until it had been carried about a quarter of a mile,
+to the New Jersey shore of the Kill von Kull, which is half a mile
+wide at this point. Here kite number eight, a six-footer, caught in
+a tree and held the line for a few seconds until its own cord broke,
+under the strain, and set the other kites free. This check had lifted
+the other kites, and they now flew right bravely across the water,
+not one of the seven wetting its heels before the farther shore was
+reached. Then the lowest of them came to the ground, in its turn
+putting a brief check on the others. But its cord soon broke under the
+strain, and the six still flying went sailing over the trees of Staten
+Island, hundreds of people watching them as they flew--six tailless
+kites driving along towards New York Bay, the main line trailing
+behind over lawns and house-tops.
+
+Then a queer thing happened. As the loose end of the main line trailed
+along, it whipped against a line of telegraph wires with such
+violence as to wind itself around the wires again and again, just as
+a whip-lash winds round a hitching-post when whipped against one. The
+result was that the runaway kites were finally anchored by the main
+line, and held fast until their owner, coming in quick pursuit on
+ferryboat and train, could secure them.
+
+On another occasion, two of Mr. Eddy's kites flying in tandem broke
+away, and started out to sea, the dangling line passing over a moored
+coal barge on which a man was working. Feeling something tickle his
+neck, the man put up his hand quickly and touched the kite-cord.
+Greatly surprised, he seized the cord and made it fast; and he was not
+at all disposed to give up the kites when Mr. Eddy claimed them. There
+is no property, indeed, so hard to prove and recover as a runaway
+kite. For one thing, there is absolutely no telling how far a runaway
+kite will sail before landing. Mr. Eddy estimates that when the main
+line breaks, a kite well up in a twenty-five mile breeze will travel,
+before alighting, a distance equal to twelve times its height from the
+ground. This means that a kite straight over the Battery, in New York
+City, and a mile in the air, driven by a stiff south wind, might
+land in Yonkers if the cord broke. There is, by the way, an old-time
+ordinance on the statute book, prohibiting the flying of kites in any
+part of New York City below Fourteenth Street. This, however, did not
+prevent Mr. Eddy from taking recently a series of unique photographs
+(some of them are reproduced in this article), by means of a tandem of
+kites sent up from a high building near the City Hall Park. The only
+complication that resulted was a fierce contention among a crowd of
+idlers and gamins over the possession of one of the kites, which came
+down accidentally and lodged in one of the Park trees.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM
+A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy.]
+
+
+THE LIFTING POWER OF KITES.
+
+A tandem of six or eight six-foot kites exerts a pull of thirty pounds
+or more on the main line; but it must not be assumed that such a
+tandem would lift and carry through the air a weight of thirty pounds.
+The weight of thirty pounds would be carried a short distance; but
+as the weight moved off, there would be a sudden lessening of the
+resistance on the line, and so of the wind pressure against the kites,
+which would soon cause them to sink. A tandem of strong kites in
+a good breeze might be made to operate a sort of jumping apparatus
+which, after being carried a short distance, would anchor itself to
+the ground until the renewed strength of the kites lifted it up again
+for another jump. But all kite experts are agreed that a kite's power
+for lifting loads clear of the ground must be enormously increased
+according as the distance to which the load is to be lifted is
+increased. It would be possible, for example, to build a tandem of
+kites strong enough to lift a man clear of the ground, supposing him
+to be swung in a basket from the main line. This, indeed, has been
+actually accomplished. September 18, 1895, in England, Captain
+Baden-Powell was lifted to a height of one hundred feet on a
+kite-string supported by five large hexagon kites. But Mr. Eddy
+calculates that to lift a man of the same weight (one hundred and
+fifty pounds) to a height of fifteen hundred feet, with a wind blowing
+at the same rate (twenty miles an hour), would require seven kites
+with upright and cross-sticks not less than sixty-four feet each in
+length.
+
+The only other instance on record where a man has been lifted by a
+kite-cord was in the experiment of the great Australian kite expert,
+Hargrave, who, on November 12, 1894, placed himself in a sling seat
+attached to a tandem of his wonderful box kites, and was swung sixteen
+feet clear of the earth. The entire load, including the seat and
+appurtenances, amounted to two hundred and eight pounds. Mr. Eddy
+calculates that six of his bird-shaped kites, twenty feet in diameter,
+would lift a man and basket in safety to a height of one hundred feet,
+assuming the wind to be blowing steadily at twenty miles an hour.
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.
+
+NOTE.--In this picture the square box suspended from the upper line is
+the camera. The ball hanging from the camera is the burnished signal
+which, by its fall, informs the operator on the ground when the
+shutter of the camera has opened. The shutter and the ball are
+controlled from the ground by the lower line.]
+
+
+THE METEOROLOGICAL USE OF KITES.
+
+Although Mr. Eddy began flying kites as a diversion, he soon saw that
+there were more serious reasons for continuing his experiments. Having
+long been interested in meteorological problems, it occurred to him
+that good results might be obtained by sending aloft, on kite-strings,
+self-registering thermometers and apparatus for indicating the
+direction and strength of the air currents. On February 4, 1891, he
+sent up what is believed to be the first thermometer ever attached
+to a kite for scientific purposes. This was at nine o'clock in the
+evening on a cold winter's night, the thermometer registering ten
+degrees Fahrenheit at the ground. On reading the record after the
+descent, the thermometer was found to mark six degrees Fahrenheit,
+which indicated, according to the recognized law of decrease of
+temperature, that the kite had been sent to a height of one thousand
+feet. The law is that in ascending from the earth the temperature
+falls one degree for every two hundred and fifty feet; but subsequent
+experiments convinced Mr. Eddy that it was by no means to be relied
+upon as an indication of the height of kites. Not that the law is
+false; but it holds good only when the meteorological conditions above
+are the same as at the earth's surface, which is very far from being
+the case always.
+
+Out of these experiments Mr. Eddy evolved an important theory which
+has since been abundantly verified. Seeing the frequent variations in
+the thermometric readings from what the law had led him to expect, he
+concluded that these were due to meteorological variations overhead;
+and that changes in the weather, say the approach of warm waves or
+cold waves, make themselves felt in the air strata above the earth's
+surface several hours before they can be detected at the surface.
+Observations extending over months at the Blue Hills Observatory, near
+Boston, and elsewhere, have abundantly confirmed this theory.
+
+With this fact established, it followed, in Mr. Eddy's opinion,
+that it was perfectly possible to use kites in making weather
+prognostications; and, indeed, he has been doing this himself for
+several years with the best results. Whenever his kite-thermometers,
+sent to a fixed height which he determines independently by a
+specially devised kite-quadrant, show actual readings which are either
+warmer or cooler than the theoretical readings, he prophesies that
+the weather will, within a few hours, become warmer or colder at
+the earth's surface, and these prophecies are fulfilled in a
+large majority of cases. If the kite-thermometers show exactly the
+temperature which the law would call for, he prophesies that there
+will be no change in the weather.
+
+[Illustration: CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy. City Hall Park,
+New York City, appears in the foreground, with Broadway back of it.]
+
+It has also been demonstrated that kites may be used by meteorologists
+to indicate the approach of storms, which they foretell by a sudden
+and continuous veering over a considerable arc, usually about sixty
+degrees. This veering begins usually six or seven hours before a
+storm, and often as much as twelve hours. And another sure sign of a
+storm is the continuous and sudden dropping of the kites followed by
+a quick recovery, which shows that the wind is blowing in gusts
+interspersed with periods of calm.
+
+In making a series of meteorological experiments which he conducted at
+the Blue Hills Observatory, Mr. Eddy often employed as many as eight
+or ten kites; and in August, 1895, he sent up twelve kites on one
+line, three of them being nine-footers. This is probably the largest
+number of kites ever sent up in tandem; and although on this occasion
+the line carried only the thermographs suspended in a basket, the
+whole weighing not more than two pounds, a very much larger load might
+have been carried, had it been desired.
+
+[Illustration: Murray Street. Warren Street.
+
+MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.
+
+From a photograph taken from a kite by Mr. W.A. Eddy, showing Murray
+and Warren Streets, New York City, as they run west from Broadway.]
+
+Among many other curious things about the wind observed by Mr. Eddy,
+is the fact that the night winds are by far the steadiest and most
+satisfactory for kite-flying. On this account much of his work with
+kites has been done in the darkness, although he uses lanterns on
+the lines to assist him in locating the kites. It has also been
+demonstrated that the force of the wind increases steadily as the
+distance from the earth increases. Archibald proved this conclusively,
+by suspending a series of wind-measuring instruments at intervals
+along the main line, their registration showing almost invariably
+greater wind pressure at the higher altitude. Mr. Eddy has furthermore
+noted that, while the early morning wind is usually very light at the
+earth's surface, it is almost invariably good aloft; and he has again
+and again verified the well-established fact that all clouds herald
+their approach and are accompanied by increased wind velocity.
+
+
+THE HIGHEST FLIGHT EVER MADE BY A KITE.
+
+The modern system of flying kites tandem was devised by Mr. Eddy in
+1890, although it was hit upon two years later independently by Dr.
+Alexander B. Johnson, the distinguished surgeon of the Roosevelt
+Hospital in New York. The tandem system makes it possible to send
+kites to far greater altitudes than had ever been previously attained.
+And here the best record is undoubtedly held by one of Mr. Eddy's
+tandems, sent aloft at Bayonne, on November 7, 1893. Mr. Eddy began to
+send up the kites at 7:30 A.M.; but, being hampered by light breezes
+from the east, found he was kept busy until half-past three in the
+afternoon in getting nine kites aloft. He had paid out nearly two
+miles of cord, when the top kite, a little two-footer, stood straight
+over the spar buoy in Newark Bay. The lowest kite, a six-footer, was
+hovering some distance inland from the shore, on a line from the shore
+to Mr. Eddy's house (where the end of the line was anchored) measuring
+fifty-five hundred feet by the surveyor's map. Taking two observations
+from the two ends of this base line, Mr. Eddy's kite-quadrant showed
+angles of thirty-five and sixty-six degrees; and these data, by simple
+methods of triangulation, were sufficient to determine the altitude
+of the kite, which was found to be five thousand five hundred and
+ninety-five feet--or something over one mile. The kites were seen by
+hundreds of persons during the fifteen hours that they remained up,
+the experiment coming to an abrupt end at ten o'clock that night by
+the blowing away of the two upper kites in the increasing wind. The
+escaped kites disappeared in Newark Bay, along with three thousand
+feet of the line.
+
+[Illustration: KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+
+Invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis. This buoy lacks the steering
+appliances of the one shown below, and travels simply in a line with
+the kite that draws it.]
+
+Much interest attaches from a scientific point of view to experiments
+designed to test how great an altitude may be reached by kites; and
+for a year past Mr. Eddy has been working in this direction for
+the Smithsonian Institution, the hope being that he will ultimately
+succeed in sending kites two miles above the earth's surface.
+Professor Langley has been following these experiments with great
+interest, and has furnished Mr. Eddy with a special quality of silk
+cord which, it is believed, will give better results in meteorological
+observation than the ordinary hempen twine or rope. The great
+difficulty that Mr. Eddy finds in the way of making his kites reach
+great altitudes, is the pull on the cord, which increases greatly
+as the kites rise higher. It is probable that a tandem of fifteen or
+twenty big kites, reaching to a mile above the earth's surface, would
+exert a pull of one hundred pounds; while at a height of two miles
+they might, Mr. Eddy thinks, exert a pull of three hundred and fifty
+pounds; and at a height of three miles, a pull of seven hundred
+pounds. However great the pull, it is essential to successful flying
+that the man in control be able to let out or reel in the main line
+with great rapidity, and it is evident that a dozen men could not by
+hand alone accomplish this if the kites were sent as high as might
+be. It is likely, therefore, that, as the importance of scientific
+kite-flying becomes more widely understood, some simple dummy engine
+will be devised for rapidly turning the windlass on which the main
+line is wound.
+
+Mr. Eddy has made frequent experiments with rain-kites, which he used
+for the first time in November, 1893. It is true that Franklin sent
+up a flyer during a shower, but in his case the rain was merely an
+accident accompanying the electric storm, which was his only concern.
+Mr. Eddy, however, has sent up kites in the rain for the purpose of
+studying cloud altitudes and other meteorological phenomena; and by
+this means he has discovered what was not previously believed to be
+true: that clouds sometimes sink to within six hundred feet of the
+earth's surface without actually coming down to it. In fact, Mr. Eddy
+has had kites disappear in a cloud at a height of only five hundred
+and sixty-eight feet. It has sometimes happened that clouds settling
+toward the earth have obscured the kites gradually, the top one
+becoming invisible first, and then the others in succession. Mr. Eddy
+has found that by such indications he is able to foretell the approach
+of fog four or five hours before it reaches the earth's surface, so
+slowly do the clouds settle through the air strata.
+
+[Illustration: DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
+
+This is the buoy invented by Prof. J. Woodbridge Davis for conveying
+messages, food, or life-lines between disabled vessels and the shore.
+The buoy is drawn over the water by the kite-line, like the one shown
+above, but the setting of the keel and the three guy-ropes give it
+whatever direction is desired.]
+
+[Illustration: THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.]
+
+It is best to make rain-kites of oil-skin or paraffine paper, as the
+ordinary paper or cloth becomes saturated with the dampness and very
+heavy, thus lessening the buoyancy of the line. So penetrating is the
+dampness of clouds, even without a rain-storm, that the wooden frames
+sometimes become warped and the paste seams soak open.
+
+
+DRAWING DOWN ELECTRICITY BY A KITE-STRING.
+
+The scientific kite-flyer will find much to tempt him into the field
+of electricity; and will be able, not only to duplicate Dr. Franklin's
+historic experiment of bringing down sparks from the heavens, but
+may go far beyond this, taking advantage of the greater knowledge of
+electricity at his disposal and the superior apparatus. In the summer
+of 1885, Alexander McAdie, at the Blue Hills Observatory, got strong
+sparks at the earth's surface from a wire connected with a kite
+whose surface had been coated with tinfoil so as to form an electric
+collector. He also, by the brightness and increased lengths of the
+sparks obtained, proved that the electric force in the atmosphere is
+very greatly increased with the approach of thunder clouds; and
+also that this force increases steadily as the kites reach greater
+altitude, and _vice versa_. Indeed Mr. Eddy and others who have
+conducted similar experiments, have found the electric force so strong
+at certain altitudes as to make the manipulation of the conducting
+wire a source of considerable danger.
+
+On October 8, 1892, Mr. Eddy made an important advance in electrical
+experiments with kites, by using a collector quite separate from the
+kites themselves, which were merely used in tandem to support the line
+on which the collector was swung and raised to any desired altitude.
+By this arrangement any accident that might befall one of the kites is
+less likely to ruin the whole experiment.
+
+Much experience with the kite-collector has convinced Mr. Eddy that
+there is always in the air overhead, at all times of the year and
+in all weathers, an abundant, practically a boundless, supply of
+electricity. It has never yet happened to him to send his collector up
+to even so low a height as four hundred feet without getting a spark
+in his discharge-box at the earth. He has discovered, however, that
+the greater the amount of moisture in the air, the greater is the
+height to which he must send the collector before getting the first
+spark. There is no doubt that large quantities of electricity might
+be obtained by hoisting large collectors, supported by strong flying
+tandems, to considerable altitudes, and drawing off the supply at
+the earth by means of a system of transformers which would lower the
+electricity from the dangerously high tension at which it discharges
+down the wire, to a voltage that could be handled with safety. In his
+experiments thus far, Mr. Eddy has discharged the copper wire leading
+from his collector into a wooden box containing a pasteboard wheel
+with darning-needle axle and tinfoil edges. The axle is grounded, and
+the copper wire from the collector placed near the tinfoil periphery
+of the wheel, so as to discharge its sparks through the intervening
+distance, and by the shock cause the wheel to turn.
+
+
+THE USE OF KITES IN PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+One of the most interesting applications of the kite, but a thoroughly
+practical one, is its use in photography. This has been
+entirely developed within the past year or two; indeed the first
+kite-photograph taken on the American continent was one made by
+Mr. Eddy's camera on May 30, 1895. Although some attempts in this
+direction had been previously made in Europe, this was the first
+clearly focused kite-photograph obtained. The previous ones had been
+blurred, owing to defects in the devices for swinging the camera
+apparatus from the kite-cord, and for loosening the shutter. Mr.
+Eddy's apparatus will be better understood from the accompanying
+cut than from any description. In a general way it is a wooden frame
+capable of holding the camera, and terminating behind in a long stick
+or boom, by means of which the camera is made to point in any desired
+direction or at any angle. This is arranged before sending up the
+apparatus, the boom being properly placed and held in position by
+means of guy cords from the main kite-line. A separate line hangs
+from the spring of the camera shutter, with which is also connected
+a hollow ball of polished metal supported in such a way that it will
+drop from its position, five or six feet through the air, when the
+camera cord is pulled. The purpose of this ball is to allow the
+operator on the ground to be sure that the camera has responded to his
+pull and that the desired photograph has been taken. He is assured of
+this, having given the pull, on seeing the flash made by the polished
+ball in its fall.
+
+All this being arranged, it is only necessary to send the camera up
+to any desired altitude and pull the camera cord, in order to get
+photographs of wide-stretching landscapes, extensive cities, like New
+York, and panoramas of every description. Such photographs could
+not but be of the greatest value to geologists, mountain climbers,
+surveyors, and explorers. And they must possess particular interest
+for students of geography and for map-makers.
+
+
+POSSIBLE USE OF KITES IN WAR.
+
+It is obvious, too, that kite-photographs might be of great value
+in time of war, since a detailed view of an enemy's lines and
+fortifications might be thus obtained; while at sea a perfected
+kite-photographing apparatus might be of great value in recording
+the approach of an enemy's ships. Mr. Eddy regards it as perfectly
+possible to send up a tandem of kites from the deck of a man-of-war,
+with a circular camera, such as has already been devised, attached
+to the main line, and an apparatus for snapping all the shutters
+simultaneously; and photograph, not only the whole horizon as seen
+from the deck of a vessel, but, because of the greater elevation, many
+miles beyond. A battle-ship provided with this photographing device
+would enjoy as great an advantage as if it were able at will to
+stretch out its mainmast into a tower of observation a mile high.
+
+It is true that some of the lenses in the circular camera, the
+ones facing the sun, might give imperfect pictures; but in whatever
+position the sun might be, at least one hundred and eighty degrees
+of the horizon would be clearly photographed. And by taking such
+observations in the early morning, and again in the middle of the
+afternoon, it would be possible to cover the whole circuit, and thus
+be aware of the approach of an enemy's ships long before they would
+have been visible to a telescope used on the deck. In such a circular
+camera each lens would be numbered, and the position of each would be
+accurately determined with regard to the points of the compass by the
+use of guy-cords stretching from the main line to the framework of the
+apparatus. Thus, on looking at the number of a lens, the photographer
+would immediately know from which direction any vessel whose image was
+shown might be coming.
+
+Nor is the use of the kite in war limited to the services it would
+render in photography; it might easily do more than that, and become a
+most efficient and novel engine of destruction. As has been shown, it
+is merely a question of carpenter work to send up a tandem of kites
+that will swing a heavy load high in the air. Suppose that load were
+dynamite, with an arrangement for dropping it over any desired spot.
+Mr. Eddy suggests that this might be effected by means of a slow match
+made by soaking a cotton string in saltpetre, which would be lighted
+on despatching the load of dynamite, and would burn at a regular rate,
+say one foot in five minutes, so that the length of the match could be
+timed to meet the necessities of the case. On burning to its end,
+the match would ignite a cord holding the dynamite in a pasteboard
+receptacle, one side of which would fall down like the front of a
+wall-pocket as soon as the restraining cord was burned through; and
+immediately the dynamite in the box would be launched toward its
+destination. Mr. Eddy has already carried out an experiment similar
+to this, in setting loose from high elevations tiny paper aeroplanes.
+With a little practice he found he could start the slow match with
+such precision as to cause the aeroplanes to burst out into flight at
+any desired altitude. This interesting and beautiful experiment was
+performed for the first time by Mr. Eddy on February 22, 1893, when
+he sent off from a height of one thousand feet forty aeroplanes, their
+forward edges weighted with pins for greater stability.
+
+Assuming such an arrangement made for discharging a load of dynamite,
+Mr. Eddy calculates that, with a twenty-mile breeze, six eighteen-foot
+kites would lift fifty pounds of the explosive a quarter of a mile
+in the air and suspend it over a fort or beleaguered city half a mile
+distant. It would thus be perfectly possible, supposing the wind to be
+in the right direction, to bombard Staten Island with dynamite dropped
+from kites sent up from the Jersey shore. It is evident that,
+for purposes of bombardment, a tandem of kites possesses several
+advantages over the war balloon. Kites are much cheaper. Then it would
+be far more difficult to disable them than to disable a balloon, since
+they offer a smaller mark to the enemy's guns; and even if one or two
+were destroyed, the others would still suffice to carry the dynamite.
+Finally, the kites may be sent up without risk to the lives of those
+who directed them, which is not the case with the balloons.
+
+Another interesting and important application of the modern kite has
+been conceived by Professor J. Woodbridge Davis, principal of the
+Woodbridge Boys' School, in New York, who is one of the most famous
+kite-flyers in the world, in addition to being a distinguished
+scientist and mathematician. It was Professor Davis who invented the
+dirigible kite several years ago, three strings allowing the operator
+to steer the kite from right to left at will or to make it sink to
+earth. Having perfected this curious kite, which is of hexagon shape,
+is covered with oiled silk, is foldable, portable, and has a tail,
+Professor Davis turned his attention to his more recent and important
+discovery of the dirigible buoy, which bids fair to do much to lessen
+the dangers of shipwreck. For months past Professor Davis, assisted by
+Mr. Eddy, has been experimenting on the Kill von Kull with this buoy,
+and has obtained most encouraging results. There are two kinds, both
+being designed to be attached to kite lines and drawn over the water
+by the power of the kite. The simpler variety is merely a long wooden
+tube about three inches in diameter and shaped very much like a gun
+projectile, with a cone of tin dragging behind to give steadiness. It
+is for use only when the wind is blowing in exactly the direction in
+which it is designed to send a message or carry a rope. It will be
+observed that, in a large number of cases when ships are driven on
+rocks, the wind is blowing toward the shore, and in such cases a
+line of kites would readily carry one of these buoys ashore with the
+important words inside or the still more important rope following
+after.
+
+Not satisfied, however, with this buoy, Professor Davis sought some
+means of making kites draw a load across the water in any direction
+desired, regardless of the way the wind might be blowing; and, after
+much thought and calculation, he hit upon what is now known as the
+Davis buoy, an object that has become familiar to dwellers at Bergen
+Point and Port Richmond, from the frequent experiments on the Kill
+that have been carried on during the past year. This form of buoy is
+much larger than the other, being three or four feet in length; and
+its essential feature is a deep iron keel that projects below out of
+the block of wood forming the body. It is evident that this keel will
+tend to keep the buoy headed in any given direction; and stability of
+position is further assured by the presence of guy-ropes attached to
+the main line of the kite. Each buoy is provided with three of these
+ropes, which, by being lengthened or shortened, may cause the buoy to
+form any desired angle with the kite-cord, and to keep it. Professor
+Davis has entirely succeeded in making the kites drag the buoy along
+the water in various directions in the very strongest gales--in fact,
+under precisely the conditions that would assist when the buoys would
+be needed for life-saving service from wrecks. And he is positive
+that, with further experiment, he will be able, by moving along the
+shore until a tacking angle is reached, not only to send lines, food,
+or messages to a disabled vessel from the shore, but to bring back
+by the same kites and the same buoy other lines and messages from the
+people in distress.
+
+Considering the important offices of which it has already been
+proved capable, and the possibility which these suggest of many other
+practical applications, it is clear that the kite is no longer to
+be regarded as simply a toy. And this, in turn, suggests anew the
+familiar truth that, after all, nothing in this world is of small
+consequence.
+
+
+
+
+A DRAMATIC POINT.
+
+BY ROBERT BARR,
+
+Author of "In the Midst of Alarms," "A Typewritten Letter," etc.
+
+
+In the bad days of Balmaceda, when Chili was rent in twain, and its
+capital was practically a besieged city, two actors walked together
+along the chief street of the place towards the one theatre that
+was then open. They belonged to a French dramatic company that would
+gladly have left Chili if it could; but being compelled by stress
+of war to remain, the company did the next best thing, and gave
+performances at the principal theatre on such nights as a paying
+audience came.
+
+A stranger would hardly have suspected, by the look of the streets,
+that a deadly war was going on, and that the rebels--so called--were
+almost at the city gates. Although business was ruined, credit dead,
+and no man's life or liberty safe, the streets were filled with a
+crowd that seemed bent on enjoyment and making the best of things.
+
+As Jacques Dupre and Carlos Lemoine walked together they were talking
+earnestly, not of the real war so close to their doors, but of the
+mimic conflicts of the stage. M. Dupre was the leading man of the
+company, and he listened with the amused tolerance of an elder man to
+the energetic vehemence of the younger.
+
+"You are all wrong, Dupre," cried Lemoine, "all wrong! I have studied
+the subject. Remember I am saying nothing against your acting in
+general. You know you have no greater admirer than I am, and that is
+something to say when you know that the members of a dramatic company
+are usually at loggerheads through jealousy."
+
+"Speak for yourself, Lemoine. You know I am green with jealousy of
+you. You are the rising star, and I am setting. You can't teach an old
+dog new tricks, Carl, my boy."
+
+"That's nonsense, Dupre. I wish you would consider this seriously. It
+is because you are so good on the stage that I can't bear to see you
+false to your art just to please the gallery. You should be above all
+that."
+
+"How can a man be above his gallery--the highest spot in the house?
+Talk sense, Carlos, and I'll listen."
+
+"Yes, you're flippant simply because you know you're wrong, and
+dare not argue this matter soberly. Now she stabs you through the
+heart--"
+
+"No. False premises entirely. She says something about my wicked
+heart, and evidently _intends_ to pierce that depraved organ; but a
+woman never hits what she aims at, and I deny that I'm ever stabbed
+through the heart. Say in the region or the neighborhood of the heart,
+and go on with your talk."
+
+"Very well. She stabs you in a spot so vital that you die in a
+few minutes. You throw up your hands, you stagger against the
+mantel-shelf, you tear open your collar and then grope at nothing; you
+press your hands on your wound and take two reeling steps forward; you
+call feebly for help and stumble against the sofa which you fall upon,
+and finally, still groping wildly, you roll off on the floor, where
+you kick out once or twice; your clinched hand comes down with a thud
+on the boards, and all is over."
+
+"Admirably described, Carlos. I wish my audience paid such attention
+to my efforts as you do. Now, you claim this is all wrong, do you?"
+
+"All wrong."
+
+"Suppose she stabbed you, what would _you_ do?"
+
+"I would plunge forward on my face--dead."
+
+"Great Heavens! What would become of your curtain?"
+
+"Oh, bother the curtain!"
+
+"It's all very well for you to condemn the curtain, Carl, but you must
+work up to it. Your curtain would come down, and your friends in
+the gallery would not know what had happened. Now, I go through the
+evolutions you so graphically describe, and the audience gets time
+to take in the situation. They say, chuckling to themselves, 'That
+villain's got his dose at last, and serves him right, too.' They want
+to enjoy his struggles, while she stands grimly at the door taking
+care that he doesn't get away. Then when my fist comes down flop on
+the stage, and they realize that I am indeed done for, the yell of
+triumph that goes up is something delicious to hear."
+
+"That's just the point, Dupre. I claim the actor has no right to
+hear applause--that he should not know there is such a thing as an
+audience. His business is to portray life exactly as it is."
+
+"You can't portray life in a death scene, Carl."
+
+"Dupre, I lose all patience with you, or rather I would did I not
+know that you are much deeper than you would have us suppose. You
+apparently won't see that I am very much in earnest about this."
+
+"Of course you are, my boy, and that is one reason why you will
+become a very great actor, I was ambitious myself once; but as we grow
+older"--Dupre shrugged his shoulders--"well, we begin to have an eye
+on the box-office receipts. I think you sometimes forget that I am a
+good deal older than you are."
+
+"You mean that I am a fool and that I may learn wisdom with age. I
+quite admit that you are a better actor than I am; in fact, I said so
+only a moment ago, but--"
+
+"You wrong me, Brutus; I said an older soldier, not a better. But I
+will take you on your own grounds. Have you ever seen a man stabbed or
+shot through the heart?"
+
+"I never have, but I know mighty well he wouldn't undo his necktie
+afterwards."
+
+Dupre threw back his head and laughed.
+
+"Who is flippant now?" he asked.
+
+"I don't undo my necktie; I merely tear off my collar, which a dying
+man may surely be permitted to do. But until you have seen a man die
+from such a stab as I receive every night, I don't understand how you
+can justly find fault with my rendition of the tragedy. I imagine, you
+know, that the truth lies between the two extremes. The man done to
+death would likely not make such a fuss as I make; nor would he depart
+so quickly as you say he would, without giving the gallery gods a
+show for their money. But here we are at the theatre, Carlos, and this
+acrimonious debate is closed--until we take our next walk together."
+
+In front of the theatre soldiers were on duty, marching up and down
+with muskets on their shoulders, to show that the state was mighty and
+could take care of a theatre as well as conduct a war. There were many
+loungers about, which might have indicated to a person who did not
+know, that there would be a good house when the play began. The two
+actors met the manager in the throng near the door.
+
+"How are prospects to-night?" asked Dupre.
+
+"Very poor," replied the manager. "Not half a dozen seats have been
+sold."
+
+"Then it isn't worth while beginning?"
+
+"We must begin," said the manager, lowering his voice. "The President
+has ordered me not to close the theatre."
+
+"Oh, hang the President!" cried Lemoine impatiently. "Why doesn't he
+put a stop to the war, and then the theatre would remain open of its
+own accord?"
+
+"He is doing his best to put a stop to the war, only his army does not
+carry out his orders as implicitly as our manager does," said Dupre,
+smiling at the other's vehemence.
+
+"Balmaceda is a fool," retorted the younger actor. "If he were out of
+the way the war would not last another day. I believe he is playing a
+losing game, anyhow. It's a pity he hasn't to go to the front himself,
+and then a stray bullet might find him and put an end to the war,
+which would save the lives of many better men."
+
+"I say, Lemoine, I wish you wouldn't talk like that," expostulated the
+manager gently, "especially when there are so many listeners."
+
+"Oh, the larger my audience the better I like it," rejoined Lemoine.
+"I have all an actor's vanity in that respect. I say what I think, and
+I don't care who hears me."
+
+"Yes; but you forget that we are, in a measure, guests of this
+country, and we should not abuse our hosts, or the man who represents
+them."
+
+"Ah, does he represent them? It seems to me that begs the whole
+question; that's just what the war is about. The general opinion is
+that Balmaceda misrepresents them, and that the country would be glad
+to be rid of him."
+
+"That may all be," said the manager almost in a whisper, for he was a
+man evidently inclined towards peace; "but it does not rest with us
+to say so. We are French, and I think therefore it is better not to
+express an opinion."
+
+"I'm not French," cried Lemoine. "I'm a native Chilian, and I have a
+right to abuse my own country if I choose to do so."
+
+"All the more reason, then," said the manager, looking timorously over
+his shoulder--"all the more reason that you should be careful what you
+say."
+
+"I suppose," said Dupre, by way of putting an end to the discussion,
+"it is time for us to get our war paint on. Come along, Lemoine,
+and lecture me on our mutual art, and stop talking politics--if the
+nonsense you utter about Chili and its President is politics."
+
+[Illustration: "MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."]
+
+The two actors entered the theatre; they occupied the same
+dressing-room, and the volatile Lemoine talked incessantly. Although
+there were but few people in the stalls, the gallery was well filled,
+as was usually the case. When going on for the last act in the final
+scene, Dupre whispered a word to the man who controlled the falling of
+the curtain; and when the actor, as the villain of the piece, received
+the fatal knife-thrust from the ill-used heroine, he plunged forward
+on his face and died without a struggle, to the amazement of the
+manager, who was watching the play from the front of the house, and
+to the evident bewilderment of the gallery, who had counted on an
+exciting struggle with death. Much as they desired the cutting off of
+the villain, they were not pleased to see him so suddenly shift
+his worlds without an agonizing realization of the fact that he was
+quitting an existence in which he had done nothing but evil. The
+curtain came down upon the climax, but there was no applause, and the
+audience silently filtered out into the street.
+
+"There," said Dupre, when he returned to his dressing-room, "I hope
+you are satisfied now, Lemoine, and if you are, you are the only
+satisfied person in the house. I fell perfectly flat, as you
+suggested, and you must have seen that the climax of the play fell
+flat also."
+
+"Nevertheless," persisted Lemoine stoutly, "it was the true rendition
+of the part."
+
+As they were talking, the manager came into their dressing-room. "Good
+Heavens, Dupre!" he said, "why did you end the piece in that idiotic
+way? What on earth got into you?"
+
+"The knife," said Dupre, flippantly. "It went directly through the
+heart, and Lemoine, here, insists that when that happens a man should
+fall dead instantly. I did it to please Lemoine."
+
+"But you spoiled your curtain," protested the manager.
+
+"Yes; I knew that would happen, and I told Lemoine so; but he insists
+on art for art's sake. You must expostulate with Lemoine; although I
+don't mind telling you both frankly that I don't intend to die in that
+way again."
+
+"Well, I hope not," replied the manager. "I don't want you to kill the
+play as well as yourself, you know, Dupre."
+
+Lemoine, whose face had by this time become restored to its normal
+appearance, retorted hotly:
+
+"It all goes to show how we are surrounded and hampered by the
+traditions of the stage. The gallery wants to see a man die all over
+the place, and so the victim has to scatter the furniture about and
+make a fool of himself generally, when he should quietly succumb to a
+well-deserved blow. You ask any physician, and he will tell you that
+a man stabbed or shot through the heart collapses at once. There is
+no jumping-jack business in such a case. He doesn't play at leap-frog
+with the chairs and sofas, but sinks instantly to the floor and is
+done for."
+
+"Come along, Lemoine," cried Dupre, putting on his coat, "and stop
+talking nonsense. True art consists in a judicious blending of the
+preconceived ideas of the gallery with the actual facts of the
+case. An instantaneous photograph of a trotting horse is doubtless
+technically and absolutely correct, yet it is not a true picture of
+the animal in motion."
+
+"Then you admit," said Lemoine quickly, "that I am technically correct
+in what I state about the result of such a wound?"
+
+"I admit nothing," said Dupre. "I don't believe you are correct in
+anything you say about the matter. I suppose the truth is that no two
+men die alike under the same circumstances."
+
+"They do when the heart is touched."
+
+"What absurd nonsense you talk! No two men act alike when the heart
+is touched in love; why then should they when it is touched in death?
+Come along to the hotel, and let us stop this idiotic discussion."
+
+"Ah!" sighed Lemoine, "you will throw your chances away. You are too
+careless, Dupre; you do not study enough. This kind of thing is all
+well enough in Chili, but it will wreck your chances when you go to
+Paris. If you studied more deeply, Dupre, you would take Paris by
+storm."
+
+"Thanks," said Dupre lightly; "but unless the rebels take this city
+by storm, and that shortly, we may never see Paris again. To tell the
+truth, I have no heart for anything but the heroine's knife. I am sick
+and tired of the situation here."
+
+As Dupre spoke they met a small squad of soldiers coming briskly
+towards the theatre. The man in charge evidently recognized them, for
+saying a word to his men, they instantly surrounded the two actors.
+The sergeant touched Lemoine on the shoulder, and said:
+
+"It is my duty to arrest you, sir."
+
+"In Heaven's name, why?" asked Lemoine.
+
+The man did not answer; but a soldier stepped to each side of Lemoine.
+
+"Am I under arrest also?" asked Dupre.
+
+"No."
+
+"By what authority do you arrest my friend?" inquired Dupre.
+
+"By the President's order."
+
+"But where is your authority? Where are your papers? Why is this
+arrest made?"
+
+The sergeant shook his head and said:
+
+"We have the orders of the President, and that is sufficient for us.
+Stand back, please!"
+
+The next instant Dupre found himself alone, with the squad and their
+prisoner disappearing down a back street. For a moment he stood there
+as if dazed, then he turned and ran as fast as he could back to the
+theatre again, hoping to meet a carriage for hire on the way. Arriving
+at the theatre he found the lights out and the manager on the point of
+leaving.
+
+"Lemoine has been arrested," he cried; "arrested by a squad of
+soldiers whom we met, and they said they acted by the order of the
+President."
+
+The manager seemed thunderstruck by the intelligence, and gazed
+helplessly at Dupre.
+
+"What is the charge?" he said at last.
+
+"That I do not know," answered the actor. "They simply said they were
+acting under the President's orders."
+
+"This is bad, as bad as can be," said the manager, looking over
+his shoulder, and speaking as if in fear. "Lemoine has been talking
+recklessly. I never could get him to realize that he was in Chili,
+and that he must not be so free in his speech. He always insisted that
+this was the nineteenth century, and a man could say what he liked; as
+if the nineteenth century had anything to do with Chili in its present
+state."
+
+"You don't imagine," said Dupre, with a touch of pallor coming into
+his cheeks, "that this is anything serious? It will mean nothing more
+than a day or two in prison, at the worst?"
+
+The manager shook his head and said:
+
+"We had better get a carriage and see the President as soon as
+possible. I'll undertake to send Lemoine back to Paris, or to put
+him on board one of the French iron-clads. But there is no time to be
+lost. We can probably get a carriage in the square."
+
+They found a carriage, and drove as quickly as they could to the
+residence of the President. At first they were refused admittance; but
+finally they were allowed to wait in a small room while their message
+was taken to Balmaceda. An hour passed, but still no invitation came
+to them from the President. The manager sat silent in a corner, but
+Dupre paced up and down the small room, torn with anxiety about his
+friend. At last an officer entered the room, and presented them with
+the compliments of the President, who regretted that it was impossible
+for him to see them that night. He added for their information, by
+order of the President, that Lemoine was to be shot at day-break. He
+had been tried by court-martial, and condemned to death for sedition.
+The President regretted having kept them waiting so long, but the
+court-martial had been going on when they arrived, and the President
+thought that perhaps they would be interested in the verdict. With
+that the officer escorted the two dumfounded men to the door, where
+they got into their carriage without a word. The moment they were out
+of ear-shot, the manager said to the coachman:
+
+"Drive as quickly as you can to the residence of the French minister."
+
+Every one at the French Legation had retired when the two
+panic-stricken men reached there; but after a time the secretary
+consented to see them, and on learning the seriousness of the case, he
+undertook to arouse his Excellency, and see if anything could be
+done. The minister entered the room shortly after, and listened with
+interest to what they had to say.
+
+"You have your carriage at the door?" he asked, when they had finished
+their recital.
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Then I will take it, and see the President at once. Perhaps you will
+wait here until I return."
+
+Another hour dragged its slow length along, and they were well into
+the second hour before the rattle of the wheels was heard in the
+silent street. The minister came in, and the two anxious men saw by
+his face that he had failed in his mission.
+
+"I am sorry to say," said his Excellency, "that I have been unable
+even to get the execution postponed. I did not understand, when I
+undertook the mission, that M. Lemoine was a citizen of Chili.
+You see, that fact puts the matter entirely out of my hands. I am
+powerless. I could only advise the President not to carry out his
+intentions; but he is to-night in a most unreasonable and excited
+mood, and I fear nothing can be done to save your friend. If he had
+been a citizen of France, of course this execution would not have
+been permitted to take place; but as it is, it is not our affair. M.
+Lemoine seems to have been talking with some indiscretion. He does not
+deny it himself, nor does he deny his citizenship. If he had taken a
+conciliatory attitude at the court-martial the result might not have
+been so disastrous; but it seems that he insulted the President to his
+face, and predicted that he would within two weeks meet him in Hades.
+The utmost I could do was to get the President to sign a permit for
+you to see your friend, if you present it at the prison before the
+execution takes place. I fear you have no time to lose. Here is the
+paper."
+
+Dupre took the document, and thanked his Excellency for his exertions
+on their behalf. He realized that Lemoine had sealed his own fate by
+his independence and lack of tact.
+
+The two dejected men drove from the Legation and through the deserted
+streets to the prison. They were shown through several stone-paved
+rooms to a stone-paved court-yard, and there they waited for some time
+until the prisoner was brought in between two soldiers. Lemoine had
+thrown off his coat, and appeared in his shirt-sleeves. He was not
+manacled or bound in any way, there being too many prisoners for each
+one to be allowed the luxury of fetters.
+
+"Ah," cried Lemoine, when he saw them, "I knew you would come if that
+old scoundrel of a President would allow you in, of which I had my
+doubts. How did you manage it?"
+
+"The French minister got us a permit," said Dupre.
+
+"Oh, you went to him, did you? Of course he could do nothing, for, as
+I told you, I have the misfortune to be a citizen of this country. How
+comically life is made up of trivialities! I remember once in Paris
+going with a friend to take the oath of allegiance to the French
+Republic."
+
+"And did you take it?" cried Dupre eagerly.
+
+"Alas, no! We met two other friends, and we all adjourned to a cafe
+and had something to drink. I little thought that bottle of champagne
+was going to cost me my life; for, of course, if I had taken the oath
+of allegiance, my friend the French minister would have bombarded the
+city before he would have allowed this execution to go on."
+
+"Then you know to what you are condemned?" said the manager, with
+tears in his eyes.
+
+"Oh, I know that Balmaceda thinks he is going to have me shot; but
+then he always was a fool, and never knew what he was talking about. I
+told him if he would allow you two in at the execution, and instead of
+ordering a whole squad to fire at me, order one expert marksman, if
+he had such a thing in his whole army, who would shoot me through
+the heart, that I would show you, Dupre, how a man dies under such
+circumstances; but the villain refused. The usurper has no soul for
+art, or for anything else, for that matter. I hope you two won't mind
+my death. I assure you I don't mind it myself I would much rather be
+shot than live in this confounded country any longer. But I have made
+up my mind to cheat old Balmaceda if I can, and I want you, Dupre, to
+pay particular attention, and not to interfere."
+
+As Lemoine said this he quickly snatched from the sheath at the
+soldier's side the bayonet which hung at his hip. The soldiers were
+standing one to the right and one to the left of him, with their hands
+interlaced over the muzzles of their guns, whose butts rested on the
+stone floor. They apparently paid no attention to the conversation
+that was going on, if they understood it, which was unlikely. Lemoine
+had the bayonet in his hands before either of the four men present
+knew what he was doing.
+
+Grasping both hands over the butt of the bayonet, with the point
+towards his breast, he thrust the blade with desperate energy nearly
+through his body. The whole action was done so quickly that no one
+realized what had happened until Lemoine threw his hands up and they
+saw the bayonet sticking in his breast. A look of agony came in the
+wounded man's eyes, and his lips whitened. He staggered against
+the soldier at his right, who gave way with the impact, and then he
+tottered against the whitewashed stone wall, his right arm sweeping
+automatically up and down the wall as if he were brushing something
+from the stones. A groan escaped him, and he dropped on one knee. His
+eyes turned helplessly towards Dupre, and he gasped out the words:
+
+"My God!--you were right--after all."
+
+Then he fell forward on his face, and the tragedy ended.
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+MR. WARD'S STORY "THE SILENT WITNESS."
+
+We published in our January number the first of a series of stories by
+Herbert D. Ward, in which Mr. Ward will exhibit in dramatic form some
+monstrous imperfections in the present modes of judicial procedure.
+That there is great need of such a study is shown by the remarkable
+effect produced by the story already published, "The Silent Witness."
+In various parts of the country the press has taken particular notice
+of the story and of the question with which it deals. A recent
+number of "The Argus," Avoca, Pennsylvania, contained the following
+editorial:
+
+
+"JUSTICE, WHERE ART THOU?"
+
+"'The Silent Witness,' a powerful story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE for
+January, portrays in a graphic and thrilling manner the evil, which
+in some cases amounts almost to a horror, of holding in confinement
+witnesses in cases of capital crime who are unable to furnish bail.
+
+"The story tells of a young and stalwart country lad who goes to
+Boston in search of fortune, and on the night of his arrival, while
+wandering about in quest of lodgings to suit his scanty purse, is the
+unwilling witness of a murder.
+
+"He is arrested and held in the city jail to await the trial of the
+murderer.
+
+"The news of his imprisonment reaches his widow mother up among the
+New Hampshire hills. She knows nothing of the circumstances further
+than the rumors brought to her by her country neighbors. She dies of a
+broken heart, though never doubting the innocence of her noble-hearted
+boy.
+
+"The unfortunate young man learns of her death through his sweetheart,
+who comes to the Boston prison to see him.
+
+"His grief is beyond endurance, and he curses the law that forces such
+suffering upon the innocent. He has brain fever, and when the case
+is called several months after the incarceration, the sheriff, who is
+asked to produce the only witness for the commonwealth, responds that
+he died that morning.
+
+"The murderer, a saloon-keeper and ward man, has been at liberty under
+bail during the time that the innocent witness has been suffering the
+untold agony experienced by one who comes with spotless character
+from green fields and rural simplicity to the company of felons in a
+wretched cell. There being no witnesses against him at the trial, a
+_nolle prosequi_ is found, and he goes free.
+
+"This story is fiction, but it is not overdrawn. Such horrible things
+do happen in these _fin-de-siecle_ days in a civilized country.
+
+"In Scranton, only this week, a woman, Mrs. Nicotera, was released
+after having been in custody since February 28th last, as a witness in
+the Rosa murder case. She was confined with, her husband, who was also
+a witness, in the Lackawanna county jail until her health broke down,
+when she was removed to the Lackawanna hospital.
+
+"On Tuesday she was released on her own recognizance. Her husband had
+been given his liberty in a similar manner some weeks before. She was
+thin and pale when she appeared in court, and had evidently passed
+through severe suffering. Careful nursing will be required to restore
+her to health.
+
+"It would seem as if some means of meeting the ends of justice could
+be devised without the necessity of subjecting innocent persons to a
+felon's fate for simply being a chance witness of an affair that is to
+be brought into the court."
+
+In the editorial columns of a recent number of the Cleveland, Ohio,
+"World" appeared the following:
+
+
+"A DISGRACE TO CIVILIZATION."
+
+"A heart-breaking story, founded on fact, in McCLURE's MAGAZINE
+for the current month, is an arraignment of the nineteenth century
+civilization that, considering its boasts of enlightenment and
+decency, is as horrible an official crime as any that has given so
+dark a stain to Russian treatment of innocence."
+
+Following this is a long outline of Mr. Ward's story, and then the
+article continues:
+
+"It is impossible to conceive of more awful inhuman injustice than
+this. But the story is not overdrawn. It has happened with variations
+scores, if not hundreds, of times. It is occurring or liable to occur
+this very day, not alone in Boston, but in Cleveland.
+
+"At a meeting of the judges, a short time ago, Judge Lamson used the
+following language:
+
+"'The detention of innocent persons as witnesses is, under the best
+of circumstances, bad. It is clearly the duty of the people of this
+country or their representatives to see that the present disgraceful
+method in vogue in the county jail is abolished. We have no right,
+under any law, to place innocent persons on a plane with criminals. It
+is nothing more or less than an outrage, inflicted on helpless people.
+I hope that the people of this county will be aroused to the enormity
+of this problem, and very soon put an end to this imposition.'
+
+"And the counterpart of the story in McCLURE's MAGAZINE has happened
+here within a short time. Lewis Gerardin, a sailor, was released last
+April, after being detained six months. Several months before, Frank
+Blaha, a saloon-keeper, who committed the crime of murder in the
+second degree, managed to get bail. While Gerardin was held he
+received pathetic letters from his wife and family begging him to come
+home. They did not know why he was held, and he said that if they were
+to learn of his imprisonment they could not understand his innocence
+of crime. One day a letter was received from home, announcing that his
+favorite little son had died but a week before. The last words of the
+child called for his father. But Gerardin was not released until the
+prosecutor was ready to dismiss him.
+
+"Such possibilities are a disgrace to any community that tolerates
+such a horrible law or such a feeble administration of it, and such
+callousness to human suffering that it will not save these innocent
+victims from its outrageous injustice. When to this brutality are
+added the comparative safety of the criminal, and the vile jails and
+the vile inmates with whom young boys and girls and honest men and
+decent women are thrown for the crime of witnessing a crime, it
+convicts the civilization of the age with a combination of stupidity
+and heartlessness that had better say nothing of the Czar of Russia or
+the ferocious Kurds. In its essential injustice and inhumanity it is
+not many removes from the lynchings of the South."
+
+
+THE REAL LINCOLN.
+
+The "McClure's Early Life of Lincoln," which has just been published,
+is worthy of comment in these pages for several reasons.
+
+1st. It contains no less than twenty portraits of Lincoln; and
+although this is only one-third of the number that will appear in
+the whole life, it is more than twice as many as have appeared in
+any previous life. Furthermore, most of the portraits are new to the
+public.
+
+2d. There are a large number of entirely fresh documents, several
+of which are absolutely essential to a full understanding of Abraham
+Lincoln, and some of which make it necessary to revise our opinion of
+Lincoln's career.
+
+3d. It contains a remarkable record of the achievements of the Lincoln
+family, whose services to the country extended through nearly a
+century--a century which included the Revolutionary War and the Civil
+War. Lincoln himself was ignorant of much of the history we have given
+about his ancestors; but in the light of the facts set forth, his
+career is logical and easily understood.
+
+4th. We have shown by new documents that Lincoln's father was by no
+means the colorless individual we have hitherto understood him to be.
+The reminiscences of Christopher Columbus Graham, first published in
+this volume, together with records we have unearthed in Kentucky, show
+that Thomas Lincoln was the owner of a farm three years before his
+marriage, that he was a good carpenter, and that he was held in esteem
+by his neighbors; while according to Mr. Graham, Thomas's brother
+Mordecai (uncle of Abraham Lincoln) was a member of the Kentucky
+legislature. His two sisters married into leading families.
+
+5th. In regard to Lincoln personally, we have shown how thoroughly he
+educated himself, so that at twenty-six he was able to more than hold
+his own as a member of the legislature of Illinois.
+
+It does not detract from the great fame of Abraham Lincoln to show
+that he was a worthy son of a splendid ancestry, for his extraordinary
+personality would be just as hard to account for had he been a
+scion of the most notable family in the world. When a man climbs the
+Matterhorn it matters little whether he began his journey at Zermatt
+or a few furlongs farther on.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LINCOLN IN 1860--J. HENRY BROWN'S JOURNAL.
+
+As stated in the note to the portrait of Lincoln which makes the
+frontispiece of this number of the MAGAZINE, the late J. Henry Brown,
+who went to Springfield, Illinois, in 1860, and painted a miniature
+of Mr. Lincoln on ivory, left at his death a manuscript journal
+which contains interesting entries regarding Mr. Brown's sojourn in
+Springfield and his acquaintance with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln. We print
+herewith this part of the journal entire:
+
+  1860.                        AUGUST, _Continued_.
+
+  Spring-  Illinois. 12. Sunday. Arrived here at three o'clock
+  field                    this morning. Wrote some letters.
+  "        "      13. Called at Mr. Lincoln's house to see him.  As
+                      he was not in, I was directed to the Executive
+                      Chamber, in the State Capitol. I found him
+                      there. Handed him my letters from Judge Read.
+                      He at once consented to sit for his picture.
+                      We walked together from the Executive Chamber
+                      to a daguerrean establishment. I had a half
+                      dozen of ambrotypes taken of him before I
+                      could get one to suit me. I was at once most
+                      favorably impressed with Mr. Lincoln. In the
+                      afternoon I unpacked my painting materials.
+  "        "      14. Commenced Mr. Lincoln's picture; at it all day.
+  "        "      15. At Mr. Lincoln's picture.
+  "        "      16. Mr. Lincoln gave me his first sitting, in the
+                      library room of the State Capitol. Called
+                      to see Mrs. Lincoln; much pleased with her.
+                      Wrote five letters.
+  "        "  17, 18. At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Received an
+                      invitation from Mrs. Lincoln to take tea with
+                      them.
+  "        "      19. Sunday. Wrote letters.
+  "        "      20. Mr. Lincoln's second sitting. Have arranged to
+                      have his sittings in the Representative
+                      Chamber.
+  "        "      21. At Mr. Lincoln's picture. Heard from home; all
+                      well.
+  "        "      22. Mr. Lincoln's third sitting.
+  "        "      23. At Mr. Lincoln's picture.
+  "        "      24. Mr. Lincoln's fourth sitting.
+  "        "      25. Mr. Lincoln's fifth and last sitting. The
+                      picture gives great satisfaction; Mrs.  Lincoln
+                      speaks of it in the most extravagant terms of
+                      approbation.
+  "        "      26. Sunday. At church. Saw Mr. Lincoln there. I
+                      hardly know how to express the strength of my
+                      personal regard for Mr. Lincoln. I never saw a
+                      man for whom I so soon formed an attachment. I
+                      like him much, and agree with him in all things
+                      but his politics. He is kind and very sociable;
+                      immensely popular among the people of
+                      Springfield; even those opposed to him in
+                      politics speak of him in unqualified terms of
+                      praise. He is fifty-one years old, six feet
+                      four inches high, and weighs one hundred and
+                      sixty pounds.  There are so many hard lines in
+                      his face that it becomes a mask to the inner
+                      man. His true character only shines out when
+                      in an animated conversation, or when telling an
+                      amusing tale, of which he is very fond. He is
+                      said to be a homely man; I do not think so.
+                      Mrs. Lincoln is a very fine-looking woman,
+                      apparently in excellent health, and seems to be
+                      about forty or forty-five years of age.
+  "        "      27. The people of Springfield who have seen Mr.
+                      Lincoln's picture speak of it in strong terms
+                      of approbation, declaring it to be the best
+                      that has yet been taken of him.  Received a
+                      letter from Mr. Lincoln indorsing the picture;
+                      also one from Mrs. Lincoln expressing her
+                      unqualified satisfaction with it; also one
+                      from Mr. John G. Nicolay, Mr.  Lincoln's
+                      confidential clerk; and one from the man who
+                      took the ambrotype. This would be, I suppose,
+                      the proper place to say a word about
+                      Springfield, the prairie city, as it is
+                      sometimes called. It is a very pretty place;
+                      the streets eighty feet wide.  It contains many
+                      very fine buildings, and has a population of
+                      about ten thousand.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, March, 1896,  Vol.
+VI., No. 4., by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 14319.txt or 14319.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/3/1/14319/
+
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