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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13788 ***
+
+  Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+        by the transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+  McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+  FEBRUARY, 1896.
+
+  VOL. VI. NO. 3.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln's Life at New Salem from 1832 to 1836.
+    Looking for Work.
+    Decides to Buy a Store.
+    He Begins to Study Law.
+    Berry and Lincoln Get a Tavern License.
+    The Firm Hires a Clerk.
+    Lincoln Appointed Postmaster.
+    A New Opening.
+    Surveying with a Grapevine.
+    Business Reverses.
+    The Kindness Shown Lincoln in New Salem.
+    Lincoln's Acquaintance in Sangamon County Is Extended.
+    He Finally Decides on a Legal Career.
+    Lincoln Enters the Illinois Assembly.
+    The Story of Ann Rutledge.
+    Abraham Lincoln at Twenty-six Years of Age.
+  A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL. By Ian Maclaren.
+  THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE. By Harry Perry Robinson.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION. By Murat Halstead.
+    Garfield's Administration.
+    The Garfields in the White House.
+    Last Interview with President Garfield.
+  THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM. By Anthony Hope.
+    Chapter II.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  THE TOUCHSTONE. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
+  MAGAZINE NOTES.
+    Mrs. Humphry Ward--Dr. Jowett.
+    Three Hundred Thousand.
+    Our Own Printing Establishment.
+    Anthony Hope's New Novel.
+    The Life of Lincoln.
+    The Early Life of Lincoln.
+    Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+    "The Sabine Women"--A Correction.
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+  LINCOLN IN 1859.
+  LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.
+  LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.
+  LINCOLN IN 1861.
+  THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS.
+  LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.
+  FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN.
+  BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.
+  DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.
+  THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.
+  JAMES SHORT.
+  SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.
+  SAMUEL HILL--AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE.
+  MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.
+  JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.
+  LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS.
+  REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN.
+  A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY.
+  A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL."
+  CONCORD CEMETERY.
+  STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+  MAJOR JOHN T. STUART.
+  JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM.
+  GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.
+  "I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."
+  "HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW."
+  VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK WHEN TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MPH.
+  JOHN NEWELL.
+  THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564.
+  THE BROOKS ENGINE 599.
+  THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT THE TRAIN FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND.
+  J.R. GARNER, ENGINEER FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.
+  WILLIAM TUNKEY, ENGINEER FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO.
+  GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER."
+  THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER.
+  JOHN CONSTABLE.
+  FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR.
+  THE HAY-WAIN.
+  THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH.
+  JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER.
+  PEACE--BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+  PORTRAIT OF A BOY.
+  JOHN HOPPNER.
+  PORTRAIT OF A LADY.
+  PORTRAIT OF A CHILD.
+  MRS. SIDDONS.
+  LADY BLESSINGTON.
+  SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+  MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY.
+  PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER.
+  GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.
+  GARFIELD IN 1863.
+  GARFIELD IN 1863.
+  GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER.
+  "FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP."
+  "'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING."
+  "'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET."
+  "HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY."
+  RALPH WALDO EMERSON.
+  PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.
+  PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN.
+  "HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER."
+  "'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"
+  "ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET."
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+
+VOL. VI. FEBRUARY, 1896, NO. 3.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S LIFE AT NEW SALEM FROM 1832 TO 1836.
+
+BERRY AND LINCOLN'S GROCERY.--A SET OF BLACKSTONE'S
+COMMENTARIES.--BERRY AND LINCOLN TAKE OUT A TAVERN LICENSE.--THE
+POSTMASTER OF NEW SALEM IN 1833.--LINCOLN BECOMES DEPUTY
+SURVEYOR.--THE FAILURE OF BERRY AND LINCOLN.--ELECTIONEERING IN
+ILLINOIS.--LINCOLN CHOSEN ASSEMBLYMAN.--BEGINS TO STUDY
+LAW.--THE ILLINOIS STATE LEGISLATURE IN 1834.--THE STORY OF ANN
+RUTLEDGE.--ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.
+
+_Embodying special studies in Lincoln's life at New Salem by J. McCan
+Davis._
+
+
+LOOKING FOR WORK.
+
+It was in August, 1832, that Lincoln made his unsuccessful canvass for
+the Illinois Assembly. The election over, he began to look for work.
+One of his friends, an admirer of his physical strength, advised him
+to become a blacksmith, but it was a trade which would afford little
+leisure for study, and for meeting and talking with men; and he had
+already resolved, it is evident, that books and men were essential to
+him. The only employment to be had in New Salem which seemed to offer
+both support and the opportunities he sought, was clerking in a store;
+and he applied for a place successively at all of the stores then
+doing business in New Salem. But they were in greater need of
+customers than of clerks. The business had been greatly overdone. In
+the fall of 1832 there were at least four stores in New Salem. The
+most pretentious was that of Hill and McNeill, which carried a large
+line of dry goods. The three others, owned by the Herndon Brothers,
+Reuben Radford, and James Rutledge, were groceries.
+
+
+DECIDES TO BUY A STORE.
+
+Failing to secure employment at any of these establishments, Lincoln,
+though without money enough to pay a week's board in advance, resolved
+to _buy_ a store. He was not long in finding an opportunity to
+purchase. James Herndon had already sold out his half interest in
+Herndon Brothers' store to William F. Berry; and Rowan Herndon, not
+getting along well with Berry, was only too glad to find a purchaser
+of his half in the person of "Abe" Lincoln. Berry was as poor as
+Lincoln; but that was not a serious obstacle, for their notes were
+accepted for the Herndon stock of goods. They had barely hung out
+their sign when something happened which threw another store into
+their hands. Reuben Radford had made himself obnoxious to the Clary's
+Grove Boys, and one night they broke in his doors and windows,
+and overturned his counters and sugar barrels. It was too much
+for Radford, and he sold out next day to William G. Green for a
+four-hundred-dollar note signed by Green. At the latter's request,
+Lincoln made an inventory of the stock, and offered him six hundred
+and fifty dollars for it--a proposition which was cheerfully
+accepted. Berry and Lincoln, being unable to pay cash, assumed the
+four-hundred-dollar note payable to Radford, and gave Green their
+joint note for two hundred and fifty dollars. The little grocery owned
+by James Rutledge was the next to succumb. Berry and Lincoln bought
+it at a bargain, their joint note taking the place of cash. The three
+stocks were consolidated. Their aggregate cost must have been not less
+than fifteen hundred dollars. Berry and Lincoln had secured a monopoly
+of the grocery business in New Salem. Within a few weeks two penniless
+men had become the proprietors of three stores, and had stopped
+buying only because there were no more to purchase.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+(REPRINTED FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER).
+
+From a daguerreotype in the possession of the Hon. Robert T. Lincoln,
+taken before Lincoln was forty, and first published in the McCLURE'S
+Life of Lincoln. Of the sixty or more portraits of Lincoln which will
+be published in this series of articles, thirty, at least, will
+be absolutely new to our readers; and of these thirty none is more
+important than this early portrait. It is generally believed that
+Lincoln was not over thirty-five years old when this daguerreotype was
+taken, and it is certainly true that it is the face of Lincoln as a
+young man. "About thirty would be the general verdict," says Mr. Murat
+Halstead in an editorial in the Brooklyn "Standard-Union," "if it were
+not that the daguerreotype was unknown when Lincoln was of that
+age. It does not seem, however, that he could have been more than
+thirty-five, and for that age the youthfulness of the portrait is
+wonderful. This is a new Lincoln, and far more attractive, in a sense,
+than anything the public has possessed. This is the portrait of a
+remarkably handsome man.... The head is magnificent, the eyes deep
+and generous, the mouth sensitive, the whole expression something
+delicate, tender, pathetic, poetic. This was the young man with whom
+the phantoms of romance dallied, the young man who recited poems and
+was fanciful and speculative, and in love and despair, but upon
+whose brow there already gleamed the illumination of intellect, the
+inspiration of patriotism. There were vast possibilities in this young
+man's face. He could have gone anywhere and done anything. He might
+have been a military chieftain, a novelist, a poet, a philosopher, ah!
+a hero, a martyr--and, yes, this young man might have been--he even
+was Abraham Lincoln! This was he with the world before him. It is good
+fortune to have the magical revelation of the youth of the man the
+world venerates. This look into his eyes, into his soul--not before he
+knew sorrow, but long before the world knew him--and to feel that it
+is worthy to be what it is, and that we are better acquainted with him
+and love him the more, is something beyond price."]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1859.
+
+From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay, De Kalb, Illinois.
+The original was made by S.M. Fassett, of Chicago; the negative
+was destroyed in the Chicago fire. This picture was made at the
+solicitation of D.B. Cook, who says that Mrs. Lincoln pronounced it
+the best likeness she had ever seen of her husband. Rajon used the
+Fassett picture as the original of his etching, and Kruell has made a
+fine engraving of it.]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.
+
+From a copy (made by E.A. Bromley of the Minneapolis "Journal" staff)
+of a photograph owned by Mrs. Cyrus Aldrich, whose husband, now dead,
+was a congressman from Minnesota. In the summer of 1860 Mr. M.C.
+Tuttle, a photographer of St. Paul, wrote to Mr. Lincoln requesting
+that he have a negative taken and sent to him for local use in the
+campaign. The request was granted, but the negative was broken in
+transit. On learning of the accident, Mr. Lincoln sat again, and with
+the second negative he sent a jocular note wherein he referred to the
+fact, disclosed by the picture, that in the interval he had "got a
+new coat." A few copies of the picture were made by Mr. Tuttle, and
+distributed among the Republican editors of the State. It has never
+before been reproduced. Mrs. Aldrich's copy was presented to her by
+William H. Seward, when he was entertained at the Aldrich homestead
+(now the Minneapolis City Hospital) in September, 1860. A fine copy
+of this same photograph is in the possession of Mr. Ward Monroe, of
+Jersey City, N.J.]
+
+William F. Berry, the partner of Lincoln, was the son of a
+Presbyterian minister, the Rev. John Berry, who lived on Rock Creek,
+five miles from New Salem. The son had strayed from the footsteps of
+the father, for he was a hard drinker, a gambler, a fighter, and "a
+very wicked young man." Lincoln cannot in truth be said to have chosen
+such a partner, but rather to have accepted him from the force of
+circumstances. It required only a little time to make it plain that
+the partnership was wholly uncongenial. Lincoln displayed little
+business capacity. He trusted largely to Berry; and Berry rapidly
+squandered the profits of the business in riotous living. Lincoln
+loved books as Berry loved liquor, and hour after hour he was
+stretched out on the counter of the store or under a shade tree,
+reading Shakespeare or Burns.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.--PROBABLY THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT
+SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD.
+
+From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay of De Kalb, Illinois,
+taken probably in Springfield early in 1861. It is supposed to have
+been the first, or at least one of the first, portraits made of Mr.
+Lincoln after he began to wear a beard. As is well known, his face
+was smooth until about the end of 1860; and when he first allowed his
+beard to grow, it became a topic of newspaper comment, and even of
+caricature. A pretty story relating to Lincoln's adoption of a beard
+is more or less familiar. A letter written to the editor of the
+present Life, under date of December 6, 1895, by Mrs. Grace Bedell
+Billings, tells this story, of which she herself as a little girl was
+the heroine, in a most charming way. The letter will be found printed
+in full at the end of this article, on page 240.]
+
+His thorough acquaintance with the works of these two writers
+dates from this period. In New Salem there was one of those curious
+individuals sometimes found in frontier settlements, half poet, half
+loafer, incapable of earning a living in any steady employment, yet
+familiar with good literature and capable of enjoying it--Jack Kelso.
+He repeated passages from Shakespeare and Burns incessantly over the
+odd jobs he undertook or as he idled by the streams--for he was
+a famous fisherman--and Lincoln soon became one of his constant
+companions. The taste he formed in company with Kelso he retained
+through life. William D. Kelley tells an incident which shows that
+Lincoln had a really intimate knowledge of Shakespeare. Mr. Kelley
+had taken McDonough, an actor, to call at the White House; and Lincoln
+began the conversation by saying:
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1861.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Frank A. Brown of Minneapolis,
+Minnesota. This beautiful photograph was taken, probably early in
+1861, by Alexander Hesler of Chicago. It was used by Leonard W. Volk,
+the sculptor, in his studies of Lincoln, and closely resembles the
+fine etching by T. Johnson.]
+
+"'I am very glad to meet you, Mr. McDonough, and am grateful to Kelley
+for bringing you in so early, for I want you to tell me something
+about Shakespeare's plays as they are constructed for the stage. You
+can imagine that I do not get much time to study such matters, but I
+recently had a couple of talks with Hackett--Baron Hackett, as they
+call him--who is famous as Jack Falstaff, but from whom I elicited few
+satisfactory replies, though I probed him with a good many questions.'
+
+"Mr. McDonough," continues Mr. Kelley, "avowed his willingness to give
+the President any information in his possession, but protested that
+he feared he would not succeed where his friend Hackett had failed.
+'Well, I don't know,' said the President, 'for Hackett's lack of
+information impressed me with a doubt as to whether he had ever
+studied Shakespeare's text, or had not been content with the acting
+edition of his plays.' He arose, went to a shelf not far from his
+table, and having taken down a well-thumbed volume of the 'Plays
+of Shakespeare,' resumed his seat, arranged his glasses, and having
+turned to 'Henry VI.' and read with fine discrimination an extended
+passage, said: 'Mr. McDonough, can you tell me why those lines
+are omitted from the acting play? There is nothing I have read in
+Shakespeare, certainly nothing in 'Henry VI.' or the 'Merry Wives of
+Windsor,' that surpasses its wit and humor.' The actor suggested the
+breadth of its humor as the only reason he could assign for omission,
+but thoughtfully added that it was possible that if the lines were
+spoken they would require the rendition of another or other passages
+which might be objectionable.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS--NOW USED AS A
+COURT-HOUSE.
+
+Vandalia was the State capital of Illinois for twenty years, and three
+different State-houses were built and occupied there. The first,
+a two-story frame structure, was burned down December 9, 1823. The
+second was a brick building, and was erected at a cost of $12,381.50,
+of which the citizens of Vandalia contributed $3,000. The agitation
+for the removal of the capital to Springfield began in 1833, and in
+the summer of 1836 the people of Vandalia, becoming alarmed at the
+prospect of their little city's losing its prestige as the seat of the
+State government, tore down the old capitol (much complaint being made
+about its condition), and put up a new one at a cost of $16,000.
+The tide was too great to be checked; but after the "Long Nine" had
+secured the passage of the bill taking the capital to Springfield,
+the money which the Vandalia people had expended was refunded. The
+State-house shown in this picture was the third and last one. In it
+Lincoln served as a legislator. Ceasing to be the capitol July 4,
+1839, it was converted into a court-house for Fayette County, and is
+still so used.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS--PHOTOGRAPHED FOR
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+After Lincoln gave up surveying, he sold his instruments to John B.
+Gum, afterward county surveyor of Menard County. Mr. Gum kept them
+until a few years ago, when he presented the instruments to the
+Lincoln Monument Association, and they are now on exhibition at the
+monument in Springfield, Ill.]
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND
+LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT OF SANGAMON
+COUNTY.
+
+The only tavern in New Salem in 1833 was that kept by James
+Rutledge--a two-story log-structure of five rooms, standing just
+across the street from Berry and Lincoln's store. Here Lincoln
+boarded. It seems entirely probable that he may have had an ambition
+to get into the tavern business, and that he and Berry obtained a
+license with that end in view, possibly hoping to make satisfactory
+terms for the purchase of the Rutledge hostelry. The tavern of sixty
+years ago, besides answering the purposes of the modern hotel, was the
+dramshop of the frontier. The business was one which, in Illinois, the
+law strictly regulated. Tavern-keepers were required to pay a license
+fee, and to give bonds to insure their good behavior. Minors were not
+to be harbored, nor did the law permit liquor to be sold to them; and
+the sale to slaves of any liquors "or strong drink, mixed or unmixed,
+either within or without doors," was likewise forbidden. Nor could the
+poor Indian get any "fire-water" at the tavern or the grocery. If
+a tavern-keeper violated the law, two-thirds of the fine assessed
+against him went to the poor people of the county. The Rutledge tavern
+was the only one at New Salem of which we have any authentic account.
+It was kept by others besides Mr. Rutledge; for a time by Henry
+Onstott the cooper, and then by Nelson Alley, and possibly there were
+other landlords; but nothing can be more certain than that Lincoln
+was not one of them. The few surviving inhabitants of the vanished
+village, and of the country round about, have a clear recollection of
+Berry and Lincoln's store--of how it looked, and of what things were
+sold in it; but not one has been found with the faintest remembrance
+of a tavern kept by Lincoln, or by Berry, or by both. Stage passengers
+jolting into New Salem sixty-two years ago must, if Lincoln was an
+inn-keeper, have partaken of his hospitality by the score; but if they
+did, they all died many, many years ago, or have all maintained an
+unaccountable and most perplexing silence.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+"'Your last suggestion,' said Mr. Lincoln, 'carries with it greater
+weight than anything Mr. Hackett suggested, but the first is no reason
+at all;' and after reading another passage, he said, 'This is not
+withheld, and where it passes current there can be no reason for
+withholding the other.'... And, as if feeling the impropriety of
+preferring the player to the parson, [there was a clergyman in the
+room] he turned to the chaplain and said: 'From your calling it is
+probable that you do not know that the acting plays which people crowd
+to hear are not always those planned by their reputed authors. Thus,
+take the stage edition of "Richard III." It opens with a passage from
+"Henry VI.," after which come portions of "Richard III.," then another
+scene from "Henry VI.," and the finest soliloquy in the play, if we
+may judge from the many quotations it furnishes, and the frequency
+with which it is heard in amateur exhibitions, was never seen by
+Shakespeare, but was written--was it not, Mr. McDonough?--after his
+death, by Colley Cibber."
+
+"Having disposed, for the present, of questions relating to the stage
+editions of the plays, he recurred to his standard copy, and, to
+the evident surprise of Mr. McDonough, read or repeated from memory
+extracts from several of the plays, some of which embraced a number of
+lines.
+
+"It must not be supposed that Mr. Lincoln's poetical studies had
+been confined to his plays. He interspersed his remarks with extracts
+striking from their similarity to, or contrast with, something of
+Shakespeare's, from Byron, Rogers, Campbell, Moore, and other English
+poets."[1]
+
+[Illustration: BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.
+
+From a recent photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois. The
+little frame store-building occupied by Berry and Lincoln at New Salem
+is now standing at Petersburg, Illinois, in the rear of L.W. Bishop's
+gun-shop. Its history after 1834 is somewhat obscure, but there is no
+reason for doubting its identity. According to tradition it was bought
+by Robert Bishop, the father of the present owner, about 1835, from
+Mr. Lincoln himself; but it is difficult to reconcile this legend with
+the sale of the store to the Trent brothers, unless, upon the flight
+of the latter from the country and the closing of the store, the
+building, through the leniency of creditors, was allowed to revert
+to Mr. Lincoln, in which event he no doubt sold it at the first
+opportunity and applied the proceeds to the payment of the debts of
+the firm. When Mr. Bishop bought the store building, he removed it to
+Petersburg. It is said that the removal was made in part by Lincoln
+himself; that the job was first undertaken by one of the Bales, but
+that, encountering some difficulty, he called upon Lincoln to assist
+him, which Lincoln did. The structure was first set up adjacent to Mr.
+Bishop's house, and converted into a gun-shop. Later it was removed to
+a place on the public square; and soon after the breaking out of the
+late war, Mr. Bishop, erecting a new building, pushed Lincoln's
+store into the back-yard, and there it still stands. Soon after the
+assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the front door was presented to some
+one in Springfield, and has long since been lost sight of. It is
+remembered by Mr. Bishop that in this door there was an opening for
+the reception of letters--a circumstance of importance as tending to
+establish the genuineness of the building, when it is remembered that
+Lincoln was postmaster while he kept the store. The structure, as it
+stands to-day, is about eighteen feet long, twelve feet in width, and
+ten feet in height. The back room, however, has disappeared, so
+that the building as it stood when occupied by Berry and Lincoln
+was somewhat longer. Of the original building there only remain the
+frame-work, the black-walnut weather-boarding on the front end and
+the ceiling of sycamore boards. One entire side has been torn away by
+relic-hunters. In recent years the building has been used as a sort
+of store-room. Just after a big fire in Petersburg some time ago,
+the city council condemned the Lincoln store building and ordered it
+demolished. Under this order a portion of one side was torn down, when
+Mr. Bishop persuaded the city authorities to desist, upon giving
+a guarantee that if Lincoln's store ever caught fire he would be
+responsible for any loss which might ensue.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+
+HE BEGINS TO STUDY LAW.
+
+It was not only Burns and Shakespeare that interfered with the
+grocery-keeping: Lincoln had begun seriously to read law. His first
+acquaintance with the subject had been made when he was a mere lad in
+Indiana, and a copy of the "Revised Statutes of Indiana" had fallen
+into his hands. The very copy he used is still in existence and,
+fortunately, in hands where it is safe. The book was owned by Mr.
+David Turnham, of Gentryville, and was given in 1865 by him to Mr.
+Herndon, who placed it in the Lincoln Memorial collection of Chicago.
+In December, 1894, this collection was sold in Philadelphia, and
+the "Statutes of Indiana" was bought by Mr. William Hoffman Winters,
+Librarian of the New York Law Institute, and through his courtesy I
+have been allowed to examine it. The book is worn, the title page is
+gone and a few leaves from the end are missing. The title page of
+a duplicate volume which Mr. Winters kindly showed me reads: "The
+Revised Laws of Indiana adopted and enacted by the General Assembly
+at their eighth session. To which are prefixed the Declaration of
+Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution
+of the State of Indiana, and sundry other documents connected with the
+Political History of the Territory and State of Indiana. Arranged and
+published by authority of the General Assembly. Corydon, Printed by
+Carpenter and Douglass, 1824."
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.
+
+From a recent photograph. Mr. Burner was Berry and Lincoln's clerk. He
+lived at New Salem from 1829 to 1834. Lincoln for many months lodged
+with his father, Isaac Burner, and he and Lincoln slept in the same
+bed. He now lives on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois, past eighty.]
+
+[Illustration: THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.
+
+From a photograph in the possession of the Hon. W.J. Orendorff, of
+Canton, Illinois. John M. Cameron, a Cumberland Presbyterian minister,
+and a devout, sincere, and courageous man, was held in the highest
+esteem by his neighbors. Yet, according to Daniel Green Burner, Berry
+and Lincoln's clerk--and the fact is mentioned merely as illustrating
+a universal custom among the pioneers--"John Cameron always kept a
+barrel of whiskey in the house." He was a powerful man physically, and
+a typical frontiersman. He was born in Kentucky in 1791, and, with
+his wife, moved to Illinois in 1815. He settled in Sangamon County in
+1818, and in 1829 took up his abode in a cabin on a hill overlooking
+the Sangamon River, and, with James Rutledge, founded the town of New
+Salem.
+
+According to tradition, Lincoln, for a time, lived with the Camerons.
+In the early thirties they moved to Fulton County, Illinois; then,
+in 1841 or 1842, to Iowa; and finally, in 1849, to California. In
+California they lived to a ripe old age--Mrs. Cameron dying in 1875,
+and her husband following her three years later. They had twelve
+children, eleven of whom were girls. In 1886 there were living nine
+of these children, fifty grandchildren, and one hundred and one
+great-grandchildren. Mr. Cameron is said to have officiated at the
+funeral of Ann Rutledge in 1835.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND
+SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR.
+
+From a photograph taken at Jacksonville, Illinois, about thirty years
+ago. James Short lived on Sand Ridge, a few miles north of New Salem,
+and Lincoln was a frequent visitor at his house. When Lincoln's horse
+and surveying instruments were levied upon by a creditor and sold,
+Mr. Short bought them in, and made Lincoln a present of them. Lincoln,
+when President, made his old friend an Indian agent in California. Mr.
+Short, in the course of his life, was happily married five times. He
+died in Iowa many years ago. His acquaintance with Lincoln began in
+rather an interesting way. His sister, who lived in New Salem, had
+made Lincoln a pair of jeans trousers. The material supplied by
+Lincoln was scant, and the trousers came out conspicuously short in
+the legs. One day when James Short was visiting with his sister, he
+pointed to a man walking down the street, and asked, "Who is that man
+in the short breeches." "That is Lincoln," the sister replied; and Mr.
+Short went out and introduced himself to Lincoln.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.
+
+Coleman Smoot was born in Virginia, February 13, 1794; removed to
+Kentucky when a child; married Rebecca Wright March 17, 1817; came to
+Illinois in 1831, and lived on a farm across the Sangamon River from
+New Salem until his death, March 21, 1876. He accumulated an immense
+fortune. Lincoln met him for the first time in Offutt's store in 1831.
+"Smoot," said Lincoln, "I am disappointed in you; I expected to see
+a man as ugly as old Probst," referring to a man reputed to be the
+homeliest in the county. "And I am disappointed," replied Smoot; "I
+had expected to see a good-looking man when I saw you." From that
+moment they were warm friends. After Lincoln's election to the
+legislature in 1834, he called on Smoot, and said, "I want to buy some
+clothes and fix up a little, so that I can make a decent appearance
+in the legislature; and I want you to loan me $200." The loan was
+cheerfully made, and of course was subsequently repaid.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL HILL--AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE
+POST-OFFICE.
+
+From an old daguerreotype. Samuel Hill was among the earliest
+inhabitants of New Salem. He opened a general store there in
+partnership with John McNeill,--the John McNeill who became betrothed
+to Ann Rutledge, and whose real name was afterwards discovered to
+be John McNamar. When McNeill left New Salem and went East, Mr. Hill
+became sole proprietor of the store. He also owned the carding machine
+at New Salem. Lincoln, after going out of the grocery business,
+made his headquarters at Samuel Hill's store. There he kept the
+post-office, entertained the loungers, and on busy days helped Mr.
+Hill wait on customers. Mr. Hill is said to have once courted Ann
+Rutledge himself, but he did not receive the encouragement which was
+bestowed upon his partner, McNeill. In 1839 he moved his store to
+Petersburg, and died there in 1857. In 1835 he married Miss Parthenia
+W. Nance, who still lives at Petersburg.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.
+
+From an old tintype. Mary Ann Rutledge was the wife of James Rutledge
+and the mother of Ann. She was born October 21, 1787, and reared
+in Kentucky. She lived to be ninety-one years of age, dying in Iowa
+December 26, 1878. The Rutledges left New Salem in 1833 or 1834,
+moving to a farm a few miles northward. On this farm Ann Rutledge died
+August 25, 1835; and here also, three months later (December 3, 1835),
+died her father, broken-hearted, no doubt, by the bereavement. In the
+following year the family moved to Fulton County, Illinois, and some
+three years later to Birmingham, Iowa. Of James Rutledge there is no
+portrait in existence. He was born in South Carolina, May 11, 1781. He
+and his sons, John and David, served in the Black Hawk War.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.
+
+From a steel engraving in the possession of R.W. Diller, Springfield,
+Illinois. John Calhoun was born in Boston, Massachusetts, October 14,
+1806; removed to the Mohawk Valley, New York, in 1821; was educated
+at Canajoharie Academy, and studied law. In 1830 he removed to
+Springfield, Illinois, and after serving in the Black Hawk War was
+appointed Surveyor of Sangamon County. He was married there December
+29, 1831, to Miss Sarah Cutter. He was a Democratic Representative in
+1838; Clerk of the House in 1840; circuit clerk in 1842; Democratic
+presidential elector in 1844; candidate for Governor before the
+Democratic State convention in 1846; Mayor of Springfield in 1849,
+1850, and 1851; a candidate for Congress in 1852, and in the same year
+again a Democratic presidential elector. In 1854, President Pierce
+appointed him Surveyor-General of Kansas, and he became conspicuous in
+Kansas politics. He was president of the Lecompton Convention. He died
+at St. Joseph, Missouri, October 25, 1859. Mr. Frederick Hawn, who was
+his boyhood friend, and afterward married a sister of Calhoun's wife,
+is now living at Leavenworth, Kansas, at the age of eighty-five years.
+In an interesting letter to the writer, he says: "It has been related
+that Calhoun induced Lincoln to study surveying in order to become
+his deputy. Presuming that he was ready to graduate and receive his
+commission, he called on Calhoun, then living with his father-in-law,
+Seth R. Cutter, on Upper Lick Creek. After the interview was
+concluded, Mr. Lincoln, about to depart, remarked: 'Calhoun, I am
+entirely unable to repay you for your generosity at present. All that
+I have you see on me, except a quarter of a dollar in my pocket.' This
+is a family tradition. However, my wife, then a miss of sixteen, says,
+while I am writing this sketch, that she distinctly remembers this
+interview. After Lincoln was gone she says she and her sister,
+Mrs. Calhoun, commenced making jocular remarks about his uncanny
+appearance, in the presence of Calhoun, to which in substance he made
+this rejoinder: 'For all that, he is no common man.' My wife believes
+these were the exact words."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+We know from Dennis Hanks, from Mr. Turnham, to whom the book
+belonged, and from other associates of Lincoln's at the time, that he
+read this book intently and discussed its contents intelligently. It
+was a remarkable volume for a thoughtful lad whose mind had been
+fired already by the history of Washington; for it opened with that
+wonderful document, the Declaration of Independence, a document
+which became, as Mr. John G. Nicolay says, "his political chart
+and inspiration." Following the Declaration of Independence was the
+Constitution of the United States, the Act of Virginia passed in 1783
+by which the "Territory North Westward of the river Ohio" was conveyed
+to the United States, and the Ordinance of 1787 for governing this
+territory, containing that clause on which Lincoln in the future based
+many an argument on the slavery question. This article, No. 6 of the
+Ordinance, reads: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
+servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of
+crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: provided
+always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or
+service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States,
+such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person
+claiming his or her labour or service, as aforesaid."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS--PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S
+MAGAZINE.
+
+These saddle-bags, now in the Lincoln Monument at Springfield, are
+said to have been used by Lincoln while he was a surveyor.]
+
+Following this was the Constitution and the Revised Laws of Indiana,
+three hundred and seventy-five pages of five hundred words each of
+statutes--enough law, if thoroughly digested, to make a respectable
+lawyer. When Lincoln finished this book, as he had probably before
+he was eighteen, we have reason to believe that he understood the
+principles on which the nation was founded, how the State of Indiana
+came into being, and how it was governed. His understanding of the
+subject was clear and practical, and he applied it in his reading,
+thinking, and discussion.
+
+[Illustration: REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN--HITHERTO
+UNPUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original, now on file
+in the County Clerk's office, Springfield, Illinois. The survey
+here reported was made in pursuance of an order of the County
+Commissioners' Court, September 1, 1834, in which Lincoln was
+designated as the surveyor.]
+
+It was after he had read the Laws of Indiana that Lincoln had free
+access to the library of his admirer, Judge John Pitcher of Rockport,
+Indiana, where undoubtedly he examined many law-books. But from the
+time he left Indiana in 1830 he had no legal reading until one day
+soon after the grocery was started, when there happened one of those
+trivial incidents which so often turn the current of a life. It
+is best told in Mr. Lincoln's own words.[2] "One day a man who was
+migrating to the West drove up in front of my store with a wagon which
+contained his family and household plunder. He asked me if I would
+buy an old barrel, for which he had no room in his wagon, and which
+he said contained nothing of special value. I did not want it, but to
+oblige him I bought it, and paid him, I think, half a dollar for it.
+Without further examination, I put it away in the store, and forgot
+all about it. Some time after, in overhauling things, I came upon the
+barrel, and emptying it upon the floor to see what it contained, I
+found at the bottom of the rubbish a complete edition of Blackstone's
+Commentaries. I began to read those famous works, and I had plenty
+of time; for, during the long summer days, when the farmers were busy
+with their crops, my customers were few and far between. The more
+I read"--this he said with unusual emphasis--"the more intensely
+interested I became. Never in my whole life was my mind so thoroughly
+absorbed. I read until I devoured them."
+
+[Illustration: A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD
+COUNTY, ILLINOIS--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed from the original for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE. This map,
+which, as here reproduced, is about one-half the size of the original,
+accompanied Lincoln's report of the survey of a part of the road
+between Athens and Sangamon town. For making this map, Lincoln
+received fifty cents. The road evidently was located "on good ground,"
+and was "necessary and proper," as the report says, for it is still
+the main travelled highway leading into the country south of Athens,
+Menard County.]
+
+
+BERRY AND LINCOLN GET A TAVERN LICENSE.
+
+But all this was fatal to business, and by spring it was evident that
+something must be done to stimulate the grocery sales.
+
+On the 6th of March, 1833, the County Commissioners' Court of Sangamon
+County granted the firm of Berry and Lincoln a license to keep a
+tavern at New Salem. A copy of this license is here given:
+
+    Ordered that William F. Berry, in the name of Berry and
+    Lincoln, have a license to keep a tavern in New Salem to
+    continue 12 months from this date, and that they pay one
+    dollar in addition to the six dollars heretofore paid as per
+    Treasurer's receipt, and that they be allowed the following
+    rates (viz.):
+
+    French Brandy per 1/2 pt.  25
+    Peach  "       "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Apple  "       "    "   .  12
+    Holland Gin    "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Domestic       "    "   .  12-1/2
+    Wine           "    "   .  25
+    Rum            "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Whisky         "    "   .  12-1/2
+    Breakfast, din'r or supper 25
+    Lodging per night........  12-1/2
+    Horse per night..........  25
+    Single feed..............  12-1/2
+    Breakfast, dinner or supper
+    for Stage Passengers.....  37-1/2
+
+    who gave bond as required by law.
+
+It is probable that the license was procured to enable the firm to
+retail the liquors which they had in stock, and not for keeping
+a tavern. In a community in which liquor-drinking was practically
+universal, at a time when whiskey was as legitimate an article of
+merchandise as coffee or calico, when no family was without a jug,
+when the minister of the gospel could take his "dram" without any
+breach of propriety, it is not surprising that a reputable young
+man should have been found selling whiskey. Liquor was sold at all
+groceries, but it could not be lawfully sold in a smaller quantity
+than one quart. The law, however, was not always rigidly observed,
+and it was the custom of store-keepers to "set up" the drinks to their
+patrons. Each of the three groceries which Berry and Lincoln acquired
+had the usual supply of liquors, and the combined stock must have
+amounted almost to a superabundance. It was only good business
+that they should seek a way to dispose of the surplus quickly and
+profitably--an end which could be best accomplished by selling it
+over the counter by the glass. Lawfully to do this required a tavern
+license; and it is a warrantable conclusion that such was the chief
+aim of Berry and Lincoln in procuring a franchise of this character.
+We are fortified in this conclusion by the coincidence that three
+other grocers of New Salem--William Clary, Henry Sincoe, and George
+Warberton--were among those who took out tavern licenses. To secure
+the lawful privilege of selling whiskey by the "dram" was no doubt
+their purpose; for their "taverns" were as mythical as the inn of
+Berry and Lincoln.
+
+At the granting of a tavern license, the applicants therefor were
+required by law to file a bond. The bond given in the case of Berry
+and Lincoln was as follows:
+
+    Know all men by these presents, we, William F. Berry, Abraham
+    Lincoln and John Bowling Green, are held and firmly bound unto
+    the County Commissioners of Sangamon County in the full sum
+    of three hundred dollars to which payment well and truly to
+    be made we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and
+    administrators firmly by these presents, sealed with our seal
+    and dated this 6th day of March A.D. 1833. Now the condition
+    of this obligation is such that Whereas the said Berry &
+    Lincoln has obtained a license from the County Commissioners
+    Court to keep a tavern in the Town of New Salem to continue
+    one year. Now if the said Berry & Lincoln shall be of good
+    behavior and observe all the laws of this State relative to
+    tavern keepers--then this obligation to be void or otherwise
+    remain in full force.
+
+    ABRAHAM LINCOLN [Seal]
+    WM. F. BERRY [Seal]
+    BOWLING GREEN [Seal]
+
+This bond appears to have been written by the clerk of the
+Commissioners' Court; and Lincoln's name was signed by some one other
+than himself, very likely by his partner Berry.
+
+[Illustration: A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S
+WELL."]
+
+
+THE FIRM HIRES A CLERK.
+
+The license seems to have stimulated the business, for the firm
+concluded to hire a clerk. The young man who secured this position was
+Daniel Green Burner, son of Isaac Burner, at whose house Lincoln for
+a time boarded. He is still living on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois,
+and is in the eighty-second year of his age. "The store building of
+Berry and Lincoln," says Mr. Burner, "was a frame building, not very
+large, one story in height, and contained two rooms. In the little
+back room Lincoln had a fireplace and a bed. There is where we slept.
+I clerked in the store through the winter of 1834, up to the 1st of
+March. While I was there they had nothing for sale but liquors. They
+may have had some groceries before that, but I am certain they had
+none then. I used to sell whiskey over their counter at six cents a
+glass--and charged it, too. N.A. Garland started a store, and Lincoln
+wanted Berry to ask his father for a loan, so they could buy out
+Garland; but Berry refused, saying this was one of the last things he
+would think of doing."
+
+Among the other persons yet living who were residents with Lincoln of
+New Salem or its near neighborhood are Mrs. Parthenia W. Hill, aged
+seventy-nine years, widow of Samuel Hill, the New Salem merchant;
+James McGrady Rutledge, aged eighty-one years; John Potter, aged
+eighty-seven years; and Thomas Watkins, aged seventy-one years--all
+now living at Petersburg, Illinois. Mrs. Hill, a woman of more than
+ordinary intelligence, did not become a resident of New Salem until
+1835, the year in which she was married. Lincoln had then gone out
+of business, but she knew much of his store. "Berry and Lincoln,"
+she says, "did not keep any dry goods. They had a grocery, and I have
+always understood they sold whiskey." Mr. Rutledge, a nephew of James
+Rutledge the tavern-keeper, has a vivid recollection of the store.
+He says: "I have been in Berry and Lincoln's store many a time. The
+building was a frame--one of the few frame buildings in New Salem.
+There were two rooms, and in the small back room they kept their
+whiskey. They had pretty much everything, except dry goods--sugar,
+coffee, some crockery, a few pairs of shoes (not many), some farming
+implements, and the like. Whiskey, of course, was a necessary part of
+their stock. I remember one transaction in particular which I had with
+them. I sold the firm a load of wheat, which they turned over to the
+mill." Mr. Potter, who remembers the morning when Lincoln, then a
+stranger on his way to New Salem, stopped at his father's house
+and ate breakfast, knows less about the store, but says: "It was a
+grocery, and they sold whiskey, of course." Thomas Watkins says that
+the store contained "a little candy, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, and
+the like;" though Mr. Watkins, being then a small boy, and living a
+mile in the country, was not a frequent visitor at the store.
+
+
+LINCOLN APPOINTED POSTMASTER.
+
+Business was not so brisk, however, in Berry and Lincoln's grocery,
+even after the license was granted, that the junior partner did not
+welcome an appointment as postmaster which he received in May, 1833.
+The appointment of a Whig by a Democratic administration seems to have
+been made without comment. "The office was too insignificant to make
+his politics an objection," say the autobiographical notes. The duties
+of the new office were not arduous, for letters were few, and their
+comings far between. At that date the mails were carried by four-horse
+post-coaches from city to city, and on horseback from central points
+into the country towns. The rates of postage were high. A single-sheet
+letter carried thirty miles or under cost six cents; thirty to eighty
+miles, ten cents; eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and
+one-half cents; one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles, eighteen
+and one-half cents; over four hundred miles, twenty-five cents. A copy
+of this magazine sent from New York to New Salem would have cost fully
+twenty-five cents. The mail was irregular in coming as well as light
+in its contents. Though supposed to arrive twice a week, it sometimes
+happened that a fortnight or more passed without any mail. Under these
+conditions the New Salem post-office was not a serious care.
+
+A large number of the patrons of the office lived in the country--many
+of them miles away--but generally Lincoln delivered their letters at
+their doors. These letters he would carefully place in the crown of
+his hat, and distribute them from house to house. Thus it was in a
+measure true that he kept the New Salem post-office in his hat. The
+habit of carrying papers in his hat clung to Lincoln; for, many years
+later, when he was a practising lawyer in Springfield, he apologized
+for failing to answer a letter promptly, by explaining: "When I
+received your letter I put it in my old hat, and buying a new one the
+next day, the old one was set aside, and so the letter was lost sight
+of for a time."
+
+But whether the mail was delivered by the postmaster himself, or the
+recipient came to the store to inquire, "Anything for me?" it was the
+habit "to stop and visit awhile." He who received a letter read it and
+told the contents; if he had a newspaper, usually the postmaster could
+tell him in advance what it contained, for one of the perquisites of
+the early post-office was the privilege of reading all printed matter
+before delivering it. Every day, then, Lincoln's acquaintance in New
+Salem, through his position as postmaster, became more intimate.
+
+
+A NEW OPENING.
+
+As the summer of 1833 went on, the condition of the store became more
+and more unsatisfactory. As the position of postmaster brought in only
+a small revenue, Lincoln was forced to take any odd work he could get.
+He helped in other stores in the town, split rails, and looked after
+the mill; but all this yielded only a scant and uncertain support, and
+when in the fall he had an opportunity to learn surveying, he accepted
+it eagerly.
+
+The condition of affairs in Illinois in the thirties made a demand for
+the services of surveyors. The immigration had been phenomenal. There
+were thousands of farms to be surveyed and thousands of "corners" to
+be located. Speculators bought up large tracts, and mapped out
+cities on paper. It was years before the first railroad was built
+in Illinois, and as all inland travelling was on horseback or in the
+stage-coach, each year hundreds of miles of wagon road were opened
+through woods and swamps and prairies. As the county of Sangamon was
+large and eagerly sought by immigrants, the county surveyor in 1833,
+one John Calhoun, needed deputies; but in a country so new it was no
+easy matter to find men with the requisite capacity.
+
+[Illustration: CONCORD CEMETERY.
+
+From a photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois. Concord
+cemetery lies seven miles northwest of the old town of New Salem, in a
+secluded place, surrounded by woods and pastures, away from the world.
+In this lonely spot Ann Rutledge was at first laid to rest. Thither
+Lincoln is said to have often come alone, and "sat in silence for
+hours at a time;" and it was to Ann Rutledge's grave here that he
+pointed and said: "There my heart lies buried." The old cemetery
+suffered the melancholy fate of New Salem. It became a neglected,
+deserted spot. The graves were lost in weeds, and a heavy growth of
+trees kept out the sun and filled the place with gloom. A dozen years
+ago this picture was taken. It was a blustery day in the autumn,
+and the weeds and trees were swaying before a furious gale. No other
+picture of the place, taken while Ann Rutledge was buried there, is
+known to be in existence. A picture of a cemetery, with the name of
+Ann Rutledge on a high, flat tombstone, has been published in two or
+three books; but it is not genuine, the "stone" being nothing more
+than a board improvised for the occasion. The grave of Ann Rutledge
+was never honored with a stone until the body was taken up in 1890
+and removed to Oakland cemetery, a mile southwest of Petersburg.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+With Lincoln, Calhoun had little, if any, personal acquaintance, for
+they lived twenty miles apart. Lincoln, however, had made himself
+known by his meteoric race for the legislature in 1832, and Calhoun
+had heard of him as an honest, intelligent, and trustworthy young man.
+One day he sent word to Lincoln by Pollard Simmons, who lived in the
+New Salem neighborhood, that he had decided to appoint him a deputy
+surveyor if he would accept the position.
+
+Going into the woods, Simmons found Lincoln engaged in his old
+occupation of making rails. The two sat down together on a log, and
+Simmons told Lincoln what Calhoun had said. It was a surprise to
+Lincoln. Calhoun was a "Jackson man;" he was for Clay. What did he
+know about surveying, and why should a Democratic official offer him
+a position of any kind? He immediately went to Springfield, and had
+a talk with Calhoun. He would not accept the appointment, he said,
+unless he had the assurance that it involved no political obligation,
+and that he might continue to express his political opinions as
+freely and frequently as he chose. This assurance was given. The
+only difficulty then in the way was the fact that he knew absolutely
+nothing of surveying. But Calhoun, of course, understood this, and
+agreed that he should have time to learn.
+
+With the promptness of action with which he always undertook anything
+he had to do, he procured Flint and Gibson's treatise on surveying,
+and sought Mentor Graham for help. At a sacrifice of some time, the
+schoolmaster aided him to a partial mastery of the intricate subject.
+Lincoln worked literally day and night, sitting up night after night
+until the crowing of the cock warned him of the approaching dawn.
+So hard did he study that his friends were greatly concerned at his
+haggard face. But in six weeks he had mastered all the books
+within reach relating to the subject--a task which, under ordinary
+circumstances, would hardly have been achieved in as many months.
+Reporting to Calhoun for duty (greatly to the amazement of that
+gentleman), he was at once assigned to the territory in the northwest
+part of the county, and the first work he did of which there is any
+authentic record was in January, 1834. In that month he surveyed a
+piece of land for Russell Godby, dating the certificate January 14,
+1834, and signing it "J. Calhoun, S.S.C., by A. Lincoln."
+
+Lincoln was frequently employed in laying out public roads, being
+selected for that purpose by the County Commissioners' Court. So
+far as can be learned from the official records, the first road he
+surveyed was "from Musick's Ferry on Salt Creek, via New Salem, to the
+county line in the direction of Jacksonville." For this he was allowed
+fifteen dollars for five days' service, and two dollars and fifty
+cents for a plat of the new road. The next road he surveyed, according
+to the records, was that leading from Athens to Sangamon town. This
+was reported to the County Commissioners' Court November 4, 1834.
+But road surveying was only a small portion of his work. He was more
+frequently employed by private individuals.
+
+
+SURVEYING WITH A GRAPEVINE.
+
+According to tradition, when he first took up the business he was too
+poor to buy a chain, and, instead, used a long, straight grape-vine.
+Probably this is a myth, though surveyors who had experience in the
+early days say it may be true. The chains commonly used at that time
+were made of iron. Constant use wore away and weakened the links, and
+it was no unusual thing for a chain to lengthen six inches after a
+year's use. "And a good grape-vine," to use the words of a veteran
+surveyor, "would give quite as satisfactory results as one of those
+old-fashioned chains."
+
+Lincoln's surveys had the extraordinary merit of being correct. Much
+of the government work had been rather indifferently done, or the
+government corners had been imperfectly preserved, and there were
+frequent disputes between adjacent land-owners about boundary lines.
+Frequently Lincoln was called upon in such cases to find the corner
+in controversy. His verdict was invariably the end of the dispute, so
+general was the confidence in his honesty and skill. Some of these
+old corners located by him are still in existence. The people of
+Petersburg proudly remember that they live in a town which was laid
+out by Lincoln. This he did in 1836, and it was the work of several
+weeks.
+
+Lincoln's pay as a surveyor was three dollars a day, more than he had
+ever before earned. Compared with the compensation for like services
+nowadays it seems small enough; but at that time it was really
+princely. The Governor of the State received a salary of only one
+thousand dollars a year, the Secretary of State six hundred dollars,
+and good board and lodging could be obtained for one dollar a week.
+But even three dollars a day did not enable him to meet all his
+financial obligations. The heavy debts of the store hung over him.
+The long distances he had to travel in his new employment had made it
+necessary to buy a horse, and for it he had gone into debt.
+
+"My father," says Thomas Watkins of Petersburg, who remembers the
+circumstances well, "sold Lincoln the horse, and my recollection is
+that Lincoln agreed to pay him fifty dollars for it. Lincoln was a
+little slow in making the payments, and after he had paid all but ten
+dollars, my father, who was a high-strung man, became impatient, and
+sued him for the balance. Lincoln, of course, did not deny the debt,
+and raised the money and paid it. I do not often tell this," Mr.
+Watkins adds, "because I have always thought there never was such a
+man as Lincoln, and I have always been sorry father sued him."
+
+
+BUSINESS REVERSES.
+
+Between his duties as deputy surveyor and postmaster, Lincoln had
+little leisure for the store, and its management had passed into the
+hands of Berry. The stock of groceries was on the wane. The numerous
+obligations of the firm were maturing, with no money to meet them.
+Both members of the firm, in the face of such obstacles, lost courage;
+and when, early in 1834, Alexander and William Trent asked if the
+store was for sale, an affirmative answer was eagerly given. A price
+was agreed upon, and the sale was made. Now, neither Alexander Trent
+nor his brother had any money; but as Berry and Lincoln had bought
+without money, it seemed only fair that they should be willing to sell
+on the same terms. Accordingly the notes of the Trent brothers were
+accepted for the purchase price, and the store was turned over to the
+new owners. But about the time their notes fell due the Trent brothers
+disappeared. The few groceries in the store were seized by creditors,
+and the doors were closed, never to be opened again.
+
+Misfortunes now crowded upon Lincoln. His late partner, Berry, soon
+reached the end of his wild career; and one morning a farmer from the
+Rock Creek neighborhood drove into New Salem with the news that he was
+dead.
+
+The appalling debt which had accumulated was thrown upon Lincoln's
+shoulders. It was then too common a fashion among men who became
+deluged in debt to "clear out," in the expressive language of the
+pioneer, as the Trents had done; but this was not Lincoln's way. He
+quietly settled down among the men he owed, and promised to pay them.
+For fifteen years he carried this burden--a load which he cheerfully
+and manfully bore, but one so heavy that he habitually spoke of it
+as the "national debt." Talking once of it to a friend, Lincoln said:
+"That debt was the greatest obstacle I have ever met in life; I had no
+way of speculating, and could not earn money except by labor, and to
+earn by labor eleven hundred dollars, besides my living, seemed the
+work of a lifetime. There was, however, but one way. I went to the
+creditors, and told them that if they would let me alone, I would give
+them all I could earn over my living, as fast as I could earn it." As
+late as 1848, so we are informed by Mr. Herndon, Mr. Lincoln, then
+a member of Congress, sent home money saved from his salary to be
+applied on these obligations. All the notes, with interest at the high
+rates then prevailing, were at last paid.
+
+With a single exception Lincoln's creditors seem to have been lenient.
+One of the notes given by him came into the hands of a Mr. Van Bergen,
+who, when it fell due, brought suit. The amount of the judgment was
+more than Lincoln could pay, and his personal effects were levied
+upon. These consisted of his horse, saddle and bridle, and surveying
+instruments. James Short, a well-to-do farmer living on Sand Ridge a
+few miles north of New Salem, heard of the trouble which had befallen
+his young friend. Without advising Lincoln of his plans he attended
+the sale, bought in the horse and surveying instruments for one
+hundred and twenty dollars, and turned them over to their former
+owner.
+
+[Illustration: STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+
+Lincoln's first meeting with Douglas occurred at the State capital,
+Vandalia, in the winter of 1834-35, when Lincoln was serving his first
+term in the legislature, and Douglas was an applicant for the office
+of State attorney for the first judicial district of Illinois.]
+
+Lincoln never forgot a benefactor. He not only repaid the money with
+interest, but nearly thirty years later remembered the kindness in a
+most substantial way. After Lincoln left New Salem financial reverses
+came to James Short, and he removed to the far West to seek his
+fortune anew. Early in Lincoln's presidential term he heard that
+"Uncle Jimmy" was living in California. One day Mr. Short received a
+letter from Washington, D.C. Tearing it open, he read the gratifying
+announcement that he had been commissioned an Indian agent.
+
+
+THE KINDNESS SHOWN LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM.
+
+The kindness of Mr. Short was not exceptional in Lincoln's New
+Salem career. When the store had "winked out," as he put it, and the
+post-office had been left without headquarters, one of his neighbors,
+Samuel Hill, invited the homeless postmaster into his store. There was
+hardly a man or woman in the community who would not have been glad
+to do as much. It was a simple recognition on their part of Lincoln's
+friendliness to them. He was what they called "obliging"--a man who
+instinctively did the thing which he saw would help another, no matter
+how trivial or homely it was. In the home of Rowan Herndon, where he
+had boarded when he first came to the town, he had made himself loved
+by his care of the children. "He nearly always had one of them
+around with him," says Mr. Herndon. In the Rutledge tavern, where he
+afterwards lived, the landlord told with appreciation how, when his
+house was full, Lincoln gave up his bed, went to the store, and slept
+on the counter, his pillow a web of calico. If a traveller "stuck in
+the mud" in New Salem's one street, Lincoln was always the first to
+help pull out the wheel. The widows praised him because he "chopped
+their wood;" the overworked, because he was always ready to give them
+a lift. It was the spontaneous, unobtrusive helpfulness of the man's
+nature which endeared him to everybody and which inspired a general
+desire to do all possible in return. There are many tales told of
+homely service rendered him, even by the hard-working farmers' wives
+around New Salem. There was not one of them who did not gladly "put on
+a plate" for Abe Lincoln when he appeared, or would not darn or mend
+for him when she knew he needed it. Hannah Armstrong, the wife of the
+hero of Clary's Grove, made him one of her family. "Abe would come out
+to our house," she said, "drink milk, eat mush, cornbread and
+butter, bring the children candy, and rock the cradle while I got him
+something to eat.... Has stayed at our house two or three weeks at
+a time." Lincoln's pay for his first piece of surveying came in the
+shape of two buckskins, and it was Hannah who "foxed" them on his
+trousers.
+
+His relations were equally friendly in the better homes of the
+community; even at the minister's, the Rev. John Cameron's, he was
+perfectly at home, and Mrs. Cameron was by him affectionately called
+"Aunt Polly." It was not only his kindly service which made Lincoln
+loved; it was his sympathetic comprehension of the lives and joys and
+sorrows and interests of the people. Whether it was Jack Armstrong
+and his wrestling, Hannah and her babies, Kelso and his fishing and
+poetry, the schoolmaster and his books--with one and all he was at
+home. He possessed in an extraordinary degree the power of entering
+into the interests of others, a power found only in reflective,
+unselfish natures endowed with a humorous sense of human foibles,
+coupled with great tenderness of heart. Men and women amused Lincoln,
+but so long as they were sincere he loved them and sympathized with
+them. He was human in the best sense of that fine word.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S ACQUAINTANCE IN SANGAMON COUNTY IS EXTENDED.
+
+Now that the store was closed and his surveying increased, Lincoln
+had an excellent opportunity to extend his acquaintance, for he was
+travelling about the country. Everywhere he won friends. The surveyor
+naturally was respected for his calling's sake, but the new deputy
+surveyor was admired for his friendly ways, his willingness to lend
+a hand indoors as well as out, his learning, his ambition, his
+independence. Throughout the county he began to be regarded as "a
+right smart young man." Some of his associates appear even to have
+comprehended his peculiarly great character and dimly to have foreseen
+a splendid future. "Often," says Daniel Green Burner, Berry and
+Lincoln's clerk in the grocery, "I have heard my brother-in-law, Dr.
+Duncan, say he would not be surprised if some day Abe Lincoln got to
+be Governor of Illinois. Lincoln," Mr. Burner adds, "was thought to
+know a little more than anybody else among the young people. He was a
+good debater, and liked it. He read much, and seemed never to forget
+anything."
+
+Lincoln was fully conscious of his popularity, and it seemed to him
+in 1834 that he could safely venture to try again for the legislature.
+Accordingly he announced himself as a candidate, spending much of the
+summer of 1834 in electioneering. It was a repetition of what he
+had done in 1832, though on the larger scale made possible by wider
+acquaintance. In company with the other candidates, he rode up and
+down the county, making speeches in the public squares, in shady
+groves, now and then in a log school-house. In his speeches he soon
+distinguished himself by the amazing candor with which he dealt with
+all questions, and by his curious blending of audacity and humility.
+Wherever he saw a crowd of men he joined them, and he never failed
+to adapt himself to their point of view in asking for votes. If the
+degree of physical strength was their test for a candidate, he was
+ready to lift a weight or wrestle with the country-side champion; if
+the amount of grain a man could cradle would recommend him, he seized
+the cradle and showed the swath he could cut. The campaign was well
+conducted, for in August he was elected one of the four assemblymen
+from Sangamon. The vote at this election stood: Dawson, 1390; Lincoln,
+1376; Carpenter, 1170; Stuart, 1164.[3]
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO
+STUDY LAW.
+
+Born in Kentucky in 1807. At twenty-one, on being admitted to the bar,
+he removed to Springfield, Illinois, and was soon prominent in his
+profession. He was a member of the legislature from 1832 to 1836.
+In 1838 he defeated Stephen A. Douglas for Congress, and served
+two terms--as a Whig. In 1863 and 1864 he served a third term--as a
+Democrat. He served also in the State Senate, and was a major in the
+Black Hawk War. He died in 1885.]
+
+
+HE FINALLY DECIDES ON A LEGAL CAREER.
+
+The best thing which Lincoln did in the canvass of 1834 was not
+winning votes; it was coming to a determination to read law, not for
+pleasure but as a business. In his autobiographical notes he says:
+"During the canvass, in a private conversation Major John T. Stuart
+(one of his fellow-candidates) encouraged Abraham to study law. After
+the election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him, and
+went at it in good earnest. He never studied with anybody." He seems
+to have thrown himself into the work with an almost impatient ardor.
+As he tramped back and forth from Springfield, twenty miles away, to
+get his law-books, he read sometimes forty pages or more on the way.
+Often he was seen wandering at random across the fields, repeating
+aloud the points in his last reading. The subject seemed never to be
+out of his mind. It was the great absorbing interest of his life. The
+rule he gave twenty years later to a young man who wanted to know how
+to become a lawyer, seems to have been the one he practised.[4]
+
+Having secured a book of legal forms, he was soon able to write deeds,
+contracts, and all sorts of legal instruments; and he was frequently
+called upon by his neighbors to perform services of this kind. "In
+1834," says Daniel Green Burner, Berry and Lincoln's clerk, "my
+father, Isaac Burner, sold out to Henry Onstott, and he wanted a deed
+written. I knew how handy Lincoln was that way, and suggested that we
+get him. We found him sitting on a stump. 'All right,' said he, when
+informed what we wanted. 'If you will bring me a pen and ink and a
+piece of paper I will write it here.' I brought him these articles,
+and, picking up a shingle and putting it on his knee for a desk, he
+wrote out the deed." As there was no practising lawyer nearer than
+Springfield, Lincoln was often employed to act the part of advocate
+before the village squire, at that time Bowling Green. He realized
+that this experience was valuable, and never, so far as known,
+demanded or accepted a fee for his services in these petty cases.
+
+Justice was sometimes administered in a summary way in Squire Green's
+court. Precedents and the venerable rules of law had little weight.
+The "Squire" took judicial notice of a great many facts, often going
+so far as to fill, simultaneously, the two functions of witness and
+court. But his decisions were generally just.
+
+James McGrady Rutledge tells a story in which several of Lincoln's old
+friends figure and which illustrates the legal practices of New Salem.
+"Jack Kelso," says Mr. Rutledge, "owned or claimed to own a white
+hog. It was also claimed by John Ferguson. The hog had often wandered
+around Bowling Green's place, and he was somewhat acquainted with it.
+Ferguson sued Kelso, and the case was tried before 'Squire' Green. The
+plaintiff produced two witnesses who testified positively that the hog
+belonged to him. Kelso had nothing to offer, save his own unsupported
+claim.
+
+"'Are there any more witnesses?' inquired the court.
+
+"He was informed that there were no more.
+
+"'Well,' said 'Squire' Green, 'the two witnesses we have heard have
+sworn to a ---- lie. I know this shoat, and I know it belongs to Jack
+Kelso. I therefore decide this case in his favor.'"
+
+An extract from the record of the County Commissioners' Court
+illustrates the nature of the cases that came before the justice
+of the peace in Lincoln's day. It also shows the price put upon the
+privilege of working on Sunday, in 1832:
+
+    JANUARY 29, 1832.--Alexander Gibson found guilty of
+    Sabbath-breaking and fined 12-1/2 cents. Fine paid into court.
+
+    "(Signed) EDWARD ROBINSON, J.P."
+
+
+LINCOLN ENTERS THE ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY.
+
+The session of the ninth Assembly began December 1, 1834, and Lincoln
+went to the capital, then Vandalia, seventy-five miles southeast of
+New Salem, on the Kaskaskia River, in time for the opening. Vandalia
+was a town which had been called into existence in 1820 especially
+to give the State government an abiding-place. Its very name had been
+chosen, it is said, because it "sounded well" for a State capital. As
+the tradition goes, while the commissioners were debating what they
+should call the town they were making, a wag suggested that it be
+named Vandalia, in honor of the Vandals, a tribe of Indians which,
+said he, had once lived on the borders of the Kaskaskia; this, he
+argued, would conserve a local tradition while giving a euphonous
+title. The commissioners, pleased with so good a suggestion, adopted
+the name. When Lincoln first went to Vandalia it was a town of about
+eight hundred inhabitants; its noteworthy features, according to
+Peck's "Gazetteer" of Illinois for 1834, being a brick court-house, a
+two-story brick edifice "used by State officers," "a neat framed house
+of worship for the Presbyterian Society, with a cupola and bell,"
+"a framed meeting-house for the Methodist Society," three taverns,
+several stores, five lawyers, four physicians, a land office, and two
+newspapers. It was a much larger town than Lincoln had ever lived in
+before, though he was familiar with Springfield, then twice as large
+as Vandalia, and he had seen the cities of the Mississippi.
+
+The Assembly which he entered was composed of eighty-one
+members,--twenty-six senators, fifty-five representatives. As a rule,
+these men were of Kentucky, Tennessee, or Virginia origin, with here
+and there a Frenchman. There were but few Eastern men, for there
+was still a strong prejudice in the State against Yankees. The
+close bargains and superior airs of the emigrants from New England
+contrasted so unpleasantly with the open-handed hospitality and the
+easy ways of the Southerners and French, that a pioneer's prospects
+were blasted at the start if he acted like a Yankee. A history of
+Illinois in 1837, published evidently to "boom" the State, cautioned
+the emigrant that if he began his life in Illinois by "affecting
+superior intelligence and virtue, and catechizing the people for their
+habits of plainness and simplicity and their apparent want of those
+things which he imagines indispensable to comfort," he must expect
+to be forever marked as "a Yankee," and to have his prospects
+correspondingly defeated. A "hard-shell" Baptist preacher of about
+this date showed the feeling of the people when he said, in preaching
+of the richness of the grace of the Lord: "It tuks in the isles of the
+sea and the uttermust part of the yeth. It embraces the Esquimaux and
+the Hottentots, and some, my dear brethering, go so far as to suppose
+that it tuks in the poor benighted Yankees, but _I don't go that
+fur_." When it came to an election of legislators, many of the people
+"didn't go that fur" either.
+
+There was a preponderance of jean suits like Lincoln's in the
+Assembly, and there were coonskin caps and buckskin trousers.
+Nevertheless, more than one member showed a studied garb and a courtly
+manner. Some of the best blood of the South went into the making of
+Illinois, and it showed itself from the first in the Assembly. The
+surroundings of the legislators were quite as simple as the attire
+of the plainest of them. The court-house, in good old Colonial style,
+with square pillars and belfry, was finished with wooden desks and
+benches. The State furnished her law-makers no superfluities--three
+dollars a day, a cork inkstand, a certain number of quills, and a
+limited amount of stationery was all an Illinois legislator in 1834
+got from his position. Scarcely more could be expected from a State
+whose revenues from December 1, 1834, to December 1, 1836, were only
+about one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, with expenditures
+during the same period amounting to less than one hundred and
+sixty-five thousand dollars.
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S
+FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE.
+
+Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838, was born in
+Kentucky in 1794. The son of an officer of the regular army, he,
+at nineteen, became a soldier in the war of 1812, and did gallant
+service. He removed to Illinois in 1818, and soon became prominent
+in the State, serving as a major-general of militia, a State Senator,
+and, from 1826 to 1834, as a member of Congress, resigning from
+Congress to take the office of Governor. He was at first a Democrat,
+but afterwards became a Whig. He was a man of the highest character
+and public spirit. He died in 1844.]
+
+Lincoln thought little of these things, no doubt. To him the absorbing
+interest was the men he met. To get acquainted with them, measure
+them, compare himself with them, and discover wherein they were his
+superiors and what he could do to make good his deficiency--this
+was his chief occupation. The men he met were good subjects for such
+study. Among them were Wm. L.D. Ewing, Jesse K. Dubois, Stephen T.
+Logan, Theodore Ford, and Governor Duncan--men destined to play large
+parts in the history of the State. One whom he met that winter in
+Vandalia was destined to play a great part in the history of the
+nation--the Democratic candidate for the office of State attorney for
+the first judicial district of Illinois; a man four years younger than
+Lincoln--he was only twenty-one at the time; a new-comer, too, in the
+State, having arrived about a year before, under no very promising
+auspices either, for he had only thirty-seven cents in his pockets,
+and no position in view; but a man of metal, it was easy to see, for
+already he had risen so high in the district where he had settled,
+that he dared contest the office of State attorney with John J.
+Hardin, one of the most successful lawyers of the State. This young
+man was Stephen A. Douglas. He had come to Vandalia from Morgan County
+to conduct his campaign, and Lincoln met him first in the halls of
+the old court-house, where he and his friends carried on with success
+their contest against Hardin.
+
+The ninth Assembly gathered in a more hopeful and ambitious mood than
+any of its predecessors. Illinois was feeling well. The State was free
+from debt. The Black Hawk War had stimulated the people greatly, for
+it had brought a large amount of money into circulation. In fact, the
+greater portion of the eight to ten million dollars the war had cost
+had been circulated among the Illinois volunteers. Immigration, too,
+was increasing at a bewildering rate. In 1835 the census showed a
+population of 269,974. Between 1830 and 1835 two-fifths of this number
+had come in. In the northeast Chicago had begun to rise. "Even for
+Western towns" its growth had been unusually rapid, declared Peck's
+"Gazetteer" of 1834; the harbor building there, the proposed Michigan
+and Illinois canal, the rise in town lots--all promised to the State a
+metropolis. To meet the rising tide of prosperity, the legislators of
+1834 felt that they must devise some worthy scheme, so they chartered
+a new State bank with a capital of one million five hundred thousand
+dollars, and revived a bank which had broken twelve years before,
+granting it a charter of three hundred thousand dollars. There was
+no surplus money in the State to supply the capital; there were no
+trained bankers to guide the concern; there was no clear notion of
+how it was all to be done; but a banking capital of one million eight
+hundred thousand dollars would be a good thing in the State, they were
+sure; and if the East could be made to believe in Illinois as much as
+her legislators believed in her, the stocks would go, and so the banks
+were chartered.
+
+But even more important to the State than banks was a highway. For
+thirteen years plans of the Illinois and Michigan canal had been
+constantly before the Assembly. Surveys had been ordered, estimates
+reported, the advantages extolled, but nothing had been done. Now,
+however, the Assembly, flushed by the first thrill of the coming
+"boom," decided to authorize a loan of a half-million on the credit of
+the State. Lincoln favored both these measures. He did not, however,
+do anything especially noteworthy for either of the bills, nor was the
+record he made in other directions at all remarkable. He was placed
+on the committee of public accounts and expenditures, and attended
+meetings with great fidelity. His first act as a member was to give
+notice that he would ask leave to introduce a bill limiting the
+jurisdiction of justices of the peace--a measure which he succeeded in
+carrying through. He followed this by a motion to change the rules, so
+that it should not be in order to offer amendments to any bill after
+the third reading, which was not agreed to; though the same rule, in
+effect, was adopted some years later, and is to this day in force in
+both branches of the Illinois Assembly. He next made a motion to take
+from the table a report which had been submitted by his committee,
+which met a like fate. His first resolution, relating to a State
+revenue to be derived from the sales of the public lands, was denied
+a reference, and laid upon the table. Neither as a speaker nor an
+organizer did he make any especial impression on the body.
+
+
+THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.
+
+In the spring of 1835 the young representative from Sangamon returned
+to New Salem to take up his duties as postmaster and deputy surveyor,
+and to resume his law studies. He exchanged his rather exalted
+position for the humbler one with a light heart. New Salem held all
+that was dearest in the world to him at that moment, and he went back
+to the poor little town with a hope, which he had once supposed honor
+forbade his acknowledging even to himself, glowing warmly in his
+heart. He loved a young girl of that town, and now for the first time,
+though he had known her since he first came to New Salem, was he free
+to tell his love.
+
+One of the most prominent families of the settlement in 1831, when
+Lincoln first appeared there, was that of James Rutledge. The head of
+the house was one of the founders of New Salem, and at that time the
+keeper of the village tavern. He was a high-minded man, of a warm and
+generous nature, and had the universal respect of the community. He
+was a South Carolinian by birth, but had lived many years in Kentucky
+before coming to Illinois. Rutledge came of a distinguished family:
+one of his ancestors signed the Declaration of Independence; another
+was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by
+appointment of Washington, and another was a conspicuous leader in the
+American Congress.
+
+The third of the nine children in the Rutledge household was a
+daughter, Ann Mayes, born in Kentucky, January 7, 1813. When Lincoln
+first met her she was nineteen years old, and as fresh as a flower.
+Many of those who knew her at that time have left tributes to her
+beauty and gentleness, and even to-day there are those living who talk
+of her with moistened eyes and softened tones. "She was a beautiful
+girl," says her cousin, James McGrady Rutledge, "and as bright as
+she was pretty. She was well educated for that early day, a good
+conversationalist, and always gentle and cheerful. A girl whose
+company people liked." So fair a maid was not, of course, without
+suitors. The most determined of those who sought her hand was one John
+McNeill, a young man who had arrived in New Salem from New York soon
+after the founding of the town. Nothing was known of his antecedents,
+and no questions were asked. He was understood to be merely one of
+the thousands who had come West in search of fortune. That he was
+intelligent, industrious, and frugal, with a good head for business,
+was at once apparent; for he and Samuel Hill opened a general store
+and they soon doubled their capital, and their business continued
+to grow marvellously. In four years from his first appearance in the
+settlement, besides having a half-interest in the store, he owned a
+large farm a few miles north of New Salem. His neighbors believed him
+to be worth about twelve thousand dollars.
+
+John McNeill was an unmarried man--at least so he represented himself
+to be--and very soon after becoming a resident of New Salem he formed
+the acquaintance of Ann Rutledge, then a girl of seventeen. It was a
+case of love at first sight, and the two soon became engaged, in spite
+of the rivalry of Samuel Hill, McNeill's partner. But Ann was as yet
+only a young girl; and it was thought very sensible in her and very
+gracious and considerate in her lover that both acquiesced in the
+wishes of Ann's parents that, for some time at least, the marriage be
+postponed.
+
+Such was the situation when Lincoln appeared in New Salem. He
+naturally soon became acquainted with the girl. She was a pupil in
+Mentor Graham's school, where he frequently visited, and rumor says
+that he first met her there. However that may be, it is certain that
+in the latter part of 1832 he went to board at the Rutledge tavern and
+there was thrown daily into her company.
+
+During the next year, 1833, John McNeill, in spite of his fair
+prospects, became restless and discontented. He wanted to see his
+people, he said, and before the end of the year he had decided to go
+East for a visit. To secure perfect freedom from his business while
+gone, he sold out his interest in his store. To Ann he said that he
+hoped to bring back his father and mother, and to place them on his
+farm. "This duty done," was his farewell word, "you and I will be
+married." In the spring of 1834 McNeill started East. The journey
+overland by foot and horse was in those days a trying one, and on the
+way McNeill fell ill with chills and fever. It was late in the summer
+before he reached his home, and wrote back to Ann, explaining his
+silence. The long wait had been a severe strain on the girl, and
+Lincoln had watched her anxiety with softened heart. It was to him,
+the New Salem postmaster, that she came to inquire for letters. It was
+to him she entrusted those she sent. In a way the postmaster must have
+become the girl's confidant; and his tender heart, which never could
+resist suffering, must have been deeply touched. After the long
+silence was broken, and McNeill's first letter of explanation came,
+the cause of anxiety seemed removed; but, strangely enough, other
+letters followed only at long intervals, and finally they ceased
+altogether. Then it was that the young girl told her friends a secret
+which McNeill had confided to her before leaving New Salem.
+
+He had told her what she had never even suspected before, that John
+McNeill was not his real name, but that it was John McNamar. Shortly
+before he came to New Salem, he explained, his father had suffered a
+disastrous failure in business. He was the oldest son; and in the hope
+of retrieving the lost fortune, he resolved to go West, expecting
+to return in a few years and share his riches with the rest of the
+family. Anticipating parental opposition, he ran away from home; and,
+being sure that he could never accumulate anything with so numerous a
+family to support, he endeavored to lose himself by a change of name.
+All this Ann had believed and not repeated; but now, worn out by
+waiting, she took the story to her friends.
+
+With few exceptions they pronounced the story a fabrication and
+McNamar an impostor. Why had he worn this mask? His excuse seemed
+flimsy. At best, they declared, he was a mere adventurer; and was
+it not more probable that he was a fugitive from justice--a thief, a
+swindler, or a murderer? And who knew how many wives he might have?
+With all New Salem declaring John McNamar false, Ann Rutledge
+could hardly be blamed for imagining that he was either dead or had
+transferred his affections.
+
+It was not until McNeill, or McNamar, had been gone many months, and
+gossip had become offensive, that Lincoln ventured to show his love
+for Ann, and then it was a long time before the girl would listen
+to his suit. Convinced at last, however, that her former lover had
+deserted her, she yielded to Lincoln's wishes and promised, in the
+spring of 1835, soon after Lincoln's return from Vandalia, to
+become his wife. But Lincoln had nothing on which to support a
+family--indeed, he found it no trifling task to support himself. As
+for Ann, she was anxious to go to school another year. It was decided
+that in the autumn she should go with her brother to Jacksonville and
+spend the winter there in an academy. Lincoln was to devote himself
+to his law studies; and the next spring, when she returned from school
+and he was a member of the bar, they were to be married.
+
+A happy spring and summer followed. New Salem took a cordial interest
+in the two lovers and presaged a happy life for them, and all would
+undoubtedly have gone well if the young girl could have dismissed the
+haunting memory of her old lover. The possibility that she had wronged
+him, that he might reappear, that he loved her still, though she now
+loved another, that perhaps she had done wrong--a torturing conflict
+of memory, love, conscience, doubt, and morbidness lay like a shadow
+across her happiness, and wore upon her until she fell ill. Gradually
+her condition became hopeless; and Lincoln, who had been shut from
+her, was sent for. The lovers passed an hour alone in an anguished
+parting, and soon after, on August 25, 1835, Ann died.
+
+The death of Ann Rutledge plunged Lincoln into the deepest gloom. That
+abiding melancholy, that painful sense of the incompleteness of life
+which had been his mother's dowry to him, asserted itself. It filled
+and darkened his mind and his imagination, tortured him with its black
+pictures. One stormy night Lincoln was sitting beside William Greene,
+his head bowed on his hand, while tears trickled through his fingers;
+his friend begged him to control his sorrow, to try to forget. "I
+cannot," moaned Lincoln; "the thought of the snow and rain on her
+grave fills me with indescribable grief."
+
+He was seen walking alone by the river and through the woods,
+muttering strange things to himself. He seemed to his friends to be in
+the shadow of madness. They kept a close watch over him; and at last
+Bowling Green, one of the most devoted friends Lincoln then had, took
+him home to his little log cabin, half a mile north of New Salem,
+under the brow of a big bluff. Here, under the loving care of Green
+and his good wife Nancy, Lincoln remained until he was once more
+master of himself.
+
+But though he had regained self-control, his grief was deep and
+bitter. Ann Rutledge was buried in Concord cemetery, a country
+burying-ground seven miles northwest of New Salem. To this lonely
+spot Lincoln frequently journeyed to weep over her grave. "My heart is
+buried there," he said to one of his friends.
+
+When McNamar returned (for McNamar's story was true, and two months
+after Ann Rutledge died he drove into New Salem with his widowed
+mother and his brothers and sisters in the "prairie schooner" beside
+him) and learned of Ann's death, he "saw Lincoln at the post-office,"
+as he afterward said, and "he seemed desolate and sorely distressed."
+
+McNamar's strange conduct toward Ann Rutledge is to this day a
+mystery. Her death apparently produced upon him no deep impression.
+He certainly experienced no such sorrow as Lincoln felt, for within a
+year he married another woman.
+
+Many years ago a sister of Ann Rutledge, Mrs. Jeane Berry, told what
+she knew of Ann's love affairs; and her statement has been preserved
+in a diary kept by the Rev. R.D. Miller, now Superintendent of Schools
+of Menard County, with whom she had the conversation. She declared
+that Ann's "whole soul seemed wrapped up in Lincoln," and that they
+"would have been married in the fall or early winter" if Ann had
+lived. "After Ann died," said Mrs. Berry, "I remember that it was
+common talk about how sad Lincoln was; and I remember myself how sad
+he looked. They told me that every time he was in the neighborhood
+after she died, he would go alone to her grave and sit there in
+silence for hours."
+
+In later life, when his sorrow had become a memory, he told a friend
+who questioned him: "I really and truly loved the girl and think often
+of her now." There was a pause, and then the President added:
+
+"And I have loved the name of Rutledge to this day."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.
+
+When the death of Ann Rutledge came upon Lincoln, for a time
+threatening to destroy his ambition and blast his life, he was in a
+most encouraging position. Master of a profession in which he had an
+abundance of work and earned fair wages, hopeful of being admitted
+in a few months to the bar, a member of the State Assembly with every
+reason to believe that, if he desired it, his constituency would
+return him--few men are as far advanced at twenty-six as was Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+Intellectually he was far better equipped than he believed himself to
+be, better than he has ordinarily been credited with being. True,
+he had had no conventional college training, but he had by his own
+efforts attained the chief result of all preparatory study, the
+ability to take hold of a subject and assimilate it. The fact that in
+six weeks he had acquired enough of the science of surveying to enable
+him to serve as deputy surveyor shows how well-trained his mind was.
+The power to grasp a large subject quickly and fully is never an
+accident. The nights Lincoln spent in Gentryville lying on the floor
+in front of the fire figuring on the fire-shovel, the hours he passed
+in poring over the Statutes of Indiana, the days he wrestled with
+Kirkham's Grammar, alone made the mastery of Flint and Gibson
+possible. His struggle with Flint and Gibson made easier the volumes
+he borrowed from Major Stuart's law library.
+
+[Illustration: GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.
+
+From a photograph made for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE by C.S. McCullough,
+Petersburg, Illinois, in September, 1895. On the 15th of May, 1890,
+the remains of Ann Rutledge were removed from the long-neglected grave
+in the Concord grave-yard to a new and picturesque burying-ground a
+mile southwest of Petersburg, called Oakland cemetery. The old grave,
+though marked by no stone, was easily identified from the fact that
+Ann was buried by the side of her younger brother, David, who died in
+1842, upon the threshold of what promised to be a brilliant career
+as a lawyer. The removal was made by Samuel Montgomery, a prominent
+business man of Petersburg. He was accompanied to the grave by James
+McGrady Rutledge and a few others, who located the grave beyond doubt.
+In the new cemetery, the grave occupies a place somewhat apart from
+others. A young maple tree is growing beside it, and it is marked
+by an unpolished granite stone bearing the simple inscription "Ann
+Rutledge."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+Lincoln had a mental trait which explains his rapid growth in
+mastering subjects--seeing clearly was essential to him. He was
+unable to put a question aside until he understood it. It pursued him,
+irritated him until solved. Even in his Gentryville days his comrades
+noted that he was constantly searching for reasons and that he
+"explained so clearly." This characteristic became stronger with
+years. He was unwilling to pronounce himself on any subject until he
+understood it, and he could not let it alone until he had reached a
+conclusion which satisfied him.
+
+This seeing clearly became a splendid force in Lincoln; because when
+he once had reached a conclusion he had the honesty of soul to suit
+his actions to it. No consideration could induce him to abandon the
+course his reason told him was logical. Not that he was obstinate
+and having taken a position, would not change it if he saw on further
+study that he was wrong. In his first circular to the people of
+Sangamon County is this characteristic passage: "Upon the subjects I
+have treated, I have spoken as I thought. I may be wrong in any or
+all of them; but, holding it a sound maxim that it is better only
+sometimes to be right than at all times to be wrong, so soon as I
+discover my opinions to be erroneous, I shall be ready to renounce
+them."
+
+Joined to these strong mental and moral qualities was that power of
+immediate action which so often explains why one man succeeds in life
+while another of equal intelligence and uprightness fails. As soon
+as Lincoln saw a thing to do he did it. He wants to know; here is a
+book--it may be a biography, a volume of dry statutes, a collection of
+verse; no matter, he reads and ponders it until he has absorbed all it
+has for him. He is eager to see the world; a man offers him a position
+as a "hand" on a Mississippi flatboat; he takes it without a moment's
+hesitation over the toil and exposure it demands. John Calhoun
+is willing to make him a deputy surveyor; he knows nothing of the
+science; in six weeks he has learned enough to begin his labors.
+Sangamon County must have representatives, why not he? and his
+circular goes out. Ambition alone will not explain this power of
+instantaneous action. It comes largely from that active imagination
+which, when a new relation or position opens, seizes on all its
+possibilities and from them creates a situation so real that one
+enters with confidence upon what seems to the unimaginative the
+rashest undertaking. Lincoln saw the possibilities in things and
+immediately appropriated them.
+
+But the position he filled in Sangamon County in 1835 was not all
+due to these qualities; much was due to his personal charm. By all
+accounts he was big, awkward, ill-clad, shy--yet his sterling honor,
+his unselfish nature, his heart of the true gentleman, inspired
+respect and confidence. Men might laugh at his first appearance, but
+they were not long in recognizing the real superiority of his nature.
+
+Such was Abraham Lincoln at twenty-six, when the tragic death of Ann
+Rutledge made all that he had attained, all that he had planned, seem
+fruitless and empty. He was too sincere and just, too brave a man, to
+allow a great sorrow permanently to interfere with his activities.
+He rallied his forces, and returned to his law, his surveying,
+his politics. He brought to his work a new power, that insight and
+patience which only a great sorrow can give.
+
+(_Begun in the November number 1895; to be continued_)
+
+
+    LINCOLN'S BEARD--THE LETTER OF MRS. BILLINGS REFERRED TO ON
+    PAGE 217.
+
+    DELPHOS, KANSAS, _December 6, 1895_.
+    MISS TARBELL:
+
+    In reply to your letter of recent date inquiring about the
+    incident of my childhood and connected with Mr. Lincoln, I
+    would say that at the time of his first nomination to the
+    Presidency I was a child of eleven years, living with my
+    parents in Chautauqua County, N.Y.
+
+    My father was an ardent Republican, and possessed of a
+    profound admiration for the character of the grand man who
+    was the choice of his party. We younger children accepted his
+    opinions with unquestioning faith, and listened with great
+    delight to the anecdotes of his life current at that time, and
+    were particularly interested in reading of the difficulties he
+    encountered in getting an education; so much did it appeal to
+    our childish imaginations that _we_ were firmly persuaded that
+    if we could only study our lessons prone before the glow and
+    cheer of an open fire in a great fireplace, _we_ too might
+    rise to heights which now we could never attain. My father
+    brought to us, one day, a large poster, and my mind still
+    holds a recollection of its crude, coarse work and glaring
+    colors. About the edges were grouped in unadorned and
+    exaggerated ugliness the pictures of our former Presidents,
+    and in the midst of them were the faces of "Lincoln and
+    Hamlin," surrounded by way of a frame with a rail fence.
+    We are all familiar with the strong and rugged face of Mr.
+    Lincoln, the deep lines about the mouth, and the eyes have
+    much the same sorrowful expression in all the pictures I
+    have seen of him. I think I must have felt a certain
+    disappointment, for I said to my mother that he would look
+    much nicer if he wore whiskers, and straightway gave him the
+    benefit of my opinion in a letter, describing the poster and
+    hinting, rather broadly, that his appearance might be improved
+    if he would let his whiskers grow. Not wishing to wound his
+    feelings, I added that the rail fence around his picture
+    looked real pretty! I also asked him if he had any little
+    girl, and if so, and he was too busy to write and tell me what
+    he thought about it, if he would not let her do so; and ended
+    by assuring him I meant to try my best to induce two erring
+    brothers of the Democratic faith to cast their votes for him.
+    I think the circumstance would have speedily passed from my
+    mind but for the fact that I confided to an elder sister that
+    I had written to Mr. Lincoln, and had she not expressed a
+    doubt as to whether I had addressed him properly. To prove
+    that I had, and was not as ignorant as she thought me, I
+    re-wrote the address for her inspection: "_Hon. Abraham
+    Lincoln Esquire_."
+
+    My mortification at the laughter and ridicule excited was
+    somewhat relieved by my mother's remarking that "there should
+    be no mistake as to whom the letter belonged." The reply to
+    my poor little letter came in due time, and the following is a
+    copy of the original, which is _still in my possession_.
+
+    "_Private_.
+    "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, _October 19, 1860_.
+    "MISS GRACE BEDELL.
+
+    "_My Dear little Miss_:--Your very agreeable letter of the
+    15th inst. is received. I regret the necessity of saying I
+    have no daughter. I have three sons; one seventeen, one
+    nine, and one seven years of age. They, with their mother,
+    constitute my whole family. As to the whiskers, having never
+    worn any, do you not think people would call it a piece of
+    silly affectation if I were to begin wearing them now? Your
+    very sincere well-wisher,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    Probably the frankness of the child appealed to the humorous
+    side of his nature, for the suggestion was acted upon.
+    After the election, and on his journey from Springfield to
+    Washington, he inquired of Hon. G.W. Patterson, who was one of
+    the party who accompanied him on that memorable trip, and who
+    was a resident of our town, if he knew of a family bearing the
+    name of Bedell. Mr. Patterson replying in the affirmative,
+    Mr. Lincoln said he "had received a letter from a little girl
+    called Grace Bedell, advising me to wear whiskers, as she
+    thought it would improve my looks." He said the character
+    of the "letter was so unique and so different from the many
+    self-seeking and threatening ones he was daily receiving that
+    it came to him as a relief and a pleasure." When the train
+    reached Westfield, Mr. Lincoln made a short speech from
+    the platform of the car, and in conclusion said he had a
+    correspondent there, relating the circumstance and giving my
+    name, and if she were present he would like to see her. I
+    was present, but in the crowd had neither seen nor heard the
+    speaker; but a gentleman helped me forward, and Mr. Lincoln
+    stepped down to the platform where I stood, shook my hand,
+    kissed me, and said: "You see I let these whiskers grow for
+    you, Grace." The crowd cheered, Mr. Lincoln reentered the car,
+    and I ran quickly home, looking at and speaking to no one,
+    with a much dilapidated bunch of roses in my hand, which I
+    had hoped might be passed up to Mr. Lincoln with some other
+    flowers which were to be presented, but which in my confusion
+    I had forgotten. Gentle and genial, simple and warm-hearted,
+    how full of anxiety must have been his life in the days which
+    followed. These words seem to fitly describe him: "A man of
+    sorrows and acquainted with grief." Very sincerely,
+
+    GRACE BEDELL BILLINGS.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: William D. Kelley, in "Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln."
+Edited by Allen Thorndike Rice, 1886.]
+
+[Footnote 2: This incident was told by Lincoln to Mr. A.J. Conant, the
+artist, who in 1860 painted his portrait in Springfield. Mr. Conant,
+in order to keep Mr. Lincoln's pleasant expression, had engaged him in
+conversation, and had questioned him about his early life; and it was
+in the course of their conversation that this incident came out. It
+is to be found in a delightful and suggestive article entitled, "My
+Acquaintance with Abraham Lincoln," contributed by Mr. Conant to the
+"Liber Scriptorum," and by his permission quoted here.]
+
+[Footnote 3: With one exception the biographers of Lincoln have given
+him the first place on the ticket in 1834. He really stood second
+in order, Herndon gives the correct vote, although he is in error in
+saying that the chief authority he quotes--a document owned by Dr.
+A.W. French of Springfield, Ill.--is an "official return." It is
+a copy of the official return made out in Lincoln's writing and
+certified to by the county clerk. The official return is on file in
+the Springfield court-house.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with
+Blackstone's Commentaries, and after reading carefully through, say
+twice, take up Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's Evidence, and Story's
+Equity in succession. Work, work, work, is the main thing."
+
+
+
+
+A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.
+
+BY IAN MACLAREN,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BESIDE THE BONNIE BRIER BUSH," ETC.
+
+
+Never had I met any man so methodical in his habits, so neat in
+his dress, so accurate in speech, so precise in manner as my
+fellow-lodger. When he took his bath in the morning I knew it was
+half-past seven, and when he rang for hot water, that it was a quarter
+to eight. Until a quarter-past he moved about the room in his slow,
+careful dressing, and then everything was quiet next door till
+half-past eight, when the low murmur of the Lord's Prayer concluded
+his devotions. Two minutes later he went downstairs--if he met
+a servant one could hear him say "Good morning"--and read his
+newspaper--he seldom had letters--till nine, when he rang for
+breakfast. Twenty-past nine he went upstairs and changed his coat,
+and he spent five minutes in the lobby selecting a pair of gloves,
+brushing his hat, and making a last survey for a speck of dust.
+One glove he put on opposite the hat-stand, and the second on the
+door-step; and when he touched the pavement you might have set your
+watch by nine-thirty. Once he was in the lobby at five-and-twenty
+minutes to ten, distressed and flurried.
+
+"I cut my chin slightly when shaving," he explained, "and the wound
+persists in bleeding. It has an untidy appearance, and a drop of blood
+might fall on a letter."
+
+The walk that morning was quite broken; and before reaching the
+corner, he had twice examined his chin with a handkerchief, and shaken
+his head as one whose position in life was now uncertain.
+
+"It is nothing in itself," he said afterwards, with an apologetic
+allusion to his anxiety, "and might not matter to another man. But any
+little misadventure--a yesterday's collar or a razor-cut, or even an
+inky finger--would render me helpless in dealing with people. They
+would simply look at the weak spot, and one would lose all authority.
+Some of the juniors smile when I impress on them to be very careful
+about their dress--quiet, of course, as becomes their situation, but
+unobjectionable. With more responsibility they will see the necessity
+of such details. I will remember your transparent sticking-plaster--a
+most valuable suggestion."
+
+His name was Frederick Augustus Perkins--so ran the card he left on my
+table a week after I settled in the next rooms; and the problem of his
+calling gradually became a standing vexation. It fell under the class
+of conundrums, and one remembered from childhood that it is mean to
+be told the answer; so I could not say to Mister Perkins--for it was
+characteristic of the prim little man that no properly constituted
+person could have said Perkins--"By the way, what is your line of
+things?" or any more decorous rendering of my curiosity.
+
+Mrs. Holmes--who was as a mother to Mr. Perkins and myself, as well
+as to two younger men of literary pursuits and irregular habits--had a
+gift of charming irrelevance, and was able to combine allusions to Mr.
+Perkins's orderly life and the amatory tendencies of a new cook in a
+mosaic of enthralling interest.
+
+"No, Betsy Jane has 'ad her notice, and goes this day week; not that
+her cookin's bad, but her brothers don't know when to leave. One was
+'ere no later than last night, though if he was her born brother,
+'e 'ad a different father and mother, or my name ain't 'Olmes. 'Your
+brother, Betsy Jane,' says I, 'ought not to talk in a strange 'ouse on
+family affairs till eleven o'clock.'
+
+"''E left at 'alf-past ten punctual,' says she, lookin' as hinnocent
+as a child, 'for I 'eard Mr. Perkins go up to 'is room as I was
+lettin' Jim out.'
+
+"'Betsy Jane,' I says, quite calm, 'where do you expeck to go to as
+doesn't know wot truth is?'--for Mr. Perkins leaves 'is room has
+the 'all clock starts on eleven, and 'e's in 'is bedroom at the last
+stroke. If she 'adn't brought in Mr. Perkins, she might 'ave deceived
+me--gettin' old and not bein' so quick in my 'earin' as I was; but
+that settled her.
+
+"'Alf-past," went on Mrs. Holmes, scornfully; "and 'im never varied
+two minutes the last ten years, except one night 'e fell asleep in 'is
+chair, being bad with hinfluenza.
+
+"For a regular single gentleman as rises in the morning and goes out,
+and comes in and takes 'is dinner, and goes to bed like the Medes and
+Persians, I've never seen 'is equal; an' it's five-and-twenty
+years since 'Olmes died, 'avin' a bad liver through takin' gin for
+rheumatics; an' Lizbeth Peevey says to me, 'Take lodgers, Jemima; not
+that they pays for the trouble, but it 'ill keep an 'ouse'....
+
+"Mr. Perkins' business?"--it was shabby, but the temptation came as a
+way of escape from the flow of Mrs. Holmes's autobiography--"now that
+I couldn't put a name on, for why, 'e never speaks about 'is affairs;
+just 'Good evening, Mrs. 'Olmes; I'll take fish for breakfast
+to-morrow;' more than that, or another blanket on 'is bed on the first
+of November, for it's by days, not cold, 'e goes...."
+
+It was evident that I must solve the problem for myself.
+
+[Illustration: "I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."]
+
+Mr. Perkins could not be a city man, for in the hottest June he never
+wore a white waistcoat, nor had he the swelling gait of one who made
+an occasional _coup_ in mines, and it went without saying that he did
+not write--a man who went to bed at eleven, and whose hair made
+no claim to distinction. One's mind fell back on the idea of
+law--conveyancing seemed probable--but his face lacked sharpness, and
+the alternative of confidential clerk to a firm of dry-salters was
+contradicted by an air of authority that raised observations on the
+weather to the level of a state document. The truth came upon me--a
+flash of inspiration--as I saw Mr. Perkins coming home one evening.
+The black frock-coat and waistcoat, dark gray trousers, spotless
+linen, high, old-fashioned collar, and stiff stock, were a symbol, and
+could only mean one profession.
+
+"By the way, Mr. Perkins," for this was all one now required to know,
+"are you Income Tax or Stamps?"
+
+"Neither, although my duty makes me familiar with every department in
+the Civil Service. I have the honor to be," and he cleared his throat
+with dignity, "a first-class clerk in the Schedule Office.
+
+"Our work," he explained to me, "is very important, and in fact,
+vital to the administration of affairs. The efficiency of practical
+government depends on the accuracy of the forms issued, and every one
+is composed in our office.
+
+"No, that is a common mistake," in reply to my shallow remark; "the
+departments do not draw up their own forms, and, in fact, they are not
+fit for such work. They send us a memorandum of what their officials
+wish to ask, and we put it into shape.
+
+"It requires long experience and, I may say, some--ability, to compose
+a really creditable schedule, one that will bring out every point
+clearly and exhaustively; in fact, I have ventured to call it a
+science"--here Mr. Perkins allowed himself to smile--"and it might be
+defined Schedulology.
+
+"Yes, to see a double sheet of foolscap divided up into some
+twenty-four compartments, each with a question and a blank space for
+the answer, is pleasing to the eye--very pleasing indeed.
+
+"What annoys one," and Mr. Perkins became quite irritable, "is to
+examine a schedule after it has been filled and to discover how it has
+been misused--simply mangled.
+
+"It is not the public simply who are to blame; they are, of course,
+quite hopeless, and have an insane desire to write their names all
+over the paper, with family details; but members of the Civil Service
+abuse the most admirable forms that ever came out of our office.
+
+"Numerous? Yes, naturally so; and as governmental machinery turns on
+schedules, they will increase every year. Could you guess, now, the
+number of different schedules under our charge?"
+
+"Several hundred, perhaps."
+
+Mr. Perkins smiled with much complacency. "Sixteen thousand four
+hundred and four, besides temporary ones that are only used in
+emergencies. One department has now reached twelve hundred and two;
+it has been admirably organized, and its secretary could tell you the
+subject of every form.
+
+"Well, it does not become me to boast, but I have had the honor
+of contributing two hundred and twenty myself, and have composed
+forty-two more that have not yet been accepted.
+
+"Well, yes," he admitted, with much modesty, "I have kept copies of
+the original drafts;" and he showed me a bound volume of his works.
+
+"An author? It is very good of you to say so;" and Mr. Perkins seemed
+much pleased with the idea, twice smiling to himself during the
+evening, and saying as we parted, "It's my good fortune to have a
+large and permanent circulation."
+
+All November Mr. Perkins was engaged with what he hoped would be one
+of his greatest successes.
+
+"It's a sanitation schedule for the Education Department, and is, I
+dare to say, nearly perfect. It has eighty-three questions, on every
+point from temperature to drains, and will present a complete view of
+the physical condition of primary schools.
+
+"You have no idea," he continued, "what a fight I have had with our
+Head to get it through--eight drafts, each one costing three days'
+labor--but now he has passed it.
+
+"'Perkins,' he said, 'this is the most exhaustive schedule you have
+ever drawn up, and I'm proud it's come through the hands of the
+drafting sub-department. Whether I can approve it as Head of the
+publishing sub-department is very doubtful.'"
+
+"Do you mean that the same man would approve your paper in one
+department to-day, and--"
+
+"Quite so. It's a little difficult for an outsider to appreciate the
+perfect order, perhaps I might say symmetry, of the Civil Service;"
+and Mr. Perkins spoke with a tone of condescension as to a little
+child. "The Head goes himself to the one sub-department in the
+morning and to the other in the afternoon, and he acts with absolute
+impartiality.
+
+"Why, sir"--Mr. Perkins began to warm and grow enthusiastic--"I have
+received a letter from the other sub-department, severely criticising
+a draft he had highly commended in ours two days before, and I saw his
+hand in the letter--distinctly; an able review, too, very able indeed.
+
+"'Very well put, Perkins,' he said to me himself; 'they've found the
+weak points; we must send an amended draft;' and so we did, and got a
+very satisfactory reply. It was a schedule about swine fever, 972 in
+the Department of Agriculture. I have had the pleasure of reading it
+in public circulation when on my holidays."
+
+"Does your Head sign the letters addressed to himself?"
+
+"Certainly; letters between departments are always signed by the chief
+officer." Mr. Perkins seemed to have found another illustration
+of public ignorance, and recognized his duty as a missionary of
+officialism. "It would afford me much pleasure to give you any
+information regarding our excellent system, which has been slowly
+built up and will repay study; but you will excuse me this evening, as
+I am indisposed--a tendency to shiver, which annoyed me in the office
+to-day."
+
+Next morning I rose half an hour late, as Mr. Perkins did not take
+his bath, and was not surprised when Mrs. Holmes came to my room,
+overflowing with concern and disconnected speech.
+
+"'E's that regular in 'is ways, that when 'Annah Mariar says 'is
+water's at 'is door at eight o'clock, I went up that 'urried that I
+couldn't speak; and I 'ears 'im speakin' to 'isself, which is not what
+you would expect of 'im, 'e bein' the quietest gentleman as ever--"
+
+"Is Mr. Perkins ill, do you mean?" for Mrs. Holmes seemed now in fair
+breath, and was always given to comparative reviews.
+
+"So I knocks and says, 'Mr. Perkins, 'ow are you feelin'?' and all
+I could 'ear was 'temperance;' it's little as 'e needs of that, for
+excepting a glass of wine at his dinner, and it might be somethin' 'ot
+before goin' to bed in winter--
+
+"So I goes in," resumed Mrs. Holmes, "an' there 'e was sittin' up in
+'is bed, with 'is face as red as fire, an' not knowin' me from Adam.
+If it wasn't for 'is 'abits an' a catchin' of 'is breath you wud 'ave
+said drink, for 'e says, 'How often have the drains been sluiced last
+year?'" After which I went up to Mr. Perkins's room without ceremony.
+
+He was explaining, with much cogency, as it seemed to me, that unless
+the statistics of temperature embraced the whole year, they would
+afford no reliable conclusions regarding the sanitary condition of
+Board Schools; but when I addressed him by name with emphasis, he came
+to himself with a start.
+
+"Excuse me, sir, I must apologize--I really did not hear--in fact--"
+And then, as he realized his situation, Mr. Perkins was greatly
+embarrassed.
+
+"Did I forget myself so far as--to send for you?--I was not feeling
+well. I have a slight difficulty in breathing, but I am quite able to
+go to the office--in a cab.
+
+"You are most kind and obliging, but the schedule I am--it just comes
+and goes--thank you, no more water--is important and--intricate; no
+one--can complete it--except myself.
+
+"With your permission I will rise--in a few minutes. Ten o'clock,
+dear me!--this is most unfortunate--not get down till eleven!--I must
+really insist--" But the doctor had come, and Mr. Perkins obeyed on
+one condition.
+
+"Yes, doctor, I prefer, if you please, to know; you see I am not a
+young person--nor nervous--thank you very much--quite so; pneumonia is
+serious--and double pneumonia dangerous, I understand.--No, it is not
+that--one is not alarmed at my age, but--yes, I'll lie down--letter
+must go to office--dictate it to my friend--certain form--leave of
+absence, in fact--trouble you too much--medical certificate."
+
+He was greatly relieved after this letter was sent by special
+messenger with the key of his desk, and quite refreshed when a clerk
+came up with the chief's condolences.
+
+"My compliments to Mr. Lighthead--an excellent young official, very
+promising indeed--and would he step upstairs for a minute--will excuse
+this undress in circumstances--really I will not speak any more.
+
+"Those notes, Mr. Lighthead, will make my idea quite plain--and I hope
+to revise final draft--if God will--my dutiful respect to the Board,
+and kind regards to the chief clerk. It was kind of you to come--most
+thoughtful."
+
+This young gentleman came into my room to learn the state of the case,
+and was much impressed.
+
+"Really this kind of thing--Perkins gasping in bed and talking in his
+old-fashioned way--knocks one out of time, don't you know? If he had
+gone on much longer I should have bolted.
+
+"Like him in the office? I should think so. You should have seen the
+young fellows to-day when they heard he was so ill. Of course we laugh
+a bit at him--Schedule Perkins he's called--because he's so dry and
+formal; but that's nothing.
+
+"With all his little cranks, he knows his business better than any man
+in the department; and then he's a gentleman, d'y see? could not say
+a rude word or do a mean thing to save his life--not made that way, in
+fact.
+
+"Let me just give you one instance--show you his sort. Every one knew
+that he ought to have been chief clerk, and that Rodway's appointment
+was sheer influence. The staff was mad, and some one said Rodway need
+not expect to have a particularly good time.
+
+"Perkins overheard him, and chipped in at once. 'Mr. Rodway'--you know
+his dry manner, wagging his eyeglass all the time--'is our superior
+officer, and we are bound to render him every assistance in our power,
+or,' and then he was splendid, 'resign our commissions.' Rodway, they
+say, has retired, but the worst of it is that as Perkins has been once
+passed over he'll not succeed.
+
+"Perhaps it won't matter, poor chap. I say," said Lighthead,
+hurriedly, turning his back and examining a pipe on the mantelpiece,
+"do you think he is going to--I mean, has he a chance?"
+
+"Just a chance, I believe. Have you been long with him?"
+
+"That's not it--it's what he's done for a--for fellows. Strangers
+don't know Perkins. You might talk to him for a year, and never hear
+anything but shop. Then one day you get into a hole, and you would
+find out another Perkins.
+
+"Stand by you?" and he wheeled round. "Rather, and no palaver either;
+with money and with time and with--other things, that do a fellow more
+good than the whole concern, and no airs. There's more than one man in
+our office has cause to--bless Schedule Perkins.
+
+"Let me tell you how he got--one chap out of the biggest scrape he'll
+ever fall into. Do you mind me smoking?" And then he made himself busy
+with matches and a pipe that was ever going out for the rest of the
+story.
+
+"Well, you see, this man, clerk in our office, had not been long up
+from the country, and he was young. Wasn't quite bad, but he couldn't
+hold his own with older fellows.
+
+"He got among a set that had suppers in their rooms, and gambled a
+bit, and he lost and borrowed, and--in fact, was stone broke.
+
+"It's not very pleasant for a fellow to sit in his room a week before
+Christmas, and know that he may be cashiered before the holidays, and
+all through his own fault.
+
+"If it were only himself, why, he might take his licking and go to the
+Colonies, but it was hard--on his mother--it's always going, out, this
+pipe!--when he was her only son, and she rather--believed in him.
+
+"Didn't sleep much that night--told me himself afterwards--and he
+concluded that the best way out was to buy opium in the city next day,
+and take it--pretty stiff dose, you know--next night.
+
+"Cowardly rather, of course, but it might be easier for the mater down
+in Devon--his mother, I mean--did I say he was Devon?--same county
+as myself--affair would be hushed up, and she would have--his memory
+clean.
+
+"As it happened, though, he didn't buy any opium next day--didn't get
+the chance; for Perkins came round to his desk, and asked this young
+chap to have a bit of dinner with him--aye, and made him come.
+
+[Illustration: "HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER
+SAW."]
+
+"He had the jolliest little dinner ready you ever saw, and he
+insisted, on the fellow smoking, though Perkins hates the very smell
+of 'baccy, and--well, he got the whole trouble out of him, except the
+opium.
+
+"D'y think he lectured and scolded? Not a bit--that's not Perkins--he
+left the fool to do his own lecturing, and he did it stiff. I'll
+tell you what he said: 'Your health must have been much tried by this
+anxiety, so you must go down and spend Christmas with your mother, and
+I would venture to suggest that you take her a suitable gift.
+
+"'With regard to your debt, you will allow me,' and Perkins spoke
+as if he had been explaining a schedule, 'to take it over, on two
+conditions--that you repay me by installments every quarter, and dine
+with me every Saturday evening for six months.'
+
+"See what he was after? Wanted to keep--the fellow straight, and
+cheer him up; and you've no idea how Perkins came out those
+Saturdays--capital stories as ever you heard--and he declared that it
+was a pleasure to him.
+
+"'I am rather lonely,' he used to say, 'and it is most kind of a young
+man to sit with me.' Kind!"
+
+"What was the upshot with your friend? Did he turn over a new leaf?"
+
+"He'll never be the man that Perkins expects; but he's doing his level
+best, and--is rising in the office. Perkins swears by him, and that's
+made a man of the fellow.
+
+"He's paid up the cash now, but--he can never pay up the
+kindness--confound those wax matches, they never strike--he told his
+mother last summer the whole story.
+
+"She wrote to Perkins--of course I don't know what was in the
+letter--but Perkins had the fellow into his room. 'You ought to have
+regarded our transaction as confidential. I am grieved you mentioned
+my name;' and then as I--I mean, as the fellow--was going out, 'I'll
+keep that letter beside my commission,' said Perkins.
+
+"If Perkins dies"--young men don't do that kind of thing, or else one
+would have thought--"it'll be--a beastly shame," which was a terrible
+collapse, and Mr. Geoffrey Lighthead of the Schedule Department left
+the house without further remark or even shaking hands.
+
+That was Wednesday, and on Friday morning he appeared, flourishing a
+large blue envelope, sealed with an imposing device, marked "On Her
+Majesty's Service," and addressed to
+
+  "Frederick Augustus Perkins, Esq.,
+  First Class Clerk in the Schedule Department,
+  Somerset House,
+  London,"
+
+an envelope any man might be proud to receive, and try to live up to
+for a week.
+
+"Rodway has retired," he shouted, "and we can't be sure in the office,
+but the betting is four to one--I'm ten myself--that the Board has
+appointed Perkins Chief Clerk;" and Lighthead did some steps of a
+triumphal character.
+
+"The Secretary appeared this morning after the Board had met. 'There's
+a letter their Honors wish taken at once to Mr. Perkins. Can any of
+you deliver it at his residence?' Then the other men looked at me,
+because--well, Perkins has been friendly with me; and that hansom came
+very creditably indeed.
+
+"Very low, eh? Doctors afraid not last over the night--that's hard
+lines--but I say, they did not reckon on this letter. Could not you
+read it to him? You see this was his one ambition. He could never be
+Secretary, not able enough, but he was made for Chief Clerk. Now he's
+got it, or I would not have been sent out skimming with this letter.
+Read it to him, and the dear old chap will be on his legs in a week."
+
+It seemed good advice; and this was what I read, while Perkins lay
+very still and did his best to breathe:--
+
+    "DEAR MR. PERKINS:
+
+    "I have the pleasure to inform you that the Board have
+    appointed you Chief Clerk in the Schedule Department in
+    succession to Gustavus Rodway, Esq., who retires, and their
+    Honors desire me further to express their appreciation of your
+    long and valuable service, and to express their earnest hope
+    that you may be speedily restored to health.
+
+    "I am,
+    "Your obedient servant,
+
+    "ARTHUR WRAXALL,
+
+    "_Secretary_."
+
+For a little time it was too much for Mr. Perkins, and then he
+whispered:
+
+"The one thing on earth I wished, and--more than I deserved--not
+usual, personal references in Board letters--perhaps hardly
+regular--but most gratifying--and--strengthening.
+
+"I feel better already--some words I would like to hear again--thank
+you, where I can reach it--nurse will be so good as to read it."
+
+Mr. Perkins revived from that hour, having his tonic administered at
+intervals, and astonished the doctors. On Christmas Eve he had made
+such progress that Lighthead was allowed to see him for five minutes.
+
+"Heard about your calling three times a day--far too kind with
+all your work--and the messages from the staff--touched me to
+heart.--Never thought had so many friends--wished been more friendly
+myself.
+
+"My promotion, too--hope may be fit for duty--can't speak much,
+but think I'll be spared--Almighty very good to me--Chief Clerk of
+Schedule Department--would you mind saying Lord's Prayer together--it
+sums up everything."
+
+So we knelt one on each side of Perkins's bed, and I led with "Our
+Father"--the other two being once or twice quite audible. The choir of
+a neighboring church were singing a Christmas carol in the street, and
+the Christ came into our hearts as a little child.
+
+
+
+
+THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE.
+
+DISTANCE, 510 MILES.--AVERAGE RUNNING TIME, 65.07 MILES AN
+HOUR.--HIGHEST SPEED ATTAINED, 92.3 MILES AN HOUR.
+
+BY HARRY PERRY ROBINSON,
+
+Editor of "The Railway Age" and one of the official time-keepers on
+the train.
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.--A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR.
+ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE TRAIN WAS
+RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR.]
+
+When, on August 22d last, a train was run over what is known as the
+West Coast line (of the London and Northwestern and the Caledonian
+Railways) from London to Aberdeen, a distance of 540 miles, at an
+average speed, while running, of 63.93 miles an hour, the English
+press hailed with a jubilation which was almost clamorous the fact
+that the world's record for long distance speed rested once more with
+Great Britain. From the tone which the English newspapers adopted, it
+appeared that they believed that the record then made was one which
+could not be beaten in this country, but that the former records of
+the New York Central represented the maximum speed obtainable on an
+American railway with American engines.
+
+Undoubtedly the West Coast run was a remarkable one. But English
+judges were mistaken as to the permanence of the record. It was left
+unchallenged for just twenty days--or until September 11th, when the
+cable carried to England the unpleasant news that the New York Central
+had covered the 436.32 miles from New York to East Buffalo at
+an average speed, when running, of 64.26 miles an hour--or about
+one-third of a mile an hour faster than the English run.
+
+There was still left to the Englishmen, however, a loophole for escape
+from confession of defeat. It will be noticed that the distance from
+New York to Buffalo is rather more than 100 miles shorter than that
+from London to Aberdeen. It was yet possible for the Englishmen to
+say: "We are talking only of long distance speeds. We do not consider
+anything under 500 miles a long distance." The record, in fact, for a
+distance of over 500 miles was still with England.
+
+There are not many railways in the United States on which a sustained
+high speed for a distance of over 500 miles would be possible. In
+England the run is made, as already stated, over the connecting lines
+of two companies. In this country, while not a few roads have over 500
+miles of first-class track in excellent condition, there is usually at
+some point in that distance an obstacle (either steep grades to cross
+a mountain range, or bad curves, or a river to be ferried) sufficient
+to prevent the making of a record. On the Lake Shore and Michigan
+Southern, from Chicago to Buffalo, there exists no such impediment,
+and between the outskirts of the two cities the distance is 510.1
+miles. It was in an informal conversation between certain officers
+of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway that the idea of
+attempting to beat the record on this piece of track was first
+suggested.
+
+In making comparison of different runs there are other matters to be
+taken into consideration besides the mere distance covered and
+the speed attained. It is not possible to exactly equalize all
+conditions--as, for instance, those of wind and weather, or of the
+physical character of the track in the matter of grades and curves.
+Entire equality in all particulars could only be attained in the same
+way that it is attained in horse-racing, viz., by having trains run
+side by side on parallel tracks.
+
+Certain conditions there are, however, which are more important
+and which can be equalized. One of these is the weight of the train
+hauled. The English load was a light one--67 tons (English) or 147,400
+pounds. This was little more than one-quarter of the load hauled by
+the New York Central engine on its magnificent run, when the weight
+of the cars making the train was 565,000 pounds. With the types of
+locomotive used on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern it was not
+possible to haul at record-breaking speed any such load as this. It
+was enough if the load should be about double that of the English
+train. This was attained by putting together two heavy Wagner parlor
+cars of 92,500 pounds each and Dr. Webb's private car "Elsmere," which
+alone weighs 119,500 pounds--or more than three-fourths of the weight
+of the entire English train. The total weight of the three Lake Shore
+and Michigan Southern cars was 304,500 pounds.
+
+The last important condition to be taken into consideration is the
+number of stops made. It should be explained that when speed is
+reckoned "when running" or "exclusive of stops" (the phrases mean the
+same thing), the time consumed in stops is deducted--the time, that
+is, when the wheels are actually at rest. No deduction however, is
+made for the loss of time in slowing up to a stop or in getting under
+way again. On the run of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, for
+instance, an irregular or unexpected stop was made when the train was
+running at a speed of about 71 miles an hour. The train was actually
+at rest for 2 minutes and 5 seconds. That allowance, therefore, was
+made for the stop. It is unnecessary to say that the secondary loss of
+time in bringing the train to a standstill and in regaining speed was
+much greater; but for these (aggregating probably five or six minutes)
+there was no allowance. It is evident, therefore, that the number
+of times that a train has to slow down and get under way again is an
+important factor in the average speed of a long run. In the English
+run two stops were made. The schedule for the Lake Shore run provided
+for four stops. A fifth stop, as has already been stated, was made,
+which was not on the programme.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND
+MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.
+
+From a photograph by Max Platz, Chicago. President Newell died August
+24, l894, and is said to have fairly sacrificed his life to giving the
+Lake Shore the best railway track in America. The proud record made,
+in this speed run, is largely the fruit of his labor.]
+
+These, then, were the conditions under which the now famous run of
+October 24, 1895, was accomplished: A train weighing twice as much as
+the English train was to be hauled for a distance of over 500 miles,
+making four stops _en route_, at a speed, when running, greater than
+63.93 miles an hour. Incidentally it was hoped also that the New York
+Central's speed of 64.26 miles an hour would be beaten.
+
+No public announcement was made of the undertaking in advance, for the
+sufficient reason that the gentlemen in charge were well aware of the
+difficulty of the task in which they were engaged and the many
+chances of failure. They had no desire to have such a failure made
+unnecessarily public. No one was informed of what was in hand except
+the officials and employees of the Lake Shore road, whose coöperation
+was necessary, one daily newspaper (the Chicago "Tribune"), the
+Associated Press, and two gentlemen who were invited to attend as
+official time-keepers, Messrs. H.P. Robinson and Willard A. Smith--the
+former being the editor of "The Railway Age," and the latter the
+ex-chief of the Transportation Department at the Chicago World's Fair.
+General Superintendent Canniff of the Lake Shore was in charge of the
+train in person.
+
+[Illustration: THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY
+MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF 92.3 MILES
+AN HOUR.]
+
+It was at two o'clock of the morning of October 24th that the train,
+which had been waiting since early in the evening on a side track
+in the Lake Shore station at Chicago, slipped unostentatiously away
+behind a switch engine which was to haul it as far as One Hundredth
+Street, where the start was to be made. Here there was a wait of
+nearly an hour until the time fixed for starting--half-past three.
+There was plenty to be done at the last moment to occupy the time of
+waiting, however. There were last messages to be sent back to
+Chicago; last orders to be sent on ahead; telegrams containing weather
+bulletins, which promised fair weather all the way to Buffalo, to be
+read; and, finally, the preparations to be made for time-taking.
+
+One of the time-keepers, taking two stop-watches in his hand, started
+the split-second-hands of both with one movement of his muscles,
+exactly together. To one or other of these timepieces all the watches
+on the train were set.
+
+In one of the parlor cars, as nearly as might be in the middle of the
+length of the train, two tables were set, one on either side of the
+aisle. The time-keepers had agreed to relieve each other at each stop
+at the end of a division, one being always on duty, and the other
+close at hand to verify any record on which a question might arise.
+The time-keeper on duty sat at one of the tables, watch in hand.
+Opposite to him was a representative of the railway company, with no
+power to originate a record, but to check each stop in case an
+error should occur. Across the aisle sat the official recorder, a
+representative of the Wagner Palace Car Company, and opposite to him a
+representative of the daily press.
+
+For two minutes before the time for starting, silence settled down
+upon the car. The shades were pulled down over every window. Inside,
+the car was brilliantly lighted with Pintsch gas; and the eyes of
+every man were on the face of the watch which each held in his
+hand, and his finger was ready to press the stop which splits the
+second-hand. The two minutes passed slowly, and the silence was almost
+painful as the watches showed that the moment was close at hand.
+Suddenly the smallest perceptible jerk told that the wheels had
+moved, and on the instant the split-hand of every watch in the car had
+recorded the fact. "Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" announced the
+time-keeper.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" echoed the representative of the
+railway company.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" called the recorder as he entered
+the figures on the sheet before him.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" said the member of the press.
+
+The start had been made thirty-three seconds ahead of time, and each
+member of the party settled himself down to the work ahead.
+
+Over each division of the road the superintendent of that division
+rode as "caller-off" of the stations as they were passed. It was
+necessary, during the first hours of darkness especially, that some
+one should do this who was familiar with every foot of the track--some
+one who would not have to rely on eyesight alone, but to whose
+accustomed senses every sway of the car as a curve was passed, and
+every sound of the wheels on bridge or culvert, would be familiar.
+
+The first station, Whiting, is only three and one-half miles from
+the starting-point. The night outside was intensely black, and it
+was doubtful whether even the practised eye and ear of Superintendent
+Newell would be able to catch the little station as it went by. With
+one eye on our watches, therefore, we all had also one anxious eye on
+him where he sat with his head hidden under the shade that was drawn
+behind him, a blanket held over the crevices to shut out every ray
+of light, and his face pressed close against the glass. The minutes
+passed slowly--one, two, three, four, five! Whiting must be very near,
+and--but just as we began to fear that he had missed the station, the
+word came:
+
+"Ready for Whiting!" and the response,
+
+"Ready for Whiting!"
+
+A few short seconds of silence, and then:
+
+"Now!"
+
+Instantly the muscles of the waiting fingers throbbed on the
+split-stop; but no quicker than the roar told that the car was already
+passing the station.
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!" called the time-keeper.
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+It was an immense relief to find that the system "worked."
+
+When the warning "Ready for Pine "--the next station, six miles
+further on--came from behind the envelope of window-shade and blanket,
+we were at our ease, and the record, "Three--forty-one--three," was
+called and echoed and tossed across the car with confidence.
+
+[Illustration: THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM
+ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE ENGINES USED ON
+THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE.]
+
+By the time that Miller's--fifteen miles from the start--was passed,
+the train was moving at a speed of over a mile a minute, and at every
+mile the velocity increased. At La Porte, forty-five miles from the
+start, the speed was 66 miles an hour; and fourteen miles further
+on, at Terre Coupee, it reached to 70. It was fast running--while it
+lasted; but it did not last long. The next station showed that the
+speed was down to 67 miles an hour, and at the next it was barely
+over sixty. A speed of a mile a minute, however, is high enough when
+passing through the heart of a city like South Bend, Indiana. South
+Bend is understood to have a city ordinance forbidding trains to run
+within the city limits at a speed exceeding 15 miles an hour. But if
+any good citizen of South Bend was shocked that morning at being waked
+from his sleep by the roar of the flying train, it is to be hoped that
+he forgot his resentment before evening. Then he knew that he had been
+waked in a good cause, and that if the city ordinance had been broken
+it was broken in good company--the world's record suffered with it.
+
+To those inside the cars nothing but their watches told them of the
+rate of speed. Of the party on board every man was familiar with
+railway affairs; but there was not one who was not surprised at the
+smoothness of the track and the complete absence of uncomfortable
+motion. Only by lifting a window shade and straining the eyes into the
+blackness of the night, to see the red sparks streaming by or the dim
+outlines of house and tree loom up and disappear, was it possible to
+appreciate the velocity at which the train was moving.
+
+Fifteen miles from South Bend the first stop was made, at Elkhart, and
+one-sixth of the run was over--87.4 miles in 85.4 minutes, or a speed
+of 61.38 miles an hour.
+
+That was good work; but it was not breaking records. It had not been
+expected, however, that the best speed would be made on this first
+stretch; and if there was any disappointment among those on the
+train, it did not yet amount to discouragement. It had been dark (and
+breaking records in the dark is not as easy as in daylight), there
+had been curves and grades to surmount, and, above all, it was now
+discovered that a heavy frost lay on the rails.
+
+At Elkhart there was a change of engines, two minutes and eleven
+seconds being consumed in the process, and at three minutes before
+five o'clock (4 hours, 57 minutes, 4 seconds) the wheels were moving
+again.
+
+The frost that was on the rails was felt inside the cars. It was not
+an occasion when an engineer would have steam to spare for heating
+cars; and the group that were huddled in the glare of the gaslight
+were muffled in blankets and heavy overcoats. Outside, the dawn was
+coming up from the east to meet us--as lovely a dawn as ever broke in
+rose-color and flame. As the daylight grew, we were able to see how
+complete the arrangements were for the safety of the run. At every
+crossing, whether of railway, highway, or farm road, a man was
+posted--1,300 men in all, it is said, along the 510 miles of line.
+Apart from these solitary figures, no one was yet astir to see the
+wonderful sight of the brilliantly lighted train--for the shades were
+lifted now--rushing through the dawn.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND
+
+MARK FLOYD--FROM CHICAGO TO ELKHART.
+
+D.M. LUCE--FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO.
+
+JAMES A. LATHROP--FROM TOLEDO TO CLEVELAND.]
+
+At Kendallville, 42 miles from Elkhart, the speed, in spite of an
+adverse grade, was 67 miles an hour. Here--the highest point on the
+line above the sea--the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad crosses the
+Lake Shore track at right angles, and a train was standing waiting for
+us to pass--the engine shrieking its good wishes to us as we flew by.
+At Waterloo, twelve miles further on, a clump of early pedestrians
+stood in the street to gaze, and two women--wives, doubtless, of
+railway hands who had learned what was in progress--were out on the
+porch of a cottage to see us pass. And it must have been a sight worth
+seeing, for we were running at 70 miles an hour now, with 60 miles of
+tangent ahead of us. At Butler, seven miles beyond, we passed a Wabash
+train on a parallel track, which made great show of travelling fast.
+Perhaps it was doing so--moving, perchance, at 40 miles an hour. But
+we were running at 72, and the Wabash train slid backwards from us at
+the rate of half a mile a minute; and still our pace quickened to 75
+miles an hour, and 78, and 79, and at last to 80. But that speed could
+not be held for long.
+
+The sun was above the horizon now, and the long straight column of
+smoke that we left behind us glowed rosy-red; and all the autumn
+foliage of the woods was ablaze with color and light. But as the
+sunlight struck the rails the frost began to melt; and a wet rail is
+fatal to the highest speeds. The 80-mile-an-hour mark, touched only
+for a few seconds, was not to be reached again on this division.
+During the next 47 miles, to Toledo, 64, 65, and 66 miles were reached
+at times; and when for the second time the train came to a standstill
+it was one minute after seven, and the 133.4 miles from Elkhart had
+been made in 124.5 minutes--or at 64.24 miles an hour. This was better
+than the run to Elkhart--and good enough in itself to beat the English
+figures. But it was not what had been expected of the "air line
+division," with its 69 miles of tangent and favorable grades; and,
+taking the two divisions together, 220 miles of the 510 were gone, and
+we were as yet, thanks to the frost, below the record which we had to
+beat.
+
+The time spent in changing engines at Toledo was 2 minutes and 28
+seconds, and at 7.04.07 the train was sliding out of the yards again.
+Coming out of Toledo the railway runs over a drawbridge; and boats
+on the river below have right of way. But not on such an occasion as
+this; for there, waiting patiently, lay a tug tied up to a pier of the
+bridge, with her tow swinging on the stream behind her.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CLEVELAND TO BUFFALO
+
+J.R. GARNER--FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.
+
+WILLIAM TUNKEY, WHOSE UNPRECEDENTED RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO SAVED
+THE DAY.]
+
+If the record was to be beaten for the first half of the run, the
+speed for the next thirty miles would have to be nearly 70 miles an
+hour. Each individual mile was anxiously timed, and at 12 miles from
+Toledo the speed was already 66 miles an hour. Nor did it stop there,
+but 10 miles further on a stretch of 3-1/2 miles showed a rate of
+73.80 miles an hour, and the next 5-1/2 miles were covered at the rate
+of 71.40.
+
+It would not take much of such running to put us safely ahead of
+the record at the half-way point; but even as hope grew, there was a
+sudden jar and grinding of the wheels which told of brakes suddenly
+applied. What was the matter? It takes some little time to bring a
+train to a standstill when it is running at over 70 miles an hour; and
+there was still good headway on when we slid past a man who yet held a
+red flag in his hand. Evidently he had signalled the engineer to stop.
+But why? Windows were thrown up, and before the train had stopped,
+heads were thrust out. The engineer climbed down from his cab.
+From the rear platform the passengers poured out, until only the
+time-keepers were left on the train, sitting watch in hand to catch
+the exact record of the stop and the start. And already, before his
+voice could be heard, the man with the flag was brandishing his arms
+in the signal to "go ahead;" and no one cared to stop to question him.
+
+The stop was short--only a few seconds over two minutes, but the good
+headway of 70 miles an hour was lost; and as the wheels moved again,
+it was a sullen and dispirited party on the train. Just as the hope
+of winning our uphill fight had begun to grow strong, precious minutes
+had been lost; and for what reason none could guess. The common belief
+on the train was that the man, in excess of enthusiasm at the speed
+which the train was making, had lost his head, and waved his red flag
+in token of encouragement. It subsequently transpired that he was
+justified, an injury to a rail having been discovered which might have
+made the passage at great speed dangerous; but, until that fact was
+known, the poor trackman at Port Clinton was sufficiently abused.
+
+On the 70 miles that remained of this division there was no
+possibility that such a speed could be made as would put the total for
+the first half of the run above the record. Once it was necessary to
+slow down to take water from the track, and once again for safety
+in rounding the curve at Berea. Between these points there were
+occasional bursts of speed when 68 and 70 miles an hour were reached;
+and after Berea was passed, there remained only 13 miles to Cleveland.
+But in those 13 miles was done the fastest running that had been made
+that day; for 7 miles to Rockport were covered at the rate of 83.4
+miles an hour, and at Rockport itself the train must have been running
+nearly a mile and a half in a minute.
+
+It was a gallant effort; and, but for "the man at Port Clinton," there
+is no doubt that by that time the success of the run would have been
+reasonably assured. As it was, Cleveland was reached at ten minutes to
+nine (8.50.13), the 107 miles from Toledo having been covered in 109
+minutes--from which two minutes and five seconds were to be deducted
+for the time in which the train was at rest at Port Clinton. In all,
+so far, 328-1/2 miles had been run at a speed of 62.16 miles an hour.
+
+"It may be done yet," people told each other, but there was little
+confidence in the voices which said it.
+
+The stop at Cleveland was a good omen, for the change of engines was
+made in a minute and forty-five seconds, and it was soon evident that
+Jacob Garner, the new engineer, understood that he had a desperate
+case in hand. Before ten miles were covered the train was travelling
+more than a mile in a minute. Twenty-eight miles from the start, in
+spite of an adverse grade, six miles were covered at the rate of
+74.40 miles an hour; and from there on mile after mile flew past,
+and station after station, and still the speed showed 70 miles
+and upwards. Through Ashtabula, haunted with the memory of railway
+disaster, we burst, and on to Conneaut and Springfield; and, even
+against hope, hope grew again. Twelve miles from Springfield is the
+little town of Swanville, and here the high-water mark of 83.4 miles
+at the end of the last division was beaten; for the 6.2 miles from
+there to Dock Junction were made in 4.4 minutes--or at the speed of
+84.54 miles an hour.
+
+As has been said, it was hoping only against hope. But to despair was
+impossible in the face of such running; and when Erie, 8-1/2 miles
+beyond Dock Junction, was reached, the 95-1/2 miles from Cleveland
+had been done in 85-1/2 minutes, at an average speed of 67.01 miles
+an hour. The average speed for the whole distance from Chicago was now
+63.18 miles an hour, which was crawling close up to the record. But
+424 miles had been covered, and only 86 miles remained. If the record
+was to be beaten, the speed for those 86 miles would have to average
+over 70 miles an hour.
+
+Was it possible to do such a thing? It never had been done, of course,
+in all the world; but the essence and the object of the whole day's
+run were that it should defy all precedent. There were few people,
+however, of those on board who in their hearts dared harbor any hope;
+especially as the engine which was to be tried at this crucial moment
+was a doubtful quantity.
+
+All the engines used upon this run were built by the Brooks Locomotive
+Works, of Dunkirk, N.Y., after designs by Mr. George W. Stevens, of
+the Lake Shore road. The first four engines, which had hauled
+the train as far as Erie, were of what is known as the American
+type--eight-wheelers, comparatively light, but built for fast speeds.
+These locomotives weighed only 52 tons, with 17 by 24-inch cylinders
+and 72-inch driving-wheels. They had been doing admirable work in
+service, having been built to haul the famous "Exposition Flyer"
+in 1893; and that they were capable of very high speeds, for short
+distances at least, even with a fairly heavy train, had been shown
+in the earlier stages of this run, when all had reached a speed of 70
+miles an hour, and two had touched and held a speed of well over 80.
+
+The last engine was of a different type, and a type which among
+experts has not been considered best adapted to extremely high speeds.
+Somewhat heavier than its predecessors (weighing 56-1/2 tons in
+working order), this engine was a ten-wheeler, with three pairs of
+coupled drivers and a four-wheeled swivelling truck. It had the same
+small cylinders (17 by 24 inches), and driving-wheels of only 68
+inches diameter. It was a bold experiment to put such an engine to
+do such work; and nothing could well be devised for fast speeds more
+unlike the magnificent engine "No. 999," which was built in the New
+York Central Railroad shops at West Albany, and is the glory of the
+New York Central road, or than the London and Northwestern compound
+engine with its 88-inch driving-wheels, or the Caledonian locomotive
+(which did the best running in the English races) with its 78-inch
+drivers and cylinders 18 by 26 inches.
+
+It was now after ten o'clock in the morning; and at Erie crowds had
+assembled at the station to see the train go out, for news of what was
+being done had by this time gone abroad. The platforms, too, at every
+station from Erie to Buffalo were thronged with people as we went
+roaring by. In Dunkirk (through which we burst at 75 miles an hour)
+crowds stood on the sidewalks and at every corner. To describe the run
+for those 86 miles in detail would be impossible, or to put into words
+the tension of the suppressed excitement among those on board the
+train as miles flew by and we knew that we were travelling as men had
+never travelled before.
+
+For those who had misgivings as to the possibilities of the type of
+engine there was a surprise as soon as she picked up the train. She
+must have reached a speed of a mile a minute within five miles from
+the first movement of the wheels. The first eight miles were finished
+in 8 minutes, 49 seconds. From there on there was never an instant of
+slackening pace. From 60 miles an hour the velocity rose to 70; from
+70 to 80; from 80, past the previous high-water marks, to 85 and 90,
+and at last to over 92.
+
+Trains have been timed for individual miles at speeds of over 90 miles
+before. There is even said to be on record an instance of a single
+mile run at 112 miles an hour. But never before has an engine done
+what the ten-wheeler did that day, when it reached 80 miles an hour
+and held the speed for half an hour; reached 85 miles an hour and held
+that for nearly ten minutes; reached 90 miles and held that for three
+or four consecutive miles. A speed of 75 miles an hour (a mile and a
+quarter a minute) was maintained for the whole hour, and the 75 miles
+were actually covered in the 60 minutes. The entire 86 miles were done
+in 70 minutes 46 seconds,--an average speed of 72.91 miles an hour.
+In the English run, a speed of 68.40 miles was maintained for an even
+hour, 69 miles being done in 60.5 minutes; and 141 miles were run at
+an average speed of 67.20 miles an hour.
+
+To word it otherwise, the American train covered 7 miles more in its
+fastest hour than did the English train. The speed which the English
+engines held for 141 miles the American engines held for over 200--181
+miles being made at 69.67 miles an hour.
+
+The most remarkable figures in the American run are given in the
+following table:
+
+  A distance of 510.1 miles made at 65.07 miles an hour.
+  "     "     " 289.3   "    "   "  66.68   "    "  "
+  "     "     " 181.5   "    "   "  69.67   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  85     "    "   "  72.92   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  71     "    "   "  75.06   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  59     "    "   "  76.08   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  52     "    "   "  78.00   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  42     "    "   "  79.04   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  33     "    "   "  80.07   "    "  "
+  "     "     "   8     "    "   "  85.44   "    "  "
+
+
+
+
+A single mile was also timed (unofficially) at the speed of 92.3 miles
+an hour.
+
+Here is the schedule of the last division:
+
+                                           Dis-         Time of
+                                           tance.       leaving.
+
+  Erie (leave).............................--             10-19-48
+  Harbor Creek............................. 8 miles       10-28-37
+  Moorhead................................. 3   "         10-31-06
+  North East............................... 4   "         10-34-22
+  State Line............................... 5   "         10-38-15
+  Ripley................................... 3   "         10-40-22
+  Westfield................................ 8   "         10-45-56
+  Brocton.................................. 8   "         10-52-06
+  Van Buren................................ 5   "         10-55-39
+  Dunkirk.................................. 4   "         10-58-54
+  Silver Creek............................. 9   "         11-06-05
+  Fairhaven................................ 5   "         11-10-33
+  Angola .................................. 5   "         11-14-14
+  Lake View................................ 7   "         11-20-11
+  Athol Springs............................ 4   "         11-24-39
+  Buffalo Creek............................ 8   "         11-30-34
+
+  Total distance Erie to Buffalo
+      Creek................................86   "
+  Total time for the 86 miles....                          1-10-46
+
+  Average speed over division..............72.91 miles per hour
+
+So remarkable are these figures, considering the type of engine
+used, that an English technical journal has, since the run was made,
+scientifically demonstrated to its own satisfaction that it was an
+impossibility. Well, it is the impossible which sometimes happens.
+
+Through all the running at these wonderful speeds the train moved with
+singular smoothness. Moments there were of some anxiety, when the cars
+swung round a curve or dashed through the streets of a town. At such
+times there were those among the passengers who would perhaps
+gladly have sacrificed a few seconds of the record. Except for those
+occasions, however, there was nothing to tell of the extraordinary
+speed--nothing unless one stood on the rear platform of the last car
+and saw the swirling cloud of dust and leaves and bits of paper, even
+of sticks and stones, that were sucked up into the vacuum behind, and
+almost shut out the view of the rapidly receding track. It may be
+(it certainly will be) that the average of 65.07 miles an hour for a
+distance of 510 miles will be beaten before long. It is almost certain
+that the same engines on the same road could beat it in another
+trial--taking a slightly lighter train, running by daylight and over a
+dry rail. It will be long, however, before such another run is made as
+that over the last 86 miles by the ten-wheeler, with William Tunkey in
+charge. Railway men alone, perhaps, understand the qualities which
+are necessary in an engineer to enable him to make such a run; and the
+name of Tunkey is one (however unheroic it may sound) which railway
+men will remember for many years to come. An analysis of the figures
+given above will show that it was not until within 20 miles of the end
+of the run that there was any confidence that the record was broken;
+and not until the run was actually finished and the watches stopped
+for the last time, at 34 seconds after half-past eleven, that
+confidence was changed to certainty.
+
+In addition to the mere speed, everything combined to make the run
+supremely dramatic--the disappointment over the first divisions--the
+growing hopes dashed by the unexpected flag--the increase of hope
+again on the run to Erie--the misgivings as to the type of engine--all
+culminating in the last tremendous burst of speed and the triumphant
+rush into Buffalo station.
+
+And having left Chicago at half-past three in the morning, at half
+past-ten that night I sat and watched Mr. John Drew on the stage of a
+New York theatre.
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--A PROVINCIAL SCHOOL OF ART IN
+ENGLAND.--THE PRECURSOR OF MODERN ART, CONSTABLE.--THE SOLITARY GENIUS
+OF TURNER.--THE ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PORTRAITURE.--ROMNEY, OPIE, HOPPNER,
+AND LAWRENCE.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+At the period when in France David and his followers had resuscitated
+a dead and gone art, and by dint of governmental patronage had infused
+into it a semblance of life, across the Channel, in a provincial town
+of England, a little group of painters were quietly doing work which,
+if it did not in itself change the face of modern art, was at least
+indicative of the change soon to be accomplished by the advent of
+Constable.
+
+The leader of this group, which has been of late years in the hands
+of zealous amateurs and dealers elevated to the rank of "school," was
+John Crome, born at Norwich, December 22, 1768. The son of a publican,
+he was first an errand boy to a local physician and afterwards
+apprenticed to a sign painter. Without instruction, hampered by
+an early marriage, he forsook his occupation, and sought to paint
+landscapes; meanwhile finding in the houses of the neighboring gentry
+pupils in drawing. The lessons gave him a living; and in the houses
+where he taught were many Dutch pictures which he carefully studied,
+so that he is in a sense a follower of the Holland school. But his
+greatest and best teacher was the quiet Norfolk country; and the
+environs of Norwich, from which he seldom strayed, found in him an
+earnest student.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,"
+SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY.]
+
+In 1805, in conjunction with his son (the younger Crome) and Cotman,
+Stark, and Vincent, Crome founded at Norwich an artists' club, where
+the members exhibited their pictures and had a large studio in common.
+Some of the members of the Norwich "school," a title to which none of
+them in their own time pretended, left their native town, and went to
+London; but its founder remained true to the city of his birth, where
+he died April 22, 1821. Late in life he visited Paris, where the
+Louvre still held the treasures of Europe, garnered after every
+campaign by Napoleon; and his enthusiasm for the great Dutch painters
+found fresh nourishment.
+
+It is by this link in the great chain of art that Crome gained his
+first consideration in the world's esteem; but more important to us of
+to-day is the fact that he was the first of his century to return to
+nature. No evil that the frivolous eighteenth century had wrought,
+or that the classicism of the early years of the nineteenth had
+perpetuated in art, was so great as the substitution of a conventional
+type of picture instead of that directly inspired by nature; and
+this artificial standard, which diverted figure painting from its
+legitimate field, bore even more heavily on the art of landscape
+painting.
+
+Crome, by his isolation at Norwich, escaped this tendency. The Norwich
+painters, however, were, to a certain degree, an accident. In the
+London of their time, the almost total cessation of intercourse with
+continental Europe, due to the war with France, had not prevented the
+academical standard from penetrating and taking root. The independence
+of Hogarth in the preceding century had been without result; and Sir
+Joshua Reynolds, in principle if not always in practice, had preached
+the doctrine of submission to accepted formulas. Benjamin West, who
+had succeeded him as president of the Royal Academy, was little but an
+academic formula himself; and landscape (whose greatest representative
+had been, until his death in 1782, Richard Wilson, a painter of
+merit, who had united to a charming sense of color an adherence to
+the strictest classical influence) was wallowing in the mire of
+conventionality.
+
+[Illustration: THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY
+IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This portrait, from an unknown model, gives Romney with all his charm
+and more than his usual sincerity.]
+
+To the London of 1800, however, were to be given two landscape
+painters who may fairly claim the honor of placing their art on a
+higher pinnacle than it had ever before reached. One of them,
+John Constable, remains to-day the direct source from which all
+representation of the free open air is derived, be the painter Saxon,
+Gallic, or Teuton. The other, Joseph Mallord William Turner, may be
+said to reach greater heights than his contemporary; but, unlike him,
+his art is so based on qualities peculiar to himself that he stands
+alone, though having many imitators who have never achieved more than
+a superficial resemblance to his work.
+
+Constable, founding his work on nature with close observance of
+natural laws, was able to exert an influence by which all painters
+have since profited. When he came to London, at the age of
+twenty-three, to study in the school of the Royal Academy, he
+attracted the attention of Sir George Beaumont, an amateur painter
+who, by his taste and social position, was all-powerful in the
+artistic circles of the metropolis. It was he who asked the young
+painter the famous question, "Where do you place your brown tree?"
+this freak of vegetation being one of the essential component parts
+of the properly constructed academical landscape of the period. For
+a year or two the youth placed brown trees, submissively enough, in
+landscapes painfully precise in detail and deficient in atmosphere.
+Then he did that which to a common, sensible mind would seem the most
+obvious thing for a landscape painter to do, but which had been done
+so rarely that the simple act was the boldest of innovations. He took
+his colors out of doors, and painted from nature.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A
+PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE
+
+Reproduced, by the courtesy of W.H. Fuller, from "Memoirs of the Life
+of John Constable, Esq., R.A., Composed Chiefly of his Letters, by
+C.R. Leslie, R.A." Quarto, London, 1843. This noble memoir, which
+makes one love the man as one admires the painter, is unfortunately
+out of print.]
+
+Of the dreary waste of "historical" and arbitrarily composed
+landscapes, even in the simpler honest productions of the Dutch
+preceding this century, nearly all were painted from drawings; color
+had been applied according to recipe; the brown tree was rampant
+through all the seasons represented, from primavernal spring to
+golden autumn. At the most, only studies in colors were made out of
+doors--unrelated portions of pictures, stained rather than painted,
+with timid desire to enregister details. These were then transported
+to the studio, where they underwent a process of arrangement, of
+"cookery," as the typically just French expression puts it; from
+which the picture came out steeped in a "brown sauce," conventional,
+artificial, and monotonous, but pleasing to the Academy-ridden public
+of the time. The young "miller of Bergholt"--for it was there in the
+county of Suffolk that young Constable first saw the light, on June
+11, 1776--determined in 1803 to have done with convention. He writes
+to a friend, one Dunthorne, who had had much influence on his early
+life and was his first teacher: "For the last two years I have been
+running after pictures and seeking truth at second hand;" adding that
+he would hereafter study nature alone, convinced that "there is [was]
+room enough for a natural painter."
+
+[Illustration: FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY
+JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This picture was given to the National Gallery by the painter's
+children. It is possibly one of three pictures on which Constable
+obtained the gold medal of the Paris Salon in 1822--the one which in
+the Salon catalogue is entitled "A Canal." The other two were "The
+Hay-Wain" (shown on the next page) and "Hampstead Heath," both now in
+the National Gallery.]
+
+This was henceforth the aim of his life; and from constant study
+out of doors he learned that natural objects exist to our sight not
+isolated, but in relation one to another; that the whole is more
+important than a part; and that the bark of a tree, a minutely defined
+plant, or a conscientiously geologically studied rock, may mar the
+effect of a whole picture, while the scene to be represented has a
+character of its own more subtle, more evanescent, but also infinitely
+more true than any single element of which it is composed. More than
+that, through living on such intimate terms with Mother Nature, he
+learned to value the smiles of her sunshine, and to cunningly adjust
+her cloud-veils when she frowned. His object was no longer that of the
+earlier painters, who--and along with others even faithful Crome--had
+aimed to paint a "view" for its topographical value, suppressing
+or altering, like mediocre portrait painters, any feature which was
+thought to be displeasing. Constable painted the moods of nature; the
+simplest subjects seen under ever-varying effects of light were his
+choice; and though his pictures bear the names of various places, and
+divers existing features of these places are portrayed, it is always
+the beauty of the scene, or that of the moment of the day or night,
+which affects the spectator.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN
+THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This picture was first exhibited in the Royal Academy of 1821. It
+is also one of three exhibited by Constable in the Paris Salon the
+following year. It is one of Constable's best known pictures. The
+thoroughly English character of the scene, painted with truth and
+simplicity, makes it, after a lapse of seventy-five years, as modern
+as though it were painted yesterday.]
+
+By a public which was used to the conventional tones of the older
+painters, and which understood or was interested in Turner's daring
+variations on the theme of classical landscape, these fresh, simple
+pictures which to-day look so natural to us were regarded with
+distrust. Not even the shepherd, much less the warrior or the demigod,
+inhabited these quiet scenes. A picture which any rural gentleman
+could see from his front door, smacked too little of art for the
+modish town. Moreover, Constable, no doubt sighing for something
+lighter and more brilliant, was accustomed, in a vain effort to rival
+the clear light of out-of-doors, to use the lightest colors of his
+palette. On a varnishing day at the Royal Academy, the word was passed
+around among the astonished painters that in portions of his picture
+of the year Constable had actually used pure white!
+
+In 1829, however, the world moving, Constable was elected to
+membership in the Royal Academy. The most notable triumph of his
+life, though, befell seven years earlier, in 1822, when he sent three
+pictures to be exhibited in the Salon in Paris. The Hay-Wain, and
+Hampstead Heath, both at present in the National Gallery, London, were
+of the three, and excited the greatest enthusiasm among the group of
+young painters who, with Delacroix at their head, were warring against
+the academic rule imposed by David. Constable's work thenceforward was
+the dominant influence in France, and from it can be directly traced
+the great group of landscape painters which we to-day miscall the
+"Barbizon" school.
+
+It is pleasant to recall that official honor--the first which he
+received--came to Constable by the award of the great gold medal of
+the Salon at this time. For a number of years after this he sent his
+work to the successive Salons. Pecuniary success, such as fell to the
+lot of Turner, was never his; the first painter who looked at nature
+in the open air "through his temperament," as Zola aptly expresses it,
+was perforce contented to live a modest life at Hampstead, happy in
+his work, grateful to nature who disclosed so many of her secrets to
+him.
+
+[Illustration: THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM
+A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER.
+
+The "Fighting Téméraire" was a line-of-battle ship of ninety-eight
+guns which Lord Nelson captured from the French at the battle of the
+Nile, August 1, 1798. In the battle of Trafalgar, October 21, 1805,
+she fought next to the "Victory"--the ship from which Nelson commanded
+the battle, and aboard which, in the course of it, he was killed. She
+was sold out of the service in 1838, and towed to Rotherhithe to be
+broken up. Turner's painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy
+of 1839. His picture touched the popular heart, and though no
+reproduction in black and white can approach the splendor of color in
+the original, the engraving renders faithfully the sentiment of the
+picture.]
+
+"I love," he said, "every stile and stump and lane in the village; as
+long as I am able to hold a brush, I shall never cease to paint them."
+He ceased to "hold a brush" on the 30th of March, 1837.
+
+Turner, who was born a year before Constable, on April 23, 1775, was,
+unlike the miller's son of Bergholt, a child of the city. He was
+born in London, in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, where his father was a
+hair-dresser; and when only fourteen entered the Royal Academy schools
+as a student. The next year he exhibited a drawing of Lambeth Palace;
+and in 1799 was made an associate, and in 1802 a member, of the Royal
+Academy. His career was probably more successful than that of any
+other artist of modern times. Of his life the more that is said in
+charity the better; for as the sun rises oftentimes from a fog bank,
+so the luminous dreams of color by which we know Turner emanated from
+an apparently sour, prosaic cockney. A bachelor implicated in low
+intrigues, dying under the assumed name of "Puggy Booth" in a dreary
+lodging in Chelsea, after a long career of miserly observance and
+rapacious bickering--of his life naught became him like the leaving.
+He died December 19, 1851. His will directed that his pictures--three
+hundred and sixty paintings and nearly two thousand drawings--should
+become the property of the nation, the only condition attached being
+that two of the pictures should be placed between two paintings by
+Claude Lorraine in the National Gallery. Twenty thousand pounds were
+left to the Royal Academy for the benefit of superannuated artists;
+and one thousand pounds were appropriated for a monument in St.
+Paul's, where this curious old man knew the English people would be
+proud to lay him.
+
+For many years Turner had refused to sell certain of his pictures;
+while for others, and for the published engravings after his work,
+he had exacted prices of a character and in a manner that smacked of
+dishonesty. But as in obscure and dingy lodgings his brain had evolved
+the splendor of sunset and mirage, so, undoubtedly, his imagination
+had foreshadowed the noble monument which the Turner room at the
+National Gallery has created to his memory.
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR
+JOHN GILBERT.
+
+This portrait, made many years ago, is a sketch from life, and
+realizes the crabbed, sturdy painter, Turner, as we may imagine him.]
+
+Turner's work, as has been said before, is peculiarly his own. It is
+true that in the earlier pictures the influence of Claude Lorraine is
+evident; but upon this root is engrafted an audacity in the conception
+of color, a research of luminosity in comparison with which nearly all
+painting is eclipsed. That this refulgence is tinged now and then
+with exaggeration, with a forcing of effect that destroys the sense
+of weight and solidity in depicted objects where this sense should
+prevail, is certain. But it is not the least of his merits that he was
+endowed with a sureness of taste which enabled him to avoid the rock
+on which all his imitators have split--his work is never spectacular.
+It is perhaps at its best when he has the simple elements of sea
+and sky as his theme. Here, with the intangible qualities of air and
+light, textureless and diaphanous, he is most at home. When it becomes
+a question of the representation of earth, buildings, or trees, one
+feels the lack of loving subservience to nature; the spirit against
+which the art of Constable is eloquent lurks here too much.
+
+[Illustration: PEACE--BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY.
+
+  "The midnight torch gleamed o'er the steamer's side,
+  And merit's corse was yielded to the tide."
+
+                                     --_Fallacies of Hope._
+
+The "Fallacies of Hope" was an imaginary poem from which Turner
+professed to quote whenever he wanted a line or a couplet to
+explain his pictures, the avowed quotation being really of his own
+composition. Sir David Wilkie, the distinguished painter, died at sea
+on his way home from the Orient, June 1, 1841. His body was consigned
+to the sea at midnight of that day. The picture was exhibited at the
+Royal Academy in 1842.]
+
+The stone-pines of Italy are seen through the distortion of
+convention, the palaces of Venice were never builded by the hand of
+man; and we lose by this the contrast which nature provides between
+solid earth and filmy cloud. The onlooker must indeed be devoid of
+imagination, however, if he can stand before those pictures of Turner
+where the limitless sky is reflected in the waters, without profound
+emotion. They may not seem _natural_ in such sense as one finds works
+of more realistic aim; but one must at least agree with Turner, in the
+time-worn story of the lady who taxed him with violation of natural
+law, saying that she had never seen a sky like one in the picture
+before them. "Possibly," growled the unruffled painter; "but don't you
+wish you could?"
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE
+NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This is believed to be a portrait of the painter's younger brother,
+William Opie.]
+
+Another phase of art--English, like that of Constable and Turner--rose
+to its greatest popularity at about the same time. It had an origin
+more easily traceable--the presence of Vandyke in England in the
+seventeenth century having given an impulsion to portrait painting
+which had been maintained by Reynolds and Gainsborough in the
+century preceding our own. George Romney, who was born at Dalton, in
+Lancashire, December 15, 1734, divided with these last two painters
+the patronage of the great and wealthy of his time. He was but
+eleven years younger than Reynolds, and seven years the junior of
+Gainsborough; but by the fact of his living until November 15, 1802,
+he may be considered in connection with the painters of this century.
+He possessed great facility of brush, which led him occasionally into
+careless drawing, and he lacked the refined grace of Reynolds and the
+simple charm of Gainsborough. Nevertheless, a superabundance of the
+qualities which go to make up a painter were his, and his art is less
+affected by influences foreign to his native soil than that of any
+painter of his time.
+
+Romney was preëminently a painter of women, as were the majority
+of his followers--English art at that time being possessed of more
+sweetness than force. Lady Hamilton, the Circe who succeeded in
+ensnaring the English Ulysses, Nelson, was a frequent model for
+Romney, and the list of notable names of the fair women whose beauty
+he perpetuated would be a long one. His life offers one of the most
+curious examples of the engrossing nature of a painter's work, if we
+accept this as the explanation of his strange conduct. Having come to
+London from Kendal in 1762, leaving his wife and family behind him
+in Lancashire, he remained in the metropolis for thirty-seven years,
+making, during this time, but two visits to the place which he never
+ceased to consider his home. It does not appear that anything but
+absorption in work was the cause of this neglect. His wife and
+children remained all the time in their northern home. In 1799, three
+years before his death, the husband and father awoke to a realization
+of their existence, and returned to live with them.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER
+10, 1793.]
+
+John Opie, known as the "Cornish genius" when his first works,
+executed at the age of twenty, were exhibited in the Royal Academy,
+was a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was born at Truro in May, 1761,
+the son of a carpenter. His precocity attracted the notice of Dr.
+Wolcot ("Peter Pindar"), who introduced him to Reynolds.
+
+Opie is thoroughly English in his manner, having, however, more
+affiliation to Hogarth and the earlier painters of his century than
+to his master. A certain hardness and lack of color are his principal
+defects; but, on the other hand, his work is sincere to a degree which
+none of the other painters of his time show, preoccupied as were even
+the best of them by a somewhat conventional type of beauty. He was
+appointed professor of painting at the Royal Academy in 1805, but
+delivered only one course of lectures, dying, at the age of forty-six,
+April 9, 1807.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS "THE CORAL
+NECKLACE," BY JOHN HOPPNER.
+
+From the collection of George A. Hearn of New York, by whose courtesy
+it appears here. Quaint and charming as a picture, of great beauty of
+color in the original, this is an admirable example of this painter.
+The original painting is at present on exhibition at the Metropolitan
+Museum, New York.]
+
+During the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the first years
+of the nineteenth, the fashionable portrait painters of London were
+John Hoppner and Sir Thomas Lawrence. The latter, living twenty years
+longer than Hoppner, was able to generously say of him, in a letter
+written shortly after Hoppner's death: "You will believe that I
+sincerely feel the loss of a brother artist from whose works I have
+often gained instruction, and who has gone by my side in the race
+these eighteen years."
+
+Born in Whitechapel, London, April 4, 1758, Hoppner's first vocation
+was that of chorister in the Chapel Royal. By lucky accident his first
+efforts at painting attracted the attention of the king, George III.,
+who granted him a small allowance which enabled him to study in the
+Royal Academy, where, in 1782, he gained the medal for oil painting.
+He first exhibited in 1780, and for some years devoted himself
+to landscape. Gradually changing to portraiture, he was appointed
+portrait painter to the Prince of Wales in 1789, and in 1793 he was
+made an associate of the Academy, receiving full membership in
+1795. For twenty years and until his death, January 23, 1810, he was
+extremely successful, and his productions, though less in number than
+those of Reynolds, or his contemporary, Lawrence, were numerous. In
+the course of thirty years he contributed one hundred and sixty-six
+works to the Academy exhibitions. These were chiefly portraits
+of women and children, and are marked by unaffected grace and
+appreciation of character.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+LAWRENCE.
+
+This picture, in the National Gallery, London, has inscribed on the
+canvas: "Lady Giorgiana Fane; 1800. Æt 5." It shows Lawrence's method
+of treating a child's portrait, in the style dear to our ancestors,
+as a "fancy" portrait. It is also typical of his pronounced mannerism,
+which would lead one to believe that before the days of photography
+sitters were easily contented on the score of resemblance. The head
+in this picture, for instance, is almost identical with that of
+Napoleon's son in the "Roi de Rome," executed fifteen years later.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+
+The greatest of all English actresses, at least in tragic parts--is
+the common judgment on Mrs. Siddons. She was almost born and reared on
+the stage, her father, Roger Kemble, being the manager of a travelling
+company of actors, with one of whom, William Siddons, she had married
+when she was eighteen. She was born at Brecon, in Wales, July 5, 1755,
+and had already attained to some distinction as an actress in 1775,
+when she made her first appearance in London. From then until her
+retirement in 1812 her career was a succession of triumphs. She died
+in London, June 8, 1831. Naturally, she was a favorite subject with
+the portrait painters of her time. The sweet-faced girl shown in
+the above portrait has as little resemblance to the stately lady of
+Gainsborough, or the "Tragic Muse" of Sir Joshua Reynolds, as it has
+to our imagination of what a "tragic queen" should be. The picture is,
+nevertheless, a portrait of _the_ Mrs. Siddons, and was presented to
+the National Gallery, London, where it now is, by her daughter, Mrs.
+Cecelia Combe, in 1868.]
+
+
+Time has enhanced the value of Hoppner's work somewhat at the expense
+of his great rival, Lawrence. While the latter remains, from youth
+to comparative old age, a most astonishing example of facile and
+brilliant execution, the less obtrusive, possibly more timid, attitude
+of Hoppner in the presence of nature gives him a greater claim to our
+sympathy to-day. He was apparently preoccupied above all in rendering
+the individual characteristics of his sitter; and there are many
+instances in his work where a painter can see that he has chosen to
+retain certain qualities of resemblance, rather than risk their loss
+by an exhibition of _bravura_ painting. Sir Thomas Lawrence is one,
+on the contrary, before whose pictures it is felt that the principal
+question has been to make it first of all a typical example of his
+work.
+
+[Illustration: LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+LAWRENCE.
+
+This portrait of the gifted and brilliant woman who, as Lady
+Blessington, and the intimate friend of Count d'Orsay, alternately
+shocked and ruled the literary London of Byron's time, is
+representative of Lawrence's extreme mannerism; but, despite its
+"keepsake" prettiness, has great charm. Besides her distinguished
+beauty, Lady Blessington offered much, in her life and surroundings,
+to inspire a painter. Born in Ireland in 1789, she was forced at
+fourteen into marrying one Captain Farmer. She could not live with
+him, and they separated after three months. Farmer was killed in 1817,
+and the next year she married the Earl of Blessington. Then began that
+brilliant social career by virtue of which her fame now most survives.
+Her house became the resort of the most distinguished people of
+the time; and she herself, by her remarkable grace, cleverness, and
+vivacity, ever kept pace with the best of her company. She derived a
+large estate from her husband at his death, in 1829; and besides,
+for nearly twenty years she had ten thousand dollars a year from her
+novels (for she was also an author); but she lived most profusely,
+and had finally, in company with Count d'Orsay, to flee from her
+creditors. She died in Paris, June 4, 1849.]
+
+Lawrence, born at Bristol, May 4, 1769, was the son of the landlord of
+the Black Bear Inn at Devizes; and the child was not yet in his teens
+when some chalk drawings of his father's customers gave him a local
+reputation. We are told that "at the age of ten he set up as a
+portrait painter in crayons at Oxford; and soon after took a house at
+Bath, the then fashionable watering-place, where he immediately met
+with much employment and extraordinary success." When seventeen, his
+success called him to London, where in 1791, though under the age
+required by the laws of the Academy, he was elected as associate when
+twenty-two. The year before, he had painted the portraits of the king
+and queen; in 1794 he was made Academician, in 1815 was knighted, in
+1820 was unanimously elected President of the Royal Academy, and in
+1825 was created chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France.
+
+This list of official honors is but little in comparison with the
+success which he had socially. Of a charming personality, he was
+admitted to the intimacy of all that Europe boasted of aristocracy and
+royalty. In 1815 he went to the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, where his
+facile brush portrayed the august features of the allied sovereigns
+assembled there. He contributed, from 1787 to 1830 inclusive, three
+hundred and eleven pictures to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy.
+
+It goes without saying that production of this quantity cannot be
+in every instance of the first quality. But the average merit of
+Lawrence's work is nevertheless of a high order. Of feminine charm
+(like many of his time and many of his predecessors) he was a master;
+no one has ever succeeded better in giving a certain aristocratic
+bearing to his sitters than he. It can be accounted a fault that this
+becomes somewhat stereotyped--that we feel that, were it wanting in
+the person before him, the amiable Sir Thomas could easily supply it.
+The English race has not changed so much in the short period which has
+elapsed since his time that the demeasurably large and liquid eyes,
+the swan-like necks, and the sloping shoulders, which mark it as his
+own in Lawrence's work, should be to-day of more rare occurrence. With
+this great and important limitation, among the pictures of Lawrence
+can be found a certain number of canvases, not always the most
+typical, of exceeding merit. Few men have ever conveyed better the
+impression of the depth and living quality of an eye, nor have many
+painters succeeded in giving to every part of their canvas the same
+qualities of color and brilliancy of execution as he.
+
+[Illustration: SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+LANDSEER.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY
+SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+
+This picture, owned by R.H. McCormick of Chicago, by whose courtesy it
+is here reproduced, represents Lawrence in his least mannered aspect.
+The simplicity of young girlhood is well expressed, the head is drawn
+and modelled with great subtlety, and we are fortunate to have so good
+an example of Lawrence's work in this country.]
+
+Lawrence died in his beautiful house on Russell Square in London,
+surrounded by rare works of art which he had collected, on January
+7, 1830. Nine years later Sir William Beechey, born at Burford in
+Oxfordshire in 1753, died in London at the age of eighty-six. He had
+come to London in 1772; and in 1798, having acquired consideration and
+a lucrative practice as a portrait painter, and after having painted a
+picture, now at Hampton Court, representing the king, George III., the
+Prince of Wales, and the Duke of York at a review, he was knighted.
+The same year saw his election to the Academy, of which he had been an
+associate since 1793.
+
+One of Beechey's distinctions is to have outnumbered even Lawrence in
+his contributions to the Academy, as three hundred and sixty-two
+of his works appeared on its walls. Of hasty execution or too great
+dependence on a dangerous facility, there is, however, little trace
+in his work. He was occupied exclusively with painting; he lived more
+than twenty years longer than Lawrence, and was never diverted by
+the claims of society upon his time. With his healthy, English color,
+recalling Reynolds, a sober style not devoid of charm, he is fairly
+typical of his time; and may fitly close this brief review of the
+earlier English portraitists. Their task has never been taken up by
+their successors in art, English portraiture to-day having much the
+same qualities and defects which mark the contemporaneous painters of
+all nations.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY
+SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY.
+
+The original painting is now in the museum of the Louvre, and is a
+picture charming in color--the warm white of the dress, and the rich
+surroundings, in the manner of Reynolds, making an admirable foil to
+the children's heads.]
+
+The exclusive choice of feminine portraits in this article has been
+dictated by a desire to show, in the space at command, the painting
+most typical of the time and people. While all these painters produced
+portraits of men, their work in this field was, as a rule, inferior to
+the art of France. Lawrence is perhaps an exception; as it would
+seem that occasionally in the presence of a masculine sitter he rose
+superior to his manner and, painting with all sincerity, gave his
+remarkable gifts full play. The lack, however, of serious training in
+drawing, the over-reliance on charm of color and sentiment, give to
+the English work a degree of weakness as compared with the thorough
+command of form and austere fidelity to resemblance that was preached
+to the French with "drawing is the probity of art" for a text.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+
+
+
+THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.
+
+PERSONAL REMINISCENCES AND RECORDS OF CONVERSATIONS.
+
+BY MURAT HALSTEAD.
+
+
+James A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United States, had the
+good fortune to be a boy long after he reached the years of manhood.
+This fact is the key to his character and the explanation of his
+career. His boyishness was not lack of manhood; it was a lingering
+youthfulness of spirit, a keen susceptibility of impression,
+an elasticity of mind, a hearty enjoyment of his strong life, a
+tenderness and freshness of heart, an openness to friend and foe,
+something of deference to others, and of diffidence, not without
+understanding of and confidence in his own powers. He was youthful
+with the noble youth of the fields and schools and churches, of
+the farms and villages of the West, when he became a member of the
+legislature of Ohio, from which he passed into the army, that was like
+a university to him. As a soldier he was typically a big, brave boy,
+powerful, ardent, amiable, rejoicing in his strength. In eastern
+Kentucky he led his regiment in its first fight. He found out where
+the enemy were, and pulling off his coat--the regulation country style
+of preparing for battle--headed a foot-race straight for "the rebs,"
+and routed them. It was literally a case of "come on, boys." Those
+opposed, so to speak, thought the devil possessed the robust young man
+in his shirt-sleeves.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32,
+AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE ARMY TO BECOME
+A MEMBER OF CONGRESS.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+When Garfield was President, he was asked whether he ever thought,
+before his nomination for the office, that he was likely to fill
+it, and his answer was curious and characteristic of his manner of
+expression. He said he supposed all American young men reflected on
+that subject, and he had done so--not with any serious concern, but as
+a remote possibility. And he added, "I have fancied the great public
+personified and looking with an immense, a rolling, intense eye, over
+the millions of the nation, to pick out future Presidents, and thought
+as it swept along the ranks the eye might give me a glance, and that
+perhaps the meaning of it was: I may want you--some time."
+
+It was my theory, as the editor of an important journal in Ohio during
+the time General Garfield served in Congress, that he needed a good
+deal of admonition; that he had a tendency to sentimentalism in
+politics that called for correction; that he required paragraphs to
+brace him up in various affairs; that he lacked a little in worldly
+wisdom, and maybe had a dangerous tendency to giving and taking too
+much confidence; and that he was disposed to dwell upon a mountain,
+and would be the better off for an occasional taking-down with a shade
+of good-humored sarcasm. He was still boyish about some things, and
+the speculative men in public life sought to beguile him. He was
+growing all the time, though. He was a student, and was brainy and
+generous, and laughed at "able articles" even if they had stings in
+them.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1863
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+Cincinnati knew him best as the Christian orator--follower of
+Alexander Campbell--who preached with a big voice and great
+earnestness at the corner of Walnut and Eighth Streets. This was when
+he was a grand young man, sure enough. Some time after, Congress found
+it out. After a while the public knew Garfield as one of the half
+dozen strongest men in the country. Next to John Sherman he stood the
+most commanding figure in Ohio politics, and was elected Senator of
+the United States, his term commencing on the day on which, as it
+happened, he was inaugurated President. He was just realizing
+his ability, having had it measured for him in the House of
+Representatives, and knew he was a force in affairs. He enjoyed his
+dinners and dressed well, and was of imposing presence: a good-natured
+giant--no posing--no troublesome sense of grandeur--none of the pomp
+affected by public men too conscious of importance.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE
+WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE LOWER HOUSE
+OF CONGRESS.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+He suffered under the petty charge that he had been influenced by a
+scrap of stock whose value might be affected by Congressional action;
+and those who knew him well were aware that his innocence of knowledge
+to do what he was charged with doing, was absurd and itself proof that
+he was sound. He was, by virtue of superior capacity, at the head of
+the Ohio delegation to the Republican National Convention of 1880,
+and was charged with the management of the candidacy of John Sherman,
+Secretary of the Treasury, for the Presidency--the most competent man
+in the country for the office.
+
+It had been thought for a time that the combination of important men
+for a third term of General Grant would succeed, as the glory of the
+General was very great and those who wanted him for President again
+were able and resolute. Blaine had hesitated for a moment whether to
+take the field; but learning that Sherman would be in the race whether
+there was or was not any other man a candidate in opposition to Grant,
+he made the fight, and he and Sherman were the representative leaders
+against the third term.
+
+Their feeling was that they were not making war upon General Grant,
+but upon those who sought to use his fame for their own purpose, and
+they meant particularly Senator Conkling. General Grant, at Galena,
+wrote a letter to Senator Cameron, and gave it to John Russell Young,
+who handed it to Mr. Cameron, and it disappeared. This letter was a
+frank and serious statement that he desired not to be considered
+a candidate, and no doubt his preference was the nomination of Mr.
+Conkling.
+
+The interest of the great convention early centred in the two tall
+men on the floor, the undoubted champions of the contending forces,
+Conkling and Garfield; and the latter got the first decided advantage
+in breaking the third term line when Conkling demanded that the
+majority of the delegation of a State should cast the entire vote.
+This was the famous unit rule, the defeat of which was the first event
+of the convention. Garfield and Conkling were foremost in the fray
+because they were the most masterful men of the vast assembly--nearly
+twenty thousand people under the roof.
+
+The advocates of the Old Commander for a third term were in heavy
+force, and knew exactly what they wanted; and whenever the convention
+met, as Senator Conkling usually walked in late, he had a tumultuous
+reception. The opposition saw it was necessary to counteract this
+personal demonstration, and managed to hold Garfield back so that he
+should be later than Conkling, and then they gave him salutations of
+unheard-of exuberance far resounding; and this was the beginning
+of the end. Garfield, because he was in person, position, and
+transcending talent a leader, was transformed into a colossus before
+the eyes of the convention, and was an appeal to the imagination.
+When the nominating addresses were made, none was heard by the whole
+multitude but those by Conkling and Garfield. They stood on tables
+of reporters, and their voices rang clear, through their splendid
+speeches, carrying every word to the remotest corners; and the rivalry
+between the two men became emphasized. Each had the sense to admire
+the effort of the other, Conkling saying to the delegate by his side:
+"It is bright in Garfield to speak from that place," and it was a
+good deal for him to say. More and more Garfield loomed as the man who
+stood against Grant.
+
+There had been a good many persons meantime saying that neither Blaine
+nor Sherman could beat Grant, and that Garfield was the man to do
+it. All who are familiar with our political methods are aware of the
+frantic desire of the average office-seeker, or practical politician,
+no matter what he wants, to find out early all the possibilities of
+the next Presidency; and it is esteemed a superb achievement to be
+among the first to pick the man. The number of far-sighted citizens
+on the subject of the eligibility of Garfield, as the convention
+progressed, grew large. Governor Foster of Ohio did not conceal his
+impression that the nomination of Garfield was certain. In his opinion
+Sherman was not in the race, and perhaps his judgment to that effect
+assisted the formation of the current that finally flooded the
+convention. One man, a delegate from Pennsylvania, voted for Garfield
+on every ballot, and kept him before the people. I had telegrams from
+correspondents of the Cincinnati "Commercial," at Chicago, several
+days before the nomination, evidently reflecting Governor Foster's
+opinions, and frequently repeated, until the event justified them,
+saying Garfield would be the nominee. I was that time slow to
+understand the situation, and protested, against putting the
+"nonsense" on the wires, in telegrams that after the event were held
+to signify lack of sagacity about Garfield.
+
+The first man who held decidedly Garfield would be nominated was Mr.
+Starin of New York, who travelled with Senator Conkling in a special
+car from the national capital to the convention, and said on the way
+the nomination of Grant was not to be, and that Blaine and Sherman
+could not carry off the prize, and that therefore Garfield was to
+be the man. He made this point to the Hon. Thomas L. James, the
+Postmaster-General in Garfield's cabinet, between Harrisburg and
+Chicago. Mr. Blaine regarded beating Grant at Chicago as no loss to
+the General and no reflection on him, but rather as the best thing for
+him; and that the true policy and purpose was to beat Conkling, who
+committed the error in strategy, however gallant the sentiment that
+inspired him, of committing himself irretrievably to Grant--and though
+the contested votes were all against him, he was unchangeable.
+"No angle-worm nomination will take place to-day"--meaning nothing
+feeble--was Mr. Conkling's oracular remark the morning of the day when
+the Presidential destiny of the occasion was determined.
+
+The drift toward Garfield was in so many ways announced before the
+decisive hour that he could not be insensible of its existence, and he
+was greatly disturbed. He said he would "rather be shot with musketry
+than nominated" and have Sherman think he had been unfaithful to his
+obligations as leader of the forces for him. That Senator Sherman was
+offended is well known; but so far as he felt that Garfield had been
+to blame, it was due to the gossip, widely disseminated, that Garfield
+was personally concerned in working his own "boom." All that was well
+threshed out long ago, and there is nothing tangible in it to-day.
+The fact is, Garfield could not have worked a personal scheme. He must
+have been defeated if he had tried it. A movement on his part of that
+kind would have been fatal. On the other hand, if he had got up to
+decline to be a candidate, it would have been easy to say that he
+was making a nominating speech for himself. It was not particularly
+difficult to call Garfield a "traitor," and the temptation to do
+it was because he was so sensitive regarding that imputation in
+politics--whatever hurts goes. He had no idea of concealing anything,
+and told such queer stories as this:
+
+The morning of his nomination--the fact that this was from Garfield
+himself is certain--one of his relatives from Michigan saw him and
+said: "Jim, you are going to be nominated to-day. I had a dream about
+you last night, and thought I was in the hall and there was something
+happening, I could not tell what, when suddenly on every side the
+standards of the States [names of the States on staffs locating the
+delegations] were pulled from their places, and men ran to where you
+were sitting, and waved them over your head." Garfield stated that
+this was certainly told him on the way to his breakfast; and after the
+nomination the dreamer reappeared and said: "What did I tell you,
+Jim? Why, the very thing I saw in my dream last night, I saw in the
+convention to-day."
+
+The inside truth about the nomination was freely given by Mr. Blaine,
+who, as the convention progressed, was studying the proceedings with
+the surprisingly clear vision he possessed for the estimation of
+passing events. He soon made up his mind that his nomination could
+not happen, and that Sherman also was impossible. They could not unite
+forces without losses. Evidently there was a crisis at hand. There is
+something in a convention that always tells the competent observer,
+near or far, that decisive action is about to be taken. The evidence
+appears of an intolerant impatience. Mr. Conkling was relying upon
+the absolute solidity of his three hundred and five. Mr. Blaine was a
+wiser man about the force of a tempest in a convention, and would have
+preferred Sherman to Conkling. But Conkling was quite as bitter toward
+Sherman as regarding Blaine, even more so in his invective; and this
+grew out of the custom-house difficulty that ultimately so deeply
+affected General Arthur's fortunes. There had to be a break
+somewhere--to Grant from Sherman and Blaine, or from him to them, or
+a rush to Conkling, or to Garfield, whose conspicuity had constantly
+suggested it; and Blaine resolved that the chance to rout the
+third-termers was to sweep the convention by going for Garfield, and
+overwhelming him with the rest, thus winning a double victory over
+Conkling.
+
+It is a fact, and the one that makes certain the proposition that
+Sherman could not have been nominated, that the majority of the Blaine
+men from New York, turned loose by breaking the unit rule--there were
+nineteen of them--preferred Grant to Sherman. If the break by Blaine
+from himself had been attempted, for Sherman, Grant would have been
+nominated if one ballot had been decisive. But Blaine was able to
+transfer every vote cast for him to Garfield, with the exception
+of that of a colored delegate from Virginia; and this movement was
+managed so as to overthrow all who strove to stand against it. Grant
+was in the lead for thirty-four ballots, but on the thirty-fourth
+there were seventeen votes for Garfield. On the thirty-fifth ballot
+Garfield had three hundred and ninety-nine votes, twenty-one majority
+over all. Blaine by telegraph had outgeneralled Conkling, present and
+commanding in person.
+
+The course of the proceedings of the convention from the first was
+a preparation for the final scenes, the putting of Garfield against
+Conkling and working up a rivalry between them having a marked effect;
+and this was not so much for Garfield as against Conkling. Garfield
+grieved to think Sherman would misunderstand him, and was apprehensive
+as to the feeling of the New York delegation. "How do your people feel
+about this?" Garfield asked a New Yorker, when he had returned to his
+hotel the nominee.
+
+"Well, they feel badly and bitterly," was the reply.
+
+"Yes," said Garfield, "I suppose they do. It is as Wellington
+said, 'next to the sadness of defeat, the saddest moment is that of
+victory.'" This remark was quite in Garfield's method and manner.
+
+Mr. Sherman's failure was made inevitable in this, as in other
+conventions, by the strange absence, always observable in New York, of
+appreciation of the unparalleled services to the country of his public
+labors culminating in the resumption of specie payments. That is the
+real secret and chief fault of the convention.
+
+Ex-Governor Dennison of Ohio appeared at the headquarters of the New
+York delegation after the Garfield nomination, and Senator Conkling
+greeted him cordially. There Dennison said, so that the whole
+delegation heard, that he was the bearer of a message from the
+delegation of Ohio, that they would give a solid vote for any man New
+York would be pleased to name for Vice-President. "Even," said Senator
+Conkling promptly, in his finest cynical way, "if that man should be
+Chester A. Arthur?"
+
+Dennison's answer was, after a moment, "Yes;" and Conkling put the
+question of supporting Arthur to a vote, making a motion that he
+was the choice of the delegation for the Vice-Presidency, and it was
+carried immediately. This was understood to be pretty hard on the Ohio
+people, including especially Sherman and Garfield. Of course, under
+the lead of New York and Ohio, the convention ratified the motion
+of Conkling, and the ticket was Garfield and Arthur. And so ample
+preparation was made for the bitterness of the coming time--for the
+troubled administration of Garfield and its tragic close.
+
+
+GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.
+
+There have been limitations upon the candor of all persons who have
+undertaken to write the story of the tragedy of the administration of
+Garfield, and partisanism in personalities has had too much attention.
+Mr. Conkling seemed to be the storm centre, and it was difficult to
+deal with him and not to offend him. It is well remembered that in his
+speech placing Grant in nomination he quoted Miles O'Reilly:
+
+  If asked what State he hails from,
+    Our sole reply shall be--
+  He comes from Appomattox
+    And the famous apple tree.
+
+On the way home, Governor Foster of Ohio, called out at Fort Wayne,
+paraphrased the Senator thus:
+
+  If asked what State he hails from,
+    Our sole reply shall be--
+  He comes from old Ohio
+    And his name is General G.
+
+This was not startling in any way, but Mr. Conkling had the reputation
+of being very much offended by the parody.
+
+It happens often in war, and sometimes in peace, that newspaper
+correspondents send the real news privately to the editor in charge,
+and give things as they ought to be in "copy" for the printers. There
+are before me private letters written by one well informed of that
+which was going on in the capital city of Ohio immediately after the
+nomination of Garfield, and a few extracts will turn the light on the
+inside of the affairs of the Republicans of the nominee's State at
+that time--the news then being too strong for newspapers.
+
+"July 10.--The plan to have Garfield go through New York to Saratoga
+with Logan, Foster, and others has been given up.... Logan and Cameron
+are all right, but Conkling refuses to be pacified or conciliated,
+unless Garfield will make promises; and that he refuses to do.
+Conkling said he'd 'rather had to support Blaine.' Conkling never
+called upon Garfield, or returned Garfield's call, or answered
+Garfield's note. Sherman has been in cordial consultation with the
+committee, and promised to do all he can honorably in his position
+[Secretary of the Treasury]. Garfield appears well under fire, and is
+a more manly character than ever before. He says no man could be in a
+better position for defeat, if he has to get it. His behavior has won
+the respect of the workers since the convention."
+
+"July 11.--They all stand around and watch Conkling as little dogs
+watch their master when he is in a bad mood--waiting for him to
+graciously smile, and they will jump about with effusive joy. A strong
+letter was written urging Conkling, in the most flattering way,
+and appealing to him in the most humble manner, to come to Ohio and
+deliver a speech in the Cincinnati Music Hall, and promising no end of
+thousands of people and bands and guns and things, till you couldn't
+rest. I opposed sending such a missive, advocating such a simple
+and cordial invitation as it is customary to extend to a leader and
+honest, earnest party man. But they looked upon me (probably rightly,
+too) as a fool who would rush in where angels fear to tread. And now
+Jewell writes that he has not dared to give the letter to Conkling
+yet, as he has not 'deemed any moment yet as opportune.' Meanwhile
+Conkling and Arthur have gone off on a two or three weeks' fishing
+trip. Dorsey humbly and piously hopes Conkling can be induced to make
+a speech in Vermont, and if the Almighty happens to take the right
+course with him, he may condescend to come to Ohio."
+
+This is a true picture of the way the campaign opened. Mr. Sherman
+said something in an interview that was less cordial than was expected
+and caused some temper, but the fault found was not that he was
+accusative but reserved. Colonel Dick Thompson made a ringing speech
+pledging the Hayes administration without reserve; and that gave
+encouragement, and was said to be for a time the only inspiration the
+Republicans got to go for Garfield with good will and confidence.
+
+It was arranged to have General Garfield appear in New York City, and
+it was expected that he would there meet Mr. Conkling. There was to be
+a consultation of Republicans, and the plan of the campaign perfected.
+The question of special exertion in the Southern States was up. The
+conference came off, and Mr. Conkling did not attend it. Mr. Arthur
+seemed very much grieved about that. Mr. Logan was unwilling to speak
+in the presence of reporters, and Mr. Blaine said he would be very
+much disappointed if his speech was not reported. Thurlow Weed made
+the speech of the occasion. The real object of the meeting was to
+bring Garfield and Conkling together without making the fact too
+obvious; and the disturbance of the candidate was manifest in his
+references to the absent Senator as "my Lord Roscoe."
+
+"I have," said Garfield next day, "an invitation to make a trip to
+Coney Island, and it means that I may there have a pocket interview
+with my Lord Roscoe; but if the Presidency is to turn on that, I do
+not want the office badly enough to go;" and he did not go. The words
+are precisely Garfield's; and the next thing was the journey over the
+Erie line, and speeches by Garfield, accompanied by General Harrison
+and Governor Kirkwood, at every important place from Paterson to
+Jamestown. That the General was capable of warm resentment, this
+letter testifies:
+
+    MENTOR, OHIO, _September 20, 1880_.
+
+    I notice ---- is parading through the country devoting himself
+    to personal assaults upon me. Why do not our people republish
+    his letter, which a few years ago drove him in disgrace
+    from the stump, and compelled the Democracy to recall every
+    appointment then pending? Of all the black sheep that have
+    been driven from our flock, I know of none blacker than he,
+    and less entitled to assail any other man's character.
+
+    Very truly yours,
+
+    J.A. GARFIELD.
+
+The speaking on the line of the Erie road by Garfield, Harrison, and
+Kirkwood was of a very high and effective character. The man who did
+more to make peace than any other was General Grant. Conkling had a
+genuine affection for him, and consented to go with him to Mentor;
+and yet there was some trifle always in the way of a complete
+understanding with the old guard of the Third-Term Crusaders.
+
+Garfield was very sensible of and grateful for the work done by Grant
+and Conkling, and did not stint expression of his feeling. The State
+of New York was carried by the Republicans, and Garfield indisputably
+elected President of the United States. There was a vast amount of
+worry in making up the cabinet, and Mr. Conkling's hand appeared,
+but not with a gesture of conciliation. He and Garfield were of
+incompatible temper. Each had mannerisms that irritated the other; and
+when they seemed to try to agree, the effort was not a success.
+
+As soon as the administration was moving the President was under two
+fires: one in respect to the attempted reforms in the postal service,
+and the other about the New York appointments. Mr. Conkling did not
+seem able to understand that anything could be done that was not
+according to his pleasure, without personal offence toward himself.
+He was a giant, and that was his weakness. It was Garfield's ardent
+desire to be friendly with the senior New York Senator; but one
+position he avowedly maintained. It was that he was not to blame for
+being President of the United States; that he had taken the oath
+of office, and was the man responsible to the people for the
+administration, and he could not, dare not, shift that obligation;
+and, more than that, he must give the "recognition" due friends to
+the men who had aided him in breaking down Mr. Conkling's policy at
+Chicago. If that was a crime he was a criminal. He was President, and
+he would be true to his friends; and surely he should not be expected
+to serve another man's purpose by humiliating himself.
+
+Conkling had taken part in the campaign at last, but that was his duty
+at first. It is needless to refer to questions of veracity--to what
+practical politicians call "promises." A polite phrase is twisted,
+by the many seized with fury to be officers, to mean what is desired,
+though it may be but a mere civility--the more marked probably because
+the President knows he has only good words to give! There are always
+such issues when there is patronage to be distributed, for, of course,
+there is dissatisfaction. Everybody cannot be made happy, with or
+without civil service reform; and it is no effort, when the President
+says "Good morning," and seems to be obliging, and says he will take a
+recommendation into consideration and if possible read the papers,
+and adds, "I shall be glad to see you again," to say, when he appoints
+another to the coveted place, that he has falsified.
+
+Mr. Conkling's friends relate that he was about to go to the White
+House and hold a consultation in which Mr. Arthur and Mr. Platt were
+to participate, when he received a telegram in cipher from Governor
+Cornell which, when translated, turned out to be an urgent request
+that the Senator should vote to confirm Robertson; and that this was
+regarded as insulting, and Mr. Conkling refused to go to the White
+House, with a burst of scorn about the dispensation of offices! This
+is not consistent with the accusations that Garfield was influenced to
+be perfidious. There are those who think there would have been peace
+if it had not been for that Cornell telegram; but they are of the
+manner of mind of the peacemakers of 1861, who thought another
+conference would heal all wounded susceptibilities. The source
+of discordance was not near the surface; it was in the system of
+"patronage" and "recognition," and deep in the characteristics of the
+individuals.
+
+It is not true that Mr. Blaine was fierce for war upon Conkling; he
+thought a fight was inevitable, and that the time for the President
+to assert himself was at the beginning; and said so. "Fight now if at
+all," said Blaine then to Garfield, "for your administration tapers!"
+As to his personal wishes, he was often overruled in the cabinet,
+and took it complacently. But he was warlike on the point that the
+President was entitled to be friendly with his friends, and must not
+be personally oppressed.
+
+One day Mr. Conkling in the Senate had one of the New York
+appointments pleasing to him taken up and confirmed, leaving half a
+dozen others, about evenly divided between his own and the President's
+favorites. Then came a crisis; and it was represented to the President
+that he should pull those appointments out of the Senate at once,
+before Conkling's power was further exhibited; and that if he did not,
+the bootblacks at Willard's would know that the Senator, and not the
+President, was first in affairs. The appointments were withdrawn, and
+it was perfectly understood that this withdrawal signified that the
+President would not allow men to be discriminated against because they
+were opposed to Conkling at Chicago. A letter came from General Grant
+in Mexico, addressed to Senator Jones of Nevada, and was published,
+reflecting upon Garfield's course; and at once the President wrote
+to the Old Commander defending his administration. This was done as a
+matter of personal respect. General Grosvenor of Ohio happened to be
+in the President's room when he mailed a copy of his letter to
+General Grant, and read the duplicate that was reserved. It was a very
+respectful and decisive statement. This letter was personal to General
+Grant, and the rush of events caused it to be reserved and finally
+forgotten, except by the few who knew enough of it to value it as an
+historical document.
+
+There were but a few days of the four months between the inauguration
+of President Garfield and his assassination that he could be said to
+have had any enjoyment out of the great office. It brought him only
+bitter cares, venomous criticisms, lurking malice, covert threats
+ambushed in demands that were unreasonable if not irrational. He felt
+keenly the accusation that he had been nominated when his duty was due
+another; and he was aware that friends had given color to accusation
+by a zeal that was unseemly. He was pathetic in his anxiety to be very
+right; and only the assurance that Conkling was implacable took the
+sting out of the haughty presumption he encountered in that severe
+gentleman, whose egotism was so lofty it was ever imposing, when it
+would have been absurd in any one else.
+
+During the summer and autumn of the campaign and the winter following,
+President Garfield was subject to attacks of acute indigestion that
+were distressing; and it was remembered with concern that he had at
+Atlantic City suffered from a sunstroke while bathing, and fallen into
+an insensible condition for a quarter of an hour. The question whether
+his physical condition might not be one of frailty was serious. Then
+Mrs. Garfield became ill, and the situation was gloomy.
+
+
+THE GARFIELDS IN THE WHITE HOUSE.
+
+There was one evening at the White House--just when Mrs. Garfield's
+indisposition was at first manifested, and then was only apparent in
+a slight chill, that caused a rather unseasonable wood fire to be
+lighted--that none of those present can have forgotten; for there
+were not many bright hours in the midst of the dismal shadowing of
+the drama hastening to the tragic close. Mrs. Garfield was, with the
+privilege of an invalid, whose chilly sensation was supposed to
+be trivial, seated before the fire, the warmth of which was to her
+pleasant; and she was pale but animated, surrounded by a group among
+whom were several very dear to her. General Sherman arrived, and
+was--as always when his vivacity was kindly, and it was never
+otherwise with ladies--fascinating. The scene was brilliant, and had
+a charming domestic character. The President was detained for half an
+hour beyond the time when he was expected, and came in with a quick
+step and hearty manner, and there was soon a flush of pleasure upon
+his face, that had been touched with the lines of fatigue, as he saw
+how agreeable the company were. A lady, who had never before seen him,
+voiced the sentiment of all present, saying in a whisper: "Why, he is
+the ideal President! How grand he is! How can they speak about him so?
+What a magnificent gentleman he is! Talk about your canal boys!"
+He was well dressed, of splendid figure, his coat buttoned over his
+massive chest, his dome-like head erect, adequately supported
+by immense shoulders, and he looked the President indeed, and an
+embodiment of power. He was feeling that the dark days were behind
+him, that he was equal to his high fortune, that the world was wide
+and fair before him. It was a supreme hour--and only an hour--for the
+occasion was informal, and there was a feeling that the lady of the
+White House should not be detained from her rest; and the good-night
+words were trustful that she would be well next morning; but then she
+was in a fever, and after some weeks was taken to Long Branch, and
+returned to her husband, called, to find him stricken unto death.
+
+It happened on the last day of June, 1881, that I stopped in
+Washington on the way to New York; and in the evening--it was
+Thursday--walked from the Arlington to the White House, and sent my
+card to the President, who was out. Then I strolled, passing through
+Lafayette Square and sitting awhile there, thoughtful over the
+President's troubles, and recalling the long letters I had written to
+him at Mentor, urging that Levi P. Morton should be Secretary of the
+Treasury, wondering whether things would have been better if that had
+been done; for a good deal of the tempest that broke over Garfield was
+because he sustained Thomas L. James in postal reforms. The testimony
+taken during the trial of Guiteau shows that he was that night in that
+square; and, knowing the President had left the White House, was on
+the look-out, with intent to murder him. The incarnate sneak was lying
+in wait, a horrible burlesque, to take his revenge because he thought
+he had been slighted, and was so malignant a fool he believed public
+opinion might applaud the deed. One of the dusky figures on the
+benches was probably his.
+
+At the Arlington, a few minutes after ten o'clock, I met
+Postmaster-General James; and when told that I was going to New York
+in the morning, he asked: "Have you seen the President?"
+
+I had not, and General James said quite earnestly: "Go over and see
+him now;" and he added: "The President, you know, is going to Williams
+College the day after to-morrow, and I know he is not going to bed
+early, and is not very busy, and will be glad to see you. He and I
+have been out dining with Secretary Hunt; and the President left me
+here a few minutes ago. Go over and see him. He has had a good deal of
+disagreeable business this afternoon relating to my department, and
+I am sure he would be glad to talk with you, and have something very
+interesting to say."
+
+
+LAST INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT GARFIELD.
+
+Returning to the White House, arriving there about a quarter before
+eleven, after I had waited a few minutes in one of the small parlors,
+the President came down the stairs rapidly, and I took note that his
+movements were very alert. I had not seen him since the night when
+Mrs. Garfield had notice of the illness that had become alarming, and
+from which she was now convalescent, and said first: "Mrs. Garfield is
+much better?"
+
+"Yes, much better," said the President, "and getting health out of the
+sea air. She has enjoyed it intensely, and will be able to join me day
+after to-morrow at Jersey City, on the way to Williams College--the
+sweetest old place in the world. Come and go with us; several of the
+cabinet are going, and we shall have a rare time; come and go with us.
+Have you ever seen the lovely country there?"
+
+I answered, "No, I have not seen it; and, thanking you for the
+invitation, shall not go; have too much to do. You will have a
+vacation?"
+
+"Yes," the President said, "and I am feeling like a schoolboy about
+it. You should go. You were along with Harrison, Kirkwood, and me to
+Chautauqua, you know. That was a great day's ride. Do you remember
+those watermelons? They would have been first-rate if they had been on
+ice a few hours."
+
+"You had a hard day of it," I said; "forty speeches, weren't there?
+And you will have another lot of speeches to make."
+
+He said he did not mind the speeches.
+
+"And how is your health," I asked; "any more indigestion? Ever try
+Billy Florence's remedy, Valentine's meat juice, made in Richmond,
+Virginia--great reputation abroad, little at home?"
+
+He said he had never tried it, had forgotten it. Then, turning with an
+air half comic, but with something of earnestness, he said, naming me
+by way of start: "You have been holding a sort of autopsy over me ever
+since I tumbled over at Atlantic City. I exposed myself there too long
+both in the water and in the sun, but it was not so bad as you think."
+
+I said he might pardon a degree of solicitude, under all the
+circumstances, and he said he did not want any premature autopsies
+held over him; and I put it that they had much better be premature.
+Then the President said, with the greatest earnestness: "I am in
+better health--indeed, quite well. It is curious, isn't it? My wife's
+sickness cured me. I got so anxious about her I ceased to think about
+myself. Both ends of the house were full of trouble. My wife's illness
+was alarming, and I thought no more of the pit of my stomach and
+the base of my brain and the top of my head; and when she was out of
+danger, and my little troubles occurred to me--why, they were gone,
+and I have not noticed them since. And so," said the President,
+uttering the short words with deliberation, and picking them with
+care, "and so, if one could, so to say, unself one's self, what a cure
+all that would be!"
+
+"The other end of the White House is better, is it not?" I asked.
+
+"Not so much change there," said the President; "but one becomes
+accustomed to heavy weather."
+
+"Lord Roscoe is feeling happier, I hope," said I.
+
+The President answered, dropping the "Lord Roscoe" comicality, and
+speaking rapidly and seriously, with a flush of excitement: "Conkling,
+after ten years of absolute despotism in New York--for Grant
+did everything for him, and Hayes tried to comfort him--got the
+elephantiasis of conceit. We read that gentlemen in Oriental
+countries, having that disease in its advanced stage, need a
+wheelbarrow or small wagon to aid their locomotion when they go out
+to walk--and the population think there is something divine in it.
+Conkling thought if he should go on parade in New York, and place the
+developments of his vanity fully on exhibition, the whole people would
+fall down and worship the phenomenon. But he was mistaken, for they
+soon saw it was a plain, old-fashioned case of sore-head."
+
+Then the President, having exhausted the elephantiasis as a divine
+manifestation, expressed regrets that there had been such contentions
+among those who should be friends of the administration; and repeated
+his view of that which was due to the actual trust the people had
+placed in him, and of which he could not honorably divest himself. He
+thought the people already understood the case fairly well and would
+be more and more of the opinion that he had tried to do the things
+that were right, "with malice toward none and charity for all." We
+talked until midnight. It was a Friday morning, and the President was
+doomed to be shot the next day. The assassin had been on his path that
+night. The President had gone out dining for the last time.
+
+"And you will not go to Williams College with me?" he said.
+
+I said: "Mr. President, you have forgotten you were assailed for being
+in my company to Chautauqua; and I have been so fortunate since as to
+gather a fresh crop of enemies, and do not want them to jump on to you
+on my account--for there are enough upon you already."
+
+That, the President said, was "curious and interesting," and he
+laughed about my "fresh crop," and said something about cutting hay;
+and I told him I had been invited to meet him Saturday night at Cyrus
+W. Field's country place, where a dinner party was appointed; and
+jumping up, hurried away. The light in the hall shone down on the
+President's pale, high forehead, as he walked toward the stairway
+leading to his apartments, and I saw him no more.
+
+Something familiar struck me in the appearance of the watchman at
+the door of the White House, and stopping, I said: "Did you hold this
+position here in Lincoln's time?"
+
+"Yes," said he, "I did."
+
+"And did you not look after his safety sometimes?"
+
+"I did, indeed," was the answer; "many a time I kept myself between
+him and the trees there," pointing to them, "as we walked over to the
+War Department to get the news from the armies. I did not know who
+might be hidden in the trees, and I would not let him go alone."
+
+"Did it ever occur to you," I asked, "that it would be worth while to
+have a care that no harm happened here?"
+
+"What, now?"
+
+"Yes, now."
+
+"Oh, it is different now--no war now."
+
+"No," said I, "no war, but people are about who are queer; and there
+are ugly excitements; think of it."
+
+Of course, this conversation at the door of the White House the
+midnight morning of the day before the President was shot, is
+accounted for by the sensibility that there was a half-suppressed
+public uneasiness that could mean some fashion of mischief, and
+it might be of a deadly sort to the President, because he was so
+formidably conspicuous. Nearly a year afterward, walking by General
+Sherman's residence, I saw him sitting under a strong light, with his
+back to the street, writing--doors and windows all open. I walked in,
+saying: "General, I wouldn't sit with my back to an open window late
+at night, under a light like this, if I were you. Some fool will come
+along with a bull-dog pistol and the idea that death loves a shining
+mark."
+
+"Pooh!" said the old soldier. "Nobody interested in killing me. They
+will let me well alone with their bull-dog pistols."
+
+The White House shone like marble in the green trees as I drove
+from the Arlington to the Potomac depot, July 1st, to take the train
+corresponding to the one that had the President's car attached on the
+following morning, when he meant to have a holiday of which he had
+the most delightful anticipation, as one throwing off a brood of
+nightmares. He was going back the President to the scene of his
+struggles in early manhood for an education, going to what he called
+the "sweetest place in the world," having reached the summit of
+ambition, confident in himself, assured of the public good will, happy
+to meet his wife restored to health, himself robust and to be, he
+thought, hag-ridden no more; rejoicing to meet the dearest of old
+friends, kindling with the realization of his superb and commanding
+position, glowing with his just pride of place; no heart beating
+higher, no imagination that exalted this mighty country more than his,
+no brain that conceived with greater splendor the glory of the nation
+than his, no American patriotism more true, brighter, broader, deeper,
+more abounding than his; and all was shattered at a stroke by a
+creature like a crawling serpent with a deadly sting.
+
+All over the land the flags flew at half mast, and the woful news was
+told: "The President is shot!" The man had fallen who, when Lincoln
+was murdered, spoke the memorable words from the Treasury building, on
+the spot where Washington was inaugurated: "The President is dead--but
+God reigns and the Republic lives." There were nearly three months of
+torture reserved for the second martyred President, and he bore
+them with marvellous fortitude; and then, on a September night, the
+throbbing of the bells from Scotland to California told, that the dark
+curtain of death had fallen on the tragic drama of the Presidency of
+Garfield.
+
+
+
+
+THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM.
+
+THE LAST ROMANCE OF THE PRINCESS OSRA.
+
+BY ANTHONY HOPE,
+
+Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," "The Dolly Dialogues," etc.
+
+
+King Rudolf, being in the worst of humors, had declared in the
+presence of all the court that women were born to plague men and for
+no other purpose whatsoever under heaven. Hearing this discourteous
+speech, the Princess Osra rose, and said that, for her part, she would
+go walking alone by the river outside the city gates, where she
+would at least be assailed by no more reproaches. For since she was
+irrevocably determined to live and die unmarried, of what use or
+benefit was it to trouble her with embassies, courtings, or proposals,
+either from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim or anybody else? She was
+utterly weary of this matter of love--and her mood would be unchanged,
+though this new suitor were as exalted as the King of France, as rich
+as Croesus himself, and as handsome as the god Apollo. She did not
+desire a husband, and there was an end of it. Thus she went out, while
+the queen sighed, and the king fumed, and the courtiers and
+ladies said to one another that these dissensions made life very
+uncomfortable at Strelsau, the ladies further adding that he would
+be a bold man who married Osra, although doubtless she was not
+ill-looking.
+
+To the banks of the river outside the walls then Osra went; and as she
+went she seemed to be thinking of nothing at all in the world, least
+of all of whom she might chance to meet there on the banks of the
+river, where in those busy hours of the day few came. Yet there was a
+strange new light in her eyes, and there seemed a new understanding in
+her mind; and when a young peasant-wife came by, her baby in her arms,
+Osra stopped her, and kissed the child and gave money, and then ran on
+in unexplained confusion, laughing and blushing as though she had done
+something which she did not wish to be seen. Then, without reason, her
+eyes filled with tears; but she dashed them away, and burst suddenly
+into singing. And she was still singing when, from the long grass by
+the river's edge, a young man sprang up, and, with a very low bow,
+drew aside to let her pass. He had a book in his hand, for he was a
+student at the University, and came there to pursue his learning in
+peace. His plain brown clothes spoke of no wealth or station, though
+certainly they set off a stalwart straight shape, and seemed to match
+well with his bright brown hair and hazel eyes. Very low this young
+man bowed, and Osra bent her head. The pace of her walk slackened,
+grew quicker, slackened again; she was past him, and with a great sigh
+he lay down again. She turned, he sprang up; she spoke coldly, yet
+kindly.
+
+"Sir," said she, "I cannot but notice that you lie every day here by
+the river, with your book, and that you sigh. Tell me your trouble,
+and if I can I will relieve it."
+
+"I am reading, madam," he answered, "of Helen of Troy, and I am
+sighing because she is dead."
+
+"It is an old grief by now," said Osra, smiling. "Will no one serve
+you but Helen of Troy?"
+
+"If I were a prince," said he, "I need not mourn."
+
+"No, sir?"
+
+"No, madam," he said, with another bow.
+
+"Farewell, sir."
+
+"Madam, farewell."
+
+So she went on her way, and saw him no more till the next day, nor
+after that till the next day following; and then came an interval when
+she saw him not, and the interval was no less than twenty-four hours;
+yet still he read of Helen of Troy, and still sighed that she was dead
+and he no prince. At last he tempted the longed-for question from her
+shy, smiling lips.
+
+"Why would you not mourn, sir, if you were a prince?" said she. "For
+princes and princesses have their share of sighs." And with a very
+plaintive sigh Osra looked at the rapid-running river, as she waited
+for the answer.
+
+"Because I would then go to Strelsau, and so forget her."
+
+[Illustration: "FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN
+SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER PASS."]
+
+"But you are at Strelsau now!" she cried with wonderful surprise.
+
+"Ah, but I am no prince, madam!" said he.
+
+"Can princes alone--forget in Strelsau?"
+
+"How should a poor student dare to--forget in Strelsau?" And as he
+spoke he made bold to step near her, and stood close, looking down
+into her face. Without a word she turned and left him, going with a
+step that seemed to dance through the meadow and yet led her to her
+own chamber, where she could weep in quiet.
+
+"I know it now, I know it now!" she whispered softly that night to
+the tree that rose by her window. "Heigh-ho, what am I to do? I cannot
+live; no, and now I cannot die. Ah me! what am I to do? I wish I were
+a peasant-girl--but then perhaps he would not--Ah yes, but he would!"
+And her low, long laugh rippled in triumph through the night, and
+blended with the rustling of the leaves under a summer breeze, and
+she stretched her white arms to heaven, imploring the kind God with
+prayers that she dared not speak even to His pitiful ear.
+
+"Love knows no princesses, my princess." It was that she heard as she
+fled from him next day. She should have rebuked him. But for that she
+must have stayed, and to stay she had not dared. Yet she must rebuke
+him. She must see him again in order to rebuke him. Yet all this while
+she must be pestered with the court of the Grand Duke of Mittenheim!
+And when she would not name a day on which the embassy should come,
+the king flew into a passion, and declared that he would himself set
+a date for it. Was his sister mad, he asked, that she would do nothing
+but walk every day by the river's bank?
+
+"Surely I must be mad," thought Osra, "for no sane being could be at
+once so joyful and so piteously unhappy."
+
+Did he know what it was he asked? He seemed to know nothing of it. He
+did not speak any more now of princesses, only of his princess; nor of
+queens, save of his heart's queen; and when his eyes asked love, they
+asked as though none would refuse and there could be no cause for
+refusal. He would have wooed his neighbor's daughter thus, and thus
+he wooed the sister of King Rudolf. "Will you love me?" was his
+question--not, "Though you love, yet dare you own you love?" He seemed
+to shut the whole world from her, leaving nothing but her and him;
+and in a world that held none but her and him she could love unblamed,
+untroubled, and with no trembling.
+
+"You forget who I am," she faltered once.
+
+"You are the beauty of the world," he answered smiling, and he kissed
+her hand--a matter about which she could make no great ado, for it was
+not the first time that he had kissed it.
+
+But the embassy from the Grand Duke was to come in a week, and to
+be received with great pomp. The ambassador was already on the way,
+carrying proposals and gifts. Therefore Osra went pale and sad down
+to the river bank that day, having declared again to the king that she
+would live and die unmarried. But the king had laughed again. Surely
+she needed kindness and consolation that sad day; but Fate had kept
+by her a crowning sorrow, for she found him also almost sad. At least,
+she could not tell whether he were sad or not; for he smiled and
+yet seemed ill at ease, like a man who ventures a fall with fortune,
+hoping and fearing. And he said to her:
+
+"Madam, in a week I return to my own country."
+
+She looked at him in silence with lips just parted. For her life she
+could not speak; but the sun grew dark, and the river changed its
+merry tune to mournful dirges.
+
+"So the dream ends," said he. "So comes the awakening. But if life
+were all a dream!" And his eyes sought hers.
+
+"Yes," she whispered, "if life were all a dream, sir?"
+
+"Then I should dream of two dreamers whose dream was one, and in that
+dream I should see them ride together at break of day from Strelsau."
+
+"Whither?" she murmured.
+
+"To Paradise," said he. "But the dream ends. If it did not end--" He
+paused.
+
+"If it did not end?" a breathless longing whisper echoed.
+
+"If it did not end now, it should not end even with death," said he.
+
+"You see them in your dream? You see them riding--"
+
+"Aye, swiftly, side by side, they two alone, through the morning. None
+is near, none knows."
+
+He seemed to be searching her face for something that yet he scarcely
+hoped to find.
+
+"And their dream," said he, "brings them at last to a small cottage,
+and there they live--"
+
+"They live?"
+
+[Illustration: "'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED
+SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND."]
+
+"And work," he added. "For she keeps his home while he works."
+
+"What does she do?" asked Osra, with smiling, wondering eyes.
+
+"She gets his food for him when he comes home weary in the evening,
+and makes a bright fire, and--"
+
+"Ah, and she runs to meet him at the door--oh, further than the door!"
+
+"But she has worked hard and is weary."
+
+"No, she is not weary," cried Osra. "It is for him!"
+
+"The wise say this is silly talk," said he.
+
+"The wise are fools, then!" cried Osra.
+
+"So the dream would please you, madam?" he asked.
+
+She had come not to know how she left him. Somehow, while he still
+spoke, she would suddenly escape by flight. He did not pursue, but
+let her go. So now she returned to the city, her eyes filled with
+that golden dream, and she entered her home as though it had been some
+strange palace decked with new magnificence, and she an alien in it.
+For her true home seemed now rather in the cottage of the dream, and
+she moved unfamiliarly through the pomp that had been hers from birth.
+Her soul was gone from it, while her body rested there; and life
+stopped for her till she saw him again by the banks of the river.
+
+"In five days now I go," said he; and he smiled at her. She hid her
+face in her hands. Still he smiled; but suddenly he sprang forward,
+for she had sobbed. The summons had sounded, he was there; and who
+could sob again when he was there and his sheltering arm warded away
+all grief? She looked up at him with shining eyes, whispering:
+
+"Do you go alone?"
+
+A great joy blazed confidently in his eyes as he whispered in answer:
+
+"I think I shall not go alone."
+
+"But how, how?"
+
+"I have two horses."
+
+"You! You have two horses?"
+
+"Yes. Is it not riches? But we will sell them when we get to the
+cottage."
+
+"To the cottage! Two horses!"
+
+"I would I had but one for both of us."
+
+"Yes."
+
+"But we should not go quick enough."
+
+"No."
+
+He took his hand from her waist, and stood away from her.
+
+"You will not come?" he said.
+
+"If you doubt of my coming, I will not come. Ah, do not doubt of my
+coming! For there is a great horde of fears and black thoughts beating
+at the door, and you must not open it."
+
+"And what can keep it shut, my princess?"
+
+"I think your arm, my prince," said she; and she flew to him.
+
+That evening King Rudolf swore that if a man were only firm enough,
+and kept his temper (which, by the way, the king had not done, though
+none dared say no), he could bring any foolish girl to reason in good
+time. For in the softest voice, and with the strangest smile flitting
+to her face, the Princess Osra was pleased to bid the embassy come on
+the fifth day from then.
+
+"And they shall have their answer then," said she, flushing and
+smiling.
+
+"It is as much as any lady could say," the court declared; and it was
+reported through all Strelsau that the match was as good as made, and
+that Osra was to be Grand Duchess of Mittenheim.
+
+"She is a sensible girl, after all," cried Rudolf, all his anger gone.
+
+The dream began, then, before they came to the cottage. Those days she
+lived in its golden mists that shut out all the cold world from her,
+moving through space that held but one form, and time that stood still
+waiting for one divine unending moment. And the embassy drew near to
+Strelsau.
+
+It was night, the dead of night, and all was still in the palace. But
+the sentinel by the little gate was at his post, and the gate-warden
+stood by the western gate of the city. Each was now alone, but to
+each, an hour ago, a man had come, stealthily and silently through
+the darkness, and each was richer by a bag of gold than he had been
+before. The gold was Osra's--how should a poor student, whose whole
+fortune was two horses, scatter bags of gold? And other gold Osra had,
+aye, five hundred crowns. Would not that be a brave surprise for the
+poor student? And she, alone of all awake, stood looking round her
+room, entranced with the last aspect of it. Over the city also she
+looked, but in the selfishness of her joy did no more than kiss a
+hasty farewell to the good city folk who loved her. Once she thought
+that maybe some day he and she would steal together back to Strelsau,
+and, sheltered by some disguise, watch the king ride in splendor
+through the streets. But if not--why, what was Strelsau and the people
+and the rest? Ah, how long the hours were before those two horses
+stood by the little gate, and the sentry and the gate-warden earned
+their bags of gold! So she passed the hours--the last long lingering
+hours.
+
+There was a little tavern buried in the narrowest, oldest street of
+the city. Here the poor student had lodged; here in the back room a
+man sat at a table, and two others stood before him. These two seemed
+gentlemen, and their air spoke of military training. They stroked long
+mustaches, and smiled with an amusement that deference could not hide.
+Both were booted and wore spurs, and the man sitting at the table gave
+them orders.
+
+"You will meet the embassy," he said to one, "about ten o'clock. Bring
+it to the place I have appointed, and wait there. Do not fail."
+
+The officer addressed bowed and retired. A minute later his horse's
+hoofs clattered through the streets. Perhaps he also had a bag of
+gold, for the gate-warden opened the western gate for him, and he rode
+at a gallop along the river banks, till he reached the great woods
+that stretch to within ten miles of Strelsau.
+
+"An hour after we are gone," said the man at the table to the other
+officer, "go warily, find one of the king's servants, and give him the
+letter. Give no account of how you came by it, and say nothing of who
+you are. All that is necessary is in the letter. When you have given
+it, return here, and remain in close hiding till you hear from me
+again."
+
+The second officer bowed. The man at the table rose, and went out into
+the street. He took his way to where the palace rose, and then skirted
+along the wall of its gardens till he came to the little gate. Here
+stood two horses and at their heads a man.
+
+"It is well. You can go," said the student; and he was left alone
+with the horses. They were good horses for a student to possess. The
+thought perhaps crossed their owner's mind, for he laughed softly as
+he looked at them. Then he also fell to thinking that the hours were
+long; and a fear came suddenly upon him that she would not come. It
+was in these last hours that doubts crept in, and she was not there to
+drive them away. Would the great trial fail? Would she shrink at the
+last? But he would not think it of her, and he was smiling again, when
+the clock of the cathedral struck two, and told him that no more than
+one hour now parted her from him. For she would come; the princess
+would come to him, the student, led by the vision of that cottage in
+the dream.
+
+Would she come? She would come; she had risen from her knees, and
+moved to and fro, in cautious silence, making her last preparations.
+She had written a word of farewell for the brother she loved--for some
+day, of course, Rudolf would forgive her--and she had ready all that
+she took with her--the five hundred crowns, one ring that she would
+give her lover, some clothes to serve till his loving labor furnished
+more. That night she had wept, and she had laughed; but now she
+neither wept nor laughed, but there was a great pride in her face and
+gait. And she opened the door of her room, and walked down the great
+staircase, under the eyes of crowned kings who hung framed upon the
+walls. And as she went she seemed indeed their daughter. For her head
+was erect and her eye set firm in haughty dignity. Who dared to say
+that she did anything that a king's daughter should not do? Should not
+a woman love? Love should be her diadem. And so with this proud step
+she came through the gardens of the palace, looking neither to right
+nor left nor behind, but with her face set straight for the little
+gate, and she walked as she had been accustomed to walk when all
+Strelsau looked on her and hailed her as its glory and its darling.
+
+The sentry slept, or seemed to sleep. Her face was not even veiled
+when she opened the little gate. She would not veil her proud face.
+It was his to look on now when he would; and thus she stood for an
+instant in the gateway, while he sprang to her, and, kneeling, carried
+her hand to his lips.
+
+"You are come?" he cried; for though he had believed, yet he wondered.
+
+"I am come," she smiled. "Is not the word of a princess sure? Ah, how
+could I not come?"
+
+"See, love," said he, rising, "day dawns in royal purple for you, and
+golden love for me."
+
+"The purple is for my king, and the love for me," she whispered, as he
+led her to her horse. "Your fortune!" said she, pointing to them.
+"But I also have brought a dowry--fancy, five hundred crowns!" and
+her mirth and happiness burst out in a laugh. It was so deliciously
+little, five hundred crowns!
+
+She was mounted now, and he stood by her.
+
+"Will you turn back?" he said.
+
+"You shall not make me angry," said she. "Come, mount."
+
+"Aye, I must mount," said he. "For if we were found here the king
+would kill me."
+
+For the first time the peril of their enterprise seemed to strike,
+into her mind, and turned her cheek pale.
+
+"Ah, I forgot! In my happiness I forgot. Mount, mount! Oh, if he found
+you!"
+
+He mounted. Once they clasped hands; then they rode swiftly for the
+western gate.
+
+"Veil your face," he said; and since he bade her, she obeyed, saying:
+
+"But I can see you through the veil."
+
+The gate stood open, and the gate-warden was not there. They were out
+of the city; the morning air blew cold and pure from the meadows along
+the river. The horses stretched into an eager gallop. And Osra tore
+her veil from her face, and turned on him eyes of radiant triumph.
+
+"It is done," she cried; "it is done!"
+
+"Yes, it is done, my princess," said he.
+
+"And--and it is begun, my prince," said she.
+
+"Yes, and it is begun," said he.
+
+She laughed aloud in absolute joy, and for a moment he also laughed.
+
+But then his face grew grave, and he said:
+
+"I pray you may never grieve for it."
+
+She looked at him with eyes wide in wonder; for an instant she seemed
+puzzled, but then she fell again to laughing.
+
+"Grieve for it!" said she between her merry laughs.
+
+King Rudolf was a man who lay late in the morning; and he was not well
+pleased to be roused when the clock had but just struck four. Yet he
+sat up in his bed readily enough, for he imagined that the embassy
+from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim must be nearer than he had thought,
+and, sooner than fail in any courtesy towards the prince whose
+alliance he ardently desired, he was ready to submit to much
+inconvenience. But his astonishment was great when, instead of any
+tidings from the embassy, one of his gentlemen handed him a
+letter, saying that a servant had received it from a stranger with
+instructions to carry it at once to the king. When asked if any answer
+were desired from his majesty, the stranger had answered, "Not through
+me," and at once turned away, and quickly disappeared. The king, with
+a peevish oath at having been roused for such a trifle, broke the seal
+and fastenings of the letter, and opened it; and he read:
+
+"Sire--Your sister does not wait for the embassy, but chooses her own
+lover. She has met a student of the University every day for the last
+three weeks by the river bank." (The king started.) "This morning she
+has fled with him on horseback along the western road. If you desire a
+student for a brother-in-law, sleep again. If not, up and ride. Do not
+doubt these tidings."
+
+There was no signature to the letter; yet the king, knowing his
+sister, cried:
+
+"See whether the princess is in the palace. And in the meanwhile
+saddle my horse, and let a dozen of the guard be at the gate."
+
+The princess was not in the palace; but her woman found the letter
+that she had left, and brought it to the king. And the king read:
+"Brother, whom I love best of all men in the world save one, I have
+left you to go with that one. You will not forgive me now, but some
+day forgive me. Nay, it is not I who have done it, but my love which
+is braver than I. He is the sweetest gentleman alive, brother, and
+therefore he must be my lord. Let me go, but still love me--Osra."
+
+"It is true," said the king. "And the embassy will be here to-day."
+And for a moment he seemed dazed. Yet he spoke nothing to anybody of
+what the letters contained, but sent word to the queen's apartments
+that he went riding for pleasure. And he took his sword and his
+pistols; for he swore that by his own hand, and that of no other man,
+this sweetest gentleman alive should meet his death. But all, knowing
+that the princess was not in the palace, guessed that the king's
+sudden haste concerned her; and great wonder and speculation rose in
+the palace, and presently, as the morning advanced, spread from the
+palace to its environs, and from the environs to the rest of the city.
+For it was reported that a sentinel that had stood guard that night
+was missing, and that the gate-warden of the western gate was nowhere
+to be found, and that a mysterious letter had come by an unknown hand
+to the king, and lastly, that Princess Osra--their princess--was
+gone; whether by her own will or by some bold plot of seizure and
+kidnapping, none knew. Thus a great stir grew in all Strelsau, and men
+stood about the street gossiping when they should have gone to work,
+while women chattered in lieu of sweeping their houses and dressing
+their children. So that when the king rode out of the courtyard of the
+palace at a gallop, with twelve of the guard behind, he could hardly
+make his way through the streets for the people who crowded round him,
+imploring him to tell them where the princess was. When the king saw
+that the matter had thus become public, his wrath was greater still,
+and he swore again that the student of the University should pay the
+price of life for his morning ride with the princess. And when he
+darted through the gate, and set his horse straight along the western
+road, many of the people, neglecting all their business, as folk will
+for excitement's sake, followed him as they best could, agog to see
+the thing to its end.
+
+"The horses are weary," said the student to the princess, "we must let
+them rest; we are now in the shelter of the wood."
+
+"But my brother may pursue you," she urged; "and if he came up with
+you--ah, heaven forbid!"
+
+[Illustration: "'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE
+HORSES' HOOFS'.... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND PULLED HIM TO
+HIS FEET."]
+
+"He will not know you have gone for another three hours," smiled he.
+"And here is a green bank where we can rest."
+
+So he aided her to dismount; then, saying he would tether the horses,
+he led them away some distance, so that she could not see where he had
+posted them; and he returned to her, smiling still. Then he took
+from his pocket some bread, and, breaking the loaf in two, gave her
+one-half, saying:
+
+"There is a spring just here; so we shall have a good breakfast."
+
+"Is this your breakfast?" she asked, with a wondering laugh. Then
+she began to eat, and cried directly, "How delicious this bread is!
+I would have nothing else for breakfast;" and at this the student
+laughed.
+
+Yet Osra ate little of the bread she liked so well; and presently she
+leaned against her lover's shoulder, and he put his arm round her; and
+they sat for a little while in silence, listening to the soft sounds
+that filled the waking woods as day grew to fulness and the sun beat
+warm through the sheltering foliage.
+
+"Don't you hear the trees?" Osra whispered to her lover. "Don't you
+hear them? They are whispering for me what I dare not whisper."
+
+"What is it they whisper, sweet?" he asked; and he himself did no more
+than whisper.
+
+"The trees whisper, 'Love, love, love.' And the wind--don't you hear
+the wind murmuring, 'Love, love, love'? And the birds sing, 'Love,
+love, love.' Aye, all the world to-day is softly whispering, 'Love,
+love, love!' What else should the great world whisper but my love? For
+my love is greater than the world." And she suddenly hid her face in
+her hands; and he could kiss no more than her hands, though her eyes
+gleamed at him from between slim white fingers.
+
+But suddenly her hands dropped, and she leaned forward as though she
+listened.
+
+"What is that sound?" she asked, apprehension dawning in her eyes.
+
+"It is but another whisper, love!" said he.
+
+"Nay, but it sounds to me like--ah, like the noise of horses
+galloping."
+
+"It is but the stream, beating over stones."
+
+"Listen, listen, listen!" she cried, springing to her feet. "They are
+horses' hoofs. Ah, merciful God, it is the king!" And she caught him
+by the hand, and pulled him to his feet, looking at him with a face
+pale and alarmed.
+
+"Not the king," said he; "he would not know yet. It is some one else.
+Hide your face, dear lady, and all will be well."
+
+"It is the king," she cried. "Hark how they gallop on the road! It is
+my brother. Love, he will kill you; love, he will kill you!"
+
+"If it is the king," said he, "I have been betrayed."
+
+"The horses, the horses!" she cried. "By your love for me, the
+horses!"
+
+He nodded his head, and, turning, disappeared among the trees. She
+stood with clasped hands, heaving breast, and fearful eyes, awaiting
+his return. Minutes passed, and he came not. She flung herself on her
+knees, beseeching heaven for his life. At last he came along alone,
+and he bent over her, taking her hand.
+
+"My love," said he, "the horses are gone."
+
+"Gone!" she cried, gripping his hand.
+
+"Aye. This love, my love, is a wonderful thing. For I forgot to tie
+them, and they are gone. Yet what matter? For the king--yes, sweet, I
+think now it is the king--will not be here for some minutes yet, and
+those minutes I have still for love and life."
+
+"He will kill you!" she said.
+
+"Yes," said he.
+
+She looked long in his eyes; then she threw her arms about his neck,
+and, for the first time unasked, covered his face with kisses.
+
+"Kiss me, kiss me," said she; and he kissed her. Then she drew back
+a little, but took his arm and set it round her waist. And she drew a
+little knife from her girdle, and showed it him.
+
+"If the king will not pardon us and let us love one another, I also
+will die," said she; and her voice was quiet and happy. "Indeed, my
+love, I should not grieve. Ah, do not tell me to live without you!"
+
+"Would you obey?" he asked.
+
+"Not in that," said she.
+
+And thus they stood silent, while the sound of the hoofs drew very
+near. But she looked up at him, and he looked at her; then she looked
+at the point of the little dagger, and she whispered:
+
+"Keep your arm round me till I die."
+
+He bent his head, and kissed her once again, saying:
+
+"My princess, it is enough."
+
+And she, though she did not know why he smiled, yet smiled back at
+him. For although life was sweet that day, yet such a death, with him
+and to prove her love for him, seemed well-nigh as sweet. And thus
+they awaited the coming of the king.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+King Rudolf and his guards far out-stripped the people who pursued
+them from the city; and when they came to the skirts of the wood,
+they divided themselves into four parties, since, if they went all
+together, they might easily miss the fugitives whom they sought. Of
+these four parties, one found nothing; another found the two horses
+which the student himself, who had hidden them, failed to find; the
+third party had not gone far before they caught sight of the lovers,
+though the lovers did not see them; and two of them remained to watch
+and, if need be, to intercept any attempted flight, while the third
+rode off to find the king and bring him where Osra and the student
+were, as he had commanded.
+
+But the fourth party, with which the king was, though it did not find
+the fugitives, found the embassy from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim;
+and the ambassador, with all his train, was resting by the roadside,
+seeming in no haste at all to reach Strelsau. When the king suddenly
+rode up at great speed and came upon the embassy, an officer
+that stood by the ambassador--whose name was Count Sergius of
+Antheim--stooped down and whispered in his excellency's ear, upon
+which he rose and advanced towards the king, uncovering his head and
+bowing profoundly. For he chose to assume that the king had ridden to
+meet him out of excessive graciousness and courtesy towards the Grand
+Duke; so that he began, to the impatient king's infinite annoyance, to
+make a very long and stately speech, assuring his majesty of the great
+hope and joy with which his master awaited the result of the embassy;
+for, said he, since the king was so zealous in his cause, his master
+could not bring himself to doubt of success, and therefore most
+confidently looked to win for his bride the most exalted and lovely
+lady in the world, the peerless Princess Osra, the glory of the court
+of Strelsau, and the brightest jewel in the crown of the king, her
+brother. And having brought this period to a prosperous conclusion,
+Count Sergius took breath, and began another that promised to be fully
+as magnificent and not a whit less long. So that, before it was well
+started, the king smote his hand on his thigh and roared:
+
+"Heavens, man, while you're making speeches, that rascal is carrying
+off my sister!"
+
+Count Sergius, who was an elderly man of handsome presence and great
+dignity, being thus rudely and strangely interrupted, showed great
+astonishment and offence; but the officer by him covered his mouth
+with his hand to hide a smile. For the moment that the king had spoken
+these impetuous words he was himself overwhelmed with confusion; for
+the last thing that he wished the Grand Duke's ambassador to know was
+that the princess whom his master courted had run away that morning
+with a student of the University of Strelsau. Accordingly he began,
+very hastily, and with more regard for prudence than for truth, to
+tell Count Sergius how a noted and bold criminal had that morning
+swooped down on the princess as she rode unattended outside the city,
+and carried her off--which seemed to the ambassador a very strange
+story. But the king told it with great fervor, and he besought the
+count to scatter his attendants all through the wood, and seek the
+robber. Yet he charged them not to kill the man themselves, but to
+keep him till he came. "For I have sworn to kill him with my own
+hand," he cried.
+
+Now Count Sergius, however much astonished he might be, could do
+nothing but accede to the king's request, and he sent off all his
+men to scour the woods, and, mounting his horse, himself set off with
+them, showing great zeal in the king's service, but still thinking the
+king's story a very strange one. Thus the king was left alone with his
+two guards and with the officer who had smiled.
+
+"Will you not go also, sir?" asked the king.
+
+But at this moment a man galloped up at furious speed, crying:
+
+"We have found them, sire, we have found them!"
+
+"Then he hasn't five minutes to live!" cried the king in fierce joy;
+and he lugged out his sword, adding: "The moment I set my eyes on him,
+I will kill him. There is no need for words between me and him."
+
+At this speech the face of the officer grew suddenly grave and
+alarmed; and he put spurs to his horse, and hastened after the king,
+who had at once dashed away in the direction in which the man had
+pointed. But the king had got a start and kept it; so that the officer
+seemed terribly frightened, and muttered to himself:
+
+"Heaven send that he does not kill him before he knows!" And he added
+some very impatient words concerning the follies of princes, and,
+above all, of princes in love.
+
+Thus, while the ambassador and his men searched high and low for
+the noted robber, and the king's men hunted for the student of the
+University, the king, followed by two of his guard at a distance
+of about fifty yards (for his horse was better than theirs), came
+straight to where Osra and her lover stood together. And a few yards
+behind the guards came the officer; and he also had by now drawn his
+sword. But he rode so eagerly that he overtook and passed the king's
+guards, and got within thirty yards of the king by the time that the
+king was within twenty of the lovers. But the king let him get no
+nearer, for he dug his spurs again into his horse's side, and the
+horse bounded forward, while the king cried furiously to his sister,
+"Stand away from him!" The princess did not heed, but stood in front
+of her lover (for the student was wholly unarmed), holding up the
+little dagger in her hand. The king laughed scornfully and angrily,
+thinking that Osra menaced him with the weapon, and not supposing that
+it was herself for whom she destined it. And, having reached them, the
+king leaped from his horse and ran at them, with his sword raised to
+strike. Osra gave a cry of terror. "Mercy!" she cried. "Mercy!" But
+the king had no thought of mercy, and he would certainly then and
+there have killed her lover had not the officer, gaining a moment's
+time by the king's dismounting, at this very instant come galloping
+up; and, there being no time for any explanation, he leaned from his
+saddle as he dashed by, and, putting out his hand, snatched the king's
+sword away from him, just as the king was about to thrust it through
+his sister's lover.
+
+But the officer's horse was going so furiously that he could not stop
+it for hard on forty yards, and he narrowly escaped splitting his head
+against a great bough that hung low across the grassy path; and
+he dropped first his own sword and then the king's; but at last he
+brought the horse to a standstill, and, leaping down, ran back towards
+where the swords lay. But at the moment the king also ran towards
+them; for the fury that he had been in before was as nothing to that
+which now possessed him. After his sword was snatched from him he
+stood in speechless anger for a full minute, but then had turned to
+pursue the man who had dared to treat him with such insult. And
+now, in his desire to be at the officer, he had come very near to
+forgetting the student. Just as the officer came to where the king's
+sword lay, and picked it up, the king, in his turn, reached the
+officer's sword and picked up that. The king came with a rush at the
+officer, who, seeing that the king was likely to kill him, or he the
+king, if he stood his ground, turned tail and sped away at the top of
+his speed through the forest. But as he went, thinking that the time
+had come for plain speaking, he looked back over his shoulder and
+shouted:
+
+"Sire, it's the Grand Duke himself!"
+
+The king stopped short in sudden amazement.
+
+"Is the man mad?" he asked. "Who is the Grand Duke?"
+
+"It's the Grand Duke, sir, who is with the princess. And you would
+have killed him if I had not snatched your sword," said the officer;
+and he also came to a halt, but he kept a very wary eye on King
+Rudolf.
+
+"I should certainly have killed him, let him be who he will," said the
+king. "But why do you call him the Grand Duke?"
+
+The officer very cautiously approached the king, and, seeing that the
+king made no threatening motion, he at last trusted himself so close
+that he could speak to the king in a very low voice; and what he
+said seemed to astonish, please, and amuse the king immensely. For he
+clapped the officer on the back, laughed heartily, and cried:
+
+"A pretty trick! On my life, a pretty trick!"
+
+Now Osra and her lover had not heard what the officer had shouted to
+the king, and when Osra saw her brother returning from among the trees
+alone and with his sword, she still supposed that her lover must die;
+and she turned and flung her arms round his neck, and clung to him for
+a moment, kissing him. Then she faced the king, with a smile on her
+face and the little dagger in her hand. But the king came up, wearing
+a scornful smile, and he asked her:
+
+"What is the dagger for, my wilful sister?"
+
+"For me, if you kill him," said she.
+
+"You would kill yourself, then, if I killed him?"
+
+"I would not live a moment after he was dead."
+
+"Faith, it is wonderful!" said the king with a shrug. "Then plainly,
+if you cannot live without him, you must live with him. He is to be
+your husband, not mine. Therefore, take him, if you will."
+
+When Osra heard this, which indeed for joy and wonder she could hardly
+believe, she dropped her knife, and, running forward, fell on her
+knees before her brother, and, catching his hand, she covered it with
+kisses, and her tears mingled with her kisses. But the king let her go
+on, and stood over her, laughing and looking at the student. Presently
+the student began to laugh also, and he had just advanced a step
+towards King Rudolf, when Count Sergius of Antheim, the Grand Duke's
+ambassador, came out from among the trees, riding hotly and with
+great zeal after the noted robber. But no sooner did the count see the
+student than he stopped his horse, leaped down with a cry of wonder,
+and, running up to the student, bowed very low and kissed his hand.
+So that when Osra looked round from her kissing of her brother's hand,
+she beheld the Grand Duke's ambassador kissing the hand of her lover.
+She sprang to her feet in wonder.
+
+"Who are you?" she cried to the student, running in between him and
+the ambassador.
+
+"Your lover and servant," said he.
+
+"And besides?" she said.
+
+"Why, in a month, your husband," laughed the king, taking her lover by
+the hand.
+
+He clasped the king's hand, but turned at once to her, and said
+humbly:
+
+"Alas, I have no cottage!"
+
+"Who are you?" she whispered to him.
+
+"The man for whom you were ready to die, my princess. Is it not
+enough?"
+
+"Yes, it is enough," said she; and she did not repeat her question.
+But the king, with a short laugh, turned on his heel, and took Count
+Sergius by the arm and walked off with him; and presently they met the
+officer and learned fully how the Grand Duke had come to Strelsau, and
+how he had contrived to woo and win the Princess Osra, and finally to
+carry her off from the palace.
+
+It was an hour later when the whole of the two companies, that of the
+king and that of the ambassador, were all gathered together again, and
+had heard the story; so that when the king went to where Osra and
+the Grand Duke walked together among the trees, and, taking each by
+a hand, led them out, they were greeted with a great cheer; and they
+mounted their horses, which the Grand Duke now found without any
+difficulty--although when the need of them seemed far greater the
+student could not contrive to come upon them--and the whole company
+rode together out of the wood and along the road towards Strelsau, the
+king being full of jokes and hugely delighted with a trick that suited
+his merry fancy. But before they had ridden far, they met the great
+crowd which had come out from Strelsau to learn what had happened to
+the Princess Osra. And the king cried out that the Grand Duke was to
+marry the princess, while his guards who had been with him and the
+ambassador's people spread themselves among the crowd and told the
+story. And when they heard it, the Strelsau folk were nearly beside
+themselves with amusement and delight, and thronged round Osra,
+kissing her hands and blessing her. But the king drew back, and let
+her and the Grand Duke ride alone together, while he followed with
+Count Sergius. Thus, moving at a very slow pace, they came in the
+forenoon to Strelsau; but some one had galloped on ahead with the
+news, and the cathedral bells had been set ringing, the streets were
+full, and the whole city given over to excitement and rejoicing. All
+the men were that day in love with Princess Osra; and, what is more,
+they told their sweethearts so, and these found no other revenge than
+to blow kisses and fling flowers at the Grand Duke as he rode past
+with Osra by his side. Thus they came back to the palace whence they
+had fled in the early gleams of that morning's light.
+
+It was evening, and the moon rose, fair and clear, over Strelsau. In
+the streets there were sounds of merriment and rejoicing; for every
+house was bright with light, and the king had sent out meat and
+wine for every soul in the city, that none might be sad or hungry or
+thirsty in all the city that night; so that there was no small
+uproar. The king himself sat in his armchair, toasting the bride and
+bride-groom in company with Count Sergius of Antheim, whose dignity,
+somewhat wounded by the trick his master had played upon him, was
+healing quickly under the balm of King Rudolf's graciousness. And the
+king said to Count Sergius:
+
+"My lord, were you ever in love?"
+
+"I was, sire," said the count.
+
+"So was I," said the king. "Was it with the countess, my lord?"
+
+Count Sergius's eyes twinkled demurely; but he answered:
+
+"I take it, sire, that it must have been with the countess."
+
+"And I take it," said the king, "that it must have been with the
+queen."
+
+Then they both laughed, and then they both sighed; and the king,
+touching the count's elbow, pointed out to the terrace of the palace,
+on to which the room where they were opened. For Princess Osra and her
+lover were walking up and down together on this terrace. And the two
+shrugged their shoulders, smiling.
+
+[Illustration: "HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ...
+SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING WAS ABOUT TO
+THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER."]
+
+"With him," remarked the king, "it will have been with--"
+
+"The countess, sire," discreetly interrupted Count Sergius of Antheim.
+
+"Why, yes, the countess," said the king; and, with a laugh, they
+turned bank to their wine.
+
+But the two on the terrace also talked.
+
+"I do not yet understand it," said Princess Osra. "For on the first
+day I loved you, and on the second I loved you, and on the third, and
+the fourth, and every day I loved you. Yet the first day was not like
+the second, nor the second like the third, nor any day like any other.
+And to-day, again, is unlike them all. Is love so various and full of
+changes?"
+
+"Is it not?" he asked with a smile. "For while you were with the
+queen, talking of I know not what--"
+
+"Nor I, indeed," said Osra hastily.
+
+"I was with the king, and he, saying that forewarned was forearmed,
+told me very strange and pretty stories. Of some a report had reached
+me before--"
+
+"And yet you came to Strelsau?"
+
+"While of others, I had not heard."
+
+"Or you would not have come to Strelsau?"
+
+The Grand Duke, not heeding these questions, proceeded to his
+conclusion:
+
+"Love, therefore," said he, "is very various. For M. de Mérosailles--"
+
+"These are old stories," cried Osra, pretending to stop her ears.
+
+"Loved in one way, and Stephen the Smith in another, and--the Miller
+of Hofbau in a third."
+
+"I think," said Osra, "that I have forgotten the Miller of Hofbau. But
+can one heart love in many different ways? I know that different men
+love differently."
+
+"But cannot one heart love in different ways?" he smiled.
+
+"May be," said Osra thoughtfully, "one heart can have loved." But then
+she suddenly looked up at him with a mischievous sparkle in her eyes.
+"No, no," she cried; "it was not love. It was--"
+
+"What was it?"
+
+"The courtiers entertained me till the king came," she said with a
+blushing laugh. And looking up at him again, she whispered: "Yet I am
+glad that you lingered for a little."
+
+At this moment she saw the king come out on to the terrace, and
+with him was the Bishop of Modenstein; and after the bishop had been
+presented to the Grand Duke, the king began to talk with the Grand
+Duke, while the bishop kissed Osra's hand and wished her joy.
+
+"Madam," said he, "once you asked me if I could make you understand
+what love was. I take it you have no need for my lessons now. Your
+teacher has come."
+
+"Yes, he has come," she said gently, looking on the bishop with great
+friendliness. "But tell me, will he always love me?"
+
+"Surely he will," answered the bishop.
+
+"And tell me," said Osra, "shall I always love him?"
+
+"Surely," said the bishop again, most courteously. "Yet, indeed,
+madam," he continued, "it would seem almost enough to ask of Heaven to
+love now and now to be loved. For the years roll on, and youth goes,
+and even the most incomparable beauty will yield its blossoms when
+the season wanes; yet that sweet memory may ever be fresh and young,
+a thing a man can carry to his grave and raise as her best monument on
+his lady's tomb."
+
+"Ah, you speak well of love," said she. "I marvel that you speak so
+well of love. For it is as you say; and to-day in the wood it seemed
+to me that I had lived enough, and that even Death was but Love's
+servant as Life is, both purposed solely for his better ornament."
+
+"Men have died because they loved you, madam, and some yet live who
+love you," said the bishop.
+
+"And shall I grieve for both, my lord--or for which?"
+
+"For neither, madam; for the dead have gained peace, and they who live
+have escaped forgetfulness."
+
+"But would they not be happier for forgetting?"
+
+"I do not think so," said the bishop; and, bowing low to her again, he
+stood back, for he saw the king approaching with the Grand Duke; and
+the king took him by the arm, and walked on with him; but Osra's face
+lost the brief pensiveness that had come upon it as she talked with
+the bishop, and, turning to her lover, she stretched out her hands to
+him, saying:
+
+"I wish there was a cottage, and that you worked for bread, while I
+made ready for you at the cottage, and then ran far, far, far, down
+the road to watch and wait for your coming."
+
+"Since a cottage was not too small, a palace will not be too large,"
+said he, catching her in his arms.
+
+Thus the heart of Princess Osra found its haven and its rest; for a
+month later she was married to the Grand Duke of Mittenheim in the
+cathedral of Strelsau, having utterly refused to take any other place
+for her wedding. And again she and he rode forth together through the
+western gate; and the king rode with them on their way till they came
+to the woods. Here he paused, and all the crowd that accompanied him
+stopped also; and they all waited till the sombre depths of the glades
+hid Osra and her lover from their sight. Then, leaving them thus
+riding together to their happiness, the people returned home, sad for
+the loss of their darling princess. But, for consolation, and that
+their minds might less feel her loss, they had her name often on their
+lips; and the poets and story-tellers composed many stories about
+her, not always grounded on fact, but the fabric of idle imaginings,
+wrought to please the fancy of lovers or to wake the memories of older
+folk. So that, if a stranger goes now to Strelsau, he may be pardoned
+if it seem to him that all mankind was in love with Princess Osra.
+Nay, and those stories so pass all fair bounds that, if you listened
+to them, you would come near to believing that the princess also had
+found some love for all the men who had given her their love. Thus to
+many she is less a woman that once lived and breathed than some sweet
+image under whose name they fondly group all the virtues and the
+charms of her whom they love best, each man fashioning for himself
+from his own chosen model her whom he calls his princess. Yet it
+may be that for some of them who so truly loved her, her heart had a
+moment's tenderness. Who shall tell all the short-lived dreams that
+come and go, the promptings and stirrings of a vagrant inclination?
+And who would pry too closely into these secret matters? May we not
+more properly give thanks to heaven that the thing is as it is? For
+surely it makes greatly for the increase of joy and entertainment
+in the world, and of courtesy and true tenderness, that the heart of
+Princess Osra--or of what lady you may choose, sir, to call by her
+name--should flutter in pretty hesitation here and there and to and
+fro a little, before it flies on a straight swift wing to its destined
+and desired home. And if you be not the prince for your princess, why,
+sir, your case is a sad one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc
+
+EMERSON IN ANDOVER.--RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY RELIGIOUS TRAINING.--THE
+STUDIES OF A PROFESSOR'S DAUGHTER.--THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.
+
+
+Perhaps no one has ever denied, or more definitely, has ever wished
+to deny, that Andover society consisted largely of people with obvious
+religious convictions; and that her visitors were chiefly of the
+Orthodox Congregational turn of mind. I do not remember that we ever
+saw any reason for regret in this "feature" of the Hill. It is true,
+however, that a dash of the world's people made their way among us.
+
+I remember certain appearances of Ralph Waldo Emerson. If I am correct
+about it, he had been persuaded by some emancipated and daring mind to
+give us several lectures.
+
+He was my father's guest on one of these occasions, and I met him for
+the first time then. Emerson was--not to speak disrespectfully--in
+a much muddled state of his distinguished mind, on Andover Hill. His
+blazing seer's gaze took us all in, politely; it burned straight on,
+with its own philosophic fire; but it wore, at moments, a puzzled
+softness.
+
+His clear-cut, sarcastic lips sought to assume the well-bred curves of
+conformity to the environment of entertainers who valued him so far
+as to demand a series of his own lectures; but the cynic of his
+temperamental revolt from us, or, to be exact, from the thing which he
+supposed us to be, lurked in every line of his memorable face.
+
+By the way, what a look of the eagle it had!
+
+[Illustration: RALPH WALDO EMERSON.]
+
+The poet--I was about to say the pagan poet--quickly recognized, to
+a degree, that he was not among a group of barbarians; and I remember
+the marked respect with which he observed my father's noble head and
+countenance, and the attention with which he listened to the low,
+perfectly modulated voice of his host. But Mr. Emerson was accustomed
+to do the talking himself; this occasion proved no exception; and
+here his social divination or experience failed him a little. Quite
+promptly, I remember, he set adrift upon the sea of Alcott.
+
+Now, we had heard of Mr. Alcott in Andover, it is true, but we did not
+look upon him exactly through Mr. Emerson's marine-glass; and, though
+the Professor did his hospitable best to sustain his end of the
+conversation, it swayed off gracefully into monologue. We listened
+deferentially while the philosopher pronounced Bronson Alcott the
+greatest mind of our day--I think he said the greatest since Plato.
+He was capable of it, in moments of his own exaltation. I thought I
+detected a twinkle in my father's blue eye; but the fine curve of his
+lips remained politely closed; and our distinguished guest spoke on.
+
+There was something noble about this ardent way of appreciating his
+friends, and Emerson was distinguished for it, among those who knew
+him well.
+
+Publishers understood that his literary judgment was touchingly warped
+by his personal admirations. He would offer some impossible MS. as the
+work of dawning genius; it would be politely received, and filed in
+the rejected pigeon-holes. Who knows what the great man thought when
+his friend's poem failed to see the light of the market?
+
+On this particular occasion, the conversation changed to Browning.
+Now, the Professor, although as familiar as he thought it necessary to
+be with the latest poetic idol, was not a member of a Browning
+class; and here, again, his attitude towards the subject was one of
+well-mannered respect, rather than of abandoned enthusiasm. (Had
+it only been Wordsworth!) A lady was present, young, and of the
+Browningesque temperament. Mr. Emerson expressed himself finely to
+the effect that there was something outside of ourselves about
+Browning--that we might not always grasp him--that he seemed, at
+times, to require an extra sense.
+
+"Is it not because he touches our extra moods?" asked the lady. The
+poet's face turned towards her quickly; he had not noticed her before;
+a subtle change touched his expression, as if he would have liked
+to say: For the first time since this subject was introduced in this
+Calvinistic drawing-room, I find myself understood.
+
+It chanced that we had a Chaucer Club in Andover at that time; a small
+company, severely selected, not to flirt or to chat, but to work. We
+had studied hard for a year, and most of us had gone Chaucer mad.
+This present writer was the unfortunate exception to that idolatrous
+enthusiasm, and--meeting Mr. Emerson at another time--took modest
+occasion in answer to a remark of his to say something of the sort.
+
+"Chaucer interests me, certainly, but I cannot make myself feel as the
+others do. He does not take hold of my nature. He is too far back. I
+am afraid I am too much of a modern. It is a pity, I know."
+
+"It _is_ a pity," observed Mr. Emerson sarcastically. "What would
+you read? The 'Morning Advertiser'?" The Chaucer Club glared at me in
+what, I must say, I felt to be unholy triumph.
+
+Not a glance of sympathy reached me, where I sat, demolished before
+the rebuke of the great man. I distinctly heard a chuckle from a
+feminine member. Yet, what had the dissenter done, or tried to do? To
+be quite honest, only, in a little matter where affectation would
+have been the flowery way; and I must say that I have never loved the
+Father of English Poetry any better for this episode.
+
+The point, however, at which I am coming is the effect wrought upon
+Mr. Emerson's mind by the history of that club. It seemed to us
+disproportionate to the occasion that he should feel and manifest so
+much surprise at our existence. This he did, more than once, and with
+a genuineness not to be mistaken.
+
+That an organization for the study of Chaucer could subsist on Andover
+Hill, he could not understand. What he thought us, or thought about
+us, who can say? He seemed as much taken aback as if he had found a
+tribe of Cherokees studying onomatopoeia in English verse.
+
+"A _Chaucer_ club! In _Andover_?" he repeated. The seer was perplexed.
+
+Of course, whenever we found ourselves in forms of society not in
+harmony with our religious views, we were accustomed, in various ways,
+to meet with a similar predisposition. As a psychological study this
+has always interested me, just as one is interested in the attitude of
+mind exhibited by the Old School physician towards the Homoeopathist
+with whom he graduated at the Harvard Medical School. Possibly that
+graduate may have distinguished himself with the honors of the school;
+but as soon as he prescribes on the principles of Hahnemann, he is
+not to be adjudged capable of setting a collar-bone. By virtue of
+his therapeutic views he has become disqualified for professional
+recognition. So, by virtue of one's religious views, the man or
+woman of orthodox convictions, whatever one's proportion of personal
+culture, is regarded with a gentle superiority, as being of a class
+still enslaved in superstition, and therefore _per se_ barbaric.
+
+Put in undecorated language, this is about the sum and substance of
+a state of feeling which all intelligent evangelical Christians
+recognize perfectly in those who have preempted for themselves the
+claims belonging to what are called the liberal faiths.
+
+On the other hand, one who is regarded as a little of a heretic from
+the sterner sects, may make the warmest friendships of a lifetime
+among "the world's people"--whom far be it from me to seem to
+dispossess of any of their manifold charms.
+
+This brings me closely to a question which I am so often asked, either
+directly or indirectly, that I cannot easily pass this Andover chapter
+by without some recognition of it.
+
+What was, in very truth, the effect of such a religious training as
+Andover gave her children?
+
+Curious impressions used to be afloat about us among people of easier
+faiths; often, I think, we were supposed to spend our youth paddling
+about in a lake of blue fire, or in committing the genealogies to
+memory, or in gasping beneath the agonies of religious revivals.
+
+To be quite honest, I should say that I have not retained _all_
+the beliefs which I was taught--who does? But I have retained the
+profoundest respect for the way in which I was taught them; and I
+would rather have been taught what I was, _as_ I was, and run whatever
+risks were involved in the process, than to have been taught much
+less, little, or nothing.
+
+An excess of religious education may have its unfortunate aspects. But
+a deficiency of it has worse.
+
+It is true that, for little people, our little souls were a good deal
+agitated on the question of eternal salvation. We were taught that
+heaven and hell followed life and death; that the one place was "a
+desirable location," and the other too dreadful to be mentioned in
+ears polite; and that what Matthew Arnold calls "conduct" was the
+deciding thing. Not that we heard much, until we grew old enough to
+read for ourselves, about Matthew Arnold; but we did hear a great
+deal about plain behaviour--unselfishness, integrity, honor, sweet
+temper--the simple good morals of childhood.
+
+We were taught, too, to respect prayer and the Christian Bible. In
+this last particular we never had at all an oppressive education.
+
+My Sunday-school reminiscences are few and comfortable, and left me,
+chiefly, with the impression that Sunday-schools always studied Acts;
+for I do not recall any lessons given me by strolling theologues in
+any other--certainly none in any severer--portions of the Bible.
+
+It was all very easy and pleasant, if not feverishly stimulating; and
+I am quite willing to match my Andover Sunday-school experiences with
+that of a Boston free-thinker's little daughter who came home and
+complained to her mother:
+
+"There is a dreadful girl put into our Sunday-school. I think, mamma,
+she is bad society for me. She says the Bible is exaggerated, and then
+she tickles my legs!"
+
+I have said that we were taught to think something about our own
+"salvation;" and so we were, but not in a manner calculated to burden
+the good spirits of any but a very sensitive or introspective child.
+Personally, I may have dwelt on the idea, at times, more than was
+good for my happiness; but certainly no more than was good for my
+character. The idea of character was at the basis of everything we
+did, or dreamed, or learned.
+
+There is a scarecrow which "liberal" beliefs put together, hang in
+the field of public terror or ridicule, and call it Orthodoxy. Of this
+misshapen creature we knew nothing in Andover.
+
+Of hell we heard sometimes, it is true, for Andover Seminary believed
+in it--though, be it said, much more comfortably in the days before
+this iron doctrine became the bridge of contention in the recent
+serious, theological battle which has devastated Andover. In my own
+case, I do not remember to have been shocked or threatened by this
+woful doctrine. I knew that my father believed in the everlasting
+misery of wicked people who could be good if they wanted to, but
+would not; and I was, of course, accustomed to accept the beliefs of
+a parent who represented everything that was tender, unselfish, pure,
+and noble, to my mind--in fact, who sustained to me the ideal of a
+fatherhood which gave me the best conception I shall ever get, in this
+world, of the Fatherhood of God. My father presented the interesting
+anomaly of a man holding, in one dark particular, a severe faith, but
+displaying in his private character rare tenderness and sweetness of
+heart. He would go out of his way to save a crawling thing from death,
+or any sentient thing from pain. He took more trouble to give comfort
+or to prevent distress to every breathing creature that came within
+his reach, than any other person whom I have ever known. He had not
+the heart to witness heartache. It was impossible for him to endure
+the sight of a child's suffering. His sympathy was an extra sense,
+finer than eyesight, more exquisite than touch.
+
+Yet, he did believe that absolute perversion of moral character went
+to its "own place," and bore the consequence of its own choice.
+
+Once I told a lie (I was seven years old), and my father was a
+broken-hearted man. He told me _then_ that liars went to hell. I
+do not remember to have heard any such personal application of the
+doctrine of eternal punishment before or since; and the fact made a
+life-long impression, to which I largely owe a personal preference for
+veracity. Yet, to analyze the scene strictly, I must say that it was
+not fear of torment which so moved me; it was the sight of that broken
+face. For my father wept--only when death visited the household did
+I ever see him cry again--and I stood melted and miserable before
+his anguish and his love. The devil and all his angels could not have
+punished into me the noble shame of that moment.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART
+PHELPS. From a photograph by Warren, Boston.]
+
+I have often been aware of being pitied by outsiders for the
+theological discipline which I was supposed to have received in
+Andover; but I must truthfully say that I have never been conscious of
+needing compassion in this respect. I was taught that God is Love, and
+Christ His Son is our Saviour; that the important thing in life was
+to be that kind of woman for which there is really, I find, no better
+word than Christian, and that the only road to this end was to be
+trodden by way of character. The ancient Persians (as we all know)
+were taught to hurl a javelin, ride a horse, and speak the truth.
+
+I was taught that I should speak the truth, say my prayers, and
+consider other people; it was a wholesome, right-minded, invigorating
+training that we had, born of tenderness, educated conscience, and
+good sense, and I have lived to bless it in many troubled years.
+
+What if we did lend a little too much romance now and then to our
+religious "experience"? It was better for us than some other kinds
+of romance to which we were quite as liable. What if I did "join the
+church" (entirely of my own urgent will, not of my father's preference
+or guiding) at the age of twelve, when the great dogmas to which I was
+expected to subscribe could not possibly have any rational meaning for
+me? I remember how my father took me apart, and gently explained to me
+beforehand the clauses of the rather simple and truly beautiful
+chapel creed which he himself, I believe, had written to modernize and
+clarify the old one--I wonder if it were done at that very time? And
+I remember that it all seemed to me very easy and happy--signifying
+chiefly, that one meant to be a good girl, if possible. What if one
+did conduct a voluminous religious correspondence with the other
+Professor's daughter, who put notes under the fence which divided our
+homes? We were none the worse girls for that. And we outgrew it, when
+the time came.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR
+AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.
+
+Professor M. Stuart Phelps died in 1883, at the age of 34. He was
+professor of philosophy in Smith College, was called by those entitled
+to judge, the most promising young psychologist in this country, and a
+brilliant future was prophesied for him. The above portrait is from a
+photograph by Pach Brothers, New York.]
+
+One thing, supremely, I may say that I learned from the Andover life,
+or, at least, from the Andover home. That was an everlasting scorn of
+worldliness--I do not mean in the religious sense of the word. That
+tendency to seek the lower motive, to do the secondary thing, to
+confuse sounds or appearances with values, which is covered by the
+word as we commonly use it, very early came to seem to me a way of
+looking at life for which I know no other term than underbred.
+
+There is no better training for a young person than to live in the
+atmosphere of a study--we did not call it a library, in my father's
+home. People of leisure who read might have libraries. People who
+worked among their books had studies.
+
+The life of a student, with its gracious peace, its beauty, its
+dignity, seemed to me, as the life of social preoccupation or success
+may seem to children born to that penumbra, the inevitable thing.
+
+As one grew to think out life for one's self, one came to perceive
+a width and sanctity in the choice of work--whether rhetoric or art,
+theology or sculpture, hydraulics or manufacture--but to _work_, to
+work hard, to see work steadily, and see it whole, was the way to be
+reputable. I think I always respected a good blacksmith more than a
+lady of leisure.
+
+I know it took me a while to recover from a very youthful and amusing
+disinclination to rich people, which was surely never trained into
+me, but grew like the fruit of the horse-chestnut trees, ruggedly,
+of nature, and of Andover Hill; and which dropped away when its time
+came--just about as useless as the big brown nuts which we cut into
+baskets and carved into Trustees' faces for a mild November day, and
+then threw away.
+
+When I came in due time to observe that property and a hardened
+character were not identical, and that families of ease in which one
+might happen to visit were not deficient in education because their
+incomes were large--I think it was at first with a certain sense of
+surprise. It is impossible to convey to one differently reared the
+delicious _naïveté_ of this state of mind.
+
+Whatever the "personal peculiarities" of our youthful conceptions of
+life, as acquired at Andover, one thing is sure--that we grew into
+love of reality as naturally as the Seminary elms shook out their
+long, green plumes in May, and shed their delicate, yellow leaves in
+October.
+
+I can remember no time when we did not instinctively despise a sham,
+and honor a genuine person, thing, or claim. In mere social pretension
+not built upon character, intelligence, education, or gentle birth,
+we felt no interest. I do not remember having been taught this, in so
+many words. It came without teaching.
+
+My father taught me most things without text-books or lessons. By far
+the most important portion of what one calls education, I owe to him;
+yet he never preached, or prosed, or played the pedagogue. He talked
+a great deal, not to us, but with us; we began to have conversation
+while we were still playing marbles and dolls. I remember hours of
+discussion with him on some subject so large that the littleness
+of his interlocutor must have tried him sorely. Time and eternity,
+theology and science, literature and art, invention and discovery
+came each in its turn; and, while I was still making burr baskets, or
+walking fences, or coasting (standing up) on what I was proud to
+claim as the biggest sled in town, down the longest hills, and on the
+fastest local record--I was fascinated with the wealth and variety
+which seem to have been the conditions of thought with him. I have
+never been more _interested_ by anything in later life than I was in
+my father's conversation.
+
+I never attended a public school of any kind--unless we except the
+Sunday-school that studied Acts--and when it came time for me to
+pass from the small to the large private schools of Andover, the same
+paternal comradeship continued to keep step with me. There was no
+college diploma for girls of my kind in my day; but we came as near to
+it as we could.
+
+There was a private school in Andover, of wide reputation in its time,
+known to the irreverent as the "Nunnery," but bearing in professional
+circles the more stately name of Mrs. Edwards's School for Young
+Ladies. Two day-scholars, as a marked favor to their parents, were
+admitted with the boarders elect; and of these two I was one. If
+I remember correctly, Professor Park and my father were among the
+advisers whose opinions had weight with the selection of our course
+of study, and I often wonder how, with their rather feudal views of
+women, these two wise men of Andover managed to approve so broad a
+curriculum.
+
+Possibly the quiet and modest learned lady, our principal, had ideas
+of her own which no one could have suspected her of obtruding against
+the current of her times and environment; like other strong and
+gentle women she may have had her "way" when nobody thought so. At
+all events, we were taught wisely and well, in directions to which the
+fashionable girls' schools of the day did not lift an eye-lash.
+
+I was an out-of-door girl, always into every little mischief of snow
+or rainfall, flower, field, or woods or ice; but in spite of skates
+and sleds and tramps and all the west winds from Wachusett that blew
+through me, soul and body, I was not strong; and my father found it
+necessary to oversee my methods of studying. Incidentally, I think, he
+influenced the choice of some of our text-books, and I remember that,
+with the exception of Greek and trigonometry--thought, in those days,
+to be beyond the scope of the feminine intellect--we pursued the same
+curriculum that our brothers did at college. In some cases we had
+teachers who were then, or afterwards, college professors in their
+specialties; in all departments I think we were faithfully taught, and
+that our tastes and abilities were electively recognized.
+
+I was not allowed, I remember, to inflict my musical talents upon the
+piano for more than one hour a day; my father taking the ground that,
+as there was only so much of a girl, if she had not unusual musical
+gift and had less than usual physical vigor, she had better give the
+best of herself to her studies. I have often blessed him for this
+daring individualism; for, while the school "practice" went on about
+me, in the ordinary way, so many precious hours out of a day that
+was all too short for better things--I was learning my lessons quite
+comfortably, and getting plenty of fresh air and exercise between
+whiles.
+
+I hasten to say that I was not at all a remarkable scholar. I
+cherished a taste for standing near the top of the class, somewhere,
+and always preferred rather to answer a question than to miss it; but
+this, I think, was pure pride, rather than an absorbing, intellectual
+passion. It was a wholesome pride, however, and served me a good turn.
+
+At one epoch of history, so far back that I cannot date it, I remember
+to have been a scholar at Abbott Academy long enough to learn how to
+spell. Perhaps one ought to give the honor of this achievement where
+honor is due. When I observe the manner in which the superior sex
+is often turned out by masculine diplomas upon the world with the
+life-long need of a vest-pocket dictionary or a spelling-book, I
+cherish a respect for the method in which I was compelled to spell
+the English language. It was severe, no doubt. We stood in a class of
+forty, and lost our places for the misfit of a syllable, a letter, a
+definition, or even a stumble in elocution. I remember once losing the
+head of the class for saying: L-u-ux--Lux. It was a terrible blow, and
+I think of it yet with burning mortification on my cheeks.
+
+In the "Nunnery" we were supposed to have learned how to spell. We
+studied what we called Mental Philosophy, to my unmitigated delight;
+and Butler's Analogy, which I considered a luxury; and Shakespeare,
+whom I distantly but never intimately adored; Latin, to which dead
+language we gave seven years apiece, out of our live girlhood;
+Picciola and Undine we dreamed over, in the grove and the orchard;
+English literature is associated with the summer-house and the grape
+arbor, with flecks of shade and glints of light, and a sense of
+unmistakable privilege. There was physiology, which was scarcely work,
+and astronomy, which I found so exhilarating that I fell ill over it.
+Alas, truth compels me to add that Mathematics, with a big _M_ and
+stretching on through the books of Euclid, darkened my young
+horizon with dull despair; and that chemistry--but the facts are too
+humiliating to relate. My father used to say that all he ever got out
+of the pursuit of this useful science in his college days--and he was
+facile valedictorian--was the impression that there was a sub-acetate
+of something dissolved in a powder at the bottom.
+
+All that I am able to recall of the study of "my brother's
+text-books," in this department, is that there was once a frightful
+odor in the laboratory for which Professor Hitchcock and a glass jar
+and a chemical were responsible, and that I said, "At least, the name
+of _this_ will remain with me to my dying hour." But what _was_ the
+name of it? "Ask me no more."
+
+In the department of history I can claim no results more calculated
+to reflect credit upon the little student who hated a poor recitation
+much, but facts and figures more. To the best of my belief, I can be
+said to have retained but two out of the long list of historic dates
+with which my quivering memory was duly and properly crowded.
+
+I _do_ know when America was discovered; because the year is inscribed
+over a spring in the seaside town where I have spent twenty summers,
+and I have driven past it on an average once a day, for that period
+of time. And I can tell when Queen Elizabeth left this world, because
+Macaulay wrote a stately sentence:
+
+"In 1603 the Great Queen died."
+
+It must have been the year when my father read De Quincey and
+Wordsworth to me on winter evenings that I happened for myself on
+Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The first little event opened for me, as
+distinctly as if I had never heard of it before, the world of letters
+as a Paradise from which no flaming sword could ever exile me; but the
+second revealed to me my own nature.
+
+The Andover sunsets blazed behind Wachusett, and between the one
+window of my little room and the fine head of the mountain nothing
+intervened. The Andover elms held above lifted eyes arch upon arch
+of exquisite tracery, through which the far sky looked down like some
+noble thing that one could spend all one's life in trying to reach,
+and be happy just because it existed, whether one reached it or not.
+The paths in my father's great gardens burned white in the summer
+moonlights, and their shape was the shape of a mighty cross. The June
+lilies, yellow and sweet, lighted their soft lamps beside the cross--I
+was sixteen, and I read Aurora Leigh.
+
+A grown person may smile--but, no; no gentle-minded man or woman
+smiles at the dream of a girl. What has life to offer that is nobler
+in enthusiasm, more delicate, more ardent, more true to the unseen
+and the unsaid realities which govern our souls, or leave us sadder
+forever because they do not? There may be greater poems in our
+language than Aurora Leigh, but it was many years before it was
+possible for me to suppose it; and none that ever saw the hospitality
+of fame could have done for that girl what that poem did at that time.
+I had never a good memory--but I think I could have repeated a large
+portion of it; and know that I often stood the test of hap-hazard
+examinations on the poem from half-scoffing friends, sometimes of the
+masculine persuasion. Each to his own; and what Shakespeare or the
+Latin Fathers might have done for some other impressionable girl, Mrs.
+Browning--forever bless her strong and gentle name!--did for me.
+
+I owe to her, distinctly, the first visible aspiration (ambition is
+too low a word) to do some honest, hard work of my own, in the World
+Beautiful, and for it.
+
+It is April, and it is the year 1861. It is a dull morning at school.
+The sky is gray. The girls are not in spirits--no one knows just
+why. The morning mail is late, and the Boston papers are tardily
+distributed. The older girls get them, and are reading the head-lines
+lazily, as girls do; not, in truth, caring much about a newspaper, but
+aware that one must be well-informed.
+
+Suddenly, in the recitation room, where I am refreshing my
+accomplishments in some threatening lesson, I hear low murmurs and
+exclamations. Then a girl, very young and very pretty, catches the
+paper and whirls it overhead. With a laugh which tinkles through my
+ears to this day, she dances through the room and cries:
+
+"War's begun! _War's begun!_"
+
+An older girl utters a cry of horror, and puts her hand upon the
+little creature's thoughtless lips.
+
+"Oh, how _can_ you?" so I hear the older
+girl. "Hush, hush, _hush_!"
+
+
+
+
+THE TOUCHSTONE.
+
+BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
+
+
+The King was a man that stood well before the world; his smile was
+sweet as clover, but his soul withinsides was as little as a pea. He
+had two sons; and the younger son was a boy after his heart, but the
+elder was one whom he feared. It befell one morning that the drum
+sounded in the dun before it was yet day; and the King rode with his
+two sons, and a brave army behind them. They rode two hours, and came
+to the foot of a brown mountain that was very steep.
+
+"Where do we ride?" said the elder son.
+
+"Across this brown mountain," said the King, and smiled to himself.
+
+"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger son.
+
+And they rode two hours more, and came to the sides of a black river
+that was wondrous deep.
+
+"And where do we ride?" asked the elder son.
+
+"Over this black river," said the King, and smiled to himself.
+
+"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger son.
+
+And they rode all that day, and about the time of the sun-setting came
+to the side of a lake, where was a great dun.
+
+"It is here we ride," said the King; "to a King's house, and a
+priest's, and a house where you will learn much."
+
+At the gates of the dun, the King who was a priest met them, and he
+was a grave man, and beside him stood his daughter, and she was as
+fair as the morn, and one that smiled and looked down.
+
+"These are my two sons," said the first King.
+
+"And here is my daughter," said the King who was a priest.
+
+"She is a wonderful fine maid," said the first King, "and I like her
+manner of smiling."
+
+"They are wonderful well-grown lads," said the second, "and I like
+their gravity."
+
+And then the two Kings looked at each other, and said, "The thing may
+come about."
+
+And in the meanwhile the two lads looked upon the maid, and the one
+grew pale and the other red; and the maid looked upon the ground
+smiling.
+
+"Here is the maid that I shall marry," said the elder. "For I think
+she smiled upon me."
+
+But the younger plucked his father by the sleeve. "Father," said he,
+"a word in your ear. If I find favor in your sight, might not I wed
+this maid, for I think she smiles upon me?"
+
+"A word in yours," said the King his father. "Waiting is good hunting,
+and when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home."
+
+[Illustration: "HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS
+DAUGHTER."]
+
+Now they were come into the dun, and feasted; and this was a great
+house, so that the lads were astonished; and the King that was a
+priest sat at the end of the board and was silent, so that the lads
+were filled with reverence; and the maid served them, smiling, with
+downcast eyes, so that their hearts were enlarged.
+
+Before it was day, the elder son arose, and he found the maid at her
+weaving, for she was a diligent girl. "Maid," quoth he, "I would fain
+marry you."
+
+"You must speak with my father," said she, and she looked upon the
+ground smiling, and became like the rose.
+
+"Her heart is with me," said the elder son, and he went down to the
+lake and sang.
+
+A little after came the younger son. "Maid," quoth he, "if our fathers
+were agreed, I would like well to marry you."
+
+"You can speak to my father," said she, and looked upon the ground and
+smiled and grew like the rose.
+
+"She is a dutiful daughter," said the younger son, "she will make
+an obedient wife." And then he thought, "What shall I do?" and he
+remembered the King her father was a priest, so he went into the
+temple and sacrificed a weasel and a hare.
+
+Presently the news got about; and the two lads and the first King were
+called into the presence of the King who was a priest, where he sat
+upon the high seat.
+
+"Little I reck of gear," said the King who was a priest, "and little
+of power. For we live here among the shadows of things, and the heart
+is sick of seeing them. And we stay here in the wind like raiment
+drying, and the heart is weary of the wind. But one thing I love, and
+that is truth; and for one thing will I give my daughter, and that is
+the trial stone. For in the light of that stone the seeming goes,
+and the being shows, and all things besides are worthless. Therefore,
+lads, if ye would wed my daughter, out foot, and bring me the stone of
+touch, for that is the price of her."
+
+"A word in your ear," said the younger son to his father. "I think we
+do very well without this stone."
+
+"A word in yours," said his father. "I am of your way of thinking; but
+when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home." And he smiled to the
+King that was a priest.
+
+[Illustration: "'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"]
+
+But the elder son got to his feet, and called the King that was a
+priest by the name of father. "For whether I marry the maid or no, I
+will call you by that word for the love of your wisdom; and even now
+I will ride forth and search the world for the stone of touch." So he
+said farewell and rode into the world.
+
+"I think I will go, too," said the younger son, "if I can have your
+leave. For my heart goes out to the maid."
+
+"You will ride home with me," said his father.
+
+So they rode home, and when they came to the dun, the King had his
+son into his treasury. "Here," said he, "is the touchstone which shows
+truth; for there is no truth but plain truth; and if you will look in
+this, you will see yourself as you are."
+
+And the younger son looked in it, and saw his face as it were the face
+of a beardless youth, and he was well enough pleased; for the thing
+was a piece of a mirror.
+
+"Here is no such great thing to make a work about," said he; "but if
+it will get me the maid, I shall never complain. But what a fool is my
+brother to ride into the world, and the thing all the while at home."
+
+So they rode back to the other dun, and showed the mirror to the King
+that was a priest; and when he had looked in it, and seen himself
+like a King, and his house like a King's house, and all things like
+themselves, he cried out and blessed God. "For now I know," said
+he, "there is no truth but the plain truth; and I am a King indeed,
+although my heart misgave me." And he pulled down his temple and built
+a new one; and then the younger son was married to the maid.
+
+In the meantime the elder son rode into the world to find the
+touchstone of the trial of truth; and whenever he came to a place of
+habitation, he would ask the men if they had heard of it. And in every
+place the men answered: "Not only have we heard of it, but we alone
+of all men possess the thing itself, and it hangs in the side of our
+chimney to this day." Then would the elder son be glad, and beg for a
+sight of it. And sometimes it would be a piece of mirror, that showed
+the seeming of things, and then he would say: "This can never be, for
+there should be more than seeming." And sometimes it would be a lump
+of coal, which showed nothing; and then he would say: "This can never
+be, for at least there is the seeming." And sometimes it would be a
+touchstone indeed, beautiful in hue, adorned with polishing, the light
+inhabiting its sides; and when he found this, he would beg the thing,
+and the persons of that place would give it him, for all men were very
+generous of that gift; so that at the last he had his wallet full of
+them, and they chinked together when he rode; and when he halted by
+the side of the way, he would take them out and try them, till his
+head turned like the sails upon a windmill.
+
+"A murrain upon this business!" said the elder son, "for I perceive no
+end to it. Here I have the red, and here the blue and the green; and
+to me they seem all excellent, and yet shame each other. A murrain on
+the trade! If it were not for the King that is a priest, and whom I
+have called my father, and if it were not for the fair maid of the dun
+that makes my mouth to sing and my heart enlarge, I would even tumble
+them all into the salt sea, and go home and be a King like other
+folk."
+
+But he was like the hunter that has seen a stag upon a mountain, so
+that the night may fall, and the fire be kindled, and the lights shine
+in his house, but desire of that stag is single in his bosom.
+
+Now after many years the elder son came upon the sides of the salt
+sea; and it was night, and a savage place, and the clamor of the sea
+was loud. There he was aware of a house, and a man that sat there by
+the light of a candle, for he had no fire. Now the elder son came in
+to him, and the man gave him water to drink, for he had no bread; and
+wagged his head when he was spoken to, for he had no words.
+
+"Have you the touchstone of truth?" asked the elder son; and when the
+man had wagged his head, "I might have known that," cried the elder
+son; "I have here a wallet full of them!" And with that he laughed,
+although his heart was weary.
+
+And with that the man laughed too, and with the fuff of his laughter
+the candle went out.
+
+"Sleep," said the man, "for now I think you have come far enough; and
+your quest is ended, and my candle is out."
+
+Now, when the morning came, the man gave him a clear pebble in his
+hand, and it had no beauty and no color, and the elder son looked upon
+it scornfully and shook his head, and he went away, for it seemed a
+small affair to him.
+
+All that day he rode, and his mind was quiet, and the desire of the
+chase allayed. "How if this poor pebble be the touchstone, after all?"
+said he; and he got down from his horse, and emptied forth his wallet
+by the side of the way. Now, in the light of each other, all the
+touchstones lost their hue and fire, and withered like stars at
+morning; but in the light of the pebble, their beauty remained, only
+the pebble was the most bright. And the elder son smote upon his brow.
+"How if this be the truth," he cried, "that all are a little true?"
+And he took the pebble, and turned its light upon the heavens, and
+they deepened above him like the pit; and he turned it on the hills,
+and the hills were cold and rugged, but life ran in their sides so
+that his own life bounded; and he turned it on the dust, and he beheld
+the dust with joy and terror; and he turned it on himself, and kneeled
+down and prayed.
+
+"Now thanks be to God," said the elder son, "I have found the
+touchstone; and now I may turn my reins, and ride home to the King
+and to the maid of the dun that makes my mouth to sing and my heart
+enlarge."
+
+Now, when he came to the dun, he saw children playing by the gate
+where the King had met him in the old days, and this stayed his
+pleasure; for he thought in his heart, "It is here my children should
+be playing." And when he came into the hall, there was his brother on
+the high seat, and the maid beside him; and at that his anger rose,
+for he thought in his heart, "It is I that should be sitting there,
+and the maid beside me."
+
+"Who are you?" said his brother. "And what make you in the dun?"
+
+"I am your elder brother," he replied. "And I am come to marry the
+maid, for I have brought the touchstone of truth."
+
+[Illustration: "ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW
+IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID HE."]
+
+Then the younger brother laughed aloud. "Why," said he, "I have found
+the touchstone years ago, and married the maid, and there are our
+children playing at the gate."
+
+Now at this the elder brother grew as gray as the dawn. "I pray you
+have dealt justly," said he, "for I perceive my life is lost."
+
+"Justly?" quoth the younger brother. "It becomes you ill, that are
+a restless man and a runagate, to doubt my justice or the King my
+father's, that are sedentary folk and known in the land."
+
+"Nay," said the elder brother; "you have all else, have patience also,
+and suffer me to say the world is full of touchstones, and it appears
+not easily which is true."
+
+"I have no shame of mine," said the younger brother. "There it is, and
+look in it."
+
+So the elder brother looked in the mirror, and he was sore amazed; for
+he was an old man, and his hair was white upon his head; and he sat
+down in the hall and wept aloud.
+
+"Now," said the younger brother, "see what a fool's part you have
+played, that ran over all the world to seek what was lying in our
+father's treasury, and came back an old carle for the dogs to bark at,
+and without chick or child. And I that was dutiful and wise sit here
+crowned with virtues and pleasures, and happy in the light of my
+hearth."
+
+"Methinks you have a cruel tongue," said the elder brother; and he
+pulled out the clear pebble, and turned its light on his brother; and
+behold, the man was lying; his soul was shrunk into the smallness of a
+pea, and his heart was a bag of little fears like scorpions, and love
+was dead in his bosom. And at that the elder brother cried out aloud,
+and turned the light of the pebble on the maid, and lo! she was but a
+mask of a woman, and withinsides she was quite dead, and she smiled as
+a clock ticks, and knew not wherefore.
+
+"Oh, well," said the elder brother, "I perceive there is both good and
+bad. So fare ye all as well as ye may in the dun; but I will go forth
+into the world with my pebble in my pocket."
+
+
+
+
+MAGAZINE NOTES.
+
+
+MRS. HUMPHRY WARD--DR. JOWETT.
+
+The late Dr. Jowett is reported to have once said to Mrs. Humphry
+Ward: "We shall come in the future to teach almost entirely by
+biography. We shall begin with the life that is most familiar to
+us, 'The Life of Christ,' and we shall more and more put before our
+children the great examples of persons' lives so that they shall have
+from the beginning heroes and friends in their thoughts."
+
+The editors of this magazine thoroughly agree with Dr. Jowett. It has
+been, for a long time, their great desire to publish in these pages
+a "Life of Christ" which shall be, to quote Mr. Hall Caine's words in
+the December MCCLURE'S, "as vivid and as personal from the standpoint
+of belief as Renan's was from the standpoint of unbelief."
+
+
+THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND.
+
+It is hard to realize the meaning of these figures, which represent
+the present circulation of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE. Three years ago
+five magazines--"The Century," "Harper's," "Scribner's," "The
+Cosmopolitan," and "Munsey's"--apparently occupied the whole magazine
+field. But their total circulation was not over five hundred thousand
+copies. The circulation of MCCLURE'S is now equal to three-fifths of
+the combined circulation of all its rivals at the time it started.
+
+"Harper's Magazine" and "The Century" for many years supplied the need
+of the American people for great illustrated monthlies. One imagines
+that every intelligent family in the United States takes one or the
+other, or both, of these magazines. "Harper's" is over half a century
+old, and "The Century" has just completed twenty-five years of
+splendid life.
+
+MCCLURE'S has a circulation equal to both these giants of the magazine
+world.
+
+We mention these facts, not for the mere sake of comparison, but
+simply to enable our friends to understand what a circulation of three
+hundred thousand means.
+
+And while we are speaking about ourselves we might mention that for
+three months--October, November, and December--we had, month by month,
+more paid advertising than any other magazine, while our December
+number had more pages of paid advertising than any other magazine at
+any time in the history of the world.
+
+Another interesting fact is that during the two months of November
+and December, MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE made greater strides in permanent
+circulation than any other magazine ever made.
+
+
+OUR OWN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.
+
+We have been compelled by the large circulation of the MAGAZINE
+to purchase a complete printing and binding plant. This we hope to
+install before the first of March. The capacity of the plant will
+be not less than five hundred thousand copies a month, and, under
+pressure, we can print six hundred thousand copies.
+
+We have secured the best and most modern presses, and, with proper
+pressmen, shall be able to print as beautiful a magazine as can be
+made anywhere.
+
+
+ANTHONY HOPE'S NEW NOVEL
+
+begins in our April number. It is a spirited story of adventure. It
+is his first novel since "The Prisoner of Zenda," and has even more
+action than that splendid story.
+
+
+THE LIFE OF LINCOLN
+
+will increase in interest as the history comes nearer our own time.
+Every chapter will contain much that is new, and every number of the
+magazine will have several portraits of Lincoln.
+
+
+THE EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN.
+
+We have collected the first four Lincoln articles, added new matter
+both in text and pictures, and shall, in a few days, issue a volume
+with the above title. It will contain twenty portraits of Lincoln,
+and over one hundred other pictures, and will deal with the first
+twenty-six years of Lincoln's life.
+
+
+ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS
+
+in the next two numbers tells about the writing of "The Gates Ajar."
+She was then only twenty years old. The effect of the book on the
+public, the correspondence it brought her, and the acquaintances it
+secured her, will be amply dwelt upon. These are two remarkable papers
+in literary autobiography.
+
+
+COLONEL ELLSWORTH, BY COLONEL JOHN HAY.
+
+Ellsworth's death at Alexandria--"the first conspicuous victim of the
+war"--although he was only twenty-four, was the dramatic end of a most
+romantic and picturesque career; and no one knows its details so well
+as Colonel Hay. Ellsworth "was one of the dearest of the friends of my
+youth," says Colonel Hay. Moreover, he was a particular favorite
+and _protégé_ of President Lincoln's when Colonel Hay was Lincoln's
+private secretary. Colonel Hay's paper, therefore, is one of quite
+extraordinary interest. There will be published with it some very
+interesting pictures.
+
+
+"THE SABINE WOMEN"--A CORRECTION.
+
+Changes made in Mr. Low's article in the January number at the
+very moment of going to press, occasioned a mistake which should be
+corrected, though, no doubt, most of our readers have detected it for
+themselves. In the note to David's picture of "The Sabine Women," the
+picture was described as portraying the seizure of the Sabine women
+by the Romans, whereas it portrays the interposition of the women in a
+battle following the seizure.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3.
+February 1896, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13788 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13788 ***</div>
+
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>February, 1896.</h4>
+
+    <h4>Vol. VI. No. 3</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+    <div class="toc">
+        <p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p>
+
+        <p>ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+        <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln's Life at New Salem from 1832 to
+        1836. <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Looking for Work.
+        <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Decides to Buy a Store.
+        <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">He Begins to Study Law.
+        <a href="#page221">221</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Berry and Lincoln Get a Tavern License.
+        <a href="#page226">226</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Firm Hires a Clerk.
+        <a href="#page227">227</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln Appointed Postmaster.
+        <a href="#page228">228</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">A New Opening. <a href="#page228">228</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Surveying with a Grapevine.
+        <a href="#page230">230</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Business Reverses.
+        <a href="#page230">230</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Kindness Shown Lincoln in New Salem.
+        <a href="#page232">232</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln's Acquaintance in Sangamon County Is
+        Extended. <a href="#page232">232</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">He Finally Decides on a Legal Career.
+        <a href="#page233">233</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln Enters the Illinois Assembly.
+        <a href="#page234">234</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Story of Ann Rutledge.
+        <a href="#page236">236</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Abraham Lincoln at Twenty-six Years of Age.
+        <a href="#page238">238</a></p>
+
+        <p>A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL. By Ian Maclean.
+        <a href="#page241">241</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE. By Harry Perry
+        Robinson. <a href="#page247">247</a></p>
+
+        <p>A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+        <a href="#page256">256</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION. By Murat
+        Halstead. <a href="#page269">269</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Garfield's Administration.
+        <a href="#page274">274</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Garfields in the White House.
+        <a href="#page277">277</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Last Interview with President Garfield.
+        <a href="#page278">278</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM. By Anthony
+        Hope. <a href="#page280">280</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter II. <a href="#page288">288</a></p>
+
+        <p>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+        <a href="#page293">293</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE TOUCHSTONE. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
+        <a href="#page300">300</a></p>
+
+        <p>MAGAZINE NOTES. <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Mrs. Humphry Ward&mdash;Dr. Jowett.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Three Hundred Thousand.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Our Own Printing Establishment.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Anthony Hope's New Novel.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Life of Lincoln.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Early Life of Lincoln.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">"The Sabine Women"&mdash;A Correction.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="illustrations"
+          id="illustrations"></a>
+
+    <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig213">THE EARLIEST
+    PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig215">LINCOLN IN
+    1859.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig216">LINCOLN IN THE
+    SUMMER OF 1860.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig217">LINCOLN EARLY IN
+    1861.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig218">LINCOLN IN
+    1861.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig219-1">THE STATE-HOUSE AT
+    VANDALIA, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig219-2">LINCOLN'S
+    SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig220">FACSIMILE OF A
+    TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig221">BERRY AND LINCOLN'S
+    STORE IN 1895.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-1">DANIEL GREEN
+    BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-3">THE REV. JOHN M.
+    CAMERON.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-2">JAMES
+    SHORT.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-1">SQUIRE COLEMAN
+    SMOOT.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-2">SAMUEL HILL--AT
+    WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-3">MARY ANN RUTLEDGE,
+    MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig224-1">JOHN CALHOUN,
+    UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig224-2">LINCOLN'S
+    SADDLE-BAGS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig225">REPORT OF A ROAD
+    SURVEY BY LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig226">A MAP MADE BY
+    LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig227">A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR
+    NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig229">CONCORD
+    CEMETERY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig231">STEPHEN A.
+    DOUGLAS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig233">MAJOR JOHN T.
+    STUART.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig235">JOSEPH DUNCAN,
+    GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig239">GRAVE OF ANN
+    RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig242">"I WENT UP TO MR.
+    PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig245">"HE HAD THE JOLLIEST
+    LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig247">VIEW BACK ON THE
+    TRACK WHEN TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT 80 MPH.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig248">JOHN NEWELL.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig249">THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE
+    564.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig251">THE BROOKS ENGINE
+    599.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig252">THE ENGINEERS WHO
+    BROUGHT THE TRAIN FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig253-1">J.R. GARNER,
+    ENGINEER FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig253-2">WILLIAM TUNKEY,
+    ENGINEER FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig256">GEORGE ROMNEY,
+    PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig257">THE PARSON'S
+    DAUGHTER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig258-1">JOHN
+    CONSTABLE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig258-2">FLATFORD MILL, ON
+    THE RIVER STOUR.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig259">THE
+    HAY-WAIN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig260">THE "FIGHTING
+    TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig261-1">JOSEPH MALLORD
+    WILLIAM TURNER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig261-2">PEACE--BURIAL AT
+    SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig262">PORTRAIT OF A
+    BOY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig263-1">JOHN
+    HOPPNER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig263-2">PORTRAIT OF A
+    LADY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig264">PORTRAIT OF A
+    CHILD.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig265">MRS.
+    SIDDONS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig266-1">LADY
+    BLESSINGTON.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig266-2">SIR THOMAS
+    LAWRENCE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig267">MISS BARRON,
+    AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig268">PORTRAIT OF A
+    BROTHER AND SISTER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig269">GARFIELD IN 1881,
+    WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig270-1">GARFIELD IN
+    1863.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig270-2">GARFIELD IN
+    1863.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig271">GARFIELD IN 1867,
+    WITH HIS DAUGHTER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig281">"FROM THE LONG GRASS
+    BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig283">"'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY
+    OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig286">"'LISTEN!' SHE
+    CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig291">"HE LEANED FROM HIS
+    SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig293">RALPH WALDO
+    EMERSON.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig296">PROFESSOR AUSTIN
+    PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig297">PROFESSOR M. STUART
+    PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig300">"HE WAS A GRAVE MAN,
+    AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig301">"'MAID,' QUOTH HE,
+    'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig303">"ALL THAT DAY HE
+    RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET."</a></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page213"
+       id="page213"></a>[pg 213]</span>
+
+    <h2>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h4>
+
+    <h3>LINCOLN'S LIFE AT NEW SALEM FROM 1832 TO 1836.</h3>
+
+    <p>BERRY AND LINCOLN'S GROCERY.&mdash;A SET OF BLACKSTONE'S
+    COMMENTARIES.&mdash;BERRY AND LINCOLN TAKE OUT A TAVERN
+    LICENSE.&mdash;THE POSTMASTER OF NEW SALEM IN
+    1833.&mdash;LINCOLN BECOMES DEPUTY SURVEYOR.&mdash;THE FAILURE
+    OF BERRY AND LINCOLN.&mdash;ELECTIONEERING IN
+    ILLINOIS.&mdash;LINCOLN CHOSEN ASSEMBLYMAN.&mdash;BEGINS TO
+    STUDY LAW.&mdash;THE ILLINOIS STATE LEGISLATURE IN
+    1834.&mdash;THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.&mdash;ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT
+    TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.</p>
+
+    <p class="center"><i>Embodying special studies in Lincoln's
+    life at New Salem by J. McCan Davis.</i></p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LOOKING FOR WORK.</h4>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             name="fig213"
+             id="fig213"><img src="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             alt="Letter I" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">T was in August, 1832, that Lincoln made his
+    unsuccessful canvass for the Illinois Assembly. The election
+    over, he began to look for work. One of his friends, an admirer
+    of his physical strength, advised him to become a blacksmith,
+    but it was a trade which would afford little leisure for study,
+    and for meeting and talking with men; and he had already
+    resolved, it is evident, that books and men were essential to
+    him. The only employment to be had in New Salem which seemed to
+    offer both support and the opportunities he sought, was
+    clerking in a store; and he applied for a place successively at
+    all of the stores then doing business in New Salem. But they
+    were in greater need of customers than of clerks. The business
+    had been greatly overdone. In the fall of 1832 there were at
+    least four stores in New Salem. The most pretentious was that
+    of Hill and McNeill, which carried a large line of dry goods.
+    The three others, owned by the Herndon Brothers, Reuben
+    Radford, and James Rutledge, were groceries.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>DECIDES TO BUY A STORE.</h4>
+
+    <p>Failing to secure employment at any of these establishments,
+    Lincoln, though without money enough to pay a week's board in
+    advance, resolved to <i>buy</i> a store. He was not long in
+    finding an opportunity to purchase. James Herndon had already
+    sold out his half interest in Herndon Brothers' store to
+    William F. Berry; and Rowan Herndon, not getting along well
+    with Berry, was only too glad to find a purchaser of his half
+    in the person of "Abe" Lincoln. Berry was as poor as Lincoln;
+    but that was not a serious obstacle, for their notes were
+    accepted for the Herndon stock of goods. They had barely hung
+    out their sign when something happened which threw another
+    store into their hands. Reuben Radford had made himself
+    obnoxious to the Clary's Grove Boys, and one night they broke
+    in his doors and windows, and overturned his counters and sugar
+    barrels. It was too much for Radford, and he sold out next day
+    to William G. Green for a four-hundred-dollar note signed by
+    Green. At the latter's request, Lincoln made an inventory of
+    the stock, and offered him six hundred and fifty dollars for
+    it&mdash;a proposition which was cheerfully accepted. Berry and
+    Lincoln, being unable to pay cash, assumed the
+    four-hundred-dollar note payable to Radford, and gave Green
+    their joint note for two hundred and fifty dollars. The little
+    grocery owned by James Rutledge was the next to succumb. Berry
+    and Lincoln bought it at a bargain, their joint note taking the
+    place of cash. The three stocks were consolidated. Their
+    aggregate cost must have been not less than fifteen hundred
+    dollars. Berry and Lincoln had secured a monopoly of the
+    grocery business in New Salem. Within a few weeks two penniless
+    men had become the proprietors of three stores, and had stopped
+    buying only because there were no more to
+    purchase.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page214"
+       id="page214"></a>[pg 214]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/214.jpg"
+             name="fig214"
+             id="fig214"><img src="images/214.jpg"
+             alt="THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN (REPRINTED FROM FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER)." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (REPRINTED
+        FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER).</h5>
+
+        <p>From a daguerreotype in the possession of the Hon.
+        Robert T. Lincoln, taken before Lincoln was forty, and
+        first published in the McCLURE'S Life of Lincoln. Of the
+        sixty or more portraits of Lincoln which will be published
+        in this series of articles, thirty, at least, will be
+        absolutely new to our readers; and of these thirty none is
+        more important than this early portrait. It is generally
+        believed that Lincoln was not over thirty-five years old
+        when this daguerreotype was taken, and it is certainly true
+        that it is the face of Lincoln as a young man. "About
+        thirty would be the general verdict," says Mr. Murat
+        Halstead in an editorial in the Brooklyn "Standard-Union,"
+        "if it were not that the daguerreotype was unknown when
+        Lincoln was of that age. It does not seem, however, that he
+        could have been more than thirty-five, and for that age the
+        youthfulness of the portrait is wonderful. This is a new
+        Lincoln, and far more attractive, in a sense, than anything
+        the public has possessed. This is the portrait of a
+        remarkably handsome man.... The head is magnificent, the
+        eyes deep and generous, the mouth sensitive, the whole
+        expression something delicate, tender, pathetic, poetic.
+        This was the young man with whom the phantoms of romance
+        dallied, the young man who recited poems and was fanciful
+        and speculative, and in love and despair, but upon whose
+        brow there already gleamed the illumination of intellect,
+        the inspiration of patriotism. There were vast
+        possibilities in this young man's face. He could have gone
+        anywhere and done anything. He might have been a military
+        chieftain, a novelist, a poet, a philosopher, ah! a hero, a
+        martyr&mdash;and, yes, this young man might have
+        been&mdash;he even was Abraham Lincoln! This was he with
+        the world before him. It is good fortune to have the
+        magical revelation of the youth of the man the world
+        venerates. This look into his eyes, into his soul&mdash;not
+        before he knew sorrow, but long before the world knew
+        him&mdash;and to feel that it is worthy to be what it is,
+        and that we are better acquainted with him and love him the
+        more, is something beyond price."</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"
+       id="page215"></a>[pg 215]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/215.jpg"
+             name="fig215"
+             id="fig215"><img src="images/215.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1859." /></a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1859.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay, De
+        Kalb, Illinois. The original was made by S.M. Fassett, of
+        Chicago; the negative was destroyed in the Chicago fire.
+        This picture was made at the solicitation of D.B. Cook, who
+        says that Mrs. Lincoln pronounced it the best likeness she
+        had ever seen of her husband. Rajon used the Fassett
+        picture as the original of his etching, and Kruell has made
+        a fine engraving of it.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page216"
+       id="page216"></a>[pg 216]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/216.jpg"
+             name="fig216"
+             id="fig216"><img src="images/216.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860." /></a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a copy (made by E.A. Bromley of the Minneapolis
+        "Journal" staff) of a photograph owned by Mrs. Cyrus
+        Aldrich, whose husband, now dead, was a congressman from
+        Minnesota. In the summer of 1860 Mr. M.C. Tuttle, a
+        photographer of St. Paul, wrote to Mr. Lincoln requesting
+        that he have a negative taken and sent to him for local use
+        in the campaign. The request was granted, but the negative
+        was broken in transit. On learning of the accident, Mr.
+        Lincoln sat again, and with the second negative he sent a
+        jocular note wherein he referred to the fact, disclosed by
+        the picture, that in the interval he had "got a new coat."
+        A few copies of the picture were made by Mr. Tuttle, and
+        distributed among the Republican editors of the State. It
+        has never before been reproduced. Mrs. Aldrich's copy was
+        presented to her by William H. Seward, when he was
+        entertained at the Aldrich homestead (now the Minneapolis
+        City Hospital) in September, 1860. A fine copy of this same
+        photograph is in the possession of Mr. Ward Monroe, of
+        Jersey City, N.J.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>William F. Berry, the partner of Lincoln, was the son of a
+    Presbyterian minister, the Rev. John Berry, who lived on Rock
+    Creek, five miles from New Salem. The son had strayed from the
+    footsteps of the father, for he was a hard drinker, a gambler,
+    a fighter, and "a very wicked young man." Lincoln cannot in
+    truth be said to have chosen such a partner, but rather to have
+    accepted him from the force of circumstances. It required only
+    a little time to make it plain that the partnership was wholly
+    uncongenial. Lincoln displayed little business capacity. He
+    trusted largely to Berry; and Berry rapidly squandered the
+    profits of the business in riotous living. Lincoln loved books
+    as Berry loved liquor, and hour after hour he was stretched out
+    on the counter of the store or under a shade tree, reading
+    Shakespeare or
+    Burns.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page217"
+       id="page217"></a>[pg 217]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/217.jpg"
+             name="fig217"
+             id="fig217"><img src="images/217.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.&mdash;PROBABLY THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.&mdash;PROBABLY THE EARLIEST
+        PORTRAIT SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay of De
+        Kalb, Illinois, taken probably in Springfield early in
+        1861. It is supposed to have been the first, or at least
+        one of the first, portraits made of Mr. Lincoln after he
+        began to wear a beard. As is well known, his face was
+        smooth until about the end of 1860; and when he first
+        allowed his beard to grow, it became a topic of newspaper
+        comment, and even of caricature. A pretty story relating to
+        Lincoln's adoption of a beard is more or less familiar. A
+        letter written to the editor of the present Life, under
+        date of December 6, 1895, by Mrs. Grace Bedell Billings,
+        tells this story, of which she herself as a little girl was
+        the heroine, in a most charming way. The letter will be
+        found printed in full at the end of this article, on page
+        240.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>His thorough acquaintance with the works of these two
+    writers dates from this period. In New Salem there was one of
+    those curious individuals sometimes found in frontier
+    settlements, half poet, half loafer, incapable of earning a
+    living in any steady employment, yet familiar with good
+    literature and capable of enjoying it&mdash;Jack Kelso. He
+    repeated passages from Shakespeare and Burns incessantly over
+    the odd jobs he undertook or as he idled by the
+    streams&mdash;for he was a famous fisherman&mdash;and Lincoln
+    soon became one of his constant companions. The taste he formed
+    in company with Kelso he retained through life. William D.
+    Kelley tells an incident which shows that Lincoln had a really
+    intimate knowledge of Shakespeare. Mr. Kelley had taken
+    McDonough, an actor, to call at the White House; and Lincoln
+    began the conversation by
+    saying:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page218"
+       id="page218"></a>[pg 218]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/218.jpg"
+             name="fig218"
+             id="fig218"><img src="images/218.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1861." /></a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1861.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Frank A. Brown of
+        Minneapolis, Minnesota. This beautiful photograph was
+        taken, probably early in 1861, by Alexander Hesler of
+        Chicago. It was used by Leonard W. Volk, the sculptor, in
+        his studies of Lincoln, and closely resembles the fine
+        etching by T. Johnson.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"'I am very glad to meet you, Mr. McDonough, and am grateful
+    to Kelley for bringing you in so early, for I want you to tell
+    me something about Shakespeare's plays as they are constructed
+    for the stage. You can imagine that I do not get much time to
+    study such matters, but I recently had a couple of talks with
+    Hackett&mdash;Baron Hackett, as they call him&mdash;who is
+    famous as Jack Falstaff, but from whom I elicited few
+    satisfactory replies, though I probed him with a good many
+    questions.'</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219"
+       id="page219"></a>[pg 219]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/219-1.jpg"
+             name="fig219-1"
+             id="fig219-1"><img src="images/219-1.jpg"
+             alt="THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS&mdash;NOW USED AS A COURT-HOUSE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS&mdash;NOW USED AS
+        A COURT-HOUSE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Vandalia was the State capital of Illinois for twenty
+        years, and three different State-houses were built and
+        occupied there. The first, a two-story frame structure, was
+        burned down December 9, 1823. The second was a brick
+        building, and was erected at a cost of $12,381.50, of which
+        the citizens of Vandalia contributed $3,000. The agitation
+        for the removal of the capital to Springfield began in
+        1833, and in the summer of 1836 the people of Vandalia,
+        becoming alarmed at the prospect of their little city's
+        losing its prestige as the seat of the State government,
+        tore down the old capitol (much complaint being made about
+        its condition), and put up a new one at a cost of $16,000.
+        The tide was too great to be checked; but after the "Long
+        Nine" had secured the passage of the bill taking the
+        capital to Springfield, the money which the Vandalia people
+        had expended was refunded. The State-house shown in this
+        picture was the third and last one. In it Lincoln served as
+        a legislator. Ceasing to be the capitol July 4, 1839, it
+        was converted into a court-house for Fayette County, and is
+        still so used.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/219-2.jpg"
+             name="fig219-2"
+             id="fig219-2"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/219-2.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR
+        McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.</h5>
+
+        <p>After Lincoln gave up surveying, he sold his instruments
+        to John B. Gum, afterward county surveyor of Menard County.
+        Mr. Gum kept them until a few years ago, when he presented
+        the instruments to the Lincoln Monument Association, and
+        they are now on exhibition at the monument in Springfield,
+        Ill.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page220"
+       id="page220"></a>[pg 220]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/220.jpg"
+             name="fig220"
+             id="fig220"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/220.jpg"
+             alt="FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT OF SANGAMON COUNTY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND
+        LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT
+        OF SANGAMON COUNTY.</h5>
+
+        <p>The only tavern in New Salem in 1833 was that kept by
+        James Rutledge&mdash;a two-story log-structure of five
+        rooms, standing just across the street from Berry and
+        Lincoln's store. Here Lincoln boarded. It seems entirely
+        probable that he may have had an ambition to get into the
+        tavern business, and that he and Berry obtained a license
+        with that end in view, possibly hoping to make satisfactory
+        terms for the purchase of the Rutledge hostelry. The tavern
+        of sixty years ago, besides answering the purposes of the
+        modern hotel, was the dramshop of the frontier. The
+        business was one which, in Illinois, the law strictly
+        regulated. Tavern-keepers were required to pay a license
+        fee, and to give bonds to insure their good behavior.
+        Minors were not to be harbored, nor did the law permit
+        liquor to be sold to them; and the sale to slaves of any
+        liquors "or strong drink, mixed or unmixed, either within
+        or without doors," was likewise forbidden. Nor could the
+        poor Indian get any "fire-water" at the tavern or the
+        grocery. If a tavern-keeper violated the law, two-thirds of
+        the fine assessed against him went to the poor people of
+        the county. The Rutledge tavern was the only one at New
+        Salem of which we have any authentic account. It was kept
+        by others besides Mr. Rutledge; for a time by Henry Onstott
+        the cooper, and then by Nelson Alley, and possibly there
+        were other landlords; but nothing can be more certain than
+        that Lincoln was not one of them. The few surviving
+        inhabitants of the vanished village, and of the country
+        round about, have a clear recollection of Berry and
+        Lincoln's store&mdash;of how it looked, and of what things
+        were sold in it; but not one has been found with the
+        faintest remembrance of a tavern kept by Lincoln, or by
+        Berry, or by both. Stage passengers jolting into New Salem
+        sixty-two years ago must, if Lincoln was an inn-keeper,
+        have partaken of his hospitality by the score; but if they
+        did, they all died many, many years ago, or have all
+        maintained an unaccountable and most perplexing
+        silence.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"'Your last suggestion,' said Mr. Lincoln, 'carries with it
+    greater weight than anything Mr. Hackett suggested, but the
+    first is no reason at all;' and after reading another passage,
+    he said, 'This is not withheld, and where it passes current
+    there can be no reason for withholding the other.'... And, as
+    if feeling the impropriety of preferring the player to the
+    parson, [there was a clergyman in the room] he turned to the
+    chaplain and said: 'From your calling it is probable that you
+    do not know that the acting plays which people crowd to hear
+    are not always those planned by their reputed authors. Thus,
+    take the stage edition of "Richard III." It opens with a
+    passage from "Henry VI.," after which come portions of "Richard
+    III.," then another scene from "Henry VI.," and the finest
+    soliloquy in the play, if we may judge from the many quotations
+    it furnishes, and the frequency with which it is heard in
+    amateur exhibitions, was never seen by Shakespeare, but was
+    written&mdash;was it not, Mr. McDonough?&mdash;after his death,
+    by Colley Cibber."</p>
+
+    <p>"Having disposed, for the present, of questions relating to
+    the stage editions of the plays, he recurred to his standard
+    copy, and, to the evident surprise of Mr. McDonough, read or
+    repeated from memory extracts from several of the plays, some
+    of which embraced a number of lines.</p>
+
+    <p>"It must not be supposed that Mr. Lincoln's poetical studies
+    had been confined to his plays. He interspersed his remarks
+    with extracts striking from their similarity to, or contrast
+    with, something of Shakespeare's,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page221"
+       id="page221"></a>[pg 221]</span> from Byron, Rogers,
+       Campbell, Moore, and other English
+       poets."<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/221.jpg"
+             name="fig221"
+             id="fig221"><img src="images/221.jpg"
+             alt="BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895." /></a>
+
+        <h5>BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a recent photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg,
+        Illinois. The little frame store-building occupied by Berry
+        and Lincoln at New Salem is now standing at Petersburg,
+        Illinois, in the rear of L.W. Bishop's gun-shop. Its
+        history after 1834 is somewhat obscure, but there is no
+        reason for doubting its identity. According to tradition it
+        was bought by Robert Bishop, the father of the present
+        owner, about 1835, from Mr. Lincoln himself; but it is
+        difficult to reconcile this legend with the sale of the
+        store to the Trent brothers, unless, upon the flight of the
+        latter from the country and the closing of the store, the
+        building, through the leniency of creditors, was allowed to
+        revert to Mr. Lincoln, in which event he no doubt sold it
+        at the first opportunity and applied the proceeds to the
+        payment of the debts of the firm. When Mr. Bishop bought
+        the store building, he removed it to Petersburg. It is said
+        that the removal was made in part by Lincoln himself; that
+        the job was first undertaken by one of the Bales, but that,
+        encountering some difficulty, he called upon Lincoln to
+        assist him, which Lincoln did. The structure was first set
+        up adjacent to Mr. Bishop's house, and converted into a
+        gun-shop. Later it was removed to a place on the public
+        square; and soon after the breaking out of the late war,
+        Mr. Bishop, erecting a new building, pushed Lincoln's store
+        into the back-yard, and there it still stands. Soon after
+        the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the front door was
+        presented to some one in Springfield, and has long since
+        been lost sight of. It is remembered by Mr. Bishop that in
+        this door there was an opening for the reception of
+        letters&mdash;a circumstance of importance as tending to
+        establish the genuineness of the building, when it is
+        remembered that Lincoln was postmaster while he kept the
+        store. The structure, as it stands to-day, is about
+        eighteen feet long, twelve feet in width, and ten feet in
+        height. The back room, however, has disappeared, so that
+        the building as it stood when occupied by Berry and Lincoln
+        was somewhat longer. Of the original building there only
+        remain the frame-work, the black-walnut weather-boarding on
+        the front end and the ceiling of sycamore boards. One
+        entire side has been torn away by relic-hunters. In recent
+        years the building has been used as a sort of store-room.
+        Just after a big fire in Petersburg some time ago, the city
+        council condemned the Lincoln store building and ordered it
+        demolished. Under this order a portion of one side was torn
+        down, when Mr. Bishop persuaded the city authorities to
+        desist, upon giving a guarantee that if Lincoln's store
+        ever caught fire he would be responsible for any loss which
+        might ensue.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>HE BEGINS TO STUDY LAW.</h4>
+
+    <p>It was not only Burns and Shakespeare that interfered with
+    the grocery-keeping: Lincoln had begun seriously to read law.
+    His first acquaintance with the subject had been made when he
+    was a mere lad in Indiana, and a copy of the "Revised Statutes
+    of Indiana" had fallen into his hands. The very copy he used is
+    still in existence and, fortunately, in hands where it is safe.
+    The book was owned by Mr. David Turnham, of Gentryville, and
+    was given in 1865 by him to Mr. Herndon, who placed it in the
+    Lincoln Memorial collection of Chicago. In December, 1894, this
+    collection was sold in Philadelphia, and the "Statutes of
+    Indiana" was bought by Mr. William Hoffman Winters, Librarian
+    of the New York Law Institute, and through his courtesy I have
+    been allowed to examine it. The book is worn, the title page is
+    gone and a few leaves from the end are missing. The title page
+    of a duplicate volume which Mr. Winters kindly showed me reads:
+    "The Revised Laws of Indiana adopted and enacted by the General
+    Assembly at their eighth session. To which are prefixed the
+    Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United
+    States, the Constitution of the State of Indiana, and sundry
+    other documents connected with the Political History of the
+    Territory and State of Indiana. Arranged and published by
+    authority of the General Assembly. Corydon, Printed by
+    Carpenter and Douglass,
+    1824."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page222"
+       id="page222"></a>[pg 222]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/222-1.jpg"
+             name="fig222-1"
+             id="fig222-1"><img src="images/222-1.jpg"
+             alt="DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a recent photograph. Mr. Burner was Berry and
+        Lincoln's clerk. He lived at New Salem from 1829 to 1834.
+        Lincoln for many months lodged with his father, Isaac
+        Burner, and he and Lincoln slept in the same bed. He now
+        lives on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois, past eighty.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/222-3.jpg"
+             name="fig222-3"
+             id="fig222-3"><img src="images/222-3.jpg"
+             alt="THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON." /></a>
+
+        <h5>THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph in the possession of the Hon. W.J.
+        Orendorff, of Canton, Illinois. John M. Cameron, a
+        Cumberland Presbyterian minister, and a devout, sincere,
+        and courageous man, was held in the highest esteem by his
+        neighbors. Yet, according to Daniel Green Burner, Berry and
+        Lincoln's clerk&mdash;and the fact is mentioned merely as
+        illustrating a universal custom among the
+        pioneers&mdash;"John Cameron always kept a barrel of
+        whiskey in the house." He was a powerful man physically,
+        and a typical frontiersman. He was born in Kentucky in
+        1791, and, with his wife, moved to Illinois in 1815. He
+        settled in Sangamon County in 1818, and in 1829 took up his
+        abode in a cabin on a hill overlooking the Sangamon River,
+        and, with James Rutledge, founded the town of New
+        Salem.</p>
+
+        <p>According to tradition, Lincoln, for a time, lived with
+        the Camerons. In the early thirties they moved to Fulton
+        County, Illinois; then, in 1841 or 1842, to Iowa; and
+        finally, in 1849, to California. In California they lived
+        to a ripe old age&mdash;Mrs. Cameron dying in 1875, and her
+        husband following her three years later. They had twelve
+        children, eleven of whom were girls. In 1886 there were
+        living nine of these children, fifty grandchildren, and one
+        hundred and one great-grandchildren. Mr. Cameron is said to
+        have officiated at the funeral of Ann Rutledge in
+        1835.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/222-2.jpg"
+             name="fig222-2"
+             id="fig222-2"><img src="images/222-2.jpg"
+             alt="JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND SURVEYING
+        INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph taken at Jacksonville, Illinois, about
+        thirty years ago. James Short lived on Sand Ridge, a few
+        miles north of New Salem, and Lincoln was a frequent
+        visitor at his house. When Lincoln's horse and surveying
+        instruments were levied upon by a creditor and sold, Mr.
+        Short bought them in, and made Lincoln a present of them.
+        Lincoln, when President, made his old friend an Indian
+        agent in California. Mr. Short, in the course of his life,
+        was happily married five times. He died in Iowa many years
+        ago. His acquaintance with Lincoln began in rather an
+        interesting way. His sister, who lived in New Salem, had
+        made Lincoln a pair of jeans trousers. The material
+        supplied by Lincoln was scant, and the trousers came out
+        conspicuously short in the legs. One day when James Short
+        was visiting with his sister, he pointed to a man walking
+        down the street, and asked, "Who is that man in the short
+        breeches." "That is Lincoln," the sister replied; and Mr.
+        Short went out and introduced himself to
+        Lincoln.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page223"
+       id="page223"></a>[pg 223]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/223-1.jpg"
+             name="fig223-1"
+             id="fig223-1"><img src="images/223-1.jpg"
+             alt="SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT." /></a>
+
+        <h5>SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.</h5>
+
+        <p>Coleman Smoot was born in Virginia, February 13, 1794;
+        removed to Kentucky when a child; married Rebecca Wright
+        March 17, 1817; came to Illinois in 1831, and lived on a
+        farm across the Sangamon River from New Salem until his
+        death, March 21, 1876. He accumulated an immense fortune.
+        Lincoln met him for the first time in Offutt's store in
+        1831. "Smoot," said Lincoln, "I am disappointed in you; I
+        expected to see a man as ugly as old Probst," referring to
+        a man reputed to be the homeliest in the county. "And I am
+        disappointed," replied Smoot; "I had expected to see a
+        good-looking man when I saw you." From that moment they
+        were warm friends. After Lincoln's election to the
+        legislature in 1834, he called on Smoot, and said, "I want
+        to buy some clothes and fix up a little, so that I can make
+        a decent appearance in the legislature; and I want you to
+        loan me $200." The loan was cheerfully made, and of course
+        was subsequently repaid.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/223-2.jpg"
+             name="fig223-2"
+             id="fig223-2"><img src="images/223-2.jpg"
+             alt="SAMUEL HILL&mdash;AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SAMUEL HILL&mdash;AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE
+        POST-OFFICE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From an old daguerreotype. Samuel Hill was among the
+        earliest inhabitants of New Salem. He opened a general
+        store there in partnership with John McNeill,&mdash;the
+        John McNeill who became betrothed to Ann Rutledge, and
+        whose real name was afterwards discovered to be John
+        McNamar. When McNeill left New Salem and went East, Mr.
+        Hill became sole proprietor of the store. He also owned the
+        carding machine at New Salem. Lincoln, after going out of
+        the grocery business, made his headquarters at Samuel
+        Hill's store. There he kept the post-office, entertained
+        the loungers, and on busy days helped Mr. Hill wait on
+        customers. Mr. Hill is said to have once courted Ann
+        Rutledge himself, but he did not receive the encouragement
+        which was bestowed upon his partner, McNeill. In 1839 he
+        moved his store to Petersburg, and died there in 1857. In
+        1835 he married Miss Parthenia W. Nance, who still lives at
+        Petersburg.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/223-3.jpg"
+             name="fig223-3"
+             id="fig223-3"><img src="images/223-3.jpg"
+             alt="MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From an old tintype. Mary Ann Rutledge was the wife of
+        James Rutledge and the mother of Ann. She was born October
+        21, 1787, and reared in Kentucky. She lived to be
+        ninety-one years of age, dying in Iowa December 26, 1878.
+        The Rutledges left New Salem in 1833 or 1834, moving to a
+        farm a few miles northward. On this farm Ann Rutledge died
+        August 25, 1835; and here also, three months later
+        (December 3, 1835), died her father, broken-hearted, no
+        doubt, by the bereavement. In the following year the family
+        moved to Fulton County, Illinois, and some three years
+        later to Birmingham, Iowa. Of James Rutledge there is no
+        portrait in existence. He was born in South Carolina, May
+        11, 1781. He and his sons, John and David, served in the
+        Black Hawk War.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page224"
+       id="page224"></a>[pg 224]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/224-1.jpg"
+             name="fig224-1"
+             id="fig224-1"><img src="images/224-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED
+        SURVEYING.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a steel engraving in the possession of R.W. Diller,
+        Springfield, Illinois. John Calhoun was born in Boston,
+        Massachusetts, October 14, 1806; removed to the Mohawk
+        Valley, New York, in 1821; was educated at Canajoharie
+        Academy, and studied law. In 1830 he removed to
+        Springfield, Illinois, and after serving in the Black Hawk
+        War was appointed Surveyor of Sangamon County. He was
+        married there December 29, 1831, to Miss Sarah Cutter. He
+        was a Democratic Representative in 1838; Clerk of the House
+        in 1840; circuit clerk in 1842; Democratic presidential
+        elector in 1844; candidate for Governor before the
+        Democratic State convention in 1846; Mayor of Springfield
+        in 1849, 1850, and 1851; a candidate for Congress in 1852,
+        and in the same year again a Democratic presidential
+        elector. In 1854, President Pierce appointed him
+        Surveyor-General of Kansas, and he became conspicuous in
+        Kansas politics. He was president of the Lecompton
+        Convention. He died at St. Joseph, Missouri, October 25,
+        1859. Mr. Frederick Hawn, who was his boyhood friend, and
+        afterward married a sister of Calhoun's wife, is now living
+        at Leavenworth, Kansas, at the age of eighty-five years. In
+        an interesting letter to the writer, he says: "It has been
+        related that Calhoun induced Lincoln to study surveying in
+        order to become his deputy. Presuming that he was ready to
+        graduate and receive his commission, he called on Calhoun,
+        then living with his father-in-law, Seth R. Cutter, on
+        Upper Lick Creek. After the interview was concluded, Mr.
+        Lincoln, about to depart, remarked: 'Calhoun, I am entirely
+        unable to repay you for your generosity at present. All
+        that I have you see on me, except a quarter of a dollar in
+        my pocket.' This is a family tradition. However, my wife,
+        then a miss of sixteen, says, while I am writing this
+        sketch, that she distinctly remembers this interview. After
+        Lincoln was gone she says she and her sister, Mrs. Calhoun,
+        commenced making jocular remarks about his uncanny
+        appearance, in the presence of Calhoun, to which in
+        substance he made this rejoinder: 'For all that, he is no
+        common man.' My wife believes these were the exact
+        words."&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>We know from Dennis Hanks, from Mr. Turnham, to whom the
+    book belonged, and from other associates of Lincoln's at the
+    time, that he read this book intently and discussed its
+    contents intelligently. It was a remarkable volume for a
+    thoughtful lad whose mind had been fired already by the history
+    of Washington; for it opened with that wonderful document, the
+    Declaration of Independence, a document which became, as Mr.
+    John G. Nicolay says, "his political chart and inspiration."
+    Following the Declaration of Independence was the Constitution
+    of the United States, the Act of Virginia passed in 1783 by
+    which the "Territory North Westward of the river Ohio" was
+    conveyed to the United States, and the Ordinance of 1787 for
+    governing this territory, containing that clause on which
+    Lincoln in the future based many an argument on the slavery
+    question. This article, No. 6 of the Ordinance, reads: "There
+    shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
+    territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof
+    the party shall have been duly convicted: provided always, that
+    any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service
+    is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such
+    fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person
+    claiming his or her labour or service, as aforesaid."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/224-2.jpg"
+             name="fig224-2"
+             id="fig224-2"><img width="90%"
+             src="images/224-2.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S MAGAZINE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S
+        MAGAZINE.</h5>
+
+        <p>These saddle-bags, now in the Lincoln Monument at
+        Springfield, are said to have been used by Lincoln while he
+        was a surveyor.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page225"
+       id="page225"></a>[pg 225]</span>
+
+    <p>Following this was the Constitution and the Revised Laws of
+    Indiana, three hundred and seventy-five pages of five hundred
+    words each of statutes&mdash;enough law, if thoroughly
+    digested, to make a respectable lawyer. When Lincoln finished
+    this book, as he had probably before he was eighteen, we have
+    reason to believe that he understood the principles on which
+    the nation was founded, how the State of Indiana came into
+    being, and how it was governed. His understanding of the
+    subject was clear and practical, and he applied it in his
+    reading, thinking, and discussion.</p><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/225.jpg"
+             name="fig225"
+             id="fig225"><img src="images/225.jpg"
+             alt="REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN&mdash;HITHERTO
+        UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>Photographed for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original,
+        now on file in the County Clerk's office, Springfield,
+        Illinois. The survey here reported was made in pursuance of
+        an order of the County Commissioners' Court, September 1,
+        1834, in which Lincoln was designated as the surveyor.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It was after he had read the Laws of Indiana that Lincoln
+    had free access to the library of his admirer, Judge John
+    Pitcher of Rockport, Indiana, where undoubtedly he examined
+    many law-books. But from the time he left Indiana in 1830 he
+    had no legal reading until one day soon after the grocery was
+    started, when there happened one of those trivial incidents
+    which so often turn the current of a life. It is best told in
+    Mr. Lincoln's own words.<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+       "One day a man who was migrating to the West drove up in
+       front of my store with a wagon which contained his family
+       and household plunder. He asked me if I would buy an old
+       barrel, for which he had no room in his wagon, and which he
+       said contained nothing of special value. I did not want it,
+       but to oblige him I bought it, and paid him, I think, half a
+       dollar for it. Without further examination, I put it away in
+       the store, and forgot all about it. Some time after, in
+       overhauling things, I came upon the barrel, and emptying it
+       upon the floor to see what it contained, I found at the
+       bottom of the rubbish a complete edition of Blackstone's
+       Commentaries. I began to read those famous works, and I had
+       plenty of time; for, during the long summer days, when the
+       farmers were busy with their crops, my customers were few
+       and far between. The more I read"&mdash;this he said with
+       unusual emphasis&mdash;"the more intensely interested I
+       became. Never in my whole life was my mind so thoroughly
+       absorbed. I read until I devoured
+       them."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page226"
+       id="page226"></a>[pg 226]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/226.jpg"
+             name="fig226"
+             id="fig226"><img src="images/226.jpg"
+             alt="A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY, ILLINOIS&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD
+        COUNTY, ILLINOIS&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>Photographed from the original for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+        This map, which, as here reproduced, is about one-half the
+        size of the original, accompanied Lincoln's report of the
+        survey of a part of the road between Athens and Sangamon
+        town. For making this map, Lincoln received fifty cents.
+        The road evidently was located "on good ground," and was
+        "necessary and proper," as the report says, for it is still
+        the main travelled highway leading into the country south
+        of Athens, Menard County.</p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>BERRY AND LINCOLN GET A TAVERN LICENSE.</h4>
+
+    <p>But all this was fatal to business, and by spring it was
+    evident that something must be done to stimulate the grocery
+    sales.</p>
+
+    <p>On the 6th of March, 1833, the County Commissioners' Court
+    of Sangamon County granted the firm of Berry and Lincoln a
+    license to keep a tavern at New Salem. A copy of this license
+    is here given:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="noteBox">
+        <p>Ordered that William F. Berry, in the name of Berry and
+        Lincoln, have a license to keep a tavern in New Salem to
+        continue 12 months from this date, and that they pay one
+        dollar in addition to the six dollars heretofore paid as
+        per Treasurer's receipt, and that they be allowed the
+        following rates (viz.):</p>
+        <pre class="note">
+French Brandy per 1/2 pt.  25
+Peach  "       "    "   .  18-3/4
+Apple  "       "    "   .  12
+Holland Gin    "    "   .  18-3/4
+Domestic       "    "   .  12-1/2
+Wine           "    "   .  25
+Rum            "    "   .  18-3/4
+Whisky         "    "   .  12-1/2
+Breakfast, din'r or supper 25
+Lodging per night........  12-1/2
+Horse per night..........  25
+Single feed..............  12-1/2
+Breakfast, dinner or supper
+for Stage Passengers.....  37-1/2
+
+who gave bond as required by law.
+</pre>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>It is probable that the license was procured to enable the
+    firm to retail the liquors which they had in stock, and not for
+    keeping a tavern. In a community in which liquor-drinking was
+    practically universal, at a time when whiskey was as legitimate
+    an article of merchandise as coffee or calico, when no family
+    was without a jug, when the minister of the gospel could
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page227"
+       id="page227"></a>[pg 227]</span> take his "dram" without any
+       breach of propriety, it is not surprising that a reputable
+       young man should have been found selling whiskey. Liquor was
+       sold at all groceries, but it could not be lawfully sold in
+       a smaller quantity than one quart. The law, however, was not
+       always rigidly observed, and it was the custom of
+       store-keepers to "set up" the drinks to their patrons. Each
+       of the three groceries which Berry and Lincoln acquired had
+       the usual supply of liquors, and the combined stock must
+       have amounted almost to a superabundance. It was only good
+       business that they should seek a way to dispose of the
+       surplus quickly and profitably&mdash;an end which could be
+       best accomplished by selling it over the counter by the
+       glass. Lawfully to do this required a tavern license; and it
+       is a warrantable conclusion that such was the chief aim of
+       Berry and Lincoln in procuring a franchise of this
+       character. We are fortified in this conclusion by the
+       coincidence that three other grocers of New
+       Salem&mdash;William Clary, Henry Sincoe, and George
+       Warberton&mdash;were among those who took out tavern
+       licenses. To secure the lawful privilege of selling whiskey
+       by the "dram" was no doubt their purpose; for their
+       "taverns" were as mythical as the inn of Berry and
+       Lincoln.</p>
+
+    <p>At the granting of a tavern license, the applicants therefor
+    were required by law to file a bond. The bond given in the case
+    of Berry and Lincoln was as follows:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="noteBox">
+        <p>Know all men by these presents, we, William F. Berry,
+        Abraham Lincoln and John Bowling Green, are held and firmly
+        bound unto the County Commissioners of Sangamon County in
+        the full sum of three hundred dollars to which payment well
+        and truly to be made we bind ourselves, our heirs,
+        executors and administrators firmly by these presents,
+        sealed with our seal and dated this 6th day of March A.D.
+        1833. Now the condition of this obligation is such that
+        Whereas the said Berry &amp; Lincoln has obtained a license
+        from the County Commissioners Court to keep a tavern in the
+        Town of New Salem to continue one year. Now if the said
+        Berry &amp; Lincoln shall be of good behavior and observe
+        all the laws of this State relative to tavern
+        keepers&mdash;then this obligation to be void or otherwise
+        remain in full force.</p>
+
+        <p class="right">ABRAHAM LINCOLN [Seal]</p>
+
+        <p class="right">WM. F. BERRY [Seal]</p>
+
+        <p class="right">BOWLING GREEN [Seal]</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>This bond appears to have been written by the clerk of the
+    Commissioners' Court; and Lincoln's name was signed by some one
+    other than himself, very likely by his partner Berry.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/227.jpg"
+             name="fig227"
+             id="fig227"><img src="images/227.jpg"
+             alt="A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S
+        WELL."</h5>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE FIRM HIRES A CLERK.</h4>
+
+    <p>The license seems to have stimulated the business, for the
+    firm concluded to hire a clerk. The young man who secured this
+    position was Daniel Green Burner, son of Isaac Burner, at whose
+    house Lincoln for a time boarded. He is still living on a farm
+    near Galesburg, Illinois, and is in the eighty-second year of
+    his age. "The store building of Berry and Lincoln," says Mr.
+    Burner, "was a frame building, not very large, one story in
+    height, and contained two rooms. In the little back room
+    Lincoln had a fireplace and a bed. There is where we slept. I
+    clerked in the store through the winter of 1834, up to the 1st
+    of March. While I was there they had nothing for sale but
+    liquors. They may have had some groceries before that, but I am
+    certain they had none then. I used to sell whiskey over their
+    counter at six cents a glass&mdash;and charged it, too. N.A.
+    Garland started a store, and Lincoln wanted Berry to ask his
+    father for a loan, so they could buy out Garland; but Berry
+    refused, saying this was one of the last things he would think
+    of doing."</p>
+
+    <p>Among the other persons yet living who were residents with
+    Lincoln of New Salem or its near neighborhood are Mrs.
+    Parthenia <span class="pagenum"><a name="page228"
+       id="page228"></a>[pg 228]</span> W. Hill, aged seventy-nine
+       years, widow of Samuel Hill, the New Salem merchant; James
+       McGrady Rutledge, aged eighty-one years; John Potter, aged
+       eighty-seven years; and Thomas Watkins, aged seventy-one
+       years&mdash;all now living at Petersburg, Illinois. Mrs.
+       Hill, a woman of more than ordinary intelligence, did not
+       become a resident of New Salem until 1835, the year in which
+       she was married. Lincoln had then gone out of business, but
+       she knew much of his store. "Berry and Lincoln," she says,
+       "did not keep any dry goods. They had a grocery, and I have
+       always understood they sold whiskey." Mr. Rutledge, a nephew
+       of James Rutledge the tavern-keeper, has a vivid
+       recollection of the store. He says: "I have been in Berry
+       and Lincoln's store many a time. The building was a
+       frame&mdash;one of the few frame buildings in New Salem.
+       There were two rooms, and in the small back room they kept
+       their whiskey. They had pretty much everything, except dry
+       goods&mdash;sugar, coffee, some crockery, a few pairs of
+       shoes (not many), some farming implements, and the like.
+       Whiskey, of course, was a necessary part of their stock. I
+       remember one transaction in particular which I had with
+       them. I sold the firm a load of wheat, which they turned
+       over to the mill." Mr. Potter, who remembers the morning
+       when Lincoln, then a stranger on his way to New Salem,
+       stopped at his father's house and ate breakfast, knows less
+       about the store, but says: "It was a grocery, and they sold
+       whiskey, of course." Thomas Watkins says that the store
+       contained "a little candy, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, and
+       the like;" though Mr. Watkins, being then a small boy, and
+       living a mile in the country, was not a frequent visitor at
+       the store.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN APPOINTED POSTMASTER.</h4>
+
+    <p>Business was not so brisk, however, in Berry and Lincoln's
+    grocery, even after the license was granted, that the junior
+    partner did not welcome an appointment as postmaster which he
+    received in May, 1833. The appointment of a Whig by a
+    Democratic administration seems to have been made without
+    comment. "The office was too insignificant to make his politics
+    an objection," say the autobiographical notes. The duties of
+    the new office were not arduous, for letters were few, and
+    their comings far between. At that date the mails were carried
+    by four-horse post-coaches from city to city, and on horseback
+    from central points into the country towns. The rates of
+    postage were high. A single-sheet letter carried thirty miles
+    or under cost six cents; thirty to eighty miles, ten cents;
+    eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and one-half
+    cents; one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles, eighteen
+    and one-half cents; over four hundred miles, twenty-five cents.
+    A copy of this magazine sent from New York to New Salem would
+    have cost fully twenty-five cents. The mail was irregular in
+    coming as well as light in its contents. Though supposed to
+    arrive twice a week, it sometimes happened that a fortnight or
+    more passed without any mail. Under these conditions the New
+    Salem post-office was not a serious care.</p>
+
+    <p>A large number of the patrons of the office lived in the
+    country&mdash;many of them miles away&mdash;but generally
+    Lincoln delivered their letters at their doors. These letters
+    he would carefully place in the crown of his hat, and
+    distribute them from house to house. Thus it was in a measure
+    true that he kept the New Salem post-office in his hat. The
+    habit of carrying papers in his hat clung to Lincoln; for, many
+    years later, when he was a practising lawyer in Springfield, he
+    apologized for failing to answer a letter promptly, by
+    explaining: "When I received your letter I put it in my old
+    hat, and buying a new one the next day, the old one was set
+    aside, and so the letter was lost sight of for a time."</p>
+
+    <p>But whether the mail was delivered by the postmaster
+    himself, or the recipient came to the store to inquire,
+    "Anything for me?" it was the habit "to stop and visit awhile."
+    He who received a letter read it and told the contents; if he
+    had a newspaper, usually the postmaster could tell him in
+    advance what it contained, for one of the perquisites of the
+    early post-office was the privilege of reading all printed
+    matter before delivering it. Every day, then, Lincoln's
+    acquaintance in New Salem, through his position as postmaster,
+    became more intimate.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>A NEW OPENING.</h4>
+
+    <p>As the summer of 1833 went on, the condition of the store
+    became more and more unsatisfactory. As the position of
+    postmaster brought in only a small revenue, Lincoln was forced
+    to take any odd work he could get. He helped in other stores in
+    the town, split rails, and looked after the mill; but all this
+    yielded only a scant and uncertain support, and when in the
+    fall he <span class="pagenum"><a name="page229"
+       id="page229"></a>[pg 229]</span> had an opportunity to learn
+       surveying, he accepted it eagerly.</p>
+
+    <p>The condition of affairs in Illinois in the thirties made a
+    demand for the services of surveyors. The immigration had been
+    phenomenal. There were thousands of farms to be surveyed and
+    thousands of "corners" to be located. Speculators bought up
+    large tracts, and mapped out cities on paper. It was years
+    before the first railroad was built in Illinois, and as all
+    inland travelling was on horseback or in the stage-coach, each
+    year hundreds of miles of wagon road were opened through woods
+    and swamps and prairies. As the county of Sangamon was large
+    and eagerly sought by immigrants, the county surveyor in 1833,
+    one John Calhoun, needed deputies; but in a country so new it
+    was no easy matter to find men with the requisite capacity.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/229.jpg"
+             name="fig229"
+             id="fig229"><img src="images/229.jpg"
+             alt="CONCORD CEMETERY." /></a>
+
+        <h5>CONCORD CEMETERY.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg,
+        Illinois. Concord cemetery lies seven miles northwest of
+        the old town of New Salem, in a secluded place, surrounded
+        by woods and pastures, away from the world. In this lonely
+        spot Ann Rutledge was at first laid to rest. Thither
+        Lincoln is said to have often come alone, and "sat in
+        silence for hours at a time;" and it was to Ann Rutledge's
+        grave here that he pointed and said: "There my heart lies
+        buried." The old cemetery suffered the melancholy fate of
+        New Salem. It became a neglected, deserted spot. The graves
+        were lost in weeds, and a heavy growth of trees kept out
+        the sun and filled the place with gloom. A dozen years ago
+        this picture was taken. It was a blustery day in the
+        autumn, and the weeds and trees were swaying before a
+        furious gale. No other picture of the place, taken while
+        Ann Rutledge was buried there, is known to be in existence.
+        A picture of a cemetery, with the name of Ann Rutledge on a
+        high, flat tombstone, has been published in two or three
+        books; but it is not genuine, the "stone" being nothing
+        more than a board improvised for the occasion. The grave of
+        Ann Rutledge was never honored with a stone until the body
+        was taken up in 1890 and removed to Oakland cemetery, a
+        mile southwest of Petersburg.&mdash;<i>J. McCan
+        Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>With Lincoln, Calhoun had little, if any, personal
+    acquaintance, for they lived twenty miles apart. Lincoln,
+    however, had made himself known by his meteoric race for the
+    legislature in 1832, and Calhoun had heard of him as an honest,
+    intelligent, and trustworthy young man. One day he sent word to
+    Lincoln by Pollard Simmons, who lived in the New Salem
+    neighborhood, that he had decided to appoint him a deputy
+    surveyor if he would accept the position.</p>
+
+    <p>Going into the woods, Simmons found Lincoln engaged in his
+    old occupation of making rails. The two sat down together on a
+    log, and Simmons told Lincoln what Calhoun had said. It was a
+    surprise to Lincoln. Calhoun was a "Jackson man;" he was for
+    Clay. What did he know about surveying, and why should a
+    Democratic official offer him a position of any kind? He
+    immediately went to Springfield, and had a talk with Calhoun.
+    He would not accept the appointment, he said, unless he had the
+    assurance that it involved no political obligation, and that he
+    might continue to express his political opinions as freely and
+    frequently as he chose. This assurance was given. The only
+    difficulty then in the way was the fact that he knew absolutely
+    nothing of surveying. But Calhoun, of course, understood this,
+    and agreed that he should have time to
+    learn.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230"
+       id="page230"></a>[pg 230]</span>
+
+    <p>With the promptness of action with which he always undertook
+    anything he had to do, he procured Flint and Gibson's treatise
+    on surveying, and sought Mentor Graham for help. At a sacrifice
+    of some time, the schoolmaster aided him to a partial mastery
+    of the intricate subject. Lincoln worked literally day and
+    night, sitting up night after night until the crowing of the
+    cock warned him of the approaching dawn. So hard did he study
+    that his friends were greatly concerned at his haggard face.
+    But in six weeks he had mastered all the books within reach
+    relating to the subject&mdash;a task which, under ordinary
+    circumstances, would hardly have been achieved in as many
+    months. Reporting to Calhoun for duty (greatly to the amazement
+    of that gentleman), he was at once assigned to the territory in
+    the northwest part of the county, and the first work he did of
+    which there is any authentic record was in January, 1834. In
+    that month he surveyed a piece of land for Russell Godby,
+    dating the certificate January 14, 1834, and signing it "J.
+    Calhoun, S.S.C., by A. Lincoln."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln was frequently employed in laying out public roads,
+    being selected for that purpose by the County Commissioners'
+    Court. So far as can be learned from the official records, the
+    first road he surveyed was "from Musick's Ferry on Salt Creek,
+    via New Salem, to the county line in the direction of
+    Jacksonville." For this he was allowed fifteen dollars for five
+    days' service, and two dollars and fifty cents for a plat of
+    the new road. The next road he surveyed, according to the
+    records, was that leading from Athens to Sangamon town. This
+    was reported to the County Commissioners' Court November 4,
+    1834. But road surveying was only a small portion of his work.
+    He was more frequently employed by private
+    individuals.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>SURVEYING WITH A GRAPEVINE.</h4>
+
+    <p>According to tradition, when he first took up the business
+    he was too poor to buy a chain, and, instead, used a long,
+    straight grape-vine. Probably this is a myth, though surveyors
+    who had experience in the early days say it may be true. The
+    chains commonly used at that time were made of iron. Constant
+    use wore away and weakened the links, and it was no unusual
+    thing for a chain to lengthen six inches after a year's use.
+    "And a good grape-vine," to use the words of a veteran
+    surveyor, "would give quite as satisfactory results as one of
+    those old-fashioned chains."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln's surveys had the extraordinary merit of being
+    correct. Much of the government work had been rather
+    indifferently done, or the government corners had been
+    imperfectly preserved, and there were frequent disputes between
+    adjacent land-owners about boundary lines. Frequently Lincoln
+    was called upon in such cases to find the corner in
+    controversy. His verdict was invariably the end of the dispute,
+    so general was the confidence in his honesty and skill. Some of
+    these old corners located by him are still in existence. The
+    people of Petersburg proudly remember that they live in a town
+    which was laid out by Lincoln. This he did in 1836, and it was
+    the work of several weeks.</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln's pay as a surveyor was three dollars a day, more
+    than he had ever before earned. Compared with the compensation
+    for like services nowadays it seems small enough; but at that
+    time it was really princely. The Governor of the State received
+    a salary of only one thousand dollars a year, the Secretary of
+    State six hundred dollars, and good board and lodging could be
+    obtained for one dollar a week. But even three dollars a day
+    did not enable him to meet all his financial obligations. The
+    heavy debts of the store hung over him. The long distances he
+    had to travel in his new employment had made it necessary to
+    buy a horse, and for it he had gone into debt.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father," says Thomas Watkins of Petersburg, who
+    remembers the circumstances well, "sold Lincoln the horse, and
+    my recollection is that Lincoln agreed to pay him fifty dollars
+    for it. Lincoln was a little slow in making the payments, and
+    after he had paid all but ten dollars, my father, who was a
+    high-strung man, became impatient, and sued him for the
+    balance. Lincoln, of course, did not deny the debt, and raised
+    the money and paid it. I do not often tell this," Mr. Watkins
+    adds, "because I have always thought there never was such a man
+    as Lincoln, and I have always been sorry father sued
+    him."</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>BUSINESS REVERSES.</h4>
+
+    <p>Between his duties as deputy surveyor and postmaster,
+    Lincoln had little leisure for the store, and its management
+    had passed into the hands of Berry. The stock of groceries was
+    on the wane. The numerous obligations of the firm were
+    maturing, with no money to meet them. Both members
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page231"
+       id="page231"></a>[pg 231]</span> of the firm, in the face of
+       such obstacles, lost courage; and when, early in 1834,
+       Alexander and William Trent asked if the store was for sale,
+       an affirmative answer was eagerly given. A price was agreed
+       upon, and the sale was made. Now, neither Alexander Trent
+       nor his brother had any money; but as Berry and Lincoln had
+       bought without money, it seemed only fair that they should
+       be willing to sell on the same terms. Accordingly the notes
+       of the Trent brothers were accepted for the purchase price,
+       and the store was turned over to the new owners. But about
+       the time their notes fell due the Trent brothers
+       disappeared. The few groceries in the store were seized by
+       creditors, and the doors were closed, never to be opened
+       again.</p>
+
+    <p>Misfortunes now crowded upon Lincoln. His late partner,
+    Berry, soon reached the end of his wild career; and one morning
+    a farmer from the Rock Creek neighborhood drove into New Salem
+    with the news that he was dead.</p>
+
+    <p>The appalling debt which had accumulated was thrown upon
+    Lincoln's shoulders. It was then too common a fashion among men
+    who became deluged in debt to "clear out," in the expressive
+    language of the pioneer, as the Trents had done; but this was
+    not Lincoln's way. He quietly settled down among the men he
+    owed, and promised to pay them. For fifteen years he carried
+    this burden&mdash;a load which he cheerfully and manfully bore,
+    but one so heavy that he habitually spoke of it as the
+    "national debt." Talking once of it to a friend, Lincoln said:
+    "That debt was the greatest obstacle I have ever met in life; I
+    had no way of speculating, and could not earn money except by
+    labor, and to earn by labor eleven hundred dollars, besides my
+    living, seemed the work of a lifetime. There was, however, but
+    one way. I went to the creditors, and told them that if they
+    would let me alone, I would give them all I could earn over my
+    living, as fast as I could earn it." As late as 1848, so we are
+    informed by Mr. Herndon, Mr. Lincoln, then a member of
+    Congress, sent home money saved from his salary to be applied
+    on these obligations. All the notes, with interest at the high
+    rates then prevailing, were at last paid.</p>
+
+    <p>With a single exception Lincoln's creditors seem to have
+    been lenient. One of the notes given by him came into the hands
+    of a Mr. Van Bergen, who, when it fell due, brought suit. The
+    amount of the judgment was more than Lincoln could pay, and his
+    personal effects were levied upon. These consisted of his
+    horse, saddle and bridle, and surveying instruments. James
+    Short, a well-to-do farmer living on Sand Ridge a few miles
+    north of New Salem, heard of the trouble which had befallen his
+    young friend. Without advising Lincoln of his plans he attended
+    the sale, bought in the horse and surveying instruments for one
+    hundred and twenty dollars, and turned them over to their
+    former owner.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/231.jpg"
+             name="fig231"
+             id="fig231"><img src="images/231.jpg"
+             alt="STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln's first meeting with Douglas occurred at the State
+    capital, Vandalia, in the winter of 1834-35, when Lincoln was
+    serving his first term in the legislature, and Douglas was an
+    applicant for the office of State attorney for the first
+    judicial district of Illinois.]</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln never forgot a benefactor. He not only repaid the
+    money with interest, but nearly thirty years later remembered
+    the kindness in a most substantial way. After Lincoln left New
+    Salem financial reverses came to James Short, and he removed to
+    the far West to seek his fortune anew. Early in Lincoln's
+    presidential term he heard that "Uncle Jimmy" was living
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page232"
+       id="page232"></a>[pg 232]</span> in California. One day Mr.
+       Short received a letter from Washington, D.C. Tearing it
+       open, he read the gratifying announcement that he had been
+       commissioned an Indian agent.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE KINDNESS SHOWN LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM.</h4>
+
+    <p>The kindness of Mr. Short was not exceptional in Lincoln's
+    New Salem career. When the store had "winked out," as he put
+    it, and the post-office had been left without headquarters, one
+    of his neighbors, Samuel Hill, invited the homeless postmaster
+    into his store. There was hardly a man or woman in the
+    community who would not have been glad to do as much. It was a
+    simple recognition on their part of Lincoln's friendliness to
+    them. He was what they called "obliging"&mdash;a man who
+    instinctively did the thing which he saw would help another, no
+    matter how trivial or homely it was. In the home of Rowan
+    Herndon, where he had boarded when he first came to the town,
+    he had made himself loved by his care of the children. "He
+    nearly always had one of them around with him," says Mr.
+    Herndon. In the Rutledge tavern, where he afterwards lived, the
+    landlord told with appreciation how, when his house was full,
+    Lincoln gave up his bed, went to the store, and slept on the
+    counter, his pillow a web of calico. If a traveller "stuck in
+    the mud" in New Salem's one street, Lincoln was always the
+    first to help pull out the wheel. The widows praised him
+    because he "chopped their wood;" the overworked, because he was
+    always ready to give them a lift. It was the spontaneous,
+    unobtrusive helpfulness of the man's nature which endeared him
+    to everybody and which inspired a general desire to do all
+    possible in return. There are many tales told of homely service
+    rendered him, even by the hard-working farmers' wives around
+    New Salem. There was not one of them who did not gladly "put on
+    a plate" for Abe Lincoln when he appeared, or would not darn or
+    mend for him when she knew he needed it. Hannah Armstrong, the
+    wife of the hero of Clary's Grove, made him one of her family.
+    "Abe would come out to our house," she said, "drink milk, eat
+    mush, cornbread and butter, bring the children candy, and rock
+    the cradle while I got him something to eat.... Has stayed at
+    our house two or three weeks at a time." Lincoln's pay for his
+    first piece of surveying came in the shape of two buckskins,
+    and it was Hannah who "foxed" them on his trousers.</p>
+
+    <p>His relations were equally friendly in the better homes of
+    the community; even at the minister's, the Rev. John Cameron's,
+    he was perfectly at home, and Mrs. Cameron was by him
+    affectionately called "Aunt Polly." It was not only his kindly
+    service which made Lincoln loved; it was his sympathetic
+    comprehension of the lives and joys and sorrows and interests
+    of the people. Whether it was Jack Armstrong and his wrestling,
+    Hannah and her babies, Kelso and his fishing and poetry, the
+    schoolmaster and his books&mdash;with one and all he was at
+    home. He possessed in an extraordinary degree the power of
+    entering into the interests of others, a power found only in
+    reflective, unselfish natures endowed with a humorous sense of
+    human foibles, coupled with great tenderness of heart. Men and
+    women amused Lincoln, but so long as they were sincere he loved
+    them and sympathized with them. He was human in the best sense
+    of that fine word.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN'S ACQUAINTANCE IN SANGAMON COUNTY IS EXTENDED.</h4>
+
+    <p>Now that the store was closed and his surveying increased,
+    Lincoln had an excellent opportunity to extend his
+    acquaintance, for he was travelling about the country.
+    Everywhere he won friends. The surveyor naturally was respected
+    for his calling's sake, but the new deputy surveyor was admired
+    for his friendly ways, his willingness to lend a hand indoors
+    as well as out, his learning, his ambition, his independence.
+    Throughout the county he began to be regarded as "a right smart
+    young man." Some of his associates appear even to have
+    comprehended his peculiarly great character and dimly to have
+    foreseen a splendid future. "Often," says Daniel Green Burner,
+    Berry and Lincoln's clerk in the grocery, "I have heard my
+    brother-in-law, Dr. Duncan, say he would not be surprised if
+    some day Abe Lincoln got to be Governor of Illinois. Lincoln,"
+    Mr. Burner adds, "was thought to know a little more than
+    anybody else among the young people. He was a good debater, and
+    liked it. He read much, and seemed never to forget
+    anything."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln was fully conscious of his popularity, and it seemed
+    to him in 1834 that he could safely venture to try again for
+    the legislature. Accordingly he announced himself as a
+    candidate, spending much of the summer of 1834 in
+    electioneering. It <span class="pagenum"><a name="page233"
+       id="page233"></a>[pg 233]</span> was a repetition of what he
+       had done in 1832, though on the larger scale made possible
+       by wider acquaintance. In company with the other candidates,
+       he rode up and down the county, making speeches in the
+       public squares, in shady groves, now and then in a log
+       school-house. In his speeches he soon distinguished himself
+       by the amazing candor with which he dealt with all
+       questions, and by his curious blending of audacity and
+       humility. Wherever he saw a crowd of men he joined them, and
+       he never failed to adapt himself to their point of view in
+       asking for votes. If the degree of physical strength was
+       their test for a candidate, he was ready to lift a weight or
+       wrestle with the country-side champion; if the amount of
+       grain a man could cradle would recommend him, he seized the
+       cradle and showed the swath he could cut. The campaign was
+       well conducted, for in August he was elected one of the four
+       assemblymen from Sangamon. The vote at this election stood:
+       Dawson, 1390; Lincoln, 1376; Carpenter, 1170; Stuart,
+       1164.<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/233.jpg"
+             name="fig233"
+             id="fig233"><img src="images/233.jpg"
+             alt="MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO STUDY LAW." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO
+        STUDY LAW.</h5>
+
+        <p>Born in Kentucky in 1807. At twenty-one, on being
+        admitted to the bar, he removed to Springfield, Illinois,
+        and was soon prominent in his profession. He was a member
+        of the legislature from 1832 to 1836. In 1838 he defeated
+        Stephen A. Douglas for Congress, and served two
+        terms&mdash;as a Whig. In 1863 and 1864 he served a third
+        term&mdash;as a Democrat. He served also in the State
+        Senate, and was a major in the Black Hawk War. He died in
+        1885.</p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>HE FINALLY DECIDES ON A LEGAL CAREER.</h4>
+
+    <p>The best thing which Lincoln did in the canvass of 1834 was
+    not winning votes; it was coming to a determination to read
+    law, not for pleasure but as a business. In his
+    autobiographical notes he says: "During the canvass, in a
+    private conversation Major John T. Stuart (one of his
+    fellow-candidates) encouraged Abraham to study law. After the
+    election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him,
+    and went at it in good earnest. He never studied with anybody."
+    He seems to have thrown himself into the work with an almost
+    impatient ardor. As he tramped back and forth from Springfield,
+    twenty miles away, to get his law-books, he read sometimes
+    forty pages or more on the way. Often he was seen wandering at
+    random across the fields, repeating aloud the points in his
+    last reading. The subject seemed never to be out of his mind.
+    It was the great absorbing interest of his life. The rule he
+    gave twenty years later to a young man who wanted to know how
+    to become a lawyer, seems to have been the one he
+    practised.<a id="footnotetag4"
+       name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>Having secured a book of legal forms, he was soon able to
+    write deeds, contracts, and all sorts of legal instruments; and
+    he was frequently called upon by his neighbors to perform
+    services of this kind. "In 1834," says Daniel Green Burner,
+    Berry and Lincoln's clerk, "my father, Isaac Burner, sold out
+    to Henry Onstott, and he wanted a deed written. I knew how
+    handy Lincoln was that way, and suggested that we get him. We
+    found him sitting on a stump. 'All right,' said he, when
+    informed what we wanted. 'If you will bring me a pen and ink
+    and a piece of paper I will write it here.' I brought him these
+    articles, and, picking up a shingle and putting it on his knee
+    for a desk, he wrote out the deed." As there was no practising
+    lawyer nearer than Springfield, Lincoln was often employed to
+    act the part of advocate before the village squire, at
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page234"
+       id="page234"></a>[pg 234]</span> that time Bowling Green. He
+       realized that this experience was valuable, and never, so
+       far as known, demanded or accepted a fee for his services in
+       these petty cases.</p>
+
+    <p>Justice was sometimes administered in a summary way in
+    Squire Green's court. Precedents and the venerable rules of law
+    had little weight. The "Squire" took judicial notice of a great
+    many facts, often going so far as to fill, simultaneously, the
+    two functions of witness and court. But his decisions were
+    generally just.</p>
+
+    <p>James McGrady Rutledge tells a story in which several of
+    Lincoln's old friends figure and which illustrates the legal
+    practices of New Salem. "Jack Kelso," says Mr. Rutledge, "owned
+    or claimed to own a white hog. It was also claimed by John
+    Ferguson. The hog had often wandered around Bowling Green's
+    place, and he was somewhat acquainted with it. Ferguson sued
+    Kelso, and the case was tried before 'Squire' Green. The
+    plaintiff produced two witnesses who testified positively that
+    the hog belonged to him. Kelso had nothing to offer, save his
+    own unsupported claim.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Are there any more witnesses?' inquired the court.</p>
+
+    <p>"He was informed that there were no more.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Well,' said 'Squire' Green, 'the two witnesses we have
+    heard have sworn to a &mdash;&mdash; lie. I know this shoat,
+    and I know it belongs to Jack Kelso. I therefore decide this
+    case in his favor.'"</p>
+
+    <p>An extract from the record of the County Commissioners'
+    Court illustrates the nature of the cases that came before the
+    justice of the peace in Lincoln's day. It also shows the price
+    put upon the privilege of working on Sunday, in 1832:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>JANUARY 29, 1832.&mdash;Alexander Gibson found guilty of
+        Sabbath-breaking and fined 12&frac12; cents. Fine paid into
+        court.</p>
+
+        <p class="author">"(Signed) EDWARD ROBINSON, J.P."</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN ENTERS THE ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY.</h4>
+
+    <p>The session of the ninth Assembly began December 1, 1834,
+    and Lincoln went to the capital, then Vandalia, seventy-five
+    miles southeast of New Salem, on the Kaskaskia River, in time
+    for the opening. Vandalia was a town which had been called into
+    existence in 1820 especially to give the State government an
+    abiding-place. Its very name had been chosen, it is said,
+    because it "sounded well" for a State capital. As the tradition
+    goes, while the commissioners were debating what they should
+    call the town they were making, a wag suggested that it be
+    named Vandalia, in honor of the Vandals, a tribe of Indians
+    which, said he, had once lived on the borders of the Kaskaskia;
+    this, he argued, would conserve a local tradition while giving
+    a euphonous title. The commissioners, pleased with so good a
+    suggestion, adopted the name. When Lincoln first went to
+    Vandalia it was a town of about eight hundred inhabitants; its
+    noteworthy features, according to Peck's "Gazetteer" of
+    Illinois for 1834, being a brick court-house, a two-story brick
+    edifice "used by State officers," "a neat framed house of
+    worship for the Presbyterian Society, with a cupola and bell,"
+    "a framed meeting-house for the Methodist Society," three
+    taverns, several stores, five lawyers, four physicians, a land
+    office, and two newspapers. It was a much larger town than
+    Lincoln had ever lived in before, though he was familiar with
+    Springfield, then twice as large as Vandalia, and he had seen
+    the cities of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+    <p>The Assembly which he entered was composed of eighty-one
+    members,&mdash;twenty-six senators, fifty-five representatives.
+    As a rule, these men were of Kentucky, Tennessee, or Virginia
+    origin, with here and there a Frenchman. There were but few
+    Eastern men, for there was still a strong prejudice in the
+    State against Yankees. The close bargains and superior airs of
+    the emigrants from New England contrasted so unpleasantly with
+    the open-handed hospitality and the easy ways of the
+    Southerners and French, that a pioneer's prospects were blasted
+    at the start if he acted like a Yankee. A history of Illinois
+    in 1837, published evidently to "boom" the State, cautioned the
+    emigrant that if he began his life in Illinois by "affecting
+    superior intelligence and virtue, and catechizing the people
+    for their habits of plainness and simplicity and their apparent
+    want of those things which he imagines indispensable to
+    comfort," he must expect to be forever marked as "a Yankee,"
+    and to have his prospects correspondingly defeated. A
+    "hard-shell" Baptist preacher of about this date showed the
+    feeling of the people when he said, in preaching of the
+    richness of the grace of the Lord: "It tuks in the isles of the
+    sea and the uttermust part of the yeth. It embraces the
+    Esquimaux and the Hottentots, and some, my dear brethering, go
+    so far as to suppose that it tuks in the poor benighted
+    Yankees, but <i>I don't go that fur</i>." When it came to an
+    election of legislators, many of the people "didn't go that
+    fur" either.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page235"
+       id="page235"></a>[pg 235]</span>
+
+    <p>There was a preponderance of jean suits like Lincoln's in
+    the Assembly, and there were coonskin caps and buckskin
+    trousers. Nevertheless, more than one member showed a studied
+    garb and a courtly manner. Some of the best blood of the South
+    went into the making of Illinois, and it showed itself from the
+    first in the Assembly. The surroundings of the legislators were
+    quite as simple as the attire of the plainest of them. The
+    court-house, in good old Colonial style, with square pillars
+    and belfry, was finished with wooden desks and benches. The
+    State furnished her law-makers no superfluities&mdash;three
+    dollars a day, a cork inkstand, a certain number of quills, and
+    a limited amount of stationery was all an Illinois legislator
+    in 1834 got from his position. Scarcely more could be expected
+    from a State whose revenues from December 1, 1834, to December
+    1, 1836, were only about one hundred and twenty-five thousand
+    dollars, with expenditures during the same period amounting to
+    less than one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/235.jpg"
+             name="fig235"
+             id="fig235"><img src="images/235.jpg"
+             alt="JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S
+        FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838,
+        was born in Kentucky in 1794. The son of an officer of the
+        regular army, he, at nineteen, became a soldier in the war
+        of 1812, and did gallant service. He removed to Illinois in
+        1818, and soon became prominent in the State, serving as a
+        major-general of militia, a State Senator, and, from 1826
+        to 1834, as a member of Congress, resigning from Congress
+        to take the office of Governor. He was at first a Democrat,
+        but afterwards became a Whig. He was a man of the highest
+        character and public spirit. He died in 1844.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln thought little of these things, no doubt. To him the
+    absorbing interest was the men he met. To get acquainted with
+    them, measure them, compare himself with them, and discover
+    wherein they were his superiors and what he could do to make
+    good his deficiency&mdash;this was his chief occupation. The
+    men he met were good subjects for such study. Among them were
+    Wm. L.D. Ewing, Jesse K. Dubois, Stephen T. Logan, Theodore
+    Ford, and Governor Duncan&mdash;men destined to play large
+    parts in the history of the State. One whom he met that winter
+    in Vandalia was destined to play a great part in the history of
+    the nation&mdash;the Democratic candidate for the office of
+    State attorney for the first judicial district of Illinois; a
+    man four years younger than Lincoln&mdash;he was only
+    twenty-one at the time; a new-comer, too, in the State, having
+    arrived about a year before, under no very promising auspices
+    either, for he had only thirty-seven cents in his pockets, and
+    no position in view; but a man of metal, it was easy to see,
+    for already he had risen so high in the district where he had
+    settled, that he dared contest the office of State attorney
+    with John J. Hardin, one of the most successful lawyers of the
+    State. This young man was Stephen A. Douglas. He had come to
+    Vandalia from Morgan County to conduct his campaign, and
+    Lincoln met him first in the halls of the old court-house,
+    where he and his friends carried on with success their contest
+    against Hardin.</p>
+
+    <p>The ninth Assembly gathered in a more hopeful and ambitious
+    mood than any of its predecessors. Illinois was feeling well.
+    The State was free from debt. The Black Hawk War had stimulated
+    the people greatly, for it had brought a large amount of money
+    into circulation. In fact, the greater portion of the eight to
+    ten million dollars the war had cost had been circulated among
+    the Illinois volunteers. Immigration, too, was increasing at a
+    bewildering rate. In 1835 the census showed a population of
+    269,974. Between 1830 and 1835 two-fifths of this number had
+    come in. In the northeast Chicago had begun to rise. "Even for
+    Western towns" its growth had been unusually rapid, declared
+    Peck's "Gazetteer" of 1834; the harbor building there, the
+    proposed Michigan and Illinois canal, the rise in town
+    lots&mdash;all promised to the State a metropolis. To meet the
+    rising tide of prosperity, the legislators of 1834 felt that
+    they must devise some worthy scheme, so they chartered a new
+    State bank with a capital of one million five hundred thousand
+    dollars, and revived a bank which had broken twelve years
+    before, granting it a charter of three hundred thousand
+    dollars. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page236"
+       id="page236"></a>[pg 236]</span> There was no surplus money
+       in the State to supply the capital; there were no trained
+       bankers to guide the concern; there was no clear notion of
+       how it was all to be done; but a banking capital of one
+       million eight hundred thousand dollars would be a good thing
+       in the State, they were sure; and if the East could be made
+       to believe in Illinois as much as her legislators believed
+       in her, the stocks would go, and so the banks were
+       chartered.</p>
+
+    <p>But even more important to the State than banks was a
+    highway. For thirteen years plans of the Illinois and Michigan
+    canal had been constantly before the Assembly. Surveys had been
+    ordered, estimates reported, the advantages extolled, but
+    nothing had been done. Now, however, the Assembly, flushed by
+    the first thrill of the coming "boom," decided to authorize a
+    loan of a half-million on the credit of the State. Lincoln
+    favored both these measures. He did not, however, do anything
+    especially noteworthy for either of the bills, nor was the
+    record he made in other directions at all remarkable. He was
+    placed on the committee of public accounts and expenditures,
+    and attended meetings with great fidelity. His first act as a
+    member was to give notice that he would ask leave to introduce
+    a bill limiting the jurisdiction of justices of the
+    peace&mdash;a measure which he succeeded in carrying through.
+    He followed this by a motion to change the rules, so that it
+    should not be in order to offer amendments to any bill after
+    the third reading, which was not agreed to; though the same
+    rule, in effect, was adopted some years later, and is to this
+    day in force in both branches of the Illinois Assembly. He next
+    made a motion to take from the table a report which had been
+    submitted by his committee, which met a like fate. His first
+    resolution, relating to a State revenue to be derived from the
+    sales of the public lands, was denied a reference, and laid
+    upon the table. Neither as a speaker nor an organizer did he
+    make any especial impression on the body.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.</h4>
+
+    <p>In the spring of 1835 the young representative from Sangamon
+    returned to New Salem to take up his duties as postmaster and
+    deputy surveyor, and to resume his law studies. He exchanged
+    his rather exalted position for the humbler one with a light
+    heart. New Salem held all that was dearest in the world to him
+    at that moment, and he went back to the poor little town with a
+    hope, which he had once supposed honor forbade his
+    acknowledging even to himself, glowing warmly in his heart. He
+    loved a young girl of that town, and now for the first time,
+    though he had known her since he first came to New Salem, was
+    he free to tell his love.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the most prominent families of the settlement in
+    1831, when Lincoln first appeared there, was that of James
+    Rutledge. The head of the house was one of the founders of New
+    Salem, and at that time the keeper of the village tavern. He
+    was a high-minded man, of a warm and generous nature, and had
+    the universal respect of the community. He was a South
+    Carolinian by birth, but had lived many years in Kentucky
+    before coming to Illinois. Rutledge came of a distinguished
+    family: one of his ancestors signed the Declaration of
+    Independence; another was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
+    the United States by appointment of Washington, and another was
+    a conspicuous leader in the American Congress.</p>
+
+    <p>The third of the nine children in the Rutledge household was
+    a daughter, Ann Mayes, born in Kentucky, January 7, 1813. When
+    Lincoln first met her she was nineteen years old, and as fresh
+    as a flower. Many of those who knew her at that time have left
+    tributes to her beauty and gentleness, and even to-day there
+    are those living who talk of her with moistened eyes and
+    softened tones. "She was a beautiful girl," says her cousin,
+    James McGrady Rutledge, "and as bright as she was pretty. She
+    was well educated for that early day, a good conversationalist,
+    and always gentle and cheerful. A girl whose company people
+    liked." So fair a maid was not, of course, without suitors. The
+    most determined of those who sought her hand was one John
+    McNeill, a young man who had arrived in New Salem from New York
+    soon after the founding of the town. Nothing was known of his
+    antecedents, and no questions were asked. He was understood to
+    be merely one of the thousands who had come West in search of
+    fortune. That he was intelligent, industrious, and frugal, with
+    a good head for business, was at once apparent; for he and
+    Samuel Hill opened a general store and they soon doubled their
+    capital, and their business continued to grow marvellously. In
+    four years from his first appearance in the settlement, besides
+    having a half-interest in the store, he owned a large farm a
+    few miles north of New Salem. His neighbors believed him to be
+    worth about twelve thousand
+    dollars.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page237"
+       id="page237"></a>[pg 237]</span>
+
+    <p>John McNeill was an unmarried man&mdash;at least so he
+    represented himself to be&mdash;and very soon after becoming a
+    resident of New Salem he formed the acquaintance of Ann
+    Rutledge, then a girl of seventeen. It was a case of love at
+    first sight, and the two soon became engaged, in spite of the
+    rivalry of Samuel Hill, McNeill's partner. But Ann was as yet
+    only a young girl; and it was thought very sensible in her and
+    very gracious and considerate in her lover that both acquiesced
+    in the wishes of Ann's parents that, for some time at least,
+    the marriage be postponed.</p>
+
+    <p>Such was the situation when Lincoln appeared in New Salem.
+    He naturally soon became acquainted with the girl. She was a
+    pupil in Mentor Graham's school, where he frequently visited,
+    and rumor says that he first met her there. However that may
+    be, it is certain that in the latter part of 1832 he went to
+    board at the Rutledge tavern and there was thrown daily into
+    her company.</p>
+
+    <p>During the next year, 1833, John McNeill, in spite of his
+    fair prospects, became restless and discontented. He wanted to
+    see his people, he said, and before the end of the year he had
+    decided to go East for a visit. To secure perfect freedom from
+    his business while gone, he sold out his interest in his store.
+    To Ann he said that he hoped to bring back his father and
+    mother, and to place them on his farm. "This duty done," was
+    his farewell word, "you and I will be married." In the spring
+    of 1834 McNeill started East. The journey overland by foot and
+    horse was in those days a trying one, and on the way McNeill
+    fell ill with chills and fever. It was late in the summer
+    before he reached his home, and wrote back to Ann, explaining
+    his silence. The long wait had been a severe strain on the
+    girl, and Lincoln had watched her anxiety with softened heart.
+    It was to him, the New Salem postmaster, that she came to
+    inquire for letters. It was to him she entrusted those she
+    sent. In a way the postmaster must have become the girl's
+    confidant; and his tender heart, which never could resist
+    suffering, must have been deeply touched. After the long
+    silence was broken, and McNeill's first letter of explanation
+    came, the cause of anxiety seemed removed; but, strangely
+    enough, other letters followed only at long intervals, and
+    finally they ceased altogether. Then it was that the young girl
+    told her friends a secret which McNeill had confided to her
+    before leaving New Salem.</p>
+
+    <p>He had told her what she had never even suspected before,
+    that John McNeill was not his real name, but that it was John
+    McNamar. Shortly before he came to New Salem, he explained, his
+    father had suffered a disastrous failure in business. He was
+    the oldest son; and in the hope of retrieving the lost fortune,
+    he resolved to go West, expecting to return in a few years and
+    share his riches with the rest of the family. Anticipating
+    parental opposition, he ran away from home; and, being sure
+    that he could never accumulate anything with so numerous a
+    family to support, he endeavored to lose himself by a change of
+    name. All this Ann had believed and not repeated; but now, worn
+    out by waiting, she took the story to her friends.</p>
+
+    <p>With few exceptions they pronounced the story a fabrication
+    and McNamar an impostor. Why had he worn this mask? His excuse
+    seemed flimsy. At best, they declared, he was a mere
+    adventurer; and was it not more probable that he was a fugitive
+    from justice&mdash;a thief, a swindler, or a murderer? And who
+    knew how many wives he might have? With all New Salem declaring
+    John McNamar false, Ann Rutledge could hardly be blamed for
+    imagining that he was either dead or had transferred his
+    affections.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not until McNeill, or McNamar, had been gone many
+    months, and gossip had become offensive, that Lincoln ventured
+    to show his love for Ann, and then it was a long time before
+    the girl would listen to his suit. Convinced at last, however,
+    that her former lover had deserted her, she yielded to
+    Lincoln's wishes and promised, in the spring of 1835, soon
+    after Lincoln's return from Vandalia, to become his wife. But
+    Lincoln had nothing on which to support a family&mdash;indeed,
+    he found it no trifling task to support himself. As for Ann,
+    she was anxious to go to school another year. It was decided
+    that in the autumn she should go with her brother to
+    Jacksonville and spend the winter there in an academy. Lincoln
+    was to devote himself to his law studies; and the next spring,
+    when she returned from school and he was a member of the bar,
+    they were to be married.</p>
+
+    <p>A happy spring and summer followed. New Salem took a cordial
+    interest in the two lovers and presaged a happy life for them,
+    and all would undoubtedly have gone well if the young girl
+    could have dismissed the haunting memory of her old lover. The
+    possibility that she had wronged him, that he might reappear,
+    that he loved her still,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page238"
+       id="page238"></a>[pg 238]</span> though she now loved
+       another, that perhaps she had done wrong&mdash;a torturing
+       conflict of memory, love, conscience, doubt, and morbidness
+       lay like a shadow across her happiness, and wore upon her
+       until she fell ill. Gradually her condition became hopeless;
+       and Lincoln, who had been shut from her, was sent for. The
+       lovers passed an hour alone in an anguished parting, and
+       soon after, on August 25, 1835, Ann died.</p>
+
+    <p>The death of Ann Rutledge plunged Lincoln into the deepest
+    gloom. That abiding melancholy, that painful sense of the
+    incompleteness of life which had been his mother's dowry to
+    him, asserted itself. It filled and darkened his mind and his
+    imagination, tortured him with its black pictures. One stormy
+    night Lincoln was sitting beside William Greene, his head bowed
+    on his hand, while tears trickled through his fingers; his
+    friend begged him to control his sorrow, to try to forget. "I
+    cannot," moaned Lincoln; "the thought of the snow and rain on
+    her grave fills me with indescribable grief."</p>
+
+    <p>He was seen walking alone by the river and through the
+    woods, muttering strange things to himself. He seemed to his
+    friends to be in the shadow of madness. They kept a close watch
+    over him; and at last Bowling Green, one of the most devoted
+    friends Lincoln then had, took him home to his little log
+    cabin, half a mile north of New Salem, under the brow of a big
+    bluff. Here, under the loving care of Green and his good wife
+    Nancy, Lincoln remained until he was once more master of
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>But though he had regained self-control, his grief was deep
+    and bitter. Ann Rutledge was buried in Concord cemetery, a
+    country burying-ground seven miles northwest of New Salem. To
+    this lonely spot Lincoln frequently journeyed to weep over her
+    grave. "My heart is buried there," he said to one of his
+    friends.</p>
+
+    <p>When McNamar returned (for McNamar's story was true, and two
+    months after Ann Rutledge died he drove into New Salem with his
+    widowed mother and his brothers and sisters in the "prairie
+    schooner" beside him) and learned of Ann's death, he "saw
+    Lincoln at the post-office," as he afterward said, and "he
+    seemed desolate and sorely distressed."</p>
+
+    <p>McNamar's strange conduct toward Ann Rutledge is to this day
+    a mystery. Her death apparently produced upon him no deep
+    impression. He certainly experienced no such sorrow as Lincoln
+    felt, for within a year he married another woman.</p>
+
+    <p>Many years ago a sister of Ann Rutledge, Mrs. Jeane Berry,
+    told what she knew of Ann's love affairs; and her statement has
+    been preserved in a diary kept by the Rev. R.D. Miller, now
+    Superintendent of Schools of Menard County, with whom she had
+    the conversation. She declared that Ann's "whole soul seemed
+    wrapped up in Lincoln," and that they "would have been married
+    in the fall or early winter" if Ann had lived. "After Ann
+    died," said Mrs. Berry, "I remember that it was common talk
+    about how sad Lincoln was; and I remember myself how sad he
+    looked. They told me that every time he was in the neighborhood
+    after she died, he would go alone to her grave and sit there in
+    silence for hours."</p>
+
+    <p>In later life, when his sorrow had become a memory, he told
+    a friend who questioned him: "I really and truly loved the girl
+    and think often of her now." There was a pause, and then the
+    President added:</p>
+
+    <p>"And I have loved the name of Rutledge to this
+    day."</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.</h4>
+
+    <p>When the death of Ann Rutledge came upon Lincoln, for a time
+    threatening to destroy his ambition and blast his life, he was
+    in a most encouraging position. Master of a profession in which
+    he had an abundance of work and earned fair wages, hopeful of
+    being admitted in a few months to the bar, a member of the
+    State Assembly with every reason to believe that, if he desired
+    it, his constituency would return him&mdash;few men are as far
+    advanced at twenty-six as was Abraham Lincoln.</p>
+
+    <p>Intellectually he was far better equipped than he believed
+    himself to be, better than he has ordinarily been credited with
+    being. True, he had had no conventional college training, but
+    he had by his own efforts attained the chief result of all
+    preparatory study, the ability to take hold of a subject and
+    assimilate it. The fact that in six weeks he had acquired
+    enough of the science of surveying to enable him to serve as
+    deputy surveyor shows how well-trained his mind was. The power
+    to grasp a large subject quickly and fully is never an
+    accident. The nights Lincoln spent in Gentryville lying on the
+    floor in front of the fire figuring on the fire-shovel, the
+    hours he passed in poring over the Statutes of Indiana, the
+    days he wrestled with Kirkham's Grammar, alone made the mastery
+    of Flint and Gibson possible. His struggle with Flint and
+    Gibson <span class="pagenum"><a name="page239"
+       id="page239"></a>[pg 239]</span> made easier the volumes he
+       borrowed from Major Stuart's law library.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/239.jpg"
+             name="fig239"
+             id="fig239"><img src="images/239.jpg"
+             alt="GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph made for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE by C.S.
+        McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois, in September, 1895. On
+        the 15th of May, 1890, the remains of Ann Rutledge were
+        removed from the long-neglected grave in the Concord
+        grave-yard to a new and picturesque burying-ground a mile
+        southwest of Petersburg, called Oakland cemetery. The old
+        grave, though marked by no stone, was easily identified
+        from the fact that Ann was buried by the side of her
+        younger brother, David, who died in 1842, upon the
+        threshold of what promised to be a brilliant career as a
+        lawyer. The removal was made by Samuel Montgomery, a
+        prominent business man of Petersburg. He was accompanied to
+        the grave by James McGrady Rutledge and a few others, who
+        located the grave beyond doubt. In the new cemetery, the
+        grave occupies a place somewhat apart from others. A young
+        maple tree is growing beside it, and it is marked by an
+        unpolished granite stone bearing the simple inscription
+        "Ann Rutledge."&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln had a mental trait which explains his rapid growth
+    in mastering subjects&mdash;seeing clearly was essential to
+    him. He was unable to put a question aside until he understood
+    it. It pursued him, irritated him until solved. Even in his
+    Gentryville days his comrades noted that he was constantly
+    searching for reasons and that he "explained so clearly." This
+    characteristic became stronger with years. He was unwilling to
+    pronounce himself on any subject until he understood it, and he
+    could not let it alone until he had reached a conclusion which
+    satisfied him.</p>
+
+    <p>This seeing clearly became a splendid force in Lincoln;
+    because when he once had reached a conclusion he had the
+    honesty of soul to suit his actions to it. No consideration
+    could induce him to abandon the course his reason told him was
+    logical. Not that he was obstinate and having taken a position,
+    would not change it if he saw on further study that he was
+    wrong. In his first circular to the people of Sangamon County
+    is this characteristic passage: "Upon the subjects I have
+    treated, I have spoken as I thought. I may be wrong in any or
+    all of them; but, holding it a sound maxim that it is better
+    only sometimes to be right than at all times to be wrong, so
+    soon as I discover my opinions to be erroneous, I shall be
+    ready to renounce them."</p>
+
+    <p>Joined to these strong mental and moral qualities was that
+    power of immediate action which so often explains why one man
+    succeeds in life while another of equal intelligence and
+    uprightness fails. As soon as Lincoln saw a thing to do he did
+    it. He wants to know; here is a book&mdash;it may be a
+    biography, a volume of dry statutes, a collection of verse; no
+    matter, he reads and ponders it until he has absorbed all it
+    has for him. He is eager to see the world;
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page240"
+       id="page240"></a>[pg 240]</span> a man offers him a position
+       as a "hand" on a Mississippi flatboat; he takes it without a
+       moment's hesitation over the toil and exposure it demands.
+       John Calhoun is willing to make him a deputy surveyor; he
+       knows nothing of the science; in six weeks he has learned
+       enough to begin his labors. Sangamon County must have
+       representatives, why not he? and his circular goes out.
+       Ambition alone will not explain this power of instantaneous
+       action. It comes largely from that active imagination which,
+       when a new relation or position opens, seizes on all its
+       possibilities and from them creates a situation so real that
+       one enters with confidence upon what seems to the
+       unimaginative the rashest undertaking. Lincoln saw the
+       possibilities in things and immediately appropriated
+       them.</p>
+
+    <p>But the position he filled in Sangamon County in 1835 was
+    not all due to these qualities; much was due to his personal
+    charm. By all accounts he was big, awkward, ill-clad,
+    shy&mdash;yet his sterling honor, his unselfish nature, his
+    heart of the true gentleman, inspired respect and confidence.
+    Men might laugh at his first appearance, but they were not long
+    in recognizing the real superiority of his nature.</p>
+
+    <p>Such was Abraham Lincoln at twenty-six, when the tragic
+    death of Ann Rutledge made all that he had attained, all that
+    he had planned, seem fruitless and empty. He was too sincere
+    and just, too brave a man, to allow a great sorrow permanently
+    to interfere with his activities. He rallied his forces, and
+    returned to his law, his surveying, his politics. He brought to
+    his work a new power, that insight and patience which only a
+    great sorrow can give.</p>
+
+    <p class="center">(<i>Begun in the November number 1895; to be
+    continued.</i>)</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>LINCOLN'S BEARD&mdash;THE LETTER OF MRS. BILLINGS
+        REFERRED TO ON PAGE 217.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p class="right">DELPHOS, KANSAS, <i>December 6,
+        1895.</i></p>MISS TARBELL:
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>In reply to your letter of recent date inquiring about
+        the incident of my childhood and connected with Mr.
+        Lincoln, I would say that at the time of his first
+        nomination to the Presidency I was a child of eleven years,
+        living with my parents in Chautauqua County, N.Y.</p>
+
+        <p>My father was an ardent Republican, and possessed of a
+        profound admiration for the character of the grand man who
+        was the choice of his party. We younger children accepted
+        his opinions with unquestioning faith, and listened with
+        great delight to the anecdotes of his life current at that
+        time, and were particularly interested in reading of the
+        difficulties he encountered in getting an education; so
+        much did it appeal to our childish imaginations that
+        <i>we</i> were firmly persuaded that if we could only study
+        our lessons prone before the glow and cheer of an open fire
+        in a great fireplace, <i>we</i> too might rise to heights
+        which now we could never attain. My father brought to us,
+        one day, a large poster, and my mind still holds a
+        recollection of its crude, coarse work and glaring colors.
+        About the edges were grouped in unadorned and exaggerated
+        ugliness the pictures of our former Presidents, and in the
+        midst of them were the faces of "Lincoln and Hamlin,"
+        surrounded by way of a frame with a rail fence. We are all
+        familiar with the strong and rugged face of Mr. Lincoln,
+        the deep lines about the mouth, and the eyes have much the
+        same sorrowful expression in all the pictures I have seen
+        of him. I think I must have felt a certain disappointment,
+        for I said to my mother that he would look much nicer if he
+        wore whiskers, and straightway gave him the benefit of my
+        opinion in a letter, describing the poster and hinting,
+        rather broadly, that his appearance might be improved if he
+        would let his whiskers grow. Not wishing to wound his
+        feelings, I added that the rail fence around his picture
+        looked real pretty! I also asked him if he had any little
+        girl, and if so, and he was too busy to write and tell me
+        what he thought about it, if he would not let her do so;
+        and ended by assuring him I meant to try my best to induce
+        two erring brothers of the Democratic faith to cast their
+        votes for him. I think the circumstance would have speedily
+        passed from my mind but for the fact that I confided to an
+        elder sister that I had written to Mr. Lincoln, and had she
+        not expressed a doubt as to whether I had addressed him
+        properly. To prove that I had, and was not as ignorant as
+        she thought me, I re-wrote the address for her inspection:
+        "<i>Hon. Abraham Lincoln Esquire</i>."</p>
+
+        <p>My mortification at the laughter and ridicule excited
+        was somewhat relieved by my mother's remarking that "there
+        should be no mistake as to whom the letter belonged." The
+        reply to my poor little letter came in due time, and the
+        following is a copy of the original, which is <i>still in
+        my possession</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p class="right">"<i>Private</i>.</p>
+
+        <p class="right">"SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, <i>October 19,
+        1860</i>.</p>
+
+        <p>"MISS GRACE BEDELL.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>"<i>My Dear little Miss</i>:&mdash;Your very agreeable
+        letter of the 15th inst. is received. I regret the
+        necessity of saying I have no daughter. I have three sons;
+        one seventeen, one nine, and one seven years of age. They,
+        with their mother, constitute my whole family. As to the
+        whiskers, having never worn any, do you not think people
+        would call it a piece of silly affectation if I were to
+        begin wearing them now? Your very sincere well-wisher,</p>
+
+        <p class="right">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+
+        <p>Probably the frankness of the child appealed to the
+        humorous side of his nature, for the suggestion was acted
+        upon. After the election, and on his journey from
+        Springfield to Washington, he inquired of Hon. G.W.
+        Patterson, who was one of the party who accompanied him on
+        that memorable trip, and who was a resident of our town, if
+        he knew of a family bearing the name of Bedell. Mr.
+        Patterson replying in the affirmative, Mr. Lincoln said he
+        "had received a letter from a little girl called Grace
+        Bedell, advising me to wear whiskers, as she thought it
+        would improve my looks." He said the character of the
+        "letter was so unique and so different from the many
+        self-seeking and threatening ones he was daily receiving
+        that it came to him as a relief and a pleasure." When the
+        train reached Westfield, Mr. Lincoln made a short speech
+        from the platform of the car, and in conclusion said he had
+        a correspondent there, relating the circumstance and giving
+        my name, and if she were present he would like to see her.
+        I was present, but in the crowd had neither seen nor heard
+        the speaker; but a gentleman helped me forward, and Mr.
+        Lincoln stepped down to the platform where I stood, shook
+        my hand, kissed me, and said: "You see I let these whiskers
+        grow for you, Grace." The crowd cheered, Mr. Lincoln
+        reentered the car, and I ran quickly home, looking at and
+        speaking to no one, with a much dilapidated bunch of roses
+        in my hand, which I had hoped might be passed up to Mr.
+        Lincoln with some other flowers which were to be presented,
+        but which in my confusion I had forgotten. Gentle and
+        genial, simple and warm-hearted, how full of anxiety must
+        have been his life in the days which followed. These words
+        seem to fitly describe him: "A man of sorrows and
+        acquainted with grief."</p>
+
+        <p>Very sincerely,</p>
+
+        <p class="author">GRACE BEDELL BILLINGS.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>William D. Kelley, in "Reminiscences of Abraham
+        Lincoln." Edited by Allen Thorndike Rice, 1886.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This incident was told by Lincoln to Mr. A.J. Conant,
+        the artist, who in 1860 painted his portrait ini
+        Springfield. Mr. Conant, in order to keep Mr. Lincoln's
+        pleasant expression, had engaged him in conversation, and
+        had questioned him about his early life; and it was in the
+        course of their conversation that this incident came out.
+        It is to be found in a delightful and suggestive article
+        entitled, "My Acquaintance with Abraham Lincoln,"
+        contributed by Mr. Conant to the "Liber Scriptorum," and by
+        his permission quoted here.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+                    name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>With one exception the biographers of Lincoln have given
+        him the first place on the ticket in 1834. He really stood
+        second in order, Herndon gives the correct vote, although
+        he is in error in saying that the chief authority he
+        quotes&mdash;a document owned by Dr. A.W. French of
+        Springfield, Ill.&mdash;is an "official return." It is a
+        copy of the official return made out in Lincoln's writing
+        and certified to by the county clerk. The official return
+        is on file in the Springfield court-house.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+                    name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with
+        Blackstone's Commentaries, and after reading carefully
+        through, say twice, take up Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's
+        Evidence, and Story's Equity in succession. Work, work,
+        work, is the main thing."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page241"
+       id="page241"></a>[pg 241]</span>
+
+    <h2>A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.</h2>
+
+    <h3>By Ian Maclaren,</h3>
+
+    <p class="center">Author of "Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush,"
+    etc.</p>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterN.png"
+             name="fig241"
+             id="fig241"><img src="images/LetterN.png"
+             alt="Letter N" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">EVER had I met any man so methodical in his
+    habits, so neat in his dress, so accurate in speech, so precise
+    in manner as my fellow-lodger. When he took his bath in the
+    morning I knew it was half-past seven, and when he rang for hot
+    water, that it was a quarter to eight. Until a quarter-past he
+    moved about the room in his slow, careful dressing, and then
+    everything was quiet next door till half-past eight, when the
+    low murmur of the Lord's Prayer concluded his devotions. Two
+    minutes later he went downstairs&mdash;if he met a servant one
+    could hear him say "Good morning"&mdash;and read his
+    newspaper&mdash;he seldom had letters&mdash;till nine, when he
+    rang for breakfast. Twenty-past nine he went upstairs and
+    changed his coat, and he spent five minutes in the lobby
+    selecting a pair of gloves, brushing his hat, and making a last
+    survey for a speck of dust. One glove he put on opposite the
+    hat-stand, and the second on the door-step; and when he touched
+    the pavement you might have set your watch by nine-thirty. Once
+    he was in the lobby at five-and-twenty minutes to ten,
+    distressed and flurried.</p>
+
+    <p>"I cut my chin slightly when shaving," he explained, "and
+    the wound persists in bleeding. It has an untidy appearance,
+    and a drop of blood might fall on a letter."</p>
+
+    <p>The walk that morning was quite broken; and before reaching
+    the corner, he had twice examined his chin with a handkerchief,
+    and shaken his head as one whose position in life was now
+    uncertain.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is nothing in itself," he said afterwards, with an
+    apologetic allusion to his anxiety, "and might not matter to
+    another man. But any little misadventure&mdash;a yesterday's
+    collar or a razor-cut, or even an inky finger&mdash;would
+    render me helpless in dealing with people. They would simply
+    look at the weak spot, and one would lose all authority. Some
+    of the juniors smile when I impress on them to be very careful
+    about their dress&mdash;quiet, of course, as becomes their
+    situation, but unobjectionable. With more responsibility they
+    will see the necessity of such details. I will remember your
+    transparent sticking-plaster&mdash;a most valuable
+    suggestion."</p>
+
+    <p>His name was Frederick Augustus Perkins&mdash;so ran the
+    card he left on my table a week after I settled in the next
+    rooms; and the problem of his calling gradually became a
+    standing vexation. It fell under the class of conundrums, and
+    one remembered from childhood that it is mean to be told the
+    answer; so I could not say to Mister Perkins&mdash;for it was
+    characteristic of the prim little man that no properly
+    constituted person could have said Perkins&mdash;"By the way,
+    what is your line of things?" or any more decorous rendering of
+    my curiosity.</p>
+
+    <p>Mrs. Holmes&mdash;who was as a mother to Mr. Perkins and
+    myself, as well as to two younger men of literary pursuits and
+    irregular habits&mdash;had a gift of charming irrelevance, and
+    was able to combine allusions to Mr. Perkins's orderly life and
+    the amatory tendencies of a new cook in a mosaic of enthralling
+    interest.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, Betsy Jane has 'ad her notice, and goes this day week;
+    not that her cookin's bad, but her brothers don't know when to
+    leave. One was 'ere no later than last night, though if he was
+    her born brother, 'e 'ad a different father and mother, or my
+    name ain't 'Olmes. 'Your brother, Betsy Jane,' says I, 'ought
+    not to talk in a strange 'ouse on family affairs till eleven
+    o'clock.'</p>
+
+    <p>"''E left at 'alf-past ten punctual,' says she, lookin' as
+    hinnocent as a child, 'for I 'eard Mr. Perkins go up to 'is
+    room as I was lettin' Jim out.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Betsy Jane,' I says, quite calm, 'where do you expeck to
+    go to as doesn't know wot truth is?'&mdash;for Mr. Perkins
+    leaves 'is room has the 'all clock starts on eleven, and 'e's
+    in 'is bedroom at the last stroke. If she 'adn't brought in Mr.
+    Perkins, she might 'ave deceived me&mdash;gettin' old and not
+    bein' so quick in my 'earin' as I was; but that settled
+    her.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Alf-past," went on Mrs. Holmes,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page242"
+       id="page242"></a>[pg 242]</span> scornfully; "and 'im never
+       varied two minutes the last ten years, except one night 'e
+       fell asleep in 'is chair, being bad with hinfluenza.</p>
+
+    <p>"For a regular single gentleman as rises in the morning and
+    goes out, and comes in and takes 'is dinner, and goes to bed
+    like the Medes and Persians, I've never seen 'is equal; an'
+    it's five-and-twenty years since 'Olmes died, 'avin' a bad
+    liver through takin' gin for rheumatics; an' Lizbeth Peevey
+    says to me, 'Take lodgers, Jemima; not that they pays for the
+    trouble, but it 'ill keep an 'ouse'....</p>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Perkins' business?"&mdash;it was shabby, but the
+    temptation came as a way of escape from the flow of Mrs.
+    Holmes's autobiography&mdash;"now that I couldn't put a name
+    on, for why, 'e never speaks about 'is affairs; just 'Good
+    evening, Mrs. 'Olmes; I'll take fish for breakfast to-morrow;'
+    more than that, or another blanket on 'is bed on the first of
+    November, for it's by days, not cold, 'e goes...."</p>
+
+    <p>It was evident that I must solve the problem for myself.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/242.jpg"
+             name="fig242"
+             id="fig242"><img src="images/242.jpg"
+             alt="I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>"I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT
+        CEREMONY."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Mr. Perkins could not be a city man, for in the hottest June
+    he never wore a white waistcoat, nor had he the swelling gait
+    of one who made an occasional <i>coup</i> in mines, and it went
+    without saying that he did not write&mdash;a man who went to
+    bed at eleven, and whose hair made no claim to distinction.
+    One's mind fell back on the idea of law&mdash;conveyancing
+    seemed probable&mdash;but his face lacked sharpness, and the
+    alternative of confidential clerk to a firm of dry-salters was
+    contradicted by an air of authority that raised observations on
+    the weather to the level of a state document. The truth came
+    upon me&mdash;a flash of inspiration&mdash;as I saw Mr. Perkins
+    coming home one evening. The black frock-coat and waistcoat,
+    dark gray trousers, spotless linen, high, old-fashioned collar,
+    and stiff stock, were a symbol, and could only mean one
+    profession.</p>
+
+    <p>"By the way, Mr. Perkins," for this was all one now required
+    to know, "are you Income Tax or Stamps?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Neither, although my duty makes me familiar with every
+    department in the Civil Service. I have the honor to be," and
+    he cleared his throat with dignity, "a first-class clerk in the
+    Schedule Office.</p>
+
+    <p>"Our work," he explained to me, "is very important, and in
+    fact, vital to the administration of affairs. The efficiency of
+    practical government depends on the accuracy of the forms
+    issued, and every one is composed in our office.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, that is a common mistake," in reply to my shallow
+    remark; "the departments do not draw up their own forms, and,
+    in fact, they are not fit for such work. They send us a
+    memorandum of what their officials wish to ask, and we put it
+    into shape.</p>
+
+    <p>"It requires long experience and, I may say,
+    some&mdash;ability, to compose a really creditable schedule,
+    one that will bring out every point clearly and exhaustively;
+    in fact, I have ventured to call it a science"&mdash;here Mr.
+    Perkins allowed himself to smile&mdash;"and it might be defined
+    Schedulology.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, to see a double sheet of foolscap divided up into some
+    twenty-four compartments, each with a question and a blank
+    space for the answer, is pleasing to the eye&mdash;very
+    pleasing indeed.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page243"
+       id="page243"></a>[pg 243]</span>
+
+    <p>"What annoys one," and Mr. Perkins became quite irritable,
+    "is to examine a schedule after it has been filled and to
+    discover how it has been misused&mdash;simply mangled.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is not the public simply who are to blame; they are, of
+    course, quite hopeless, and have an insane desire to write
+    their names all over the paper, with family details; but
+    members of the Civil Service abuse the most admirable forms
+    that ever came out of our office.</p>
+
+    <p>"Numerous? Yes, naturally so; and as governmental machinery
+    turns on schedules, they will increase every year. Could you
+    guess, now, the number of different schedules under our
+    charge?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Several hundred, perhaps."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Perkins smiled with much complacency. "Sixteen thousand
+    four hundred and four, besides temporary ones that are only
+    used in emergencies. One department has now reached twelve
+    hundred and two; it has been admirably organized, and its
+    secretary could tell you the subject of every form.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, it does not become me to boast, but I have had the
+    honor of contributing two hundred and twenty myself, and have
+    composed forty-two more that have not yet been accepted.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, yes," he admitted, with much modesty, "I have kept
+    copies of the original drafts;" and he showed me a bound volume
+    of his works.</p>
+
+    <p>"An author? It is very good of you to say so;" and Mr.
+    Perkins seemed much pleased with the idea, twice smiling to
+    himself during the evening, and saying as we parted, "It's my
+    good fortune to have a large and permanent circulation."</p>
+
+    <p>All November Mr. Perkins was engaged with what he hoped
+    would be one of his greatest successes.</p>
+
+    <p>"It's a sanitation schedule for the Education Department,
+    and is, I dare to say, nearly perfect. It has eighty-three
+    questions, on every point from temperature to drains, and will
+    present a complete view of the physical condition of primary
+    schools.</p>
+
+    <p>"You have no idea," he continued, "what a fight I have had
+    with our Head to get it through&mdash;eight drafts, each one
+    costing three days' labor&mdash;but now he has passed it.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Perkins,' he said, 'this is the most exhaustive schedule
+    you have ever drawn up, and I'm proud it's come through the
+    hands of the drafting sub-department. Whether I can approve it
+    as Head of the publishing sub-department is very
+    doubtful.'"</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you mean that the same man would approve your paper in
+    one department to-day, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Quite so. It's a little difficult for an outsider to
+    appreciate the perfect order, perhaps I might say symmetry, of
+    the Civil Service;" and Mr. Perkins spoke with a tone of
+    condescension as to a little child. "The Head goes himself to
+    the one sub-department in the morning and to the other in the
+    afternoon, and he acts with absolute impartiality.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, sir"&mdash;Mr. Perkins began to warm and grow
+    enthusiastic&mdash;"I have received a letter from the other
+    sub-department, severely criticising a draft he had highly
+    commended in ours two days before, and I saw his hand in the
+    letter&mdash;distinctly; an able review, too, very able
+    indeed.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Very well put, Perkins,' he said to me himself; 'they've
+    found the weak points; we must send an amended draft;' and so
+    we did, and got a very satisfactory reply. It was a schedule
+    about swine fever, 972 in the Department of Agriculture. I have
+    had the pleasure of reading it in public circulation when on my
+    holidays."</p>
+
+    <p>"Does your Head sign the letters addressed to himself?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly; letters between departments are always signed by
+    the chief officer." Mr. Perkins seemed to have found another
+    illustration of public ignorance, and recognized his duty as a
+    missionary of officialism. "It would afford me much pleasure to
+    give you any information regarding our excellent system, which
+    has been slowly built up and will repay study; but you will
+    excuse me this evening, as I am indisposed&mdash;a tendency to
+    shiver, which annoyed me in the office to-day."</p>
+
+    <p>Next morning I rose half an hour late, as Mr. Perkins did
+    not take his bath, and was not surprised when Mrs. Holmes came
+    to my room, overflowing with concern and disconnected
+    speech.</p>
+
+    <p>"'E's that regular in 'is ways, that when 'Annah Mariar says
+    'is water's at 'is door at eight o'clock, I went up that
+    'urried that I couldn't speak; and I 'ears 'im speakin' to
+    'isself, which is not what you would expect of 'im, 'e bein'
+    the quietest gentleman as ever&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Is Mr. Perkins ill, do you mean?" for Mrs. Holmes seemed
+    now in fair breath, and was always given to comparative
+    reviews.</p>
+
+    <p>"So I knocks and says, 'Mr. Perkins, 'ow are you feelin'?'
+    and all I could 'ear <span class="pagenum"><a name="page244"
+       id="page244"></a>[pg 244]</span> was 'temperance;' it's
+       little as 'e needs of that, for excepting a glass of wine at
+       his dinner, and it might be somethin' 'ot before goin' to
+       bed in winter&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>"So I goes in," resumed Mrs. Holmes, "an' there 'e was
+    sittin' up in 'is bed, with 'is face as red as fire, an' not
+    knowin' me from Adam. If it wasn't for 'is 'abits an' a
+    catchin' of 'is breath you wud 'ave said drink, for 'e says,
+    'How often have the drains been sluiced last year?'" After
+    which I went up to Mr. Perkins's room without ceremony.</p>
+
+    <p>He was explaining, with much cogency, as it seemed to me,
+    that unless the statistics of temperature embraced the whole
+    year, they would afford no reliable conclusions regarding the
+    sanitary condition of Board Schools; but when I addressed him
+    by name with emphasis, he came to himself with a start.</p>
+
+    <p>"Excuse me, sir, I must apologize&mdash;I really did not
+    hear&mdash;in fact&mdash;" And then, as he realized his
+    situation, Mr. Perkins was greatly embarrassed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Did I forget myself so far as&mdash;to send for
+    you?&mdash;I was not feeling well. I have a slight difficulty
+    in breathing, but I am quite able to go to the office&mdash;in
+    a cab.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are most kind and obliging, but the schedule I
+    am&mdash;it just comes and goes&mdash;thank you, no more
+    water&mdash;is important and&mdash;intricate; no one&mdash;can
+    complete it&mdash;except myself.</p>
+
+    <p>"With your permission I will rise&mdash;in a few minutes.
+    Ten o'clock, dear me!&mdash;this is most unfortunate&mdash;not
+    get down till eleven!&mdash;I must really insist&mdash;" But
+    the doctor had come, and Mr. Perkins obeyed on one
+    condition.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, doctor, I prefer, if you please, to know; you see I am
+    not a young person&mdash;nor nervous&mdash;thank you very
+    much&mdash;quite so; pneumonia is serious&mdash;and double
+    pneumonia dangerous, I understand.&mdash;No, it is not
+    that&mdash;one is not alarmed at my age, but&mdash;yes, I'll
+    lie down&mdash;letter must go to office&mdash;dictate it to my
+    friend&mdash;certain form&mdash;leave of absence, in
+    fact&mdash;trouble you too much&mdash;medical certificate."</p>
+
+    <p>He was greatly relieved after this letter was sent by
+    special messenger with the key of his desk, and quite refreshed
+    when a clerk came up with the chief's condolences.</p>
+
+    <p>"My compliments to Mr. Lighthead&mdash;an excellent young
+    official, very promising indeed&mdash;and would he step
+    upstairs for a minute&mdash;will excuse this undress in
+    circumstances&mdash;really I will not speak any more.</p>
+
+    <p>"Those notes, Mr. Lighthead, will make my idea quite
+    plain&mdash;and I hope to revise final draft&mdash;if God
+    will&mdash;my dutiful respect to the Board, and kind regards to
+    the chief clerk. It was kind of you to come&mdash;most
+    thoughtful."</p>
+
+    <p>This young gentleman came into my room to learn the state of
+    the case, and was much impressed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Really this kind of thing&mdash;Perkins gasping in bed and
+    talking in his old-fashioned way&mdash;knocks one out of time,
+    don't you know? If he had gone on much longer I should have
+    bolted.</p>
+
+    <p>"Like him in the office? I should think so. You should have
+    seen the young fellows to-day when they heard he was so ill. Of
+    course we laugh a bit at him&mdash;Schedule Perkins he's
+    called&mdash;because he's so dry and formal; but that's
+    nothing.</p>
+
+    <p>"With all his little cranks, he knows his business better
+    than any man in the department; and then he's a gentleman, d'y
+    see? could not say a rude word or do a mean thing to save his
+    life&mdash;not made that way, in fact.</p>
+
+    <p>"Let me just give you one instance&mdash;show you his sort.
+    Every one knew that he ought to have been chief clerk, and that
+    Rodway's appointment was sheer influence. The staff was mad,
+    and some one said Rodway need not expect to have a particularly
+    good time.</p>
+
+    <p>"Perkins overheard him, and chipped in at once. 'Mr.
+    Rodway'&mdash;you know his dry manner, wagging his eyeglass all
+    the time&mdash;'is our superior officer, and we are bound to
+    render him every assistance in our power, or,' and then he was
+    splendid, 'resign our commissions.' Rodway, they say, has
+    retired, but the worst of it is that as Perkins has been once
+    passed over he'll not succeed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Perhaps it won't matter, poor chap. I say," said Lighthead,
+    hurriedly, turning his back and examining a pipe on the
+    mantelpiece, "do you think he is going to&mdash;I mean, has he
+    a chance?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Just a chance, I believe. Have you been long with him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"That's not it&mdash;it's what he's done for a&mdash;for
+    fellows. Strangers don't know Perkins. You might talk to him
+    for a year, and never hear anything but shop. Then one day you
+    get into a hole, and you would find out another Perkins.</p>
+
+    <p>"Stand by you?" and he wheeled round. "Rather, and no
+    palaver either; with money and with time and with&mdash;other
+    things, that do a fellow more good than the whole concern, and
+    no airs. There's <span class="pagenum"><a name="page245"
+       id="page245"></a>[pg 245]</span> more than one man in our
+       office has cause to&mdash;bless Schedule Perkins.</p>
+
+    <p>"Let me tell you how he got&mdash;one chap out of the
+    biggest scrape he'll ever fall into. Do you mind me smoking?"
+    And then he made himself busy with matches and a pipe that was
+    ever going out for the rest of the story.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, you see, this man, clerk in our office, had not been
+    long up from the country, and he was young. Wasn't quite bad,
+    but he couldn't hold his own with older fellows.</p>
+
+    <p>"He got among a set that had suppers in their rooms, and
+    gambled a bit, and he lost and borrowed, and&mdash;in fact, was
+    stone broke.</p>
+
+    <p>"It's not very pleasant for a fellow to sit in his room a
+    week before Christmas, and know that he may be cashiered before
+    the holidays, and all through his own fault.</p>
+
+    <p>"If it were only himself, why, he might take his licking and
+    go to the Colonies, but it was hard&mdash;on his
+    mother&mdash;it's always going, out, this pipe!&mdash;when he
+    was her only son, and she rather&mdash;believed in him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Didn't sleep much that night&mdash;told me himself
+    afterwards&mdash;and he concluded that the best way out was to
+    buy opium in the city next day, and take it&mdash;pretty stiff
+    dose, you know&mdash;next night.</p>
+
+    <p>"Cowardly rather, of course, but it might be easier for the
+    mater down in Devon&mdash;his mother, I mean&mdash;did I say he
+    was Devon?&mdash;same county as myself&mdash;affair would be
+    hushed up, and she would have&mdash;his memory clean.</p>
+
+    <p>"As it happened, though, he didn't buy any opium next
+    day&mdash;didn't get the chance; for Perkins came round to his
+    desk, and asked this young chap to have a bit of dinner with
+    him&mdash;aye, and made him come.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/245.jpg"
+             name="fig245"
+             id="fig245"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/245.jpg"
+             alt="'HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW.'" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"'HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER
+        SAW.'"</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"He had the jolliest little dinner ready you ever saw, and
+    he insisted, on the fellow smoking, though Perkins hates the
+    very smell of 'baccy, and&mdash;well, he got the whole trouble
+    out of him, except the opium.</p>
+
+    <p>"D'y think he lectured and scolded? Not a bit&mdash;that's
+    not Perkins&mdash;he left the fool to do his own lecturing, and
+    he did it stiff. I'll tell you what he said: 'Your health must
+    have been much tried by this anxiety, so you must go down and
+    spend Christmas with your mother, and I would venture to
+    suggest that you take her a suitable gift.</p>
+
+    <p>"'With regard to your debt, you will allow me,' and Perkins
+    spoke as if he had been explaining a schedule, 'to take it
+    over, on two conditions&mdash;that you repay me by installments
+    every quarter, and dine with me every Saturday evening for six
+    months.'</p>
+
+    <p>"See what he was after? Wanted to keep&mdash;the fellow
+    straight, and cheer him up; and you've no idea how Perkins came
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page246"
+       id="page246"></a>[pg 246]</span> out those
+       Saturdays&mdash;capital stories as ever you heard&mdash;and
+       he declared that it was a pleasure to him.</p>
+
+    <p>"'I am rather lonely,' he used to say, 'and it is most kind
+    of a young man to sit with me.' Kind!"</p>
+
+    <p>"What was the upshot with your friend? Did he turn over a
+    new leaf?"</p>
+
+    <p>"He'll never be the man that Perkins expects; but he's doing
+    his level best, and&mdash;is rising in the office. Perkins
+    swears by him, and that's made a man of the fellow.</p>
+
+    <p>"He's paid up the cash now, but&mdash;he can never pay up
+    the kindness&mdash;confound those wax matches, they never
+    strike&mdash;he told his mother last summer the whole
+    story.</p>
+
+    <p>"She wrote to Perkins&mdash;of course I don't know what was
+    in the letter&mdash;but Perkins had the fellow into his room.
+    'You ought to have regarded our transaction as confidential. I
+    am grieved you mentioned my name;' and then as I&mdash;I mean,
+    as the fellow&mdash;was going out, 'I'll keep that letter
+    beside my commission,' said Perkins.</p>
+
+    <p>"If Perkins dies"&mdash;young men don't do that kind of
+    thing, or else one would have thought&mdash;"it'll be&mdash;a
+    beastly shame," which was a terrible collapse, and Mr. Geoffrey
+    Lighthead of the Schedule Department left the house without
+    further remark or even shaking hands.</p>
+
+    <p>That was Wednesday, and on Friday morning he appeared,
+    flourishing a large blue envelope, sealed with an imposing
+    device, marked "On Her Majesty's Service," and addressed to</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Frederick Augustus Perkins, Esq.,</p>
+
+            <p>First Class Clerk in the Schedule Department,</p>
+
+            <p>Somerset House,</p>
+
+            <p>London,"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>an envelope any man might be proud to receive, and try to
+    live up to for a week.</p>
+
+    <p>"Rodway has retired," he shouted, "and we can't be sure in
+    the office, but the betting is four to one&mdash;I'm ten
+    myself&mdash;that the Board has appointed Perkins Chief Clerk;"
+    and Lighthead did some steps of a triumphal character.</p>
+
+    <p>"The Secretary appeared this morning after the Board had
+    met. 'There's a letter their Honors wish taken at once to Mr.
+    Perkins. Can any of you deliver it at his residence?' Then the
+    other men looked at me, because&mdash;well, Perkins has been
+    friendly with me; and that hansom came very creditably
+    indeed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Very low, eh? Doctors afraid not last over the
+    night&mdash;that's hard lines&mdash;but I say, they did not
+    reckon on this letter. Could not you read it to him? You see
+    this was his one ambition. He could never be Secretary, not
+    able enough, but he was made for Chief Clerk. Now he's got it,
+    or I would not have been sent out skimming with this letter.
+    Read it to him, and the dear old chap will be on his legs in a
+    week."</p>
+
+    <p>It seemed good advice; and this was what I read, while
+    Perkins lay very still and did his best to breathe:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"DEAR MR. PERKINS:</p>
+
+        <p>"I have the pleasure to inform you that the Board have
+        appointed you Chief Clerk in the Schedule Department in
+        succession to Gustavus Rodway, Esq., who retires, and their
+        Honors desire me further to express their appreciation of
+        your long and valuable service, and to express their
+        earnest hope that you may be speedily restored to
+        health.</p>
+
+        <p>"I am,</p>
+
+        <p class="close">"Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+        <p class="author">"ARTHUR WRAXALL,</p>
+
+        <p class="right">"<i>Secretary</i>."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>For a little time it was too much for Mr. Perkins, and then
+    he whispered:</p>
+
+    <p>"The one thing on earth I wished, and&mdash;more than I
+    deserved&mdash;not usual, personal references in Board
+    letters&mdash;perhaps hardly regular&mdash;but most
+    gratifying&mdash;and&mdash;strengthening.</p>
+
+    <p>"I feel better already&mdash;some words I would like to hear
+    again&mdash;thank you, where I can reach it&mdash;nurse will be
+    so good as to read it."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Perkins revived from that hour, having his tonic
+    administered at intervals, and astonished the doctors. On
+    Christmas Eve he had made such progress that Lighthead was
+    allowed to see him for five minutes.</p>
+
+    <p>"Heard about your calling three times a day&mdash;far too
+    kind with all your work&mdash;and the messages from the
+    staff&mdash;touched me to heart.&mdash;Never thought had so
+    many friends&mdash;wished been more friendly myself.</p>
+
+    <p>"My promotion, too&mdash;hope may be fit for
+    duty&mdash;can't speak much, but think I'll be
+    spared&mdash;Almighty very good to me&mdash;Chief Clerk of
+    Schedule Department&mdash;would you mind saying Lord's Prayer
+    together&mdash;it sums up everything."</p>
+
+    <p>So we knelt one on each side of Perkins's bed, and I led
+    with "Our Father"&mdash;the other two being once or twice quite
+    audible. The choir of a neighboring church were singing a
+    Christmas carol in the street, and the Christ came into our
+    hearts as a little child.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page247"
+       id="page247"></a>[pg 247]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE.</h2>
+
+    <p>DISTANCE, 510 MILES.&mdash;AVERAGE RUNNING TIME, 65.07 MILES
+    AN HOUR.&mdash;HIGHEST SPEED ATTAINED, 92.3 MILES AN
+    HOUR.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>By Harry Perry Robinson,</h4>
+
+    <p class="center">Editor of "The Railway Age" and one of the
+    official time-keepers on the train.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/247.jpg"
+             name="fig247"
+             id="fig247"><img width="80%"
+             src="images/247.jpg"
+             alt="VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.&mdash;A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR. ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.&mdash;A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR.
+        ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE
+        TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="cap">WHEN, on August 22d last, a train was run over
+    what is known as the West Coast line (of the London and
+    Northwestern and the Caledonian Railways) from London to
+    Aberdeen, a distance of 540 miles, at an average speed, while
+    running, of 63.93 miles an hour, the English press hailed with
+    a jubilation which was almost clamorous the fact that the
+    world's record for long distance speed rested once more with
+    Great Britain. From the tone which the English newspapers
+    adopted, it appeared that they believed that the record then
+    made was one which could not be beaten in this country, but
+    that the former records of the New York Central represented the
+    maximum speed obtainable on an American railway with American
+    engines.</p>
+
+    <p>Undoubtedly the West Coast run was a remarkable one. But
+    English judges were mistaken as to the permanence of the
+    record. It was left unchallenged for just twenty days&mdash;or
+    until September 11th, when the cable carried to England the
+    unpleasant news that the New York Central had covered the
+    436.32 miles from New York to East Buffalo at an average speed,
+    when running, of 64.26 miles an hour&mdash;or about one-third
+    of a mile an hour faster than the English run.</p>
+
+    <p>There was still left to the Englishmen, however, a loophole
+    for escape from confession of defeat. It will be noticed that
+    the distance from New York to Buffalo is rather more than 100
+    miles shorter than that from London to Aberdeen. It was yet
+    possible for the Englishmen to say: "We are talking only of
+    long distance speeds. We do not consider anything under 500
+    miles a long distance." The record, in fact, for a distance of
+    over 500 miles was still with England.</p>
+
+    <p>There are not many railways in the United States on which a
+    sustained high speed for a distance of over 500 miles would be
+    possible. In England the run is made, as already stated, over
+    the connecting lines of two companies. In this country, while
+    not a few roads have over 500 miles of first-class track in
+    excellent condition, there is usually at some point in that
+    distance an obstacle (either steep grades to cross a mountain
+    range, or bad curves, or a river to be ferried) sufficient to
+    prevent the making of a record. On the Lake Shore and Michigan
+    Southern, from Chicago to Buffalo, there exists no such
+    impediment, and between the outskirts of the two cities the
+    distance is 510.1 miles. It was in an informal conversation
+    between certain officers of the Lake Shore and Michigan
+    Southern Railway that the idea of attempting to beat the record
+    on this piece of track was first suggested.</p>
+
+    <p>In making comparison of different runs there are other
+    matters to be taken into consideration besides the mere
+    distance covered and the speed attained. It is not possible to
+    exactly equalize all conditions&mdash;as, for instance, those
+    of wind and weather, or of the physical character of the track
+    in the matter of grades and curves. Entire equality in all
+    particulars could only be attained in the same way that it is
+    attained in horse-racing, viz., by having trains run side by
+    side on parallel tracks.</p>
+
+    <p>Certain conditions there are, however, which are more
+    important and which can be equalized. One of these is the
+    weight of the train hauled. The English load was a light
+    one&mdash;67 tons (English) or 147,400
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page248"
+       id="page248"></a>[pg 248]</span> pounds. This was little
+       more than one-quarter of the load hauled by the New York
+       Central engine on its magnificent run, when the weight of
+       the cars making the train was 565,000 pounds. With the types
+       of locomotive used on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern
+       it was not possible to haul at record-breaking speed any
+       such load as this. It was enough if the load should be about
+       double that of the English train. This was attained by
+       putting together two heavy Wagner parlor cars of 92,500
+       pounds each and Dr. Webb's private car "Elsmere," which
+       alone weighs 119,500 pounds&mdash;or more than three-fourths
+       of the weight of the entire English train. The total weight
+       of the three Lake Shore and Michigan Southern cars was
+       304,500 pounds.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/248.jpg"
+             name="fig248"
+             id="fig248"><img src="images/248.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND
+        MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Max Platz, Chicago. President
+        Newell died August 24, l894, and is said to have fairly
+        sacrificed his life to giving the Lake Shore the best
+        railway track in America. The proud record made, in this
+        speed run, is largely the fruit of his labor.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The last important condition to be taken into consideration
+    is the number of stops made. It should be explained that when
+    speed is reckoned "when running" or "exclusive of stops" (the
+    phrases mean the same thing), the time consumed in stops is
+    deducted&mdash;the time, that is, when the wheels are actually
+    at rest. No deduction however, is made for the loss of time in
+    slowing up to a stop or in getting under way again. On the run
+    of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, for instance, an
+    irregular or unexpected stop was made when the train was
+    running at a speed of about 71 miles an hour. The train was
+    actually at rest for 2 minutes and 5 seconds. That allowance,
+    therefore, was made for the stop. It is unnecessary to say that
+    the secondary loss of time in bringing the train to a
+    standstill and in regaining speed was much greater; but for
+    these (aggregating probably five or six minutes) there was no
+    allowance. It is evident, therefore, that the number of times
+    that a train has to slow down and get under way again is an
+    important factor in the average speed of a long run. In the
+    English run two stops were made. The schedule for the Lake
+    Shore run provided for four stops. A fifth stop, as has already
+    been stated, was made, which was not on the programme.</p>
+
+    <p>These, then, were the conditions under which the now famous
+    run of October 24, 1895, was accomplished: A train weighing
+    twice as much as the English train was to be hauled for a
+    distance of over 500 miles, making four stops <i>en route</i>,
+    at a speed, when running, greater than 63.93 miles an hour.
+    Incidentally it was hoped also that the New York Central's
+    speed of 64.26 miles an hour would be beaten.</p>
+
+    <p>No public announcement was made of the undertaking in
+    advance, for the sufficient reason that the gentlemen in charge
+    were well aware of the difficulty of the task in which they
+    were engaged and the many chances of failure. They had no
+    desire to have such a failure made unnecessarily public. No one
+    was informed of what was in hand except the officials and
+    employees of the Lake Shore road, whose co&ouml;peration was
+    necessary, one daily newspaper (the Chicago "Tribune"), the
+    Associated Press, and two gentlemen who were invited to attend
+    as official time-keepers, Messrs. H.P. Robinson and Willard A.
+    Smith&mdash;the former being the editor of "The Railway Age,"
+    and the latter the ex-chief of the Transportation Department at
+    the Chicago World's Fair. General Superintendent Canniff of the
+    Lake Shore was in charge of the train in
+    person.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page249"
+       id="page249"></a>[pg 249]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/249.jpg"
+             name="fig249"
+             id="fig249"><img src="images/249.jpg"
+             alt="THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF 92.3 MILES AN HOUR." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY
+        MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF
+        92.3 MILES AN HOUR.</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page250"
+       id="page250"></a>[pg 250]</span>
+
+    <p>It was at two o'clock of the morning of October 24th that
+    the train, which had been waiting since early in the evening on
+    a side track in the Lake Shore station at Chicago, slipped
+    unostentatiously away behind a switch engine which was to haul
+    it as far as One Hundredth Street, where the start was to be
+    made. Here there was a wait of nearly an hour until the time
+    fixed for starting&mdash;half-past three. There was plenty to
+    be done at the last moment to occupy the time of waiting,
+    however. There were last messages to be sent back to Chicago;
+    last orders to be sent on ahead; telegrams containing weather
+    bulletins, which promised fair weather all the way to Buffalo,
+    to be read; and, finally, the preparations to be made for
+    time-taking.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the time-keepers, taking two stop-watches in his
+    hand, started the split-second-hands of both with one movement
+    of his muscles, exactly together. To one or other of these
+    timepieces all the watches on the train were set.</p>
+
+    <p>In one of the parlor cars, as nearly as might be in the
+    middle of the length of the train, two tables were set, one on
+    either side of the aisle. The time-keepers had agreed to
+    relieve each other at each stop at the end of a division, one
+    being always on duty, and the other close at hand to verify any
+    record on which a question might arise. The time-keeper on duty
+    sat at one of the tables, watch in hand. Opposite to him was a
+    representative of the railway company, with no power to
+    originate a record, but to check each stop in case an error
+    should occur. Across the aisle sat the official recorder, a
+    representative of the Wagner Palace Car Company, and opposite
+    to him a representative of the daily press.</p>
+
+    <p>For two minutes before the time for starting, silence
+    settled down upon the car. The shades were pulled down over
+    every window. Inside, the car was brilliantly lighted with
+    Pintsch gas; and the eyes of every man were on the face of the
+    watch which each held in his hand, and his finger was ready to
+    press the stop which splits the second-hand. The two minutes
+    passed slowly, and the silence was almost painful as the
+    watches showed that the moment was close at hand. Suddenly the
+    smallest perceptible jerk told that the wheels had moved, and
+    on the instant the split-hand of every watch in the car had
+    recorded the fact.
+    "Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" announced the
+    time-keeper.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" echoed the
+    representative of the railway company.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" called the
+    recorder as he entered the figures on the sheet before him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" said the
+    member of the press.</p>
+
+    <p>The start had been made thirty-three seconds ahead of time,
+    and each member of the party settled himself down to the work
+    ahead.</p>
+
+    <p>Over each division of the road the superintendent of that
+    division rode as "caller-off" of the stations as they were
+    passed. It was necessary, during the first hours of darkness
+    especially, that some one should do this who was familiar with
+    every foot of the track&mdash;some one who would not have to
+    rely on eyesight alone, but to whose accustomed senses every
+    sway of the car as a curve was passed, and every sound of the
+    wheels on bridge or culvert, would be familiar.</p>
+
+    <p>The first station, Whiting, is only three and one-half miles
+    from the starting-point. The night outside was intensely black,
+    and it was doubtful whether even the practised eye and ear of
+    Superintendent Newell would be able to catch the little station
+    as it went by. With one eye on our watches, therefore, we all
+    had also one anxious eye on him where he sat with his head
+    hidden under the shade that was drawn behind him, a blanket
+    held over the crevices to shut out every ray of light, and his
+    face pressed close against the glass. The minutes passed
+    slowly&mdash;one, two, three, four, five! Whiting must be very
+    near, and&mdash;but just as we began to fear that he had missed
+    the station, the word came:</p>
+
+    <p>"Ready for Whiting!" and the response,</p>
+
+    <p>"Ready for Whiting!"</p>
+
+    <p>A few short seconds of silence, and then:</p>
+
+    <p>"Now!"</p>
+
+    <p>Instantly the muscles of the waiting fingers throbbed on the
+    split-stop; but no quicker than the roar told that the car was
+    already passing the station.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!" called the
+    time-keeper.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!"</p>
+
+    <p>It was an immense relief to find that the system
+    "worked."</p>
+
+    <p>When the warning "Ready for Pine "&mdash;the next station,
+    six miles further on&mdash;came
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page251"
+       id="page251"></a>[pg 251]</span> from behind the envelope of
+       window-shade and blanket, we were at our ease, and the
+       record, "Three&mdash;forty-one&mdash;three," was called and
+       echoed and tossed across the car with confidence.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/251.jpg"
+             name="fig251"
+             id="fig251"><img src="images/251.jpg"
+             alt="THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE ENGINES USED ON THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM
+        ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE
+        ENGINES USED ON THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>By the time that Miller's&mdash;fifteen miles from the
+    start&mdash;was passed, the train was moving at a speed of over
+    a mile a minute, and at every mile the velocity increased. At
+    La Porte, forty-five miles from the start, the speed was 66
+    miles an hour; and fourteen miles further on, at Terre Coupee,
+    it reached to 70. It was fast running&mdash;while it lasted;
+    but it did not last long. The next station showed that the
+    speed was down to 67 miles an hour, and at the next it was
+    barely over sixty. A speed of a mile a minute, however, is high
+    enough when passing through the heart of a city like South
+    Bend, Indiana. South Bend is understood to have a city
+    ordinance forbidding trains to run within the city limits at a
+    speed exceeding 15 miles an hour. But if any good citizen of
+    South Bend was shocked that morning at being waked from his
+    sleep by the roar of the flying train, it is to be hoped that
+    he forgot his resentment before evening. Then he knew that he
+    had been waked in a good cause, and that if the city ordinance
+    had been broken it was broken in good company&mdash;the world's
+    record suffered with it.</p>
+
+    <p>To those inside the cars nothing but their watches told them
+    of the rate of speed. Of the party on board every man was
+    familiar with railway affairs; but there was not one who was
+    not surprised at the smoothness of the track and the complete
+    absence of uncomfortable motion. Only by lifting a window shade
+    and straining the eyes into the blackness of the night, to see
+    the red sparks streaming by or the dim outlines of house and
+    tree loom up and disappear, was it possible to appreciate the
+    velocity at which the train was moving.</p>
+
+    <p>Fifteen miles from South Bend the first stop was made, at
+    Elkhart, and one-sixth of the run was over&mdash;87.4 miles in
+    85.4 minutes, or a speed of 61.38 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>That was good work; but it was not breaking records. It had
+    not been expected, however, that the best speed would be made
+    on this first stretch; and if there was any disappointment
+    among those on the train, it did not yet amount to
+    discouragement. It had been dark (and breaking records in the
+    dark is not as easy as in daylight), there had been curves and
+    grades to surmount, and, above all, it was now discovered that
+    a heavy frost lay on the rails.</p>
+
+    <p>At Elkhart there was a change of engines, two minutes and
+    eleven seconds being consumed in the process, and at three
+    minutes before five o'clock (4 hours, 57 minutes, 4 seconds)
+    the wheels were moving again.</p>
+
+    <p>The frost that was on the rails was felt inside the cars. It
+    was not an occasion when an engineer would have steam to spare
+    for heating cars; and the group that were huddled in the glare
+    of the gaslight were muffled in blankets and heavy overcoats.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page252"
+       id="page252"></a>[pg 252]</span> Outside, the dawn was
+       coming up from the east to meet us&mdash;as lovely a dawn as
+       ever broke in rose-color and flame. As the daylight grew, we
+       were able to see how complete the arrangements were for the
+       safety of the run. At every crossing, whether of railway,
+       highway, or farm road, a man was posted&mdash;1,300 men in
+       all, it is said, along the 510 miles of line. Apart from
+       these solitary figures, no one was yet astir to see the
+       wonderful sight of the brilliantly lighted train&mdash;for
+       the shades were lifted now&mdash;rushing through the
+       dawn.</p>
+
+    <h5>THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CHICAGO TO BUFFALO THE
+    FASTEST TRAIN EVER RUN.</h5>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="font-size: 0.7em; width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/252.jpg"
+             name="fig252"
+             id="fig252"><img src="images/252.jpg"
+             alt="Mark Floyd; D.M. Luce; James A. Lathrop." /></a>
+
+        <p>MARK FLOYD&mdash;FROM CHICAGO TO ELKHART.</p>
+
+        <p>D.M. LUCE&mdash;FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO.</p>
+
+        <p>JAMES A. LATHROP&mdash;FROM TOLEDO TO CLEVELAND.</p>
+    </div><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="font-size: 0.7em; width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/253-1.jpg"
+             name="fig253-1"
+             id="fig253-1"><img src="images/253-1.jpg"
+             alt="J.R. GARNER." /></a>
+
+        <p class="center">J.R. GARNER&mdash;FROM CLEVELAND TO
+        ERIE.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="font-size: 0.7em; width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/253-2.jpg"
+             name="fig253-2"
+             id="fig253-2"><img src="images/253-2.jpg"
+             alt="WILLIAM TUNKEY." /></a>
+
+        <p class="center">WILLIAM TUNKEY, WHOSE UNPRECEDENTED RUN
+        FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO SAVED THE DAY.</p>
+    </div><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <p>At Kendallville, 42 miles from Elkhart, the speed, in spite
+    of an adverse grade, was 67 miles an hour. Here&mdash;the
+    highest point on the line above the sea&mdash;the Grand Rapids
+    and Indiana Railroad crosses the Lake Shore track at right
+    angles, and a train was standing waiting for us to
+    pass&mdash;the engine shrieking its good wishes to us as we
+    flew by. At Waterloo, twelve miles further on, a clump of early
+    pedestrians stood in the street to gaze, and two
+    women&mdash;wives, doubtless, of railway hands who had learned
+    what was in progress&mdash;were out on the porch of a cottage
+    to see us pass. And it must have been a sight worth seeing, for
+    we were running at 70 miles an hour now, with 60 miles of
+    tangent ahead of us. At Butler, seven miles beyond, we passed a
+    Wabash train on a parallel track, which made great show of
+    travelling fast. Perhaps it was doing so&mdash;moving,
+    perchance, at 40 miles an hour. But we were running at 72, and
+    the Wabash train slid backwards from us at the rate of half a
+    mile a minute; and still our pace quickened to 75 miles an
+    hour, and 78, and 79, and at last to 80. But that speed could
+    not be held for long.</p>
+
+    <p>The sun was above the horizon now, and the long straight
+    column of smoke that we left behind us glowed rosy-red; and all
+    the autumn foliage of the woods was ablaze with color and
+    light. But as the sunlight struck the rails the frost began to
+    melt; and a wet rail is fatal to the highest speeds. The
+    80-mile-an-hour mark, touched only for a few seconds, was not
+    to be reached again on this division. During the next 47 miles,
+    to Toledo, 64, 65, and 66 miles were reached at times; and when
+    for the second time the train came to a standstill it was one
+    minute after seven, and the 133.4 miles from Elkhart had been
+    made in 124.5 minutes&mdash;or at 64.24 miles an hour. This was
+    better than the run to Elkhart&mdash;and good enough in itself
+    to beat the English figures. But it was not what had been
+    expected of the "air line division," with its 69 miles of
+    tangent and favorable grades; and, taking the two divisions
+    together, 220 miles of the 510 were gone, and we were as yet,
+    thanks to the frost, below the record which we had to beat.</p>
+
+    <p>The time spent in changing engines at Toledo was 2 minutes
+    and 28 seconds, and at 7.04.07 the train was sliding out of the
+    yards again. Coming out of Toledo the railway runs over a
+    drawbridge; and boats on the river below have right of way. But
+    not on such an occasion as this; for there,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page253"
+       id="page253"></a>[pg 253]</span> waiting patiently, lay a
+       tug tied up to a pier of the bridge, with her tow swinging
+       on the stream behind her.</p>
+
+    <p>If the record was to be beaten for the first half of the
+    run, the speed for the next thirty miles would have to be
+    nearly 70 miles an hour. Each individual mile was anxiously
+    timed, and at 12 miles from Toledo the speed was already 66
+    miles an hour. Nor did it stop there, but 10 miles further on a
+    stretch of 3&frac12; miles showed a rate of 73.80 miles an
+    hour, and the next 5&frac12; miles were covered at the rate of
+    71.40.</p>
+
+    <p>It would not take much of such running to put us safely
+    ahead of the record at the half-way point; but even as hope
+    grew, there was a sudden jar and grinding of the wheels which
+    told of brakes suddenly applied. What was the matter? It takes
+    some little time to bring a train to a standstill when it is
+    running at over 70 miles an hour; and there was still good
+    headway on when we slid past a man who yet held a red flag in
+    his hand. Evidently he had signalled the engineer to stop. But
+    why? Windows were thrown up, and before the train had stopped,
+    heads were thrust out. The engineer climbed down from his cab.
+    From the rear platform the passengers poured out, until only
+    the time-keepers were left on the train, sitting watch in hand
+    to catch the exact record of the stop and the start. And
+    already, before his voice could be heard, the man with the flag
+    was brandishing his arms in the signal to "go ahead;" and no
+    one cared to stop to question him.</p>
+
+    <p>The stop was short&mdash;only a few seconds over two
+    minutes, but the good headway of 70 miles an hour was lost; and
+    as the wheels moved again, it was a sullen and dispirited party
+    on the train. Just as the hope of winning our uphill fight had
+    begun to grow strong, precious minutes had been lost; and for
+    what reason none could guess. The common belief on the train
+    was that the man, in excess of enthusiasm at the speed which
+    the train was making, had lost his head, and waved his red flag
+    in token of encouragement. It subsequently transpired that he
+    was justified, an injury to a rail having been discovered which
+    might have made the passage at great speed dangerous; but,
+    until that fact was known, the poor trackman at Port Clinton
+    was sufficiently abused.</p>
+
+    <p>On the 70 miles that remained of this division there was no
+    possibility that such a speed could be made as would put the
+    total for the first half of the run above the record. Once it
+    was necessary to slow down to take water from the track, and
+    once again for safety in rounding the curve at Berea. Between
+    these points there were occasional bursts of speed when 68 and
+    70 miles an hour were reached; and after Berea was passed,
+    there remained only 13 miles to Cleveland. But in those 13
+    miles was done the fastest running that had been made that day;
+    for 7 miles to Rockport were covered at the rate of 83.4 miles
+    an hour, and at Rockport itself the train must have been
+    running nearly a mile and a half in a minute.</p>
+
+    <p>It was a gallant effort; and, but for "the man at Port
+    Clinton," there is no doubt that by that time the success of
+    the run would have been reasonably assured. As it was,
+    Cleveland was reached at ten minutes to nine (8.50.13), the 107
+    miles from Toledo having been covered in 109 minutes&mdash;from
+    which two minutes and five seconds were to be deducted for the
+    time in which the train was at rest at Port Clinton. In all, so
+    far, 328&frac12; miles <span class="pagenum"><a name="page254"
+       id="page254"></a>[pg 254]</span> had been run at a speed of
+       62.16 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>"It may be done yet," people told each other, but there was
+    little confidence in the voices which said it.</p>
+
+    <p>The stop at Cleveland was a good omen, for the change of
+    engines was made in a minute and forty-five seconds, and it was
+    soon evident that Jacob Garner, the new engineer, understood
+    that he had a desperate case in hand. Before ten miles were
+    covered the train was travelling more than a mile in a minute.
+    Twenty-eight miles from the start, in spite of an adverse
+    grade, six miles were covered at the rate of 74.40 miles an
+    hour; and from there on mile after mile flew past, and station
+    after station, and still the speed showed 70 miles and upwards.
+    Through Ashtabula, haunted with the memory of railway disaster,
+    we burst, and on to Conneaut and Springfield; and, even against
+    hope, hope grew again. Twelve miles from Springfield is the
+    little town of Swanville, and here the high-water mark of 83.4
+    miles at the end of the last division was beaten; for the 6.2
+    miles from there to Dock Junction were made in 4.4
+    minutes&mdash;or at the speed of 84.54 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>As has been said, it was hoping only against hope. But to
+    despair was impossible in the face of such running; and when
+    Erie, 8&frac12; miles beyond Dock Junction, was reached, the
+    95&frac12; miles from Cleveland had been done in 85&frac12;
+    minutes, at an average speed of 67.01 miles an hour. The
+    average speed for the whole distance from Chicago was now 63.18
+    miles an hour, which was crawling close up to the record. But
+    424 miles had been covered, and only 86 miles remained. If the
+    record was to be beaten, the speed for those 86 miles would
+    have to average over 70 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>Was it possible to do such a thing? It never had been done,
+    of course, in all the world; but the essence and the object of
+    the whole day's run were that it should defy all precedent.
+    There were few people, however, of those on board who in their
+    hearts dared harbor any hope; especially as the engine which
+    was to be tried at this crucial moment was a doubtful
+    quantity.</p>
+
+    <p>All the engines used upon this run were built by the Brooks
+    Locomotive Works, of Dunkirk, N.Y., after designs by Mr. George
+    W. Stevens, of the Lake Shore road. The first four engines,
+    which had hauled the train as far as Erie, were of what is
+    known as the American type&mdash;eight-wheelers, comparatively
+    light, but built for fast speeds. These locomotives weighed
+    only 52 tons, with 17 by 24-inch cylinders and 72-inch
+    driving-wheels. They had been doing admirable work in service,
+    having been built to haul the famous "Exposition Flyer" in
+    1893; and that they were capable of very high speeds, for short
+    distances at least, even with a fairly heavy train, had been
+    shown in the earlier stages of this run, when all had reached a
+    speed of 70 miles an hour, and two had touched and held a speed
+    of well over 80.</p>
+
+    <p>The last engine was of a different type, and a type which
+    among experts has not been considered best adapted to extremely
+    high speeds. Somewhat heavier than its predecessors (weighing
+    56&frac12; tons in working order), this engine was a
+    ten-wheeler, with three pairs of coupled drivers and a
+    four-wheeled swivelling truck. It had the same small cylinders
+    (17 by 24 inches), and driving-wheels of only 68 inches
+    diameter. It was a bold experiment to put such an engine to do
+    such work; and nothing could well be devised for fast speeds
+    more unlike the magnificent engine "No. 999," which was built
+    in the New York Central Railroad shops at West Albany, and is
+    the glory of the New York Central road, or than the London and
+    Northwestern compound engine with its 88-inch driving-wheels,
+    or the Caledonian locomotive (which did the best running in the
+    English races) with its 78-inch drivers and cylinders 18 by 26
+    inches.</p>
+
+    <p>It was now after ten o'clock in the morning; and at Erie
+    crowds had assembled at the station to see the train go out,
+    for news of what was being done had by this time gone abroad.
+    The platforms, too, at every station from Erie to Buffalo were
+    thronged with people as we went roaring by. In Dunkirk (through
+    which we burst at 75 miles an hour) crowds stood on the
+    sidewalks and at every corner. To describe the run for those 86
+    miles in detail would be impossible, or to put into words the
+    tension of the suppressed excitement among those on board the
+    train as miles flew by and we knew that we were travelling as
+    men had never travelled before.</p>
+
+    <p>For those who had misgivings as to the possibilities of the
+    type of engine there was a surprise as soon as she picked up
+    the train. She must have reached a speed of a mile a minute
+    within five miles from the first movement of the wheels. The
+    first eight miles were finished in 8 minutes, 49 seconds. From
+    there on there was never an instant of slackening pace. From 60
+    miles an hour the velocity rose to 70; from
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page255"
+       id="page255"></a>[pg 255]</span> 70 to 80; from 80, past the
+       previous high-water marks, to 85 and 90, and at last to over
+       92.</p>
+
+    <p>Trains have been timed for individual miles at speeds of
+    over 90 miles before. There is even said to be on record an
+    instance of a single mile run at 112 miles an hour. But never
+    before has an engine done what the ten-wheeler did that day,
+    when it reached 80 miles an hour and held the speed for half an
+    hour; reached 85 miles an hour and held that for nearly ten
+    minutes; reached 90 miles and held that for three or four
+    consecutive miles. A speed of 75 miles an hour (a mile and a
+    quarter a minute) was maintained for the whole hour, and the 75
+    miles were actually covered in the 60 minutes. The entire 86
+    miles were done in 70 minutes 46 seconds,&mdash;an average
+    speed of 72.91 miles an hour. In the English run, a speed of
+    68.40 miles was maintained for an even hour, 69 miles being
+    done in 60.5 minutes; and 141 miles were run at an average
+    speed of 67.20 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>To word it otherwise, the American train covered 7 miles
+    more in its fastest hour than did the English train. The speed
+    which the English engines held for 141 miles the American
+    engines held for over 200&mdash;181 miles being made at 69.67
+    miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>The most remarkable figures in the American run are given in
+    the following table:</p>
+    <pre class="note">
+A distance of 510.1 miles made at 65.07 miles an hour.
+"     "     " 289.3   "    "   "  66.68   "    "  "
+"     "     " 181.5   "    "   "  69.67   "    "  "
+"     "     "  85     "    "   "  72.92   "    "  "
+"     "     "  71     "    "   "  75.06   "    "  "
+"     "     "  59     "    "   "  76.08   "    "  "
+"     "     "  52     "    "   "  78.00   "    "  "
+"     "     "  42     "    "   "  79.04   "    "  "
+"     "     "  33     "    "   "  80.07   "    "  "
+"     "     "   8     "    "   "  85.44   "    "  "
+</pre>
+
+    <p>A single mile was also timed (unofficially) at the speed of
+    92.3 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>Here is the schedule of the last division:</p>
+    <pre class="note">
+                                           Dis-         Time of
+                                           tance.       leaving.
+Erie (leave).............................&mdash;              10-19-48
+Harbor Creek............................. 8 miles       10-28-37
+Moorhead................................. 3   "         10-31-06
+North East............................... 4   "         10-34-22
+State Line............................... 5   "         10-38-15
+Ripley................................... 3   "         10-40-22
+Westfield................................ 8   "         10-45-56
+Brocton.................................. 8   "         10-52-06
+Van Buren...........,.................... 5   "         10-55-39
+Dunkirk.................................. 4   "         10-58-54
+Silver Creek............................. 9   "         11-06-05
+Fairhaven................................ 5   "         11-10-33
+Angola .................................. 5   "         11-14-14
+Lake View................................ 7   "         11-20-11
+Athol Springs............................ 4   "         11-24-39
+Buffalo Creek............................ 8   "         11-30-34
+                                         --             --------
+Total distance Erie to Buffalo
+    Creek................................86   "
+Total time for the 86 miles....                          1-10-46
+
+Average speed over division..............72.91 miles per hour.
+</pre>
+
+    <p>So remarkable are these figures, considering the type of
+    engine used, that an English technical journal has, since the
+    run was made, scientifically demonstrated to its own
+    satisfaction that it was an impossibility. Well, it is the
+    impossible which sometimes happens.</p>
+
+    <p>Through all the running at these wonderful speeds the train
+    moved with singular smoothness. Moments there were of some
+    anxiety, when the cars swung round a curve or dashed through
+    the streets of a town. At such times there were those among the
+    passengers who would perhaps gladly have sacrificed a few
+    seconds of the record. Except for those occasions, however,
+    there was nothing to tell of the extraordinary
+    speed&mdash;nothing unless one stood on the rear platform of
+    the last car and saw the swirling cloud of dust and leaves and
+    bits of paper, even of sticks and stones, that were sucked up
+    into the vacuum behind, and almost shut out the view of the
+    rapidly receding track. It may be (it certainly will be) that
+    the average of 65.07 miles an hour for a distance of 510 miles
+    will be beaten before long. It is almost certain that the same
+    engines on the same road could beat it in another
+    trial&mdash;taking a slightly lighter train, running by
+    daylight and over a dry rail. It will be long, however, before
+    such another run is made as that over the last 86 miles by the
+    ten-wheeler, with William Tunkey in charge. Railway men alone,
+    perhaps, understand the qualities which are necessary in an
+    engineer to enable him to make such a run; and the name of
+    Tunkey is one (however unheroic it may sound) which railway men
+    will remember for many years to come. An analysis of the
+    figures given above will show that it was not until within 20
+    miles of the end of the run that there was any confidence that
+    the record was broken; and not until the run was actually
+    finished and the watches stopped for the last time, at 34
+    seconds after half-past eleven, that confidence was changed to
+    certainty.</p>
+
+    <p>In addition to the mere speed, everything combined to make
+    the run supremely dramatic&mdash;the disappointment over the
+    first divisions&mdash;the growing hopes dashed by the
+    unexpected flag&mdash;the increase of hope again on the run to
+    Erie&mdash;the misgivings as to the type of engine&mdash;all
+    culminating in the last tremendous burst of speed and the
+    triumphant rush into Buffalo station.</p>
+
+    <p>And having left Chicago at half-past three in the morning,
+    at half past-ten that night I sat and watched Mr. John Drew on
+    the stage of a New York theatre.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page256"
+       id="page256"></a>[pg 256]</span>
+
+    <h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2>
+
+    <p>NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.&mdash;A PROVINCIAL SCHOOL OF
+    ART IN ENGLAND.&mdash;THE PRECURSOR OF MODERN ART,
+    CONSTABLE.&mdash;THE SOLITARY GENIUS OF TURNER.&mdash;THE
+    ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PORTRAITURE.&mdash;ROMNEY, OPIE, HOPPNER, AND
+    LAWRENCE.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>By Will H. Low.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">AT the period when in France David and his
+    followers had resuscitated a dead and gone art, and by dint of
+    governmental patronage had infused into it a semblance of life,
+    across the Channel, in a provincial town of England, a little
+    group of painters were quietly doing work which, if it did not
+    in itself change the face of modern art, was at least
+    indicative of the change soon to be accomplished by the advent
+    of Constable.</p>
+
+    <p>The leader of this group, which has been of late years in
+    the hands of zealous amateurs and dealers elevated to the rank
+    of "school," was John Crome, born at Norwich, December 22,
+    1768. The son of a publican, he was first an errand boy to a
+    local physician and afterwards apprenticed to a sign painter.
+    Without instruction, hampered by an early marriage, he forsook
+    his occupation, and sought to paint landscapes; meanwhile
+    finding in the houses of the neighboring gentry pupils in
+    drawing. The lessons gave him a living; and in the houses where
+    he taught were many Dutch pictures which he carefully studied,
+    so that he is in a sense a follower of the Holland school. But
+    his greatest and best teacher was the quiet Norfolk country;
+    and the environs of Norwich, from which he seldom strayed,
+    found in him an earnest student.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/256.jpg"
+             name="fig256"
+             id="fig256"><img src="images/256.jpg"
+             alt="GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF 'THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,' SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,"
+        SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In 1805, in conjunction with his son (the younger Crome) and
+    Cotman, Stark, and Vincent, Crome founded at Norwich an
+    artists' club, where the members exhibited their pictures and
+    had a large studio in common. Some of the members of the
+    Norwich "school," a title to which none of them in their own
+    time pretended, left their native town, and went to London; but
+    its founder remained true to the city of his birth, where he
+    died April 22, 1821. Late in life he visited Paris, where the
+    Louvre still held the treasures of Europe, garnered after every
+    campaign by Napoleon; and his enthusiasm for the great Dutch
+    painters found fresh nourishment.</p>
+
+    <p>It is by this link in the great chain of art that Crome
+    gained his first consideration in the world's esteem; but more
+    important to us of to-day is the fact that he was the first of
+    his century to return to nature. No evil that the frivolous
+    eighteenth century had wrought, or that the classicism of the
+    early years of the nineteenth had perpetuated in art, was so
+    great as the substitution of a conventional type of picture
+    instead of that directly inspired by nature; and this
+    artificial standard, which diverted figure painting from its
+    legitimate field, bore even more heavily on the art of
+    landscape painting.</p>
+
+    <p>Crome, by his isolation at Norwich, escaped this tendency.
+    The Norwich painters, however, were, to a certain degree, an
+    accident. In the London of their time, the almost total
+    cessation of intercourse with continental Europe, due to the
+    war with France, had not prevented the academical standard from
+    penetrating and taking root. The independence of Hogarth in the
+    preceding century had been without result; and Sir Joshua
+    Reynolds, in principle if not always in practice, had preached
+    the doctrine <span class="pagenum"><a name="page257"
+       id="page257"></a>[pg 257]</span> of submission to accepted
+       formulas. Benjamin West, who had succeeded him as president
+       of the Royal Academy, was little but an academic formula
+       himself; and landscape (whose greatest representative had
+       been, until his death in 1782, Richard Wilson, a painter of
+       merit, who had united to a charming sense of color an
+       adherence to the strictest classical influence) was
+       wallowing in the mire of conventionality.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/257.jpg"
+             name="fig257"
+             id="fig257"><img src="images/257.jpg"
+             alt="THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY
+        IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait, from an unknown model, gives Romney with
+        all his charm and more than his usual sincerity.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>To the London of 1800, however, were to be given two
+    landscape painters who may fairly claim the honor of placing
+    their art on a higher pinnacle than it had ever before reached.
+    One of them, John Constable, remains to-day the direct source
+    from which all representation of the free open air is derived,
+    be the painter Saxon, Gallic, or Teuton. The other, Joseph
+    Mallord William Turner, may be said to reach greater heights
+    than his contemporary; but, unlike him, his art is so based on
+    qualities peculiar to himself that he stands alone, though
+    having many imitators who have never achieved more than a
+    superficial resemblance to his work.</p>
+
+    <p>Constable, founding his work on nature with close observance
+    of natural laws, was able to exert an influence by which all
+    painters have since profited. When he came to London, at the
+    age of twenty-three, to study in the school of the Royal
+    Academy, he attracted the attention of Sir George Beaumont, an
+    amateur painter who, by his taste and social position, was
+    all-powerful in the artistic circles of the metropolis. It was
+    he who asked the young painter the famous question, "Where do
+    you place your brown tree?" this freak of vegetation being one
+    of the essential component parts of the properly constructed
+    academical landscape of the period. For a year or two the youth
+    placed brown trees, submissively enough, in landscapes
+    painfully precise in detail and deficient in atmosphere. Then
+    he did that which to a common, sensible mind would seem the
+    most obvious thing for a landscape painter to do, but which had
+    been <span class="pagenum"><a name="page258"
+       id="page258"></a>[pg 258]</span> done so rarely that the
+       simple act was the boldest of innovations. He took his
+       colors out of doors, and painted from nature.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/258-1.jpg"
+             name="fig258-1"
+             id="fig258-1"><img src="images/258-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A
+        PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Reproduced, by the courtesy of W.H. Fuller, from
+        "Memoirs of the Life of John Constable, Esq., R.A.,
+        Composed Chiefly of his Letters, by C.R. Leslie, R.A."
+        Quarto, London, 1843. This noble memoir, which makes one
+        love the man as one admires the painter, is unfortunately
+        out of print.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Of the dreary waste of "historical" and arbitrarily composed
+    landscapes, even in the simpler honest productions of the Dutch
+    preceding this century, nearly all were painted from drawings;
+    color had been applied according to recipe; the brown tree was
+    rampant through all the seasons represented, from primavernal
+    spring to golden autumn. At the most, only studies in colors
+    were made out of doors&mdash;unrelated portions of pictures,
+    stained rather than painted, with timid desire to enregister
+    details. These were then transported to the studio, where they
+    underwent a process of arrangement, of "cookery," as the
+    typically just French expression puts it; from which the
+    picture came out steeped in a "brown sauce," conventional,
+    artificial, and monotonous, but pleasing to the Academy-ridden
+    public of the time. The young "miller of Bergholt"&mdash;for it
+    was there in the county of Suffolk that young Constable first
+    saw the light, on June 11, 1776&mdash;determined in 1803 to
+    have done with convention. He writes to a friend, one
+    Dunthorne, who had had much influence on his early life and was
+    his first teacher: "For the last two years I have been running
+    after pictures and seeking truth at second hand;" adding that
+    he would hereafter study nature alone, convinced that "there is
+    [was] room enough for a natural painter."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/258-2.jpg"
+             name="fig258-2"
+             id="fig258-2"><img src="images/258-2.jpg"
+             alt="FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture was given to the National Gallery by the
+        painter's children. It is possibly one of three pictures on
+        which Constable obtained the gold medal of the Paris Salon
+        in 1822&mdash;the one which in the Salon catalogue is
+        entitled "A Canal." The other two were "The Hay-Wain"
+        (shown on the next page) and "Hampstead Heath," both now in
+        the National Gallery.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>This was henceforth the aim of his life; and from constant
+    study out of doors he learned that natural objects exist to our
+    sight not isolated, but in relation one to another; that the
+    whole is more important than a part; and that the bark of a
+    tree, a minutely defined plant, or a conscientiously
+    geologically studied rock, may mar the effect of a whole
+    picture, while the scene to be represented has a character of
+    its own more subtle, more evanescent, but also infinitely more
+    true than any single element of which it is composed. More than
+    that, through living on such intimate terms with Mother Nature,
+    he learned to value the smiles of her sunshine, and to
+    cunningly adjust her cloud-veils when she frowned. His object
+    was no longer that of the earlier painters, who&mdash;and along
+    with others even faithful Crome&mdash;had aimed to paint a
+    "view" for its topographical value, suppressing or altering,
+    like mediocre portrait painters, any feature which was
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page259"
+       id="page259"></a>[pg 259]</span> thought to be displeasing.
+       Constable painted the moods of nature; the simplest subjects
+       seen under ever-varying effects of light were his choice;
+       and though his pictures bear the names of various places,
+       and divers existing features of these places are portrayed,
+       it is always the beauty of the scene, or that of the moment
+       of the day or night, which affects the spectator.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/259.jpg"
+             name="fig259"
+             id="fig259"><img src="images/259.jpg"
+             alt="THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN
+        THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture was first exhibited in the Royal Academy of
+        1821. It is also one of three exhibited by Constable in the
+        Paris Salon the following year. It is one of Constable's
+        best known pictures. The thoroughly English character of
+        the scene, painted with truth and simplicity, makes it,
+        after a lapse of seventy-five years, as modern as though it
+        were painted yesterday.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>By a public which was used to the conventional tones of the
+    older painters, and which understood or was interested in
+    Turner's daring variations on the theme of classical landscape,
+    these fresh, simple pictures which to-day look so natural to us
+    were regarded with distrust. Not even the shepherd, much less
+    the warrior or the demigod, inhabited these quiet scenes. A
+    picture which any rural gentleman could see from his front
+    door, smacked too little of art for the modish town. Moreover,
+    Constable, no doubt sighing for something lighter and more
+    brilliant, was accustomed, in a vain effort to rival the clear
+    light of out-of-doors, to use the lightest colors of his
+    palette. On a varnishing day at the Royal Academy, the word was
+    passed around among the astonished painters that in portions of
+    his picture of the year Constable had actually used pure
+    white!</p>
+
+    <p>In 1829, however, the world moving, Constable was elected to
+    membership in the Royal Academy. The most notable triumph of
+    his life, though, befell seven years earlier, in 1822, when he
+    sent three pictures to be exhibited in the Salon in Paris. The
+    Hay-Wain, and Hampstead Heath, both at present in the National
+    Gallery, London, were of the three, and excited the greatest
+    enthusiasm among the group of young painters who, with
+    Delacroix at their head, were warring against the academic rule
+    imposed by David. Constable's work thenceforward was the
+    dominant influence in France, and from it can be directly
+    traced the great group of landscape painters which we to-day
+    miscall the "Barbizon" school.</p>
+
+    <p>It is pleasant to recall that official honor&mdash;the first
+    which he received&mdash;came to Constable by the award of the
+    great gold medal of the Salon at this time. For a number of
+    years after this he sent his work to the successive Salons.
+    Pecuniary success, such as fell to the lot of Turner, was
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page260"
+       id="page260"></a>[pg 260]</span> never his; the first
+       painter who looked at nature in the open air "through his
+       temperament," as Zola aptly expresses it, was perforce
+       contented to live a modest life at Hampstead, happy in his
+       work, grateful to nature who disclosed so many of her
+       secrets to him.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/260.jpg"
+             name="fig260"
+             id="fig260"><img src="images/260.jpg"
+             alt="THE 'FIGHTING TEMERAIRE' TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM
+        A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER.</h5>
+
+        <p>The "Fighting T&eacute;m&eacute;raire" was a
+        line-of-battle ship of ninety-eight guns which Lord Nelson
+        captured from the French at the battle of the Nile, August
+        1, 1798. In the battle of Trafalgar, October 21, 1805, she
+        fought next to the "Victory"&mdash;the ship from which
+        Nelson commanded the battle, and aboard which, in the
+        course of it, he was killed. She was sold out of the
+        service in 1838, and towed to Rotherhithe to be broken up.
+        Turner's painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy of
+        1839. His picture touched the popular heart, and though no
+        reproduction in black and white can approach the splendor
+        of color in the original, the engraving renders faithfully
+        the sentiment of the picture.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"I love," he said, "every stile and stump and lane in the
+    village; as long as I am able to hold a brush, I shall never
+    cease to paint them." He ceased to "hold a brush" on the 30th
+    of March, 1837.</p>
+
+    <p>Turner, who was born a year before Constable, on April 23,
+    1775, was, unlike the miller's son of Bergholt, a child of the
+    city. He was born in London, in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden,
+    where his father was a hair-dresser; and when only fourteen
+    entered the Royal Academy schools as a student. The next year
+    he exhibited a drawing of Lambeth Palace; and in 1799 was made
+    an associate, and in 1802 a member, of the Royal Academy. His
+    career was probably more successful than that of any other
+    artist of modern times. Of his life the more that is said in
+    charity the better; for as the sun rises oftentimes from a fog
+    bank, so the luminous dreams of color by which we know Turner
+    emanated from an apparently sour, prosaic cockney. A bachelor
+    implicated in low intrigues, dying under the assumed name of
+    "Puggy Booth" in a dreary lodging in Chelsea, after a long
+    career of miserly observance and rapacious bickering&mdash;of
+    his life naught became him like the leaving. He died December
+    19, 1851. His will directed that his pictures&mdash;three
+    hundred and sixty paintings and nearly two thousand
+    drawings&mdash;should become the property of the nation, the
+    only condition attached being that two of the pictures should
+    be placed between two paintings by Claude Lorraine in the
+    National Gallery. Twenty thousand pounds were left to the Royal
+    Academy for the benefit of superannuated artists; and one
+    thousand pounds were appropriated for a monument in St. Paul's,
+    where this curious old man knew the English people would be
+    proud to lay him.</p>
+
+    <p>For many years Turner had refused to sell certain of his
+    pictures; while for others,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page261"
+       id="page261"></a>[pg 261]</span> and for the published
+       engravings after his work, he had exacted prices of a
+       character and in a manner that smacked of dishonesty. But as
+       in obscure and dingy lodgings his brain had evolved the
+       splendor of sunset and mirage, so, undoubtedly, his
+       imagination had foreshadowed the noble monument which the
+       Turner room at the National Gallery has created to his
+       memory.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/261-1.jpg"
+             name="fig261-1"
+             id="fig261-1"><img src="images/261-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR JOHN GILBERT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR
+        JOHN GILBERT.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait, made many years ago, is a sketch from
+        life, and realizes the crabbed, sturdy painter, Turner, as
+        we may imagine him.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Turner's work, as has been said before, is peculiarly his
+    own. It is true that in the earlier pictures the influence of
+    Claude Lorraine is evident; but upon this root is engrafted an
+    audacity in the conception of color, a research of luminosity
+    in comparison with which nearly all painting is eclipsed. That
+    this refulgence is tinged now and then with exaggeration, with
+    a forcing of effect that destroys the sense of weight and
+    solidity in depicted objects where this sense should prevail,
+    is certain. But it is not the least of his merits that he was
+    endowed with a sureness of taste which enabled him to avoid the
+    rock on which all his imitators have split&mdash;his work is
+    never spectacular. It is perhaps at its best when he has the
+    simple elements of sea and sky as his theme. Here, with the
+    intangible qualities of air and light, textureless and
+    diaphanous, he is most at home. When it becomes a question of
+    the representation of earth, buildings, or trees, one feels the
+    lack of loving subservience to nature; the spirit against which
+    the art of Constable is eloquent lurks here too much.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/261-2.jpg"
+             name="fig261-2"
+             id="fig261-2"><img src="images/261-2.jpg"
+             alt="PEACE&mdash;BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PEACE&mdash;BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID
+        WILKIE. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL
+        GALLERY.</h5>
+
+        <div class="poem">
+            <div class="stanza">
+                <p>"The midnight torch gleamed o'er the steamer's
+                side,</p>
+
+                <p>And merit's corse was yielded to the tide."</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="right">&mdash;<i>Fallacies of Hope.</i></p>
+
+        <p>The "Fallacies of Hope" was an imaginary poem from which
+        Turner professed to quote whenever he wanted a line or a
+        couplet to explain his pictures, the avowed quotation being
+        really of his own composition. Sir David Wilkie, the
+        distinguished painter, died at sea on his way home from the
+        Orient, June 1, 1841. His body was consigned to the sea at
+        midnight of that day. The picture was exhibited at the
+        Royal Academy in 1842.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The stone-pines of Italy are seen through the distortion of
+    convention, the palaces of Venice were never builded by the
+    hand of man; and we lose by this the contrast which nature
+    provides between solid earth and filmy cloud. The onlooker must
+    indeed be devoid of imagination, however, if he can stand
+    before those pictures of Turner where the limitless sky is
+    reflected in the waters, without profound emotion. They may not
+    seem <i>natural</i> in such sense as one finds works of more
+    realistic aim; but one must at least agree with Turner, in the
+    time-worn story of the lady who taxed him with violation of
+    natural law, saying that she had never seen a sky like one in
+    the picture before them. "Possibly," growled the unruffled
+    painter; "but don't you wish you
+    could?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page262"
+       id="page262"></a>[pg 262]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/262.jpg"
+             name="fig262"
+             id="fig262"><img src="images/262.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE
+        NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">This is believed to be a portrait of the
+        painter's younger brother, William Opie.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Another phase of art&mdash;English, like that of Constable
+    and Turner&mdash;rose to its greatest popularity at about the
+    same time. It had an origin more easily traceable&mdash;the
+    presence of Vandyke in England in the seventeenth century
+    having given an impulsion to portrait painting which had been
+    maintained by Reynolds and Gainsborough in the century
+    preceding our own. George Romney, who was born at Dalton, in
+    Lancashire, December 15, 1734, divided with these last two
+    painters the patronage of the great and wealthy of his time. He
+    was but eleven years younger than Reynolds, and seven years the
+    junior of Gainsborough; but by the fact of his living until
+    November 15, 1802, he may be considered in connection with the
+    painters of this century. He possessed great facility of brush,
+    which led him occasionally into careless drawing, and he lacked
+    the refined grace of Reynolds and the simple charm of
+    Gainsborough. Nevertheless, a superabundance of the qualities
+    which go to make up a painter were his, and his art is less
+    affected by influences foreign to his native soil than that of
+    any painter of his time.</p>
+
+    <p>Romney was pre&euml;minently a painter of women, as were the
+    majority of his followers&mdash;English art at that time being
+    possessed of more sweetness than force. Lady Hamilton, the
+    Circe who succeeded in ensnaring the English Ulysses, Nelson,
+    was a frequent model for Romney, and the list of notable names
+    of the fair women whose beauty he perpetuated would be a long
+    one. His life offers one of the most curious examples of the
+    engrossing nature of a painter's work, if we accept this as the
+    explanation of his strange conduct. Having come to London from
+    Kendal in 1762, leaving his wife and family behind him in
+    Lancashire, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page263"
+       id="page263"></a>[pg 263]</span> he remained in the
+       metropolis for thirty-seven years, making, during this time,
+       but two visits to the place which he never ceased to
+       consider his home. It does not appear that anything but
+       absorption in work was the cause of this neglect. His wife
+       and children remained all the time in their northern home.
+       In 1799, three years before his death, the husband and
+       father awoke to a realization of their existence, and
+       returned to live with them.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:28%;">
+        <a href="images/263-1.jpg"
+             name="fig263-1"
+             id="fig263-1"><img src="images/263-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER 10, 1793." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER
+        10, 1793.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>John Opie, known as the "Cornish genius" when his first
+    works, executed at the age of twenty, were exhibited in the
+    Royal Academy, was a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was born
+    at Truro in May, 1761, the son of a carpenter. His precocity
+    attracted the notice of Dr. Wolcot ("Peter Pindar"), who
+    introduced him to Reynolds.</p>
+
+    <p>Opie is thoroughly English in his manner, having, however,
+    more affiliation to Hogarth and the earlier painters of his
+    century than to his master. A certain hardness and lack of
+    color are his principal defects; but, on the other hand, his
+    work is sincere to a degree which none of the other painters of
+    his time show, preoccupied as were even the best of them by a
+    somewhat conventional type of beauty. He was appointed
+    professor of painting at the Royal Academy in 1805, but
+    delivered only one course of lectures, dying, at the age of
+    forty-six, April 9, 1807.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/263-2.jpg"
+             name="fig263-2"
+             id="fig263-2"><img src="images/263-2.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS 'THE CORAL NECKLACE,' BY JOHN HOPPNER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS "THE CORAL
+        NECKLACE," BY JOHN HOPPNER.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the collection of George A. Hearn of New York, by
+        whose courtesy it appears here. Quaint and charming as a
+        picture, of great beauty of color in the original, this is
+        an admirable example of this painter. The original painting
+        is at present on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum, New
+        York.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>During the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the
+    first years of the nineteenth, the fashionable portrait
+    painters of London were John Hoppner and Sir Thomas Lawrence.
+    The latter, living twenty years longer than Hoppner, was able
+    to generously say of him, in a letter written shortly after
+    Hoppner's death: "You will believe that I sincerely feel the
+    loss of a brother artist from whose works I have often gained
+    instruction, and who has gone by my side in the race these
+    eighteen years."</p>
+
+    <p>Born in Whitechapel, London, April 4, 1758, Hoppner's first
+    vocation was that of chorister in the Chapel Royal. By lucky
+    accident his first efforts at painting attracted the attention
+    of the king, George III., who granted him a small allowance
+    which enabled him to study in the Royal Academy, where, in
+    1782, he gained the medal for oil painting. He first exhibited
+    in 1780, and for some years devoted himself to landscape.
+    Gradually changing to portraiture, he was appointed portrait
+    painter to the Prince of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page264"
+       id="page264"></a>[pg 264]</span> Wales in 1789, and in 1793
+       he was made an associate of the Academy, receiving full
+       membership in 1795. For twenty years and until his death,
+       January 23, 1810, he was extremely successful, and his
+       productions, though less in number than those of Reynolds,
+       or his contemporary, Lawrence, were numerous. In the course
+       of thirty years he contributed one hundred and sixty-six
+       works to the Academy exhibitions. These were chiefly
+       portraits of women and children, and are marked by
+       unaffected grace and appreciation of character.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/264.jpg"
+             name="fig264"
+             id="fig264"><img src="images/264.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+        LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture, in the National Gallery, London, has
+        inscribed on the canvas: "Lady Giorgiana Fane; 1800.
+        &AElig;t 5." It shows Lawrence's method of treating a
+        child's portrait, in the style dear to our ancestors, as a
+        "fancy" portrait. It is also typical of his pronounced
+        mannerism, which would lead one to believe that before the
+        days of photography sitters were easily contented on the
+        score of resemblance. The head in this picture, for
+        instance, is almost identical with that of Napoleon's son
+        in the "Roi de Rome," executed fifteen years later.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page265"
+       id="page265"></a>[pg 265]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/265.jpg"
+             name="fig265"
+             id="fig265"><img src="images/265.jpg"
+             alt="MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+        LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>The greatest of all English actresses, at least in
+        tragic parts&mdash;is the common judgment on Mrs. Siddons.
+        She was almost born and reared on the stage, her father,
+        Roger Kemble, being the manager of a travelling company of
+        actors, with one of whom, William Siddons, she had married
+        when she was eighteen. She was born at Brecon, in Wales,
+        July 5, 1755, and had already attained to some distinction
+        as an actress in 1775, when she made her first appearance
+        in London. From then until her retirement in 1812 her
+        career was a succession of triumphs. She died in London,
+        June 8, 1831. Naturally, she was a favorite subject with
+        the portrait painters of her time. The sweet-faced girl
+        shown in the above portrait has as little resemblance to
+        the stately lady of Gainsborough, or the "Tragic Muse" of
+        Sir Joshua Reynolds, as it has to our imagination of what a
+        "tragic queen" should be. The picture is, nevertheless, a
+        portrait of <i>the</i> Mrs. Siddons, and was presented to
+        the National Gallery, London, where it now is, by her
+        daughter, Mrs. Cecelia Combe, in 1868.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Time has enhanced the value of Hoppner's work somewhat at
+    the expense of his great rival, Lawrence. While the latter
+    remains, from youth to comparative old age, a most astonishing
+    example of facile and brilliant execution, the less obtrusive,
+    possibly more timid, attitude of Hoppner in the presence of
+    nature gives him a greater claim to our sympathy to-day. He was
+    apparently preoccupied above all in rendering the individual
+    characteristics of his sitter; and there are many instances in
+    his work where a painter can see that he has chosen to retain
+    certain qualities of resemblance, rather than risk their loss
+    by an exhibition of <i>bravura</i> painting. Sir Thomas
+    Lawrence is one, on the contrary, before whose pictures it is
+    felt that the principal question has been to make it first of
+    all a typical example of his
+    work.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page266"
+       id="page266"></a>[pg 266]</span>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/266-1.jpg"
+             name="fig266-1"
+             id="fig266-1"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/266-1.jpg"
+             alt="LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+        LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait of the gifted and brilliant woman who, as
+        Lady Blessington, and the intimate friend of Count d'Orsay,
+        alternately shocked and ruled the literary London of
+        Byron's time, is representative of Lawrence's extreme
+        mannerism; but, despite its "keepsake" prettiness, has
+        great charm. Besides her distinguished beauty, Lady
+        Blessington offered much, in her life and surroundings, to
+        inspire a painter. Born in Ireland in 1789, she was forced
+        at fourteen into marrying one Captain Farmer. She could not
+        live with him, and they separated after three months.
+        Farmer was killed in 1817, and the next year she married
+        the Earl of Blessington. Then began that brilliant social
+        career by virtue of which her fame now most survives. Her
+        house became the resort of the most distinguished people of
+        the time; and she herself, by her remarkable grace,
+        cleverness, and vivacity, ever kept pace with the best of
+        her company. She derived a large estate from her husband at
+        his death, in 1829; and besides, for nearly twenty years
+        she had ten thousand dollars a year from her novels (for
+        she was also an author); but she lived most profusely, and
+        had finally, in company with Count d'Orsay, to flee from
+        her creditors. She died in Paris, June 4, 1849.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lawrence, born at Bristol, May 4, 1769, was the son of the
+    landlord of the Black Bear Inn at Devizes; and the child was
+    not yet in his teens when some chalk drawings of his father's
+    customers gave him a local reputation. We are told that "at the
+    age of ten he set up as a portrait painter in crayons at
+    Oxford; and soon after took a house at Bath, the then
+    fashionable watering-place, where he immediately met with much
+    employment and extraordinary success." When seventeen, his
+    success called him to London, where in 1791, though under the
+    age required by the laws of the Academy, he was elected as
+    associate when twenty-two. The year before, he had painted the
+    portraits of the king and queen; in 1794 he was made
+    Academician, in 1815 was knighted, in 1820 was unanimously
+    elected President of the Royal Academy, and in 1825 was created
+    chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France.</p>
+
+    <p>This list of official honors is but little in comparison
+    with the success which he had socially. Of a charming
+    personality, he was admitted to the intimacy of all that Europe
+    boasted of aristocracy and royalty. In 1815 he went to the
+    congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, where his facile brush portrayed
+    the august features of the allied sovereigns assembled there.
+    He contributed, from 1787 to 1830 inclusive, three hundred and
+    eleven pictures to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy.</p>
+
+    <p>It goes without saying that production of this quantity
+    cannot be in every instance of the first quality. But the
+    average merit of Lawrence's work is nevertheless of a high
+    order. Of feminine charm (like many of his time and many of his
+    predecessors) he was a master; no one has ever succeeded better
+    in giving a certain aristocratic bearing to his sitters than
+    he. It can be accounted a fault that this becomes somewhat
+    stereotyped&mdash;that we feel that, were it wanting in the
+    person before him, the amiable Sir Thomas could easily supply
+    it. The English race has not changed so much in the short
+    period which has elapsed since his time that the demeasurably
+    large and liquid eyes, the swan-like necks, and the sloping
+    shoulders, which mark it as his own in Lawrence's work, should
+    be to-day of more rare occurrence. With this great and
+    important limitation, among the pictures of Lawrence can be
+    found a certain number of canvases, not always the most
+    typical, of exceeding merit. Few men have ever conveyed better
+    the impression of the depth and living quality of an eye, nor
+    have many painters succeeded in giving to every part of their
+    canvas the same qualities of color and brilliancy of execution
+    as he.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/266-2.jpg"
+             name="fig266-2"
+             id="fig266-2"><img src="images/266-2.jpg"
+             alt="SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES LANDSEER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+        LANDSEER.</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page267"
+       id="page267"></a>[pg 267]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/267.jpg"
+             name="fig267"
+             id="fig267"><img src="images/267.jpg"
+             alt="MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture, owned by R.H. McCormick of Chicago, by
+        whose courtesy it is here reproduced, represents Lawrence
+        in his least mannered aspect. The simplicity of young
+        girlhood is well expressed, the head is drawn and modelled
+        with great subtlety, and we are fortunate to have so good
+        an example of Lawrence's work in this country.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lawrence died in his beautiful house on Russell Square in
+    London, surrounded by rare works of art which he had collected,
+    on January 7, 1830. Nine years later Sir William Beechey, born
+    at Burford in Oxfordshire in 1753, died in London at the age of
+    eighty-six. He had come to London in 1772; and in 1798, having
+    acquired consideration and a lucrative practice as a portrait
+    painter, and after having painted a picture, now at Hampton
+    Court, representing the king, George III., the Prince of Wales,
+    and the Duke of York at a review, he was knighted. The same
+    year saw his election to the Academy, of which he had been an
+    associate since 1793.</p>
+
+    <p>One of Beechey's distinctions is to have outnumbered even
+    Lawrence in his contributions to the Academy, as three hundred
+    and sixty-two of his works appeared on its walls. Of hasty
+    execution or too great dependence on a dangerous facility,
+    there is, however, little trace in his work. He was occupied
+    exclusively with painting; he
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page268"
+       id="page268"></a>[pg 268]</span> lived more than twenty
+       years longer than Lawrence, and was never diverted by the
+       claims of society upon his time. With his healthy, English
+       color, recalling Reynolds, a sober style not devoid of
+       charm, he is fairly typical of his time; and may fitly close
+       this brief review of the earlier English portraitists. Their
+       task has never been taken up by their successors in art,
+       English portraiture to-day having much the same qualities
+       and defects which mark the contemporaneous painters of all
+       nations.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/268.jpg"
+             name="fig268"
+             id="fig268"><img src="images/268.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY.</h5>
+
+        <p>The original painting is now in the museum of the
+        Louvre, and is a picture charming in color&mdash;the warm
+        white of the dress, and the rich surroundings, in the
+        manner of Reynolds, making an admirable foil to the
+        children's heads.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The exclusive choice of feminine portraits in this article
+    has been dictated by a desire to show, in the space at command,
+    the painting most typical of the time and people. While all
+    these painters produced portraits of men, their work in this
+    field was, as a rule, inferior to the art of France. Lawrence
+    is perhaps an exception; as it would seem that occasionally in
+    the presence of a masculine sitter he rose superior to his
+    manner and, painting with all sincerity, gave his remarkable
+    gifts full play. The lack, however, of serious training in
+    drawing, the over-reliance on charm of color and sentiment,
+    give to the English work a degree of weakness as compared with
+    the thorough command of form and austere fidelity to
+    resemblance that was preached to the French with "drawing is
+    the probity of art" for a text.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page269"
+       id="page269"></a>[pg 269]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/269.jpg"
+             name="fig269"
+             id="fig269"><img src="images/269.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.</h2>
+
+    <h3>PERSONAL REMINISCENCES AND RECORDS OF CONVERSATIONS.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By Murat Halstead.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">JAMES A. GARFIELD, twentieth President of the
+    United States, had the good fortune to be a boy long after he
+    reached the years of manhood. This fact is the key to his
+    character and the explanation of his career. His boyishness was
+    not lack of manhood; it was a lingering youthfulness of spirit,
+    a keen susceptibility of impression, an elasticity of mind, a
+    hearty enjoyment of his strong life, a tenderness and freshness
+    of heart, an openness to friend and foe, something of deference
+    to others, and of diffidence, not without understanding of and
+    confidence in his own powers. He was youthful with the noble
+    youth of the fields and schools and churches, of the farms and
+    villages of the West, when he became a member of the
+    legislature of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page270"
+       id="page270"></a>[pg 270]</span> Ohio, from which he passed
+       into the army, that was like a university to him. As a
+       soldier he was typically a big, brave boy, powerful, ardent,
+       amiable, rejoicing in his strength. In eastern Kentucky he
+       led his regiment in its first fight. He found out where the
+       enemy were, and pulling off his coat&mdash;the regulation
+       country style of preparing for battle&mdash;headed a
+       foot-race straight for "the rebs," and routed them. It was
+       literally a case of "come on, boys." Those opposed, so to
+       speak, thought the devil possessed the robust young man in
+       his shirt-sleeves.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/270-1.jpg"
+             name="fig270-1"
+             id="fig270-1"><img src="images/270-1.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32, AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE ARMY TO BECOME A MEMBER OF CONGRESS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32,
+        AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE
+        ARMY TO BECOME A MEMBER OF CONGRESS.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>When Garfield was President, he was asked whether he ever
+    thought, before his nomination for the office, that he was
+    likely to fill it, and his answer was curious and
+    characteristic of his manner of expression. He said he supposed
+    all American young men reflected on that subject, and he had
+    done so&mdash;not with any serious concern, but as a remote
+    possibility. And he added, "I have fancied the great public
+    personified and looking with an immense, a rolling, intense
+    eye, over the millions of the nation, to pick out future
+    Presidents, and thought as it swept along the ranks the eye
+    might give me a glance, and that perhaps the meaning of it was:
+    I may want you&mdash;some time."</p>
+
+    <p>It was my theory, as the editor of an important journal in
+    Ohio during the time General Garfield served in Congress, that
+    he needed a good deal of admonition; that he had a tendency to
+    sentimentalism in politics that called for correction; that he
+    required paragraphs to brace him up in various affairs; that he
+    lacked a little in worldly wisdom, and maybe had a dangerous
+    tendency to giving and taking too much confidence; and that he
+    was disposed to dwell upon a mountain, and would be the better
+    off for an occasional taking-down with a shade of good-humored
+    sarcasm. He was still boyish about some things, and the
+    speculative men in public life sought to beguile him. He was
+    growing all the time, though. He was a student, and was brainy
+    and generous, and laughed at "able articles" even if they had
+    stings in them.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/270-2.jpg"
+             name="fig270-2"
+             id="fig270-2"><img src="images/270-2.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1863." /></a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1863.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Cincinnati knew him best as the Christian
+    orator&mdash;follower of Alexander Campbell&mdash;who preached
+    with a big voice and great earnestness at the corner of Walnut
+    and Eighth Streets. This was when he was a grand young man,
+    sure enough. Some time after, Congress found it out. After a
+    while the public knew Garfield as
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page271"
+       id="page271"></a>[pg 271]</span> one of the half dozen
+       strongest men in the country. Next to John Sherman he stood
+       the most commanding figure in Ohio politics, and was elected
+       Senator of the United States, his term commencing on the day
+       on which, as it happened, he was inaugurated President. He
+       was just realizing his ability, having had it measured for
+       him in the House of Representatives, and knew he was a force
+       in affairs. He enjoyed his dinners and dressed well, and was
+       of imposing presence: a good-natured giant&mdash;no
+       posing&mdash;no troublesome sense of grandeur&mdash;none of
+       the pomp affected by public men too conscious of
+       importance.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/271.jpg"
+             name="fig271"
+             id="fig271"><img src="images/271.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE
+        WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE
+        LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>He suffered under the petty charge that he had been
+    influenced by a scrap of stock whose value might be affected by
+    Congressional action; and those who knew him well were aware
+    that his innocence of knowledge to do what he was charged with
+    doing, was absurd and itself proof that he was sound. He was,
+    by virtue of superior capacity, at the head of the Ohio
+    delegation <span class="pagenum"><a name="page272"
+       id="page272"></a>[pg 272]</span> to the Republican National
+       Convention of 1880, and was charged with the management of
+       the candidacy of John Sherman, Secretary of the Treasury,
+       for the Presidency&mdash;the most competent man in the
+       country for the office.</p>
+
+    <p>It had been thought for a time that the combination of
+    important men for a third term of General Grant would succeed,
+    as the glory of the General was very great and those who wanted
+    him for President again were able and resolute. Blaine had
+    hesitated for a moment whether to take the field; but learning
+    that Sherman would be in the race whether there was or was not
+    any other man a candidate in opposition to Grant, he made the
+    fight, and he and Sherman were the representative leaders
+    against the third term.</p>
+
+    <p>Their feeling was that they were not making war upon General
+    Grant, but upon those who sought to use his fame for their own
+    purpose, and they meant particularly Senator Conkling. General
+    Grant, at Galena, wrote a letter to Senator Cameron, and gave
+    it to John Russell Young, who handed it to Mr. Cameron, and it
+    disappeared. This letter was a frank and serious statement that
+    he desired not to be considered a candidate, and no doubt his
+    preference was the nomination of Mr. Conkling.</p>
+
+    <p>The interest of the great convention early centred in the
+    two tall men on the floor, the undoubted champions of the
+    contending forces, Conkling and Garfield; and the latter got
+    the first decided advantage in breaking the third term line
+    when Conkling demanded that the majority of the delegation of a
+    State should cast the entire vote. This was the famous unit
+    rule, the defeat of which was the first event of the
+    convention. Garfield and Conkling were foremost in the fray
+    because they were the most masterful men of the vast
+    assembly&mdash;nearly twenty thousand people under the
+    roof.</p>
+
+    <p>The advocates of the Old Commander for a third term were in
+    heavy force, and knew exactly what they wanted; and whenever
+    the convention met, as Senator Conkling usually walked in late,
+    he had a tumultuous reception. The opposition saw it was
+    necessary to counteract this personal demonstration, and
+    managed to hold Garfield back so that he should be later than
+    Conkling, and then they gave him salutations of unheard-of
+    exuberance far resounding; and this was the beginning of the
+    end. Garfield, because he was in person, position, and
+    transcending talent a leader, was transformed into a colossus
+    before the eyes of the convention, and was an appeal to the
+    imagination. When the nominating addresses were made, none was
+    heard by the whole multitude but those by Conkling and
+    Garfield. They stood on tables of reporters, and their voices
+    rang clear, through their splendid speeches, carrying every
+    word to the remotest corners; and the rivalry between the two
+    men became emphasized. Each had the sense to admire the effort
+    of the other, Conkling saying to the delegate by his side: "It
+    is bright in Garfield to speak from that place," and it was a
+    good deal for him to say. More and more Garfield loomed as the
+    man who stood against Grant.</p>
+
+    <p>There had been a good many persons meantime saying that
+    neither Blaine nor Sherman could beat Grant, and that Garfield
+    was the man to do it. All who are familiar with our political
+    methods are aware of the frantic desire of the average
+    office-seeker, or practical politician, no matter what he
+    wants, to find out early all the possibilities of the next
+    Presidency; and it is esteemed a superb achievement to be among
+    the first to pick the man. The number of far-sighted citizens
+    on the subject of the eligibility of Garfield, as the
+    convention progressed, grew large. Governor Foster of Ohio did
+    not conceal his impression that the nomination of Garfield was
+    certain. In his opinion Sherman was not in the race, and
+    perhaps his judgment to that effect assisted the formation of
+    the current that finally flooded the convention. One man, a
+    delegate from Pennsylvania, voted for Garfield on every ballot,
+    and kept him before the people. I had telegrams from
+    correspondents of the Cincinnati "Commercial," at Chicago,
+    several days before the nomination, evidently reflecting
+    Governor Foster's opinions, and frequently repeated, until the
+    event justified them, saying Garfield would be the nominee. I
+    was that time slow to understand the situation, and protested,
+    against putting the "nonsense" on the wires, in telegrams that
+    after the event were held to signify lack of sagacity about
+    Garfield.</p>
+
+    <p>The first man who held decidedly Garfield would be nominated
+    was Mr. Starin of New York, who travelled with Senator Conkling
+    in a special car from the national capital to the convention,
+    and said on the way the nomination of Grant was not to be, and
+    that Blaine and Sherman could not carry off the prize, and that
+    therefore Garfield was to be the man. He made this point to the
+    Hon. Thomas L. James, the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page273"
+       id="page273"></a>[pg 273]</span> Postmaster-General in
+       Garfield's cabinet, between Harrisburg and Chicago. Mr.
+       Blaine regarded beating Grant at Chicago as no loss to the
+       General and no reflection on him, but rather as the best
+       thing for him; and that the true policy and purpose was to
+       beat Conkling, who committed the error in strategy, however
+       gallant the sentiment that inspired him, of committing
+       himself irretrievably to Grant&mdash;and though the
+       contested votes were all against him, he was unchangeable.
+       "No angle-worm nomination will take place
+       to-day"&mdash;meaning nothing feeble&mdash;was Mr.
+       Conkling's oracular remark the morning of the day when the
+       Presidential destiny of the occasion was determined.</p>
+
+    <p>The drift toward Garfield was in so many ways announced
+    before the decisive hour that he could not be insensible of its
+    existence, and he was greatly disturbed. He said he would
+    "rather be shot with musketry than nominated" and have Sherman
+    think he had been unfaithful to his obligations as leader of
+    the forces for him. That Senator Sherman was offended is well
+    known; but so far as he felt that Garfield had been to blame,
+    it was due to the gossip, widely disseminated, that Garfield
+    was personally concerned in working his own "boom." All that
+    was well threshed out long ago, and there is nothing tangible
+    in it to-day. The fact is, Garfield could not have worked a
+    personal scheme. He must have been defeated if he had tried it.
+    A movement on his part of that kind would have been fatal. On
+    the other hand, if he had got up to decline to be a candidate,
+    it would have been easy to say that he was making a nominating
+    speech for himself. It was not particularly difficult to call
+    Garfield a "traitor," and the temptation to do it was because
+    he was so sensitive regarding that imputation in
+    politics&mdash;whatever hurts goes. He had no idea of
+    concealing anything, and told such queer stories as this:</p>
+
+    <p>The morning of his nomination&mdash;the fact that this was
+    from Garfield himself is certain&mdash;one of his relatives
+    from Michigan saw him and said: "Jim, you are going to be
+    nominated to-day. I had a dream about you last night, and
+    thought I was in the hall and there was something happening, I
+    could not tell what, when suddenly on every side the standards
+    of the States [names of the States on staffs locating the
+    delegations] were pulled from their places, and men ran to
+    where you were sitting, and waved them over your head."
+    Garfield stated that this was certainly told him on the way to
+    his breakfast; and after the nomination the dreamer reappeared
+    and said: "What did I tell you, Jim? Why, the very thing I saw
+    in my dream last night, I saw in the convention to-day."</p>
+
+    <p>The inside truth about the nomination was freely given by
+    Mr. Blaine, who, as the convention progressed, was studying the
+    proceedings with the surprisingly clear vision he possessed for
+    the estimation of passing events. He soon made up his mind that
+    his nomination could not happen, and that Sherman also was
+    impossible. They could not unite forces without losses.
+    Evidently there was a crisis at hand. There is something in a
+    convention that always tells the competent observer, near or
+    far, that decisive action is about to be taken. The evidence
+    appears of an intolerant impatience. Mr. Conkling was relying
+    upon the absolute solidity of his three hundred and five. Mr.
+    Blaine was a wiser man about the force of a tempest in a
+    convention, and would have preferred Sherman to Conkling. But
+    Conkling was quite as bitter toward Sherman as regarding
+    Blaine, even more so in his invective; and this grew out of the
+    custom-house difficulty that ultimately so deeply affected
+    General Arthur's fortunes. There had to be a break
+    somewhere&mdash;to Grant from Sherman and Blaine, or from him
+    to them, or a rush to Conkling, or to Garfield, whose
+    conspicuity had constantly suggested it; and Blaine resolved
+    that the chance to rout the third-termers was to sweep the
+    convention by going for Garfield, and overwhelming him with the
+    rest, thus winning a double victory over Conkling.</p>
+
+    <p>It is a fact, and the one that makes certain the proposition
+    that Sherman could not have been nominated, that the majority
+    of the Blaine men from New York, turned loose by breaking the
+    unit rule&mdash;there were nineteen of them&mdash;preferred
+    Grant to Sherman. If the break by Blaine from himself had been
+    attempted, for Sherman, Grant would have been nominated if one
+    ballot had been decisive. But Blaine was able to transfer every
+    vote cast for him to Garfield, with the exception of that of a
+    colored delegate from Virginia; and this movement was managed
+    so as to overthrow all who strove to stand against it. Grant
+    was in the lead for thirty-four ballots, but on the
+    thirty-fourth there were seventeen votes for Garfield. On the
+    thirty-fifth ballot Garfield had three hundred and ninety-nine
+    votes, twenty-one majority over all. Blaine by telegraph had
+    outgeneralled Conkling, present and commanding in
+    person.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page274"
+       id="page274"></a>[pg 274]</span>
+
+    <p>The course of the proceedings of the convention from the
+    first was a preparation for the final scenes, the putting of
+    Garfield against Conkling and working up a rivalry between them
+    having a marked effect; and this was not so much for Garfield
+    as against Conkling. Garfield grieved to think Sherman would
+    misunderstand him, and was apprehensive as to the feeling of
+    the New York delegation. "How do your people feel about this?"
+    Garfield asked a New Yorker, when he had returned to his hotel
+    the nominee.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, they feel badly and bitterly," was the reply.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Garfield, "I suppose they do. It is as
+    Wellington said, 'next to the sadness of defeat, the saddest
+    moment is that of victory.'" This remark was quite in
+    Garfield's method and manner.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Sherman's failure was made inevitable in this, as in
+    other conventions, by the strange absence, always observable in
+    New York, of appreciation of the unparalleled services to the
+    country of his public labors culminating in the resumption of
+    specie payments. That is the real secret and chief fault of the
+    convention.</p>
+
+    <p>Ex-Governor Dennison of Ohio appeared at the headquarters of
+    the New York delegation after the Garfield nomination, and
+    Senator Conkling greeted him cordially. There Dennison said, so
+    that the whole delegation heard, that he was the bearer of a
+    message from the delegation of Ohio, that they would give a
+    solid vote for any man New York would be pleased to name for
+    Vice-President. "Even," said Senator Conkling promptly, in his
+    finest cynical way, "if that man should be Chester A.
+    Arthur?"</p>
+
+    <p>Dennison's answer was, after a moment, "Yes;" and Conkling
+    put the question of supporting Arthur to a vote, making a
+    motion that he was the choice of the delegation for the
+    Vice-Presidency, and it was carried immediately. This was
+    understood to be pretty hard on the Ohio people, including
+    especially Sherman and Garfield. Of course, under the lead of
+    New York and Ohio, the convention ratified the motion of
+    Conkling, and the ticket was Garfield and Arthur. And so ample
+    preparation was made for the bitterness of the coming
+    time&mdash;for the troubled administration of Garfield and its
+    tragic close.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.</h4>
+
+    <p>There have been limitations upon the candor of all persons
+    who have undertaken to write the story of the tragedy of the
+    administration of Garfield, and partisanism in personalities
+    has had too much attention. Mr. Conkling seemed to be the storm
+    centre, and it was difficult to deal with him and not to offend
+    him. It is well remembered that in his speech placing Grant in
+    nomination he quoted Miles O'Reilly:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>If asked what State he hails from,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Our sole reply shall be&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>He comes from Appomattox</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And the famous apple tree.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>On the way home, Governor Foster of Ohio, called out at Fort
+    Wayne, paraphrased the Senator thus:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>If asked what State he hails from,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Our sole reply shall be&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>He comes from old Ohio</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And his name is General G.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>This was not startling in any way, but Mr. Conkling had the
+    reputation of being very much offended by the parody.</p>
+
+    <p>It happens often in war, and sometimes in peace, that
+    newspaper correspondents send the real news privately to the
+    editor in charge, and give things as they ought to be in "copy"
+    for the printers. There are before me private letters written
+    by one well informed of that which was going on in the capital
+    city of Ohio immediately after the nomination of Garfield, and
+    a few extracts will turn the light on the inside of the affairs
+    of the Republicans of the nominee's State at that
+    time&mdash;the news then being too strong for newspapers.</p>
+
+    <p>"July 10.&mdash;The plan to have Garfield go through New
+    York to Saratoga with Logan, Foster, and others has been given
+    up.... Logan and Cameron are all right, but Conkling refuses to
+    be pacified or conciliated, unless Garfield will make promises;
+    and that he refuses to do. Conkling said he'd 'rather had to
+    support Blaine.' Conkling never called upon Garfield, or
+    returned Garfield's call, or answered Garfield's note. Sherman
+    has been in cordial consultation with the committee, and
+    promised to do all he can honorably in his position [Secretary
+    of the Treasury]. Garfield appears well under fire, and is a
+    more manly character than ever before. He says no man could be
+    in a better position for defeat, if he has to get it. His
+    behavior has won the respect of the workers since the
+    convention."</p>
+
+    <p>"July 11.&mdash;They all stand around and watch Conkling as
+    little dogs watch their <span class="pagenum"><a name="page275"
+       id="page275"></a>[pg 275]</span> master when he is in a bad
+       mood&mdash;waiting for him to graciously smile, and they
+       will jump about with effusive joy. A strong letter was
+       written urging Conkling, in the most flattering way, and
+       appealing to him in the most humble manner, to come to Ohio
+       and deliver a speech in the Cincinnati Music Hall, and
+       promising no end of thousands of people and bands and guns
+       and things, till you couldn't rest. I opposed sending such a
+       missive, advocating such a simple and cordial invitation as
+       it is customary to extend to a leader and honest, earnest
+       party man. But they looked upon me (probably rightly, too)
+       as a fool who would rush in where angels fear to tread. And
+       now Jewell writes that he has not dared to give the letter
+       to Conkling yet, as he has not 'deemed any moment yet as
+       opportune.' Meanwhile Conkling and Arthur have gone off on a
+       two or three weeks' fishing trip. Dorsey humbly and piously
+       hopes Conkling can be induced to make a speech in Vermont,
+       and if the Almighty happens to take the right course with
+       him, he may condescend to come to Ohio."</p>
+
+    <p>This is a true picture of the way the campaign opened. Mr.
+    Sherman said something in an interview that was less cordial
+    than was expected and caused some temper, but the fault found
+    was not that he was accusative but reserved. Colonel Dick
+    Thompson made a ringing speech pledging the Hayes
+    administration without reserve; and that gave encouragement,
+    and was said to be for a time the only inspiration the
+    Republicans got to go for Garfield with good will and
+    confidence.</p>
+
+    <p>It was arranged to have General Garfield appear in New York
+    City, and it was expected that he would there meet Mr.
+    Conkling. There was to be a consultation of Republicans, and
+    the plan of the campaign perfected. The question of special
+    exertion in the Southern States was up. The conference came
+    off, and Mr. Conkling did not attend it. Mr. Arthur seemed very
+    much grieved about that. Mr. Logan was unwilling to speak in
+    the presence of reporters, and Mr. Blaine said he would be very
+    much disappointed if his speech was not reported. Thurlow Weed
+    made the speech of the occasion. The real object of the meeting
+    was to bring Garfield and Conkling together without making the
+    fact too obvious; and the disturbance of the candidate was
+    manifest in his references to the absent Senator as "my Lord
+    Roscoe."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have," said Garfield next day, "an invitation to make a
+    trip to Coney Island, and it means that I may there have a
+    pocket interview with my Lord Roscoe; but if the Presidency is
+    to turn on that, I do not want the office badly enough to go;"
+    and he did not go. The words are precisely Garfield's; and the
+    next thing was the journey over the Erie line, and speeches by
+    Garfield, accompanied by General Harrison and Governor
+    Kirkwood, at every important place from Paterson to Jamestown.
+    That the General was capable of warm resentment, this letter
+    testifies:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p class="right">MENTOR, OHIO, <i>September 20,
+        1880</i>.</p>
+
+        <p>I notice &mdash;&mdash; is parading through the country
+        devoting himself to personal assaults upon me. Why do not
+        our people republish his letter, which a few years ago
+        drove him in disgrace from the stump, and compelled the
+        Democracy to recall every appointment then pending? Of all
+        the black sheep that have been driven from our flock, I
+        know of none blacker than he, and less entitled to assail
+        any other man's character.</p>
+
+        <p>Very truly yours,</p>
+
+        <p class="author">J.A. GARFIELD.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>The speaking on the line of the Erie road by Garfield,
+    Harrison, and Kirkwood was of a very high and effective
+    character. The man who did more to make peace than any other
+    was General Grant. Conkling had a genuine affection for him,
+    and consented to go with him to Mentor; and yet there was some
+    trifle always in the way of a complete understanding with the
+    old guard of the Third-Term Crusaders.</p>
+
+    <p>Garfield was very sensible of and grateful for the work done
+    by Grant and Conkling, and did not stint expression of his
+    feeling. The State of New York was carried by the Republicans,
+    and Garfield indisputably elected President of the United
+    States. There was a vast amount of worry in making up the
+    cabinet, and Mr. Conkling's hand appeared, but not with a
+    gesture of conciliation. He and Garfield were of incompatible
+    temper. Each had mannerisms that irritated the other; and when
+    they seemed to try to agree, the effort was not a success.</p>
+
+    <p>As soon as the administration was moving the President was
+    under two fires: one in respect to the attempted reforms in the
+    postal service, and the other about the New York appointments.
+    Mr. Conkling did not seem able to understand that anything
+    could be done that was not according to his pleasure, without
+    personal offence toward himself. He was a giant, and that was
+    his weakness. It was Garfield's ardent desire to be friendly
+    with the senior New York Senator; but one
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page276"
+       id="page276"></a>[pg 276]</span> position he avowedly
+       maintained. It was that he was not to blame for being
+       President of the United States; that he had taken the oath
+       of office, and was the man responsible to the people for the
+       administration, and he could not, dare not, shift that
+       obligation; and, more than that, he must give the
+       "recognition" due friends to the men who had aided him in
+       breaking down Mr. Conkling's policy at Chicago. If that was
+       a crime he was a criminal. He was President, and he would be
+       true to his friends; and surely he should not be expected to
+       serve another man's purpose by humiliating himself.</p>
+
+    <p>Conkling had taken part in the campaign at last, but that
+    was his duty at first. It is needless to refer to questions of
+    veracity&mdash;to what practical politicians call "promises." A
+    polite phrase is twisted, by the many seized with fury to be
+    officers, to mean what is desired, though it may be but a mere
+    civility&mdash;the more marked probably because the President
+    knows he has only good words to give! There are always such
+    issues when there is patronage to be distributed, for, of
+    course, there is dissatisfaction. Everybody cannot be made
+    happy, with or without civil service reform; and it is no
+    effort, when the President says "Good morning," and seems to be
+    obliging, and says he will take a recommendation into
+    consideration and if possible read the papers, and adds, "I
+    shall be glad to see you again," to say, when he appoints
+    another to the coveted place, that he has falsified.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Conkling's friends relate that he was about to go to the
+    White House and hold a consultation in which Mr. Arthur and Mr.
+    Platt were to participate, when he received a telegram in
+    cipher from Governor Cornell which, when translated, turned out
+    to be an urgent request that the Senator should vote to confirm
+    Robertson; and that this was regarded as insulting, and Mr.
+    Conkling refused to go to the White House, with a burst of
+    scorn about the dispensation of offices! This is not consistent
+    with the accusations that Garfield was influenced to be
+    perfidious. There are those who think there would have been
+    peace if it had not been for that Cornell telegram; but they
+    are of the manner of mind of the peacemakers of 1861, who
+    thought another conference would heal all wounded
+    susceptibilities. The source of discordance was not near the
+    surface; it was in the system of "patronage" and "recognition,"
+    and deep in the characteristics of the individuals.</p>
+
+    <p>It is not true that Mr. Blaine was fierce for war upon
+    Conkling; he thought a fight was inevitable, and that the time
+    for the President to assert himself was at the beginning; and
+    said so. "Fight now if at all," said Blaine then to Garfield,
+    "for your administration tapers!" As to his personal wishes, he
+    was often overruled in the cabinet, and took it complacently.
+    But he was warlike on the point that the President was entitled
+    to be friendly with his friends, and must not be personally
+    oppressed.</p>
+
+    <p>One day Mr. Conkling in the Senate had one of the New York
+    appointments pleasing to him taken up and confirmed, leaving
+    half a dozen others, about evenly divided between his own and
+    the President's favorites. Then came a crisis; and it was
+    represented to the President that he should pull those
+    appointments out of the Senate at once, before Conkling's power
+    was further exhibited; and that if he did not, the bootblacks
+    at Willard's would know that the Senator, and not the
+    President, was first in affairs. The appointments were
+    withdrawn, and it was perfectly understood that this withdrawal
+    signified that the President would not allow men to be
+    discriminated against because they were opposed to Conkling at
+    Chicago. A letter came from General Grant in Mexico, addressed
+    to Senator Jones of Nevada, and was published, reflecting upon
+    Garfield's course; and at once the President wrote to the Old
+    Commander defending his administration. This was done as a
+    matter of personal respect. General Grosvenor of Ohio happened
+    to be in the President's room when he mailed a copy of his
+    letter to General Grant, and read the duplicate that was
+    reserved. It was a very respectful and decisive statement. This
+    letter was personal to General Grant, and the rush of events
+    caused it to be reserved and finally forgotten, except by the
+    few who knew enough of it to value it as an historical
+    document.</p>
+
+    <p>There were but a few days of the four months between the
+    inauguration of President Garfield and his assassination that
+    he could be said to have had any enjoyment out of the great
+    office. It brought him only bitter cares, venomous criticisms,
+    lurking malice, covert threats ambushed in demands that were
+    unreasonable if not irrational. He felt keenly the accusation
+    that he had been nominated when his duty was due another; and
+    he was aware that friends had given color to accusation by a
+    zeal that was unseemly. He was pathetic
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page277"
+       id="page277"></a>[pg 277]</span> in his anxiety to be very
+       right; and only the assurance that Conkling was implacable
+       took the sting out of the haughty presumption he encountered
+       in that severe gentleman, whose egotism was so lofty it was
+       ever imposing, when it would have been absurd in any one
+       else.</p>
+
+    <p>During the summer and autumn of the campaign and the winter
+    following, President Garfield was subject to attacks of acute
+    indigestion that were distressing; and it was remembered with
+    concern that he had at Atlantic City suffered from a sunstroke
+    while bathing, and fallen into an insensible condition for a
+    quarter of an hour. The question whether his physical condition
+    might not be one of frailty was serious. Then Mrs. Garfield
+    became ill, and the situation was gloomy.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE GARFIELDS IN THE WHITE HOUSE.</h4>
+
+    <p>There was one evening at the White House&mdash;just when
+    Mrs. Garfield's indisposition was at first manifested, and then
+    was only apparent in a slight chill, that caused a rather
+    unseasonable wood fire to be lighted&mdash;that none of those
+    present can have forgotten; for there were not many bright
+    hours in the midst of the dismal shadowing of the drama
+    hastening to the tragic close. Mrs. Garfield was, with the
+    privilege of an invalid, whose chilly sensation was supposed to
+    be trivial, seated before the fire, the warmth of which was to
+    her pleasant; and she was pale but animated, surrounded by a
+    group among whom were several very dear to her. General Sherman
+    arrived, and was&mdash;as always when his vivacity was kindly,
+    and it was never otherwise with ladies&mdash;fascinating. The
+    scene was brilliant, and had a charming domestic character. The
+    President was detained for half an hour beyond the time when he
+    was expected, and came in with a quick step and hearty manner,
+    and there was soon a flush of pleasure upon his face, that had
+    been touched with the lines of fatigue, as he saw how agreeable
+    the company were. A lady, who had never before seen him, voiced
+    the sentiment of all present, saying in a whisper: "Why, he is
+    the ideal President! How grand he is! How can they speak about
+    him so? What a magnificent gentleman he is! Talk about your
+    canal boys!" He was well dressed, of splendid figure, his coat
+    buttoned over his massive chest, his dome-like head erect,
+    adequately supported by immense shoulders, and he looked the
+    President indeed, and an embodiment of power. He was feeling
+    that the dark days were behind him, that he was equal to his
+    high fortune, that the world was wide and fair before him. It
+    was a supreme hour&mdash;and only an hour&mdash;for the
+    occasion was informal, and there was a feeling that the lady of
+    the White House should not be detained from her rest; and the
+    good-night words were trustful that she would be well next
+    morning; but then she was in a fever, and after some weeks was
+    taken to Long Branch, and returned to her husband, called, to
+    find him stricken unto death.</p>
+
+    <p>It happened on the last day of June, 1881, that I stopped in
+    Washington on the way to New York; and in the evening&mdash;it
+    was Thursday&mdash;walked from the Arlington to the White
+    House, and sent my card to the President, who was out. Then I
+    strolled, passing through Lafayette Square and sitting awhile
+    there, thoughtful over the President's troubles, and recalling
+    the long letters I had written to him at Mentor, urging that
+    Levi P. Morton should be Secretary of the Treasury, wondering
+    whether things would have been better if that had been done;
+    for a good deal of the tempest that broke over Garfield was
+    because he sustained Thomas L. James in postal reforms. The
+    testimony taken during the trial of Guiteau shows that he was
+    that night in that square; and, knowing the President had left
+    the White House, was on the look-out, with intent to murder
+    him. The incarnate sneak was lying in wait, a horrible
+    burlesque, to take his revenge because he thought he had been
+    slighted, and was so malignant a fool he believed public
+    opinion might applaud the deed. One of the dusky figures on the
+    benches was probably his.</p>
+
+    <p>At the Arlington, a few minutes after ten o'clock, I met
+    Postmaster-General James; and when told that I was going to New
+    York in the morning, he asked: "Have you seen the
+    President?"</p>
+
+    <p>I had not, and General James said quite earnestly: "Go over
+    and see him now;" and he added: "The President, you know, is
+    going to Williams College the day after to-morrow, and I know
+    he is not going to bed early, and is not very busy, and will be
+    glad to see you. He and I have been out dining with Secretary
+    Hunt; and the President left me here a few minutes ago. Go over
+    and see him. He has had a good deal of disagreeable business
+    this afternoon relating to my department, and I am sure he
+    would be glad to talk with you, and have something very
+    interesting to say."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page278"
+       id="page278"></a>[pg 278]</span> <br />
+
+
+    <h4>LAST INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT GARFIELD.</h4>
+
+    <p>Returning to the White House, arriving there about a quarter
+    before eleven, after I had waited a few minutes in one of the
+    small parlors, the President came down the stairs rapidly, and
+    I took note that his movements were very alert. I had not seen
+    him since the night when Mrs. Garfield had notice of the
+    illness that had become alarming, and from which she was now
+    convalescent, and said first: "Mrs. Garfield is much
+    better?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, much better," said the President, "and getting health
+    out of the sea air. She has enjoyed it intensely, and will be
+    able to join me day after to-morrow at Jersey City, on the way
+    to Williams College&mdash;the sweetest old place in the world.
+    Come and go with us; several of the cabinet are going, and we
+    shall have a rare time; come and go with us. Have you ever seen
+    the lovely country there?"</p>
+
+    <p>I answered, "No, I have not seen it; and, thanking you for
+    the invitation, shall not go; have too much to do. You will
+    have a vacation?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," the President said, "and I am feeling like a
+    schoolboy about it. You should go. You were along with
+    Harrison, Kirkwood, and me to Chautauqua, you know. That was a
+    great day's ride. Do you remember those watermelons? They would
+    have been first-rate if they had been on ice a few hours."</p>
+
+    <p>"You had a hard day of it," I said; "forty speeches, weren't
+    there? And you will have another lot of speeches to make."</p>
+
+    <p>He said he did not mind the speeches.</p>
+
+    <p>"And how is your health," I asked; "any more indigestion?
+    Ever try Billy Florence's remedy, Valentine's meat juice, made
+    in Richmond, Virginia&mdash;great reputation abroad, little at
+    home?"</p>
+
+    <p>He said he had never tried it, had forgotten it. Then,
+    turning with an air half comic, but with something of
+    earnestness, he said, naming me by way of start: "You have been
+    holding a sort of autopsy over me ever since I tumbled over at
+    Atlantic City. I exposed myself there too long both in the
+    water and in the sun, but it was not so bad as you think."</p>
+
+    <p>I said he might pardon a degree of solicitude, under all the
+    circumstances, and he said he did not want any premature
+    autopsies held over him; and I put it that they had much better
+    be premature. Then the President said, with the greatest
+    earnestness: "I am in better health&mdash;indeed, quite well.
+    It is curious, isn't it? My wife's sickness cured me. I got so
+    anxious about her I ceased to think about myself. Both ends of
+    the house were full of trouble. My wife's illness was alarming,
+    and I thought no more of the pit of my stomach and the base of
+    my brain and the top of my head; and when she was out of
+    danger, and my little troubles occurred to me&mdash;why, they
+    were gone, and I have not noticed them since. And so," said the
+    President, uttering the short words with deliberation, and
+    picking them with care, "and so, if one could, so to say,
+    unself one's self, what a cure all that would be!"</p>
+
+    <p>"The other end of the White House is better, is it not?" I
+    asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not so much change there," said the President; "but one
+    becomes accustomed to heavy weather."</p>
+
+    <p>"Lord Roscoe is feeling happier, I hope," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>The President answered, dropping the "Lord Roscoe"
+    comicality, and speaking rapidly and seriously, with a flush of
+    excitement: "Conkling, after ten years of absolute despotism in
+    New York&mdash;for Grant did everything for him, and Hayes
+    tried to comfort him&mdash;got the elephantiasis of conceit. We
+    read that gentlemen in Oriental countries, having that disease
+    in its advanced stage, need a wheelbarrow or small wagon to aid
+    their locomotion when they go out to walk&mdash;and the
+    population think there is something divine in it. Conkling
+    thought if he should go on parade in New York, and place the
+    developments of his vanity fully on exhibition, the whole
+    people would fall down and worship the phenomenon. But he was
+    mistaken, for they soon saw it was a plain, old-fashioned case
+    of sore-head."</p>
+
+    <p>Then the President, having exhausted the elephantiasis as a
+    divine manifestation, expressed regrets that there had been
+    such contentions among those who should be friends of the
+    administration; and repeated his view of that which was due to
+    the actual trust the people had placed in him, and of which he
+    could not honorably divest himself. He thought the people
+    already understood the case fairly well and would be more and
+    more of the opinion that he had tried to do the things that
+    were right, "with malice toward none and charity for all." We
+    talked until midnight. It was a Friday morning, and the
+    President was doomed to be shot the next day. The assassin had
+    been on his path that night. The President had gone out dining
+    for the last time.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page279"
+       id="page279"></a>[pg 279]</span>
+
+    <p>"And you will not go to Williams College with me?" he
+    said.</p>
+
+    <p>I said: "Mr. President, you have forgotten you were assailed
+    for being in my company to Chautauqua; and I have been so
+    fortunate since as to gather a fresh crop of enemies, and do
+    not want them to jump on to you on my account&mdash;for there
+    are enough upon you already."</p>
+
+    <p>That, the President said, was "curious and interesting," and
+    he laughed about my "fresh crop," and said something about
+    cutting hay; and I told him I had been invited to meet him
+    Saturday night at Cyrus W. Field's country place, where a
+    dinner party was appointed; and jumping up, hurried away. The
+    light in the hall shone down on the President's pale, high
+    forehead, as he walked toward the stairway leading to his
+    apartments, and I saw him no more.</p>
+
+    <p>Something familiar struck me in the appearance of the
+    watchman at the door of the White House, and stopping, I said:
+    "Did you hold this position here in Lincoln's time?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said he, "I did."</p>
+
+    <p>"And did you not look after his safety sometimes?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I did, indeed," was the answer; "many a time I kept myself
+    between him and the trees there," pointing to them, "as we
+    walked over to the War Department to get the news from the
+    armies. I did not know who might be hidden in the trees, and I
+    would not let him go alone."</p>
+
+    <p>"Did it ever occur to you," I asked, "that it would be worth
+    while to have a care that no harm happened here?"</p>
+
+    <p>"What, now?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, now."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, it is different now&mdash;no war now."</p>
+
+    <p>"No," said I, "no war, but people are about who are queer;
+    and there are ugly excitements; think of it."</p>
+
+    <p>Of course, this conversation at the door of the White House
+    the midnight morning of the day before the President was shot,
+    is accounted for by the sensibility that there was a
+    half-suppressed public uneasiness that could mean some fashion
+    of mischief, and it might be of a deadly sort to the President,
+    because he was so formidably conspicuous. Nearly a year
+    afterward, walking by General Sherman's residence, I saw him
+    sitting under a strong light, with his back to the street,
+    writing&mdash;doors and windows all open. I walked in, saying:
+    "General, I wouldn't sit with my back to an open window late at
+    night, under a light like this, if I were you. Some fool will
+    come along with a bull-dog pistol and the idea that death loves
+    a shining mark."</p>
+
+    <p>"Pooh!" said the old soldier. "Nobody interested in killing
+    me. They will let me well alone with their bull-dog
+    pistols."</p>
+
+    <p>The White House shone like marble in the green trees as I
+    drove from the Arlington to the Potomac depot, July 1st, to
+    take the train corresponding to the one that had the
+    President's car attached on the following morning, when he
+    meant to have a holiday of which he had the most delightful
+    anticipation, as one throwing off a brood of nightmares. He was
+    going back the President to the scene of his struggles in early
+    manhood for an education, going to what he called the "sweetest
+    place in the world," having reached the summit of ambition,
+    confident in himself, assured of the public good will, happy to
+    meet his wife restored to health, himself robust and to be, he
+    thought, hag-ridden no more; rejoicing to meet the dearest of
+    old friends, kindling with the realization of his superb and
+    commanding position, glowing with his just pride of place; no
+    heart beating higher, no imagination that exalted this mighty
+    country more than his, no brain that conceived with greater
+    splendor the glory of the nation than his, no American
+    patriotism more true, brighter, broader, deeper, more abounding
+    than his; and all was shattered at a stroke by a creature like
+    a crawling serpent with a deadly sting.</p>
+
+    <p>All over the land the flags flew at half mast, and the woful
+    news was told: "The President is shot!" The man had fallen who,
+    when Lincoln was murdered, spoke the memorable words from the
+    Treasury building, on the spot where Washington was
+    inaugurated: "The President is dead&mdash;but God reigns and
+    the Republic lives." There were nearly three months of torture
+    reserved for the second martyred President, and he bore them
+    with marvellous fortitude; and then, on a September night, the
+    throbbing of the bells from Scotland to California told, that
+    the dark curtain of death had fallen on the tragic drama of the
+    Presidency of Garfield.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page280"
+       id="page280"></a>[pg 280]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM.</h2>
+
+    <h3>THE LAST ROMANCE OF THE PRINCESS OSRA.</h3>
+
+    <h4>BY ANTHONY HOPE,</h4>
+
+    <p class="center">Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," "The Dolly
+    Dialogues," etc.</p>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterK.png"
+             name="fig280K"
+             id="fig280K"><img src="images/LetterK.png"
+             alt="Letter K" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">ING RUDOLF, being in the worst of humors, had
+    declared in the presence of all the court that women were born
+    to plague men and for no other purpose whatsoever under heaven.
+    Hearing this discourteous speech, the Princess Osra rose, and
+    said that, for her part, she would go walking alone by the
+    river outside the city gates, where she would at least be
+    assailed by no more reproaches. For since she was irrevocably
+    determined to live and die unmarried, of what use or benefit
+    was it to trouble her with embassies, courtings, or proposals,
+    either from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim or anybody else? She
+    was utterly weary of this matter of love&mdash;and her mood
+    would be unchanged, though this new suitor were as exalted as
+    the King of France, as rich as Croesus himself, and as handsome
+    as the god Apollo. She did not desire a husband, and there was
+    an end of it. Thus she went out, while the queen sighed, and
+    the king fumed, and the courtiers and ladies said to one
+    another that these dissensions made life very uncomfortable at
+    Strelsau, the ladies further adding that he would be a bold man
+    who married Osra, although doubtless she was not
+    ill-looking.</p>
+
+    <p>To the banks of the river outside the walls then Osra went;
+    and as she went she seemed to be thinking of nothing at all in
+    the world, least of all of whom she might chance to meet there
+    on the banks of the river, where in those busy hours of the day
+    few came. Yet there was a strange new light in her eyes, and
+    there seemed a new understanding in her mind; and when a young
+    peasant-wife came by, her baby in her arms, Osra stopped her,
+    and kissed the child and gave money, and then ran on in
+    unexplained confusion, laughing and blushing as though she had
+    done something which she did not wish to be seen. Then, without
+    reason, her eyes filled with tears; but she dashed them away,
+    and burst suddenly into singing. And she was still singing
+    when, from the long grass by the river's edge, a young man
+    sprang up, and, with a very low bow, drew aside to let her
+    pass. He had a book in his hand, for he was a student at the
+    University, and came there to pursue his learning in peace. His
+    plain brown clothes spoke of no wealth or station, though
+    certainly they set off a stalwart straight shape, and seemed to
+    match well with his bright brown hair and hazel eyes. Very low
+    this young man bowed, and Osra bent her head. The pace of her
+    walk slackened, grew quicker, slackened again; she was past
+    him, and with a great sigh he lay down again. She turned, he
+    sprang up; she spoke coldly, yet kindly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir," said she, "I cannot but notice that you lie every day
+    here by the river, with your book, and that you sigh. Tell me
+    your trouble, and if I can I will relieve it."</p>
+
+    <p>"I am reading, madam," he answered, "of Helen of Troy, and I
+    am sighing because she is dead."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is an old grief by now," said Osra, smiling. "Will no
+    one serve you but Helen of Troy?"</p>
+
+    <p>"If I were a prince," said he, "I need not mourn."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, sir?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, madam," he said, with another bow.</p>
+
+    <p>"Farewell, sir."</p>
+
+    <p>"Madam, farewell."</p>
+
+    <p>So she went on her way, and saw him no more till the next
+    day, nor after that till the next day following; and then came
+    an interval when she saw him not, and the interval was no less
+    than twenty-four hours; yet still he read of Helen of Troy, and
+    still sighed that she was dead and he no prince. At last he
+    tempted the longed-for question from her shy, smiling lips.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why would you not mourn, sir, if you were a prince?" said
+    she. "For princes and princesses have their share of sighs."
+    And with a very plaintive sigh Osra looked at the rapid-running
+    river, as she waited for the answer.</p>
+
+    <p>"Because I would then go to Strelsau, and so forget
+    her."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page281"
+       id="page281"></a>[pg 281]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/281.jpg"
+             name="fig281"
+             id="fig281"><img src="images/281.jpg"
+             alt="'FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER PASS.'" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN
+        SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER
+        PASS."</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page282"
+       id="page282"></a>[pg 282]</span>
+
+    <p>"But you are at Strelsau now!" she cried with wonderful
+    surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, but I am no prince, madam!" said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"Can princes alone&mdash;forget in Strelsau?"</p>
+
+    <p>"How should a poor student dare to&mdash;forget in
+    Strelsau?" And as he spoke he made bold to step near her, and
+    stood close, looking down into her face. Without a word she
+    turned and left him, going with a step that seemed to dance
+    through the meadow and yet led her to her own chamber, where
+    she could weep in quiet.</p>
+
+    <p>"I know it now, I know it now!" she whispered softly that
+    night to the tree that rose by her window. "Heigh-ho, what am I
+    to do? I cannot live; no, and now I cannot die. Ah me! what am
+    I to do? I wish I were a peasant-girl&mdash;but then perhaps he
+    would not&mdash;Ah yes, but he would!" And her low, long laugh
+    rippled in triumph through the night, and blended with the
+    rustling of the leaves under a summer breeze, and she stretched
+    her white arms to heaven, imploring the kind God with prayers
+    that she dared not speak even to His pitiful ear.</p>
+
+    <p>"Love knows no princesses, my princess." It was that she
+    heard as she fled from him next day. She should have rebuked
+    him. But for that she must have stayed, and to stay she had not
+    dared. Yet she must rebuke him. She must see him again in order
+    to rebuke him. Yet all this while she must be pestered with the
+    court of the Grand Duke of Mittenheim! And when she would not
+    name a day on which the embassy should come, the king flew into
+    a passion, and declared that he would himself set a date for
+    it. Was his sister mad, he asked, that she would do nothing but
+    walk every day by the river's bank?</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely I must be mad," thought Osra, "for no sane being
+    could be at once so joyful and so piteously unhappy."</p>
+
+    <p>Did he know what it was he asked? He seemed to know nothing
+    of it. He did not speak any more now of princesses, only of his
+    princess; nor of queens, save of his heart's queen; and when
+    his eyes asked love, they asked as though none would refuse and
+    there could be no cause for refusal. He would have wooed his
+    neighbor's daughter thus, and thus he wooed the sister of King
+    Rudolf. "Will you love me?" was his question&mdash;not, "Though
+    you love, yet dare you own you love?" He seemed to shut the
+    whole world from her, leaving nothing but her and him; and in a
+    world that held none but her and him she could love unblamed,
+    untroubled, and with no trembling.</p>
+
+    <p>"You forget who I am," she faltered once.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are the beauty of the world," he answered smiling, and
+    he kissed her hand&mdash;a matter about which she could make no
+    great ado, for it was not the first time that he had kissed
+    it.</p>
+
+    <p>But the embassy from the Grand Duke was to come in a week,
+    and to be received with great pomp. The ambassador was already
+    on the way, carrying proposals and gifts. Therefore Osra went
+    pale and sad down to the river bank that day, having declared
+    again to the king that she would live and die unmarried. But
+    the king had laughed again. Surely she needed kindness and
+    consolation that sad day; but Fate had kept by her a crowning
+    sorrow, for she found him also almost sad. At least, she could
+    not tell whether he were sad or not; for he smiled and yet
+    seemed ill at ease, like a man who ventures a fall with
+    fortune, hoping and fearing. And he said to her:</p>
+
+    <p>"Madam, in a week I return to my own country."</p>
+
+    <p>She looked at him in silence with lips just parted. For her
+    life she could not speak; but the sun grew dark, and the river
+    changed its merry tune to mournful dirges.</p>
+
+    <p>"So the dream ends," said he. "So comes the awakening. But
+    if life were all a dream!" And his eyes sought hers.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," she whispered, "if life were all a dream, sir?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Then I should dream of two dreamers whose dream was one,
+    and in that dream I should see them ride together at break of
+    day from Strelsau."</p>
+
+    <p>"Whither?" she murmured.</p>
+
+    <p>"To Paradise," said he. "But the dream ends. If it did not
+    end&mdash;" He paused.</p>
+
+    <p>"If it did not end?" a breathless longing whisper
+    echoed.</p>
+
+    <p>"If it did not end now, it should not end even with death,"
+    said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"You see them in your dream? You see them riding&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Aye, swiftly, side by side, they two alone, through the
+    morning. None is near, none knows."</p>
+
+    <p>He seemed to be searching her face for something that yet he
+    scarcely hoped to find.</p>
+
+    <p>"And their dream," said he, "brings them at last to a small
+    cottage, and there they live&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"They live?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page283"
+       id="page283"></a>[pg 283]</span>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/283.jpg"
+             name="fig283"
+             id="fig283"><img src="images/283.jpg"
+             alt="'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED
+        SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"And work," he added. "For she keeps his home while he
+    works."</p>
+
+    <p>"What does she do?" asked Osra, with smiling, wondering
+    eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"She gets his food for him when he comes home weary in the
+    evening, and makes a bright fire, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, and she runs to meet him at the door&mdash;oh, further
+    than the door!"</p>
+
+    <p>"But she has worked hard and is weary."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, she is not weary," cried Osra. "It is for him!"</p>
+
+    <p>"The wise say this is silly talk," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"The wise are fools, then!" cried Osra.</p>
+
+    <p>"So the dream would please you, madam?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>She had come not to know how she left him. Somehow, while he
+    still spoke, she would suddenly escape by flight. He did not
+    pursue, but let her go. So now she returned to the city, her
+    eyes filled with that golden dream, and she entered her home as
+    though it had been some strange palace decked with new
+    magnificence, and she an alien in it. For her true home seemed
+    now rather in the cottage of the dream, and she moved
+    unfamiliarly through the pomp that had been hers from birth.
+    Her soul was gone from it, while her body rested there; and
+    life stopped for her till she saw him again by the banks of the
+    river.</p>
+
+    <p>"In five days now I go," said he; and he smiled at her. She
+    hid her face in her hands. Still he smiled; but suddenly he
+    sprang forward, for she had sobbed. The summons had sounded, he
+    was there; and who could sob again when he was there and his
+    sheltering arm warded away all grief? She looked up at him with
+    shining eyes, whispering:</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you go alone?"</p>
+
+    <p>A great joy blazed confidently in his eyes as he whispered
+    in answer:</p>
+
+    <p>"I think I shall not go alone."</p>
+
+    <p>"But how, how?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I have two horses."</p>
+
+    <p>"You! You have two horses?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes. Is it not riches? But we will sell them when we get to
+    the cottage."</p>
+
+    <p>"To the cottage! Two horses!"</p>
+
+    <p>"I would I had but one for both of us."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes."</p>
+
+    <p>"But we should not go quick enough."</p>
+
+    <p>"No."</p>
+
+    <p>He took his hand from her waist, and stood away from
+    her.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page284"
+       id="page284"></a>[pg 284]</span>
+
+    <p>"You will not come?" he said.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you doubt of my coming, I will not come. Ah, do not
+    doubt of my coming! For there is a great horde of fears and
+    black thoughts beating at the door, and you must not open
+    it."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what can keep it shut, my princess?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I think your arm, my prince," said she; and she flew to
+    him.</p>
+
+    <p>That evening King Rudolf swore that if a man were only firm
+    enough, and kept his temper (which, by the way, the king had
+    not done, though none dared say no), he could bring any foolish
+    girl to reason in good time. For in the softest voice, and with
+    the strangest smile flitting to her face, the Princess Osra was
+    pleased to bid the embassy come on the fifth day from then.</p>
+
+    <p>"And they shall have their answer then," said she, flushing
+    and smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is as much as any lady could say," the court declared;
+    and it was reported through all Strelsau that the match was as
+    good as made, and that Osra was to be Grand Duchess of
+    Mittenheim.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is a sensible girl, after all," cried Rudolf, all his
+    anger gone.</p>
+
+    <p>The dream began, then, before they came to the cottage.
+    Those days she lived in its golden mists that shut out all the
+    cold world from her, moving through space that held but one
+    form, and time that stood still waiting for one divine unending
+    moment. And the embassy drew near to Strelsau.</p>
+
+    <p>It was night, the dead of night, and all was still in the
+    palace. But the sentinel by the little gate was at his post,
+    and the gate-warden stood by the western gate of the city. Each
+    was now alone, but to each, an hour ago, a man had come,
+    stealthily and silently through the darkness, and each was
+    richer by a bag of gold than he had been before. The gold was
+    Osra's&mdash;how should a poor student, whose whole fortune was
+    two horses, scatter bags of gold? And other gold Osra had, aye,
+    five hundred crowns. Would not that be a brave surprise for the
+    poor student? And she, alone of all awake, stood looking round
+    her room, entranced with the last aspect of it. Over the city
+    also she looked, but in the selfishness of her joy did no more
+    than kiss a hasty farewell to the good city folk who loved her.
+    Once she thought that maybe some day he and she would steal
+    together back to Strelsau, and, sheltered by some disguise,
+    watch the king ride in splendor through the streets. But if
+    not&mdash;why, what was Strelsau and the people and the rest?
+    Ah, how long the hours were before those two horses stood by
+    the little gate, and the sentry and the gate-warden earned
+    their bags of gold! So she passed the hours&mdash;the last long
+    lingering hours.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a little tavern buried in the narrowest, oldest
+    street of the city. Here the poor student had lodged; here in
+    the back room a man sat at a table, and two others stood before
+    him. These two seemed gentlemen, and their air spoke of
+    military training. They stroked long mustaches, and smiled with
+    an amusement that deference could not hide. Both were booted
+    and wore spurs, and the man sitting at the table gave them
+    orders.</p>
+
+    <p>"You will meet the embassy," he said to one, "about ten
+    o'clock. Bring it to the place I have appointed, and wait
+    there. Do not fail."</p>
+
+    <p>The officer addressed bowed and retired. A minute later his
+    horse's hoofs clattered through the streets. Perhaps he also
+    had a bag of gold, for the gate-warden opened the western gate
+    for him, and he rode at a gallop along the river banks, till he
+    reached the great woods that stretch to within ten miles of
+    Strelsau.</p>
+
+    <p>"An hour after we are gone," said the man at the table to
+    the other officer, "go warily, find one of the king's servants,
+    and give him the letter. Give no account of how you came by it,
+    and say nothing of who you are. All that is necessary is in the
+    letter. When you have given it, return here, and remain in
+    close hiding till you hear from me again."</p>
+
+    <p>The second officer bowed. The man at the table rose, and
+    went out into the street. He took his way to where the palace
+    rose, and then skirted along the wall of its gardens till he
+    came to the little gate. Here stood two horses and at their
+    heads a man.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is well. You can go," said the student; and he was left
+    alone with the horses. They were good horses for a student to
+    possess. The thought perhaps crossed their owner's mind, for he
+    laughed softly as he looked at them. Then he also fell to
+    thinking that the hours were long; and a fear came suddenly
+    upon him that she would not come. It was in these last hours
+    that doubts crept in, and she was not there to drive them away.
+    Would the great trial fail? Would she shrink at the last? But
+    he would not think it of her, and he was smiling again, when
+    the clock of the cathedral struck two, and told him that no
+    more than one hour now parted her from him. For she would come;
+    the princess <span class="pagenum"><a name="page285"
+       id="page285"></a>[pg 285]</span> would come to him, the
+       student, led by the vision of that cottage in the dream.</p>
+
+    <p>Would she come? She would come; she had risen from her
+    knees, and moved to and fro, in cautious silence, making her
+    last preparations. She had written a word of farewell for the
+    brother she loved&mdash;for some day, of course, Rudolf would
+    forgive her&mdash;and she had ready all that she took with
+    her&mdash;the five hundred crowns, one ring that she would give
+    her lover, some clothes to serve till his loving labor
+    furnished more. That night she had wept, and she had laughed;
+    but now she neither wept nor laughed, but there was a great
+    pride in her face and gait. And she opened the door of her
+    room, and walked down the great staircase, under the eyes of
+    crowned kings who hung framed upon the walls. And as she went
+    she seemed indeed their daughter. For her head was erect and
+    her eye set firm in haughty dignity. Who dared to say that she
+    did anything that a king's daughter should not do? Should not a
+    woman love? Love should be her diadem. And so with this proud
+    step she came through the gardens of the palace, looking
+    neither to right nor left nor behind, but with her face set
+    straight for the little gate, and she walked as she had been
+    accustomed to walk when all Strelsau looked on her and hailed
+    her as its glory and its darling.</p>
+
+    <p>The sentry slept, or seemed to sleep. Her face was not even
+    veiled when she opened the little gate. She would not veil her
+    proud face. It was his to look on now when he would; and thus
+    she stood for an instant in the gateway, while he sprang to
+    her, and, kneeling, carried her hand to his lips.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are come?" he cried; for though he had believed, yet he
+    wondered.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am come," she smiled. "Is not the word of a princess
+    sure? Ah, how could I not come?"</p>
+
+    <p>"See, love," said he, rising, "day dawns in royal purple for
+    you, and golden love for me."</p>
+
+    <p>"The purple is for my king, and the love for me," she
+    whispered, as he led her to her horse. "Your fortune!" said
+    she, pointing to them. "But I also have brought a
+    dowry&mdash;fancy, five hundred crowns!" and her mirth and
+    happiness burst out in a laugh. It was so deliciously little,
+    five hundred crowns!</p>
+
+    <p>She was mounted now, and he stood by her.</p>
+
+    <p>"Will you turn back?" he said.</p>
+
+    <p>"You shall not make me angry," said she. "Come, mount."</p>
+
+    <p>"Aye, I must mount," said he. "For if we were found here the
+    king would kill me."</p>
+
+    <p>For the first time the peril of their enterprise seemed to
+    strike, into her mind, and turned her cheek pale.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, I forgot! In my happiness I forgot. Mount, mount! Oh,
+    if he found you!"</p>
+
+    <p>He mounted. Once they clasped hands; then they rode swiftly
+    for the western gate.</p>
+
+    <p>"Veil your face," he said; and since he bade her, she
+    obeyed, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"But I can see you through the veil."</p>
+
+    <p>The gate stood open, and the gate-warden was not there. They
+    were out of the city; the morning air blew cold and pure from
+    the meadows along the river. The horses stretched into an eager
+    gallop. And Osra tore her veil from her face, and turned on him
+    eyes of radiant triumph.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is done," she cried; "it is done!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, it is done, my princess," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"And&mdash;and it is begun, my prince," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, and it is begun," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>She laughed aloud in absolute joy, and for a moment he also
+    laughed.</p>
+
+    <p>But then his face grew grave, and he said:</p>
+
+    <p>"I pray you may never grieve for it."</p>
+
+    <p>She looked at him with eyes wide in wonder; for an instant
+    she seemed puzzled, but then she fell again to laughing.</p>
+
+    <p>"Grieve for it!" said she between her merry laughs.</p>
+
+    <p>King Rudolf was a man who lay late in the morning; and he
+    was not well pleased to be roused when the clock had but just
+    struck four. Yet he sat up in his bed readily enough, for he
+    imagined that the embassy from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim
+    must be nearer than he had thought, and, sooner than fail in
+    any courtesy towards the prince whose alliance he ardently
+    desired, he was ready to submit to much inconvenience. But his
+    astonishment was great when, instead of any tidings from the
+    embassy, one of his gentlemen handed him a letter, saying that
+    a servant had received it from a stranger with instructions to
+    carry it at once to the king. When asked if any answer were
+    desired from his majesty, the stranger had answered, "Not
+    through me," and at once turned away, and quickly disappeared.
+    The king, with a peevish oath at having been roused for such a
+    trifle, broke the seal and fastenings of the letter, and opened
+    it; and he read:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page286"
+       id="page286"></a>[pg 286]</span>
+
+    <p>"Sire&mdash;Your sister does not wait for the embassy, but
+    chooses her own lover. She has met a student of the University
+    every day for the last three weeks by the river bank." (The
+    king started.) "This morning she has fled with him on horseback
+    along the western road. If you desire a student for a
+    brother-in-law, sleep again. If not, up and ride. Do not doubt
+    these tidings."</p>
+
+    <p>There was no signature to the letter; yet the king, knowing
+    his sister, cried:</p>
+
+    <p>"See whether the princess is in the palace. And in the
+    meanwhile saddle my horse, and let a dozen of the guard be at
+    the gate."</p>
+
+    <p>The princess was not in the palace; but her woman found the
+    letter that she had left, and brought it to the king. And the
+    king read: "Brother, whom I love best of all men in the world
+    save one, I have left you to go with that one. You will not
+    forgive me now, but some day forgive me. Nay, it is not I who
+    have done it, but my love which is braver than I. He is the
+    sweetest gentleman alive, brother, and therefore he must be my
+    lord. Let me go, but still love me&mdash;Osra."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is true," said the king. "And the embassy will be here
+    to-day." And for a moment he seemed dazed. Yet he spoke nothing
+    to anybody of what the letters contained, but sent word to the
+    queen's apartments that he went riding for pleasure. And he
+    took his sword and his pistols; for he swore that by his own
+    hand, and that of no other man, this sweetest gentleman alive
+    should meet his death. But all, knowing that the princess was
+    not in the palace, guessed that the king's sudden haste
+    concerned her; and great wonder and speculation rose in the
+    palace, and presently, as the morning advanced, spread from the
+    palace to its environs, and from the environs to the rest of
+    the city. For it was reported that a sentinel that had stood
+    guard that night was missing, and that the gate-warden of the
+    western gate was nowhere to be found, and that a mysterious
+    letter had come by an unknown hand to the king, and lastly,
+    that Princess Osra&mdash;their princess&mdash;was gone; whether
+    by her own will or by some bold plot of seizure and kidnapping,
+    none knew. Thus a great stir grew in all Strelsau, and men
+    stood about the street gossiping when they should have gone to
+    work, while women chattered in lieu of sweeping their houses
+    and dressing their children. So that when the king rode out of
+    the courtyard of the palace at a gallop, with twelve of the
+    guard behind, he could hardly make his way through the streets
+    for the people who crowded round him, imploring him to tell
+    them where the princess was. When the king saw that the matter
+    had thus become public, his wrath was greater still, and he
+    swore again that the student of the University should pay the
+    price of life for his morning ride with the princess. And when
+    he darted through the gate, and set his horse straight along
+    the western road, many of the people, neglecting all their
+    business, as folk will for excitement's sake, followed him as
+    they best could, agog to see the thing to its end.</p>
+
+    <p>"The horses are weary," said the student to the princess,
+    "we must let them rest; we are now in the shelter of the
+    wood."</p>
+
+    <p>"But my brother may pursue you," she urged; "and if he came
+    up with you&mdash;ah, heaven forbid!"</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/286.jpg"
+             name="fig286"
+             id="fig286"><img src="images/286.jpg"
+             alt="'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE HORSES' HOOFS.' ... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND PULLED HIM TO HIS FEET.'" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE
+        HORSES' HOOFS.' ... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND
+        PULLED HIM TO HIS FEET."</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page287"
+       id="page287"></a>[pg 287]</span>
+
+    <p>"He will not know you have gone for another three hours,"
+    smiled he. "And here is a green bank where we can rest."</p>
+
+    <p>So he aided her to dismount; then, saying he would tether
+    the horses, he led them away some distance, so that she could
+    not see where he had posted them; and he returned to her,
+    smiling still. Then he took from his pocket some bread, and,
+    breaking the loaf in two, gave her one-half, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"There is a spring just here; so we shall have a good
+    breakfast."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is this your breakfast?" she asked, with a wondering laugh.
+    Then she began to eat, and cried directly, "How delicious this
+    bread is! I would have nothing else for breakfast;" and at this
+    the student laughed.</p>
+
+    <p>Yet Osra ate little of the bread she liked so well; and
+    presently she leaned against her lover's shoulder, and he put
+    his arm round her; and they sat for a little while in silence,
+    listening to the soft sounds that filled the waking woods as
+    day grew to fulness and the sun beat warm through the
+    sheltering foliage.</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't you hear the trees?" Osra whispered to her lover.
+    "Don't you hear them? They are whispering for me what I dare
+    not whisper."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it they whisper, sweet?" he asked; and he himself
+    did no more than whisper.</p>
+
+    <p>"The trees whisper, 'Love, love, love.' And the
+    wind&mdash;don't you hear the wind murmuring, 'Love, love,
+    love'? And the birds sing, 'Love, love, love.' Aye, all the
+    world to-day is softly whispering, 'Love, love, love!' What
+    else should the great world whisper but my love? For my love is
+    greater than the world." And she suddenly hid her face in her
+    hands; and he could kiss no more than her hands, though her
+    eyes gleamed at him from between slim white fingers.</p>
+
+    <p>But suddenly her hands dropped, and she leaned forward as
+    though she listened.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is that sound?" she asked, apprehension dawning in her
+    eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is but another whisper, love!" said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay, but it sounds to me like&mdash;ah, like the noise of
+    horses galloping."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is but the stream, beating over stones."</p>
+
+    <p>"Listen, listen, listen!" she cried, springing to her feet.
+    "They are horses' hoofs. Ah, merciful God, it is the king!" And
+    she caught him by the hand, and pulled him to his feet, looking
+    at him with a face pale and alarmed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not the king," said he; "he would not know yet. It is some
+    one else. Hide your face, dear lady, and all will be well."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is the king," she cried. "Hark how they gallop on the
+    road! It is my brother. Love, he will kill you; love, he will
+    kill you!"</p>
+
+    <p>"If it is the king," said he, "I have been betrayed."</p>
+
+    <p>"The horses, the horses!" she cried. "By your love for me,
+    the horses!"</p>
+
+    <p>He nodded his head, and, turning, disappeared among the
+    trees. She stood with clasped hands, heaving breast, and
+    fearful eyes, awaiting his return. Minutes passed, and he came
+    not. She flung herself on her knees, beseeching heaven for his
+    life. At last he came along alone, and he bent over her, taking
+    her hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"My love," said he, "the horses are gone."</p>
+
+    <p>"Gone!" she cried, gripping his hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"Aye. This love, my love, is a wonderful thing. For I forgot
+    to tie them, and they are gone. Yet what matter? For the
+    king&mdash;yes, sweet, I think now it is the king&mdash;will
+    not be here for some minutes yet, and those minutes I have
+    still for love and life."</p>
+
+    <p>"He will kill you!" she said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>She looked long in his eyes; then she threw her arms about
+    his neck, and, for the first time unasked, covered his face
+    with kisses.</p>
+
+    <p>"Kiss me, kiss me," said she; and he kissed her. Then she
+    drew back a little, but took his arm and set it round her
+    waist. And she drew a little knife from her girdle, and showed
+    it him.</p>
+
+    <p>"If the king will not pardon us and let us love one another,
+    I also will die," said she; and her voice was quiet and happy.
+    "Indeed, my love, I should not grieve. Ah, do not tell me to
+    live without you!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Would you obey?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not in that," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>And thus they stood silent, while the sound of the hoofs
+    drew very near. But she looked up at him, and he looked at her;
+    then she looked at the point of the little dagger, and she
+    whispered:</p>
+
+    <p>"Keep your arm round me till I die."</p>
+
+    <p>He bent his head, and kissed her once again, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"My princess, it is enough."</p>
+
+    <p>And she, though she did not know why he smiled, yet smiled
+    back at him. For although life was sweet that day, yet such a
+    death, with him and to prove her love for him, seemed well-nigh
+    as sweet. And thus they awaited the coming of the
+    king.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page288"
+       id="page288"></a>[pg 288]</span> <br />
+
+
+    <h4>II.</h4>
+
+    <p>King Rudolf and his guards far out-stripped the people who
+    pursued them from the city; and when they came to the skirts of
+    the wood, they divided themselves into four parties, since, if
+    they went all together, they might easily miss the fugitives
+    whom they sought. Of these four parties, one found nothing;
+    another found the two horses which the student himself, who had
+    hidden them, failed to find; the third party had not gone far
+    before they caught sight of the lovers, though the lovers did
+    not see them; and two of them remained to watch and, if need
+    be, to intercept any attempted flight, while the third rode off
+    to find the king and bring him where Osra and the student were,
+    as he had commanded.</p>
+
+    <p>But the fourth party, with which the king was, though it did
+    not find the fugitives, found the embassy from the Grand Duke
+    of Mittenheim; and the ambassador, with all his train, was
+    resting by the roadside, seeming in no haste at all to reach
+    Strelsau. When the king suddenly rode up at great speed and
+    came upon the embassy, an officer that stood by the
+    ambassador&mdash;whose name was Count Sergius of
+    Antheim&mdash;stooped down and whispered in his excellency's
+    ear, upon which he rose and advanced towards the king,
+    uncovering his head and bowing profoundly. For he chose to
+    assume that the king had ridden to meet him out of excessive
+    graciousness and courtesy towards the Grand Duke; so that he
+    began, to the impatient king's infinite annoyance, to make a
+    very long and stately speech, assuring his majesty of the great
+    hope and joy with which his master awaited the result of the
+    embassy; for, said he, since the king was so zealous in his
+    cause, his master could not bring himself to doubt of success,
+    and therefore most confidently looked to win for his bride the
+    most exalted and lovely lady in the world, the peerless
+    Princess Osra, the glory of the court of Strelsau, and the
+    brightest jewel in the crown of the king, her brother. And
+    having brought this period to a prosperous conclusion, Count
+    Sergius took breath, and began another that promised to be
+    fully as magnificent and not a whit less long. So that, before
+    it was well started, the king smote his hand on his thigh and
+    roared:</p>
+
+    <p>"Heavens, man, while you're making speeches, that rascal is
+    carrying off my sister!"</p>
+
+    <p>Count Sergius, who was an elderly man of handsome presence
+    and great dignity, being thus rudely and strangely interrupted,
+    showed great astonishment and offence; but the officer by him
+    covered his mouth with his hand to hide a smile. For the moment
+    that the king had spoken these impetuous words he was himself
+    overwhelmed with confusion; for the last thing that he wished
+    the Grand Duke's ambassador to know was that the princess whom
+    his master courted had run away that morning with a student of
+    the University of Strelsau. Accordingly he began, very hastily,
+    and with more regard for prudence than for truth, to tell Count
+    Sergius how a noted and bold criminal had that morning swooped
+    down on the princess as she rode unattended outside the city,
+    and carried her off&mdash;which seemed to the ambassador a very
+    strange story. But the king told it with great fervor, and he
+    besought the count to scatter his attendants all through the
+    wood, and seek the robber. Yet he charged them not to kill the
+    man themselves, but to keep him till he came. "For I have sworn
+    to kill him with my own hand," he cried.</p>
+
+    <p>Now Count Sergius, however much astonished he might be,
+    could do nothing but accede to the king's request, and he sent
+    off all his men to scour the woods, and, mounting his horse,
+    himself set off with them, showing great zeal in the king's
+    service, but still thinking the king's story a very strange
+    one. Thus the king was left alone with his two guards and with
+    the officer who had smiled.</p>
+
+    <p>"Will you not go also, sir?" asked the king.</p>
+
+    <p>But at this moment a man galloped up at furious speed,
+    crying:</p>
+
+    <p>"We have found them, sire, we have found them!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Then he hasn't five minutes to live!" cried the king in
+    fierce joy; and he lugged out his sword, adding: "The moment I
+    set my eyes on him, I will kill him. There is no need for words
+    between me and him."</p>
+
+    <p>At this speech the face of the officer grew suddenly grave
+    and alarmed; and he put spurs to his horse, and hastened after
+    the king, who had at once dashed away in the direction in which
+    the man had pointed. But the king had got a start and kept it;
+    so that the officer seemed terribly frightened, and muttered to
+    himself:</p>
+
+    <p>"Heaven send that he does not kill him before he knows!" And
+    he added some very impatient words concerning the follies of
+    princes, and, above all, of princes in love.</p>
+
+    <p>Thus, while the ambassador and his men
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page289"
+       id="page289"></a>[pg 289]</span> searched high and low for
+       the noted robber, and the king's men hunted for the student
+       of the University, the king, followed by two of his guard at
+       a distance of about fifty yards (for his horse was better
+       than theirs), came straight to where Osra and her lover
+       stood together. And a few yards behind the guards came the
+       officer; and he also had by now drawn his sword. But he rode
+       so eagerly that he overtook and passed the king's guards,
+       and got within thirty yards of the king by the time that the
+       king was within twenty of the lovers. But the king let him
+       get no nearer, for he dug his spurs again into his horse's
+       side, and the horse bounded forward, while the king cried
+       furiously to his sister, "Stand away from him!" The princess
+       did not heed, but stood in front of her lover (for the
+       student was wholly unarmed), holding up the little dagger in
+       her hand. The king laughed scornfully and angrily, thinking
+       that Osra menaced him with the weapon, and not supposing
+       that it was herself for whom she destined it. And, having
+       reached them, the king leaped from his horse and ran at
+       them, with his sword raised to strike. Osra gave a cry of
+       terror. "Mercy!" she cried. "Mercy!" But the king had no
+       thought of mercy, and he would certainly then and there have
+       killed her lover had not the officer, gaining a moment's
+       time by the king's dismounting, at this very instant come
+       galloping up; and, there being no time for any explanation,
+       he leaned from his saddle as he dashed by, and, putting out
+       his hand, snatched the king's sword away from him, just as
+       the king was about to thrust it through his sister's
+       lover.</p>
+
+    <p>But the officer's horse was going so furiously that he could
+    not stop it for hard on forty yards, and he narrowly escaped
+    splitting his head against a great bough that hung low across
+    the grassy path; and he dropped first his own sword and then
+    the king's; but at last he brought the horse to a standstill,
+    and, leaping down, ran back towards where the swords lay. But
+    at the moment the king also ran towards them; for the fury that
+    he had been in before was as nothing to that which now
+    possessed him. After his sword was snatched from him he stood
+    in speechless anger for a full minute, but then had turned to
+    pursue the man who had dared to treat him with such insult. And
+    now, in his desire to be at the officer, he had come very near
+    to forgetting the student. Just as the officer came to where
+    the king's sword lay, and picked it up, the king, in his turn,
+    reached the officer's sword and picked up that. The king came
+    with a rush at the officer, who, seeing that the king was
+    likely to kill him, or he the king, if he stood his ground,
+    turned tail and sped away at the top of his speed through the
+    forest. But as he went, thinking that the time had come for
+    plain speaking, he looked back over his shoulder and
+    shouted:</p>
+
+    <p>"Sire, it's the Grand Duke himself!"</p>
+
+    <p>The king stopped short in sudden amazement.</p>
+
+    <p>"Is the man mad?" he asked. "Who is the Grand Duke?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It's the Grand Duke, sir, who is with the princess. And you
+    would have killed him if I had not snatched your sword," said
+    the officer; and he also came to a halt, but he kept a very
+    wary eye on King Rudolf.</p>
+
+    <p>"I should certainly have killed him, let him be who he
+    will," said the king. "But why do you call him the Grand
+    Duke?"</p>
+
+    <p>The officer very cautiously approached the king, and, seeing
+    that the king made no threatening motion, he at last trusted
+    himself so close that he could speak to the king in a very low
+    voice; and what he said seemed to astonish, please, and amuse
+    the king immensely. For he clapped the officer on the back,
+    laughed heartily, and cried:</p>
+
+    <p>"A pretty trick! On my life, a pretty trick!"</p>
+
+    <p>Now Osra and her lover had not heard what the officer had
+    shouted to the king, and when Osra saw her brother returning
+    from among the trees alone and with his sword, she still
+    supposed that her lover must die; and she turned and flung her
+    arms round his neck, and clung to him for a moment, kissing
+    him. Then she faced the king, with a smile on her face and the
+    little dagger in her hand. But the king came up, wearing a
+    scornful smile, and he asked her:</p>
+
+    <p>"What is the dagger for, my wilful sister?"</p>
+
+    <p>"For me, if you kill him," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>"You would kill yourself, then, if I killed him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I would not live a moment after he was dead."</p>
+
+    <p>"Faith, it is wonderful!" said the king with a shrug. "Then
+    plainly, if you cannot live without him, you must live with
+    him. He is to be your husband, not mine. Therefore, take him,
+    if you will."</p>
+
+    <p>When Osra heard this, which indeed for joy and wonder she
+    could hardly believe, she dropped her knife, and, running
+    forward, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page290"
+       id="page290"></a>[pg 290]</span> fell on her knees before
+       her brother, and, catching his hand, she covered it with
+       kisses, and her tears mingled with her kisses. But the king
+       let her go on, and stood over her, laughing and looking at
+       the student. Presently the student began to laugh also, and
+       he had just advanced a step towards King Rudolf, when Count
+       Sergius of Antheim, the Grand Duke's ambassador, came out
+       from among the trees, riding hotly and with great zeal after
+       the noted robber. But no sooner did the count see the
+       student than he stopped his horse, leaped down with a cry of
+       wonder, and, running up to the student, bowed very low and
+       kissed his hand. So that when Osra looked round from her
+       kissing of her brother's hand, she beheld the Grand Duke's
+       ambassador kissing the hand of her lover. She sprang to her
+       feet in wonder.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who are you?" she cried to the student, running in between
+    him and the ambassador.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your lover and servant," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"And besides?" she said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, in a month, your husband," laughed the king, taking
+    her lover by the hand.</p>
+
+    <p>He clasped the king's hand, but turned at once to her, and
+    said humbly:</p>
+
+    <p>"Alas, I have no cottage!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Who are you?" she whispered to him.</p>
+
+    <p>"The man for whom you were ready to die, my princess. Is it
+    not enough?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, it is enough," said she; and she did not repeat her
+    question. But the king, with a short laugh, turned on his heel,
+    and took Count Sergius by the arm and walked off with him; and
+    presently they met the officer and learned fully how the Grand
+    Duke had come to Strelsau, and how he had contrived to woo and
+    win the Princess Osra, and finally to carry her off from the
+    palace.</p>
+
+    <p>It was an hour later when the whole of the two companies,
+    that of the king and that of the ambassador, were all gathered
+    together again, and had heard the story; so that when the king
+    went to where Osra and the Grand Duke walked together among the
+    trees, and, taking each by a hand, led them out, they were
+    greeted with a great cheer; and they mounted their horses,
+    which the Grand Duke now found without any
+    difficulty&mdash;although when the need of them seemed far
+    greater the student could not contrive to come upon
+    them&mdash;and the whole company rode together out of the wood
+    and along the road towards Strelsau, the king being full of
+    jokes and hugely delighted with a trick that suited his merry
+    fancy. But before they had ridden far, they met the great crowd
+    which had come out from Strelsau to learn what had happened to
+    the Princess Osra. And the king cried out that the Grand Duke
+    was to marry the princess, while his guards who had been with
+    him and the ambassador's people spread themselves among the
+    crowd and told the story. And when they heard it, the Strelsau
+    folk were nearly beside themselves with amusement and delight,
+    and thronged round Osra, kissing her hands and blessing her.
+    But the king drew back, and let her and the Grand Duke ride
+    alone together, while he followed with Count Sergius. Thus,
+    moving at a very slow pace, they came in the forenoon to
+    Strelsau; but some one had galloped on ahead with the news, and
+    the cathedral bells had been set ringing, the streets were
+    full, and the whole city given over to excitement and
+    rejoicing. All the men were that day in love with Princess
+    Osra; and, what is more, they told their sweethearts so, and
+    these found no other revenge than to blow kisses and fling
+    flowers at the Grand Duke as he rode past with Osra by his
+    side. Thus they came back to the palace whence they had fled in
+    the early gleams of that morning's light.</p>
+
+    <p>It was evening, and the moon rose, fair and clear, over
+    Strelsau. In the streets there were sounds of merriment and
+    rejoicing; for every house was bright with light, and the king
+    had sent out meat and wine for every soul in the city, that
+    none might be sad or hungry or thirsty in all the city that
+    night; so that there was no small uproar. The king himself sat
+    in his armchair, toasting the bride and bride-groom in company
+    with Count Sergius of Antheim, whose dignity, somewhat wounded
+    by the trick his master had played upon him, was healing
+    quickly under the balm of King Rudolf's graciousness. And the
+    king said to Count Sergius:</p>
+
+    <p>"My lord, were you ever in love?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I was, sire," said the count.</p>
+
+    <p>"So was I," said the king. "Was it with the countess, my
+    lord?"</p>
+
+    <p>Count Sergius's eyes twinkled demurely; but he answered:</p>
+
+    <p>"I take it, sire, that it must have been with the
+    countess."</p>
+
+    <p>"And I take it," said the king, "that it must have been with
+    the queen."</p>
+
+    <p>Then they both laughed, and then they both sighed; and the
+    king, touching the count's elbow, pointed out to the terrace of
+    the palace, on to which the room where they were opened. For
+    Princess Osra and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page291"
+       id="page291"></a>[pg 291]</span> her lover were walking up
+       and down together on this terrace. And the two shrugged
+       their shoulders, smiling.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/291.jpg"
+             name="fig291"
+             id="fig291"><img src="images/291.jpg"
+             alt="HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ... SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING WAS ABOUT TO THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ...
+        SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING
+        WAS ABOUT TO THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"With him," remarked the king, "it will have been
+    with&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"The countess, sire," discreetly interrupted Count Sergius
+    of Antheim.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, yes, the countess," said the king; and, with a laugh,
+    they turned bank to their wine.</p>
+
+    <p>But the two on the terrace also talked.</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not yet understand it," said Princess Osra. "For on
+    the first day I loved you, and on the second I loved you, and
+    on the third, and the fourth, and every day I loved you. Yet
+    the first day was not like the second, nor the second like the
+    third, nor any day like any other. And to-day, again, is unlike
+    them all. Is love so various and full of changes?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it not?" he asked with a smile. "For while you were with
+    the queen, talking of I know not what&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nor I, indeed," said Osra hastily.</p>
+
+    <p>"I was with the king, and he, saying that forewarned was
+    forearmed, told me very strange and pretty stories. Of some a
+    report had reached me before&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"And yet you came to Strelsau?"</p>
+
+    <p>"While of others, I had not heard."</p>
+
+    <p>"Or you would not have come to Strelsau?"</p>
+
+    <p>The Grand Duke, not heeding these questions, proceeded to
+    his conclusion:</p>
+
+    <p>"Love, therefore," said he, "is very various. For M. de
+    M&eacute;rosailles&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"These are old stories," cried Osra, pretending to stop her
+    ears.</p>
+
+    <p>"Loved in one way, and Stephen the Smith in another,
+    and&mdash;the Miller of Hofbau in a third."</p>
+
+    <p>"I think," said Osra, "that I have forgotten the Miller of
+    Hofbau. But can one heart love in many different ways? I know
+    that different men love differently."</p>
+
+    <p>"But cannot one heart love in different ways?" he
+    smiled.</p>
+
+    <p>"May be," said Osra thoughtfully, "one heart can have
+    loved." But then she suddenly looked up at him with a
+    mischievous sparkle in her eyes. "No, no," she cried; "it was
+    not love. It was&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"What was it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The courtiers entertained me till the king came," she said
+    with a blushing laugh. And looking up at him again, she
+    whispered: "Yet I am glad that you lingered for a little."</p>
+
+    <p>At this moment she saw the king come out on to the terrace,
+    and with him was the Bishop of Modenstein; and after the bishop
+    had been presented to the Grand
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page292"
+       id="page292"></a>[pg 292]</span> Duke, the king began to
+       talk with the Grand Duke, while the bishop kissed Osra's
+       hand and wished her joy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Madam," said he, "once you asked me if I could make you
+    understand what love was. I take it you have no need for my
+    lessons now. Your teacher has come."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, he has come," she said gently, looking on the bishop
+    with great friendliness. "But tell me, will he always love
+    me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely he will," answered the bishop.</p>
+
+    <p>"And tell me," said Osra, "shall I always love him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely," said the bishop again, most courteously. "Yet,
+    indeed, madam," he continued, "it would seem almost enough to
+    ask of Heaven to love now and now to be loved. For the years
+    roll on, and youth goes, and even the most incomparable beauty
+    will yield its blossoms when the season wanes; yet that sweet
+    memory may ever be fresh and young, a thing a man can carry to
+    his grave and raise as her best monument on his lady's
+    tomb."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, you speak well of love," said she. "I marvel that you
+    speak so well of love. For it is as you say; and to-day in the
+    wood it seemed to me that I had lived enough, and that even
+    Death was but Love's servant as Life is, both purposed solely
+    for his better ornament."</p>
+
+    <p>"Men have died because they loved you, madam, and some yet
+    live who love you," said the bishop.</p>
+
+    <p>"And shall I grieve for both, my lord&mdash;or for
+    which?"</p>
+
+    <p>"For neither, madam; for the dead have gained peace, and
+    they who live have escaped forgetfulness."</p>
+
+    <p>"But would they not be happier for forgetting?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not think so," said the bishop; and, bowing low to her
+    again, he stood back, for he saw the king approaching with the
+    Grand Duke; and the king took him by the arm, and walked on
+    with him; but Osra's face lost the brief pensiveness that had
+    come upon it as she talked with the bishop, and, turning to her
+    lover, she stretched out her hands to him, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"I wish there was a cottage, and that you worked for bread,
+    while I made ready for you at the cottage, and then ran far,
+    far, far, down the road to watch and wait for your coming."</p>
+
+    <p>"Since a cottage was not too small, a palace will not be too
+    large," said he, catching her in his arms.</p>
+
+    <p>Thus the heart of Princess Osra found its haven and its
+    rest; for a month later she was married to the Grand Duke of
+    Mittenheim in the cathedral of Strelsau, having utterly refused
+    to take any other place for her wedding. And again she and he
+    rode forth together through the western gate; and the king rode
+    with them on their way till they came to the woods. Here he
+    paused, and all the crowd that accompanied him stopped also;
+    and they all waited till the sombre depths of the glades hid
+    Osra and her lover from their sight. Then, leaving them thus
+    riding together to their happiness, the people returned home,
+    sad for the loss of their darling princess. But, for
+    consolation, and that their minds might less feel her loss,
+    they had her name often on their lips; and the poets and
+    story-tellers composed many stories about her, not always
+    grounded on fact, but the fabric of idle imaginings, wrought to
+    please the fancy of lovers or to wake the memories of older
+    folk. So that, if a stranger goes now to Strelsau, he may be
+    pardoned if it seem to him that all mankind was in love with
+    Princess Osra. Nay, and those stories so pass all fair bounds
+    that, if you listened to them, you would come near to believing
+    that the princess also had found some love for all the men who
+    had given her their love. Thus to many she is less a woman that
+    once lived and breathed than some sweet image under whose name
+    they fondly group all the virtues and the charms of her whom
+    they love best, each man fashioning for himself from his own
+    chosen model her whom he calls his princess. Yet it may be that
+    for some of them who so truly loved her, her heart had a
+    moment's tenderness. Who shall tell all the short-lived dreams
+    that come and go, the promptings and stirrings of a vagrant
+    inclination? And who would pry too closely into these secret
+    matters? May we not more properly give thanks to heaven that
+    the thing is as it is? For surely it makes greatly for the
+    increase of joy and entertainment in the world, and of courtesy
+    and true tenderness, that the heart of Princess Osra&mdash;or
+    of what lady you may choose, sir, to call by her
+    name&mdash;should flutter in pretty hesitation here and there
+    and to and fro a little, before it flies on a straight swift
+    wing to its destined and desired home. And if you be not the
+    prince for your princess, why, sir, your case is a sad one.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page293"
+       id="page293"></a>[pg 293]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h4>
+
+    <p class="center">Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of
+    the Tubs," etc.</p>
+
+    <p>EMERSON IN ANDOVER.&mdash;RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY RELIGIOUS
+    TRAINING.&mdash;THE STUDIES OF A PROFESSOR'S
+    DAUGHTER.&mdash;THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.</p>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             name="fig293P"
+             id="fig293P"><img src="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             alt="Letter P" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">ERHAPS no one has ever denied, or more
+    definitely, has ever wished to deny, that Andover society
+    consisted largely of people with obvious religious convictions;
+    and that her visitors were chiefly of the Orthodox
+    Congregational turn of mind. I do not remember that we ever saw
+    any reason for regret in this "feature" of the Hill. It is
+    true, however, that a dash of the world's people made their way
+    among us.</p>
+
+    <p>I remember certain appearances of Ralph Waldo Emerson. If I
+    am correct about it, he had been persuaded by some emancipated
+    and daring mind to give us several lectures.</p>
+
+    <p>He was my father's guest on one of these occasions, and I
+    met him for the first time then. Emerson was&mdash;not to speak
+    disrespectfully&mdash;in a much muddled state of his
+    distinguished mind, on Andover Hill. His blazing seer's gaze
+    took us all in, politely; it burned straight on, with its own
+    philosophic fire; but it wore, at moments, a puzzled
+    softness.</p>
+
+    <p>His clear-cut, sarcastic lips sought to assume the well-bred
+    curves of conformity to the environment of entertainers who
+    valued him so far as to demand a series of his own lectures;
+    but the cynic of his temperamental revolt from us, or, to be
+    exact, from the thing which he supposed us to be, lurked in
+    every line of his memorable face.</p>
+
+    <p>By the way, what a look of the eagle it had!</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:20%;">
+        <a href="images/293.jpg"
+             name="fig293"
+             id="fig293"><img src="images/293.jpg"
+             alt="RALPH WALDO EMERSON." /></a>
+
+        <h5>RALPH WALDO EMERSON.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The poet&mdash;I was about to say the pagan
+    poet&mdash;quickly recognized, to a degree, that he was not
+    among a group of barbarians; and I remember the marked respect
+    with which he observed my father's noble head and countenance,
+    and the attention with which he listened to the low, perfectly
+    modulated voice of his host. But Mr. Emerson was accustomed to
+    do the talking himself; this occasion proved no exception; and
+    here his social divination or experience failed him a little.
+    Quite promptly, I remember, he set adrift upon the sea of
+    Alcott.</p>
+
+    <p>Now, we had heard of Mr. Alcott in Andover, it is true, but
+    we did not look upon him exactly through Mr. Emerson's
+    marine-glass; and, though the Professor did his hospitable best
+    to sustain his end of the conversation, it swayed off
+    gracefully into monologue. We listened deferentially while the
+    philosopher pronounced Bronson Alcott the greatest mind of our
+    day&mdash;I think he said the greatest since Plato. He was
+    capable of it, in moments of his own exaltation. I thought I
+    detected a twinkle in my father's blue eye; but the fine curve
+    of his lips remained politely closed; and our distinguished
+    guest spoke on.</p>
+
+    <p>There was something noble about this ardent way of
+    appreciating his friends, and Emerson was distinguished for it,
+    among those who knew him well.</p>
+
+    <p>Publishers understood that his literary judgment was
+    touchingly warped by his
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page294"
+       id="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span> personal admirations. He
+       would offer some impossible MS. as the work of dawning
+       genius; it would be politely received, and filed in the
+       rejected pigeon-holes. Who knows what the great man thought
+       when his friend's poem failed to see the light of the
+       market?</p>
+
+    <p>On this particular occasion, the conversation changed to
+    Browning. Now, the Professor, although as familiar as he
+    thought it necessary to be with the latest poetic idol, was not
+    a member of a Browning class; and here, again, his attitude
+    towards the subject was one of well-mannered respect, rather
+    than of abandoned enthusiasm. (Had it only been Wordsworth!) A
+    lady was present, young, and of the Browningesque temperament.
+    Mr. Emerson expressed himself finely to the effect that there
+    was something outside of ourselves about Browning&mdash;that we
+    might not always grasp him&mdash;that he seemed, at times, to
+    require an extra sense.</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it not because he touches our extra moods?" asked the
+    lady. The poet's face turned towards her quickly; he had not
+    noticed her before; a subtle change touched his expression, as
+    if he would have liked to say: For the first time since this
+    subject was introduced in this Calvinistic drawing-room, I find
+    myself understood.</p>
+
+    <p>It chanced that we had a Chaucer Club in Andover at that
+    time; a small company, severely selected, not to flirt or to
+    chat, but to work. We had studied hard for a year, and most of
+    us had gone Chaucer mad. This present writer was the
+    unfortunate exception to that idolatrous enthusiasm,
+    and&mdash;meeting Mr. Emerson at another time&mdash;took modest
+    occasion in answer to a remark of his to say something of the
+    sort.</p>
+
+    <p>"Chaucer interests me, certainly, but I cannot make myself
+    feel as the others do. He does not take hold of my nature. He
+    is too far back. I am afraid I am too much of a modern. It is a
+    pity, I know."</p>
+
+    <p>"It <i>is</i> a pity," observed Mr. Emerson sarcastically.
+    "What would you read? The 'Morning Advertiser'?" The Chaucer
+    Club glared at me in what, I must say, I felt to be unholy
+    triumph.</p>
+
+    <p>Not a glance of sympathy reached me, where I sat, demolished
+    before the rebuke of the great man. I distinctly heard a
+    chuckle from a feminine member. Yet, what had the dissenter
+    done, or tried to do? To be quite honest, only, in a little
+    matter where affectation would have been the flowery way; and I
+    must say that I have never loved the Father of English Poetry
+    any better for this episode.</p>
+
+    <p>The point, however, at which I am coming is the effect
+    wrought upon Mr. Emerson's mind by the history of that club. It
+    seemed to us disproportionate to the occasion that he should
+    feel and manifest so much surprise at our existence. This he
+    did, more than once, and with a genuineness not to be
+    mistaken.</p>
+
+    <p>That an organization for the study of Chaucer could subsist
+    on Andover Hill, he could not understand. What he thought us,
+    or thought about us, who can say? He seemed as much taken aback
+    as if he had found a tribe of Cherokees studying onomatopoeia
+    in English verse.</p>
+
+    <p>"A <i>Chaucer</i> club! In <i>Andover</i>?" he repeated. The
+    seer was perplexed.</p>
+
+    <p>Of course, whenever we found ourselves in forms of society
+    not in harmony with our religious views, we were accustomed, in
+    various ways, to meet with a similar predisposition. As a
+    psychological study this has always interested me, just as one
+    is interested in the attitude of mind exhibited by the Old
+    School physician towards the Homoeopathist with whom he
+    graduated at the Harvard Medical School. Possibly that graduate
+    may have distinguished himself with the honors of the school;
+    but as soon as he prescribes on the principles of Hahnemann, he
+    is not to be adjudged capable of setting a collar-bone. By
+    virtue of his therapeutic views he has become disqualified for
+    professional recognition. So, by virtue of one's religious
+    views, the man or woman of orthodox convictions, whatever one's
+    proportion of personal culture, is regarded with a gentle
+    superiority, as being of a class still enslaved in
+    superstition, and therefore <i>per se</i> barbaric.</p>
+
+    <p>Put in undecorated language, this is about the sum and
+    substance of a state of feeling which all intelligent
+    evangelical Christians recognize perfectly in those who have
+    preempted for themselves the claims belonging to what are
+    called the liberal faiths.</p>
+
+    <p>On the other hand, one who is regarded as a little of a
+    heretic from the sterner sects, may make the warmest
+    friendships of a lifetime among "the world's people"&mdash;whom
+    far be it from me to seem to dispossess of any of their
+    manifold charms.</p>
+
+    <p>This brings me closely to a question which I am so often
+    asked, either directly or indirectly, that I cannot easily pass
+    this Andover chapter by without some recognition of it.</p>
+
+    <p>What was, in very truth, the effect of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page295"
+       id="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span> such a religious training
+       as Andover gave her children?</p>
+
+    <p>Curious impressions used to be afloat about us among people
+    of easier faiths; often, I think, we were supposed to spend our
+    youth paddling about in a lake of blue fire, or in committing
+    the genealogies to memory, or in gasping beneath the agonies of
+    religious revivals.</p>
+
+    <p>To be quite honest, I should say that I have not retained
+    <i>all</i> the beliefs which I was taught&mdash;who does? But I
+    have retained the profoundest respect for the way in which I
+    was taught them; and I would rather have been taught what I
+    was, <i>as</i> I was, and run whatever risks were involved in
+    the process, than to have been taught much less, little, or
+    nothing.</p>
+
+    <p>An excess of religious education may have its unfortunate
+    aspects. But a deficiency of it has worse.</p>
+
+    <p>It is true that, for little people, our little souls were a
+    good deal agitated on the question of eternal salvation. We
+    were taught that heaven and hell followed life and death; that
+    the one place was "a desirable location," and the other too
+    dreadful to be mentioned in ears polite; and that what Matthew
+    Arnold calls "conduct" was the deciding thing. Not that we
+    heard much, until we grew old enough to read for ourselves,
+    about Matthew Arnold; but we did hear a great deal about plain
+    behaviour&mdash;unselfishness, integrity, honor, sweet
+    temper&mdash;the simple good morals of childhood.</p>
+
+    <p>We were taught, too, to respect prayer and the Christian
+    Bible. In this last particular we never had at all an
+    oppressive education.</p>
+
+    <p>My Sunday-school reminiscences are few and comfortable, and
+    left me, chiefly, with the impression that Sunday-schools
+    always studied Acts; for I do not recall any lessons given me
+    by strolling theologues in any other&mdash;certainly none in
+    any severer&mdash;portions of the Bible.</p>
+
+    <p>It was all very easy and pleasant, if not feverishly
+    stimulating; and I am quite willing to match my Andover
+    Sunday-school experiences with that of a Boston free-thinker's
+    little daughter who came home and complained to her mother:</p>
+
+    <p>"There is a dreadful girl put into our Sunday-school. I
+    think, mamma, she is bad society for me. She says the Bible is
+    exaggerated, and then she tickles my legs!"</p>
+
+    <p>I have said that we were taught to think something about our
+    own "salvation;" and so we were, but not in a manner calculated
+    to burden the good spirits of any but a very sensitive or
+    introspective child. Personally, I may have dwelt on the idea,
+    at times, more than was good for my happiness; but certainly no
+    more than was good for my character. The idea of character was
+    at the basis of everything we did, or dreamed, or learned.</p>
+
+    <p>There is a scarecrow which "liberal" beliefs put together,
+    hang in the field of public terror or ridicule, and call it
+    Orthodoxy. Of this misshapen creature we knew nothing in
+    Andover.</p>
+
+    <p>Of hell we heard sometimes, it is true, for Andover Seminary
+    believed in it&mdash;though, be it said, much more comfortably
+    in the days before this iron doctrine became the bridge of
+    contention in the recent serious, theological battle which has
+    devastated Andover. In my own case, I do not remember to have
+    been shocked or threatened by this woful doctrine. I knew that
+    my father believed in the everlasting misery of wicked people
+    who could be good if they wanted to, but would not; and I was,
+    of course, accustomed to accept the beliefs of a parent who
+    represented everything that was tender, unselfish, pure, and
+    noble, to my mind&mdash;in fact, who sustained to me the ideal
+    of a fatherhood which gave me the best conception I shall ever
+    get, in this world, of the Fatherhood of God. My father
+    presented the interesting anomaly of a man holding, in one dark
+    particular, a severe faith, but displaying in his private
+    character rare tenderness and sweetness of heart. He would go
+    out of his way to save a crawling thing from death, or any
+    sentient thing from pain. He took more trouble to give comfort
+    or to prevent distress to every breathing creature that came
+    within his reach, than any other person whom I have ever known.
+    He had not the heart to witness heartache. It was impossible
+    for him to endure the sight of a child's suffering. His
+    sympathy was an extra sense, finer than eyesight, more
+    exquisite than touch.</p>
+
+    <p>Yet, he did believe that absolute perversion of moral
+    character went to its "own place," and bore the consequence of
+    its own choice.</p>
+
+    <p>Once I told a lie (I was seven years old), and my father was
+    a broken-hearted man. He told me <i>then</i> that liars went to
+    hell. I do not remember to have heard any such personal
+    application of the doctrine of eternal punishment before or
+    since; and the fact made a life-long impression, to which I
+    largely owe a personal preference for veracity. Yet, to analyze
+    the scene <span class="pagenum"><a name="page296"
+       id="page296"></a>[pg 296]</span> strictly, I must say that
+       it was not fear of torment which so moved me; it was the
+       sight of that broken face. For my father wept&mdash;only
+       when death visited the household did I ever see him cry
+       again&mdash;and I stood melted and miserable before his
+       anguish and his love. The devil and all his angels could not
+       have punished into me the noble shame of that moment.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/296.jpg"
+             name="fig296"
+             id="fig296"><img src="images/296.jpg"
+             alt="PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART
+        PHELPS.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Warren, Boston.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I have often been aware of being pitied by outsiders for the
+    theological discipline which I was supposed to have received in
+    Andover; but I must truthfully say that I have never been
+    conscious of needing compassion in this respect. I was taught
+    that God is Love, and Christ His Son is our Saviour; that the
+    important thing in life was to be that kind of woman for which
+    there is really, I find, no better word than Christian, and
+    that the only road to this end was to be trodden by way of
+    character. The ancient Persians (as we all know) were taught to
+    hurl a javelin, ride a horse, and speak the truth.</p>
+
+    <p>I was taught that I should speak the truth, say my prayers,
+    and consider other people; it was a wholesome, right-minded,
+    invigorating training that we had, born of tenderness, educated
+    conscience, and good sense, and I have lived to bless it in
+    many troubled years.</p>
+
+    <p>What if we did lend a little too much romance now and then
+    to our religious "experience"? It was better for us than some
+    other kinds of romance to which we were quite as liable. What
+    if I did "join the church" (entirely of my own urgent will, not
+    of my father's preference or guiding) at the age of twelve,
+    when the great dogmas to which I was expected to subscribe
+    could not possibly have any rational meaning for me? I remember
+    how my father took me apart, and gently explained to me
+    beforehand the clauses of the rather simple and truly beautiful
+    chapel creed which he himself, I believe, had written to
+    modernize and clarify the old one&mdash;I wonder if it were
+    done at that very time? <span class="pagenum"><a name="page297"
+       id="page297"></a>[pg 297]</span> And I remember that it all
+       seemed to me very easy and happy&mdash;signifying chiefly,
+       that one meant to be a good girl, if possible. What if one
+       did conduct a voluminous religious correspondence with the
+       other Professor's daughter, who put notes under the fence
+       which divided our homes? We were none the worse girls for
+       that. And we outgrew it, when the time came.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/297.jpg"
+             name="fig297"
+             id="fig297"><img src="images/297.jpg"
+             alt="PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR
+        AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.</h5>
+
+        <p>Professor M. Stuart Phelps died in 1883, at the age of
+        34. He was professor of philosophy in Smith College, was
+        called by those entitled to judge, the most promising young
+        psychologist in this country, and a brilliant future was
+        prophesied for him. The above portrait is from a photograph
+        by Pach Brothers, New York.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>One thing, supremely, I may say that I learned from the
+    Andover life, or, at least, from the Andover home. That was an
+    everlasting scorn of worldliness&mdash;I do not mean in the
+    religious sense of the word. That tendency to seek the lower
+    motive, to do the secondary thing, to confuse sounds or
+    appearances with values, which is covered by the word as we
+    commonly use it, very early came to seem to me a way of looking
+    at life for which I know no other term than underbred.</p>
+
+    <p>There is no better training for a young person than to live
+    in the atmosphere of a study&mdash;we did not call it a
+    library, in my father's home. People of leisure who read might
+    have libraries. People who worked among their books had
+    studies.</p>
+
+    <p>The life of a student, with its gracious peace, its beauty,
+    its dignity, seemed to me, as the life of social preoccupation
+    or success may seem to children born to that penumbra, the
+    inevitable thing.</p>
+
+    <p>As one grew to think out life for one's self, one came to
+    perceive a width and sanctity in the choice of
+    work&mdash;whether rhetoric or art, theology or sculpture,
+    hydraulics or manufacture&mdash;but to <i>work</i>, to work
+    hard, to see work steadily, and see it whole, was the way to be
+    reputable. I think I always respected a good blacksmith more
+    than a lady of leisure.</p>
+
+    <p>I know it took me a while to recover from a very youthful
+    and amusing disinclination to rich people, which was surely
+    never trained into me, but grew like the fruit of the
+    horse-chestnut trees, ruggedly, of nature, and of Andover Hill;
+    and which dropped away when its time came&mdash;just about as
+    useless as the big brown nuts which we cut into baskets and
+    carved into Trustees' faces for a mild November day, and then
+    threw away.</p>
+
+    <p>When I came in due time to observe that property and a
+    hardened character were not identical, and that families of
+    ease in which one might happen to visit were not deficient in
+    education because their incomes were large&mdash;I think it was
+    at first with a certain sense of surprise. It is impossible to
+    convey to one differently reared the delicious
+    <i>na&iuml;vet&eacute;</i> of this state of
+    mind.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page298"
+       id="page298"></a>[pg 298]</span>
+
+    <p>Whatever the "personal peculiarities" of our youthful
+    conceptions of life, as acquired at Andover, one thing is
+    sure&mdash;that we grew into love of reality as naturally as
+    the Seminary elms shook out their long, green plumes in May,
+    and shed their delicate, yellow leaves in October.</p>
+
+    <p>I can remember no time when we did not instinctively despise
+    a sham, and honor a genuine person, thing, or claim. In mere
+    social pretension not built upon character, intelligence,
+    education, or gentle birth, we felt no interest. I do not
+    remember having been taught this, in so many words. It came
+    without teaching.</p>
+
+    <p>My father taught me most things without text-books or
+    lessons. By far the most important portion of what one calls
+    education, I owe to him; yet he never preached, or prosed, or
+    played the pedagogue. He talked a great deal, not to us, but
+    with us; we began to have conversation while we were still
+    playing marbles and dolls. I remember hours of discussion with
+    him on some subject so large that the littleness of his
+    interlocutor must have tried him sorely. Time and eternity,
+    theology and science, literature and art, invention and
+    discovery came each in its turn; and, while I was still making
+    burr baskets, or walking fences, or coasting (standing up) on
+    what I was proud to claim as the biggest sled in town, down the
+    longest hills, and on the fastest local record&mdash;I was
+    fascinated with the wealth and variety which seem to have been
+    the conditions of thought with him. I have never been more
+    <i>interested</i> by anything in later life than I was in my
+    father's conversation.</p>
+
+    <p>I never attended a public school of any kind&mdash;unless we
+    except the Sunday-school that studied Acts&mdash;and when it
+    came time for me to pass from the small to the large private
+    schools of Andover, the same paternal comradeship continued to
+    keep step with me. There was no college diploma for girls of my
+    kind in my day; but we came as near to it as we could.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a private school in Andover, of wide reputation in
+    its time, known to the irreverent as the "Nunnery," but bearing
+    in professional circles the more stately name of Mrs. Edwards's
+    School for Young Ladies. Two day-scholars, as a marked favor to
+    their parents, were admitted with the boarders elect; and of
+    these two I was one. If I remember correctly, Professor Park
+    and my father were among the advisers whose opinions had weight
+    with the selection of our course of study, and I often wonder
+    how, with their rather feudal views of women, these two wise
+    men of Andover managed to approve so broad a curriculum.</p>
+
+    <p>Possibly the quiet and modest learned lady, our principal,
+    had ideas of her own which no one could have suspected her of
+    obtruding against the current of her times and environment;
+    like other strong and gentle women she may have had her "way"
+    when nobody thought so. At all events, we were taught wisely
+    and well, in directions to which the fashionable girls' schools
+    of the day did not lift an eye-lash.</p>
+
+    <p>I was an out-of-door girl, always into every little mischief
+    of snow or rainfall, flower, field, or woods or ice; but in
+    spite of skates and sleds and tramps and all the west winds
+    from Wachusett that blew through me, soul and body, I was not
+    strong; and my father found it necessary to oversee my methods
+    of studying. Incidentally, I think, he influenced the choice of
+    some of our text-books, and I remember that, with the exception
+    of Greek and trigonometry&mdash;thought, in those days, to be
+    beyond the scope of the feminine intellect&mdash;we pursued the
+    same curriculum that our brothers did at college. In some cases
+    we had teachers who were then, or afterwards, college
+    professors in their specialties; in all departments I think we
+    were faithfully taught, and that our tastes and abilities were
+    electively recognized.</p>
+
+    <p>I was not allowed, I remember, to inflict my musical talents
+    upon the piano for more than one hour a day; my father taking
+    the ground that, as there was only so much of a girl, if she
+    had not unusual musical gift and had less than usual physical
+    vigor, she had better give the best of herself to her studies.
+    I have often blessed him for this daring individualism; for,
+    while the school "practice" went on about me, in the ordinary
+    way, so many precious hours out of a day that was all too short
+    for better things&mdash;I was learning my lessons quite
+    comfortably, and getting plenty of fresh air and exercise
+    between whiles.</p>
+
+    <p>I hasten to say that I was not at all a remarkable scholar.
+    I cherished a taste for standing near the top of the class,
+    somewhere, and always preferred rather to answer a question
+    than to miss it; but this, I think, was pure pride, rather than
+    an absorbing, intellectual passion. It was a wholesome pride,
+    however, and served me a good turn.</p>
+
+    <p>At one epoch of history, so far back that I cannot date it,
+    I remember to have been a scholar at Abbott Academy long enough
+    to learn how to spell. Perhaps one ought
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page299"
+       id="page299"></a>[pg 299]</span> to give the honor of this
+       achievement where honor is due. When I observe the manner in
+       which the superior sex is often turned out by masculine
+       diplomas upon the world with the life-long need of a
+       vest-pocket dictionary or a spelling-book, I cherish a
+       respect for the method in which I was compelled to spell the
+       English language. It was severe, no doubt. We stood in a
+       class of forty, and lost our places for the misfit of a
+       syllable, a letter, a definition, or even a stumble in
+       elocution. I remember once losing the head of the class for
+       saying: L-u-ux&mdash;Lux. It was a terrible blow, and I
+       think of it yet with burning mortification on my cheeks.</p>
+
+    <p>In the "Nunnery" we were supposed to have learned how to
+    spell. We studied what we called Mental Philosophy, to my
+    unmitigated delight; and Butler's Analogy, which I considered a
+    luxury; and Shakespeare, whom I distantly but never intimately
+    adored; Latin, to which dead language we gave seven years
+    apiece, out of our live girlhood; Picciola and Undine we
+    dreamed over, in the grove and the orchard; English literature
+    is associated with the summer-house and the grape arbor, with
+    flecks of shade and glints of light, and a sense of
+    unmistakable privilege. There was physiology, which was
+    scarcely work, and astronomy, which I found so exhilarating
+    that I fell ill over it. Alas, truth compels me to add that
+    Mathematics, with a big <i>M</i> and stretching on through the
+    books of Euclid, darkened my young horizon with dull despair;
+    and that chemistry&mdash;but the facts are too humiliating to
+    relate. My father used to say that all he ever got out of the
+    pursuit of this useful science in his college days&mdash;and he
+    was facile valedictorian&mdash;was the impression that there
+    was a sub-acetate of something dissolved in a powder at the
+    bottom.</p>
+
+    <p>All that I am able to recall of the study of "my brother's
+    text-books," in this department, is that there was once a
+    frightful odor in the laboratory for which Professor Hitchcock
+    and a glass jar and a chemical were responsible, and that I
+    said, "At least, the name of <i>this</i> will remain with me to
+    my dying hour." But what <i>was</i> the name of it? "Ask me no
+    more."</p>
+
+    <p>In the department of history I can claim no results more
+    calculated to reflect credit upon the little student who hated
+    a poor recitation much, but facts and figures more. To the best
+    of my belief, I can be said to have retained but two out of the
+    long list of historic dates with which my quivering memory was
+    duly and properly crowded.</p>
+
+    <p>I <i>do</i> know when America was discovered; because the
+    year is inscribed over a spring in the seaside town where I
+    have spent twenty summers, and I have driven past it on an
+    average once a day, for that period of time. And I can tell
+    when Queen Elizabeth left this world, because Macaulay wrote a
+    stately sentence:</p>
+
+    <p>"In 1603 the Great Queen died."</p>
+
+    <p>It must have been the year when my father read De Quincey
+    and Wordsworth to me on winter evenings that I happened for
+    myself on Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The first little event
+    opened for me, as distinctly as if I had never heard of it
+    before, the world of letters as a Paradise from which no
+    flaming sword could ever exile me; but the second revealed to
+    me my own nature.</p>
+
+    <p>The Andover sunsets blazed behind Wachusett, and between the
+    one window of my little room and the fine head of the mountain
+    nothing intervened. The Andover elms held above lifted eyes
+    arch upon arch of exquisite tracery, through which the far sky
+    looked down like some noble thing that one could spend all
+    one's life in trying to reach, and be happy just because it
+    existed, whether one reached it or not. The paths in my
+    father's great gardens burned white in the summer moonlights,
+    and their shape was the shape of a mighty cross. The June
+    lilies, yellow and sweet, lighted their soft lamps beside the
+    cross&mdash;I was sixteen, and I read Aurora Leigh.</p>
+
+    <p>A grown person may smile&mdash;but, no; no gentle-minded man
+    or woman smiles at the dream of a girl. What has life to offer
+    that is nobler in enthusiasm, more delicate, more ardent, more
+    true to the unseen and the unsaid realities which govern our
+    souls, or leave us sadder forever because they do not? There
+    may be greater poems in our language than Aurora Leigh, but it
+    was many years before it was possible for me to suppose it; and
+    none that ever saw the hospitality of fame could have done for
+    that girl what that poem did at that time. I had never a good
+    memory&mdash;but I think I could have repeated a large portion
+    of it; and know that I often stood the test of hap-hazard
+    examinations on the poem from half-scoffing friends, sometimes
+    of the masculine persuasion. Each to his own; and what
+    Shakespeare or the Latin Fathers might have done for some other
+    impressionable girl, Mrs. Browning&mdash;forever bless her
+    strong and gentle name!&mdash;did for me.</p>
+
+    <p>I owe to her, distinctly, the first visible
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page300"
+       id="page300"></a>[pg 300]</span> aspiration (ambition is too
+       low a word) to do some honest, hard work of my own, in the
+       World Beautiful, and for it.</p>
+
+    <p>It is April, and it is the year 1861. It is a dull morning
+    at school. The sky is gray. The girls are not in
+    spirits&mdash;no one knows just why. The morning mail is late,
+    and the Boston papers are tardily distributed. The older girls
+    get them, and are reading the head-lines lazily, as girls do;
+    not, in truth, caring much about a newspaper, but aware that
+    one must be well-informed.</p>
+
+    <p>Suddenly, in the recitation room, where I am refreshing my
+    accomplishments in some threatening lesson, I hear low murmurs
+    and exclamations. Then a girl, very young and very pretty,
+    catches the paper and whirls it overhead. With a laugh which
+    tinkles through my ears to this day, she dances through the
+    room and cries:</p>
+
+    <p>"War's begun! <i>War's begun!</i>"</p>
+
+    <p>An older girl utters a cry of horror, and puts her hand upon
+    the little creature's thoughtless lips.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, how <i>can</i> you?" so I hear the older girl. "Hush,
+    hush, <i>hush</i>!"</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>THE TOUCHSTONE.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Robert Louis Stevenson.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">THE King was a man that stood well before the
+    world; his smile was sweet as clover, but his soul withinsides
+    was as little as a pea. He had two sons; and the younger son
+    was a boy after his heart, but the elder was one whom he
+    feared. It befell one morning that the drum sounded in the dun
+    before it was yet day; and the King rode with his two sons, and
+    a brave army behind them. They rode two hours, and came to the
+    foot of a brown mountain that was very steep.</p>
+
+    <p>"Where do we ride?" said the elder son.</p>
+
+    <p>"Across this brown mountain," said the King, and smiled to
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger
+    son.</p>
+
+    <p>And they rode two hours more, and came to the sides of a
+    black river that was wondrous deep.</p>
+
+    <p>"And where do we ride?" asked the elder son.</p>
+
+    <p>"Over this black river," said the King, and smiled to
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger
+    son.</p>
+
+    <p>And they rode all that day, and about the time of the
+    sun-setting came to the side of a lake, where was a great
+    dun.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is here we ride," said the King; "to a King's house, and
+    a priest's, and a house where you will learn much."</p>
+
+    <p>At the gates of the dun, the King who was a priest met them,
+    and he was a grave man, and beside him stood his daughter, and
+    she was as fair as the morn, and one that smiled and looked
+    down.</p>
+
+    <p>"These are my two sons," said the first King.</p>
+
+    <p>"And here is my daughter," said the King who was a
+    priest.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is a wonderful fine maid," said the first King, "and I
+    like her manner of smiling."</p>
+
+    <p>"They are wonderful well-grown lads," said the second, "and
+    I like their gravity."</p>
+
+    <p>And then the two Kings looked at each other, and said, "The
+    thing may come about."</p>
+
+    <p>And in the meanwhile the two lads looked upon the maid, and
+    the one grew pale and the other red; and the maid looked upon
+    the ground smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here is the maid that I shall marry," said the elder. "For
+    I think she smiled upon me."</p>
+
+    <p>But the younger plucked his father by the sleeve. "Father,"
+    said he, "a word in your ear. If I find favor in your sight,
+    might not I wed this maid, for I think she smiles upon me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"A word in yours," said the King his father. "Waiting is
+    good hunting, and when the teeth are shut the tongue is at
+    home."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/300.png"
+             name="fig300"
+             id="fig300"><img src="images/300.png"
+             alt="HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS
+        DAUGHTER."</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page301"
+       id="page301"></a>[pg 301]</span>
+
+    <p>Now they were come into the dun, and feasted; and this was a
+    great house, so that the lads were astonished; and the King
+    that was a priest sat at the end of the board and was silent,
+    so that the lads were filled with reverence; and the maid
+    served them, smiling, with downcast eyes, so that their hearts
+    were enlarged.</p>
+
+    <p>Before it was day, the elder son arose, and he found the
+    maid at her weaving, for she was a diligent girl. "Maid," quoth
+    he, "I would fain marry you."</p>
+
+    <p>"You must speak with my father," said she, and she looked
+    upon the ground smiling, and became like the rose.</p>
+
+    <p>"Her heart is with me," said the elder son, and he went down
+    to the lake and sang.</p>
+
+    <p>A little after came the younger son. "Maid," quoth he, "if
+    our fathers were agreed, I would like well to marry you."</p>
+
+    <p>"You can speak to my father," said she, and looked upon the
+    ground and smiled and grew like the rose.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is a dutiful daughter," said the younger son, "she will
+    make an obedient wife." And then he thought, "What shall I do?"
+    and he remembered the King her father was a priest, so he went
+    into the temple and sacrificed a weasel and a hare.</p>
+
+    <p>Presently the news got about; and the two lads and the first
+    King were called into the presence of the King who was a
+    priest, where he sat upon the high seat.</p>
+
+    <p>"Little I reck of gear," said the King who was a priest,
+    "and little of power. For we live here among the shadows of
+    things, and the heart is sick of seeing them. And we stay here
+    in the wind like raiment drying, and the heart is weary of the
+    wind. But one thing I love, and that is truth; and for one
+    thing will I give my daughter, and that is the trial stone. For
+    in the light of that stone the seeming goes, and the being
+    shows, and all things besides are worthless. Therefore, lads,
+    if ye would wed my daughter, out foot, and bring me the stone
+    of touch, for that is the price of her."</p>
+
+    <p>"A word in your ear," said the younger son to his father. "I
+    think we do very well without this stone."</p>
+
+    <p>"A word in yours," said his father. "I am of your way of
+    thinking; but when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home."
+    And he smiled to the King that was a priest.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/301.png"
+             name="fig301"
+             id="fig301"><img width="430"
+             src="images/301.png"
+             alt="'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'" />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>"'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>But the elder son got to his feet, and called the King that
+    was a priest by the name of father. "For whether I marry the
+    maid or no, I will call you by that word for the love of your
+    wisdom; and even now I will ride forth and search the world for
+    the stone of touch." So he said farewell and rode into the
+    world.</p>
+
+    <p>"I think I will go, too," said the younger son, "if I can
+    have your leave. For my heart goes out to the maid."</p>
+
+    <p>"You will ride home with me," said his father.</p>
+
+    <p>So they rode home, and when they came to the dun, the King
+    had his son into his treasury. "Here," said he, "is the
+    touchstone which shows truth; for there is no truth but plain
+    truth; and if you will look in this, you will see yourself as
+    you are."</p>
+
+    <p>And the younger son looked in it, and saw his face as it
+    were the face of a beardless youth, and he was well enough
+    pleased; for the thing was a piece of a mirror.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here is no such great thing to make a work about," said he;
+    "but if it will get me the maid, I shall never complain. But
+    what a fool is my brother to ride into the world, and the thing
+    all the while at home."</p>
+
+    <p>So they rode back to the other dun, and showed the mirror to
+    the King that was a priest; and when he had looked in it, and
+    seen himself like a King, and his house like a King's house,
+    and all things like themselves, he cried out and blessed God.
+    "For now I know," said he, "there is no truth but the plain
+    truth; and I am a King indeed, although my heart misgave me."
+    And <span class="pagenum"><a name="page302"
+       id="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span> he pulled down his temple
+       and built a new one; and then the younger son was married to
+       the maid.</p>
+
+    <p>In the meantime the elder son rode into the world to find
+    the touchstone of the trial of truth; and whenever he came to a
+    place of habitation, he would ask the men if they had heard of
+    it. And in every place the men answered: "Not only have we
+    heard of it, but we alone of all men possess the thing itself,
+    and it hangs in the side of our chimney to this day." Then
+    would the elder son be glad, and beg for a sight of it. And
+    sometimes it would be a piece of mirror, that showed the
+    seeming of things, and then he would say: "This can never be,
+    for there should be more than seeming." And sometimes it would
+    be a lump of coal, which showed nothing; and then he would say:
+    "This can never be, for at least there is the seeming." And
+    sometimes it would be a touchstone indeed, beautiful in hue,
+    adorned with polishing, the light inhabiting its sides; and
+    when he found this, he would beg the thing, and the persons of
+    that place would give it him, for all men were very generous of
+    that gift; so that at the last he had his wallet full of them,
+    and they chinked together when he rode; and when he halted by
+    the side of the way, he would take them out and try them, till
+    his head turned like the sails upon a windmill.</p>
+
+    <p>"A murrain upon this business!" said the elder son, "for I
+    perceive no end to it. Here I have the red, and here the blue
+    and the green; and to me they seem all excellent, and yet shame
+    each other. A murrain on the trade! If it were not for the King
+    that is a priest, and whom I have called my father, and if it
+    were not for the fair maid of the dun that makes my mouth to
+    sing and my heart enlarge, I would even tumble them all into
+    the salt sea, and go home and be a King like other folk."</p>
+
+    <p>But he was like the hunter that has seen a stag upon a
+    mountain, so that the night may fall, and the fire be kindled,
+    and the lights shine in his house, but desire of that stag is
+    single in his bosom.</p>
+
+    <p>Now after many years the elder son came upon the sides of
+    the salt sea; and it was night, and a savage place, and the
+    clamor of the sea was loud. There he was aware of a house, and
+    a man that sat there by the light of a candle, for he had no
+    fire. Now the elder son came in to him, and the man gave him
+    water to drink, for he had no bread; and wagged his head when
+    he was spoken to, for he had no words.</p>
+
+    <p>"Have you the touchstone of truth?" asked the elder son; and
+    when the man had wagged his head, "I might have known that,"
+    cried the elder son; "I have here a wallet full of them!" And
+    with that he laughed, although his heart was weary.</p>
+
+    <p>And with that the man laughed too, and with the fuff of his
+    laughter the candle went out.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sleep," said the man, "for now I think you have come far
+    enough; and your quest is ended, and my candle is out."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, when the morning came, the man gave him a clear pebble
+    in his hand, and it had no beauty and no color, and the elder
+    son looked upon it scornfully and shook his head, and he went
+    away, for it seemed a small affair to him.</p>
+
+    <p>All that day he rode, and his mind was quiet, and the desire
+    of the chase allayed. "How if this poor pebble be the
+    touchstone, after all?" said he; and he got down from his
+    horse, and emptied forth his wallet by the side of the way.
+    Now, in the light of each other, all the touchstones lost their
+    hue and fire, and withered like stars at morning; but in the
+    light of the pebble, their beauty remained, only the pebble was
+    the most bright. And the elder son smote upon his brow. "How if
+    this be the truth," he cried, "that all are a little true?" And
+    he took the pebble, and turned its light upon the heavens, and
+    they deepened above him like the pit; and he turned it on the
+    hills, and the hills were cold and rugged, but life ran in
+    their sides so that his own life bounded; and he turned it on
+    the dust, and he beheld the dust with joy and terror; and he
+    turned it on himself, and kneeled down and prayed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now thanks be to God," said the elder son, "I have found
+    the touchstone; and now I may turn my reins, and ride home to
+    the King and to the maid of the dun that makes my mouth to sing
+    and my heart enlarge."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, when he came to the dun, he saw children playing by the
+    gate where the King had met him in the old days, and this
+    stayed his pleasure; for he thought in his heart, "It is here
+    my children should be playing." And when he came into the hall,
+    there was his brother on the high seat, and the maid beside
+    him; and at that his anger rose, for he thought in his heart,
+    "It is I that should be sitting there, and the maid beside
+    me."</p>
+
+    <p>"Who are you?" said his brother. "And what make you in the
+    dun?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I am your elder brother," he replied. "And I am come to
+    marry the maid, for I have brought the touchstone of
+    truth."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page303"
+       id="page303"></a>[pg 303]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/303.png"
+             name="fig303"
+             id="fig303"><img width="486"
+             src="images/303.png"
+             alt="ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID HE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW
+        IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID
+        HE."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Then the younger brother laughed aloud. "Why," said he, "I
+    have found the touchstone years ago, and married the maid, and
+    there are our children playing at the gate."</p>
+
+    <p>Now at this the elder brother grew as gray as the dawn. "I
+    pray you have dealt justly," said he, "for I perceive my life
+    is lost."</p>
+
+    <p>"Justly?" quoth the younger brother. "It becomes you ill,
+    that are a restless man and a runagate, to doubt my justice or
+    the King my father's, that are sedentary folk and known in the
+    land."</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay," said the elder brother; "you have all else, have
+    patience also, and suffer me to say the world is full of
+    touchstones, and it appears not easily which is true."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have no shame of mine," said the younger brother. "There
+    it is, and look in it."</p>
+
+    <p>So the elder brother looked in the mirror, and he was sore
+    amazed; for he was an old man, and his hair was white upon his
+    head; and he sat down in the hall and wept aloud.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now," said the younger brother, "see what a fool's part you
+    have played, that ran over all the world to seek what was lying
+    in our father's treasury, and came back an old carle for the
+    dogs to bark at, and without chick or child. And I that was
+    dutiful and wise sit here crowned with virtues and pleasures,
+    and happy in the light of my hearth."</p>
+
+    <p>"Methinks you have a cruel tongue," said the elder brother;
+    and he pulled out the clear pebble, and turned its light on his
+    brother; and behold, the man was lying; his soul was shrunk
+    into the smallness of a pea, and his heart was a bag of little
+    fears like scorpions, and love was dead in his bosom. And at
+    that the elder brother cried out aloud, and turned the light of
+    the pebble on the maid, and lo! she was but a mask of a woman,
+    and withinsides she was quite dead, and she smiled as a clock
+    ticks, and knew not wherefore.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, well," said the elder brother, "I perceive there is
+    both good and bad. So fare ye all as well as ye may in the dun;
+    but I will go forth into the world with my pebble in my
+    pocket."</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page304"
+       id="page304"></a>[pg 304]</span>
+
+    <h2>MAGAZINE NOTES.</h2>
+
+    <h4>MRS. HUMPHRY WARD&mdash;DR. JOWETT.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>The late Dr. Jowett is reported to have once said to
+        Mrs. Humphry Ward: "We shall come in the future to teach
+        almost entirely by biography. We shall begin with the life
+        that is most familiar to us, 'The Life of Christ,' and we
+        shall more and more put before our children the great
+        examples of persons' lives so that they shall have from the
+        beginning heroes and friends in their thoughts."</p>
+
+        <p>The editors of this magazine thoroughly agree with Dr.
+        Jowett. It has been, for a long time, their great desire to
+        publish in these pages a "Life of Christ" which shall be,
+        to quote Mr. Hall Caine's words in the December MCCLURE'S,
+        "as vivid and as personal from the standpoint of belief as
+        Renan's was from the standpoint of unbelief."</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>It is hard to realize the meaning of these figures,
+        which represent the present circulation of MCCLURE'S
+        MAGAZINE. Three years ago five magazines&mdash;"The
+        Century," "Harper's," "Scribner's," "The Cosmopolitan," and
+        "Munsey's"&mdash;apparently occupied the whole magazine
+        field. But their total circulation was not over five
+        hundred thousand copies. The circulation of MCCLURE'S is
+        now equal to three-fifths of the combined circulation of
+        all its rivals at the time it started.</p>
+
+        <p>"Harper's Magazine" and "The Century" for many years
+        supplied the need of the American people for great
+        illustrated monthlies. One imagines that every intelligent
+        family in the United States takes one or the other, or
+        both, of these magazines. "Harper's" is over half a century
+        old, and "The Century" has just completed twenty-five years
+        of splendid life.</p>
+
+        <p>MCCLURE'S has a circulation equal to both these giants
+        of the magazine world.</p>
+
+        <p>We mention these facts, not for the mere sake of
+        comparison, but simply to enable our friends to understand
+        what a circulation of three hundred thousand means.</p>
+
+        <p>And while we are speaking about ourselves we might
+        mention that for three months&mdash;October, November, and
+        December&mdash;we had, month by month, more paid
+        advertising than any other magazine, while our December
+        number had more pages of paid advertising than any other
+        magazine at any time in the history of the world.</p>
+
+        <p>Another interesting fact is that during the two months
+        of November and December, MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE made greater
+        strides in permanent circulation than any other magazine
+        ever made.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>OUR OWN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>We have been compelled by the large circulation of the
+        MAGAZINE to purchase a complete printing and binding plant.
+        This we hope to install before the first of March. The
+        capacity of the plant will be not less than five hundred
+        thousand copies a month, and, under pressure, we can print
+        six hundred thousand copies.</p>
+
+        <p>We have secured the best and most modern presses, and,
+        with proper pressmen, shall be able to print as beautiful a
+        magazine as can be made anywhere.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <h4>ANTHONY HOPE'S NEW NOVEL</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>begins in our April number. It is a spirited story of
+        adventure. It is his first novel since "The Prisoner of
+        Zenda," and has even more action than that splendid
+        story.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE LIFE OF LINCOLN</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>will increase in interest as the history comes nearer
+        our own time. Every chapter will contain much that is new,
+        and every number of the magazine will have several
+        portraits of Lincoln.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>We have collected the first four Lincoln articles, added
+        new matter both in text and pictures, and shall, in a few
+        days, issue a volume with the above title. It will contain
+        twenty portraits of Lincoln, and over one hundred other
+        pictures, and will deal with the first twenty-six years of
+        Lincoln's life.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>in the next two numbers tells about the writing of "The
+        Gates Ajar." She was then only twenty years old. The effect
+        of the book on the public, the correspondence it brought
+        her, and the acquaintances it secured her, will be amply
+        dwelt upon. These are two remarkable papers in literary
+        autobiography.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>COLONEL ELLSWORTH, BY COLONEL JOHN HAY.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>Ellsworth's death at Alexandria&mdash;"the first
+        conspicuous victim of the war"&mdash;although he was only
+        twenty-four, was the dramatic end of a most romantic and
+        picturesque career; and no one knows its details so well as
+        Colonel Hay. Ellsworth "was one of the dearest of the
+        friends of my youth," says Colonel Hay. Moreover, he was a
+        particular favorite and <i>prot&eacute;g&eacute;</i> of
+        President Lincoln's when Colonel Hay was Lincoln's private
+        secretary. Colonel Hay's paper, therefore, is one of quite
+        extraordinary interest. There will be published with it
+        some very interesting pictures.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>"THE SABINE WOMEN"&mdash;A CORRECTION.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>Changes made in Mr. Low's article in the January number
+        at the very moment of going to press, occasioned a mistake
+        which should be corrected, though, no doubt, most of our
+        readers have detected it for themselves. In the note to
+        David's picture of "The Sabine Women," the picture was
+        described as portraying the seizure of the Sabine women by
+        the Romans, whereas it portrays the interposition of the
+        women in a battle following the seizure.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13788 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+++ b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13788 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13788)
diff --git a/old/13788-8.txt b/old/13788-8.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3.
+February 1896, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3. February 1896
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2004 [EBook #13788]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+  Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+        by the transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+  McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+  FEBRUARY, 1896.
+
+  VOL. VI. NO. 3.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln's Life at New Salem from 1832 to 1836.
+    Looking for Work.
+    Decides to Buy a Store.
+    He Begins to Study Law.
+    Berry and Lincoln Get a Tavern License.
+    The Firm Hires a Clerk.
+    Lincoln Appointed Postmaster.
+    A New Opening.
+    Surveying with a Grapevine.
+    Business Reverses.
+    The Kindness Shown Lincoln in New Salem.
+    Lincoln's Acquaintance in Sangamon County Is Extended.
+    He Finally Decides on a Legal Career.
+    Lincoln Enters the Illinois Assembly.
+    The Story of Ann Rutledge.
+    Abraham Lincoln at Twenty-six Years of Age.
+  A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL. By Ian Maclaren.
+  THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE. By Harry Perry Robinson.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION. By Murat Halstead.
+    Garfield's Administration.
+    The Garfields in the White House.
+    Last Interview with President Garfield.
+  THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM. By Anthony Hope.
+    Chapter II.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  THE TOUCHSTONE. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
+  MAGAZINE NOTES.
+    Mrs. Humphry Ward--Dr. Jowett.
+    Three Hundred Thousand.
+    Our Own Printing Establishment.
+    Anthony Hope's New Novel.
+    The Life of Lincoln.
+    The Early Life of Lincoln.
+    Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+    "The Sabine Women"--A Correction.
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+  LINCOLN IN 1859.
+  LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.
+  LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.
+  LINCOLN IN 1861.
+  THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS.
+  LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.
+  FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN.
+  BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.
+  DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.
+  THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.
+  JAMES SHORT.
+  SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.
+  SAMUEL HILL--AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE.
+  MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.
+  JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.
+  LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS.
+  REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN.
+  A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY.
+  A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL."
+  CONCORD CEMETERY.
+  STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+  MAJOR JOHN T. STUART.
+  JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM.
+  GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.
+  "I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."
+  "HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW."
+  VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK WHEN TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MPH.
+  JOHN NEWELL.
+  THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564.
+  THE BROOKS ENGINE 599.
+  THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT THE TRAIN FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND.
+  J.R. GARNER, ENGINEER FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.
+  WILLIAM TUNKEY, ENGINEER FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO.
+  GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER."
+  THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER.
+  JOHN CONSTABLE.
+  FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR.
+  THE HAY-WAIN.
+  THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH.
+  JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER.
+  PEACE--BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+  PORTRAIT OF A BOY.
+  JOHN HOPPNER.
+  PORTRAIT OF A LADY.
+  PORTRAIT OF A CHILD.
+  MRS. SIDDONS.
+  LADY BLESSINGTON.
+  SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+  MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY.
+  PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER.
+  GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.
+  GARFIELD IN 1863.
+  GARFIELD IN 1863.
+  GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER.
+  "FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP."
+  "'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING."
+  "'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET."
+  "HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY."
+  RALPH WALDO EMERSON.
+  PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.
+  PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN.
+  "HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER."
+  "'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"
+  "ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET."
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+
+VOL. VI. FEBRUARY, 1896, NO. 3.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S LIFE AT NEW SALEM FROM 1832 TO 1836.
+
+BERRY AND LINCOLN'S GROCERY.--A SET OF BLACKSTONE'S
+COMMENTARIES.--BERRY AND LINCOLN TAKE OUT A TAVERN LICENSE.--THE
+POSTMASTER OF NEW SALEM IN 1833.--LINCOLN BECOMES DEPUTY
+SURVEYOR.--THE FAILURE OF BERRY AND LINCOLN.--ELECTIONEERING IN
+ILLINOIS.--LINCOLN CHOSEN ASSEMBLYMAN.--BEGINS TO STUDY
+LAW.--THE ILLINOIS STATE LEGISLATURE IN 1834.--THE STORY OF ANN
+RUTLEDGE.--ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.
+
+_Embodying special studies in Lincoln's life at New Salem by J. McCan
+Davis._
+
+
+LOOKING FOR WORK.
+
+It was in August, 1832, that Lincoln made his unsuccessful canvass for
+the Illinois Assembly. The election over, he began to look for work.
+One of his friends, an admirer of his physical strength, advised him
+to become a blacksmith, but it was a trade which would afford little
+leisure for study, and for meeting and talking with men; and he had
+already resolved, it is evident, that books and men were essential to
+him. The only employment to be had in New Salem which seemed to offer
+both support and the opportunities he sought, was clerking in a store;
+and he applied for a place successively at all of the stores then
+doing business in New Salem. But they were in greater need of
+customers than of clerks. The business had been greatly overdone. In
+the fall of 1832 there were at least four stores in New Salem. The
+most pretentious was that of Hill and McNeill, which carried a large
+line of dry goods. The three others, owned by the Herndon Brothers,
+Reuben Radford, and James Rutledge, were groceries.
+
+
+DECIDES TO BUY A STORE.
+
+Failing to secure employment at any of these establishments, Lincoln,
+though without money enough to pay a week's board in advance, resolved
+to _buy_ a store. He was not long in finding an opportunity to
+purchase. James Herndon had already sold out his half interest in
+Herndon Brothers' store to William F. Berry; and Rowan Herndon, not
+getting along well with Berry, was only too glad to find a purchaser
+of his half in the person of "Abe" Lincoln. Berry was as poor as
+Lincoln; but that was not a serious obstacle, for their notes were
+accepted for the Herndon stock of goods. They had barely hung out
+their sign when something happened which threw another store into
+their hands. Reuben Radford had made himself obnoxious to the Clary's
+Grove Boys, and one night they broke in his doors and windows,
+and overturned his counters and sugar barrels. It was too much
+for Radford, and he sold out next day to William G. Green for a
+four-hundred-dollar note signed by Green. At the latter's request,
+Lincoln made an inventory of the stock, and offered him six hundred
+and fifty dollars for it--a proposition which was cheerfully
+accepted. Berry and Lincoln, being unable to pay cash, assumed the
+four-hundred-dollar note payable to Radford, and gave Green their
+joint note for two hundred and fifty dollars. The little grocery owned
+by James Rutledge was the next to succumb. Berry and Lincoln bought
+it at a bargain, their joint note taking the place of cash. The three
+stocks were consolidated. Their aggregate cost must have been not less
+than fifteen hundred dollars. Berry and Lincoln had secured a monopoly
+of the grocery business in New Salem. Within a few weeks two penniless
+men had become the proprietors of three stores, and had stopped
+buying only because there were no more to purchase.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+(REPRINTED FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER).
+
+From a daguerreotype in the possession of the Hon. Robert T. Lincoln,
+taken before Lincoln was forty, and first published in the McCLURE'S
+Life of Lincoln. Of the sixty or more portraits of Lincoln which will
+be published in this series of articles, thirty, at least, will
+be absolutely new to our readers; and of these thirty none is more
+important than this early portrait. It is generally believed that
+Lincoln was not over thirty-five years old when this daguerreotype was
+taken, and it is certainly true that it is the face of Lincoln as a
+young man. "About thirty would be the general verdict," says Mr. Murat
+Halstead in an editorial in the Brooklyn "Standard-Union," "if it were
+not that the daguerreotype was unknown when Lincoln was of that
+age. It does not seem, however, that he could have been more than
+thirty-five, and for that age the youthfulness of the portrait is
+wonderful. This is a new Lincoln, and far more attractive, in a sense,
+than anything the public has possessed. This is the portrait of a
+remarkably handsome man.... The head is magnificent, the eyes deep
+and generous, the mouth sensitive, the whole expression something
+delicate, tender, pathetic, poetic. This was the young man with whom
+the phantoms of romance dallied, the young man who recited poems and
+was fanciful and speculative, and in love and despair, but upon
+whose brow there already gleamed the illumination of intellect, the
+inspiration of patriotism. There were vast possibilities in this young
+man's face. He could have gone anywhere and done anything. He might
+have been a military chieftain, a novelist, a poet, a philosopher, ah!
+a hero, a martyr--and, yes, this young man might have been--he even
+was Abraham Lincoln! This was he with the world before him. It is good
+fortune to have the magical revelation of the youth of the man the
+world venerates. This look into his eyes, into his soul--not before he
+knew sorrow, but long before the world knew him--and to feel that it
+is worthy to be what it is, and that we are better acquainted with him
+and love him the more, is something beyond price."]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1859.
+
+From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay, De Kalb, Illinois.
+The original was made by S.M. Fassett, of Chicago; the negative
+was destroyed in the Chicago fire. This picture was made at the
+solicitation of D.B. Cook, who says that Mrs. Lincoln pronounced it
+the best likeness she had ever seen of her husband. Rajon used the
+Fassett picture as the original of his etching, and Kruell has made a
+fine engraving of it.]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.
+
+From a copy (made by E.A. Bromley of the Minneapolis "Journal" staff)
+of a photograph owned by Mrs. Cyrus Aldrich, whose husband, now dead,
+was a congressman from Minnesota. In the summer of 1860 Mr. M.C.
+Tuttle, a photographer of St. Paul, wrote to Mr. Lincoln requesting
+that he have a negative taken and sent to him for local use in the
+campaign. The request was granted, but the negative was broken in
+transit. On learning of the accident, Mr. Lincoln sat again, and with
+the second negative he sent a jocular note wherein he referred to the
+fact, disclosed by the picture, that in the interval he had "got a
+new coat." A few copies of the picture were made by Mr. Tuttle, and
+distributed among the Republican editors of the State. It has never
+before been reproduced. Mrs. Aldrich's copy was presented to her by
+William H. Seward, when he was entertained at the Aldrich homestead
+(now the Minneapolis City Hospital) in September, 1860. A fine copy
+of this same photograph is in the possession of Mr. Ward Monroe, of
+Jersey City, N.J.]
+
+William F. Berry, the partner of Lincoln, was the son of a
+Presbyterian minister, the Rev. John Berry, who lived on Rock Creek,
+five miles from New Salem. The son had strayed from the footsteps of
+the father, for he was a hard drinker, a gambler, a fighter, and "a
+very wicked young man." Lincoln cannot in truth be said to have chosen
+such a partner, but rather to have accepted him from the force of
+circumstances. It required only a little time to make it plain that
+the partnership was wholly uncongenial. Lincoln displayed little
+business capacity. He trusted largely to Berry; and Berry rapidly
+squandered the profits of the business in riotous living. Lincoln
+loved books as Berry loved liquor, and hour after hour he was
+stretched out on the counter of the store or under a shade tree,
+reading Shakespeare or Burns.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.--PROBABLY THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT
+SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD.
+
+From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay of De Kalb, Illinois,
+taken probably in Springfield early in 1861. It is supposed to have
+been the first, or at least one of the first, portraits made of Mr.
+Lincoln after he began to wear a beard. As is well known, his face
+was smooth until about the end of 1860; and when he first allowed his
+beard to grow, it became a topic of newspaper comment, and even of
+caricature. A pretty story relating to Lincoln's adoption of a beard
+is more or less familiar. A letter written to the editor of the
+present Life, under date of December 6, 1895, by Mrs. Grace Bedell
+Billings, tells this story, of which she herself as a little girl was
+the heroine, in a most charming way. The letter will be found printed
+in full at the end of this article, on page 240.]
+
+His thorough acquaintance with the works of these two writers
+dates from this period. In New Salem there was one of those curious
+individuals sometimes found in frontier settlements, half poet, half
+loafer, incapable of earning a living in any steady employment, yet
+familiar with good literature and capable of enjoying it--Jack Kelso.
+He repeated passages from Shakespeare and Burns incessantly over the
+odd jobs he undertook or as he idled by the streams--for he was
+a famous fisherman--and Lincoln soon became one of his constant
+companions. The taste he formed in company with Kelso he retained
+through life. William D. Kelley tells an incident which shows that
+Lincoln had a really intimate knowledge of Shakespeare. Mr. Kelley
+had taken McDonough, an actor, to call at the White House; and Lincoln
+began the conversation by saying:
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1861.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Frank A. Brown of Minneapolis,
+Minnesota. This beautiful photograph was taken, probably early in
+1861, by Alexander Hesler of Chicago. It was used by Leonard W. Volk,
+the sculptor, in his studies of Lincoln, and closely resembles the
+fine etching by T. Johnson.]
+
+"'I am very glad to meet you, Mr. McDonough, and am grateful to Kelley
+for bringing you in so early, for I want you to tell me something
+about Shakespeare's plays as they are constructed for the stage. You
+can imagine that I do not get much time to study such matters, but I
+recently had a couple of talks with Hackett--Baron Hackett, as they
+call him--who is famous as Jack Falstaff, but from whom I elicited few
+satisfactory replies, though I probed him with a good many questions.'
+
+"Mr. McDonough," continues Mr. Kelley, "avowed his willingness to give
+the President any information in his possession, but protested that
+he feared he would not succeed where his friend Hackett had failed.
+'Well, I don't know,' said the President, 'for Hackett's lack of
+information impressed me with a doubt as to whether he had ever
+studied Shakespeare's text, or had not been content with the acting
+edition of his plays.' He arose, went to a shelf not far from his
+table, and having taken down a well-thumbed volume of the 'Plays
+of Shakespeare,' resumed his seat, arranged his glasses, and having
+turned to 'Henry VI.' and read with fine discrimination an extended
+passage, said: 'Mr. McDonough, can you tell me why those lines
+are omitted from the acting play? There is nothing I have read in
+Shakespeare, certainly nothing in 'Henry VI.' or the 'Merry Wives of
+Windsor,' that surpasses its wit and humor.' The actor suggested the
+breadth of its humor as the only reason he could assign for omission,
+but thoughtfully added that it was possible that if the lines were
+spoken they would require the rendition of another or other passages
+which might be objectionable.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS--NOW USED AS A
+COURT-HOUSE.
+
+Vandalia was the State capital of Illinois for twenty years, and three
+different State-houses were built and occupied there. The first,
+a two-story frame structure, was burned down December 9, 1823. The
+second was a brick building, and was erected at a cost of $12,381.50,
+of which the citizens of Vandalia contributed $3,000. The agitation
+for the removal of the capital to Springfield began in 1833, and in
+the summer of 1836 the people of Vandalia, becoming alarmed at the
+prospect of their little city's losing its prestige as the seat of the
+State government, tore down the old capitol (much complaint being made
+about its condition), and put up a new one at a cost of $16,000.
+The tide was too great to be checked; but after the "Long Nine" had
+secured the passage of the bill taking the capital to Springfield,
+the money which the Vandalia people had expended was refunded. The
+State-house shown in this picture was the third and last one. In it
+Lincoln served as a legislator. Ceasing to be the capitol July 4,
+1839, it was converted into a court-house for Fayette County, and is
+still so used.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS--PHOTOGRAPHED FOR
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+After Lincoln gave up surveying, he sold his instruments to John B.
+Gum, afterward county surveyor of Menard County. Mr. Gum kept them
+until a few years ago, when he presented the instruments to the
+Lincoln Monument Association, and they are now on exhibition at the
+monument in Springfield, Ill.]
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND
+LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT OF SANGAMON
+COUNTY.
+
+The only tavern in New Salem in 1833 was that kept by James
+Rutledge--a two-story log-structure of five rooms, standing just
+across the street from Berry and Lincoln's store. Here Lincoln
+boarded. It seems entirely probable that he may have had an ambition
+to get into the tavern business, and that he and Berry obtained a
+license with that end in view, possibly hoping to make satisfactory
+terms for the purchase of the Rutledge hostelry. The tavern of sixty
+years ago, besides answering the purposes of the modern hotel, was the
+dramshop of the frontier. The business was one which, in Illinois, the
+law strictly regulated. Tavern-keepers were required to pay a license
+fee, and to give bonds to insure their good behavior. Minors were not
+to be harbored, nor did the law permit liquor to be sold to them; and
+the sale to slaves of any liquors "or strong drink, mixed or unmixed,
+either within or without doors," was likewise forbidden. Nor could the
+poor Indian get any "fire-water" at the tavern or the grocery. If
+a tavern-keeper violated the law, two-thirds of the fine assessed
+against him went to the poor people of the county. The Rutledge tavern
+was the only one at New Salem of which we have any authentic account.
+It was kept by others besides Mr. Rutledge; for a time by Henry
+Onstott the cooper, and then by Nelson Alley, and possibly there were
+other landlords; but nothing can be more certain than that Lincoln
+was not one of them. The few surviving inhabitants of the vanished
+village, and of the country round about, have a clear recollection of
+Berry and Lincoln's store--of how it looked, and of what things were
+sold in it; but not one has been found with the faintest remembrance
+of a tavern kept by Lincoln, or by Berry, or by both. Stage passengers
+jolting into New Salem sixty-two years ago must, if Lincoln was an
+inn-keeper, have partaken of his hospitality by the score; but if they
+did, they all died many, many years ago, or have all maintained an
+unaccountable and most perplexing silence.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+"'Your last suggestion,' said Mr. Lincoln, 'carries with it greater
+weight than anything Mr. Hackett suggested, but the first is no reason
+at all;' and after reading another passage, he said, 'This is not
+withheld, and where it passes current there can be no reason for
+withholding the other.'... And, as if feeling the impropriety of
+preferring the player to the parson, [there was a clergyman in the
+room] he turned to the chaplain and said: 'From your calling it is
+probable that you do not know that the acting plays which people crowd
+to hear are not always those planned by their reputed authors. Thus,
+take the stage edition of "Richard III." It opens with a passage from
+"Henry VI.," after which come portions of "Richard III.," then another
+scene from "Henry VI.," and the finest soliloquy in the play, if we
+may judge from the many quotations it furnishes, and the frequency
+with which it is heard in amateur exhibitions, was never seen by
+Shakespeare, but was written--was it not, Mr. McDonough?--after his
+death, by Colley Cibber."
+
+"Having disposed, for the present, of questions relating to the stage
+editions of the plays, he recurred to his standard copy, and, to
+the evident surprise of Mr. McDonough, read or repeated from memory
+extracts from several of the plays, some of which embraced a number of
+lines.
+
+"It must not be supposed that Mr. Lincoln's poetical studies had
+been confined to his plays. He interspersed his remarks with extracts
+striking from their similarity to, or contrast with, something of
+Shakespeare's, from Byron, Rogers, Campbell, Moore, and other English
+poets."[1]
+
+[Illustration: BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.
+
+From a recent photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois. The
+little frame store-building occupied by Berry and Lincoln at New Salem
+is now standing at Petersburg, Illinois, in the rear of L.W. Bishop's
+gun-shop. Its history after 1834 is somewhat obscure, but there is no
+reason for doubting its identity. According to tradition it was bought
+by Robert Bishop, the father of the present owner, about 1835, from
+Mr. Lincoln himself; but it is difficult to reconcile this legend with
+the sale of the store to the Trent brothers, unless, upon the flight
+of the latter from the country and the closing of the store, the
+building, through the leniency of creditors, was allowed to revert
+to Mr. Lincoln, in which event he no doubt sold it at the first
+opportunity and applied the proceeds to the payment of the debts of
+the firm. When Mr. Bishop bought the store building, he removed it to
+Petersburg. It is said that the removal was made in part by Lincoln
+himself; that the job was first undertaken by one of the Bales, but
+that, encountering some difficulty, he called upon Lincoln to assist
+him, which Lincoln did. The structure was first set up adjacent to Mr.
+Bishop's house, and converted into a gun-shop. Later it was removed to
+a place on the public square; and soon after the breaking out of the
+late war, Mr. Bishop, erecting a new building, pushed Lincoln's
+store into the back-yard, and there it still stands. Soon after the
+assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the front door was presented to some
+one in Springfield, and has long since been lost sight of. It is
+remembered by Mr. Bishop that in this door there was an opening for
+the reception of letters--a circumstance of importance as tending to
+establish the genuineness of the building, when it is remembered that
+Lincoln was postmaster while he kept the store. The structure, as it
+stands to-day, is about eighteen feet long, twelve feet in width, and
+ten feet in height. The back room, however, has disappeared, so
+that the building as it stood when occupied by Berry and Lincoln
+was somewhat longer. Of the original building there only remain the
+frame-work, the black-walnut weather-boarding on the front end and
+the ceiling of sycamore boards. One entire side has been torn away by
+relic-hunters. In recent years the building has been used as a sort
+of store-room. Just after a big fire in Petersburg some time ago,
+the city council condemned the Lincoln store building and ordered it
+demolished. Under this order a portion of one side was torn down, when
+Mr. Bishop persuaded the city authorities to desist, upon giving
+a guarantee that if Lincoln's store ever caught fire he would be
+responsible for any loss which might ensue.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+
+HE BEGINS TO STUDY LAW.
+
+It was not only Burns and Shakespeare that interfered with the
+grocery-keeping: Lincoln had begun seriously to read law. His first
+acquaintance with the subject had been made when he was a mere lad in
+Indiana, and a copy of the "Revised Statutes of Indiana" had fallen
+into his hands. The very copy he used is still in existence and,
+fortunately, in hands where it is safe. The book was owned by Mr.
+David Turnham, of Gentryville, and was given in 1865 by him to Mr.
+Herndon, who placed it in the Lincoln Memorial collection of Chicago.
+In December, 1894, this collection was sold in Philadelphia, and
+the "Statutes of Indiana" was bought by Mr. William Hoffman Winters,
+Librarian of the New York Law Institute, and through his courtesy I
+have been allowed to examine it. The book is worn, the title page is
+gone and a few leaves from the end are missing. The title page of
+a duplicate volume which Mr. Winters kindly showed me reads: "The
+Revised Laws of Indiana adopted and enacted by the General Assembly
+at their eighth session. To which are prefixed the Declaration of
+Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution
+of the State of Indiana, and sundry other documents connected with the
+Political History of the Territory and State of Indiana. Arranged and
+published by authority of the General Assembly. Corydon, Printed by
+Carpenter and Douglass, 1824."
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.
+
+From a recent photograph. Mr. Burner was Berry and Lincoln's clerk. He
+lived at New Salem from 1829 to 1834. Lincoln for many months lodged
+with his father, Isaac Burner, and he and Lincoln slept in the same
+bed. He now lives on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois, past eighty.]
+
+[Illustration: THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.
+
+From a photograph in the possession of the Hon. W.J. Orendorff, of
+Canton, Illinois. John M. Cameron, a Cumberland Presbyterian minister,
+and a devout, sincere, and courageous man, was held in the highest
+esteem by his neighbors. Yet, according to Daniel Green Burner, Berry
+and Lincoln's clerk--and the fact is mentioned merely as illustrating
+a universal custom among the pioneers--"John Cameron always kept a
+barrel of whiskey in the house." He was a powerful man physically, and
+a typical frontiersman. He was born in Kentucky in 1791, and, with
+his wife, moved to Illinois in 1815. He settled in Sangamon County in
+1818, and in 1829 took up his abode in a cabin on a hill overlooking
+the Sangamon River, and, with James Rutledge, founded the town of New
+Salem.
+
+According to tradition, Lincoln, for a time, lived with the Camerons.
+In the early thirties they moved to Fulton County, Illinois; then,
+in 1841 or 1842, to Iowa; and finally, in 1849, to California. In
+California they lived to a ripe old age--Mrs. Cameron dying in 1875,
+and her husband following her three years later. They had twelve
+children, eleven of whom were girls. In 1886 there were living nine
+of these children, fifty grandchildren, and one hundred and one
+great-grandchildren. Mr. Cameron is said to have officiated at the
+funeral of Ann Rutledge in 1835.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND
+SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR.
+
+From a photograph taken at Jacksonville, Illinois, about thirty years
+ago. James Short lived on Sand Ridge, a few miles north of New Salem,
+and Lincoln was a frequent visitor at his house. When Lincoln's horse
+and surveying instruments were levied upon by a creditor and sold,
+Mr. Short bought them in, and made Lincoln a present of them. Lincoln,
+when President, made his old friend an Indian agent in California. Mr.
+Short, in the course of his life, was happily married five times. He
+died in Iowa many years ago. His acquaintance with Lincoln began in
+rather an interesting way. His sister, who lived in New Salem, had
+made Lincoln a pair of jeans trousers. The material supplied by
+Lincoln was scant, and the trousers came out conspicuously short in
+the legs. One day when James Short was visiting with his sister, he
+pointed to a man walking down the street, and asked, "Who is that man
+in the short breeches." "That is Lincoln," the sister replied; and Mr.
+Short went out and introduced himself to Lincoln.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.
+
+Coleman Smoot was born in Virginia, February 13, 1794; removed to
+Kentucky when a child; married Rebecca Wright March 17, 1817; came to
+Illinois in 1831, and lived on a farm across the Sangamon River from
+New Salem until his death, March 21, 1876. He accumulated an immense
+fortune. Lincoln met him for the first time in Offutt's store in 1831.
+"Smoot," said Lincoln, "I am disappointed in you; I expected to see
+a man as ugly as old Probst," referring to a man reputed to be the
+homeliest in the county. "And I am disappointed," replied Smoot; "I
+had expected to see a good-looking man when I saw you." From that
+moment they were warm friends. After Lincoln's election to the
+legislature in 1834, he called on Smoot, and said, "I want to buy some
+clothes and fix up a little, so that I can make a decent appearance
+in the legislature; and I want you to loan me $200." The loan was
+cheerfully made, and of course was subsequently repaid.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL HILL--AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE
+POST-OFFICE.
+
+From an old daguerreotype. Samuel Hill was among the earliest
+inhabitants of New Salem. He opened a general store there in
+partnership with John McNeill,--the John McNeill who became betrothed
+to Ann Rutledge, and whose real name was afterwards discovered to
+be John McNamar. When McNeill left New Salem and went East, Mr. Hill
+became sole proprietor of the store. He also owned the carding machine
+at New Salem. Lincoln, after going out of the grocery business,
+made his headquarters at Samuel Hill's store. There he kept the
+post-office, entertained the loungers, and on busy days helped Mr.
+Hill wait on customers. Mr. Hill is said to have once courted Ann
+Rutledge himself, but he did not receive the encouragement which was
+bestowed upon his partner, McNeill. In 1839 he moved his store to
+Petersburg, and died there in 1857. In 1835 he married Miss Parthenia
+W. Nance, who still lives at Petersburg.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.
+
+From an old tintype. Mary Ann Rutledge was the wife of James Rutledge
+and the mother of Ann. She was born October 21, 1787, and reared
+in Kentucky. She lived to be ninety-one years of age, dying in Iowa
+December 26, 1878. The Rutledges left New Salem in 1833 or 1834,
+moving to a farm a few miles northward. On this farm Ann Rutledge died
+August 25, 1835; and here also, three months later (December 3, 1835),
+died her father, broken-hearted, no doubt, by the bereavement. In the
+following year the family moved to Fulton County, Illinois, and some
+three years later to Birmingham, Iowa. Of James Rutledge there is no
+portrait in existence. He was born in South Carolina, May 11, 1781. He
+and his sons, John and David, served in the Black Hawk War.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.
+
+From a steel engraving in the possession of R.W. Diller, Springfield,
+Illinois. John Calhoun was born in Boston, Massachusetts, October 14,
+1806; removed to the Mohawk Valley, New York, in 1821; was educated
+at Canajoharie Academy, and studied law. In 1830 he removed to
+Springfield, Illinois, and after serving in the Black Hawk War was
+appointed Surveyor of Sangamon County. He was married there December
+29, 1831, to Miss Sarah Cutter. He was a Democratic Representative in
+1838; Clerk of the House in 1840; circuit clerk in 1842; Democratic
+presidential elector in 1844; candidate for Governor before the
+Democratic State convention in 1846; Mayor of Springfield in 1849,
+1850, and 1851; a candidate for Congress in 1852, and in the same year
+again a Democratic presidential elector. In 1854, President Pierce
+appointed him Surveyor-General of Kansas, and he became conspicuous in
+Kansas politics. He was president of the Lecompton Convention. He died
+at St. Joseph, Missouri, October 25, 1859. Mr. Frederick Hawn, who was
+his boyhood friend, and afterward married a sister of Calhoun's wife,
+is now living at Leavenworth, Kansas, at the age of eighty-five years.
+In an interesting letter to the writer, he says: "It has been related
+that Calhoun induced Lincoln to study surveying in order to become
+his deputy. Presuming that he was ready to graduate and receive his
+commission, he called on Calhoun, then living with his father-in-law,
+Seth R. Cutter, on Upper Lick Creek. After the interview was
+concluded, Mr. Lincoln, about to depart, remarked: 'Calhoun, I am
+entirely unable to repay you for your generosity at present. All that
+I have you see on me, except a quarter of a dollar in my pocket.' This
+is a family tradition. However, my wife, then a miss of sixteen, says,
+while I am writing this sketch, that she distinctly remembers this
+interview. After Lincoln was gone she says she and her sister,
+Mrs. Calhoun, commenced making jocular remarks about his uncanny
+appearance, in the presence of Calhoun, to which in substance he made
+this rejoinder: 'For all that, he is no common man.' My wife believes
+these were the exact words."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+We know from Dennis Hanks, from Mr. Turnham, to whom the book
+belonged, and from other associates of Lincoln's at the time, that he
+read this book intently and discussed its contents intelligently. It
+was a remarkable volume for a thoughtful lad whose mind had been
+fired already by the history of Washington; for it opened with that
+wonderful document, the Declaration of Independence, a document
+which became, as Mr. John G. Nicolay says, "his political chart
+and inspiration." Following the Declaration of Independence was the
+Constitution of the United States, the Act of Virginia passed in 1783
+by which the "Territory North Westward of the river Ohio" was conveyed
+to the United States, and the Ordinance of 1787 for governing this
+territory, containing that clause on which Lincoln in the future based
+many an argument on the slavery question. This article, No. 6 of the
+Ordinance, reads: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
+servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of
+crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: provided
+always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or
+service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States,
+such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person
+claiming his or her labour or service, as aforesaid."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS--PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S
+MAGAZINE.
+
+These saddle-bags, now in the Lincoln Monument at Springfield, are
+said to have been used by Lincoln while he was a surveyor.]
+
+Following this was the Constitution and the Revised Laws of Indiana,
+three hundred and seventy-five pages of five hundred words each of
+statutes--enough law, if thoroughly digested, to make a respectable
+lawyer. When Lincoln finished this book, as he had probably before
+he was eighteen, we have reason to believe that he understood the
+principles on which the nation was founded, how the State of Indiana
+came into being, and how it was governed. His understanding of the
+subject was clear and practical, and he applied it in his reading,
+thinking, and discussion.
+
+[Illustration: REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN--HITHERTO
+UNPUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original, now on file
+in the County Clerk's office, Springfield, Illinois. The survey
+here reported was made in pursuance of an order of the County
+Commissioners' Court, September 1, 1834, in which Lincoln was
+designated as the surveyor.]
+
+It was after he had read the Laws of Indiana that Lincoln had free
+access to the library of his admirer, Judge John Pitcher of Rockport,
+Indiana, where undoubtedly he examined many law-books. But from the
+time he left Indiana in 1830 he had no legal reading until one day
+soon after the grocery was started, when there happened one of those
+trivial incidents which so often turn the current of a life. It
+is best told in Mr. Lincoln's own words.[2] "One day a man who was
+migrating to the West drove up in front of my store with a wagon which
+contained his family and household plunder. He asked me if I would
+buy an old barrel, for which he had no room in his wagon, and which
+he said contained nothing of special value. I did not want it, but to
+oblige him I bought it, and paid him, I think, half a dollar for it.
+Without further examination, I put it away in the store, and forgot
+all about it. Some time after, in overhauling things, I came upon the
+barrel, and emptying it upon the floor to see what it contained, I
+found at the bottom of the rubbish a complete edition of Blackstone's
+Commentaries. I began to read those famous works, and I had plenty
+of time; for, during the long summer days, when the farmers were busy
+with their crops, my customers were few and far between. The more
+I read"--this he said with unusual emphasis--"the more intensely
+interested I became. Never in my whole life was my mind so thoroughly
+absorbed. I read until I devoured them."
+
+[Illustration: A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD
+COUNTY, ILLINOIS--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed from the original for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE. This map,
+which, as here reproduced, is about one-half the size of the original,
+accompanied Lincoln's report of the survey of a part of the road
+between Athens and Sangamon town. For making this map, Lincoln
+received fifty cents. The road evidently was located "on good ground,"
+and was "necessary and proper," as the report says, for it is still
+the main travelled highway leading into the country south of Athens,
+Menard County.]
+
+
+BERRY AND LINCOLN GET A TAVERN LICENSE.
+
+But all this was fatal to business, and by spring it was evident that
+something must be done to stimulate the grocery sales.
+
+On the 6th of March, 1833, the County Commissioners' Court of Sangamon
+County granted the firm of Berry and Lincoln a license to keep a
+tavern at New Salem. A copy of this license is here given:
+
+    Ordered that William F. Berry, in the name of Berry and
+    Lincoln, have a license to keep a tavern in New Salem to
+    continue 12 months from this date, and that they pay one
+    dollar in addition to the six dollars heretofore paid as per
+    Treasurer's receipt, and that they be allowed the following
+    rates (viz.):
+
+    French Brandy per 1/2 pt.  25
+    Peach  "       "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Apple  "       "    "   .  12
+    Holland Gin    "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Domestic       "    "   .  12-1/2
+    Wine           "    "   .  25
+    Rum            "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Whisky         "    "   .  12-1/2
+    Breakfast, din'r or supper 25
+    Lodging per night........  12-1/2
+    Horse per night..........  25
+    Single feed..............  12-1/2
+    Breakfast, dinner or supper
+    for Stage Passengers.....  37-1/2
+
+    who gave bond as required by law.
+
+It is probable that the license was procured to enable the firm to
+retail the liquors which they had in stock, and not for keeping
+a tavern. In a community in which liquor-drinking was practically
+universal, at a time when whiskey was as legitimate an article of
+merchandise as coffee or calico, when no family was without a jug,
+when the minister of the gospel could take his "dram" without any
+breach of propriety, it is not surprising that a reputable young
+man should have been found selling whiskey. Liquor was sold at all
+groceries, but it could not be lawfully sold in a smaller quantity
+than one quart. The law, however, was not always rigidly observed,
+and it was the custom of store-keepers to "set up" the drinks to their
+patrons. Each of the three groceries which Berry and Lincoln acquired
+had the usual supply of liquors, and the combined stock must have
+amounted almost to a superabundance. It was only good business
+that they should seek a way to dispose of the surplus quickly and
+profitably--an end which could be best accomplished by selling it
+over the counter by the glass. Lawfully to do this required a tavern
+license; and it is a warrantable conclusion that such was the chief
+aim of Berry and Lincoln in procuring a franchise of this character.
+We are fortified in this conclusion by the coincidence that three
+other grocers of New Salem--William Clary, Henry Sincoe, and George
+Warberton--were among those who took out tavern licenses. To secure
+the lawful privilege of selling whiskey by the "dram" was no doubt
+their purpose; for their "taverns" were as mythical as the inn of
+Berry and Lincoln.
+
+At the granting of a tavern license, the applicants therefor were
+required by law to file a bond. The bond given in the case of Berry
+and Lincoln was as follows:
+
+    Know all men by these presents, we, William F. Berry, Abraham
+    Lincoln and John Bowling Green, are held and firmly bound unto
+    the County Commissioners of Sangamon County in the full sum
+    of three hundred dollars to which payment well and truly to
+    be made we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and
+    administrators firmly by these presents, sealed with our seal
+    and dated this 6th day of March A.D. 1833. Now the condition
+    of this obligation is such that Whereas the said Berry &
+    Lincoln has obtained a license from the County Commissioners
+    Court to keep a tavern in the Town of New Salem to continue
+    one year. Now if the said Berry & Lincoln shall be of good
+    behavior and observe all the laws of this State relative to
+    tavern keepers--then this obligation to be void or otherwise
+    remain in full force.
+
+    ABRAHAM LINCOLN [Seal]
+    WM. F. BERRY [Seal]
+    BOWLING GREEN [Seal]
+
+This bond appears to have been written by the clerk of the
+Commissioners' Court; and Lincoln's name was signed by some one other
+than himself, very likely by his partner Berry.
+
+[Illustration: A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S
+WELL."]
+
+
+THE FIRM HIRES A CLERK.
+
+The license seems to have stimulated the business, for the firm
+concluded to hire a clerk. The young man who secured this position was
+Daniel Green Burner, son of Isaac Burner, at whose house Lincoln for
+a time boarded. He is still living on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois,
+and is in the eighty-second year of his age. "The store building of
+Berry and Lincoln," says Mr. Burner, "was a frame building, not very
+large, one story in height, and contained two rooms. In the little
+back room Lincoln had a fireplace and a bed. There is where we slept.
+I clerked in the store through the winter of 1834, up to the 1st of
+March. While I was there they had nothing for sale but liquors. They
+may have had some groceries before that, but I am certain they had
+none then. I used to sell whiskey over their counter at six cents a
+glass--and charged it, too. N.A. Garland started a store, and Lincoln
+wanted Berry to ask his father for a loan, so they could buy out
+Garland; but Berry refused, saying this was one of the last things he
+would think of doing."
+
+Among the other persons yet living who were residents with Lincoln of
+New Salem or its near neighborhood are Mrs. Parthenia W. Hill, aged
+seventy-nine years, widow of Samuel Hill, the New Salem merchant;
+James McGrady Rutledge, aged eighty-one years; John Potter, aged
+eighty-seven years; and Thomas Watkins, aged seventy-one years--all
+now living at Petersburg, Illinois. Mrs. Hill, a woman of more than
+ordinary intelligence, did not become a resident of New Salem until
+1835, the year in which she was married. Lincoln had then gone out
+of business, but she knew much of his store. "Berry and Lincoln,"
+she says, "did not keep any dry goods. They had a grocery, and I have
+always understood they sold whiskey." Mr. Rutledge, a nephew of James
+Rutledge the tavern-keeper, has a vivid recollection of the store.
+He says: "I have been in Berry and Lincoln's store many a time. The
+building was a frame--one of the few frame buildings in New Salem.
+There were two rooms, and in the small back room they kept their
+whiskey. They had pretty much everything, except dry goods--sugar,
+coffee, some crockery, a few pairs of shoes (not many), some farming
+implements, and the like. Whiskey, of course, was a necessary part of
+their stock. I remember one transaction in particular which I had with
+them. I sold the firm a load of wheat, which they turned over to the
+mill." Mr. Potter, who remembers the morning when Lincoln, then a
+stranger on his way to New Salem, stopped at his father's house
+and ate breakfast, knows less about the store, but says: "It was a
+grocery, and they sold whiskey, of course." Thomas Watkins says that
+the store contained "a little candy, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, and
+the like;" though Mr. Watkins, being then a small boy, and living a
+mile in the country, was not a frequent visitor at the store.
+
+
+LINCOLN APPOINTED POSTMASTER.
+
+Business was not so brisk, however, in Berry and Lincoln's grocery,
+even after the license was granted, that the junior partner did not
+welcome an appointment as postmaster which he received in May, 1833.
+The appointment of a Whig by a Democratic administration seems to have
+been made without comment. "The office was too insignificant to make
+his politics an objection," say the autobiographical notes. The duties
+of the new office were not arduous, for letters were few, and their
+comings far between. At that date the mails were carried by four-horse
+post-coaches from city to city, and on horseback from central points
+into the country towns. The rates of postage were high. A single-sheet
+letter carried thirty miles or under cost six cents; thirty to eighty
+miles, ten cents; eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and
+one-half cents; one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles, eighteen
+and one-half cents; over four hundred miles, twenty-five cents. A copy
+of this magazine sent from New York to New Salem would have cost fully
+twenty-five cents. The mail was irregular in coming as well as light
+in its contents. Though supposed to arrive twice a week, it sometimes
+happened that a fortnight or more passed without any mail. Under these
+conditions the New Salem post-office was not a serious care.
+
+A large number of the patrons of the office lived in the country--many
+of them miles away--but generally Lincoln delivered their letters at
+their doors. These letters he would carefully place in the crown of
+his hat, and distribute them from house to house. Thus it was in a
+measure true that he kept the New Salem post-office in his hat. The
+habit of carrying papers in his hat clung to Lincoln; for, many years
+later, when he was a practising lawyer in Springfield, he apologized
+for failing to answer a letter promptly, by explaining: "When I
+received your letter I put it in my old hat, and buying a new one the
+next day, the old one was set aside, and so the letter was lost sight
+of for a time."
+
+But whether the mail was delivered by the postmaster himself, or the
+recipient came to the store to inquire, "Anything for me?" it was the
+habit "to stop and visit awhile." He who received a letter read it and
+told the contents; if he had a newspaper, usually the postmaster could
+tell him in advance what it contained, for one of the perquisites of
+the early post-office was the privilege of reading all printed matter
+before delivering it. Every day, then, Lincoln's acquaintance in New
+Salem, through his position as postmaster, became more intimate.
+
+
+A NEW OPENING.
+
+As the summer of 1833 went on, the condition of the store became more
+and more unsatisfactory. As the position of postmaster brought in only
+a small revenue, Lincoln was forced to take any odd work he could get.
+He helped in other stores in the town, split rails, and looked after
+the mill; but all this yielded only a scant and uncertain support, and
+when in the fall he had an opportunity to learn surveying, he accepted
+it eagerly.
+
+The condition of affairs in Illinois in the thirties made a demand for
+the services of surveyors. The immigration had been phenomenal. There
+were thousands of farms to be surveyed and thousands of "corners" to
+be located. Speculators bought up large tracts, and mapped out
+cities on paper. It was years before the first railroad was built
+in Illinois, and as all inland travelling was on horseback or in the
+stage-coach, each year hundreds of miles of wagon road were opened
+through woods and swamps and prairies. As the county of Sangamon was
+large and eagerly sought by immigrants, the county surveyor in 1833,
+one John Calhoun, needed deputies; but in a country so new it was no
+easy matter to find men with the requisite capacity.
+
+[Illustration: CONCORD CEMETERY.
+
+From a photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois. Concord
+cemetery lies seven miles northwest of the old town of New Salem, in a
+secluded place, surrounded by woods and pastures, away from the world.
+In this lonely spot Ann Rutledge was at first laid to rest. Thither
+Lincoln is said to have often come alone, and "sat in silence for
+hours at a time;" and it was to Ann Rutledge's grave here that he
+pointed and said: "There my heart lies buried." The old cemetery
+suffered the melancholy fate of New Salem. It became a neglected,
+deserted spot. The graves were lost in weeds, and a heavy growth of
+trees kept out the sun and filled the place with gloom. A dozen years
+ago this picture was taken. It was a blustery day in the autumn,
+and the weeds and trees were swaying before a furious gale. No other
+picture of the place, taken while Ann Rutledge was buried there, is
+known to be in existence. A picture of a cemetery, with the name of
+Ann Rutledge on a high, flat tombstone, has been published in two or
+three books; but it is not genuine, the "stone" being nothing more
+than a board improvised for the occasion. The grave of Ann Rutledge
+was never honored with a stone until the body was taken up in 1890
+and removed to Oakland cemetery, a mile southwest of Petersburg.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+With Lincoln, Calhoun had little, if any, personal acquaintance, for
+they lived twenty miles apart. Lincoln, however, had made himself
+known by his meteoric race for the legislature in 1832, and Calhoun
+had heard of him as an honest, intelligent, and trustworthy young man.
+One day he sent word to Lincoln by Pollard Simmons, who lived in the
+New Salem neighborhood, that he had decided to appoint him a deputy
+surveyor if he would accept the position.
+
+Going into the woods, Simmons found Lincoln engaged in his old
+occupation of making rails. The two sat down together on a log, and
+Simmons told Lincoln what Calhoun had said. It was a surprise to
+Lincoln. Calhoun was a "Jackson man;" he was for Clay. What did he
+know about surveying, and why should a Democratic official offer him
+a position of any kind? He immediately went to Springfield, and had
+a talk with Calhoun. He would not accept the appointment, he said,
+unless he had the assurance that it involved no political obligation,
+and that he might continue to express his political opinions as
+freely and frequently as he chose. This assurance was given. The
+only difficulty then in the way was the fact that he knew absolutely
+nothing of surveying. But Calhoun, of course, understood this, and
+agreed that he should have time to learn.
+
+With the promptness of action with which he always undertook anything
+he had to do, he procured Flint and Gibson's treatise on surveying,
+and sought Mentor Graham for help. At a sacrifice of some time, the
+schoolmaster aided him to a partial mastery of the intricate subject.
+Lincoln worked literally day and night, sitting up night after night
+until the crowing of the cock warned him of the approaching dawn.
+So hard did he study that his friends were greatly concerned at his
+haggard face. But in six weeks he had mastered all the books
+within reach relating to the subject--a task which, under ordinary
+circumstances, would hardly have been achieved in as many months.
+Reporting to Calhoun for duty (greatly to the amazement of that
+gentleman), he was at once assigned to the territory in the northwest
+part of the county, and the first work he did of which there is any
+authentic record was in January, 1834. In that month he surveyed a
+piece of land for Russell Godby, dating the certificate January 14,
+1834, and signing it "J. Calhoun, S.S.C., by A. Lincoln."
+
+Lincoln was frequently employed in laying out public roads, being
+selected for that purpose by the County Commissioners' Court. So
+far as can be learned from the official records, the first road he
+surveyed was "from Musick's Ferry on Salt Creek, via New Salem, to the
+county line in the direction of Jacksonville." For this he was allowed
+fifteen dollars for five days' service, and two dollars and fifty
+cents for a plat of the new road. The next road he surveyed, according
+to the records, was that leading from Athens to Sangamon town. This
+was reported to the County Commissioners' Court November 4, 1834.
+But road surveying was only a small portion of his work. He was more
+frequently employed by private individuals.
+
+
+SURVEYING WITH A GRAPEVINE.
+
+According to tradition, when he first took up the business he was too
+poor to buy a chain, and, instead, used a long, straight grape-vine.
+Probably this is a myth, though surveyors who had experience in the
+early days say it may be true. The chains commonly used at that time
+were made of iron. Constant use wore away and weakened the links, and
+it was no unusual thing for a chain to lengthen six inches after a
+year's use. "And a good grape-vine," to use the words of a veteran
+surveyor, "would give quite as satisfactory results as one of those
+old-fashioned chains."
+
+Lincoln's surveys had the extraordinary merit of being correct. Much
+of the government work had been rather indifferently done, or the
+government corners had been imperfectly preserved, and there were
+frequent disputes between adjacent land-owners about boundary lines.
+Frequently Lincoln was called upon in such cases to find the corner
+in controversy. His verdict was invariably the end of the dispute, so
+general was the confidence in his honesty and skill. Some of these
+old corners located by him are still in existence. The people of
+Petersburg proudly remember that they live in a town which was laid
+out by Lincoln. This he did in 1836, and it was the work of several
+weeks.
+
+Lincoln's pay as a surveyor was three dollars a day, more than he had
+ever before earned. Compared with the compensation for like services
+nowadays it seems small enough; but at that time it was really
+princely. The Governor of the State received a salary of only one
+thousand dollars a year, the Secretary of State six hundred dollars,
+and good board and lodging could be obtained for one dollar a week.
+But even three dollars a day did not enable him to meet all his
+financial obligations. The heavy debts of the store hung over him.
+The long distances he had to travel in his new employment had made it
+necessary to buy a horse, and for it he had gone into debt.
+
+"My father," says Thomas Watkins of Petersburg, who remembers the
+circumstances well, "sold Lincoln the horse, and my recollection is
+that Lincoln agreed to pay him fifty dollars for it. Lincoln was a
+little slow in making the payments, and after he had paid all but ten
+dollars, my father, who was a high-strung man, became impatient, and
+sued him for the balance. Lincoln, of course, did not deny the debt,
+and raised the money and paid it. I do not often tell this," Mr.
+Watkins adds, "because I have always thought there never was such a
+man as Lincoln, and I have always been sorry father sued him."
+
+
+BUSINESS REVERSES.
+
+Between his duties as deputy surveyor and postmaster, Lincoln had
+little leisure for the store, and its management had passed into the
+hands of Berry. The stock of groceries was on the wane. The numerous
+obligations of the firm were maturing, with no money to meet them.
+Both members of the firm, in the face of such obstacles, lost courage;
+and when, early in 1834, Alexander and William Trent asked if the
+store was for sale, an affirmative answer was eagerly given. A price
+was agreed upon, and the sale was made. Now, neither Alexander Trent
+nor his brother had any money; but as Berry and Lincoln had bought
+without money, it seemed only fair that they should be willing to sell
+on the same terms. Accordingly the notes of the Trent brothers were
+accepted for the purchase price, and the store was turned over to the
+new owners. But about the time their notes fell due the Trent brothers
+disappeared. The few groceries in the store were seized by creditors,
+and the doors were closed, never to be opened again.
+
+Misfortunes now crowded upon Lincoln. His late partner, Berry, soon
+reached the end of his wild career; and one morning a farmer from the
+Rock Creek neighborhood drove into New Salem with the news that he was
+dead.
+
+The appalling debt which had accumulated was thrown upon Lincoln's
+shoulders. It was then too common a fashion among men who became
+deluged in debt to "clear out," in the expressive language of the
+pioneer, as the Trents had done; but this was not Lincoln's way. He
+quietly settled down among the men he owed, and promised to pay them.
+For fifteen years he carried this burden--a load which he cheerfully
+and manfully bore, but one so heavy that he habitually spoke of it
+as the "national debt." Talking once of it to a friend, Lincoln said:
+"That debt was the greatest obstacle I have ever met in life; I had no
+way of speculating, and could not earn money except by labor, and to
+earn by labor eleven hundred dollars, besides my living, seemed the
+work of a lifetime. There was, however, but one way. I went to the
+creditors, and told them that if they would let me alone, I would give
+them all I could earn over my living, as fast as I could earn it." As
+late as 1848, so we are informed by Mr. Herndon, Mr. Lincoln, then
+a member of Congress, sent home money saved from his salary to be
+applied on these obligations. All the notes, with interest at the high
+rates then prevailing, were at last paid.
+
+With a single exception Lincoln's creditors seem to have been lenient.
+One of the notes given by him came into the hands of a Mr. Van Bergen,
+who, when it fell due, brought suit. The amount of the judgment was
+more than Lincoln could pay, and his personal effects were levied
+upon. These consisted of his horse, saddle and bridle, and surveying
+instruments. James Short, a well-to-do farmer living on Sand Ridge a
+few miles north of New Salem, heard of the trouble which had befallen
+his young friend. Without advising Lincoln of his plans he attended
+the sale, bought in the horse and surveying instruments for one
+hundred and twenty dollars, and turned them over to their former
+owner.
+
+[Illustration: STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+
+Lincoln's first meeting with Douglas occurred at the State capital,
+Vandalia, in the winter of 1834-35, when Lincoln was serving his first
+term in the legislature, and Douglas was an applicant for the office
+of State attorney for the first judicial district of Illinois.]
+
+Lincoln never forgot a benefactor. He not only repaid the money with
+interest, but nearly thirty years later remembered the kindness in a
+most substantial way. After Lincoln left New Salem financial reverses
+came to James Short, and he removed to the far West to seek his
+fortune anew. Early in Lincoln's presidential term he heard that
+"Uncle Jimmy" was living in California. One day Mr. Short received a
+letter from Washington, D.C. Tearing it open, he read the gratifying
+announcement that he had been commissioned an Indian agent.
+
+
+THE KINDNESS SHOWN LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM.
+
+The kindness of Mr. Short was not exceptional in Lincoln's New
+Salem career. When the store had "winked out," as he put it, and the
+post-office had been left without headquarters, one of his neighbors,
+Samuel Hill, invited the homeless postmaster into his store. There was
+hardly a man or woman in the community who would not have been glad
+to do as much. It was a simple recognition on their part of Lincoln's
+friendliness to them. He was what they called "obliging"--a man who
+instinctively did the thing which he saw would help another, no matter
+how trivial or homely it was. In the home of Rowan Herndon, where he
+had boarded when he first came to the town, he had made himself loved
+by his care of the children. "He nearly always had one of them
+around with him," says Mr. Herndon. In the Rutledge tavern, where he
+afterwards lived, the landlord told with appreciation how, when his
+house was full, Lincoln gave up his bed, went to the store, and slept
+on the counter, his pillow a web of calico. If a traveller "stuck in
+the mud" in New Salem's one street, Lincoln was always the first to
+help pull out the wheel. The widows praised him because he "chopped
+their wood;" the overworked, because he was always ready to give them
+a lift. It was the spontaneous, unobtrusive helpfulness of the man's
+nature which endeared him to everybody and which inspired a general
+desire to do all possible in return. There are many tales told of
+homely service rendered him, even by the hard-working farmers' wives
+around New Salem. There was not one of them who did not gladly "put on
+a plate" for Abe Lincoln when he appeared, or would not darn or mend
+for him when she knew he needed it. Hannah Armstrong, the wife of the
+hero of Clary's Grove, made him one of her family. "Abe would come out
+to our house," she said, "drink milk, eat mush, cornbread and
+butter, bring the children candy, and rock the cradle while I got him
+something to eat.... Has stayed at our house two or three weeks at
+a time." Lincoln's pay for his first piece of surveying came in the
+shape of two buckskins, and it was Hannah who "foxed" them on his
+trousers.
+
+His relations were equally friendly in the better homes of the
+community; even at the minister's, the Rev. John Cameron's, he was
+perfectly at home, and Mrs. Cameron was by him affectionately called
+"Aunt Polly." It was not only his kindly service which made Lincoln
+loved; it was his sympathetic comprehension of the lives and joys and
+sorrows and interests of the people. Whether it was Jack Armstrong
+and his wrestling, Hannah and her babies, Kelso and his fishing and
+poetry, the schoolmaster and his books--with one and all he was at
+home. He possessed in an extraordinary degree the power of entering
+into the interests of others, a power found only in reflective,
+unselfish natures endowed with a humorous sense of human foibles,
+coupled with great tenderness of heart. Men and women amused Lincoln,
+but so long as they were sincere he loved them and sympathized with
+them. He was human in the best sense of that fine word.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S ACQUAINTANCE IN SANGAMON COUNTY IS EXTENDED.
+
+Now that the store was closed and his surveying increased, Lincoln
+had an excellent opportunity to extend his acquaintance, for he was
+travelling about the country. Everywhere he won friends. The surveyor
+naturally was respected for his calling's sake, but the new deputy
+surveyor was admired for his friendly ways, his willingness to lend
+a hand indoors as well as out, his learning, his ambition, his
+independence. Throughout the county he began to be regarded as "a
+right smart young man." Some of his associates appear even to have
+comprehended his peculiarly great character and dimly to have foreseen
+a splendid future. "Often," says Daniel Green Burner, Berry and
+Lincoln's clerk in the grocery, "I have heard my brother-in-law, Dr.
+Duncan, say he would not be surprised if some day Abe Lincoln got to
+be Governor of Illinois. Lincoln," Mr. Burner adds, "was thought to
+know a little more than anybody else among the young people. He was a
+good debater, and liked it. He read much, and seemed never to forget
+anything."
+
+Lincoln was fully conscious of his popularity, and it seemed to him
+in 1834 that he could safely venture to try again for the legislature.
+Accordingly he announced himself as a candidate, spending much of the
+summer of 1834 in electioneering. It was a repetition of what he
+had done in 1832, though on the larger scale made possible by wider
+acquaintance. In company with the other candidates, he rode up and
+down the county, making speeches in the public squares, in shady
+groves, now and then in a log school-house. In his speeches he soon
+distinguished himself by the amazing candor with which he dealt with
+all questions, and by his curious blending of audacity and humility.
+Wherever he saw a crowd of men he joined them, and he never failed
+to adapt himself to their point of view in asking for votes. If the
+degree of physical strength was their test for a candidate, he was
+ready to lift a weight or wrestle with the country-side champion; if
+the amount of grain a man could cradle would recommend him, he seized
+the cradle and showed the swath he could cut. The campaign was well
+conducted, for in August he was elected one of the four assemblymen
+from Sangamon. The vote at this election stood: Dawson, 1390; Lincoln,
+1376; Carpenter, 1170; Stuart, 1164.[3]
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO
+STUDY LAW.
+
+Born in Kentucky in 1807. At twenty-one, on being admitted to the bar,
+he removed to Springfield, Illinois, and was soon prominent in his
+profession. He was a member of the legislature from 1832 to 1836.
+In 1838 he defeated Stephen A. Douglas for Congress, and served
+two terms--as a Whig. In 1863 and 1864 he served a third term--as a
+Democrat. He served also in the State Senate, and was a major in the
+Black Hawk War. He died in 1885.]
+
+
+HE FINALLY DECIDES ON A LEGAL CAREER.
+
+The best thing which Lincoln did in the canvass of 1834 was not
+winning votes; it was coming to a determination to read law, not for
+pleasure but as a business. In his autobiographical notes he says:
+"During the canvass, in a private conversation Major John T. Stuart
+(one of his fellow-candidates) encouraged Abraham to study law. After
+the election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him, and
+went at it in good earnest. He never studied with anybody." He seems
+to have thrown himself into the work with an almost impatient ardor.
+As he tramped back and forth from Springfield, twenty miles away, to
+get his law-books, he read sometimes forty pages or more on the way.
+Often he was seen wandering at random across the fields, repeating
+aloud the points in his last reading. The subject seemed never to be
+out of his mind. It was the great absorbing interest of his life. The
+rule he gave twenty years later to a young man who wanted to know how
+to become a lawyer, seems to have been the one he practised.[4]
+
+Having secured a book of legal forms, he was soon able to write deeds,
+contracts, and all sorts of legal instruments; and he was frequently
+called upon by his neighbors to perform services of this kind. "In
+1834," says Daniel Green Burner, Berry and Lincoln's clerk, "my
+father, Isaac Burner, sold out to Henry Onstott, and he wanted a deed
+written. I knew how handy Lincoln was that way, and suggested that we
+get him. We found him sitting on a stump. 'All right,' said he, when
+informed what we wanted. 'If you will bring me a pen and ink and a
+piece of paper I will write it here.' I brought him these articles,
+and, picking up a shingle and putting it on his knee for a desk, he
+wrote out the deed." As there was no practising lawyer nearer than
+Springfield, Lincoln was often employed to act the part of advocate
+before the village squire, at that time Bowling Green. He realized
+that this experience was valuable, and never, so far as known,
+demanded or accepted a fee for his services in these petty cases.
+
+Justice was sometimes administered in a summary way in Squire Green's
+court. Precedents and the venerable rules of law had little weight.
+The "Squire" took judicial notice of a great many facts, often going
+so far as to fill, simultaneously, the two functions of witness and
+court. But his decisions were generally just.
+
+James McGrady Rutledge tells a story in which several of Lincoln's old
+friends figure and which illustrates the legal practices of New Salem.
+"Jack Kelso," says Mr. Rutledge, "owned or claimed to own a white
+hog. It was also claimed by John Ferguson. The hog had often wandered
+around Bowling Green's place, and he was somewhat acquainted with it.
+Ferguson sued Kelso, and the case was tried before 'Squire' Green. The
+plaintiff produced two witnesses who testified positively that the hog
+belonged to him. Kelso had nothing to offer, save his own unsupported
+claim.
+
+"'Are there any more witnesses?' inquired the court.
+
+"He was informed that there were no more.
+
+"'Well,' said 'Squire' Green, 'the two witnesses we have heard have
+sworn to a ---- lie. I know this shoat, and I know it belongs to Jack
+Kelso. I therefore decide this case in his favor.'"
+
+An extract from the record of the County Commissioners' Court
+illustrates the nature of the cases that came before the justice
+of the peace in Lincoln's day. It also shows the price put upon the
+privilege of working on Sunday, in 1832:
+
+    JANUARY 29, 1832.--Alexander Gibson found guilty of
+    Sabbath-breaking and fined 12-1/2 cents. Fine paid into court.
+
+    "(Signed) EDWARD ROBINSON, J.P."
+
+
+LINCOLN ENTERS THE ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY.
+
+The session of the ninth Assembly began December 1, 1834, and Lincoln
+went to the capital, then Vandalia, seventy-five miles southeast of
+New Salem, on the Kaskaskia River, in time for the opening. Vandalia
+was a town which had been called into existence in 1820 especially
+to give the State government an abiding-place. Its very name had been
+chosen, it is said, because it "sounded well" for a State capital. As
+the tradition goes, while the commissioners were debating what they
+should call the town they were making, a wag suggested that it be
+named Vandalia, in honor of the Vandals, a tribe of Indians which,
+said he, had once lived on the borders of the Kaskaskia; this, he
+argued, would conserve a local tradition while giving a euphonous
+title. The commissioners, pleased with so good a suggestion, adopted
+the name. When Lincoln first went to Vandalia it was a town of about
+eight hundred inhabitants; its noteworthy features, according to
+Peck's "Gazetteer" of Illinois for 1834, being a brick court-house, a
+two-story brick edifice "used by State officers," "a neat framed house
+of worship for the Presbyterian Society, with a cupola and bell,"
+"a framed meeting-house for the Methodist Society," three taverns,
+several stores, five lawyers, four physicians, a land office, and two
+newspapers. It was a much larger town than Lincoln had ever lived in
+before, though he was familiar with Springfield, then twice as large
+as Vandalia, and he had seen the cities of the Mississippi.
+
+The Assembly which he entered was composed of eighty-one
+members,--twenty-six senators, fifty-five representatives. As a rule,
+these men were of Kentucky, Tennessee, or Virginia origin, with here
+and there a Frenchman. There were but few Eastern men, for there
+was still a strong prejudice in the State against Yankees. The
+close bargains and superior airs of the emigrants from New England
+contrasted so unpleasantly with the open-handed hospitality and the
+easy ways of the Southerners and French, that a pioneer's prospects
+were blasted at the start if he acted like a Yankee. A history of
+Illinois in 1837, published evidently to "boom" the State, cautioned
+the emigrant that if he began his life in Illinois by "affecting
+superior intelligence and virtue, and catechizing the people for their
+habits of plainness and simplicity and their apparent want of those
+things which he imagines indispensable to comfort," he must expect
+to be forever marked as "a Yankee," and to have his prospects
+correspondingly defeated. A "hard-shell" Baptist preacher of about
+this date showed the feeling of the people when he said, in preaching
+of the richness of the grace of the Lord: "It tuks in the isles of the
+sea and the uttermust part of the yeth. It embraces the Esquimaux and
+the Hottentots, and some, my dear brethering, go so far as to suppose
+that it tuks in the poor benighted Yankees, but _I don't go that
+fur_." When it came to an election of legislators, many of the people
+"didn't go that fur" either.
+
+There was a preponderance of jean suits like Lincoln's in the
+Assembly, and there were coonskin caps and buckskin trousers.
+Nevertheless, more than one member showed a studied garb and a courtly
+manner. Some of the best blood of the South went into the making of
+Illinois, and it showed itself from the first in the Assembly. The
+surroundings of the legislators were quite as simple as the attire
+of the plainest of them. The court-house, in good old Colonial style,
+with square pillars and belfry, was finished with wooden desks and
+benches. The State furnished her law-makers no superfluities--three
+dollars a day, a cork inkstand, a certain number of quills, and a
+limited amount of stationery was all an Illinois legislator in 1834
+got from his position. Scarcely more could be expected from a State
+whose revenues from December 1, 1834, to December 1, 1836, were only
+about one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, with expenditures
+during the same period amounting to less than one hundred and
+sixty-five thousand dollars.
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S
+FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE.
+
+Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838, was born in
+Kentucky in 1794. The son of an officer of the regular army, he,
+at nineteen, became a soldier in the war of 1812, and did gallant
+service. He removed to Illinois in 1818, and soon became prominent
+in the State, serving as a major-general of militia, a State Senator,
+and, from 1826 to 1834, as a member of Congress, resigning from
+Congress to take the office of Governor. He was at first a Democrat,
+but afterwards became a Whig. He was a man of the highest character
+and public spirit. He died in 1844.]
+
+Lincoln thought little of these things, no doubt. To him the absorbing
+interest was the men he met. To get acquainted with them, measure
+them, compare himself with them, and discover wherein they were his
+superiors and what he could do to make good his deficiency--this
+was his chief occupation. The men he met were good subjects for such
+study. Among them were Wm. L.D. Ewing, Jesse K. Dubois, Stephen T.
+Logan, Theodore Ford, and Governor Duncan--men destined to play large
+parts in the history of the State. One whom he met that winter in
+Vandalia was destined to play a great part in the history of the
+nation--the Democratic candidate for the office of State attorney for
+the first judicial district of Illinois; a man four years younger than
+Lincoln--he was only twenty-one at the time; a new-comer, too, in the
+State, having arrived about a year before, under no very promising
+auspices either, for he had only thirty-seven cents in his pockets,
+and no position in view; but a man of metal, it was easy to see, for
+already he had risen so high in the district where he had settled,
+that he dared contest the office of State attorney with John J.
+Hardin, one of the most successful lawyers of the State. This young
+man was Stephen A. Douglas. He had come to Vandalia from Morgan County
+to conduct his campaign, and Lincoln met him first in the halls of
+the old court-house, where he and his friends carried on with success
+their contest against Hardin.
+
+The ninth Assembly gathered in a more hopeful and ambitious mood than
+any of its predecessors. Illinois was feeling well. The State was free
+from debt. The Black Hawk War had stimulated the people greatly, for
+it had brought a large amount of money into circulation. In fact, the
+greater portion of the eight to ten million dollars the war had cost
+had been circulated among the Illinois volunteers. Immigration, too,
+was increasing at a bewildering rate. In 1835 the census showed a
+population of 269,974. Between 1830 and 1835 two-fifths of this number
+had come in. In the northeast Chicago had begun to rise. "Even for
+Western towns" its growth had been unusually rapid, declared Peck's
+"Gazetteer" of 1834; the harbor building there, the proposed Michigan
+and Illinois canal, the rise in town lots--all promised to the State a
+metropolis. To meet the rising tide of prosperity, the legislators of
+1834 felt that they must devise some worthy scheme, so they chartered
+a new State bank with a capital of one million five hundred thousand
+dollars, and revived a bank which had broken twelve years before,
+granting it a charter of three hundred thousand dollars. There was
+no surplus money in the State to supply the capital; there were no
+trained bankers to guide the concern; there was no clear notion of
+how it was all to be done; but a banking capital of one million eight
+hundred thousand dollars would be a good thing in the State, they were
+sure; and if the East could be made to believe in Illinois as much as
+her legislators believed in her, the stocks would go, and so the banks
+were chartered.
+
+But even more important to the State than banks was a highway. For
+thirteen years plans of the Illinois and Michigan canal had been
+constantly before the Assembly. Surveys had been ordered, estimates
+reported, the advantages extolled, but nothing had been done. Now,
+however, the Assembly, flushed by the first thrill of the coming
+"boom," decided to authorize a loan of a half-million on the credit of
+the State. Lincoln favored both these measures. He did not, however,
+do anything especially noteworthy for either of the bills, nor was the
+record he made in other directions at all remarkable. He was placed
+on the committee of public accounts and expenditures, and attended
+meetings with great fidelity. His first act as a member was to give
+notice that he would ask leave to introduce a bill limiting the
+jurisdiction of justices of the peace--a measure which he succeeded in
+carrying through. He followed this by a motion to change the rules, so
+that it should not be in order to offer amendments to any bill after
+the third reading, which was not agreed to; though the same rule, in
+effect, was adopted some years later, and is to this day in force in
+both branches of the Illinois Assembly. He next made a motion to take
+from the table a report which had been submitted by his committee,
+which met a like fate. His first resolution, relating to a State
+revenue to be derived from the sales of the public lands, was denied
+a reference, and laid upon the table. Neither as a speaker nor an
+organizer did he make any especial impression on the body.
+
+
+THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.
+
+In the spring of 1835 the young representative from Sangamon returned
+to New Salem to take up his duties as postmaster and deputy surveyor,
+and to resume his law studies. He exchanged his rather exalted
+position for the humbler one with a light heart. New Salem held all
+that was dearest in the world to him at that moment, and he went back
+to the poor little town with a hope, which he had once supposed honor
+forbade his acknowledging even to himself, glowing warmly in his
+heart. He loved a young girl of that town, and now for the first time,
+though he had known her since he first came to New Salem, was he free
+to tell his love.
+
+One of the most prominent families of the settlement in 1831, when
+Lincoln first appeared there, was that of James Rutledge. The head of
+the house was one of the founders of New Salem, and at that time the
+keeper of the village tavern. He was a high-minded man, of a warm and
+generous nature, and had the universal respect of the community. He
+was a South Carolinian by birth, but had lived many years in Kentucky
+before coming to Illinois. Rutledge came of a distinguished family:
+one of his ancestors signed the Declaration of Independence; another
+was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by
+appointment of Washington, and another was a conspicuous leader in the
+American Congress.
+
+The third of the nine children in the Rutledge household was a
+daughter, Ann Mayes, born in Kentucky, January 7, 1813. When Lincoln
+first met her she was nineteen years old, and as fresh as a flower.
+Many of those who knew her at that time have left tributes to her
+beauty and gentleness, and even to-day there are those living who talk
+of her with moistened eyes and softened tones. "She was a beautiful
+girl," says her cousin, James McGrady Rutledge, "and as bright as
+she was pretty. She was well educated for that early day, a good
+conversationalist, and always gentle and cheerful. A girl whose
+company people liked." So fair a maid was not, of course, without
+suitors. The most determined of those who sought her hand was one John
+McNeill, a young man who had arrived in New Salem from New York soon
+after the founding of the town. Nothing was known of his antecedents,
+and no questions were asked. He was understood to be merely one of
+the thousands who had come West in search of fortune. That he was
+intelligent, industrious, and frugal, with a good head for business,
+was at once apparent; for he and Samuel Hill opened a general store
+and they soon doubled their capital, and their business continued
+to grow marvellously. In four years from his first appearance in the
+settlement, besides having a half-interest in the store, he owned a
+large farm a few miles north of New Salem. His neighbors believed him
+to be worth about twelve thousand dollars.
+
+John McNeill was an unmarried man--at least so he represented himself
+to be--and very soon after becoming a resident of New Salem he formed
+the acquaintance of Ann Rutledge, then a girl of seventeen. It was a
+case of love at first sight, and the two soon became engaged, in spite
+of the rivalry of Samuel Hill, McNeill's partner. But Ann was as yet
+only a young girl; and it was thought very sensible in her and very
+gracious and considerate in her lover that both acquiesced in the
+wishes of Ann's parents that, for some time at least, the marriage be
+postponed.
+
+Such was the situation when Lincoln appeared in New Salem. He
+naturally soon became acquainted with the girl. She was a pupil in
+Mentor Graham's school, where he frequently visited, and rumor says
+that he first met her there. However that may be, it is certain that
+in the latter part of 1832 he went to board at the Rutledge tavern and
+there was thrown daily into her company.
+
+During the next year, 1833, John McNeill, in spite of his fair
+prospects, became restless and discontented. He wanted to see his
+people, he said, and before the end of the year he had decided to go
+East for a visit. To secure perfect freedom from his business while
+gone, he sold out his interest in his store. To Ann he said that he
+hoped to bring back his father and mother, and to place them on his
+farm. "This duty done," was his farewell word, "you and I will be
+married." In the spring of 1834 McNeill started East. The journey
+overland by foot and horse was in those days a trying one, and on the
+way McNeill fell ill with chills and fever. It was late in the summer
+before he reached his home, and wrote back to Ann, explaining his
+silence. The long wait had been a severe strain on the girl, and
+Lincoln had watched her anxiety with softened heart. It was to him,
+the New Salem postmaster, that she came to inquire for letters. It was
+to him she entrusted those she sent. In a way the postmaster must have
+become the girl's confidant; and his tender heart, which never could
+resist suffering, must have been deeply touched. After the long
+silence was broken, and McNeill's first letter of explanation came,
+the cause of anxiety seemed removed; but, strangely enough, other
+letters followed only at long intervals, and finally they ceased
+altogether. Then it was that the young girl told her friends a secret
+which McNeill had confided to her before leaving New Salem.
+
+He had told her what she had never even suspected before, that John
+McNeill was not his real name, but that it was John McNamar. Shortly
+before he came to New Salem, he explained, his father had suffered a
+disastrous failure in business. He was the oldest son; and in the hope
+of retrieving the lost fortune, he resolved to go West, expecting
+to return in a few years and share his riches with the rest of the
+family. Anticipating parental opposition, he ran away from home; and,
+being sure that he could never accumulate anything with so numerous a
+family to support, he endeavored to lose himself by a change of name.
+All this Ann had believed and not repeated; but now, worn out by
+waiting, she took the story to her friends.
+
+With few exceptions they pronounced the story a fabrication and
+McNamar an impostor. Why had he worn this mask? His excuse seemed
+flimsy. At best, they declared, he was a mere adventurer; and was
+it not more probable that he was a fugitive from justice--a thief, a
+swindler, or a murderer? And who knew how many wives he might have?
+With all New Salem declaring John McNamar false, Ann Rutledge
+could hardly be blamed for imagining that he was either dead or had
+transferred his affections.
+
+It was not until McNeill, or McNamar, had been gone many months, and
+gossip had become offensive, that Lincoln ventured to show his love
+for Ann, and then it was a long time before the girl would listen
+to his suit. Convinced at last, however, that her former lover had
+deserted her, she yielded to Lincoln's wishes and promised, in the
+spring of 1835, soon after Lincoln's return from Vandalia, to
+become his wife. But Lincoln had nothing on which to support a
+family--indeed, he found it no trifling task to support himself. As
+for Ann, she was anxious to go to school another year. It was decided
+that in the autumn she should go with her brother to Jacksonville and
+spend the winter there in an academy. Lincoln was to devote himself
+to his law studies; and the next spring, when she returned from school
+and he was a member of the bar, they were to be married.
+
+A happy spring and summer followed. New Salem took a cordial interest
+in the two lovers and presaged a happy life for them, and all would
+undoubtedly have gone well if the young girl could have dismissed the
+haunting memory of her old lover. The possibility that she had wronged
+him, that he might reappear, that he loved her still, though she now
+loved another, that perhaps she had done wrong--a torturing conflict
+of memory, love, conscience, doubt, and morbidness lay like a shadow
+across her happiness, and wore upon her until she fell ill. Gradually
+her condition became hopeless; and Lincoln, who had been shut from
+her, was sent for. The lovers passed an hour alone in an anguished
+parting, and soon after, on August 25, 1835, Ann died.
+
+The death of Ann Rutledge plunged Lincoln into the deepest gloom. That
+abiding melancholy, that painful sense of the incompleteness of life
+which had been his mother's dowry to him, asserted itself. It filled
+and darkened his mind and his imagination, tortured him with its black
+pictures. One stormy night Lincoln was sitting beside William Greene,
+his head bowed on his hand, while tears trickled through his fingers;
+his friend begged him to control his sorrow, to try to forget. "I
+cannot," moaned Lincoln; "the thought of the snow and rain on her
+grave fills me with indescribable grief."
+
+He was seen walking alone by the river and through the woods,
+muttering strange things to himself. He seemed to his friends to be in
+the shadow of madness. They kept a close watch over him; and at last
+Bowling Green, one of the most devoted friends Lincoln then had, took
+him home to his little log cabin, half a mile north of New Salem,
+under the brow of a big bluff. Here, under the loving care of Green
+and his good wife Nancy, Lincoln remained until he was once more
+master of himself.
+
+But though he had regained self-control, his grief was deep and
+bitter. Ann Rutledge was buried in Concord cemetery, a country
+burying-ground seven miles northwest of New Salem. To this lonely
+spot Lincoln frequently journeyed to weep over her grave. "My heart is
+buried there," he said to one of his friends.
+
+When McNamar returned (for McNamar's story was true, and two months
+after Ann Rutledge died he drove into New Salem with his widowed
+mother and his brothers and sisters in the "prairie schooner" beside
+him) and learned of Ann's death, he "saw Lincoln at the post-office,"
+as he afterward said, and "he seemed desolate and sorely distressed."
+
+McNamar's strange conduct toward Ann Rutledge is to this day a
+mystery. Her death apparently produced upon him no deep impression.
+He certainly experienced no such sorrow as Lincoln felt, for within a
+year he married another woman.
+
+Many years ago a sister of Ann Rutledge, Mrs. Jeane Berry, told what
+she knew of Ann's love affairs; and her statement has been preserved
+in a diary kept by the Rev. R.D. Miller, now Superintendent of Schools
+of Menard County, with whom she had the conversation. She declared
+that Ann's "whole soul seemed wrapped up in Lincoln," and that they
+"would have been married in the fall or early winter" if Ann had
+lived. "After Ann died," said Mrs. Berry, "I remember that it was
+common talk about how sad Lincoln was; and I remember myself how sad
+he looked. They told me that every time he was in the neighborhood
+after she died, he would go alone to her grave and sit there in
+silence for hours."
+
+In later life, when his sorrow had become a memory, he told a friend
+who questioned him: "I really and truly loved the girl and think often
+of her now." There was a pause, and then the President added:
+
+"And I have loved the name of Rutledge to this day."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.
+
+When the death of Ann Rutledge came upon Lincoln, for a time
+threatening to destroy his ambition and blast his life, he was in a
+most encouraging position. Master of a profession in which he had an
+abundance of work and earned fair wages, hopeful of being admitted
+in a few months to the bar, a member of the State Assembly with every
+reason to believe that, if he desired it, his constituency would
+return him--few men are as far advanced at twenty-six as was Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+Intellectually he was far better equipped than he believed himself to
+be, better than he has ordinarily been credited with being. True,
+he had had no conventional college training, but he had by his own
+efforts attained the chief result of all preparatory study, the
+ability to take hold of a subject and assimilate it. The fact that in
+six weeks he had acquired enough of the science of surveying to enable
+him to serve as deputy surveyor shows how well-trained his mind was.
+The power to grasp a large subject quickly and fully is never an
+accident. The nights Lincoln spent in Gentryville lying on the floor
+in front of the fire figuring on the fire-shovel, the hours he passed
+in poring over the Statutes of Indiana, the days he wrestled with
+Kirkham's Grammar, alone made the mastery of Flint and Gibson
+possible. His struggle with Flint and Gibson made easier the volumes
+he borrowed from Major Stuart's law library.
+
+[Illustration: GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.
+
+From a photograph made for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE by C.S. McCullough,
+Petersburg, Illinois, in September, 1895. On the 15th of May, 1890,
+the remains of Ann Rutledge were removed from the long-neglected grave
+in the Concord grave-yard to a new and picturesque burying-ground a
+mile southwest of Petersburg, called Oakland cemetery. The old grave,
+though marked by no stone, was easily identified from the fact that
+Ann was buried by the side of her younger brother, David, who died in
+1842, upon the threshold of what promised to be a brilliant career
+as a lawyer. The removal was made by Samuel Montgomery, a prominent
+business man of Petersburg. He was accompanied to the grave by James
+McGrady Rutledge and a few others, who located the grave beyond doubt.
+In the new cemetery, the grave occupies a place somewhat apart from
+others. A young maple tree is growing beside it, and it is marked
+by an unpolished granite stone bearing the simple inscription "Ann
+Rutledge."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+Lincoln had a mental trait which explains his rapid growth in
+mastering subjects--seeing clearly was essential to him. He was
+unable to put a question aside until he understood it. It pursued him,
+irritated him until solved. Even in his Gentryville days his comrades
+noted that he was constantly searching for reasons and that he
+"explained so clearly." This characteristic became stronger with
+years. He was unwilling to pronounce himself on any subject until he
+understood it, and he could not let it alone until he had reached a
+conclusion which satisfied him.
+
+This seeing clearly became a splendid force in Lincoln; because when
+he once had reached a conclusion he had the honesty of soul to suit
+his actions to it. No consideration could induce him to abandon the
+course his reason told him was logical. Not that he was obstinate
+and having taken a position, would not change it if he saw on further
+study that he was wrong. In his first circular to the people of
+Sangamon County is this characteristic passage: "Upon the subjects I
+have treated, I have spoken as I thought. I may be wrong in any or
+all of them; but, holding it a sound maxim that it is better only
+sometimes to be right than at all times to be wrong, so soon as I
+discover my opinions to be erroneous, I shall be ready to renounce
+them."
+
+Joined to these strong mental and moral qualities was that power of
+immediate action which so often explains why one man succeeds in life
+while another of equal intelligence and uprightness fails. As soon
+as Lincoln saw a thing to do he did it. He wants to know; here is a
+book--it may be a biography, a volume of dry statutes, a collection of
+verse; no matter, he reads and ponders it until he has absorbed all it
+has for him. He is eager to see the world; a man offers him a position
+as a "hand" on a Mississippi flatboat; he takes it without a moment's
+hesitation over the toil and exposure it demands. John Calhoun
+is willing to make him a deputy surveyor; he knows nothing of the
+science; in six weeks he has learned enough to begin his labors.
+Sangamon County must have representatives, why not he? and his
+circular goes out. Ambition alone will not explain this power of
+instantaneous action. It comes largely from that active imagination
+which, when a new relation or position opens, seizes on all its
+possibilities and from them creates a situation so real that one
+enters with confidence upon what seems to the unimaginative the
+rashest undertaking. Lincoln saw the possibilities in things and
+immediately appropriated them.
+
+But the position he filled in Sangamon County in 1835 was not all
+due to these qualities; much was due to his personal charm. By all
+accounts he was big, awkward, ill-clad, shy--yet his sterling honor,
+his unselfish nature, his heart of the true gentleman, inspired
+respect and confidence. Men might laugh at his first appearance, but
+they were not long in recognizing the real superiority of his nature.
+
+Such was Abraham Lincoln at twenty-six, when the tragic death of Ann
+Rutledge made all that he had attained, all that he had planned, seem
+fruitless and empty. He was too sincere and just, too brave a man, to
+allow a great sorrow permanently to interfere with his activities.
+He rallied his forces, and returned to his law, his surveying,
+his politics. He brought to his work a new power, that insight and
+patience which only a great sorrow can give.
+
+(_Begun in the November number 1895; to be continued_)
+
+
+    LINCOLN'S BEARD--THE LETTER OF MRS. BILLINGS REFERRED TO ON
+    PAGE 217.
+
+    DELPHOS, KANSAS, _December 6, 1895_.
+    MISS TARBELL:
+
+    In reply to your letter of recent date inquiring about the
+    incident of my childhood and connected with Mr. Lincoln, I
+    would say that at the time of his first nomination to the
+    Presidency I was a child of eleven years, living with my
+    parents in Chautauqua County, N.Y.
+
+    My father was an ardent Republican, and possessed of a
+    profound admiration for the character of the grand man who
+    was the choice of his party. We younger children accepted his
+    opinions with unquestioning faith, and listened with great
+    delight to the anecdotes of his life current at that time, and
+    were particularly interested in reading of the difficulties he
+    encountered in getting an education; so much did it appeal to
+    our childish imaginations that _we_ were firmly persuaded that
+    if we could only study our lessons prone before the glow and
+    cheer of an open fire in a great fireplace, _we_ too might
+    rise to heights which now we could never attain. My father
+    brought to us, one day, a large poster, and my mind still
+    holds a recollection of its crude, coarse work and glaring
+    colors. About the edges were grouped in unadorned and
+    exaggerated ugliness the pictures of our former Presidents,
+    and in the midst of them were the faces of "Lincoln and
+    Hamlin," surrounded by way of a frame with a rail fence.
+    We are all familiar with the strong and rugged face of Mr.
+    Lincoln, the deep lines about the mouth, and the eyes have
+    much the same sorrowful expression in all the pictures I
+    have seen of him. I think I must have felt a certain
+    disappointment, for I said to my mother that he would look
+    much nicer if he wore whiskers, and straightway gave him the
+    benefit of my opinion in a letter, describing the poster and
+    hinting, rather broadly, that his appearance might be improved
+    if he would let his whiskers grow. Not wishing to wound his
+    feelings, I added that the rail fence around his picture
+    looked real pretty! I also asked him if he had any little
+    girl, and if so, and he was too busy to write and tell me what
+    he thought about it, if he would not let her do so; and ended
+    by assuring him I meant to try my best to induce two erring
+    brothers of the Democratic faith to cast their votes for him.
+    I think the circumstance would have speedily passed from my
+    mind but for the fact that I confided to an elder sister that
+    I had written to Mr. Lincoln, and had she not expressed a
+    doubt as to whether I had addressed him properly. To prove
+    that I had, and was not as ignorant as she thought me, I
+    re-wrote the address for her inspection: "_Hon. Abraham
+    Lincoln Esquire_."
+
+    My mortification at the laughter and ridicule excited was
+    somewhat relieved by my mother's remarking that "there should
+    be no mistake as to whom the letter belonged." The reply to
+    my poor little letter came in due time, and the following is a
+    copy of the original, which is _still in my possession_.
+
+    "_Private_.
+    "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, _October 19, 1860_.
+    "MISS GRACE BEDELL.
+
+    "_My Dear little Miss_:--Your very agreeable letter of the
+    15th inst. is received. I regret the necessity of saying I
+    have no daughter. I have three sons; one seventeen, one
+    nine, and one seven years of age. They, with their mother,
+    constitute my whole family. As to the whiskers, having never
+    worn any, do you not think people would call it a piece of
+    silly affectation if I were to begin wearing them now? Your
+    very sincere well-wisher,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    Probably the frankness of the child appealed to the humorous
+    side of his nature, for the suggestion was acted upon.
+    After the election, and on his journey from Springfield to
+    Washington, he inquired of Hon. G.W. Patterson, who was one of
+    the party who accompanied him on that memorable trip, and who
+    was a resident of our town, if he knew of a family bearing the
+    name of Bedell. Mr. Patterson replying in the affirmative,
+    Mr. Lincoln said he "had received a letter from a little girl
+    called Grace Bedell, advising me to wear whiskers, as she
+    thought it would improve my looks." He said the character
+    of the "letter was so unique and so different from the many
+    self-seeking and threatening ones he was daily receiving that
+    it came to him as a relief and a pleasure." When the train
+    reached Westfield, Mr. Lincoln made a short speech from
+    the platform of the car, and in conclusion said he had a
+    correspondent there, relating the circumstance and giving my
+    name, and if she were present he would like to see her. I
+    was present, but in the crowd had neither seen nor heard the
+    speaker; but a gentleman helped me forward, and Mr. Lincoln
+    stepped down to the platform where I stood, shook my hand,
+    kissed me, and said: "You see I let these whiskers grow for
+    you, Grace." The crowd cheered, Mr. Lincoln reentered the car,
+    and I ran quickly home, looking at and speaking to no one,
+    with a much dilapidated bunch of roses in my hand, which I
+    had hoped might be passed up to Mr. Lincoln with some other
+    flowers which were to be presented, but which in my confusion
+    I had forgotten. Gentle and genial, simple and warm-hearted,
+    how full of anxiety must have been his life in the days which
+    followed. These words seem to fitly describe him: "A man of
+    sorrows and acquainted with grief." Very sincerely,
+
+    GRACE BEDELL BILLINGS.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: William D. Kelley, in "Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln."
+Edited by Allen Thorndike Rice, 1886.]
+
+[Footnote 2: This incident was told by Lincoln to Mr. A.J. Conant, the
+artist, who in 1860 painted his portrait in Springfield. Mr. Conant,
+in order to keep Mr. Lincoln's pleasant expression, had engaged him in
+conversation, and had questioned him about his early life; and it was
+in the course of their conversation that this incident came out. It
+is to be found in a delightful and suggestive article entitled, "My
+Acquaintance with Abraham Lincoln," contributed by Mr. Conant to the
+"Liber Scriptorum," and by his permission quoted here.]
+
+[Footnote 3: With one exception the biographers of Lincoln have given
+him the first place on the ticket in 1834. He really stood second
+in order, Herndon gives the correct vote, although he is in error in
+saying that the chief authority he quotes--a document owned by Dr.
+A.W. French of Springfield, Ill.--is an "official return." It is
+a copy of the official return made out in Lincoln's writing and
+certified to by the county clerk. The official return is on file in
+the Springfield court-house.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with
+Blackstone's Commentaries, and after reading carefully through, say
+twice, take up Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's Evidence, and Story's
+Equity in succession. Work, work, work, is the main thing."
+
+
+
+
+A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.
+
+BY IAN MACLAREN,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BESIDE THE BONNIE BRIER BUSH," ETC.
+
+
+Never had I met any man so methodical in his habits, so neat in
+his dress, so accurate in speech, so precise in manner as my
+fellow-lodger. When he took his bath in the morning I knew it was
+half-past seven, and when he rang for hot water, that it was a quarter
+to eight. Until a quarter-past he moved about the room in his slow,
+careful dressing, and then everything was quiet next door till
+half-past eight, when the low murmur of the Lord's Prayer concluded
+his devotions. Two minutes later he went downstairs--if he met
+a servant one could hear him say "Good morning"--and read his
+newspaper--he seldom had letters--till nine, when he rang for
+breakfast. Twenty-past nine he went upstairs and changed his coat,
+and he spent five minutes in the lobby selecting a pair of gloves,
+brushing his hat, and making a last survey for a speck of dust.
+One glove he put on opposite the hat-stand, and the second on the
+door-step; and when he touched the pavement you might have set your
+watch by nine-thirty. Once he was in the lobby at five-and-twenty
+minutes to ten, distressed and flurried.
+
+"I cut my chin slightly when shaving," he explained, "and the wound
+persists in bleeding. It has an untidy appearance, and a drop of blood
+might fall on a letter."
+
+The walk that morning was quite broken; and before reaching the
+corner, he had twice examined his chin with a handkerchief, and shaken
+his head as one whose position in life was now uncertain.
+
+"It is nothing in itself," he said afterwards, with an apologetic
+allusion to his anxiety, "and might not matter to another man. But any
+little misadventure--a yesterday's collar or a razor-cut, or even an
+inky finger--would render me helpless in dealing with people. They
+would simply look at the weak spot, and one would lose all authority.
+Some of the juniors smile when I impress on them to be very careful
+about their dress--quiet, of course, as becomes their situation, but
+unobjectionable. With more responsibility they will see the necessity
+of such details. I will remember your transparent sticking-plaster--a
+most valuable suggestion."
+
+His name was Frederick Augustus Perkins--so ran the card he left on my
+table a week after I settled in the next rooms; and the problem of his
+calling gradually became a standing vexation. It fell under the class
+of conundrums, and one remembered from childhood that it is mean to
+be told the answer; so I could not say to Mister Perkins--for it was
+characteristic of the prim little man that no properly constituted
+person could have said Perkins--"By the way, what is your line of
+things?" or any more decorous rendering of my curiosity.
+
+Mrs. Holmes--who was as a mother to Mr. Perkins and myself, as well
+as to two younger men of literary pursuits and irregular habits--had a
+gift of charming irrelevance, and was able to combine allusions to Mr.
+Perkins's orderly life and the amatory tendencies of a new cook in a
+mosaic of enthralling interest.
+
+"No, Betsy Jane has 'ad her notice, and goes this day week; not that
+her cookin's bad, but her brothers don't know when to leave. One was
+'ere no later than last night, though if he was her born brother,
+'e 'ad a different father and mother, or my name ain't 'Olmes. 'Your
+brother, Betsy Jane,' says I, 'ought not to talk in a strange 'ouse on
+family affairs till eleven o'clock.'
+
+"''E left at 'alf-past ten punctual,' says she, lookin' as hinnocent
+as a child, 'for I 'eard Mr. Perkins go up to 'is room as I was
+lettin' Jim out.'
+
+"'Betsy Jane,' I says, quite calm, 'where do you expeck to go to as
+doesn't know wot truth is?'--for Mr. Perkins leaves 'is room has
+the 'all clock starts on eleven, and 'e's in 'is bedroom at the last
+stroke. If she 'adn't brought in Mr. Perkins, she might 'ave deceived
+me--gettin' old and not bein' so quick in my 'earin' as I was; but
+that settled her.
+
+"'Alf-past," went on Mrs. Holmes, scornfully; "and 'im never varied
+two minutes the last ten years, except one night 'e fell asleep in 'is
+chair, being bad with hinfluenza.
+
+"For a regular single gentleman as rises in the morning and goes out,
+and comes in and takes 'is dinner, and goes to bed like the Medes and
+Persians, I've never seen 'is equal; an' it's five-and-twenty
+years since 'Olmes died, 'avin' a bad liver through takin' gin for
+rheumatics; an' Lizbeth Peevey says to me, 'Take lodgers, Jemima; not
+that they pays for the trouble, but it 'ill keep an 'ouse'....
+
+"Mr. Perkins' business?"--it was shabby, but the temptation came as a
+way of escape from the flow of Mrs. Holmes's autobiography--"now that
+I couldn't put a name on, for why, 'e never speaks about 'is affairs;
+just 'Good evening, Mrs. 'Olmes; I'll take fish for breakfast
+to-morrow;' more than that, or another blanket on 'is bed on the first
+of November, for it's by days, not cold, 'e goes...."
+
+It was evident that I must solve the problem for myself.
+
+[Illustration: "I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."]
+
+Mr. Perkins could not be a city man, for in the hottest June he never
+wore a white waistcoat, nor had he the swelling gait of one who made
+an occasional _coup_ in mines, and it went without saying that he did
+not write--a man who went to bed at eleven, and whose hair made
+no claim to distinction. One's mind fell back on the idea of
+law--conveyancing seemed probable--but his face lacked sharpness, and
+the alternative of confidential clerk to a firm of dry-salters was
+contradicted by an air of authority that raised observations on the
+weather to the level of a state document. The truth came upon me--a
+flash of inspiration--as I saw Mr. Perkins coming home one evening.
+The black frock-coat and waistcoat, dark gray trousers, spotless
+linen, high, old-fashioned collar, and stiff stock, were a symbol, and
+could only mean one profession.
+
+"By the way, Mr. Perkins," for this was all one now required to know,
+"are you Income Tax or Stamps?"
+
+"Neither, although my duty makes me familiar with every department in
+the Civil Service. I have the honor to be," and he cleared his throat
+with dignity, "a first-class clerk in the Schedule Office.
+
+"Our work," he explained to me, "is very important, and in fact,
+vital to the administration of affairs. The efficiency of practical
+government depends on the accuracy of the forms issued, and every one
+is composed in our office.
+
+"No, that is a common mistake," in reply to my shallow remark; "the
+departments do not draw up their own forms, and, in fact, they are not
+fit for such work. They send us a memorandum of what their officials
+wish to ask, and we put it into shape.
+
+"It requires long experience and, I may say, some--ability, to compose
+a really creditable schedule, one that will bring out every point
+clearly and exhaustively; in fact, I have ventured to call it a
+science"--here Mr. Perkins allowed himself to smile--"and it might be
+defined Schedulology.
+
+"Yes, to see a double sheet of foolscap divided up into some
+twenty-four compartments, each with a question and a blank space for
+the answer, is pleasing to the eye--very pleasing indeed.
+
+"What annoys one," and Mr. Perkins became quite irritable, "is to
+examine a schedule after it has been filled and to discover how it has
+been misused--simply mangled.
+
+"It is not the public simply who are to blame; they are, of course,
+quite hopeless, and have an insane desire to write their names all
+over the paper, with family details; but members of the Civil Service
+abuse the most admirable forms that ever came out of our office.
+
+"Numerous? Yes, naturally so; and as governmental machinery turns on
+schedules, they will increase every year. Could you guess, now, the
+number of different schedules under our charge?"
+
+"Several hundred, perhaps."
+
+Mr. Perkins smiled with much complacency. "Sixteen thousand four
+hundred and four, besides temporary ones that are only used in
+emergencies. One department has now reached twelve hundred and two;
+it has been admirably organized, and its secretary could tell you the
+subject of every form.
+
+"Well, it does not become me to boast, but I have had the honor
+of contributing two hundred and twenty myself, and have composed
+forty-two more that have not yet been accepted.
+
+"Well, yes," he admitted, with much modesty, "I have kept copies of
+the original drafts;" and he showed me a bound volume of his works.
+
+"An author? It is very good of you to say so;" and Mr. Perkins seemed
+much pleased with the idea, twice smiling to himself during the
+evening, and saying as we parted, "It's my good fortune to have a
+large and permanent circulation."
+
+All November Mr. Perkins was engaged with what he hoped would be one
+of his greatest successes.
+
+"It's a sanitation schedule for the Education Department, and is, I
+dare to say, nearly perfect. It has eighty-three questions, on every
+point from temperature to drains, and will present a complete view of
+the physical condition of primary schools.
+
+"You have no idea," he continued, "what a fight I have had with our
+Head to get it through--eight drafts, each one costing three days'
+labor--but now he has passed it.
+
+"'Perkins,' he said, 'this is the most exhaustive schedule you have
+ever drawn up, and I'm proud it's come through the hands of the
+drafting sub-department. Whether I can approve it as Head of the
+publishing sub-department is very doubtful.'"
+
+"Do you mean that the same man would approve your paper in one
+department to-day, and--"
+
+"Quite so. It's a little difficult for an outsider to appreciate the
+perfect order, perhaps I might say symmetry, of the Civil Service;"
+and Mr. Perkins spoke with a tone of condescension as to a little
+child. "The Head goes himself to the one sub-department in the
+morning and to the other in the afternoon, and he acts with absolute
+impartiality.
+
+"Why, sir"--Mr. Perkins began to warm and grow enthusiastic--"I have
+received a letter from the other sub-department, severely criticising
+a draft he had highly commended in ours two days before, and I saw his
+hand in the letter--distinctly; an able review, too, very able indeed.
+
+"'Very well put, Perkins,' he said to me himself; 'they've found the
+weak points; we must send an amended draft;' and so we did, and got a
+very satisfactory reply. It was a schedule about swine fever, 972 in
+the Department of Agriculture. I have had the pleasure of reading it
+in public circulation when on my holidays."
+
+"Does your Head sign the letters addressed to himself?"
+
+"Certainly; letters between departments are always signed by the chief
+officer." Mr. Perkins seemed to have found another illustration
+of public ignorance, and recognized his duty as a missionary of
+officialism. "It would afford me much pleasure to give you any
+information regarding our excellent system, which has been slowly
+built up and will repay study; but you will excuse me this evening, as
+I am indisposed--a tendency to shiver, which annoyed me in the office
+to-day."
+
+Next morning I rose half an hour late, as Mr. Perkins did not take
+his bath, and was not surprised when Mrs. Holmes came to my room,
+overflowing with concern and disconnected speech.
+
+"'E's that regular in 'is ways, that when 'Annah Mariar says 'is
+water's at 'is door at eight o'clock, I went up that 'urried that I
+couldn't speak; and I 'ears 'im speakin' to 'isself, which is not what
+you would expect of 'im, 'e bein' the quietest gentleman as ever--"
+
+"Is Mr. Perkins ill, do you mean?" for Mrs. Holmes seemed now in fair
+breath, and was always given to comparative reviews.
+
+"So I knocks and says, 'Mr. Perkins, 'ow are you feelin'?' and all
+I could 'ear was 'temperance;' it's little as 'e needs of that, for
+excepting a glass of wine at his dinner, and it might be somethin' 'ot
+before goin' to bed in winter--
+
+"So I goes in," resumed Mrs. Holmes, "an' there 'e was sittin' up in
+'is bed, with 'is face as red as fire, an' not knowin' me from Adam.
+If it wasn't for 'is 'abits an' a catchin' of 'is breath you wud 'ave
+said drink, for 'e says, 'How often have the drains been sluiced last
+year?'" After which I went up to Mr. Perkins's room without ceremony.
+
+He was explaining, with much cogency, as it seemed to me, that unless
+the statistics of temperature embraced the whole year, they would
+afford no reliable conclusions regarding the sanitary condition of
+Board Schools; but when I addressed him by name with emphasis, he came
+to himself with a start.
+
+"Excuse me, sir, I must apologize--I really did not hear--in fact--"
+And then, as he realized his situation, Mr. Perkins was greatly
+embarrassed.
+
+"Did I forget myself so far as--to send for you?--I was not feeling
+well. I have a slight difficulty in breathing, but I am quite able to
+go to the office--in a cab.
+
+"You are most kind and obliging, but the schedule I am--it just comes
+and goes--thank you, no more water--is important and--intricate; no
+one--can complete it--except myself.
+
+"With your permission I will rise--in a few minutes. Ten o'clock,
+dear me!--this is most unfortunate--not get down till eleven!--I must
+really insist--" But the doctor had come, and Mr. Perkins obeyed on
+one condition.
+
+"Yes, doctor, I prefer, if you please, to know; you see I am not a
+young person--nor nervous--thank you very much--quite so; pneumonia is
+serious--and double pneumonia dangerous, I understand.--No, it is not
+that--one is not alarmed at my age, but--yes, I'll lie down--letter
+must go to office--dictate it to my friend--certain form--leave of
+absence, in fact--trouble you too much--medical certificate."
+
+He was greatly relieved after this letter was sent by special
+messenger with the key of his desk, and quite refreshed when a clerk
+came up with the chief's condolences.
+
+"My compliments to Mr. Lighthead--an excellent young official, very
+promising indeed--and would he step upstairs for a minute--will excuse
+this undress in circumstances--really I will not speak any more.
+
+"Those notes, Mr. Lighthead, will make my idea quite plain--and I hope
+to revise final draft--if God will--my dutiful respect to the Board,
+and kind regards to the chief clerk. It was kind of you to come--most
+thoughtful."
+
+This young gentleman came into my room to learn the state of the case,
+and was much impressed.
+
+"Really this kind of thing--Perkins gasping in bed and talking in his
+old-fashioned way--knocks one out of time, don't you know? If he had
+gone on much longer I should have bolted.
+
+"Like him in the office? I should think so. You should have seen the
+young fellows to-day when they heard he was so ill. Of course we laugh
+a bit at him--Schedule Perkins he's called--because he's so dry and
+formal; but that's nothing.
+
+"With all his little cranks, he knows his business better than any man
+in the department; and then he's a gentleman, d'y see? could not say
+a rude word or do a mean thing to save his life--not made that way, in
+fact.
+
+"Let me just give you one instance--show you his sort. Every one knew
+that he ought to have been chief clerk, and that Rodway's appointment
+was sheer influence. The staff was mad, and some one said Rodway need
+not expect to have a particularly good time.
+
+"Perkins overheard him, and chipped in at once. 'Mr. Rodway'--you know
+his dry manner, wagging his eyeglass all the time--'is our superior
+officer, and we are bound to render him every assistance in our power,
+or,' and then he was splendid, 'resign our commissions.' Rodway, they
+say, has retired, but the worst of it is that as Perkins has been once
+passed over he'll not succeed.
+
+"Perhaps it won't matter, poor chap. I say," said Lighthead,
+hurriedly, turning his back and examining a pipe on the mantelpiece,
+"do you think he is going to--I mean, has he a chance?"
+
+"Just a chance, I believe. Have you been long with him?"
+
+"That's not it--it's what he's done for a--for fellows. Strangers
+don't know Perkins. You might talk to him for a year, and never hear
+anything but shop. Then one day you get into a hole, and you would
+find out another Perkins.
+
+"Stand by you?" and he wheeled round. "Rather, and no palaver either;
+with money and with time and with--other things, that do a fellow more
+good than the whole concern, and no airs. There's more than one man in
+our office has cause to--bless Schedule Perkins.
+
+"Let me tell you how he got--one chap out of the biggest scrape he'll
+ever fall into. Do you mind me smoking?" And then he made himself busy
+with matches and a pipe that was ever going out for the rest of the
+story.
+
+"Well, you see, this man, clerk in our office, had not been long up
+from the country, and he was young. Wasn't quite bad, but he couldn't
+hold his own with older fellows.
+
+"He got among a set that had suppers in their rooms, and gambled a
+bit, and he lost and borrowed, and--in fact, was stone broke.
+
+"It's not very pleasant for a fellow to sit in his room a week before
+Christmas, and know that he may be cashiered before the holidays, and
+all through his own fault.
+
+"If it were only himself, why, he might take his licking and go to the
+Colonies, but it was hard--on his mother--it's always going, out, this
+pipe!--when he was her only son, and she rather--believed in him.
+
+"Didn't sleep much that night--told me himself afterwards--and he
+concluded that the best way out was to buy opium in the city next day,
+and take it--pretty stiff dose, you know--next night.
+
+"Cowardly rather, of course, but it might be easier for the mater down
+in Devon--his mother, I mean--did I say he was Devon?--same county
+as myself--affair would be hushed up, and she would have--his memory
+clean.
+
+"As it happened, though, he didn't buy any opium next day--didn't get
+the chance; for Perkins came round to his desk, and asked this young
+chap to have a bit of dinner with him--aye, and made him come.
+
+[Illustration: "HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER
+SAW."]
+
+"He had the jolliest little dinner ready you ever saw, and he
+insisted, on the fellow smoking, though Perkins hates the very smell
+of 'baccy, and--well, he got the whole trouble out of him, except the
+opium.
+
+"D'y think he lectured and scolded? Not a bit--that's not Perkins--he
+left the fool to do his own lecturing, and he did it stiff. I'll
+tell you what he said: 'Your health must have been much tried by this
+anxiety, so you must go down and spend Christmas with your mother, and
+I would venture to suggest that you take her a suitable gift.
+
+"'With regard to your debt, you will allow me,' and Perkins spoke
+as if he had been explaining a schedule, 'to take it over, on two
+conditions--that you repay me by installments every quarter, and dine
+with me every Saturday evening for six months.'
+
+"See what he was after? Wanted to keep--the fellow straight, and
+cheer him up; and you've no idea how Perkins came out those
+Saturdays--capital stories as ever you heard--and he declared that it
+was a pleasure to him.
+
+"'I am rather lonely,' he used to say, 'and it is most kind of a young
+man to sit with me.' Kind!"
+
+"What was the upshot with your friend? Did he turn over a new leaf?"
+
+"He'll never be the man that Perkins expects; but he's doing his level
+best, and--is rising in the office. Perkins swears by him, and that's
+made a man of the fellow.
+
+"He's paid up the cash now, but--he can never pay up the
+kindness--confound those wax matches, they never strike--he told his
+mother last summer the whole story.
+
+"She wrote to Perkins--of course I don't know what was in the
+letter--but Perkins had the fellow into his room. 'You ought to have
+regarded our transaction as confidential. I am grieved you mentioned
+my name;' and then as I--I mean, as the fellow--was going out, 'I'll
+keep that letter beside my commission,' said Perkins.
+
+"If Perkins dies"--young men don't do that kind of thing, or else one
+would have thought--"it'll be--a beastly shame," which was a terrible
+collapse, and Mr. Geoffrey Lighthead of the Schedule Department left
+the house without further remark or even shaking hands.
+
+That was Wednesday, and on Friday morning he appeared, flourishing a
+large blue envelope, sealed with an imposing device, marked "On Her
+Majesty's Service," and addressed to
+
+  "Frederick Augustus Perkins, Esq.,
+  First Class Clerk in the Schedule Department,
+  Somerset House,
+  London,"
+
+an envelope any man might be proud to receive, and try to live up to
+for a week.
+
+"Rodway has retired," he shouted, "and we can't be sure in the office,
+but the betting is four to one--I'm ten myself--that the Board has
+appointed Perkins Chief Clerk;" and Lighthead did some steps of a
+triumphal character.
+
+"The Secretary appeared this morning after the Board had met. 'There's
+a letter their Honors wish taken at once to Mr. Perkins. Can any of
+you deliver it at his residence?' Then the other men looked at me,
+because--well, Perkins has been friendly with me; and that hansom came
+very creditably indeed.
+
+"Very low, eh? Doctors afraid not last over the night--that's hard
+lines--but I say, they did not reckon on this letter. Could not you
+read it to him? You see this was his one ambition. He could never be
+Secretary, not able enough, but he was made for Chief Clerk. Now he's
+got it, or I would not have been sent out skimming with this letter.
+Read it to him, and the dear old chap will be on his legs in a week."
+
+It seemed good advice; and this was what I read, while Perkins lay
+very still and did his best to breathe:--
+
+    "DEAR MR. PERKINS:
+
+    "I have the pleasure to inform you that the Board have
+    appointed you Chief Clerk in the Schedule Department in
+    succession to Gustavus Rodway, Esq., who retires, and their
+    Honors desire me further to express their appreciation of your
+    long and valuable service, and to express their earnest hope
+    that you may be speedily restored to health.
+
+    "I am,
+    "Your obedient servant,
+
+    "ARTHUR WRAXALL,
+
+    "_Secretary_."
+
+For a little time it was too much for Mr. Perkins, and then he
+whispered:
+
+"The one thing on earth I wished, and--more than I deserved--not
+usual, personal references in Board letters--perhaps hardly
+regular--but most gratifying--and--strengthening.
+
+"I feel better already--some words I would like to hear again--thank
+you, where I can reach it--nurse will be so good as to read it."
+
+Mr. Perkins revived from that hour, having his tonic administered at
+intervals, and astonished the doctors. On Christmas Eve he had made
+such progress that Lighthead was allowed to see him for five minutes.
+
+"Heard about your calling three times a day--far too kind with
+all your work--and the messages from the staff--touched me to
+heart.--Never thought had so many friends--wished been more friendly
+myself.
+
+"My promotion, too--hope may be fit for duty--can't speak much,
+but think I'll be spared--Almighty very good to me--Chief Clerk of
+Schedule Department--would you mind saying Lord's Prayer together--it
+sums up everything."
+
+So we knelt one on each side of Perkins's bed, and I led with "Our
+Father"--the other two being once or twice quite audible. The choir of
+a neighboring church were singing a Christmas carol in the street, and
+the Christ came into our hearts as a little child.
+
+
+
+
+THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE.
+
+DISTANCE, 510 MILES.--AVERAGE RUNNING TIME, 65.07 MILES AN
+HOUR.--HIGHEST SPEED ATTAINED, 92.3 MILES AN HOUR.
+
+BY HARRY PERRY ROBINSON,
+
+Editor of "The Railway Age" and one of the official time-keepers on
+the train.
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.--A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR.
+ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE TRAIN WAS
+RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR.]
+
+When, on August 22d last, a train was run over what is known as the
+West Coast line (of the London and Northwestern and the Caledonian
+Railways) from London to Aberdeen, a distance of 540 miles, at an
+average speed, while running, of 63.93 miles an hour, the English
+press hailed with a jubilation which was almost clamorous the fact
+that the world's record for long distance speed rested once more with
+Great Britain. From the tone which the English newspapers adopted, it
+appeared that they believed that the record then made was one which
+could not be beaten in this country, but that the former records of
+the New York Central represented the maximum speed obtainable on an
+American railway with American engines.
+
+Undoubtedly the West Coast run was a remarkable one. But English
+judges were mistaken as to the permanence of the record. It was left
+unchallenged for just twenty days--or until September 11th, when the
+cable carried to England the unpleasant news that the New York Central
+had covered the 436.32 miles from New York to East Buffalo at
+an average speed, when running, of 64.26 miles an hour--or about
+one-third of a mile an hour faster than the English run.
+
+There was still left to the Englishmen, however, a loophole for escape
+from confession of defeat. It will be noticed that the distance from
+New York to Buffalo is rather more than 100 miles shorter than that
+from London to Aberdeen. It was yet possible for the Englishmen to
+say: "We are talking only of long distance speeds. We do not consider
+anything under 500 miles a long distance." The record, in fact, for a
+distance of over 500 miles was still with England.
+
+There are not many railways in the United States on which a sustained
+high speed for a distance of over 500 miles would be possible. In
+England the run is made, as already stated, over the connecting lines
+of two companies. In this country, while not a few roads have over 500
+miles of first-class track in excellent condition, there is usually at
+some point in that distance an obstacle (either steep grades to cross
+a mountain range, or bad curves, or a river to be ferried) sufficient
+to prevent the making of a record. On the Lake Shore and Michigan
+Southern, from Chicago to Buffalo, there exists no such impediment,
+and between the outskirts of the two cities the distance is 510.1
+miles. It was in an informal conversation between certain officers
+of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway that the idea of
+attempting to beat the record on this piece of track was first
+suggested.
+
+In making comparison of different runs there are other matters to be
+taken into consideration besides the mere distance covered and
+the speed attained. It is not possible to exactly equalize all
+conditions--as, for instance, those of wind and weather, or of the
+physical character of the track in the matter of grades and curves.
+Entire equality in all particulars could only be attained in the same
+way that it is attained in horse-racing, viz., by having trains run
+side by side on parallel tracks.
+
+Certain conditions there are, however, which are more important
+and which can be equalized. One of these is the weight of the train
+hauled. The English load was a light one--67 tons (English) or 147,400
+pounds. This was little more than one-quarter of the load hauled by
+the New York Central engine on its magnificent run, when the weight
+of the cars making the train was 565,000 pounds. With the types of
+locomotive used on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern it was not
+possible to haul at record-breaking speed any such load as this. It
+was enough if the load should be about double that of the English
+train. This was attained by putting together two heavy Wagner parlor
+cars of 92,500 pounds each and Dr. Webb's private car "Elsmere," which
+alone weighs 119,500 pounds--or more than three-fourths of the weight
+of the entire English train. The total weight of the three Lake Shore
+and Michigan Southern cars was 304,500 pounds.
+
+The last important condition to be taken into consideration is the
+number of stops made. It should be explained that when speed is
+reckoned "when running" or "exclusive of stops" (the phrases mean the
+same thing), the time consumed in stops is deducted--the time, that
+is, when the wheels are actually at rest. No deduction however, is
+made for the loss of time in slowing up to a stop or in getting under
+way again. On the run of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, for
+instance, an irregular or unexpected stop was made when the train was
+running at a speed of about 71 miles an hour. The train was actually
+at rest for 2 minutes and 5 seconds. That allowance, therefore, was
+made for the stop. It is unnecessary to say that the secondary loss of
+time in bringing the train to a standstill and in regaining speed was
+much greater; but for these (aggregating probably five or six minutes)
+there was no allowance. It is evident, therefore, that the number
+of times that a train has to slow down and get under way again is an
+important factor in the average speed of a long run. In the English
+run two stops were made. The schedule for the Lake Shore run provided
+for four stops. A fifth stop, as has already been stated, was made,
+which was not on the programme.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND
+MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.
+
+From a photograph by Max Platz, Chicago. President Newell died August
+24, l894, and is said to have fairly sacrificed his life to giving the
+Lake Shore the best railway track in America. The proud record made,
+in this speed run, is largely the fruit of his labor.]
+
+These, then, were the conditions under which the now famous run of
+October 24, 1895, was accomplished: A train weighing twice as much as
+the English train was to be hauled for a distance of over 500 miles,
+making four stops _en route_, at a speed, when running, greater than
+63.93 miles an hour. Incidentally it was hoped also that the New York
+Central's speed of 64.26 miles an hour would be beaten.
+
+No public announcement was made of the undertaking in advance, for the
+sufficient reason that the gentlemen in charge were well aware of the
+difficulty of the task in which they were engaged and the many
+chances of failure. They had no desire to have such a failure made
+unnecessarily public. No one was informed of what was in hand except
+the officials and employees of the Lake Shore road, whose coöperation
+was necessary, one daily newspaper (the Chicago "Tribune"), the
+Associated Press, and two gentlemen who were invited to attend as
+official time-keepers, Messrs. H.P. Robinson and Willard A. Smith--the
+former being the editor of "The Railway Age," and the latter the
+ex-chief of the Transportation Department at the Chicago World's Fair.
+General Superintendent Canniff of the Lake Shore was in charge of the
+train in person.
+
+[Illustration: THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY
+MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF 92.3 MILES
+AN HOUR.]
+
+It was at two o'clock of the morning of October 24th that the train,
+which had been waiting since early in the evening on a side track
+in the Lake Shore station at Chicago, slipped unostentatiously away
+behind a switch engine which was to haul it as far as One Hundredth
+Street, where the start was to be made. Here there was a wait of
+nearly an hour until the time fixed for starting--half-past three.
+There was plenty to be done at the last moment to occupy the time of
+waiting, however. There were last messages to be sent back to
+Chicago; last orders to be sent on ahead; telegrams containing weather
+bulletins, which promised fair weather all the way to Buffalo, to be
+read; and, finally, the preparations to be made for time-taking.
+
+One of the time-keepers, taking two stop-watches in his hand, started
+the split-second-hands of both with one movement of his muscles,
+exactly together. To one or other of these timepieces all the watches
+on the train were set.
+
+In one of the parlor cars, as nearly as might be in the middle of the
+length of the train, two tables were set, one on either side of the
+aisle. The time-keepers had agreed to relieve each other at each stop
+at the end of a division, one being always on duty, and the other
+close at hand to verify any record on which a question might arise.
+The time-keeper on duty sat at one of the tables, watch in hand.
+Opposite to him was a representative of the railway company, with no
+power to originate a record, but to check each stop in case an
+error should occur. Across the aisle sat the official recorder, a
+representative of the Wagner Palace Car Company, and opposite to him a
+representative of the daily press.
+
+For two minutes before the time for starting, silence settled down
+upon the car. The shades were pulled down over every window. Inside,
+the car was brilliantly lighted with Pintsch gas; and the eyes of
+every man were on the face of the watch which each held in his
+hand, and his finger was ready to press the stop which splits the
+second-hand. The two minutes passed slowly, and the silence was almost
+painful as the watches showed that the moment was close at hand.
+Suddenly the smallest perceptible jerk told that the wheels had
+moved, and on the instant the split-hand of every watch in the car had
+recorded the fact. "Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" announced the
+time-keeper.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" echoed the representative of the
+railway company.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" called the recorder as he entered
+the figures on the sheet before him.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" said the member of the press.
+
+The start had been made thirty-three seconds ahead of time, and each
+member of the party settled himself down to the work ahead.
+
+Over each division of the road the superintendent of that division
+rode as "caller-off" of the stations as they were passed. It was
+necessary, during the first hours of darkness especially, that some
+one should do this who was familiar with every foot of the track--some
+one who would not have to rely on eyesight alone, but to whose
+accustomed senses every sway of the car as a curve was passed, and
+every sound of the wheels on bridge or culvert, would be familiar.
+
+The first station, Whiting, is only three and one-half miles from
+the starting-point. The night outside was intensely black, and it
+was doubtful whether even the practised eye and ear of Superintendent
+Newell would be able to catch the little station as it went by. With
+one eye on our watches, therefore, we all had also one anxious eye on
+him where he sat with his head hidden under the shade that was drawn
+behind him, a blanket held over the crevices to shut out every ray
+of light, and his face pressed close against the glass. The minutes
+passed slowly--one, two, three, four, five! Whiting must be very near,
+and--but just as we began to fear that he had missed the station, the
+word came:
+
+"Ready for Whiting!" and the response,
+
+"Ready for Whiting!"
+
+A few short seconds of silence, and then:
+
+"Now!"
+
+Instantly the muscles of the waiting fingers throbbed on the
+split-stop; but no quicker than the roar told that the car was already
+passing the station.
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!" called the time-keeper.
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+It was an immense relief to find that the system "worked."
+
+When the warning "Ready for Pine "--the next station, six miles
+further on--came from behind the envelope of window-shade and blanket,
+we were at our ease, and the record, "Three--forty-one--three," was
+called and echoed and tossed across the car with confidence.
+
+[Illustration: THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM
+ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE ENGINES USED ON
+THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE.]
+
+By the time that Miller's--fifteen miles from the start--was passed,
+the train was moving at a speed of over a mile a minute, and at every
+mile the velocity increased. At La Porte, forty-five miles from the
+start, the speed was 66 miles an hour; and fourteen miles further
+on, at Terre Coupee, it reached to 70. It was fast running--while it
+lasted; but it did not last long. The next station showed that the
+speed was down to 67 miles an hour, and at the next it was barely
+over sixty. A speed of a mile a minute, however, is high enough when
+passing through the heart of a city like South Bend, Indiana. South
+Bend is understood to have a city ordinance forbidding trains to run
+within the city limits at a speed exceeding 15 miles an hour. But if
+any good citizen of South Bend was shocked that morning at being waked
+from his sleep by the roar of the flying train, it is to be hoped that
+he forgot his resentment before evening. Then he knew that he had been
+waked in a good cause, and that if the city ordinance had been broken
+it was broken in good company--the world's record suffered with it.
+
+To those inside the cars nothing but their watches told them of the
+rate of speed. Of the party on board every man was familiar with
+railway affairs; but there was not one who was not surprised at the
+smoothness of the track and the complete absence of uncomfortable
+motion. Only by lifting a window shade and straining the eyes into the
+blackness of the night, to see the red sparks streaming by or the dim
+outlines of house and tree loom up and disappear, was it possible to
+appreciate the velocity at which the train was moving.
+
+Fifteen miles from South Bend the first stop was made, at Elkhart, and
+one-sixth of the run was over--87.4 miles in 85.4 minutes, or a speed
+of 61.38 miles an hour.
+
+That was good work; but it was not breaking records. It had not been
+expected, however, that the best speed would be made on this first
+stretch; and if there was any disappointment among those on the
+train, it did not yet amount to discouragement. It had been dark (and
+breaking records in the dark is not as easy as in daylight), there
+had been curves and grades to surmount, and, above all, it was now
+discovered that a heavy frost lay on the rails.
+
+At Elkhart there was a change of engines, two minutes and eleven
+seconds being consumed in the process, and at three minutes before
+five o'clock (4 hours, 57 minutes, 4 seconds) the wheels were moving
+again.
+
+The frost that was on the rails was felt inside the cars. It was not
+an occasion when an engineer would have steam to spare for heating
+cars; and the group that were huddled in the glare of the gaslight
+were muffled in blankets and heavy overcoats. Outside, the dawn was
+coming up from the east to meet us--as lovely a dawn as ever broke in
+rose-color and flame. As the daylight grew, we were able to see how
+complete the arrangements were for the safety of the run. At every
+crossing, whether of railway, highway, or farm road, a man was
+posted--1,300 men in all, it is said, along the 510 miles of line.
+Apart from these solitary figures, no one was yet astir to see the
+wonderful sight of the brilliantly lighted train--for the shades were
+lifted now--rushing through the dawn.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND
+
+MARK FLOYD--FROM CHICAGO TO ELKHART.
+
+D.M. LUCE--FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO.
+
+JAMES A. LATHROP--FROM TOLEDO TO CLEVELAND.]
+
+At Kendallville, 42 miles from Elkhart, the speed, in spite of an
+adverse grade, was 67 miles an hour. Here--the highest point on the
+line above the sea--the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad crosses the
+Lake Shore track at right angles, and a train was standing waiting for
+us to pass--the engine shrieking its good wishes to us as we flew by.
+At Waterloo, twelve miles further on, a clump of early pedestrians
+stood in the street to gaze, and two women--wives, doubtless, of
+railway hands who had learned what was in progress--were out on the
+porch of a cottage to see us pass. And it must have been a sight worth
+seeing, for we were running at 70 miles an hour now, with 60 miles of
+tangent ahead of us. At Butler, seven miles beyond, we passed a Wabash
+train on a parallel track, which made great show of travelling fast.
+Perhaps it was doing so--moving, perchance, at 40 miles an hour. But
+we were running at 72, and the Wabash train slid backwards from us at
+the rate of half a mile a minute; and still our pace quickened to 75
+miles an hour, and 78, and 79, and at last to 80. But that speed could
+not be held for long.
+
+The sun was above the horizon now, and the long straight column of
+smoke that we left behind us glowed rosy-red; and all the autumn
+foliage of the woods was ablaze with color and light. But as the
+sunlight struck the rails the frost began to melt; and a wet rail is
+fatal to the highest speeds. The 80-mile-an-hour mark, touched only
+for a few seconds, was not to be reached again on this division.
+During the next 47 miles, to Toledo, 64, 65, and 66 miles were reached
+at times; and when for the second time the train came to a standstill
+it was one minute after seven, and the 133.4 miles from Elkhart had
+been made in 124.5 minutes--or at 64.24 miles an hour. This was better
+than the run to Elkhart--and good enough in itself to beat the English
+figures. But it was not what had been expected of the "air line
+division," with its 69 miles of tangent and favorable grades; and,
+taking the two divisions together, 220 miles of the 510 were gone, and
+we were as yet, thanks to the frost, below the record which we had to
+beat.
+
+The time spent in changing engines at Toledo was 2 minutes and 28
+seconds, and at 7.04.07 the train was sliding out of the yards again.
+Coming out of Toledo the railway runs over a drawbridge; and boats
+on the river below have right of way. But not on such an occasion as
+this; for there, waiting patiently, lay a tug tied up to a pier of the
+bridge, with her tow swinging on the stream behind her.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CLEVELAND TO BUFFALO
+
+J.R. GARNER--FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.
+
+WILLIAM TUNKEY, WHOSE UNPRECEDENTED RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO SAVED
+THE DAY.]
+
+If the record was to be beaten for the first half of the run, the
+speed for the next thirty miles would have to be nearly 70 miles an
+hour. Each individual mile was anxiously timed, and at 12 miles from
+Toledo the speed was already 66 miles an hour. Nor did it stop there,
+but 10 miles further on a stretch of 3-1/2 miles showed a rate of
+73.80 miles an hour, and the next 5-1/2 miles were covered at the rate
+of 71.40.
+
+It would not take much of such running to put us safely ahead of
+the record at the half-way point; but even as hope grew, there was a
+sudden jar and grinding of the wheels which told of brakes suddenly
+applied. What was the matter? It takes some little time to bring a
+train to a standstill when it is running at over 70 miles an hour; and
+there was still good headway on when we slid past a man who yet held a
+red flag in his hand. Evidently he had signalled the engineer to stop.
+But why? Windows were thrown up, and before the train had stopped,
+heads were thrust out. The engineer climbed down from his cab.
+From the rear platform the passengers poured out, until only the
+time-keepers were left on the train, sitting watch in hand to catch
+the exact record of the stop and the start. And already, before his
+voice could be heard, the man with the flag was brandishing his arms
+in the signal to "go ahead;" and no one cared to stop to question him.
+
+The stop was short--only a few seconds over two minutes, but the good
+headway of 70 miles an hour was lost; and as the wheels moved again,
+it was a sullen and dispirited party on the train. Just as the hope
+of winning our uphill fight had begun to grow strong, precious minutes
+had been lost; and for what reason none could guess. The common belief
+on the train was that the man, in excess of enthusiasm at the speed
+which the train was making, had lost his head, and waved his red flag
+in token of encouragement. It subsequently transpired that he was
+justified, an injury to a rail having been discovered which might have
+made the passage at great speed dangerous; but, until that fact was
+known, the poor trackman at Port Clinton was sufficiently abused.
+
+On the 70 miles that remained of this division there was no
+possibility that such a speed could be made as would put the total for
+the first half of the run above the record. Once it was necessary to
+slow down to take water from the track, and once again for safety
+in rounding the curve at Berea. Between these points there were
+occasional bursts of speed when 68 and 70 miles an hour were reached;
+and after Berea was passed, there remained only 13 miles to Cleveland.
+But in those 13 miles was done the fastest running that had been made
+that day; for 7 miles to Rockport were covered at the rate of 83.4
+miles an hour, and at Rockport itself the train must have been running
+nearly a mile and a half in a minute.
+
+It was a gallant effort; and, but for "the man at Port Clinton," there
+is no doubt that by that time the success of the run would have been
+reasonably assured. As it was, Cleveland was reached at ten minutes to
+nine (8.50.13), the 107 miles from Toledo having been covered in 109
+minutes--from which two minutes and five seconds were to be deducted
+for the time in which the train was at rest at Port Clinton. In all,
+so far, 328-1/2 miles had been run at a speed of 62.16 miles an hour.
+
+"It may be done yet," people told each other, but there was little
+confidence in the voices which said it.
+
+The stop at Cleveland was a good omen, for the change of engines was
+made in a minute and forty-five seconds, and it was soon evident that
+Jacob Garner, the new engineer, understood that he had a desperate
+case in hand. Before ten miles were covered the train was travelling
+more than a mile in a minute. Twenty-eight miles from the start, in
+spite of an adverse grade, six miles were covered at the rate of
+74.40 miles an hour; and from there on mile after mile flew past,
+and station after station, and still the speed showed 70 miles
+and upwards. Through Ashtabula, haunted with the memory of railway
+disaster, we burst, and on to Conneaut and Springfield; and, even
+against hope, hope grew again. Twelve miles from Springfield is the
+little town of Swanville, and here the high-water mark of 83.4 miles
+at the end of the last division was beaten; for the 6.2 miles from
+there to Dock Junction were made in 4.4 minutes--or at the speed of
+84.54 miles an hour.
+
+As has been said, it was hoping only against hope. But to despair was
+impossible in the face of such running; and when Erie, 8-1/2 miles
+beyond Dock Junction, was reached, the 95-1/2 miles from Cleveland
+had been done in 85-1/2 minutes, at an average speed of 67.01 miles
+an hour. The average speed for the whole distance from Chicago was now
+63.18 miles an hour, which was crawling close up to the record. But
+424 miles had been covered, and only 86 miles remained. If the record
+was to be beaten, the speed for those 86 miles would have to average
+over 70 miles an hour.
+
+Was it possible to do such a thing? It never had been done, of course,
+in all the world; but the essence and the object of the whole day's
+run were that it should defy all precedent. There were few people,
+however, of those on board who in their hearts dared harbor any hope;
+especially as the engine which was to be tried at this crucial moment
+was a doubtful quantity.
+
+All the engines used upon this run were built by the Brooks Locomotive
+Works, of Dunkirk, N.Y., after designs by Mr. George W. Stevens, of
+the Lake Shore road. The first four engines, which had hauled
+the train as far as Erie, were of what is known as the American
+type--eight-wheelers, comparatively light, but built for fast speeds.
+These locomotives weighed only 52 tons, with 17 by 24-inch cylinders
+and 72-inch driving-wheels. They had been doing admirable work in
+service, having been built to haul the famous "Exposition Flyer"
+in 1893; and that they were capable of very high speeds, for short
+distances at least, even with a fairly heavy train, had been shown
+in the earlier stages of this run, when all had reached a speed of 70
+miles an hour, and two had touched and held a speed of well over 80.
+
+The last engine was of a different type, and a type which among
+experts has not been considered best adapted to extremely high speeds.
+Somewhat heavier than its predecessors (weighing 56-1/2 tons in
+working order), this engine was a ten-wheeler, with three pairs of
+coupled drivers and a four-wheeled swivelling truck. It had the same
+small cylinders (17 by 24 inches), and driving-wheels of only 68
+inches diameter. It was a bold experiment to put such an engine to
+do such work; and nothing could well be devised for fast speeds more
+unlike the magnificent engine "No. 999," which was built in the New
+York Central Railroad shops at West Albany, and is the glory of the
+New York Central road, or than the London and Northwestern compound
+engine with its 88-inch driving-wheels, or the Caledonian locomotive
+(which did the best running in the English races) with its 78-inch
+drivers and cylinders 18 by 26 inches.
+
+It was now after ten o'clock in the morning; and at Erie crowds had
+assembled at the station to see the train go out, for news of what was
+being done had by this time gone abroad. The platforms, too, at every
+station from Erie to Buffalo were thronged with people as we went
+roaring by. In Dunkirk (through which we burst at 75 miles an hour)
+crowds stood on the sidewalks and at every corner. To describe the run
+for those 86 miles in detail would be impossible, or to put into words
+the tension of the suppressed excitement among those on board the
+train as miles flew by and we knew that we were travelling as men had
+never travelled before.
+
+For those who had misgivings as to the possibilities of the type of
+engine there was a surprise as soon as she picked up the train. She
+must have reached a speed of a mile a minute within five miles from
+the first movement of the wheels. The first eight miles were finished
+in 8 minutes, 49 seconds. From there on there was never an instant of
+slackening pace. From 60 miles an hour the velocity rose to 70; from
+70 to 80; from 80, past the previous high-water marks, to 85 and 90,
+and at last to over 92.
+
+Trains have been timed for individual miles at speeds of over 90 miles
+before. There is even said to be on record an instance of a single
+mile run at 112 miles an hour. But never before has an engine done
+what the ten-wheeler did that day, when it reached 80 miles an hour
+and held the speed for half an hour; reached 85 miles an hour and held
+that for nearly ten minutes; reached 90 miles and held that for three
+or four consecutive miles. A speed of 75 miles an hour (a mile and a
+quarter a minute) was maintained for the whole hour, and the 75 miles
+were actually covered in the 60 minutes. The entire 86 miles were done
+in 70 minutes 46 seconds,--an average speed of 72.91 miles an hour.
+In the English run, a speed of 68.40 miles was maintained for an even
+hour, 69 miles being done in 60.5 minutes; and 141 miles were run at
+an average speed of 67.20 miles an hour.
+
+To word it otherwise, the American train covered 7 miles more in its
+fastest hour than did the English train. The speed which the English
+engines held for 141 miles the American engines held for over 200--181
+miles being made at 69.67 miles an hour.
+
+The most remarkable figures in the American run are given in the
+following table:
+
+  A distance of 510.1 miles made at 65.07 miles an hour.
+  "     "     " 289.3   "    "   "  66.68   "    "  "
+  "     "     " 181.5   "    "   "  69.67   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  85     "    "   "  72.92   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  71     "    "   "  75.06   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  59     "    "   "  76.08   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  52     "    "   "  78.00   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  42     "    "   "  79.04   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  33     "    "   "  80.07   "    "  "
+  "     "     "   8     "    "   "  85.44   "    "  "
+
+
+
+
+A single mile was also timed (unofficially) at the speed of 92.3 miles
+an hour.
+
+Here is the schedule of the last division:
+
+                                           Dis-         Time of
+                                           tance.       leaving.
+
+  Erie (leave).............................--             10-19-48
+  Harbor Creek............................. 8 miles       10-28-37
+  Moorhead................................. 3   "         10-31-06
+  North East............................... 4   "         10-34-22
+  State Line............................... 5   "         10-38-15
+  Ripley................................... 3   "         10-40-22
+  Westfield................................ 8   "         10-45-56
+  Brocton.................................. 8   "         10-52-06
+  Van Buren................................ 5   "         10-55-39
+  Dunkirk.................................. 4   "         10-58-54
+  Silver Creek............................. 9   "         11-06-05
+  Fairhaven................................ 5   "         11-10-33
+  Angola .................................. 5   "         11-14-14
+  Lake View................................ 7   "         11-20-11
+  Athol Springs............................ 4   "         11-24-39
+  Buffalo Creek............................ 8   "         11-30-34
+
+  Total distance Erie to Buffalo
+      Creek................................86   "
+  Total time for the 86 miles....                          1-10-46
+
+  Average speed over division..............72.91 miles per hour
+
+So remarkable are these figures, considering the type of engine
+used, that an English technical journal has, since the run was made,
+scientifically demonstrated to its own satisfaction that it was an
+impossibility. Well, it is the impossible which sometimes happens.
+
+Through all the running at these wonderful speeds the train moved with
+singular smoothness. Moments there were of some anxiety, when the cars
+swung round a curve or dashed through the streets of a town. At such
+times there were those among the passengers who would perhaps
+gladly have sacrificed a few seconds of the record. Except for those
+occasions, however, there was nothing to tell of the extraordinary
+speed--nothing unless one stood on the rear platform of the last car
+and saw the swirling cloud of dust and leaves and bits of paper, even
+of sticks and stones, that were sucked up into the vacuum behind, and
+almost shut out the view of the rapidly receding track. It may be
+(it certainly will be) that the average of 65.07 miles an hour for a
+distance of 510 miles will be beaten before long. It is almost certain
+that the same engines on the same road could beat it in another
+trial--taking a slightly lighter train, running by daylight and over a
+dry rail. It will be long, however, before such another run is made as
+that over the last 86 miles by the ten-wheeler, with William Tunkey in
+charge. Railway men alone, perhaps, understand the qualities which
+are necessary in an engineer to enable him to make such a run; and the
+name of Tunkey is one (however unheroic it may sound) which railway
+men will remember for many years to come. An analysis of the figures
+given above will show that it was not until within 20 miles of the end
+of the run that there was any confidence that the record was broken;
+and not until the run was actually finished and the watches stopped
+for the last time, at 34 seconds after half-past eleven, that
+confidence was changed to certainty.
+
+In addition to the mere speed, everything combined to make the run
+supremely dramatic--the disappointment over the first divisions--the
+growing hopes dashed by the unexpected flag--the increase of hope
+again on the run to Erie--the misgivings as to the type of engine--all
+culminating in the last tremendous burst of speed and the triumphant
+rush into Buffalo station.
+
+And having left Chicago at half-past three in the morning, at half
+past-ten that night I sat and watched Mr. John Drew on the stage of a
+New York theatre.
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--A PROVINCIAL SCHOOL OF ART IN
+ENGLAND.--THE PRECURSOR OF MODERN ART, CONSTABLE.--THE SOLITARY GENIUS
+OF TURNER.--THE ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PORTRAITURE.--ROMNEY, OPIE, HOPPNER,
+AND LAWRENCE.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+At the period when in France David and his followers had resuscitated
+a dead and gone art, and by dint of governmental patronage had infused
+into it a semblance of life, across the Channel, in a provincial town
+of England, a little group of painters were quietly doing work which,
+if it did not in itself change the face of modern art, was at least
+indicative of the change soon to be accomplished by the advent of
+Constable.
+
+The leader of this group, which has been of late years in the hands
+of zealous amateurs and dealers elevated to the rank of "school," was
+John Crome, born at Norwich, December 22, 1768. The son of a publican,
+he was first an errand boy to a local physician and afterwards
+apprenticed to a sign painter. Without instruction, hampered by
+an early marriage, he forsook his occupation, and sought to paint
+landscapes; meanwhile finding in the houses of the neighboring gentry
+pupils in drawing. The lessons gave him a living; and in the houses
+where he taught were many Dutch pictures which he carefully studied,
+so that he is in a sense a follower of the Holland school. But his
+greatest and best teacher was the quiet Norfolk country; and the
+environs of Norwich, from which he seldom strayed, found in him an
+earnest student.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,"
+SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY.]
+
+In 1805, in conjunction with his son (the younger Crome) and Cotman,
+Stark, and Vincent, Crome founded at Norwich an artists' club, where
+the members exhibited their pictures and had a large studio in common.
+Some of the members of the Norwich "school," a title to which none of
+them in their own time pretended, left their native town, and went to
+London; but its founder remained true to the city of his birth, where
+he died April 22, 1821. Late in life he visited Paris, where the
+Louvre still held the treasures of Europe, garnered after every
+campaign by Napoleon; and his enthusiasm for the great Dutch painters
+found fresh nourishment.
+
+It is by this link in the great chain of art that Crome gained his
+first consideration in the world's esteem; but more important to us of
+to-day is the fact that he was the first of his century to return to
+nature. No evil that the frivolous eighteenth century had wrought,
+or that the classicism of the early years of the nineteenth had
+perpetuated in art, was so great as the substitution of a conventional
+type of picture instead of that directly inspired by nature; and
+this artificial standard, which diverted figure painting from its
+legitimate field, bore even more heavily on the art of landscape
+painting.
+
+Crome, by his isolation at Norwich, escaped this tendency. The Norwich
+painters, however, were, to a certain degree, an accident. In the
+London of their time, the almost total cessation of intercourse with
+continental Europe, due to the war with France, had not prevented the
+academical standard from penetrating and taking root. The independence
+of Hogarth in the preceding century had been without result; and Sir
+Joshua Reynolds, in principle if not always in practice, had preached
+the doctrine of submission to accepted formulas. Benjamin West, who
+had succeeded him as president of the Royal Academy, was little but an
+academic formula himself; and landscape (whose greatest representative
+had been, until his death in 1782, Richard Wilson, a painter of
+merit, who had united to a charming sense of color an adherence to
+the strictest classical influence) was wallowing in the mire of
+conventionality.
+
+[Illustration: THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY
+IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This portrait, from an unknown model, gives Romney with all his charm
+and more than his usual sincerity.]
+
+To the London of 1800, however, were to be given two landscape
+painters who may fairly claim the honor of placing their art on a
+higher pinnacle than it had ever before reached. One of them,
+John Constable, remains to-day the direct source from which all
+representation of the free open air is derived, be the painter Saxon,
+Gallic, or Teuton. The other, Joseph Mallord William Turner, may be
+said to reach greater heights than his contemporary; but, unlike him,
+his art is so based on qualities peculiar to himself that he stands
+alone, though having many imitators who have never achieved more than
+a superficial resemblance to his work.
+
+Constable, founding his work on nature with close observance of
+natural laws, was able to exert an influence by which all painters
+have since profited. When he came to London, at the age of
+twenty-three, to study in the school of the Royal Academy, he
+attracted the attention of Sir George Beaumont, an amateur painter
+who, by his taste and social position, was all-powerful in the
+artistic circles of the metropolis. It was he who asked the young
+painter the famous question, "Where do you place your brown tree?"
+this freak of vegetation being one of the essential component parts
+of the properly constructed academical landscape of the period. For
+a year or two the youth placed brown trees, submissively enough, in
+landscapes painfully precise in detail and deficient in atmosphere.
+Then he did that which to a common, sensible mind would seem the most
+obvious thing for a landscape painter to do, but which had been done
+so rarely that the simple act was the boldest of innovations. He took
+his colors out of doors, and painted from nature.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A
+PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE
+
+Reproduced, by the courtesy of W.H. Fuller, from "Memoirs of the Life
+of John Constable, Esq., R.A., Composed Chiefly of his Letters, by
+C.R. Leslie, R.A." Quarto, London, 1843. This noble memoir, which
+makes one love the man as one admires the painter, is unfortunately
+out of print.]
+
+Of the dreary waste of "historical" and arbitrarily composed
+landscapes, even in the simpler honest productions of the Dutch
+preceding this century, nearly all were painted from drawings; color
+had been applied according to recipe; the brown tree was rampant
+through all the seasons represented, from primavernal spring to
+golden autumn. At the most, only studies in colors were made out of
+doors--unrelated portions of pictures, stained rather than painted,
+with timid desire to enregister details. These were then transported
+to the studio, where they underwent a process of arrangement, of
+"cookery," as the typically just French expression puts it; from
+which the picture came out steeped in a "brown sauce," conventional,
+artificial, and monotonous, but pleasing to the Academy-ridden public
+of the time. The young "miller of Bergholt"--for it was there in the
+county of Suffolk that young Constable first saw the light, on June
+11, 1776--determined in 1803 to have done with convention. He writes
+to a friend, one Dunthorne, who had had much influence on his early
+life and was his first teacher: "For the last two years I have been
+running after pictures and seeking truth at second hand;" adding that
+he would hereafter study nature alone, convinced that "there is [was]
+room enough for a natural painter."
+
+[Illustration: FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY
+JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This picture was given to the National Gallery by the painter's
+children. It is possibly one of three pictures on which Constable
+obtained the gold medal of the Paris Salon in 1822--the one which in
+the Salon catalogue is entitled "A Canal." The other two were "The
+Hay-Wain" (shown on the next page) and "Hampstead Heath," both now in
+the National Gallery.]
+
+This was henceforth the aim of his life; and from constant study
+out of doors he learned that natural objects exist to our sight not
+isolated, but in relation one to another; that the whole is more
+important than a part; and that the bark of a tree, a minutely defined
+plant, or a conscientiously geologically studied rock, may mar the
+effect of a whole picture, while the scene to be represented has a
+character of its own more subtle, more evanescent, but also infinitely
+more true than any single element of which it is composed. More than
+that, through living on such intimate terms with Mother Nature, he
+learned to value the smiles of her sunshine, and to cunningly adjust
+her cloud-veils when she frowned. His object was no longer that of the
+earlier painters, who--and along with others even faithful Crome--had
+aimed to paint a "view" for its topographical value, suppressing
+or altering, like mediocre portrait painters, any feature which was
+thought to be displeasing. Constable painted the moods of nature; the
+simplest subjects seen under ever-varying effects of light were his
+choice; and though his pictures bear the names of various places, and
+divers existing features of these places are portrayed, it is always
+the beauty of the scene, or that of the moment of the day or night,
+which affects the spectator.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN
+THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This picture was first exhibited in the Royal Academy of 1821. It
+is also one of three exhibited by Constable in the Paris Salon the
+following year. It is one of Constable's best known pictures. The
+thoroughly English character of the scene, painted with truth and
+simplicity, makes it, after a lapse of seventy-five years, as modern
+as though it were painted yesterday.]
+
+By a public which was used to the conventional tones of the older
+painters, and which understood or was interested in Turner's daring
+variations on the theme of classical landscape, these fresh, simple
+pictures which to-day look so natural to us were regarded with
+distrust. Not even the shepherd, much less the warrior or the demigod,
+inhabited these quiet scenes. A picture which any rural gentleman
+could see from his front door, smacked too little of art for the
+modish town. Moreover, Constable, no doubt sighing for something
+lighter and more brilliant, was accustomed, in a vain effort to rival
+the clear light of out-of-doors, to use the lightest colors of his
+palette. On a varnishing day at the Royal Academy, the word was passed
+around among the astonished painters that in portions of his picture
+of the year Constable had actually used pure white!
+
+In 1829, however, the world moving, Constable was elected to
+membership in the Royal Academy. The most notable triumph of his
+life, though, befell seven years earlier, in 1822, when he sent three
+pictures to be exhibited in the Salon in Paris. The Hay-Wain, and
+Hampstead Heath, both at present in the National Gallery, London, were
+of the three, and excited the greatest enthusiasm among the group of
+young painters who, with Delacroix at their head, were warring against
+the academic rule imposed by David. Constable's work thenceforward was
+the dominant influence in France, and from it can be directly traced
+the great group of landscape painters which we to-day miscall the
+"Barbizon" school.
+
+It is pleasant to recall that official honor--the first which he
+received--came to Constable by the award of the great gold medal of
+the Salon at this time. For a number of years after this he sent his
+work to the successive Salons. Pecuniary success, such as fell to the
+lot of Turner, was never his; the first painter who looked at nature
+in the open air "through his temperament," as Zola aptly expresses it,
+was perforce contented to live a modest life at Hampstead, happy in
+his work, grateful to nature who disclosed so many of her secrets to
+him.
+
+[Illustration: THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM
+A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER.
+
+The "Fighting Téméraire" was a line-of-battle ship of ninety-eight
+guns which Lord Nelson captured from the French at the battle of the
+Nile, August 1, 1798. In the battle of Trafalgar, October 21, 1805,
+she fought next to the "Victory"--the ship from which Nelson commanded
+the battle, and aboard which, in the course of it, he was killed. She
+was sold out of the service in 1838, and towed to Rotherhithe to be
+broken up. Turner's painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy
+of 1839. His picture touched the popular heart, and though no
+reproduction in black and white can approach the splendor of color in
+the original, the engraving renders faithfully the sentiment of the
+picture.]
+
+"I love," he said, "every stile and stump and lane in the village; as
+long as I am able to hold a brush, I shall never cease to paint them."
+He ceased to "hold a brush" on the 30th of March, 1837.
+
+Turner, who was born a year before Constable, on April 23, 1775, was,
+unlike the miller's son of Bergholt, a child of the city. He was
+born in London, in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, where his father was a
+hair-dresser; and when only fourteen entered the Royal Academy schools
+as a student. The next year he exhibited a drawing of Lambeth Palace;
+and in 1799 was made an associate, and in 1802 a member, of the Royal
+Academy. His career was probably more successful than that of any
+other artist of modern times. Of his life the more that is said in
+charity the better; for as the sun rises oftentimes from a fog bank,
+so the luminous dreams of color by which we know Turner emanated from
+an apparently sour, prosaic cockney. A bachelor implicated in low
+intrigues, dying under the assumed name of "Puggy Booth" in a dreary
+lodging in Chelsea, after a long career of miserly observance and
+rapacious bickering--of his life naught became him like the leaving.
+He died December 19, 1851. His will directed that his pictures--three
+hundred and sixty paintings and nearly two thousand drawings--should
+become the property of the nation, the only condition attached being
+that two of the pictures should be placed between two paintings by
+Claude Lorraine in the National Gallery. Twenty thousand pounds were
+left to the Royal Academy for the benefit of superannuated artists;
+and one thousand pounds were appropriated for a monument in St.
+Paul's, where this curious old man knew the English people would be
+proud to lay him.
+
+For many years Turner had refused to sell certain of his pictures;
+while for others, and for the published engravings after his work,
+he had exacted prices of a character and in a manner that smacked of
+dishonesty. But as in obscure and dingy lodgings his brain had evolved
+the splendor of sunset and mirage, so, undoubtedly, his imagination
+had foreshadowed the noble monument which the Turner room at the
+National Gallery has created to his memory.
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR
+JOHN GILBERT.
+
+This portrait, made many years ago, is a sketch from life, and
+realizes the crabbed, sturdy painter, Turner, as we may imagine him.]
+
+Turner's work, as has been said before, is peculiarly his own. It is
+true that in the earlier pictures the influence of Claude Lorraine is
+evident; but upon this root is engrafted an audacity in the conception
+of color, a research of luminosity in comparison with which nearly all
+painting is eclipsed. That this refulgence is tinged now and then
+with exaggeration, with a forcing of effect that destroys the sense
+of weight and solidity in depicted objects where this sense should
+prevail, is certain. But it is not the least of his merits that he was
+endowed with a sureness of taste which enabled him to avoid the rock
+on which all his imitators have split--his work is never spectacular.
+It is perhaps at its best when he has the simple elements of sea
+and sky as his theme. Here, with the intangible qualities of air and
+light, textureless and diaphanous, he is most at home. When it becomes
+a question of the representation of earth, buildings, or trees, one
+feels the lack of loving subservience to nature; the spirit against
+which the art of Constable is eloquent lurks here too much.
+
+[Illustration: PEACE--BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY.
+
+  "The midnight torch gleamed o'er the steamer's side,
+  And merit's corse was yielded to the tide."
+
+                                     --_Fallacies of Hope._
+
+The "Fallacies of Hope" was an imaginary poem from which Turner
+professed to quote whenever he wanted a line or a couplet to
+explain his pictures, the avowed quotation being really of his own
+composition. Sir David Wilkie, the distinguished painter, died at sea
+on his way home from the Orient, June 1, 1841. His body was consigned
+to the sea at midnight of that day. The picture was exhibited at the
+Royal Academy in 1842.]
+
+The stone-pines of Italy are seen through the distortion of
+convention, the palaces of Venice were never builded by the hand of
+man; and we lose by this the contrast which nature provides between
+solid earth and filmy cloud. The onlooker must indeed be devoid of
+imagination, however, if he can stand before those pictures of Turner
+where the limitless sky is reflected in the waters, without profound
+emotion. They may not seem _natural_ in such sense as one finds works
+of more realistic aim; but one must at least agree with Turner, in the
+time-worn story of the lady who taxed him with violation of natural
+law, saying that she had never seen a sky like one in the picture
+before them. "Possibly," growled the unruffled painter; "but don't you
+wish you could?"
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE
+NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This is believed to be a portrait of the painter's younger brother,
+William Opie.]
+
+Another phase of art--English, like that of Constable and Turner--rose
+to its greatest popularity at about the same time. It had an origin
+more easily traceable--the presence of Vandyke in England in the
+seventeenth century having given an impulsion to portrait painting
+which had been maintained by Reynolds and Gainsborough in the
+century preceding our own. George Romney, who was born at Dalton, in
+Lancashire, December 15, 1734, divided with these last two painters
+the patronage of the great and wealthy of his time. He was but
+eleven years younger than Reynolds, and seven years the junior of
+Gainsborough; but by the fact of his living until November 15, 1802,
+he may be considered in connection with the painters of this century.
+He possessed great facility of brush, which led him occasionally into
+careless drawing, and he lacked the refined grace of Reynolds and the
+simple charm of Gainsborough. Nevertheless, a superabundance of the
+qualities which go to make up a painter were his, and his art is less
+affected by influences foreign to his native soil than that of any
+painter of his time.
+
+Romney was preëminently a painter of women, as were the majority
+of his followers--English art at that time being possessed of more
+sweetness than force. Lady Hamilton, the Circe who succeeded in
+ensnaring the English Ulysses, Nelson, was a frequent model for
+Romney, and the list of notable names of the fair women whose beauty
+he perpetuated would be a long one. His life offers one of the most
+curious examples of the engrossing nature of a painter's work, if we
+accept this as the explanation of his strange conduct. Having come to
+London from Kendal in 1762, leaving his wife and family behind him
+in Lancashire, he remained in the metropolis for thirty-seven years,
+making, during this time, but two visits to the place which he never
+ceased to consider his home. It does not appear that anything but
+absorption in work was the cause of this neglect. His wife and
+children remained all the time in their northern home. In 1799, three
+years before his death, the husband and father awoke to a realization
+of their existence, and returned to live with them.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER
+10, 1793.]
+
+John Opie, known as the "Cornish genius" when his first works,
+executed at the age of twenty, were exhibited in the Royal Academy,
+was a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was born at Truro in May, 1761,
+the son of a carpenter. His precocity attracted the notice of Dr.
+Wolcot ("Peter Pindar"), who introduced him to Reynolds.
+
+Opie is thoroughly English in his manner, having, however, more
+affiliation to Hogarth and the earlier painters of his century than
+to his master. A certain hardness and lack of color are his principal
+defects; but, on the other hand, his work is sincere to a degree which
+none of the other painters of his time show, preoccupied as were even
+the best of them by a somewhat conventional type of beauty. He was
+appointed professor of painting at the Royal Academy in 1805, but
+delivered only one course of lectures, dying, at the age of forty-six,
+April 9, 1807.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS "THE CORAL
+NECKLACE," BY JOHN HOPPNER.
+
+From the collection of George A. Hearn of New York, by whose courtesy
+it appears here. Quaint and charming as a picture, of great beauty of
+color in the original, this is an admirable example of this painter.
+The original painting is at present on exhibition at the Metropolitan
+Museum, New York.]
+
+During the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the first years
+of the nineteenth, the fashionable portrait painters of London were
+John Hoppner and Sir Thomas Lawrence. The latter, living twenty years
+longer than Hoppner, was able to generously say of him, in a letter
+written shortly after Hoppner's death: "You will believe that I
+sincerely feel the loss of a brother artist from whose works I have
+often gained instruction, and who has gone by my side in the race
+these eighteen years."
+
+Born in Whitechapel, London, April 4, 1758, Hoppner's first vocation
+was that of chorister in the Chapel Royal. By lucky accident his first
+efforts at painting attracted the attention of the king, George III.,
+who granted him a small allowance which enabled him to study in the
+Royal Academy, where, in 1782, he gained the medal for oil painting.
+He first exhibited in 1780, and for some years devoted himself
+to landscape. Gradually changing to portraiture, he was appointed
+portrait painter to the Prince of Wales in 1789, and in 1793 he was
+made an associate of the Academy, receiving full membership in
+1795. For twenty years and until his death, January 23, 1810, he was
+extremely successful, and his productions, though less in number than
+those of Reynolds, or his contemporary, Lawrence, were numerous. In
+the course of thirty years he contributed one hundred and sixty-six
+works to the Academy exhibitions. These were chiefly portraits
+of women and children, and are marked by unaffected grace and
+appreciation of character.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+LAWRENCE.
+
+This picture, in the National Gallery, London, has inscribed on the
+canvas: "Lady Giorgiana Fane; 1800. Æt 5." It shows Lawrence's method
+of treating a child's portrait, in the style dear to our ancestors,
+as a "fancy" portrait. It is also typical of his pronounced mannerism,
+which would lead one to believe that before the days of photography
+sitters were easily contented on the score of resemblance. The head
+in this picture, for instance, is almost identical with that of
+Napoleon's son in the "Roi de Rome," executed fifteen years later.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+
+The greatest of all English actresses, at least in tragic parts--is
+the common judgment on Mrs. Siddons. She was almost born and reared on
+the stage, her father, Roger Kemble, being the manager of a travelling
+company of actors, with one of whom, William Siddons, she had married
+when she was eighteen. She was born at Brecon, in Wales, July 5, 1755,
+and had already attained to some distinction as an actress in 1775,
+when she made her first appearance in London. From then until her
+retirement in 1812 her career was a succession of triumphs. She died
+in London, June 8, 1831. Naturally, she was a favorite subject with
+the portrait painters of her time. The sweet-faced girl shown in
+the above portrait has as little resemblance to the stately lady of
+Gainsborough, or the "Tragic Muse" of Sir Joshua Reynolds, as it has
+to our imagination of what a "tragic queen" should be. The picture is,
+nevertheless, a portrait of _the_ Mrs. Siddons, and was presented to
+the National Gallery, London, where it now is, by her daughter, Mrs.
+Cecelia Combe, in 1868.]
+
+
+Time has enhanced the value of Hoppner's work somewhat at the expense
+of his great rival, Lawrence. While the latter remains, from youth
+to comparative old age, a most astonishing example of facile and
+brilliant execution, the less obtrusive, possibly more timid, attitude
+of Hoppner in the presence of nature gives him a greater claim to our
+sympathy to-day. He was apparently preoccupied above all in rendering
+the individual characteristics of his sitter; and there are many
+instances in his work where a painter can see that he has chosen to
+retain certain qualities of resemblance, rather than risk their loss
+by an exhibition of _bravura_ painting. Sir Thomas Lawrence is one,
+on the contrary, before whose pictures it is felt that the principal
+question has been to make it first of all a typical example of his
+work.
+
+[Illustration: LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+LAWRENCE.
+
+This portrait of the gifted and brilliant woman who, as Lady
+Blessington, and the intimate friend of Count d'Orsay, alternately
+shocked and ruled the literary London of Byron's time, is
+representative of Lawrence's extreme mannerism; but, despite its
+"keepsake" prettiness, has great charm. Besides her distinguished
+beauty, Lady Blessington offered much, in her life and surroundings,
+to inspire a painter. Born in Ireland in 1789, she was forced at
+fourteen into marrying one Captain Farmer. She could not live with
+him, and they separated after three months. Farmer was killed in 1817,
+and the next year she married the Earl of Blessington. Then began that
+brilliant social career by virtue of which her fame now most survives.
+Her house became the resort of the most distinguished people of
+the time; and she herself, by her remarkable grace, cleverness, and
+vivacity, ever kept pace with the best of her company. She derived a
+large estate from her husband at his death, in 1829; and besides,
+for nearly twenty years she had ten thousand dollars a year from her
+novels (for she was also an author); but she lived most profusely,
+and had finally, in company with Count d'Orsay, to flee from her
+creditors. She died in Paris, June 4, 1849.]
+
+Lawrence, born at Bristol, May 4, 1769, was the son of the landlord of
+the Black Bear Inn at Devizes; and the child was not yet in his teens
+when some chalk drawings of his father's customers gave him a local
+reputation. We are told that "at the age of ten he set up as a
+portrait painter in crayons at Oxford; and soon after took a house at
+Bath, the then fashionable watering-place, where he immediately met
+with much employment and extraordinary success." When seventeen, his
+success called him to London, where in 1791, though under the age
+required by the laws of the Academy, he was elected as associate when
+twenty-two. The year before, he had painted the portraits of the king
+and queen; in 1794 he was made Academician, in 1815 was knighted, in
+1820 was unanimously elected President of the Royal Academy, and in
+1825 was created chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France.
+
+This list of official honors is but little in comparison with the
+success which he had socially. Of a charming personality, he was
+admitted to the intimacy of all that Europe boasted of aristocracy and
+royalty. In 1815 he went to the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, where his
+facile brush portrayed the august features of the allied sovereigns
+assembled there. He contributed, from 1787 to 1830 inclusive, three
+hundred and eleven pictures to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy.
+
+It goes without saying that production of this quantity cannot be
+in every instance of the first quality. But the average merit of
+Lawrence's work is nevertheless of a high order. Of feminine charm
+(like many of his time and many of his predecessors) he was a master;
+no one has ever succeeded better in giving a certain aristocratic
+bearing to his sitters than he. It can be accounted a fault that this
+becomes somewhat stereotyped--that we feel that, were it wanting in
+the person before him, the amiable Sir Thomas could easily supply it.
+The English race has not changed so much in the short period which has
+elapsed since his time that the demeasurably large and liquid eyes,
+the swan-like necks, and the sloping shoulders, which mark it as his
+own in Lawrence's work, should be to-day of more rare occurrence. With
+this great and important limitation, among the pictures of Lawrence
+can be found a certain number of canvases, not always the most
+typical, of exceeding merit. Few men have ever conveyed better the
+impression of the depth and living quality of an eye, nor have many
+painters succeeded in giving to every part of their canvas the same
+qualities of color and brilliancy of execution as he.
+
+[Illustration: SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+LANDSEER.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY
+SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+
+This picture, owned by R.H. McCormick of Chicago, by whose courtesy it
+is here reproduced, represents Lawrence in his least mannered aspect.
+The simplicity of young girlhood is well expressed, the head is drawn
+and modelled with great subtlety, and we are fortunate to have so good
+an example of Lawrence's work in this country.]
+
+Lawrence died in his beautiful house on Russell Square in London,
+surrounded by rare works of art which he had collected, on January
+7, 1830. Nine years later Sir William Beechey, born at Burford in
+Oxfordshire in 1753, died in London at the age of eighty-six. He had
+come to London in 1772; and in 1798, having acquired consideration and
+a lucrative practice as a portrait painter, and after having painted a
+picture, now at Hampton Court, representing the king, George III., the
+Prince of Wales, and the Duke of York at a review, he was knighted.
+The same year saw his election to the Academy, of which he had been an
+associate since 1793.
+
+One of Beechey's distinctions is to have outnumbered even Lawrence in
+his contributions to the Academy, as three hundred and sixty-two
+of his works appeared on its walls. Of hasty execution or too great
+dependence on a dangerous facility, there is, however, little trace
+in his work. He was occupied exclusively with painting; he lived more
+than twenty years longer than Lawrence, and was never diverted by
+the claims of society upon his time. With his healthy, English color,
+recalling Reynolds, a sober style not devoid of charm, he is fairly
+typical of his time; and may fitly close this brief review of the
+earlier English portraitists. Their task has never been taken up by
+their successors in art, English portraiture to-day having much the
+same qualities and defects which mark the contemporaneous painters of
+all nations.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY
+SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY.
+
+The original painting is now in the museum of the Louvre, and is a
+picture charming in color--the warm white of the dress, and the rich
+surroundings, in the manner of Reynolds, making an admirable foil to
+the children's heads.]
+
+The exclusive choice of feminine portraits in this article has been
+dictated by a desire to show, in the space at command, the painting
+most typical of the time and people. While all these painters produced
+portraits of men, their work in this field was, as a rule, inferior to
+the art of France. Lawrence is perhaps an exception; as it would
+seem that occasionally in the presence of a masculine sitter he rose
+superior to his manner and, painting with all sincerity, gave his
+remarkable gifts full play. The lack, however, of serious training in
+drawing, the over-reliance on charm of color and sentiment, give to
+the English work a degree of weakness as compared with the thorough
+command of form and austere fidelity to resemblance that was preached
+to the French with "drawing is the probity of art" for a text.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+
+
+
+THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.
+
+PERSONAL REMINISCENCES AND RECORDS OF CONVERSATIONS.
+
+BY MURAT HALSTEAD.
+
+
+James A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United States, had the
+good fortune to be a boy long after he reached the years of manhood.
+This fact is the key to his character and the explanation of his
+career. His boyishness was not lack of manhood; it was a lingering
+youthfulness of spirit, a keen susceptibility of impression,
+an elasticity of mind, a hearty enjoyment of his strong life, a
+tenderness and freshness of heart, an openness to friend and foe,
+something of deference to others, and of diffidence, not without
+understanding of and confidence in his own powers. He was youthful
+with the noble youth of the fields and schools and churches, of
+the farms and villages of the West, when he became a member of the
+legislature of Ohio, from which he passed into the army, that was like
+a university to him. As a soldier he was typically a big, brave boy,
+powerful, ardent, amiable, rejoicing in his strength. In eastern
+Kentucky he led his regiment in its first fight. He found out where
+the enemy were, and pulling off his coat--the regulation country style
+of preparing for battle--headed a foot-race straight for "the rebs,"
+and routed them. It was literally a case of "come on, boys." Those
+opposed, so to speak, thought the devil possessed the robust young man
+in his shirt-sleeves.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32,
+AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE ARMY TO BECOME
+A MEMBER OF CONGRESS.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+When Garfield was President, he was asked whether he ever thought,
+before his nomination for the office, that he was likely to fill
+it, and his answer was curious and characteristic of his manner of
+expression. He said he supposed all American young men reflected on
+that subject, and he had done so--not with any serious concern, but as
+a remote possibility. And he added, "I have fancied the great public
+personified and looking with an immense, a rolling, intense eye, over
+the millions of the nation, to pick out future Presidents, and thought
+as it swept along the ranks the eye might give me a glance, and that
+perhaps the meaning of it was: I may want you--some time."
+
+It was my theory, as the editor of an important journal in Ohio during
+the time General Garfield served in Congress, that he needed a good
+deal of admonition; that he had a tendency to sentimentalism in
+politics that called for correction; that he required paragraphs to
+brace him up in various affairs; that he lacked a little in worldly
+wisdom, and maybe had a dangerous tendency to giving and taking too
+much confidence; and that he was disposed to dwell upon a mountain,
+and would be the better off for an occasional taking-down with a shade
+of good-humored sarcasm. He was still boyish about some things, and
+the speculative men in public life sought to beguile him. He was
+growing all the time, though. He was a student, and was brainy and
+generous, and laughed at "able articles" even if they had stings in
+them.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1863
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+Cincinnati knew him best as the Christian orator--follower of
+Alexander Campbell--who preached with a big voice and great
+earnestness at the corner of Walnut and Eighth Streets. This was when
+he was a grand young man, sure enough. Some time after, Congress found
+it out. After a while the public knew Garfield as one of the half
+dozen strongest men in the country. Next to John Sherman he stood the
+most commanding figure in Ohio politics, and was elected Senator of
+the United States, his term commencing on the day on which, as it
+happened, he was inaugurated President. He was just realizing
+his ability, having had it measured for him in the House of
+Representatives, and knew he was a force in affairs. He enjoyed his
+dinners and dressed well, and was of imposing presence: a good-natured
+giant--no posing--no troublesome sense of grandeur--none of the pomp
+affected by public men too conscious of importance.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE
+WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE LOWER HOUSE
+OF CONGRESS.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+He suffered under the petty charge that he had been influenced by a
+scrap of stock whose value might be affected by Congressional action;
+and those who knew him well were aware that his innocence of knowledge
+to do what he was charged with doing, was absurd and itself proof that
+he was sound. He was, by virtue of superior capacity, at the head of
+the Ohio delegation to the Republican National Convention of 1880,
+and was charged with the management of the candidacy of John Sherman,
+Secretary of the Treasury, for the Presidency--the most competent man
+in the country for the office.
+
+It had been thought for a time that the combination of important men
+for a third term of General Grant would succeed, as the glory of the
+General was very great and those who wanted him for President again
+were able and resolute. Blaine had hesitated for a moment whether to
+take the field; but learning that Sherman would be in the race whether
+there was or was not any other man a candidate in opposition to Grant,
+he made the fight, and he and Sherman were the representative leaders
+against the third term.
+
+Their feeling was that they were not making war upon General Grant,
+but upon those who sought to use his fame for their own purpose, and
+they meant particularly Senator Conkling. General Grant, at Galena,
+wrote a letter to Senator Cameron, and gave it to John Russell Young,
+who handed it to Mr. Cameron, and it disappeared. This letter was a
+frank and serious statement that he desired not to be considered
+a candidate, and no doubt his preference was the nomination of Mr.
+Conkling.
+
+The interest of the great convention early centred in the two tall
+men on the floor, the undoubted champions of the contending forces,
+Conkling and Garfield; and the latter got the first decided advantage
+in breaking the third term line when Conkling demanded that the
+majority of the delegation of a State should cast the entire vote.
+This was the famous unit rule, the defeat of which was the first event
+of the convention. Garfield and Conkling were foremost in the fray
+because they were the most masterful men of the vast assembly--nearly
+twenty thousand people under the roof.
+
+The advocates of the Old Commander for a third term were in heavy
+force, and knew exactly what they wanted; and whenever the convention
+met, as Senator Conkling usually walked in late, he had a tumultuous
+reception. The opposition saw it was necessary to counteract this
+personal demonstration, and managed to hold Garfield back so that he
+should be later than Conkling, and then they gave him salutations of
+unheard-of exuberance far resounding; and this was the beginning
+of the end. Garfield, because he was in person, position, and
+transcending talent a leader, was transformed into a colossus before
+the eyes of the convention, and was an appeal to the imagination.
+When the nominating addresses were made, none was heard by the whole
+multitude but those by Conkling and Garfield. They stood on tables
+of reporters, and their voices rang clear, through their splendid
+speeches, carrying every word to the remotest corners; and the rivalry
+between the two men became emphasized. Each had the sense to admire
+the effort of the other, Conkling saying to the delegate by his side:
+"It is bright in Garfield to speak from that place," and it was a
+good deal for him to say. More and more Garfield loomed as the man who
+stood against Grant.
+
+There had been a good many persons meantime saying that neither Blaine
+nor Sherman could beat Grant, and that Garfield was the man to do
+it. All who are familiar with our political methods are aware of the
+frantic desire of the average office-seeker, or practical politician,
+no matter what he wants, to find out early all the possibilities of
+the next Presidency; and it is esteemed a superb achievement to be
+among the first to pick the man. The number of far-sighted citizens
+on the subject of the eligibility of Garfield, as the convention
+progressed, grew large. Governor Foster of Ohio did not conceal his
+impression that the nomination of Garfield was certain. In his opinion
+Sherman was not in the race, and perhaps his judgment to that effect
+assisted the formation of the current that finally flooded the
+convention. One man, a delegate from Pennsylvania, voted for Garfield
+on every ballot, and kept him before the people. I had telegrams from
+correspondents of the Cincinnati "Commercial," at Chicago, several
+days before the nomination, evidently reflecting Governor Foster's
+opinions, and frequently repeated, until the event justified them,
+saying Garfield would be the nominee. I was that time slow to
+understand the situation, and protested, against putting the
+"nonsense" on the wires, in telegrams that after the event were held
+to signify lack of sagacity about Garfield.
+
+The first man who held decidedly Garfield would be nominated was Mr.
+Starin of New York, who travelled with Senator Conkling in a special
+car from the national capital to the convention, and said on the way
+the nomination of Grant was not to be, and that Blaine and Sherman
+could not carry off the prize, and that therefore Garfield was to
+be the man. He made this point to the Hon. Thomas L. James, the
+Postmaster-General in Garfield's cabinet, between Harrisburg and
+Chicago. Mr. Blaine regarded beating Grant at Chicago as no loss to
+the General and no reflection on him, but rather as the best thing for
+him; and that the true policy and purpose was to beat Conkling, who
+committed the error in strategy, however gallant the sentiment that
+inspired him, of committing himself irretrievably to Grant--and though
+the contested votes were all against him, he was unchangeable.
+"No angle-worm nomination will take place to-day"--meaning nothing
+feeble--was Mr. Conkling's oracular remark the morning of the day when
+the Presidential destiny of the occasion was determined.
+
+The drift toward Garfield was in so many ways announced before the
+decisive hour that he could not be insensible of its existence, and he
+was greatly disturbed. He said he would "rather be shot with musketry
+than nominated" and have Sherman think he had been unfaithful to his
+obligations as leader of the forces for him. That Senator Sherman was
+offended is well known; but so far as he felt that Garfield had been
+to blame, it was due to the gossip, widely disseminated, that Garfield
+was personally concerned in working his own "boom." All that was well
+threshed out long ago, and there is nothing tangible in it to-day.
+The fact is, Garfield could not have worked a personal scheme. He must
+have been defeated if he had tried it. A movement on his part of that
+kind would have been fatal. On the other hand, if he had got up to
+decline to be a candidate, it would have been easy to say that he
+was making a nominating speech for himself. It was not particularly
+difficult to call Garfield a "traitor," and the temptation to do
+it was because he was so sensitive regarding that imputation in
+politics--whatever hurts goes. He had no idea of concealing anything,
+and told such queer stories as this:
+
+The morning of his nomination--the fact that this was from Garfield
+himself is certain--one of his relatives from Michigan saw him and
+said: "Jim, you are going to be nominated to-day. I had a dream about
+you last night, and thought I was in the hall and there was something
+happening, I could not tell what, when suddenly on every side the
+standards of the States [names of the States on staffs locating the
+delegations] were pulled from their places, and men ran to where you
+were sitting, and waved them over your head." Garfield stated that
+this was certainly told him on the way to his breakfast; and after the
+nomination the dreamer reappeared and said: "What did I tell you,
+Jim? Why, the very thing I saw in my dream last night, I saw in the
+convention to-day."
+
+The inside truth about the nomination was freely given by Mr. Blaine,
+who, as the convention progressed, was studying the proceedings with
+the surprisingly clear vision he possessed for the estimation of
+passing events. He soon made up his mind that his nomination could
+not happen, and that Sherman also was impossible. They could not unite
+forces without losses. Evidently there was a crisis at hand. There is
+something in a convention that always tells the competent observer,
+near or far, that decisive action is about to be taken. The evidence
+appears of an intolerant impatience. Mr. Conkling was relying upon
+the absolute solidity of his three hundred and five. Mr. Blaine was a
+wiser man about the force of a tempest in a convention, and would have
+preferred Sherman to Conkling. But Conkling was quite as bitter toward
+Sherman as regarding Blaine, even more so in his invective; and this
+grew out of the custom-house difficulty that ultimately so deeply
+affected General Arthur's fortunes. There had to be a break
+somewhere--to Grant from Sherman and Blaine, or from him to them, or
+a rush to Conkling, or to Garfield, whose conspicuity had constantly
+suggested it; and Blaine resolved that the chance to rout the
+third-termers was to sweep the convention by going for Garfield, and
+overwhelming him with the rest, thus winning a double victory over
+Conkling.
+
+It is a fact, and the one that makes certain the proposition that
+Sherman could not have been nominated, that the majority of the Blaine
+men from New York, turned loose by breaking the unit rule--there were
+nineteen of them--preferred Grant to Sherman. If the break by Blaine
+from himself had been attempted, for Sherman, Grant would have been
+nominated if one ballot had been decisive. But Blaine was able to
+transfer every vote cast for him to Garfield, with the exception
+of that of a colored delegate from Virginia; and this movement was
+managed so as to overthrow all who strove to stand against it. Grant
+was in the lead for thirty-four ballots, but on the thirty-fourth
+there were seventeen votes for Garfield. On the thirty-fifth ballot
+Garfield had three hundred and ninety-nine votes, twenty-one majority
+over all. Blaine by telegraph had outgeneralled Conkling, present and
+commanding in person.
+
+The course of the proceedings of the convention from the first was
+a preparation for the final scenes, the putting of Garfield against
+Conkling and working up a rivalry between them having a marked effect;
+and this was not so much for Garfield as against Conkling. Garfield
+grieved to think Sherman would misunderstand him, and was apprehensive
+as to the feeling of the New York delegation. "How do your people feel
+about this?" Garfield asked a New Yorker, when he had returned to his
+hotel the nominee.
+
+"Well, they feel badly and bitterly," was the reply.
+
+"Yes," said Garfield, "I suppose they do. It is as Wellington
+said, 'next to the sadness of defeat, the saddest moment is that of
+victory.'" This remark was quite in Garfield's method and manner.
+
+Mr. Sherman's failure was made inevitable in this, as in other
+conventions, by the strange absence, always observable in New York, of
+appreciation of the unparalleled services to the country of his public
+labors culminating in the resumption of specie payments. That is the
+real secret and chief fault of the convention.
+
+Ex-Governor Dennison of Ohio appeared at the headquarters of the New
+York delegation after the Garfield nomination, and Senator Conkling
+greeted him cordially. There Dennison said, so that the whole
+delegation heard, that he was the bearer of a message from the
+delegation of Ohio, that they would give a solid vote for any man New
+York would be pleased to name for Vice-President. "Even," said Senator
+Conkling promptly, in his finest cynical way, "if that man should be
+Chester A. Arthur?"
+
+Dennison's answer was, after a moment, "Yes;" and Conkling put the
+question of supporting Arthur to a vote, making a motion that he
+was the choice of the delegation for the Vice-Presidency, and it was
+carried immediately. This was understood to be pretty hard on the Ohio
+people, including especially Sherman and Garfield. Of course, under
+the lead of New York and Ohio, the convention ratified the motion
+of Conkling, and the ticket was Garfield and Arthur. And so ample
+preparation was made for the bitterness of the coming time--for the
+troubled administration of Garfield and its tragic close.
+
+
+GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.
+
+There have been limitations upon the candor of all persons who have
+undertaken to write the story of the tragedy of the administration of
+Garfield, and partisanism in personalities has had too much attention.
+Mr. Conkling seemed to be the storm centre, and it was difficult to
+deal with him and not to offend him. It is well remembered that in his
+speech placing Grant in nomination he quoted Miles O'Reilly:
+
+  If asked what State he hails from,
+    Our sole reply shall be--
+  He comes from Appomattox
+    And the famous apple tree.
+
+On the way home, Governor Foster of Ohio, called out at Fort Wayne,
+paraphrased the Senator thus:
+
+  If asked what State he hails from,
+    Our sole reply shall be--
+  He comes from old Ohio
+    And his name is General G.
+
+This was not startling in any way, but Mr. Conkling had the reputation
+of being very much offended by the parody.
+
+It happens often in war, and sometimes in peace, that newspaper
+correspondents send the real news privately to the editor in charge,
+and give things as they ought to be in "copy" for the printers. There
+are before me private letters written by one well informed of that
+which was going on in the capital city of Ohio immediately after the
+nomination of Garfield, and a few extracts will turn the light on the
+inside of the affairs of the Republicans of the nominee's State at
+that time--the news then being too strong for newspapers.
+
+"July 10.--The plan to have Garfield go through New York to Saratoga
+with Logan, Foster, and others has been given up.... Logan and Cameron
+are all right, but Conkling refuses to be pacified or conciliated,
+unless Garfield will make promises; and that he refuses to do.
+Conkling said he'd 'rather had to support Blaine.' Conkling never
+called upon Garfield, or returned Garfield's call, or answered
+Garfield's note. Sherman has been in cordial consultation with the
+committee, and promised to do all he can honorably in his position
+[Secretary of the Treasury]. Garfield appears well under fire, and is
+a more manly character than ever before. He says no man could be in a
+better position for defeat, if he has to get it. His behavior has won
+the respect of the workers since the convention."
+
+"July 11.--They all stand around and watch Conkling as little dogs
+watch their master when he is in a bad mood--waiting for him to
+graciously smile, and they will jump about with effusive joy. A strong
+letter was written urging Conkling, in the most flattering way,
+and appealing to him in the most humble manner, to come to Ohio and
+deliver a speech in the Cincinnati Music Hall, and promising no end of
+thousands of people and bands and guns and things, till you couldn't
+rest. I opposed sending such a missive, advocating such a simple
+and cordial invitation as it is customary to extend to a leader and
+honest, earnest party man. But they looked upon me (probably rightly,
+too) as a fool who would rush in where angels fear to tread. And now
+Jewell writes that he has not dared to give the letter to Conkling
+yet, as he has not 'deemed any moment yet as opportune.' Meanwhile
+Conkling and Arthur have gone off on a two or three weeks' fishing
+trip. Dorsey humbly and piously hopes Conkling can be induced to make
+a speech in Vermont, and if the Almighty happens to take the right
+course with him, he may condescend to come to Ohio."
+
+This is a true picture of the way the campaign opened. Mr. Sherman
+said something in an interview that was less cordial than was expected
+and caused some temper, but the fault found was not that he was
+accusative but reserved. Colonel Dick Thompson made a ringing speech
+pledging the Hayes administration without reserve; and that gave
+encouragement, and was said to be for a time the only inspiration the
+Republicans got to go for Garfield with good will and confidence.
+
+It was arranged to have General Garfield appear in New York City, and
+it was expected that he would there meet Mr. Conkling. There was to be
+a consultation of Republicans, and the plan of the campaign perfected.
+The question of special exertion in the Southern States was up. The
+conference came off, and Mr. Conkling did not attend it. Mr. Arthur
+seemed very much grieved about that. Mr. Logan was unwilling to speak
+in the presence of reporters, and Mr. Blaine said he would be very
+much disappointed if his speech was not reported. Thurlow Weed made
+the speech of the occasion. The real object of the meeting was to
+bring Garfield and Conkling together without making the fact too
+obvious; and the disturbance of the candidate was manifest in his
+references to the absent Senator as "my Lord Roscoe."
+
+"I have," said Garfield next day, "an invitation to make a trip to
+Coney Island, and it means that I may there have a pocket interview
+with my Lord Roscoe; but if the Presidency is to turn on that, I do
+not want the office badly enough to go;" and he did not go. The words
+are precisely Garfield's; and the next thing was the journey over the
+Erie line, and speeches by Garfield, accompanied by General Harrison
+and Governor Kirkwood, at every important place from Paterson to
+Jamestown. That the General was capable of warm resentment, this
+letter testifies:
+
+    MENTOR, OHIO, _September 20, 1880_.
+
+    I notice ---- is parading through the country devoting himself
+    to personal assaults upon me. Why do not our people republish
+    his letter, which a few years ago drove him in disgrace
+    from the stump, and compelled the Democracy to recall every
+    appointment then pending? Of all the black sheep that have
+    been driven from our flock, I know of none blacker than he,
+    and less entitled to assail any other man's character.
+
+    Very truly yours,
+
+    J.A. GARFIELD.
+
+The speaking on the line of the Erie road by Garfield, Harrison, and
+Kirkwood was of a very high and effective character. The man who did
+more to make peace than any other was General Grant. Conkling had a
+genuine affection for him, and consented to go with him to Mentor;
+and yet there was some trifle always in the way of a complete
+understanding with the old guard of the Third-Term Crusaders.
+
+Garfield was very sensible of and grateful for the work done by Grant
+and Conkling, and did not stint expression of his feeling. The State
+of New York was carried by the Republicans, and Garfield indisputably
+elected President of the United States. There was a vast amount of
+worry in making up the cabinet, and Mr. Conkling's hand appeared,
+but not with a gesture of conciliation. He and Garfield were of
+incompatible temper. Each had mannerisms that irritated the other; and
+when they seemed to try to agree, the effort was not a success.
+
+As soon as the administration was moving the President was under two
+fires: one in respect to the attempted reforms in the postal service,
+and the other about the New York appointments. Mr. Conkling did not
+seem able to understand that anything could be done that was not
+according to his pleasure, without personal offence toward himself.
+He was a giant, and that was his weakness. It was Garfield's ardent
+desire to be friendly with the senior New York Senator; but one
+position he avowedly maintained. It was that he was not to blame for
+being President of the United States; that he had taken the oath
+of office, and was the man responsible to the people for the
+administration, and he could not, dare not, shift that obligation;
+and, more than that, he must give the "recognition" due friends to
+the men who had aided him in breaking down Mr. Conkling's policy at
+Chicago. If that was a crime he was a criminal. He was President, and
+he would be true to his friends; and surely he should not be expected
+to serve another man's purpose by humiliating himself.
+
+Conkling had taken part in the campaign at last, but that was his duty
+at first. It is needless to refer to questions of veracity--to what
+practical politicians call "promises." A polite phrase is twisted,
+by the many seized with fury to be officers, to mean what is desired,
+though it may be but a mere civility--the more marked probably because
+the President knows he has only good words to give! There are always
+such issues when there is patronage to be distributed, for, of course,
+there is dissatisfaction. Everybody cannot be made happy, with or
+without civil service reform; and it is no effort, when the President
+says "Good morning," and seems to be obliging, and says he will take a
+recommendation into consideration and if possible read the papers,
+and adds, "I shall be glad to see you again," to say, when he appoints
+another to the coveted place, that he has falsified.
+
+Mr. Conkling's friends relate that he was about to go to the White
+House and hold a consultation in which Mr. Arthur and Mr. Platt were
+to participate, when he received a telegram in cipher from Governor
+Cornell which, when translated, turned out to be an urgent request
+that the Senator should vote to confirm Robertson; and that this was
+regarded as insulting, and Mr. Conkling refused to go to the White
+House, with a burst of scorn about the dispensation of offices! This
+is not consistent with the accusations that Garfield was influenced to
+be perfidious. There are those who think there would have been peace
+if it had not been for that Cornell telegram; but they are of the
+manner of mind of the peacemakers of 1861, who thought another
+conference would heal all wounded susceptibilities. The source
+of discordance was not near the surface; it was in the system of
+"patronage" and "recognition," and deep in the characteristics of the
+individuals.
+
+It is not true that Mr. Blaine was fierce for war upon Conkling; he
+thought a fight was inevitable, and that the time for the President
+to assert himself was at the beginning; and said so. "Fight now if at
+all," said Blaine then to Garfield, "for your administration tapers!"
+As to his personal wishes, he was often overruled in the cabinet,
+and took it complacently. But he was warlike on the point that the
+President was entitled to be friendly with his friends, and must not
+be personally oppressed.
+
+One day Mr. Conkling in the Senate had one of the New York
+appointments pleasing to him taken up and confirmed, leaving half a
+dozen others, about evenly divided between his own and the President's
+favorites. Then came a crisis; and it was represented to the President
+that he should pull those appointments out of the Senate at once,
+before Conkling's power was further exhibited; and that if he did not,
+the bootblacks at Willard's would know that the Senator, and not the
+President, was first in affairs. The appointments were withdrawn, and
+it was perfectly understood that this withdrawal signified that the
+President would not allow men to be discriminated against because they
+were opposed to Conkling at Chicago. A letter came from General Grant
+in Mexico, addressed to Senator Jones of Nevada, and was published,
+reflecting upon Garfield's course; and at once the President wrote
+to the Old Commander defending his administration. This was done as a
+matter of personal respect. General Grosvenor of Ohio happened to be
+in the President's room when he mailed a copy of his letter to
+General Grant, and read the duplicate that was reserved. It was a very
+respectful and decisive statement. This letter was personal to General
+Grant, and the rush of events caused it to be reserved and finally
+forgotten, except by the few who knew enough of it to value it as an
+historical document.
+
+There were but a few days of the four months between the inauguration
+of President Garfield and his assassination that he could be said to
+have had any enjoyment out of the great office. It brought him only
+bitter cares, venomous criticisms, lurking malice, covert threats
+ambushed in demands that were unreasonable if not irrational. He felt
+keenly the accusation that he had been nominated when his duty was due
+another; and he was aware that friends had given color to accusation
+by a zeal that was unseemly. He was pathetic in his anxiety to be very
+right; and only the assurance that Conkling was implacable took the
+sting out of the haughty presumption he encountered in that severe
+gentleman, whose egotism was so lofty it was ever imposing, when it
+would have been absurd in any one else.
+
+During the summer and autumn of the campaign and the winter following,
+President Garfield was subject to attacks of acute indigestion that
+were distressing; and it was remembered with concern that he had at
+Atlantic City suffered from a sunstroke while bathing, and fallen into
+an insensible condition for a quarter of an hour. The question whether
+his physical condition might not be one of frailty was serious. Then
+Mrs. Garfield became ill, and the situation was gloomy.
+
+
+THE GARFIELDS IN THE WHITE HOUSE.
+
+There was one evening at the White House--just when Mrs. Garfield's
+indisposition was at first manifested, and then was only apparent in
+a slight chill, that caused a rather unseasonable wood fire to be
+lighted--that none of those present can have forgotten; for there
+were not many bright hours in the midst of the dismal shadowing of
+the drama hastening to the tragic close. Mrs. Garfield was, with the
+privilege of an invalid, whose chilly sensation was supposed to
+be trivial, seated before the fire, the warmth of which was to her
+pleasant; and she was pale but animated, surrounded by a group among
+whom were several very dear to her. General Sherman arrived, and
+was--as always when his vivacity was kindly, and it was never
+otherwise with ladies--fascinating. The scene was brilliant, and had
+a charming domestic character. The President was detained for half an
+hour beyond the time when he was expected, and came in with a quick
+step and hearty manner, and there was soon a flush of pleasure upon
+his face, that had been touched with the lines of fatigue, as he saw
+how agreeable the company were. A lady, who had never before seen him,
+voiced the sentiment of all present, saying in a whisper: "Why, he is
+the ideal President! How grand he is! How can they speak about him so?
+What a magnificent gentleman he is! Talk about your canal boys!"
+He was well dressed, of splendid figure, his coat buttoned over his
+massive chest, his dome-like head erect, adequately supported
+by immense shoulders, and he looked the President indeed, and an
+embodiment of power. He was feeling that the dark days were behind
+him, that he was equal to his high fortune, that the world was wide
+and fair before him. It was a supreme hour--and only an hour--for the
+occasion was informal, and there was a feeling that the lady of the
+White House should not be detained from her rest; and the good-night
+words were trustful that she would be well next morning; but then she
+was in a fever, and after some weeks was taken to Long Branch, and
+returned to her husband, called, to find him stricken unto death.
+
+It happened on the last day of June, 1881, that I stopped in
+Washington on the way to New York; and in the evening--it was
+Thursday--walked from the Arlington to the White House, and sent my
+card to the President, who was out. Then I strolled, passing through
+Lafayette Square and sitting awhile there, thoughtful over the
+President's troubles, and recalling the long letters I had written to
+him at Mentor, urging that Levi P. Morton should be Secretary of the
+Treasury, wondering whether things would have been better if that had
+been done; for a good deal of the tempest that broke over Garfield was
+because he sustained Thomas L. James in postal reforms. The testimony
+taken during the trial of Guiteau shows that he was that night in that
+square; and, knowing the President had left the White House, was on
+the look-out, with intent to murder him. The incarnate sneak was lying
+in wait, a horrible burlesque, to take his revenge because he thought
+he had been slighted, and was so malignant a fool he believed public
+opinion might applaud the deed. One of the dusky figures on the
+benches was probably his.
+
+At the Arlington, a few minutes after ten o'clock, I met
+Postmaster-General James; and when told that I was going to New York
+in the morning, he asked: "Have you seen the President?"
+
+I had not, and General James said quite earnestly: "Go over and see
+him now;" and he added: "The President, you know, is going to Williams
+College the day after to-morrow, and I know he is not going to bed
+early, and is not very busy, and will be glad to see you. He and I
+have been out dining with Secretary Hunt; and the President left me
+here a few minutes ago. Go over and see him. He has had a good deal of
+disagreeable business this afternoon relating to my department, and
+I am sure he would be glad to talk with you, and have something very
+interesting to say."
+
+
+LAST INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT GARFIELD.
+
+Returning to the White House, arriving there about a quarter before
+eleven, after I had waited a few minutes in one of the small parlors,
+the President came down the stairs rapidly, and I took note that his
+movements were very alert. I had not seen him since the night when
+Mrs. Garfield had notice of the illness that had become alarming, and
+from which she was now convalescent, and said first: "Mrs. Garfield is
+much better?"
+
+"Yes, much better," said the President, "and getting health out of the
+sea air. She has enjoyed it intensely, and will be able to join me day
+after to-morrow at Jersey City, on the way to Williams College--the
+sweetest old place in the world. Come and go with us; several of the
+cabinet are going, and we shall have a rare time; come and go with us.
+Have you ever seen the lovely country there?"
+
+I answered, "No, I have not seen it; and, thanking you for the
+invitation, shall not go; have too much to do. You will have a
+vacation?"
+
+"Yes," the President said, "and I am feeling like a schoolboy about
+it. You should go. You were along with Harrison, Kirkwood, and me to
+Chautauqua, you know. That was a great day's ride. Do you remember
+those watermelons? They would have been first-rate if they had been on
+ice a few hours."
+
+"You had a hard day of it," I said; "forty speeches, weren't there?
+And you will have another lot of speeches to make."
+
+He said he did not mind the speeches.
+
+"And how is your health," I asked; "any more indigestion? Ever try
+Billy Florence's remedy, Valentine's meat juice, made in Richmond,
+Virginia--great reputation abroad, little at home?"
+
+He said he had never tried it, had forgotten it. Then, turning with an
+air half comic, but with something of earnestness, he said, naming me
+by way of start: "You have been holding a sort of autopsy over me ever
+since I tumbled over at Atlantic City. I exposed myself there too long
+both in the water and in the sun, but it was not so bad as you think."
+
+I said he might pardon a degree of solicitude, under all the
+circumstances, and he said he did not want any premature autopsies
+held over him; and I put it that they had much better be premature.
+Then the President said, with the greatest earnestness: "I am in
+better health--indeed, quite well. It is curious, isn't it? My wife's
+sickness cured me. I got so anxious about her I ceased to think about
+myself. Both ends of the house were full of trouble. My wife's illness
+was alarming, and I thought no more of the pit of my stomach and
+the base of my brain and the top of my head; and when she was out of
+danger, and my little troubles occurred to me--why, they were gone,
+and I have not noticed them since. And so," said the President,
+uttering the short words with deliberation, and picking them with
+care, "and so, if one could, so to say, unself one's self, what a cure
+all that would be!"
+
+"The other end of the White House is better, is it not?" I asked.
+
+"Not so much change there," said the President; "but one becomes
+accustomed to heavy weather."
+
+"Lord Roscoe is feeling happier, I hope," said I.
+
+The President answered, dropping the "Lord Roscoe" comicality, and
+speaking rapidly and seriously, with a flush of excitement: "Conkling,
+after ten years of absolute despotism in New York--for Grant
+did everything for him, and Hayes tried to comfort him--got the
+elephantiasis of conceit. We read that gentlemen in Oriental
+countries, having that disease in its advanced stage, need a
+wheelbarrow or small wagon to aid their locomotion when they go out
+to walk--and the population think there is something divine in it.
+Conkling thought if he should go on parade in New York, and place the
+developments of his vanity fully on exhibition, the whole people would
+fall down and worship the phenomenon. But he was mistaken, for they
+soon saw it was a plain, old-fashioned case of sore-head."
+
+Then the President, having exhausted the elephantiasis as a divine
+manifestation, expressed regrets that there had been such contentions
+among those who should be friends of the administration; and repeated
+his view of that which was due to the actual trust the people had
+placed in him, and of which he could not honorably divest himself. He
+thought the people already understood the case fairly well and would
+be more and more of the opinion that he had tried to do the things
+that were right, "with malice toward none and charity for all." We
+talked until midnight. It was a Friday morning, and the President was
+doomed to be shot the next day. The assassin had been on his path that
+night. The President had gone out dining for the last time.
+
+"And you will not go to Williams College with me?" he said.
+
+I said: "Mr. President, you have forgotten you were assailed for being
+in my company to Chautauqua; and I have been so fortunate since as to
+gather a fresh crop of enemies, and do not want them to jump on to you
+on my account--for there are enough upon you already."
+
+That, the President said, was "curious and interesting," and he
+laughed about my "fresh crop," and said something about cutting hay;
+and I told him I had been invited to meet him Saturday night at Cyrus
+W. Field's country place, where a dinner party was appointed; and
+jumping up, hurried away. The light in the hall shone down on the
+President's pale, high forehead, as he walked toward the stairway
+leading to his apartments, and I saw him no more.
+
+Something familiar struck me in the appearance of the watchman at
+the door of the White House, and stopping, I said: "Did you hold this
+position here in Lincoln's time?"
+
+"Yes," said he, "I did."
+
+"And did you not look after his safety sometimes?"
+
+"I did, indeed," was the answer; "many a time I kept myself between
+him and the trees there," pointing to them, "as we walked over to the
+War Department to get the news from the armies. I did not know who
+might be hidden in the trees, and I would not let him go alone."
+
+"Did it ever occur to you," I asked, "that it would be worth while to
+have a care that no harm happened here?"
+
+"What, now?"
+
+"Yes, now."
+
+"Oh, it is different now--no war now."
+
+"No," said I, "no war, but people are about who are queer; and there
+are ugly excitements; think of it."
+
+Of course, this conversation at the door of the White House the
+midnight morning of the day before the President was shot, is
+accounted for by the sensibility that there was a half-suppressed
+public uneasiness that could mean some fashion of mischief, and
+it might be of a deadly sort to the President, because he was so
+formidably conspicuous. Nearly a year afterward, walking by General
+Sherman's residence, I saw him sitting under a strong light, with his
+back to the street, writing--doors and windows all open. I walked in,
+saying: "General, I wouldn't sit with my back to an open window late
+at night, under a light like this, if I were you. Some fool will come
+along with a bull-dog pistol and the idea that death loves a shining
+mark."
+
+"Pooh!" said the old soldier. "Nobody interested in killing me. They
+will let me well alone with their bull-dog pistols."
+
+The White House shone like marble in the green trees as I drove
+from the Arlington to the Potomac depot, July 1st, to take the train
+corresponding to the one that had the President's car attached on the
+following morning, when he meant to have a holiday of which he had
+the most delightful anticipation, as one throwing off a brood of
+nightmares. He was going back the President to the scene of his
+struggles in early manhood for an education, going to what he called
+the "sweetest place in the world," having reached the summit of
+ambition, confident in himself, assured of the public good will, happy
+to meet his wife restored to health, himself robust and to be, he
+thought, hag-ridden no more; rejoicing to meet the dearest of old
+friends, kindling with the realization of his superb and commanding
+position, glowing with his just pride of place; no heart beating
+higher, no imagination that exalted this mighty country more than his,
+no brain that conceived with greater splendor the glory of the nation
+than his, no American patriotism more true, brighter, broader, deeper,
+more abounding than his; and all was shattered at a stroke by a
+creature like a crawling serpent with a deadly sting.
+
+All over the land the flags flew at half mast, and the woful news was
+told: "The President is shot!" The man had fallen who, when Lincoln
+was murdered, spoke the memorable words from the Treasury building, on
+the spot where Washington was inaugurated: "The President is dead--but
+God reigns and the Republic lives." There were nearly three months of
+torture reserved for the second martyred President, and he bore
+them with marvellous fortitude; and then, on a September night, the
+throbbing of the bells from Scotland to California told, that the dark
+curtain of death had fallen on the tragic drama of the Presidency of
+Garfield.
+
+
+
+
+THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM.
+
+THE LAST ROMANCE OF THE PRINCESS OSRA.
+
+BY ANTHONY HOPE,
+
+Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," "The Dolly Dialogues," etc.
+
+
+King Rudolf, being in the worst of humors, had declared in the
+presence of all the court that women were born to plague men and for
+no other purpose whatsoever under heaven. Hearing this discourteous
+speech, the Princess Osra rose, and said that, for her part, she would
+go walking alone by the river outside the city gates, where she
+would at least be assailed by no more reproaches. For since she was
+irrevocably determined to live and die unmarried, of what use or
+benefit was it to trouble her with embassies, courtings, or proposals,
+either from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim or anybody else? She was
+utterly weary of this matter of love--and her mood would be unchanged,
+though this new suitor were as exalted as the King of France, as rich
+as Croesus himself, and as handsome as the god Apollo. She did not
+desire a husband, and there was an end of it. Thus she went out, while
+the queen sighed, and the king fumed, and the courtiers and
+ladies said to one another that these dissensions made life very
+uncomfortable at Strelsau, the ladies further adding that he would
+be a bold man who married Osra, although doubtless she was not
+ill-looking.
+
+To the banks of the river outside the walls then Osra went; and as she
+went she seemed to be thinking of nothing at all in the world, least
+of all of whom she might chance to meet there on the banks of the
+river, where in those busy hours of the day few came. Yet there was a
+strange new light in her eyes, and there seemed a new understanding in
+her mind; and when a young peasant-wife came by, her baby in her arms,
+Osra stopped her, and kissed the child and gave money, and then ran on
+in unexplained confusion, laughing and blushing as though she had done
+something which she did not wish to be seen. Then, without reason, her
+eyes filled with tears; but she dashed them away, and burst suddenly
+into singing. And she was still singing when, from the long grass by
+the river's edge, a young man sprang up, and, with a very low bow,
+drew aside to let her pass. He had a book in his hand, for he was a
+student at the University, and came there to pursue his learning in
+peace. His plain brown clothes spoke of no wealth or station, though
+certainly they set off a stalwart straight shape, and seemed to match
+well with his bright brown hair and hazel eyes. Very low this young
+man bowed, and Osra bent her head. The pace of her walk slackened,
+grew quicker, slackened again; she was past him, and with a great sigh
+he lay down again. She turned, he sprang up; she spoke coldly, yet
+kindly.
+
+"Sir," said she, "I cannot but notice that you lie every day here by
+the river, with your book, and that you sigh. Tell me your trouble,
+and if I can I will relieve it."
+
+"I am reading, madam," he answered, "of Helen of Troy, and I am
+sighing because she is dead."
+
+"It is an old grief by now," said Osra, smiling. "Will no one serve
+you but Helen of Troy?"
+
+"If I were a prince," said he, "I need not mourn."
+
+"No, sir?"
+
+"No, madam," he said, with another bow.
+
+"Farewell, sir."
+
+"Madam, farewell."
+
+So she went on her way, and saw him no more till the next day, nor
+after that till the next day following; and then came an interval when
+she saw him not, and the interval was no less than twenty-four hours;
+yet still he read of Helen of Troy, and still sighed that she was dead
+and he no prince. At last he tempted the longed-for question from her
+shy, smiling lips.
+
+"Why would you not mourn, sir, if you were a prince?" said she. "For
+princes and princesses have their share of sighs." And with a very
+plaintive sigh Osra looked at the rapid-running river, as she waited
+for the answer.
+
+"Because I would then go to Strelsau, and so forget her."
+
+[Illustration: "FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN
+SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER PASS."]
+
+"But you are at Strelsau now!" she cried with wonderful surprise.
+
+"Ah, but I am no prince, madam!" said he.
+
+"Can princes alone--forget in Strelsau?"
+
+"How should a poor student dare to--forget in Strelsau?" And as he
+spoke he made bold to step near her, and stood close, looking down
+into her face. Without a word she turned and left him, going with a
+step that seemed to dance through the meadow and yet led her to her
+own chamber, where she could weep in quiet.
+
+"I know it now, I know it now!" she whispered softly that night to
+the tree that rose by her window. "Heigh-ho, what am I to do? I cannot
+live; no, and now I cannot die. Ah me! what am I to do? I wish I were
+a peasant-girl--but then perhaps he would not--Ah yes, but he would!"
+And her low, long laugh rippled in triumph through the night, and
+blended with the rustling of the leaves under a summer breeze, and
+she stretched her white arms to heaven, imploring the kind God with
+prayers that she dared not speak even to His pitiful ear.
+
+"Love knows no princesses, my princess." It was that she heard as she
+fled from him next day. She should have rebuked him. But for that she
+must have stayed, and to stay she had not dared. Yet she must rebuke
+him. She must see him again in order to rebuke him. Yet all this while
+she must be pestered with the court of the Grand Duke of Mittenheim!
+And when she would not name a day on which the embassy should come,
+the king flew into a passion, and declared that he would himself set
+a date for it. Was his sister mad, he asked, that she would do nothing
+but walk every day by the river's bank?
+
+"Surely I must be mad," thought Osra, "for no sane being could be at
+once so joyful and so piteously unhappy."
+
+Did he know what it was he asked? He seemed to know nothing of it. He
+did not speak any more now of princesses, only of his princess; nor of
+queens, save of his heart's queen; and when his eyes asked love, they
+asked as though none would refuse and there could be no cause for
+refusal. He would have wooed his neighbor's daughter thus, and thus
+he wooed the sister of King Rudolf. "Will you love me?" was his
+question--not, "Though you love, yet dare you own you love?" He seemed
+to shut the whole world from her, leaving nothing but her and him;
+and in a world that held none but her and him she could love unblamed,
+untroubled, and with no trembling.
+
+"You forget who I am," she faltered once.
+
+"You are the beauty of the world," he answered smiling, and he kissed
+her hand--a matter about which she could make no great ado, for it was
+not the first time that he had kissed it.
+
+But the embassy from the Grand Duke was to come in a week, and to
+be received with great pomp. The ambassador was already on the way,
+carrying proposals and gifts. Therefore Osra went pale and sad down
+to the river bank that day, having declared again to the king that she
+would live and die unmarried. But the king had laughed again. Surely
+she needed kindness and consolation that sad day; but Fate had kept
+by her a crowning sorrow, for she found him also almost sad. At least,
+she could not tell whether he were sad or not; for he smiled and
+yet seemed ill at ease, like a man who ventures a fall with fortune,
+hoping and fearing. And he said to her:
+
+"Madam, in a week I return to my own country."
+
+She looked at him in silence with lips just parted. For her life she
+could not speak; but the sun grew dark, and the river changed its
+merry tune to mournful dirges.
+
+"So the dream ends," said he. "So comes the awakening. But if life
+were all a dream!" And his eyes sought hers.
+
+"Yes," she whispered, "if life were all a dream, sir?"
+
+"Then I should dream of two dreamers whose dream was one, and in that
+dream I should see them ride together at break of day from Strelsau."
+
+"Whither?" she murmured.
+
+"To Paradise," said he. "But the dream ends. If it did not end--" He
+paused.
+
+"If it did not end?" a breathless longing whisper echoed.
+
+"If it did not end now, it should not end even with death," said he.
+
+"You see them in your dream? You see them riding--"
+
+"Aye, swiftly, side by side, they two alone, through the morning. None
+is near, none knows."
+
+He seemed to be searching her face for something that yet he scarcely
+hoped to find.
+
+"And their dream," said he, "brings them at last to a small cottage,
+and there they live--"
+
+"They live?"
+
+[Illustration: "'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED
+SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND."]
+
+"And work," he added. "For she keeps his home while he works."
+
+"What does she do?" asked Osra, with smiling, wondering eyes.
+
+"She gets his food for him when he comes home weary in the evening,
+and makes a bright fire, and--"
+
+"Ah, and she runs to meet him at the door--oh, further than the door!"
+
+"But she has worked hard and is weary."
+
+"No, she is not weary," cried Osra. "It is for him!"
+
+"The wise say this is silly talk," said he.
+
+"The wise are fools, then!" cried Osra.
+
+"So the dream would please you, madam?" he asked.
+
+She had come not to know how she left him. Somehow, while he still
+spoke, she would suddenly escape by flight. He did not pursue, but
+let her go. So now she returned to the city, her eyes filled with
+that golden dream, and she entered her home as though it had been some
+strange palace decked with new magnificence, and she an alien in it.
+For her true home seemed now rather in the cottage of the dream, and
+she moved unfamiliarly through the pomp that had been hers from birth.
+Her soul was gone from it, while her body rested there; and life
+stopped for her till she saw him again by the banks of the river.
+
+"In five days now I go," said he; and he smiled at her. She hid her
+face in her hands. Still he smiled; but suddenly he sprang forward,
+for she had sobbed. The summons had sounded, he was there; and who
+could sob again when he was there and his sheltering arm warded away
+all grief? She looked up at him with shining eyes, whispering:
+
+"Do you go alone?"
+
+A great joy blazed confidently in his eyes as he whispered in answer:
+
+"I think I shall not go alone."
+
+"But how, how?"
+
+"I have two horses."
+
+"You! You have two horses?"
+
+"Yes. Is it not riches? But we will sell them when we get to the
+cottage."
+
+"To the cottage! Two horses!"
+
+"I would I had but one for both of us."
+
+"Yes."
+
+"But we should not go quick enough."
+
+"No."
+
+He took his hand from her waist, and stood away from her.
+
+"You will not come?" he said.
+
+"If you doubt of my coming, I will not come. Ah, do not doubt of my
+coming! For there is a great horde of fears and black thoughts beating
+at the door, and you must not open it."
+
+"And what can keep it shut, my princess?"
+
+"I think your arm, my prince," said she; and she flew to him.
+
+That evening King Rudolf swore that if a man were only firm enough,
+and kept his temper (which, by the way, the king had not done, though
+none dared say no), he could bring any foolish girl to reason in good
+time. For in the softest voice, and with the strangest smile flitting
+to her face, the Princess Osra was pleased to bid the embassy come on
+the fifth day from then.
+
+"And they shall have their answer then," said she, flushing and
+smiling.
+
+"It is as much as any lady could say," the court declared; and it was
+reported through all Strelsau that the match was as good as made, and
+that Osra was to be Grand Duchess of Mittenheim.
+
+"She is a sensible girl, after all," cried Rudolf, all his anger gone.
+
+The dream began, then, before they came to the cottage. Those days she
+lived in its golden mists that shut out all the cold world from her,
+moving through space that held but one form, and time that stood still
+waiting for one divine unending moment. And the embassy drew near to
+Strelsau.
+
+It was night, the dead of night, and all was still in the palace. But
+the sentinel by the little gate was at his post, and the gate-warden
+stood by the western gate of the city. Each was now alone, but to
+each, an hour ago, a man had come, stealthily and silently through
+the darkness, and each was richer by a bag of gold than he had been
+before. The gold was Osra's--how should a poor student, whose whole
+fortune was two horses, scatter bags of gold? And other gold Osra had,
+aye, five hundred crowns. Would not that be a brave surprise for the
+poor student? And she, alone of all awake, stood looking round her
+room, entranced with the last aspect of it. Over the city also she
+looked, but in the selfishness of her joy did no more than kiss a
+hasty farewell to the good city folk who loved her. Once she thought
+that maybe some day he and she would steal together back to Strelsau,
+and, sheltered by some disguise, watch the king ride in splendor
+through the streets. But if not--why, what was Strelsau and the people
+and the rest? Ah, how long the hours were before those two horses
+stood by the little gate, and the sentry and the gate-warden earned
+their bags of gold! So she passed the hours--the last long lingering
+hours.
+
+There was a little tavern buried in the narrowest, oldest street of
+the city. Here the poor student had lodged; here in the back room a
+man sat at a table, and two others stood before him. These two seemed
+gentlemen, and their air spoke of military training. They stroked long
+mustaches, and smiled with an amusement that deference could not hide.
+Both were booted and wore spurs, and the man sitting at the table gave
+them orders.
+
+"You will meet the embassy," he said to one, "about ten o'clock. Bring
+it to the place I have appointed, and wait there. Do not fail."
+
+The officer addressed bowed and retired. A minute later his horse's
+hoofs clattered through the streets. Perhaps he also had a bag of
+gold, for the gate-warden opened the western gate for him, and he rode
+at a gallop along the river banks, till he reached the great woods
+that stretch to within ten miles of Strelsau.
+
+"An hour after we are gone," said the man at the table to the other
+officer, "go warily, find one of the king's servants, and give him the
+letter. Give no account of how you came by it, and say nothing of who
+you are. All that is necessary is in the letter. When you have given
+it, return here, and remain in close hiding till you hear from me
+again."
+
+The second officer bowed. The man at the table rose, and went out into
+the street. He took his way to where the palace rose, and then skirted
+along the wall of its gardens till he came to the little gate. Here
+stood two horses and at their heads a man.
+
+"It is well. You can go," said the student; and he was left alone
+with the horses. They were good horses for a student to possess. The
+thought perhaps crossed their owner's mind, for he laughed softly as
+he looked at them. Then he also fell to thinking that the hours were
+long; and a fear came suddenly upon him that she would not come. It
+was in these last hours that doubts crept in, and she was not there to
+drive them away. Would the great trial fail? Would she shrink at the
+last? But he would not think it of her, and he was smiling again, when
+the clock of the cathedral struck two, and told him that no more than
+one hour now parted her from him. For she would come; the princess
+would come to him, the student, led by the vision of that cottage in
+the dream.
+
+Would she come? She would come; she had risen from her knees, and
+moved to and fro, in cautious silence, making her last preparations.
+She had written a word of farewell for the brother she loved--for some
+day, of course, Rudolf would forgive her--and she had ready all that
+she took with her--the five hundred crowns, one ring that she would
+give her lover, some clothes to serve till his loving labor furnished
+more. That night she had wept, and she had laughed; but now she
+neither wept nor laughed, but there was a great pride in her face and
+gait. And she opened the door of her room, and walked down the great
+staircase, under the eyes of crowned kings who hung framed upon the
+walls. And as she went she seemed indeed their daughter. For her head
+was erect and her eye set firm in haughty dignity. Who dared to say
+that she did anything that a king's daughter should not do? Should not
+a woman love? Love should be her diadem. And so with this proud step
+she came through the gardens of the palace, looking neither to right
+nor left nor behind, but with her face set straight for the little
+gate, and she walked as she had been accustomed to walk when all
+Strelsau looked on her and hailed her as its glory and its darling.
+
+The sentry slept, or seemed to sleep. Her face was not even veiled
+when she opened the little gate. She would not veil her proud face.
+It was his to look on now when he would; and thus she stood for an
+instant in the gateway, while he sprang to her, and, kneeling, carried
+her hand to his lips.
+
+"You are come?" he cried; for though he had believed, yet he wondered.
+
+"I am come," she smiled. "Is not the word of a princess sure? Ah, how
+could I not come?"
+
+"See, love," said he, rising, "day dawns in royal purple for you, and
+golden love for me."
+
+"The purple is for my king, and the love for me," she whispered, as he
+led her to her horse. "Your fortune!" said she, pointing to them.
+"But I also have brought a dowry--fancy, five hundred crowns!" and
+her mirth and happiness burst out in a laugh. It was so deliciously
+little, five hundred crowns!
+
+She was mounted now, and he stood by her.
+
+"Will you turn back?" he said.
+
+"You shall not make me angry," said she. "Come, mount."
+
+"Aye, I must mount," said he. "For if we were found here the king
+would kill me."
+
+For the first time the peril of their enterprise seemed to strike,
+into her mind, and turned her cheek pale.
+
+"Ah, I forgot! In my happiness I forgot. Mount, mount! Oh, if he found
+you!"
+
+He mounted. Once they clasped hands; then they rode swiftly for the
+western gate.
+
+"Veil your face," he said; and since he bade her, she obeyed, saying:
+
+"But I can see you through the veil."
+
+The gate stood open, and the gate-warden was not there. They were out
+of the city; the morning air blew cold and pure from the meadows along
+the river. The horses stretched into an eager gallop. And Osra tore
+her veil from her face, and turned on him eyes of radiant triumph.
+
+"It is done," she cried; "it is done!"
+
+"Yes, it is done, my princess," said he.
+
+"And--and it is begun, my prince," said she.
+
+"Yes, and it is begun," said he.
+
+She laughed aloud in absolute joy, and for a moment he also laughed.
+
+But then his face grew grave, and he said:
+
+"I pray you may never grieve for it."
+
+She looked at him with eyes wide in wonder; for an instant she seemed
+puzzled, but then she fell again to laughing.
+
+"Grieve for it!" said she between her merry laughs.
+
+King Rudolf was a man who lay late in the morning; and he was not well
+pleased to be roused when the clock had but just struck four. Yet he
+sat up in his bed readily enough, for he imagined that the embassy
+from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim must be nearer than he had thought,
+and, sooner than fail in any courtesy towards the prince whose
+alliance he ardently desired, he was ready to submit to much
+inconvenience. But his astonishment was great when, instead of any
+tidings from the embassy, one of his gentlemen handed him a
+letter, saying that a servant had received it from a stranger with
+instructions to carry it at once to the king. When asked if any answer
+were desired from his majesty, the stranger had answered, "Not through
+me," and at once turned away, and quickly disappeared. The king, with
+a peevish oath at having been roused for such a trifle, broke the seal
+and fastenings of the letter, and opened it; and he read:
+
+"Sire--Your sister does not wait for the embassy, but chooses her own
+lover. She has met a student of the University every day for the last
+three weeks by the river bank." (The king started.) "This morning she
+has fled with him on horseback along the western road. If you desire a
+student for a brother-in-law, sleep again. If not, up and ride. Do not
+doubt these tidings."
+
+There was no signature to the letter; yet the king, knowing his
+sister, cried:
+
+"See whether the princess is in the palace. And in the meanwhile
+saddle my horse, and let a dozen of the guard be at the gate."
+
+The princess was not in the palace; but her woman found the letter
+that she had left, and brought it to the king. And the king read:
+"Brother, whom I love best of all men in the world save one, I have
+left you to go with that one. You will not forgive me now, but some
+day forgive me. Nay, it is not I who have done it, but my love which
+is braver than I. He is the sweetest gentleman alive, brother, and
+therefore he must be my lord. Let me go, but still love me--Osra."
+
+"It is true," said the king. "And the embassy will be here to-day."
+And for a moment he seemed dazed. Yet he spoke nothing to anybody of
+what the letters contained, but sent word to the queen's apartments
+that he went riding for pleasure. And he took his sword and his
+pistols; for he swore that by his own hand, and that of no other man,
+this sweetest gentleman alive should meet his death. But all, knowing
+that the princess was not in the palace, guessed that the king's
+sudden haste concerned her; and great wonder and speculation rose in
+the palace, and presently, as the morning advanced, spread from the
+palace to its environs, and from the environs to the rest of the city.
+For it was reported that a sentinel that had stood guard that night
+was missing, and that the gate-warden of the western gate was nowhere
+to be found, and that a mysterious letter had come by an unknown hand
+to the king, and lastly, that Princess Osra--their princess--was
+gone; whether by her own will or by some bold plot of seizure and
+kidnapping, none knew. Thus a great stir grew in all Strelsau, and men
+stood about the street gossiping when they should have gone to work,
+while women chattered in lieu of sweeping their houses and dressing
+their children. So that when the king rode out of the courtyard of the
+palace at a gallop, with twelve of the guard behind, he could hardly
+make his way through the streets for the people who crowded round him,
+imploring him to tell them where the princess was. When the king saw
+that the matter had thus become public, his wrath was greater still,
+and he swore again that the student of the University should pay the
+price of life for his morning ride with the princess. And when he
+darted through the gate, and set his horse straight along the western
+road, many of the people, neglecting all their business, as folk will
+for excitement's sake, followed him as they best could, agog to see
+the thing to its end.
+
+"The horses are weary," said the student to the princess, "we must let
+them rest; we are now in the shelter of the wood."
+
+"But my brother may pursue you," she urged; "and if he came up with
+you--ah, heaven forbid!"
+
+[Illustration: "'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE
+HORSES' HOOFS'.... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND PULLED HIM TO
+HIS FEET."]
+
+"He will not know you have gone for another three hours," smiled he.
+"And here is a green bank where we can rest."
+
+So he aided her to dismount; then, saying he would tether the horses,
+he led them away some distance, so that she could not see where he had
+posted them; and he returned to her, smiling still. Then he took
+from his pocket some bread, and, breaking the loaf in two, gave her
+one-half, saying:
+
+"There is a spring just here; so we shall have a good breakfast."
+
+"Is this your breakfast?" she asked, with a wondering laugh. Then
+she began to eat, and cried directly, "How delicious this bread is!
+I would have nothing else for breakfast;" and at this the student
+laughed.
+
+Yet Osra ate little of the bread she liked so well; and presently she
+leaned against her lover's shoulder, and he put his arm round her; and
+they sat for a little while in silence, listening to the soft sounds
+that filled the waking woods as day grew to fulness and the sun beat
+warm through the sheltering foliage.
+
+"Don't you hear the trees?" Osra whispered to her lover. "Don't you
+hear them? They are whispering for me what I dare not whisper."
+
+"What is it they whisper, sweet?" he asked; and he himself did no more
+than whisper.
+
+"The trees whisper, 'Love, love, love.' And the wind--don't you hear
+the wind murmuring, 'Love, love, love'? And the birds sing, 'Love,
+love, love.' Aye, all the world to-day is softly whispering, 'Love,
+love, love!' What else should the great world whisper but my love? For
+my love is greater than the world." And she suddenly hid her face in
+her hands; and he could kiss no more than her hands, though her eyes
+gleamed at him from between slim white fingers.
+
+But suddenly her hands dropped, and she leaned forward as though she
+listened.
+
+"What is that sound?" she asked, apprehension dawning in her eyes.
+
+"It is but another whisper, love!" said he.
+
+"Nay, but it sounds to me like--ah, like the noise of horses
+galloping."
+
+"It is but the stream, beating over stones."
+
+"Listen, listen, listen!" she cried, springing to her feet. "They are
+horses' hoofs. Ah, merciful God, it is the king!" And she caught him
+by the hand, and pulled him to his feet, looking at him with a face
+pale and alarmed.
+
+"Not the king," said he; "he would not know yet. It is some one else.
+Hide your face, dear lady, and all will be well."
+
+"It is the king," she cried. "Hark how they gallop on the road! It is
+my brother. Love, he will kill you; love, he will kill you!"
+
+"If it is the king," said he, "I have been betrayed."
+
+"The horses, the horses!" she cried. "By your love for me, the
+horses!"
+
+He nodded his head, and, turning, disappeared among the trees. She
+stood with clasped hands, heaving breast, and fearful eyes, awaiting
+his return. Minutes passed, and he came not. She flung herself on her
+knees, beseeching heaven for his life. At last he came along alone,
+and he bent over her, taking her hand.
+
+"My love," said he, "the horses are gone."
+
+"Gone!" she cried, gripping his hand.
+
+"Aye. This love, my love, is a wonderful thing. For I forgot to tie
+them, and they are gone. Yet what matter? For the king--yes, sweet, I
+think now it is the king--will not be here for some minutes yet, and
+those minutes I have still for love and life."
+
+"He will kill you!" she said.
+
+"Yes," said he.
+
+She looked long in his eyes; then she threw her arms about his neck,
+and, for the first time unasked, covered his face with kisses.
+
+"Kiss me, kiss me," said she; and he kissed her. Then she drew back
+a little, but took his arm and set it round her waist. And she drew a
+little knife from her girdle, and showed it him.
+
+"If the king will not pardon us and let us love one another, I also
+will die," said she; and her voice was quiet and happy. "Indeed, my
+love, I should not grieve. Ah, do not tell me to live without you!"
+
+"Would you obey?" he asked.
+
+"Not in that," said she.
+
+And thus they stood silent, while the sound of the hoofs drew very
+near. But she looked up at him, and he looked at her; then she looked
+at the point of the little dagger, and she whispered:
+
+"Keep your arm round me till I die."
+
+He bent his head, and kissed her once again, saying:
+
+"My princess, it is enough."
+
+And she, though she did not know why he smiled, yet smiled back at
+him. For although life was sweet that day, yet such a death, with him
+and to prove her love for him, seemed well-nigh as sweet. And thus
+they awaited the coming of the king.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+King Rudolf and his guards far out-stripped the people who pursued
+them from the city; and when they came to the skirts of the wood,
+they divided themselves into four parties, since, if they went all
+together, they might easily miss the fugitives whom they sought. Of
+these four parties, one found nothing; another found the two horses
+which the student himself, who had hidden them, failed to find; the
+third party had not gone far before they caught sight of the lovers,
+though the lovers did not see them; and two of them remained to watch
+and, if need be, to intercept any attempted flight, while the third
+rode off to find the king and bring him where Osra and the student
+were, as he had commanded.
+
+But the fourth party, with which the king was, though it did not find
+the fugitives, found the embassy from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim;
+and the ambassador, with all his train, was resting by the roadside,
+seeming in no haste at all to reach Strelsau. When the king suddenly
+rode up at great speed and came upon the embassy, an officer
+that stood by the ambassador--whose name was Count Sergius of
+Antheim--stooped down and whispered in his excellency's ear, upon
+which he rose and advanced towards the king, uncovering his head and
+bowing profoundly. For he chose to assume that the king had ridden to
+meet him out of excessive graciousness and courtesy towards the Grand
+Duke; so that he began, to the impatient king's infinite annoyance, to
+make a very long and stately speech, assuring his majesty of the great
+hope and joy with which his master awaited the result of the embassy;
+for, said he, since the king was so zealous in his cause, his master
+could not bring himself to doubt of success, and therefore most
+confidently looked to win for his bride the most exalted and lovely
+lady in the world, the peerless Princess Osra, the glory of the court
+of Strelsau, and the brightest jewel in the crown of the king, her
+brother. And having brought this period to a prosperous conclusion,
+Count Sergius took breath, and began another that promised to be fully
+as magnificent and not a whit less long. So that, before it was well
+started, the king smote his hand on his thigh and roared:
+
+"Heavens, man, while you're making speeches, that rascal is carrying
+off my sister!"
+
+Count Sergius, who was an elderly man of handsome presence and great
+dignity, being thus rudely and strangely interrupted, showed great
+astonishment and offence; but the officer by him covered his mouth
+with his hand to hide a smile. For the moment that the king had spoken
+these impetuous words he was himself overwhelmed with confusion; for
+the last thing that he wished the Grand Duke's ambassador to know was
+that the princess whom his master courted had run away that morning
+with a student of the University of Strelsau. Accordingly he began,
+very hastily, and with more regard for prudence than for truth, to
+tell Count Sergius how a noted and bold criminal had that morning
+swooped down on the princess as she rode unattended outside the city,
+and carried her off--which seemed to the ambassador a very strange
+story. But the king told it with great fervor, and he besought the
+count to scatter his attendants all through the wood, and seek the
+robber. Yet he charged them not to kill the man themselves, but to
+keep him till he came. "For I have sworn to kill him with my own
+hand," he cried.
+
+Now Count Sergius, however much astonished he might be, could do
+nothing but accede to the king's request, and he sent off all his
+men to scour the woods, and, mounting his horse, himself set off with
+them, showing great zeal in the king's service, but still thinking the
+king's story a very strange one. Thus the king was left alone with his
+two guards and with the officer who had smiled.
+
+"Will you not go also, sir?" asked the king.
+
+But at this moment a man galloped up at furious speed, crying:
+
+"We have found them, sire, we have found them!"
+
+"Then he hasn't five minutes to live!" cried the king in fierce joy;
+and he lugged out his sword, adding: "The moment I set my eyes on him,
+I will kill him. There is no need for words between me and him."
+
+At this speech the face of the officer grew suddenly grave and
+alarmed; and he put spurs to his horse, and hastened after the king,
+who had at once dashed away in the direction in which the man had
+pointed. But the king had got a start and kept it; so that the officer
+seemed terribly frightened, and muttered to himself:
+
+"Heaven send that he does not kill him before he knows!" And he added
+some very impatient words concerning the follies of princes, and,
+above all, of princes in love.
+
+Thus, while the ambassador and his men searched high and low for
+the noted robber, and the king's men hunted for the student of the
+University, the king, followed by two of his guard at a distance
+of about fifty yards (for his horse was better than theirs), came
+straight to where Osra and her lover stood together. And a few yards
+behind the guards came the officer; and he also had by now drawn his
+sword. But he rode so eagerly that he overtook and passed the king's
+guards, and got within thirty yards of the king by the time that the
+king was within twenty of the lovers. But the king let him get no
+nearer, for he dug his spurs again into his horse's side, and the
+horse bounded forward, while the king cried furiously to his sister,
+"Stand away from him!" The princess did not heed, but stood in front
+of her lover (for the student was wholly unarmed), holding up the
+little dagger in her hand. The king laughed scornfully and angrily,
+thinking that Osra menaced him with the weapon, and not supposing that
+it was herself for whom she destined it. And, having reached them, the
+king leaped from his horse and ran at them, with his sword raised to
+strike. Osra gave a cry of terror. "Mercy!" she cried. "Mercy!" But
+the king had no thought of mercy, and he would certainly then and
+there have killed her lover had not the officer, gaining a moment's
+time by the king's dismounting, at this very instant come galloping
+up; and, there being no time for any explanation, he leaned from his
+saddle as he dashed by, and, putting out his hand, snatched the king's
+sword away from him, just as the king was about to thrust it through
+his sister's lover.
+
+But the officer's horse was going so furiously that he could not stop
+it for hard on forty yards, and he narrowly escaped splitting his head
+against a great bough that hung low across the grassy path; and
+he dropped first his own sword and then the king's; but at last he
+brought the horse to a standstill, and, leaping down, ran back towards
+where the swords lay. But at the moment the king also ran towards
+them; for the fury that he had been in before was as nothing to that
+which now possessed him. After his sword was snatched from him he
+stood in speechless anger for a full minute, but then had turned to
+pursue the man who had dared to treat him with such insult. And
+now, in his desire to be at the officer, he had come very near to
+forgetting the student. Just as the officer came to where the king's
+sword lay, and picked it up, the king, in his turn, reached the
+officer's sword and picked up that. The king came with a rush at the
+officer, who, seeing that the king was likely to kill him, or he the
+king, if he stood his ground, turned tail and sped away at the top of
+his speed through the forest. But as he went, thinking that the time
+had come for plain speaking, he looked back over his shoulder and
+shouted:
+
+"Sire, it's the Grand Duke himself!"
+
+The king stopped short in sudden amazement.
+
+"Is the man mad?" he asked. "Who is the Grand Duke?"
+
+"It's the Grand Duke, sir, who is with the princess. And you would
+have killed him if I had not snatched your sword," said the officer;
+and he also came to a halt, but he kept a very wary eye on King
+Rudolf.
+
+"I should certainly have killed him, let him be who he will," said the
+king. "But why do you call him the Grand Duke?"
+
+The officer very cautiously approached the king, and, seeing that the
+king made no threatening motion, he at last trusted himself so close
+that he could speak to the king in a very low voice; and what he
+said seemed to astonish, please, and amuse the king immensely. For he
+clapped the officer on the back, laughed heartily, and cried:
+
+"A pretty trick! On my life, a pretty trick!"
+
+Now Osra and her lover had not heard what the officer had shouted to
+the king, and when Osra saw her brother returning from among the trees
+alone and with his sword, she still supposed that her lover must die;
+and she turned and flung her arms round his neck, and clung to him for
+a moment, kissing him. Then she faced the king, with a smile on her
+face and the little dagger in her hand. But the king came up, wearing
+a scornful smile, and he asked her:
+
+"What is the dagger for, my wilful sister?"
+
+"For me, if you kill him," said she.
+
+"You would kill yourself, then, if I killed him?"
+
+"I would not live a moment after he was dead."
+
+"Faith, it is wonderful!" said the king with a shrug. "Then plainly,
+if you cannot live without him, you must live with him. He is to be
+your husband, not mine. Therefore, take him, if you will."
+
+When Osra heard this, which indeed for joy and wonder she could hardly
+believe, she dropped her knife, and, running forward, fell on her
+knees before her brother, and, catching his hand, she covered it with
+kisses, and her tears mingled with her kisses. But the king let her go
+on, and stood over her, laughing and looking at the student. Presently
+the student began to laugh also, and he had just advanced a step
+towards King Rudolf, when Count Sergius of Antheim, the Grand Duke's
+ambassador, came out from among the trees, riding hotly and with
+great zeal after the noted robber. But no sooner did the count see the
+student than he stopped his horse, leaped down with a cry of wonder,
+and, running up to the student, bowed very low and kissed his hand.
+So that when Osra looked round from her kissing of her brother's hand,
+she beheld the Grand Duke's ambassador kissing the hand of her lover.
+She sprang to her feet in wonder.
+
+"Who are you?" she cried to the student, running in between him and
+the ambassador.
+
+"Your lover and servant," said he.
+
+"And besides?" she said.
+
+"Why, in a month, your husband," laughed the king, taking her lover by
+the hand.
+
+He clasped the king's hand, but turned at once to her, and said
+humbly:
+
+"Alas, I have no cottage!"
+
+"Who are you?" she whispered to him.
+
+"The man for whom you were ready to die, my princess. Is it not
+enough?"
+
+"Yes, it is enough," said she; and she did not repeat her question.
+But the king, with a short laugh, turned on his heel, and took Count
+Sergius by the arm and walked off with him; and presently they met the
+officer and learned fully how the Grand Duke had come to Strelsau, and
+how he had contrived to woo and win the Princess Osra, and finally to
+carry her off from the palace.
+
+It was an hour later when the whole of the two companies, that of the
+king and that of the ambassador, were all gathered together again, and
+had heard the story; so that when the king went to where Osra and
+the Grand Duke walked together among the trees, and, taking each by
+a hand, led them out, they were greeted with a great cheer; and they
+mounted their horses, which the Grand Duke now found without any
+difficulty--although when the need of them seemed far greater the
+student could not contrive to come upon them--and the whole company
+rode together out of the wood and along the road towards Strelsau, the
+king being full of jokes and hugely delighted with a trick that suited
+his merry fancy. But before they had ridden far, they met the great
+crowd which had come out from Strelsau to learn what had happened to
+the Princess Osra. And the king cried out that the Grand Duke was to
+marry the princess, while his guards who had been with him and the
+ambassador's people spread themselves among the crowd and told the
+story. And when they heard it, the Strelsau folk were nearly beside
+themselves with amusement and delight, and thronged round Osra,
+kissing her hands and blessing her. But the king drew back, and let
+her and the Grand Duke ride alone together, while he followed with
+Count Sergius. Thus, moving at a very slow pace, they came in the
+forenoon to Strelsau; but some one had galloped on ahead with the
+news, and the cathedral bells had been set ringing, the streets were
+full, and the whole city given over to excitement and rejoicing. All
+the men were that day in love with Princess Osra; and, what is more,
+they told their sweethearts so, and these found no other revenge than
+to blow kisses and fling flowers at the Grand Duke as he rode past
+with Osra by his side. Thus they came back to the palace whence they
+had fled in the early gleams of that morning's light.
+
+It was evening, and the moon rose, fair and clear, over Strelsau. In
+the streets there were sounds of merriment and rejoicing; for every
+house was bright with light, and the king had sent out meat and
+wine for every soul in the city, that none might be sad or hungry or
+thirsty in all the city that night; so that there was no small
+uproar. The king himself sat in his armchair, toasting the bride and
+bride-groom in company with Count Sergius of Antheim, whose dignity,
+somewhat wounded by the trick his master had played upon him, was
+healing quickly under the balm of King Rudolf's graciousness. And the
+king said to Count Sergius:
+
+"My lord, were you ever in love?"
+
+"I was, sire," said the count.
+
+"So was I," said the king. "Was it with the countess, my lord?"
+
+Count Sergius's eyes twinkled demurely; but he answered:
+
+"I take it, sire, that it must have been with the countess."
+
+"And I take it," said the king, "that it must have been with the
+queen."
+
+Then they both laughed, and then they both sighed; and the king,
+touching the count's elbow, pointed out to the terrace of the palace,
+on to which the room where they were opened. For Princess Osra and her
+lover were walking up and down together on this terrace. And the two
+shrugged their shoulders, smiling.
+
+[Illustration: "HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ...
+SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING WAS ABOUT TO
+THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER."]
+
+"With him," remarked the king, "it will have been with--"
+
+"The countess, sire," discreetly interrupted Count Sergius of Antheim.
+
+"Why, yes, the countess," said the king; and, with a laugh, they
+turned bank to their wine.
+
+But the two on the terrace also talked.
+
+"I do not yet understand it," said Princess Osra. "For on the first
+day I loved you, and on the second I loved you, and on the third, and
+the fourth, and every day I loved you. Yet the first day was not like
+the second, nor the second like the third, nor any day like any other.
+And to-day, again, is unlike them all. Is love so various and full of
+changes?"
+
+"Is it not?" he asked with a smile. "For while you were with the
+queen, talking of I know not what--"
+
+"Nor I, indeed," said Osra hastily.
+
+"I was with the king, and he, saying that forewarned was forearmed,
+told me very strange and pretty stories. Of some a report had reached
+me before--"
+
+"And yet you came to Strelsau?"
+
+"While of others, I had not heard."
+
+"Or you would not have come to Strelsau?"
+
+The Grand Duke, not heeding these questions, proceeded to his
+conclusion:
+
+"Love, therefore," said he, "is very various. For M. de Mérosailles--"
+
+"These are old stories," cried Osra, pretending to stop her ears.
+
+"Loved in one way, and Stephen the Smith in another, and--the Miller
+of Hofbau in a third."
+
+"I think," said Osra, "that I have forgotten the Miller of Hofbau. But
+can one heart love in many different ways? I know that different men
+love differently."
+
+"But cannot one heart love in different ways?" he smiled.
+
+"May be," said Osra thoughtfully, "one heart can have loved." But then
+she suddenly looked up at him with a mischievous sparkle in her eyes.
+"No, no," she cried; "it was not love. It was--"
+
+"What was it?"
+
+"The courtiers entertained me till the king came," she said with a
+blushing laugh. And looking up at him again, she whispered: "Yet I am
+glad that you lingered for a little."
+
+At this moment she saw the king come out on to the terrace, and
+with him was the Bishop of Modenstein; and after the bishop had been
+presented to the Grand Duke, the king began to talk with the Grand
+Duke, while the bishop kissed Osra's hand and wished her joy.
+
+"Madam," said he, "once you asked me if I could make you understand
+what love was. I take it you have no need for my lessons now. Your
+teacher has come."
+
+"Yes, he has come," she said gently, looking on the bishop with great
+friendliness. "But tell me, will he always love me?"
+
+"Surely he will," answered the bishop.
+
+"And tell me," said Osra, "shall I always love him?"
+
+"Surely," said the bishop again, most courteously. "Yet, indeed,
+madam," he continued, "it would seem almost enough to ask of Heaven to
+love now and now to be loved. For the years roll on, and youth goes,
+and even the most incomparable beauty will yield its blossoms when
+the season wanes; yet that sweet memory may ever be fresh and young,
+a thing a man can carry to his grave and raise as her best monument on
+his lady's tomb."
+
+"Ah, you speak well of love," said she. "I marvel that you speak so
+well of love. For it is as you say; and to-day in the wood it seemed
+to me that I had lived enough, and that even Death was but Love's
+servant as Life is, both purposed solely for his better ornament."
+
+"Men have died because they loved you, madam, and some yet live who
+love you," said the bishop.
+
+"And shall I grieve for both, my lord--or for which?"
+
+"For neither, madam; for the dead have gained peace, and they who live
+have escaped forgetfulness."
+
+"But would they not be happier for forgetting?"
+
+"I do not think so," said the bishop; and, bowing low to her again, he
+stood back, for he saw the king approaching with the Grand Duke; and
+the king took him by the arm, and walked on with him; but Osra's face
+lost the brief pensiveness that had come upon it as she talked with
+the bishop, and, turning to her lover, she stretched out her hands to
+him, saying:
+
+"I wish there was a cottage, and that you worked for bread, while I
+made ready for you at the cottage, and then ran far, far, far, down
+the road to watch and wait for your coming."
+
+"Since a cottage was not too small, a palace will not be too large,"
+said he, catching her in his arms.
+
+Thus the heart of Princess Osra found its haven and its rest; for a
+month later she was married to the Grand Duke of Mittenheim in the
+cathedral of Strelsau, having utterly refused to take any other place
+for her wedding. And again she and he rode forth together through the
+western gate; and the king rode with them on their way till they came
+to the woods. Here he paused, and all the crowd that accompanied him
+stopped also; and they all waited till the sombre depths of the glades
+hid Osra and her lover from their sight. Then, leaving them thus
+riding together to their happiness, the people returned home, sad for
+the loss of their darling princess. But, for consolation, and that
+their minds might less feel her loss, they had her name often on their
+lips; and the poets and story-tellers composed many stories about
+her, not always grounded on fact, but the fabric of idle imaginings,
+wrought to please the fancy of lovers or to wake the memories of older
+folk. So that, if a stranger goes now to Strelsau, he may be pardoned
+if it seem to him that all mankind was in love with Princess Osra.
+Nay, and those stories so pass all fair bounds that, if you listened
+to them, you would come near to believing that the princess also had
+found some love for all the men who had given her their love. Thus to
+many she is less a woman that once lived and breathed than some sweet
+image under whose name they fondly group all the virtues and the
+charms of her whom they love best, each man fashioning for himself
+from his own chosen model her whom he calls his princess. Yet it
+may be that for some of them who so truly loved her, her heart had a
+moment's tenderness. Who shall tell all the short-lived dreams that
+come and go, the promptings and stirrings of a vagrant inclination?
+And who would pry too closely into these secret matters? May we not
+more properly give thanks to heaven that the thing is as it is? For
+surely it makes greatly for the increase of joy and entertainment
+in the world, and of courtesy and true tenderness, that the heart of
+Princess Osra--or of what lady you may choose, sir, to call by her
+name--should flutter in pretty hesitation here and there and to and
+fro a little, before it flies on a straight swift wing to its destined
+and desired home. And if you be not the prince for your princess, why,
+sir, your case is a sad one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc
+
+EMERSON IN ANDOVER.--RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY RELIGIOUS TRAINING.--THE
+STUDIES OF A PROFESSOR'S DAUGHTER.--THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.
+
+
+Perhaps no one has ever denied, or more definitely, has ever wished
+to deny, that Andover society consisted largely of people with obvious
+religious convictions; and that her visitors were chiefly of the
+Orthodox Congregational turn of mind. I do not remember that we ever
+saw any reason for regret in this "feature" of the Hill. It is true,
+however, that a dash of the world's people made their way among us.
+
+I remember certain appearances of Ralph Waldo Emerson. If I am correct
+about it, he had been persuaded by some emancipated and daring mind to
+give us several lectures.
+
+He was my father's guest on one of these occasions, and I met him for
+the first time then. Emerson was--not to speak disrespectfully--in
+a much muddled state of his distinguished mind, on Andover Hill. His
+blazing seer's gaze took us all in, politely; it burned straight on,
+with its own philosophic fire; but it wore, at moments, a puzzled
+softness.
+
+His clear-cut, sarcastic lips sought to assume the well-bred curves of
+conformity to the environment of entertainers who valued him so far
+as to demand a series of his own lectures; but the cynic of his
+temperamental revolt from us, or, to be exact, from the thing which he
+supposed us to be, lurked in every line of his memorable face.
+
+By the way, what a look of the eagle it had!
+
+[Illustration: RALPH WALDO EMERSON.]
+
+The poet--I was about to say the pagan poet--quickly recognized, to
+a degree, that he was not among a group of barbarians; and I remember
+the marked respect with which he observed my father's noble head and
+countenance, and the attention with which he listened to the low,
+perfectly modulated voice of his host. But Mr. Emerson was accustomed
+to do the talking himself; this occasion proved no exception; and
+here his social divination or experience failed him a little. Quite
+promptly, I remember, he set adrift upon the sea of Alcott.
+
+Now, we had heard of Mr. Alcott in Andover, it is true, but we did not
+look upon him exactly through Mr. Emerson's marine-glass; and, though
+the Professor did his hospitable best to sustain his end of the
+conversation, it swayed off gracefully into monologue. We listened
+deferentially while the philosopher pronounced Bronson Alcott the
+greatest mind of our day--I think he said the greatest since Plato.
+He was capable of it, in moments of his own exaltation. I thought I
+detected a twinkle in my father's blue eye; but the fine curve of his
+lips remained politely closed; and our distinguished guest spoke on.
+
+There was something noble about this ardent way of appreciating his
+friends, and Emerson was distinguished for it, among those who knew
+him well.
+
+Publishers understood that his literary judgment was touchingly warped
+by his personal admirations. He would offer some impossible MS. as the
+work of dawning genius; it would be politely received, and filed in
+the rejected pigeon-holes. Who knows what the great man thought when
+his friend's poem failed to see the light of the market?
+
+On this particular occasion, the conversation changed to Browning.
+Now, the Professor, although as familiar as he thought it necessary to
+be with the latest poetic idol, was not a member of a Browning
+class; and here, again, his attitude towards the subject was one of
+well-mannered respect, rather than of abandoned enthusiasm. (Had
+it only been Wordsworth!) A lady was present, young, and of the
+Browningesque temperament. Mr. Emerson expressed himself finely to
+the effect that there was something outside of ourselves about
+Browning--that we might not always grasp him--that he seemed, at
+times, to require an extra sense.
+
+"Is it not because he touches our extra moods?" asked the lady. The
+poet's face turned towards her quickly; he had not noticed her before;
+a subtle change touched his expression, as if he would have liked
+to say: For the first time since this subject was introduced in this
+Calvinistic drawing-room, I find myself understood.
+
+It chanced that we had a Chaucer Club in Andover at that time; a small
+company, severely selected, not to flirt or to chat, but to work. We
+had studied hard for a year, and most of us had gone Chaucer mad.
+This present writer was the unfortunate exception to that idolatrous
+enthusiasm, and--meeting Mr. Emerson at another time--took modest
+occasion in answer to a remark of his to say something of the sort.
+
+"Chaucer interests me, certainly, but I cannot make myself feel as the
+others do. He does not take hold of my nature. He is too far back. I
+am afraid I am too much of a modern. It is a pity, I know."
+
+"It _is_ a pity," observed Mr. Emerson sarcastically. "What would
+you read? The 'Morning Advertiser'?" The Chaucer Club glared at me in
+what, I must say, I felt to be unholy triumph.
+
+Not a glance of sympathy reached me, where I sat, demolished before
+the rebuke of the great man. I distinctly heard a chuckle from a
+feminine member. Yet, what had the dissenter done, or tried to do? To
+be quite honest, only, in a little matter where affectation would
+have been the flowery way; and I must say that I have never loved the
+Father of English Poetry any better for this episode.
+
+The point, however, at which I am coming is the effect wrought upon
+Mr. Emerson's mind by the history of that club. It seemed to us
+disproportionate to the occasion that he should feel and manifest so
+much surprise at our existence. This he did, more than once, and with
+a genuineness not to be mistaken.
+
+That an organization for the study of Chaucer could subsist on Andover
+Hill, he could not understand. What he thought us, or thought about
+us, who can say? He seemed as much taken aback as if he had found a
+tribe of Cherokees studying onomatopoeia in English verse.
+
+"A _Chaucer_ club! In _Andover_?" he repeated. The seer was perplexed.
+
+Of course, whenever we found ourselves in forms of society not in
+harmony with our religious views, we were accustomed, in various ways,
+to meet with a similar predisposition. As a psychological study this
+has always interested me, just as one is interested in the attitude of
+mind exhibited by the Old School physician towards the Homoeopathist
+with whom he graduated at the Harvard Medical School. Possibly that
+graduate may have distinguished himself with the honors of the school;
+but as soon as he prescribes on the principles of Hahnemann, he is
+not to be adjudged capable of setting a collar-bone. By virtue of
+his therapeutic views he has become disqualified for professional
+recognition. So, by virtue of one's religious views, the man or
+woman of orthodox convictions, whatever one's proportion of personal
+culture, is regarded with a gentle superiority, as being of a class
+still enslaved in superstition, and therefore _per se_ barbaric.
+
+Put in undecorated language, this is about the sum and substance of
+a state of feeling which all intelligent evangelical Christians
+recognize perfectly in those who have preempted for themselves the
+claims belonging to what are called the liberal faiths.
+
+On the other hand, one who is regarded as a little of a heretic from
+the sterner sects, may make the warmest friendships of a lifetime
+among "the world's people"--whom far be it from me to seem to
+dispossess of any of their manifold charms.
+
+This brings me closely to a question which I am so often asked, either
+directly or indirectly, that I cannot easily pass this Andover chapter
+by without some recognition of it.
+
+What was, in very truth, the effect of such a religious training as
+Andover gave her children?
+
+Curious impressions used to be afloat about us among people of easier
+faiths; often, I think, we were supposed to spend our youth paddling
+about in a lake of blue fire, or in committing the genealogies to
+memory, or in gasping beneath the agonies of religious revivals.
+
+To be quite honest, I should say that I have not retained _all_
+the beliefs which I was taught--who does? But I have retained the
+profoundest respect for the way in which I was taught them; and I
+would rather have been taught what I was, _as_ I was, and run whatever
+risks were involved in the process, than to have been taught much
+less, little, or nothing.
+
+An excess of religious education may have its unfortunate aspects. But
+a deficiency of it has worse.
+
+It is true that, for little people, our little souls were a good deal
+agitated on the question of eternal salvation. We were taught that
+heaven and hell followed life and death; that the one place was "a
+desirable location," and the other too dreadful to be mentioned in
+ears polite; and that what Matthew Arnold calls "conduct" was the
+deciding thing. Not that we heard much, until we grew old enough to
+read for ourselves, about Matthew Arnold; but we did hear a great
+deal about plain behaviour--unselfishness, integrity, honor, sweet
+temper--the simple good morals of childhood.
+
+We were taught, too, to respect prayer and the Christian Bible. In
+this last particular we never had at all an oppressive education.
+
+My Sunday-school reminiscences are few and comfortable, and left me,
+chiefly, with the impression that Sunday-schools always studied Acts;
+for I do not recall any lessons given me by strolling theologues in
+any other--certainly none in any severer--portions of the Bible.
+
+It was all very easy and pleasant, if not feverishly stimulating; and
+I am quite willing to match my Andover Sunday-school experiences with
+that of a Boston free-thinker's little daughter who came home and
+complained to her mother:
+
+"There is a dreadful girl put into our Sunday-school. I think, mamma,
+she is bad society for me. She says the Bible is exaggerated, and then
+she tickles my legs!"
+
+I have said that we were taught to think something about our own
+"salvation;" and so we were, but not in a manner calculated to burden
+the good spirits of any but a very sensitive or introspective child.
+Personally, I may have dwelt on the idea, at times, more than was
+good for my happiness; but certainly no more than was good for my
+character. The idea of character was at the basis of everything we
+did, or dreamed, or learned.
+
+There is a scarecrow which "liberal" beliefs put together, hang in
+the field of public terror or ridicule, and call it Orthodoxy. Of this
+misshapen creature we knew nothing in Andover.
+
+Of hell we heard sometimes, it is true, for Andover Seminary believed
+in it--though, be it said, much more comfortably in the days before
+this iron doctrine became the bridge of contention in the recent
+serious, theological battle which has devastated Andover. In my own
+case, I do not remember to have been shocked or threatened by this
+woful doctrine. I knew that my father believed in the everlasting
+misery of wicked people who could be good if they wanted to, but
+would not; and I was, of course, accustomed to accept the beliefs of
+a parent who represented everything that was tender, unselfish, pure,
+and noble, to my mind--in fact, who sustained to me the ideal of a
+fatherhood which gave me the best conception I shall ever get, in this
+world, of the Fatherhood of God. My father presented the interesting
+anomaly of a man holding, in one dark particular, a severe faith, but
+displaying in his private character rare tenderness and sweetness of
+heart. He would go out of his way to save a crawling thing from death,
+or any sentient thing from pain. He took more trouble to give comfort
+or to prevent distress to every breathing creature that came within
+his reach, than any other person whom I have ever known. He had not
+the heart to witness heartache. It was impossible for him to endure
+the sight of a child's suffering. His sympathy was an extra sense,
+finer than eyesight, more exquisite than touch.
+
+Yet, he did believe that absolute perversion of moral character went
+to its "own place," and bore the consequence of its own choice.
+
+Once I told a lie (I was seven years old), and my father was a
+broken-hearted man. He told me _then_ that liars went to hell. I
+do not remember to have heard any such personal application of the
+doctrine of eternal punishment before or since; and the fact made a
+life-long impression, to which I largely owe a personal preference for
+veracity. Yet, to analyze the scene strictly, I must say that it was
+not fear of torment which so moved me; it was the sight of that broken
+face. For my father wept--only when death visited the household did
+I ever see him cry again--and I stood melted and miserable before
+his anguish and his love. The devil and all his angels could not have
+punished into me the noble shame of that moment.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART
+PHELPS. From a photograph by Warren, Boston.]
+
+I have often been aware of being pitied by outsiders for the
+theological discipline which I was supposed to have received in
+Andover; but I must truthfully say that I have never been conscious of
+needing compassion in this respect. I was taught that God is Love, and
+Christ His Son is our Saviour; that the important thing in life was
+to be that kind of woman for which there is really, I find, no better
+word than Christian, and that the only road to this end was to be
+trodden by way of character. The ancient Persians (as we all know)
+were taught to hurl a javelin, ride a horse, and speak the truth.
+
+I was taught that I should speak the truth, say my prayers, and
+consider other people; it was a wholesome, right-minded, invigorating
+training that we had, born of tenderness, educated conscience, and
+good sense, and I have lived to bless it in many troubled years.
+
+What if we did lend a little too much romance now and then to our
+religious "experience"? It was better for us than some other kinds
+of romance to which we were quite as liable. What if I did "join the
+church" (entirely of my own urgent will, not of my father's preference
+or guiding) at the age of twelve, when the great dogmas to which I was
+expected to subscribe could not possibly have any rational meaning for
+me? I remember how my father took me apart, and gently explained to me
+beforehand the clauses of the rather simple and truly beautiful
+chapel creed which he himself, I believe, had written to modernize and
+clarify the old one--I wonder if it were done at that very time? And
+I remember that it all seemed to me very easy and happy--signifying
+chiefly, that one meant to be a good girl, if possible. What if one
+did conduct a voluminous religious correspondence with the other
+Professor's daughter, who put notes under the fence which divided our
+homes? We were none the worse girls for that. And we outgrew it, when
+the time came.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR
+AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.
+
+Professor M. Stuart Phelps died in 1883, at the age of 34. He was
+professor of philosophy in Smith College, was called by those entitled
+to judge, the most promising young psychologist in this country, and a
+brilliant future was prophesied for him. The above portrait is from a
+photograph by Pach Brothers, New York.]
+
+One thing, supremely, I may say that I learned from the Andover life,
+or, at least, from the Andover home. That was an everlasting scorn of
+worldliness--I do not mean in the religious sense of the word. That
+tendency to seek the lower motive, to do the secondary thing, to
+confuse sounds or appearances with values, which is covered by the
+word as we commonly use it, very early came to seem to me a way of
+looking at life for which I know no other term than underbred.
+
+There is no better training for a young person than to live in the
+atmosphere of a study--we did not call it a library, in my father's
+home. People of leisure who read might have libraries. People who
+worked among their books had studies.
+
+The life of a student, with its gracious peace, its beauty, its
+dignity, seemed to me, as the life of social preoccupation or success
+may seem to children born to that penumbra, the inevitable thing.
+
+As one grew to think out life for one's self, one came to perceive
+a width and sanctity in the choice of work--whether rhetoric or art,
+theology or sculpture, hydraulics or manufacture--but to _work_, to
+work hard, to see work steadily, and see it whole, was the way to be
+reputable. I think I always respected a good blacksmith more than a
+lady of leisure.
+
+I know it took me a while to recover from a very youthful and amusing
+disinclination to rich people, which was surely never trained into
+me, but grew like the fruit of the horse-chestnut trees, ruggedly,
+of nature, and of Andover Hill; and which dropped away when its time
+came--just about as useless as the big brown nuts which we cut into
+baskets and carved into Trustees' faces for a mild November day, and
+then threw away.
+
+When I came in due time to observe that property and a hardened
+character were not identical, and that families of ease in which one
+might happen to visit were not deficient in education because their
+incomes were large--I think it was at first with a certain sense of
+surprise. It is impossible to convey to one differently reared the
+delicious _naïveté_ of this state of mind.
+
+Whatever the "personal peculiarities" of our youthful conceptions of
+life, as acquired at Andover, one thing is sure--that we grew into
+love of reality as naturally as the Seminary elms shook out their
+long, green plumes in May, and shed their delicate, yellow leaves in
+October.
+
+I can remember no time when we did not instinctively despise a sham,
+and honor a genuine person, thing, or claim. In mere social pretension
+not built upon character, intelligence, education, or gentle birth,
+we felt no interest. I do not remember having been taught this, in so
+many words. It came without teaching.
+
+My father taught me most things without text-books or lessons. By far
+the most important portion of what one calls education, I owe to him;
+yet he never preached, or prosed, or played the pedagogue. He talked
+a great deal, not to us, but with us; we began to have conversation
+while we were still playing marbles and dolls. I remember hours of
+discussion with him on some subject so large that the littleness
+of his interlocutor must have tried him sorely. Time and eternity,
+theology and science, literature and art, invention and discovery
+came each in its turn; and, while I was still making burr baskets, or
+walking fences, or coasting (standing up) on what I was proud to
+claim as the biggest sled in town, down the longest hills, and on the
+fastest local record--I was fascinated with the wealth and variety
+which seem to have been the conditions of thought with him. I have
+never been more _interested_ by anything in later life than I was in
+my father's conversation.
+
+I never attended a public school of any kind--unless we except the
+Sunday-school that studied Acts--and when it came time for me to
+pass from the small to the large private schools of Andover, the same
+paternal comradeship continued to keep step with me. There was no
+college diploma for girls of my kind in my day; but we came as near to
+it as we could.
+
+There was a private school in Andover, of wide reputation in its time,
+known to the irreverent as the "Nunnery," but bearing in professional
+circles the more stately name of Mrs. Edwards's School for Young
+Ladies. Two day-scholars, as a marked favor to their parents, were
+admitted with the boarders elect; and of these two I was one. If
+I remember correctly, Professor Park and my father were among the
+advisers whose opinions had weight with the selection of our course
+of study, and I often wonder how, with their rather feudal views of
+women, these two wise men of Andover managed to approve so broad a
+curriculum.
+
+Possibly the quiet and modest learned lady, our principal, had ideas
+of her own which no one could have suspected her of obtruding against
+the current of her times and environment; like other strong and
+gentle women she may have had her "way" when nobody thought so. At
+all events, we were taught wisely and well, in directions to which the
+fashionable girls' schools of the day did not lift an eye-lash.
+
+I was an out-of-door girl, always into every little mischief of snow
+or rainfall, flower, field, or woods or ice; but in spite of skates
+and sleds and tramps and all the west winds from Wachusett that blew
+through me, soul and body, I was not strong; and my father found it
+necessary to oversee my methods of studying. Incidentally, I think, he
+influenced the choice of some of our text-books, and I remember that,
+with the exception of Greek and trigonometry--thought, in those days,
+to be beyond the scope of the feminine intellect--we pursued the same
+curriculum that our brothers did at college. In some cases we had
+teachers who were then, or afterwards, college professors in their
+specialties; in all departments I think we were faithfully taught, and
+that our tastes and abilities were electively recognized.
+
+I was not allowed, I remember, to inflict my musical talents upon the
+piano for more than one hour a day; my father taking the ground that,
+as there was only so much of a girl, if she had not unusual musical
+gift and had less than usual physical vigor, she had better give the
+best of herself to her studies. I have often blessed him for this
+daring individualism; for, while the school "practice" went on about
+me, in the ordinary way, so many precious hours out of a day that
+was all too short for better things--I was learning my lessons quite
+comfortably, and getting plenty of fresh air and exercise between
+whiles.
+
+I hasten to say that I was not at all a remarkable scholar. I
+cherished a taste for standing near the top of the class, somewhere,
+and always preferred rather to answer a question than to miss it; but
+this, I think, was pure pride, rather than an absorbing, intellectual
+passion. It was a wholesome pride, however, and served me a good turn.
+
+At one epoch of history, so far back that I cannot date it, I remember
+to have been a scholar at Abbott Academy long enough to learn how to
+spell. Perhaps one ought to give the honor of this achievement where
+honor is due. When I observe the manner in which the superior sex
+is often turned out by masculine diplomas upon the world with the
+life-long need of a vest-pocket dictionary or a spelling-book, I
+cherish a respect for the method in which I was compelled to spell
+the English language. It was severe, no doubt. We stood in a class of
+forty, and lost our places for the misfit of a syllable, a letter, a
+definition, or even a stumble in elocution. I remember once losing the
+head of the class for saying: L-u-ux--Lux. It was a terrible blow, and
+I think of it yet with burning mortification on my cheeks.
+
+In the "Nunnery" we were supposed to have learned how to spell. We
+studied what we called Mental Philosophy, to my unmitigated delight;
+and Butler's Analogy, which I considered a luxury; and Shakespeare,
+whom I distantly but never intimately adored; Latin, to which dead
+language we gave seven years apiece, out of our live girlhood;
+Picciola and Undine we dreamed over, in the grove and the orchard;
+English literature is associated with the summer-house and the grape
+arbor, with flecks of shade and glints of light, and a sense of
+unmistakable privilege. There was physiology, which was scarcely work,
+and astronomy, which I found so exhilarating that I fell ill over it.
+Alas, truth compels me to add that Mathematics, with a big _M_ and
+stretching on through the books of Euclid, darkened my young
+horizon with dull despair; and that chemistry--but the facts are too
+humiliating to relate. My father used to say that all he ever got out
+of the pursuit of this useful science in his college days--and he was
+facile valedictorian--was the impression that there was a sub-acetate
+of something dissolved in a powder at the bottom.
+
+All that I am able to recall of the study of "my brother's
+text-books," in this department, is that there was once a frightful
+odor in the laboratory for which Professor Hitchcock and a glass jar
+and a chemical were responsible, and that I said, "At least, the name
+of _this_ will remain with me to my dying hour." But what _was_ the
+name of it? "Ask me no more."
+
+In the department of history I can claim no results more calculated
+to reflect credit upon the little student who hated a poor recitation
+much, but facts and figures more. To the best of my belief, I can be
+said to have retained but two out of the long list of historic dates
+with which my quivering memory was duly and properly crowded.
+
+I _do_ know when America was discovered; because the year is inscribed
+over a spring in the seaside town where I have spent twenty summers,
+and I have driven past it on an average once a day, for that period
+of time. And I can tell when Queen Elizabeth left this world, because
+Macaulay wrote a stately sentence:
+
+"In 1603 the Great Queen died."
+
+It must have been the year when my father read De Quincey and
+Wordsworth to me on winter evenings that I happened for myself on
+Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The first little event opened for me, as
+distinctly as if I had never heard of it before, the world of letters
+as a Paradise from which no flaming sword could ever exile me; but the
+second revealed to me my own nature.
+
+The Andover sunsets blazed behind Wachusett, and between the one
+window of my little room and the fine head of the mountain nothing
+intervened. The Andover elms held above lifted eyes arch upon arch
+of exquisite tracery, through which the far sky looked down like some
+noble thing that one could spend all one's life in trying to reach,
+and be happy just because it existed, whether one reached it or not.
+The paths in my father's great gardens burned white in the summer
+moonlights, and their shape was the shape of a mighty cross. The June
+lilies, yellow and sweet, lighted their soft lamps beside the cross--I
+was sixteen, and I read Aurora Leigh.
+
+A grown person may smile--but, no; no gentle-minded man or woman
+smiles at the dream of a girl. What has life to offer that is nobler
+in enthusiasm, more delicate, more ardent, more true to the unseen
+and the unsaid realities which govern our souls, or leave us sadder
+forever because they do not? There may be greater poems in our
+language than Aurora Leigh, but it was many years before it was
+possible for me to suppose it; and none that ever saw the hospitality
+of fame could have done for that girl what that poem did at that time.
+I had never a good memory--but I think I could have repeated a large
+portion of it; and know that I often stood the test of hap-hazard
+examinations on the poem from half-scoffing friends, sometimes of the
+masculine persuasion. Each to his own; and what Shakespeare or the
+Latin Fathers might have done for some other impressionable girl, Mrs.
+Browning--forever bless her strong and gentle name!--did for me.
+
+I owe to her, distinctly, the first visible aspiration (ambition is
+too low a word) to do some honest, hard work of my own, in the World
+Beautiful, and for it.
+
+It is April, and it is the year 1861. It is a dull morning at school.
+The sky is gray. The girls are not in spirits--no one knows just
+why. The morning mail is late, and the Boston papers are tardily
+distributed. The older girls get them, and are reading the head-lines
+lazily, as girls do; not, in truth, caring much about a newspaper, but
+aware that one must be well-informed.
+
+Suddenly, in the recitation room, where I am refreshing my
+accomplishments in some threatening lesson, I hear low murmurs and
+exclamations. Then a girl, very young and very pretty, catches the
+paper and whirls it overhead. With a laugh which tinkles through my
+ears to this day, she dances through the room and cries:
+
+"War's begun! _War's begun!_"
+
+An older girl utters a cry of horror, and puts her hand upon the
+little creature's thoughtless lips.
+
+"Oh, how _can_ you?" so I hear the older
+girl. "Hush, hush, _hush_!"
+
+
+
+
+THE TOUCHSTONE.
+
+BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
+
+
+The King was a man that stood well before the world; his smile was
+sweet as clover, but his soul withinsides was as little as a pea. He
+had two sons; and the younger son was a boy after his heart, but the
+elder was one whom he feared. It befell one morning that the drum
+sounded in the dun before it was yet day; and the King rode with his
+two sons, and a brave army behind them. They rode two hours, and came
+to the foot of a brown mountain that was very steep.
+
+"Where do we ride?" said the elder son.
+
+"Across this brown mountain," said the King, and smiled to himself.
+
+"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger son.
+
+And they rode two hours more, and came to the sides of a black river
+that was wondrous deep.
+
+"And where do we ride?" asked the elder son.
+
+"Over this black river," said the King, and smiled to himself.
+
+"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger son.
+
+And they rode all that day, and about the time of the sun-setting came
+to the side of a lake, where was a great dun.
+
+"It is here we ride," said the King; "to a King's house, and a
+priest's, and a house where you will learn much."
+
+At the gates of the dun, the King who was a priest met them, and he
+was a grave man, and beside him stood his daughter, and she was as
+fair as the morn, and one that smiled and looked down.
+
+"These are my two sons," said the first King.
+
+"And here is my daughter," said the King who was a priest.
+
+"She is a wonderful fine maid," said the first King, "and I like her
+manner of smiling."
+
+"They are wonderful well-grown lads," said the second, "and I like
+their gravity."
+
+And then the two Kings looked at each other, and said, "The thing may
+come about."
+
+And in the meanwhile the two lads looked upon the maid, and the one
+grew pale and the other red; and the maid looked upon the ground
+smiling.
+
+"Here is the maid that I shall marry," said the elder. "For I think
+she smiled upon me."
+
+But the younger plucked his father by the sleeve. "Father," said he,
+"a word in your ear. If I find favor in your sight, might not I wed
+this maid, for I think she smiles upon me?"
+
+"A word in yours," said the King his father. "Waiting is good hunting,
+and when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home."
+
+[Illustration: "HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS
+DAUGHTER."]
+
+Now they were come into the dun, and feasted; and this was a great
+house, so that the lads were astonished; and the King that was a
+priest sat at the end of the board and was silent, so that the lads
+were filled with reverence; and the maid served them, smiling, with
+downcast eyes, so that their hearts were enlarged.
+
+Before it was day, the elder son arose, and he found the maid at her
+weaving, for she was a diligent girl. "Maid," quoth he, "I would fain
+marry you."
+
+"You must speak with my father," said she, and she looked upon the
+ground smiling, and became like the rose.
+
+"Her heart is with me," said the elder son, and he went down to the
+lake and sang.
+
+A little after came the younger son. "Maid," quoth he, "if our fathers
+were agreed, I would like well to marry you."
+
+"You can speak to my father," said she, and looked upon the ground and
+smiled and grew like the rose.
+
+"She is a dutiful daughter," said the younger son, "she will make
+an obedient wife." And then he thought, "What shall I do?" and he
+remembered the King her father was a priest, so he went into the
+temple and sacrificed a weasel and a hare.
+
+Presently the news got about; and the two lads and the first King were
+called into the presence of the King who was a priest, where he sat
+upon the high seat.
+
+"Little I reck of gear," said the King who was a priest, "and little
+of power. For we live here among the shadows of things, and the heart
+is sick of seeing them. And we stay here in the wind like raiment
+drying, and the heart is weary of the wind. But one thing I love, and
+that is truth; and for one thing will I give my daughter, and that is
+the trial stone. For in the light of that stone the seeming goes,
+and the being shows, and all things besides are worthless. Therefore,
+lads, if ye would wed my daughter, out foot, and bring me the stone of
+touch, for that is the price of her."
+
+"A word in your ear," said the younger son to his father. "I think we
+do very well without this stone."
+
+"A word in yours," said his father. "I am of your way of thinking; but
+when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home." And he smiled to the
+King that was a priest.
+
+[Illustration: "'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"]
+
+But the elder son got to his feet, and called the King that was a
+priest by the name of father. "For whether I marry the maid or no, I
+will call you by that word for the love of your wisdom; and even now
+I will ride forth and search the world for the stone of touch." So he
+said farewell and rode into the world.
+
+"I think I will go, too," said the younger son, "if I can have your
+leave. For my heart goes out to the maid."
+
+"You will ride home with me," said his father.
+
+So they rode home, and when they came to the dun, the King had his
+son into his treasury. "Here," said he, "is the touchstone which shows
+truth; for there is no truth but plain truth; and if you will look in
+this, you will see yourself as you are."
+
+And the younger son looked in it, and saw his face as it were the face
+of a beardless youth, and he was well enough pleased; for the thing
+was a piece of a mirror.
+
+"Here is no such great thing to make a work about," said he; "but if
+it will get me the maid, I shall never complain. But what a fool is my
+brother to ride into the world, and the thing all the while at home."
+
+So they rode back to the other dun, and showed the mirror to the King
+that was a priest; and when he had looked in it, and seen himself
+like a King, and his house like a King's house, and all things like
+themselves, he cried out and blessed God. "For now I know," said
+he, "there is no truth but the plain truth; and I am a King indeed,
+although my heart misgave me." And he pulled down his temple and built
+a new one; and then the younger son was married to the maid.
+
+In the meantime the elder son rode into the world to find the
+touchstone of the trial of truth; and whenever he came to a place of
+habitation, he would ask the men if they had heard of it. And in every
+place the men answered: "Not only have we heard of it, but we alone
+of all men possess the thing itself, and it hangs in the side of our
+chimney to this day." Then would the elder son be glad, and beg for a
+sight of it. And sometimes it would be a piece of mirror, that showed
+the seeming of things, and then he would say: "This can never be, for
+there should be more than seeming." And sometimes it would be a lump
+of coal, which showed nothing; and then he would say: "This can never
+be, for at least there is the seeming." And sometimes it would be a
+touchstone indeed, beautiful in hue, adorned with polishing, the light
+inhabiting its sides; and when he found this, he would beg the thing,
+and the persons of that place would give it him, for all men were very
+generous of that gift; so that at the last he had his wallet full of
+them, and they chinked together when he rode; and when he halted by
+the side of the way, he would take them out and try them, till his
+head turned like the sails upon a windmill.
+
+"A murrain upon this business!" said the elder son, "for I perceive no
+end to it. Here I have the red, and here the blue and the green; and
+to me they seem all excellent, and yet shame each other. A murrain on
+the trade! If it were not for the King that is a priest, and whom I
+have called my father, and if it were not for the fair maid of the dun
+that makes my mouth to sing and my heart enlarge, I would even tumble
+them all into the salt sea, and go home and be a King like other
+folk."
+
+But he was like the hunter that has seen a stag upon a mountain, so
+that the night may fall, and the fire be kindled, and the lights shine
+in his house, but desire of that stag is single in his bosom.
+
+Now after many years the elder son came upon the sides of the salt
+sea; and it was night, and a savage place, and the clamor of the sea
+was loud. There he was aware of a house, and a man that sat there by
+the light of a candle, for he had no fire. Now the elder son came in
+to him, and the man gave him water to drink, for he had no bread; and
+wagged his head when he was spoken to, for he had no words.
+
+"Have you the touchstone of truth?" asked the elder son; and when the
+man had wagged his head, "I might have known that," cried the elder
+son; "I have here a wallet full of them!" And with that he laughed,
+although his heart was weary.
+
+And with that the man laughed too, and with the fuff of his laughter
+the candle went out.
+
+"Sleep," said the man, "for now I think you have come far enough; and
+your quest is ended, and my candle is out."
+
+Now, when the morning came, the man gave him a clear pebble in his
+hand, and it had no beauty and no color, and the elder son looked upon
+it scornfully and shook his head, and he went away, for it seemed a
+small affair to him.
+
+All that day he rode, and his mind was quiet, and the desire of the
+chase allayed. "How if this poor pebble be the touchstone, after all?"
+said he; and he got down from his horse, and emptied forth his wallet
+by the side of the way. Now, in the light of each other, all the
+touchstones lost their hue and fire, and withered like stars at
+morning; but in the light of the pebble, their beauty remained, only
+the pebble was the most bright. And the elder son smote upon his brow.
+"How if this be the truth," he cried, "that all are a little true?"
+And he took the pebble, and turned its light upon the heavens, and
+they deepened above him like the pit; and he turned it on the hills,
+and the hills were cold and rugged, but life ran in their sides so
+that his own life bounded; and he turned it on the dust, and he beheld
+the dust with joy and terror; and he turned it on himself, and kneeled
+down and prayed.
+
+"Now thanks be to God," said the elder son, "I have found the
+touchstone; and now I may turn my reins, and ride home to the King
+and to the maid of the dun that makes my mouth to sing and my heart
+enlarge."
+
+Now, when he came to the dun, he saw children playing by the gate
+where the King had met him in the old days, and this stayed his
+pleasure; for he thought in his heart, "It is here my children should
+be playing." And when he came into the hall, there was his brother on
+the high seat, and the maid beside him; and at that his anger rose,
+for he thought in his heart, "It is I that should be sitting there,
+and the maid beside me."
+
+"Who are you?" said his brother. "And what make you in the dun?"
+
+"I am your elder brother," he replied. "And I am come to marry the
+maid, for I have brought the touchstone of truth."
+
+[Illustration: "ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW
+IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID HE."]
+
+Then the younger brother laughed aloud. "Why," said he, "I have found
+the touchstone years ago, and married the maid, and there are our
+children playing at the gate."
+
+Now at this the elder brother grew as gray as the dawn. "I pray you
+have dealt justly," said he, "for I perceive my life is lost."
+
+"Justly?" quoth the younger brother. "It becomes you ill, that are
+a restless man and a runagate, to doubt my justice or the King my
+father's, that are sedentary folk and known in the land."
+
+"Nay," said the elder brother; "you have all else, have patience also,
+and suffer me to say the world is full of touchstones, and it appears
+not easily which is true."
+
+"I have no shame of mine," said the younger brother. "There it is, and
+look in it."
+
+So the elder brother looked in the mirror, and he was sore amazed; for
+he was an old man, and his hair was white upon his head; and he sat
+down in the hall and wept aloud.
+
+"Now," said the younger brother, "see what a fool's part you have
+played, that ran over all the world to seek what was lying in our
+father's treasury, and came back an old carle for the dogs to bark at,
+and without chick or child. And I that was dutiful and wise sit here
+crowned with virtues and pleasures, and happy in the light of my
+hearth."
+
+"Methinks you have a cruel tongue," said the elder brother; and he
+pulled out the clear pebble, and turned its light on his brother; and
+behold, the man was lying; his soul was shrunk into the smallness of a
+pea, and his heart was a bag of little fears like scorpions, and love
+was dead in his bosom. And at that the elder brother cried out aloud,
+and turned the light of the pebble on the maid, and lo! she was but a
+mask of a woman, and withinsides she was quite dead, and she smiled as
+a clock ticks, and knew not wherefore.
+
+"Oh, well," said the elder brother, "I perceive there is both good and
+bad. So fare ye all as well as ye may in the dun; but I will go forth
+into the world with my pebble in my pocket."
+
+
+
+
+MAGAZINE NOTES.
+
+
+MRS. HUMPHRY WARD--DR. JOWETT.
+
+The late Dr. Jowett is reported to have once said to Mrs. Humphry
+Ward: "We shall come in the future to teach almost entirely by
+biography. We shall begin with the life that is most familiar to
+us, 'The Life of Christ,' and we shall more and more put before our
+children the great examples of persons' lives so that they shall have
+from the beginning heroes and friends in their thoughts."
+
+The editors of this magazine thoroughly agree with Dr. Jowett. It has
+been, for a long time, their great desire to publish in these pages
+a "Life of Christ" which shall be, to quote Mr. Hall Caine's words in
+the December MCCLURE'S, "as vivid and as personal from the standpoint
+of belief as Renan's was from the standpoint of unbelief."
+
+
+THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND.
+
+It is hard to realize the meaning of these figures, which represent
+the present circulation of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE. Three years ago
+five magazines--"The Century," "Harper's," "Scribner's," "The
+Cosmopolitan," and "Munsey's"--apparently occupied the whole magazine
+field. But their total circulation was not over five hundred thousand
+copies. The circulation of MCCLURE'S is now equal to three-fifths of
+the combined circulation of all its rivals at the time it started.
+
+"Harper's Magazine" and "The Century" for many years supplied the need
+of the American people for great illustrated monthlies. One imagines
+that every intelligent family in the United States takes one or the
+other, or both, of these magazines. "Harper's" is over half a century
+old, and "The Century" has just completed twenty-five years of
+splendid life.
+
+MCCLURE'S has a circulation equal to both these giants of the magazine
+world.
+
+We mention these facts, not for the mere sake of comparison, but
+simply to enable our friends to understand what a circulation of three
+hundred thousand means.
+
+And while we are speaking about ourselves we might mention that for
+three months--October, November, and December--we had, month by month,
+more paid advertising than any other magazine, while our December
+number had more pages of paid advertising than any other magazine at
+any time in the history of the world.
+
+Another interesting fact is that during the two months of November
+and December, MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE made greater strides in permanent
+circulation than any other magazine ever made.
+
+
+OUR OWN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.
+
+We have been compelled by the large circulation of the MAGAZINE
+to purchase a complete printing and binding plant. This we hope to
+install before the first of March. The capacity of the plant will
+be not less than five hundred thousand copies a month, and, under
+pressure, we can print six hundred thousand copies.
+
+We have secured the best and most modern presses, and, with proper
+pressmen, shall be able to print as beautiful a magazine as can be
+made anywhere.
+
+
+ANTHONY HOPE'S NEW NOVEL
+
+begins in our April number. It is a spirited story of adventure. It
+is his first novel since "The Prisoner of Zenda," and has even more
+action than that splendid story.
+
+
+THE LIFE OF LINCOLN
+
+will increase in interest as the history comes nearer our own time.
+Every chapter will contain much that is new, and every number of the
+magazine will have several portraits of Lincoln.
+
+
+THE EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN.
+
+We have collected the first four Lincoln articles, added new matter
+both in text and pictures, and shall, in a few days, issue a volume
+with the above title. It will contain twenty portraits of Lincoln,
+and over one hundred other pictures, and will deal with the first
+twenty-six years of Lincoln's life.
+
+
+ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS
+
+in the next two numbers tells about the writing of "The Gates Ajar."
+She was then only twenty years old. The effect of the book on the
+public, the correspondence it brought her, and the acquaintances it
+secured her, will be amply dwelt upon. These are two remarkable papers
+in literary autobiography.
+
+
+COLONEL ELLSWORTH, BY COLONEL JOHN HAY.
+
+Ellsworth's death at Alexandria--"the first conspicuous victim of the
+war"--although he was only twenty-four, was the dramatic end of a most
+romantic and picturesque career; and no one knows its details so well
+as Colonel Hay. Ellsworth "was one of the dearest of the friends of my
+youth," says Colonel Hay. Moreover, he was a particular favorite
+and _protégé_ of President Lincoln's when Colonel Hay was Lincoln's
+private secretary. Colonel Hay's paper, therefore, is one of quite
+extraordinary interest. There will be published with it some very
+interesting pictures.
+
+
+"THE SABINE WOMEN"--A CORRECTION.
+
+Changes made in Mr. Low's article in the January number at the
+very moment of going to press, occasioned a mistake which should be
+corrected, though, no doubt, most of our readers have detected it for
+themselves. In the note to David's picture of "The Sabine Women," the
+picture was described as portraying the seizure of the Sabine women
+by the Romans, whereas it portrays the interposition of the women in a
+battle following the seizure.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3.
+February 1896, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
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+    <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol.
+    VI, No. 3, February, 1896.</title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3.
+February 1896, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3. February 1896
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2004 [EBook #13788]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>February, 1896.</h4>
+
+    <h4>Vol. VI. No. 3</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+    <div class="toc">
+        <p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p>
+
+        <p>ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+        <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln's Life at New Salem from 1832 to
+        1836. <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Looking for Work.
+        <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Decides to Buy a Store.
+        <a href="#page213">213</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">He Begins to Study Law.
+        <a href="#page221">221</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Berry and Lincoln Get a Tavern License.
+        <a href="#page226">226</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Firm Hires a Clerk.
+        <a href="#page227">227</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln Appointed Postmaster.
+        <a href="#page228">228</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">A New Opening. <a href="#page228">228</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Surveying with a Grapevine.
+        <a href="#page230">230</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Business Reverses.
+        <a href="#page230">230</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Kindness Shown Lincoln in New Salem.
+        <a href="#page232">232</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln's Acquaintance in Sangamon County Is
+        Extended. <a href="#page232">232</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">He Finally Decides on a Legal Career.
+        <a href="#page233">233</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln Enters the Illinois Assembly.
+        <a href="#page234">234</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Story of Ann Rutledge.
+        <a href="#page236">236</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Abraham Lincoln at Twenty-six Years of Age.
+        <a href="#page238">238</a></p>
+
+        <p>A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL. By Ian Maclean.
+        <a href="#page241">241</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE. By Harry Perry
+        Robinson. <a href="#page247">247</a></p>
+
+        <p>A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+        <a href="#page256">256</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION. By Murat
+        Halstead. <a href="#page269">269</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Garfield's Administration.
+        <a href="#page274">274</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Garfields in the White House.
+        <a href="#page277">277</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Last Interview with President Garfield.
+        <a href="#page278">278</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM. By Anthony
+        Hope. <a href="#page280">280</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter II. <a href="#page288">288</a></p>
+
+        <p>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+        <a href="#page293">293</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE TOUCHSTONE. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
+        <a href="#page300">300</a></p>
+
+        <p>MAGAZINE NOTES. <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Mrs. Humphry Ward&mdash;Dr. Jowett.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Three Hundred Thousand.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Our Own Printing Establishment.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Anthony Hope's New Novel.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Life of Lincoln.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Early Life of Lincoln.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">"The Sabine Women"&mdash;A Correction.
+        <a href="#page304">304</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="illustrations"
+          id="illustrations"></a>
+
+    <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig213">THE EARLIEST
+    PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig215">LINCOLN IN
+    1859.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig216">LINCOLN IN THE
+    SUMMER OF 1860.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig217">LINCOLN EARLY IN
+    1861.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig218">LINCOLN IN
+    1861.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig219-1">THE STATE-HOUSE AT
+    VANDALIA, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig219-2">LINCOLN'S
+    SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig220">FACSIMILE OF A
+    TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig221">BERRY AND LINCOLN'S
+    STORE IN 1895.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-1">DANIEL GREEN
+    BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-3">THE REV. JOHN M.
+    CAMERON.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-2">JAMES
+    SHORT.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-1">SQUIRE COLEMAN
+    SMOOT.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-2">SAMUEL HILL--AT
+    WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-3">MARY ANN RUTLEDGE,
+    MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig224-1">JOHN CALHOUN,
+    UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig224-2">LINCOLN'S
+    SADDLE-BAGS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig225">REPORT OF A ROAD
+    SURVEY BY LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig226">A MAP MADE BY
+    LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig227">A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR
+    NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig229">CONCORD
+    CEMETERY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig231">STEPHEN A.
+    DOUGLAS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig233">MAJOR JOHN T.
+    STUART.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig235">JOSEPH DUNCAN,
+    GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig239">GRAVE OF ANN
+    RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig242">"I WENT UP TO MR.
+    PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig245">"HE HAD THE JOLLIEST
+    LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig247">VIEW BACK ON THE
+    TRACK WHEN TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT 80 MPH.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig248">JOHN NEWELL.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig249">THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE
+    564.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig251">THE BROOKS ENGINE
+    599.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig252">THE ENGINEERS WHO
+    BROUGHT THE TRAIN FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig253-1">J.R. GARNER,
+    ENGINEER FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig253-2">WILLIAM TUNKEY,
+    ENGINEER FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig256">GEORGE ROMNEY,
+    PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig257">THE PARSON'S
+    DAUGHTER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig258-1">JOHN
+    CONSTABLE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig258-2">FLATFORD MILL, ON
+    THE RIVER STOUR.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig259">THE
+    HAY-WAIN.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig260">THE "FIGHTING
+    TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig261-1">JOSEPH MALLORD
+    WILLIAM TURNER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig261-2">PEACE--BURIAL AT
+    SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig262">PORTRAIT OF A
+    BOY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig263-1">JOHN
+    HOPPNER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig263-2">PORTRAIT OF A
+    LADY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig264">PORTRAIT OF A
+    CHILD.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig265">MRS.
+    SIDDONS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig266-1">LADY
+    BLESSINGTON.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig266-2">SIR THOMAS
+    LAWRENCE.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig267">MISS BARRON,
+    AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig268">PORTRAIT OF A
+    BROTHER AND SISTER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig269">GARFIELD IN 1881,
+    WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig270-1">GARFIELD IN
+    1863.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig270-2">GARFIELD IN
+    1863.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig271">GARFIELD IN 1867,
+    WITH HIS DAUGHTER.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig281">"FROM THE LONG GRASS
+    BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig283">"'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY
+    OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig286">"'LISTEN!' SHE
+    CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig291">"HE LEANED FROM HIS
+    SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig293">RALPH WALDO
+    EMERSON.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig296">PROFESSOR AUSTIN
+    PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig297">PROFESSOR M. STUART
+    PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS.</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig300">"HE WAS A GRAVE MAN,
+    AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER."</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig301">"'MAID,' QUOTH HE,
+    'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"</a></p>
+
+    <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig303">"ALL THAT DAY HE
+    RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET."</a></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page213"
+       id="page213"></a>[pg 213]</span>
+
+    <h2>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h4>
+
+    <h3>LINCOLN'S LIFE AT NEW SALEM FROM 1832 TO 1836.</h3>
+
+    <p>BERRY AND LINCOLN'S GROCERY.&mdash;A SET OF BLACKSTONE'S
+    COMMENTARIES.&mdash;BERRY AND LINCOLN TAKE OUT A TAVERN
+    LICENSE.&mdash;THE POSTMASTER OF NEW SALEM IN
+    1833.&mdash;LINCOLN BECOMES DEPUTY SURVEYOR.&mdash;THE FAILURE
+    OF BERRY AND LINCOLN.&mdash;ELECTIONEERING IN
+    ILLINOIS.&mdash;LINCOLN CHOSEN ASSEMBLYMAN.&mdash;BEGINS TO
+    STUDY LAW.&mdash;THE ILLINOIS STATE LEGISLATURE IN
+    1834.&mdash;THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.&mdash;ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT
+    TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.</p>
+
+    <p class="center"><i>Embodying special studies in Lincoln's
+    life at New Salem by J. McCan Davis.</i></p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LOOKING FOR WORK.</h4>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             name="fig213"
+             id="fig213"><img src="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             alt="Letter I" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">T was in August, 1832, that Lincoln made his
+    unsuccessful canvass for the Illinois Assembly. The election
+    over, he began to look for work. One of his friends, an admirer
+    of his physical strength, advised him to become a blacksmith,
+    but it was a trade which would afford little leisure for study,
+    and for meeting and talking with men; and he had already
+    resolved, it is evident, that books and men were essential to
+    him. The only employment to be had in New Salem which seemed to
+    offer both support and the opportunities he sought, was
+    clerking in a store; and he applied for a place successively at
+    all of the stores then doing business in New Salem. But they
+    were in greater need of customers than of clerks. The business
+    had been greatly overdone. In the fall of 1832 there were at
+    least four stores in New Salem. The most pretentious was that
+    of Hill and McNeill, which carried a large line of dry goods.
+    The three others, owned by the Herndon Brothers, Reuben
+    Radford, and James Rutledge, were groceries.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>DECIDES TO BUY A STORE.</h4>
+
+    <p>Failing to secure employment at any of these establishments,
+    Lincoln, though without money enough to pay a week's board in
+    advance, resolved to <i>buy</i> a store. He was not long in
+    finding an opportunity to purchase. James Herndon had already
+    sold out his half interest in Herndon Brothers' store to
+    William F. Berry; and Rowan Herndon, not getting along well
+    with Berry, was only too glad to find a purchaser of his half
+    in the person of "Abe" Lincoln. Berry was as poor as Lincoln;
+    but that was not a serious obstacle, for their notes were
+    accepted for the Herndon stock of goods. They had barely hung
+    out their sign when something happened which threw another
+    store into their hands. Reuben Radford had made himself
+    obnoxious to the Clary's Grove Boys, and one night they broke
+    in his doors and windows, and overturned his counters and sugar
+    barrels. It was too much for Radford, and he sold out next day
+    to William G. Green for a four-hundred-dollar note signed by
+    Green. At the latter's request, Lincoln made an inventory of
+    the stock, and offered him six hundred and fifty dollars for
+    it&mdash;a proposition which was cheerfully accepted. Berry and
+    Lincoln, being unable to pay cash, assumed the
+    four-hundred-dollar note payable to Radford, and gave Green
+    their joint note for two hundred and fifty dollars. The little
+    grocery owned by James Rutledge was the next to succumb. Berry
+    and Lincoln bought it at a bargain, their joint note taking the
+    place of cash. The three stocks were consolidated. Their
+    aggregate cost must have been not less than fifteen hundred
+    dollars. Berry and Lincoln had secured a monopoly of the
+    grocery business in New Salem. Within a few weeks two penniless
+    men had become the proprietors of three stores, and had stopped
+    buying only because there were no more to
+    purchase.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page214"
+       id="page214"></a>[pg 214]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/214.jpg"
+             name="fig214"
+             id="fig214"><img src="images/214.jpg"
+             alt="THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN (REPRINTED FROM FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER)." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (REPRINTED
+        FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER).</h5>
+
+        <p>From a daguerreotype in the possession of the Hon.
+        Robert T. Lincoln, taken before Lincoln was forty, and
+        first published in the McCLURE'S Life of Lincoln. Of the
+        sixty or more portraits of Lincoln which will be published
+        in this series of articles, thirty, at least, will be
+        absolutely new to our readers; and of these thirty none is
+        more important than this early portrait. It is generally
+        believed that Lincoln was not over thirty-five years old
+        when this daguerreotype was taken, and it is certainly true
+        that it is the face of Lincoln as a young man. "About
+        thirty would be the general verdict," says Mr. Murat
+        Halstead in an editorial in the Brooklyn "Standard-Union,"
+        "if it were not that the daguerreotype was unknown when
+        Lincoln was of that age. It does not seem, however, that he
+        could have been more than thirty-five, and for that age the
+        youthfulness of the portrait is wonderful. This is a new
+        Lincoln, and far more attractive, in a sense, than anything
+        the public has possessed. This is the portrait of a
+        remarkably handsome man.... The head is magnificent, the
+        eyes deep and generous, the mouth sensitive, the whole
+        expression something delicate, tender, pathetic, poetic.
+        This was the young man with whom the phantoms of romance
+        dallied, the young man who recited poems and was fanciful
+        and speculative, and in love and despair, but upon whose
+        brow there already gleamed the illumination of intellect,
+        the inspiration of patriotism. There were vast
+        possibilities in this young man's face. He could have gone
+        anywhere and done anything. He might have been a military
+        chieftain, a novelist, a poet, a philosopher, ah! a hero, a
+        martyr&mdash;and, yes, this young man might have
+        been&mdash;he even was Abraham Lincoln! This was he with
+        the world before him. It is good fortune to have the
+        magical revelation of the youth of the man the world
+        venerates. This look into his eyes, into his soul&mdash;not
+        before he knew sorrow, but long before the world knew
+        him&mdash;and to feel that it is worthy to be what it is,
+        and that we are better acquainted with him and love him the
+        more, is something beyond price."</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"
+       id="page215"></a>[pg 215]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/215.jpg"
+             name="fig215"
+             id="fig215"><img src="images/215.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1859." /></a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1859.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay, De
+        Kalb, Illinois. The original was made by S.M. Fassett, of
+        Chicago; the negative was destroyed in the Chicago fire.
+        This picture was made at the solicitation of D.B. Cook, who
+        says that Mrs. Lincoln pronounced it the best likeness she
+        had ever seen of her husband. Rajon used the Fassett
+        picture as the original of his etching, and Kruell has made
+        a fine engraving of it.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page216"
+       id="page216"></a>[pg 216]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/216.jpg"
+             name="fig216"
+             id="fig216"><img src="images/216.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860." /></a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a copy (made by E.A. Bromley of the Minneapolis
+        "Journal" staff) of a photograph owned by Mrs. Cyrus
+        Aldrich, whose husband, now dead, was a congressman from
+        Minnesota. In the summer of 1860 Mr. M.C. Tuttle, a
+        photographer of St. Paul, wrote to Mr. Lincoln requesting
+        that he have a negative taken and sent to him for local use
+        in the campaign. The request was granted, but the negative
+        was broken in transit. On learning of the accident, Mr.
+        Lincoln sat again, and with the second negative he sent a
+        jocular note wherein he referred to the fact, disclosed by
+        the picture, that in the interval he had "got a new coat."
+        A few copies of the picture were made by Mr. Tuttle, and
+        distributed among the Republican editors of the State. It
+        has never before been reproduced. Mrs. Aldrich's copy was
+        presented to her by William H. Seward, when he was
+        entertained at the Aldrich homestead (now the Minneapolis
+        City Hospital) in September, 1860. A fine copy of this same
+        photograph is in the possession of Mr. Ward Monroe, of
+        Jersey City, N.J.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>William F. Berry, the partner of Lincoln, was the son of a
+    Presbyterian minister, the Rev. John Berry, who lived on Rock
+    Creek, five miles from New Salem. The son had strayed from the
+    footsteps of the father, for he was a hard drinker, a gambler,
+    a fighter, and "a very wicked young man." Lincoln cannot in
+    truth be said to have chosen such a partner, but rather to have
+    accepted him from the force of circumstances. It required only
+    a little time to make it plain that the partnership was wholly
+    uncongenial. Lincoln displayed little business capacity. He
+    trusted largely to Berry; and Berry rapidly squandered the
+    profits of the business in riotous living. Lincoln loved books
+    as Berry loved liquor, and hour after hour he was stretched out
+    on the counter of the store or under a shade tree, reading
+    Shakespeare or
+    Burns.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page217"
+       id="page217"></a>[pg 217]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/217.jpg"
+             name="fig217"
+             id="fig217"><img src="images/217.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.&mdash;PROBABLY THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.&mdash;PROBABLY THE EARLIEST
+        PORTRAIT SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay of De
+        Kalb, Illinois, taken probably in Springfield early in
+        1861. It is supposed to have been the first, or at least
+        one of the first, portraits made of Mr. Lincoln after he
+        began to wear a beard. As is well known, his face was
+        smooth until about the end of 1860; and when he first
+        allowed his beard to grow, it became a topic of newspaper
+        comment, and even of caricature. A pretty story relating to
+        Lincoln's adoption of a beard is more or less familiar. A
+        letter written to the editor of the present Life, under
+        date of December 6, 1895, by Mrs. Grace Bedell Billings,
+        tells this story, of which she herself as a little girl was
+        the heroine, in a most charming way. The letter will be
+        found printed in full at the end of this article, on page
+        240.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>His thorough acquaintance with the works of these two
+    writers dates from this period. In New Salem there was one of
+    those curious individuals sometimes found in frontier
+    settlements, half poet, half loafer, incapable of earning a
+    living in any steady employment, yet familiar with good
+    literature and capable of enjoying it&mdash;Jack Kelso. He
+    repeated passages from Shakespeare and Burns incessantly over
+    the odd jobs he undertook or as he idled by the
+    streams&mdash;for he was a famous fisherman&mdash;and Lincoln
+    soon became one of his constant companions. The taste he formed
+    in company with Kelso he retained through life. William D.
+    Kelley tells an incident which shows that Lincoln had a really
+    intimate knowledge of Shakespeare. Mr. Kelley had taken
+    McDonough, an actor, to call at the White House; and Lincoln
+    began the conversation by
+    saying:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page218"
+       id="page218"></a>[pg 218]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/218.jpg"
+             name="fig218"
+             id="fig218"><img src="images/218.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1861." /></a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1861.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Frank A. Brown of
+        Minneapolis, Minnesota. This beautiful photograph was
+        taken, probably early in 1861, by Alexander Hesler of
+        Chicago. It was used by Leonard W. Volk, the sculptor, in
+        his studies of Lincoln, and closely resembles the fine
+        etching by T. Johnson.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"'I am very glad to meet you, Mr. McDonough, and am grateful
+    to Kelley for bringing you in so early, for I want you to tell
+    me something about Shakespeare's plays as they are constructed
+    for the stage. You can imagine that I do not get much time to
+    study such matters, but I recently had a couple of talks with
+    Hackett&mdash;Baron Hackett, as they call him&mdash;who is
+    famous as Jack Falstaff, but from whom I elicited few
+    satisfactory replies, though I probed him with a good many
+    questions.'</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219"
+       id="page219"></a>[pg 219]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/219-1.jpg"
+             name="fig219-1"
+             id="fig219-1"><img src="images/219-1.jpg"
+             alt="THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS&mdash;NOW USED AS A COURT-HOUSE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS&mdash;NOW USED AS
+        A COURT-HOUSE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Vandalia was the State capital of Illinois for twenty
+        years, and three different State-houses were built and
+        occupied there. The first, a two-story frame structure, was
+        burned down December 9, 1823. The second was a brick
+        building, and was erected at a cost of $12,381.50, of which
+        the citizens of Vandalia contributed $3,000. The agitation
+        for the removal of the capital to Springfield began in
+        1833, and in the summer of 1836 the people of Vandalia,
+        becoming alarmed at the prospect of their little city's
+        losing its prestige as the seat of the State government,
+        tore down the old capitol (much complaint being made about
+        its condition), and put up a new one at a cost of $16,000.
+        The tide was too great to be checked; but after the "Long
+        Nine" had secured the passage of the bill taking the
+        capital to Springfield, the money which the Vandalia people
+        had expended was refunded. The State-house shown in this
+        picture was the third and last one. In it Lincoln served as
+        a legislator. Ceasing to be the capitol July 4, 1839, it
+        was converted into a court-house for Fayette County, and is
+        still so used.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/219-2.jpg"
+             name="fig219-2"
+             id="fig219-2"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/219-2.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR
+        McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.</h5>
+
+        <p>After Lincoln gave up surveying, he sold his instruments
+        to John B. Gum, afterward county surveyor of Menard County.
+        Mr. Gum kept them until a few years ago, when he presented
+        the instruments to the Lincoln Monument Association, and
+        they are now on exhibition at the monument in Springfield,
+        Ill.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page220"
+       id="page220"></a>[pg 220]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/220.jpg"
+             name="fig220"
+             id="fig220"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/220.jpg"
+             alt="FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT OF SANGAMON COUNTY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND
+        LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT
+        OF SANGAMON COUNTY.</h5>
+
+        <p>The only tavern in New Salem in 1833 was that kept by
+        James Rutledge&mdash;a two-story log-structure of five
+        rooms, standing just across the street from Berry and
+        Lincoln's store. Here Lincoln boarded. It seems entirely
+        probable that he may have had an ambition to get into the
+        tavern business, and that he and Berry obtained a license
+        with that end in view, possibly hoping to make satisfactory
+        terms for the purchase of the Rutledge hostelry. The tavern
+        of sixty years ago, besides answering the purposes of the
+        modern hotel, was the dramshop of the frontier. The
+        business was one which, in Illinois, the law strictly
+        regulated. Tavern-keepers were required to pay a license
+        fee, and to give bonds to insure their good behavior.
+        Minors were not to be harbored, nor did the law permit
+        liquor to be sold to them; and the sale to slaves of any
+        liquors "or strong drink, mixed or unmixed, either within
+        or without doors," was likewise forbidden. Nor could the
+        poor Indian get any "fire-water" at the tavern or the
+        grocery. If a tavern-keeper violated the law, two-thirds of
+        the fine assessed against him went to the poor people of
+        the county. The Rutledge tavern was the only one at New
+        Salem of which we have any authentic account. It was kept
+        by others besides Mr. Rutledge; for a time by Henry Onstott
+        the cooper, and then by Nelson Alley, and possibly there
+        were other landlords; but nothing can be more certain than
+        that Lincoln was not one of them. The few surviving
+        inhabitants of the vanished village, and of the country
+        round about, have a clear recollection of Berry and
+        Lincoln's store&mdash;of how it looked, and of what things
+        were sold in it; but not one has been found with the
+        faintest remembrance of a tavern kept by Lincoln, or by
+        Berry, or by both. Stage passengers jolting into New Salem
+        sixty-two years ago must, if Lincoln was an inn-keeper,
+        have partaken of his hospitality by the score; but if they
+        did, they all died many, many years ago, or have all
+        maintained an unaccountable and most perplexing
+        silence.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"'Your last suggestion,' said Mr. Lincoln, 'carries with it
+    greater weight than anything Mr. Hackett suggested, but the
+    first is no reason at all;' and after reading another passage,
+    he said, 'This is not withheld, and where it passes current
+    there can be no reason for withholding the other.'... And, as
+    if feeling the impropriety of preferring the player to the
+    parson, [there was a clergyman in the room] he turned to the
+    chaplain and said: 'From your calling it is probable that you
+    do not know that the acting plays which people crowd to hear
+    are not always those planned by their reputed authors. Thus,
+    take the stage edition of "Richard III." It opens with a
+    passage from "Henry VI.," after which come portions of "Richard
+    III.," then another scene from "Henry VI.," and the finest
+    soliloquy in the play, if we may judge from the many quotations
+    it furnishes, and the frequency with which it is heard in
+    amateur exhibitions, was never seen by Shakespeare, but was
+    written&mdash;was it not, Mr. McDonough?&mdash;after his death,
+    by Colley Cibber."</p>
+
+    <p>"Having disposed, for the present, of questions relating to
+    the stage editions of the plays, he recurred to his standard
+    copy, and, to the evident surprise of Mr. McDonough, read or
+    repeated from memory extracts from several of the plays, some
+    of which embraced a number of lines.</p>
+
+    <p>"It must not be supposed that Mr. Lincoln's poetical studies
+    had been confined to his plays. He interspersed his remarks
+    with extracts striking from their similarity to, or contrast
+    with, something of Shakespeare's,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page221"
+       id="page221"></a>[pg 221]</span> from Byron, Rogers,
+       Campbell, Moore, and other English
+       poets."<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/221.jpg"
+             name="fig221"
+             id="fig221"><img src="images/221.jpg"
+             alt="BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895." /></a>
+
+        <h5>BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a recent photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg,
+        Illinois. The little frame store-building occupied by Berry
+        and Lincoln at New Salem is now standing at Petersburg,
+        Illinois, in the rear of L.W. Bishop's gun-shop. Its
+        history after 1834 is somewhat obscure, but there is no
+        reason for doubting its identity. According to tradition it
+        was bought by Robert Bishop, the father of the present
+        owner, about 1835, from Mr. Lincoln himself; but it is
+        difficult to reconcile this legend with the sale of the
+        store to the Trent brothers, unless, upon the flight of the
+        latter from the country and the closing of the store, the
+        building, through the leniency of creditors, was allowed to
+        revert to Mr. Lincoln, in which event he no doubt sold it
+        at the first opportunity and applied the proceeds to the
+        payment of the debts of the firm. When Mr. Bishop bought
+        the store building, he removed it to Petersburg. It is said
+        that the removal was made in part by Lincoln himself; that
+        the job was first undertaken by one of the Bales, but that,
+        encountering some difficulty, he called upon Lincoln to
+        assist him, which Lincoln did. The structure was first set
+        up adjacent to Mr. Bishop's house, and converted into a
+        gun-shop. Later it was removed to a place on the public
+        square; and soon after the breaking out of the late war,
+        Mr. Bishop, erecting a new building, pushed Lincoln's store
+        into the back-yard, and there it still stands. Soon after
+        the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the front door was
+        presented to some one in Springfield, and has long since
+        been lost sight of. It is remembered by Mr. Bishop that in
+        this door there was an opening for the reception of
+        letters&mdash;a circumstance of importance as tending to
+        establish the genuineness of the building, when it is
+        remembered that Lincoln was postmaster while he kept the
+        store. The structure, as it stands to-day, is about
+        eighteen feet long, twelve feet in width, and ten feet in
+        height. The back room, however, has disappeared, so that
+        the building as it stood when occupied by Berry and Lincoln
+        was somewhat longer. Of the original building there only
+        remain the frame-work, the black-walnut weather-boarding on
+        the front end and the ceiling of sycamore boards. One
+        entire side has been torn away by relic-hunters. In recent
+        years the building has been used as a sort of store-room.
+        Just after a big fire in Petersburg some time ago, the city
+        council condemned the Lincoln store building and ordered it
+        demolished. Under this order a portion of one side was torn
+        down, when Mr. Bishop persuaded the city authorities to
+        desist, upon giving a guarantee that if Lincoln's store
+        ever caught fire he would be responsible for any loss which
+        might ensue.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>HE BEGINS TO STUDY LAW.</h4>
+
+    <p>It was not only Burns and Shakespeare that interfered with
+    the grocery-keeping: Lincoln had begun seriously to read law.
+    His first acquaintance with the subject had been made when he
+    was a mere lad in Indiana, and a copy of the "Revised Statutes
+    of Indiana" had fallen into his hands. The very copy he used is
+    still in existence and, fortunately, in hands where it is safe.
+    The book was owned by Mr. David Turnham, of Gentryville, and
+    was given in 1865 by him to Mr. Herndon, who placed it in the
+    Lincoln Memorial collection of Chicago. In December, 1894, this
+    collection was sold in Philadelphia, and the "Statutes of
+    Indiana" was bought by Mr. William Hoffman Winters, Librarian
+    of the New York Law Institute, and through his courtesy I have
+    been allowed to examine it. The book is worn, the title page is
+    gone and a few leaves from the end are missing. The title page
+    of a duplicate volume which Mr. Winters kindly showed me reads:
+    "The Revised Laws of Indiana adopted and enacted by the General
+    Assembly at their eighth session. To which are prefixed the
+    Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United
+    States, the Constitution of the State of Indiana, and sundry
+    other documents connected with the Political History of the
+    Territory and State of Indiana. Arranged and published by
+    authority of the General Assembly. Corydon, Printed by
+    Carpenter and Douglass,
+    1824."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page222"
+       id="page222"></a>[pg 222]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/222-1.jpg"
+             name="fig222-1"
+             id="fig222-1"><img src="images/222-1.jpg"
+             alt="DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a recent photograph. Mr. Burner was Berry and
+        Lincoln's clerk. He lived at New Salem from 1829 to 1834.
+        Lincoln for many months lodged with his father, Isaac
+        Burner, and he and Lincoln slept in the same bed. He now
+        lives on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois, past eighty.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/222-3.jpg"
+             name="fig222-3"
+             id="fig222-3"><img src="images/222-3.jpg"
+             alt="THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON." /></a>
+
+        <h5>THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph in the possession of the Hon. W.J.
+        Orendorff, of Canton, Illinois. John M. Cameron, a
+        Cumberland Presbyterian minister, and a devout, sincere,
+        and courageous man, was held in the highest esteem by his
+        neighbors. Yet, according to Daniel Green Burner, Berry and
+        Lincoln's clerk&mdash;and the fact is mentioned merely as
+        illustrating a universal custom among the
+        pioneers&mdash;"John Cameron always kept a barrel of
+        whiskey in the house." He was a powerful man physically,
+        and a typical frontiersman. He was born in Kentucky in
+        1791, and, with his wife, moved to Illinois in 1815. He
+        settled in Sangamon County in 1818, and in 1829 took up his
+        abode in a cabin on a hill overlooking the Sangamon River,
+        and, with James Rutledge, founded the town of New
+        Salem.</p>
+
+        <p>According to tradition, Lincoln, for a time, lived with
+        the Camerons. In the early thirties they moved to Fulton
+        County, Illinois; then, in 1841 or 1842, to Iowa; and
+        finally, in 1849, to California. In California they lived
+        to a ripe old age&mdash;Mrs. Cameron dying in 1875, and her
+        husband following her three years later. They had twelve
+        children, eleven of whom were girls. In 1886 there were
+        living nine of these children, fifty grandchildren, and one
+        hundred and one great-grandchildren. Mr. Cameron is said to
+        have officiated at the funeral of Ann Rutledge in
+        1835.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/222-2.jpg"
+             name="fig222-2"
+             id="fig222-2"><img src="images/222-2.jpg"
+             alt="JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND SURVEYING
+        INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph taken at Jacksonville, Illinois, about
+        thirty years ago. James Short lived on Sand Ridge, a few
+        miles north of New Salem, and Lincoln was a frequent
+        visitor at his house. When Lincoln's horse and surveying
+        instruments were levied upon by a creditor and sold, Mr.
+        Short bought them in, and made Lincoln a present of them.
+        Lincoln, when President, made his old friend an Indian
+        agent in California. Mr. Short, in the course of his life,
+        was happily married five times. He died in Iowa many years
+        ago. His acquaintance with Lincoln began in rather an
+        interesting way. His sister, who lived in New Salem, had
+        made Lincoln a pair of jeans trousers. The material
+        supplied by Lincoln was scant, and the trousers came out
+        conspicuously short in the legs. One day when James Short
+        was visiting with his sister, he pointed to a man walking
+        down the street, and asked, "Who is that man in the short
+        breeches." "That is Lincoln," the sister replied; and Mr.
+        Short went out and introduced himself to
+        Lincoln.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page223"
+       id="page223"></a>[pg 223]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/223-1.jpg"
+             name="fig223-1"
+             id="fig223-1"><img src="images/223-1.jpg"
+             alt="SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT." /></a>
+
+        <h5>SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.</h5>
+
+        <p>Coleman Smoot was born in Virginia, February 13, 1794;
+        removed to Kentucky when a child; married Rebecca Wright
+        March 17, 1817; came to Illinois in 1831, and lived on a
+        farm across the Sangamon River from New Salem until his
+        death, March 21, 1876. He accumulated an immense fortune.
+        Lincoln met him for the first time in Offutt's store in
+        1831. "Smoot," said Lincoln, "I am disappointed in you; I
+        expected to see a man as ugly as old Probst," referring to
+        a man reputed to be the homeliest in the county. "And I am
+        disappointed," replied Smoot; "I had expected to see a
+        good-looking man when I saw you." From that moment they
+        were warm friends. After Lincoln's election to the
+        legislature in 1834, he called on Smoot, and said, "I want
+        to buy some clothes and fix up a little, so that I can make
+        a decent appearance in the legislature; and I want you to
+        loan me $200." The loan was cheerfully made, and of course
+        was subsequently repaid.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/223-2.jpg"
+             name="fig223-2"
+             id="fig223-2"><img src="images/223-2.jpg"
+             alt="SAMUEL HILL&mdash;AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SAMUEL HILL&mdash;AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE
+        POST-OFFICE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From an old daguerreotype. Samuel Hill was among the
+        earliest inhabitants of New Salem. He opened a general
+        store there in partnership with John McNeill,&mdash;the
+        John McNeill who became betrothed to Ann Rutledge, and
+        whose real name was afterwards discovered to be John
+        McNamar. When McNeill left New Salem and went East, Mr.
+        Hill became sole proprietor of the store. He also owned the
+        carding machine at New Salem. Lincoln, after going out of
+        the grocery business, made his headquarters at Samuel
+        Hill's store. There he kept the post-office, entertained
+        the loungers, and on busy days helped Mr. Hill wait on
+        customers. Mr. Hill is said to have once courted Ann
+        Rutledge himself, but he did not receive the encouragement
+        which was bestowed upon his partner, McNeill. In 1839 he
+        moved his store to Petersburg, and died there in 1857. In
+        1835 he married Miss Parthenia W. Nance, who still lives at
+        Petersburg.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/223-3.jpg"
+             name="fig223-3"
+             id="fig223-3"><img src="images/223-3.jpg"
+             alt="MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From an old tintype. Mary Ann Rutledge was the wife of
+        James Rutledge and the mother of Ann. She was born October
+        21, 1787, and reared in Kentucky. She lived to be
+        ninety-one years of age, dying in Iowa December 26, 1878.
+        The Rutledges left New Salem in 1833 or 1834, moving to a
+        farm a few miles northward. On this farm Ann Rutledge died
+        August 25, 1835; and here also, three months later
+        (December 3, 1835), died her father, broken-hearted, no
+        doubt, by the bereavement. In the following year the family
+        moved to Fulton County, Illinois, and some three years
+        later to Birmingham, Iowa. Of James Rutledge there is no
+        portrait in existence. He was born in South Carolina, May
+        11, 1781. He and his sons, John and David, served in the
+        Black Hawk War.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page224"
+       id="page224"></a>[pg 224]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/224-1.jpg"
+             name="fig224-1"
+             id="fig224-1"><img src="images/224-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED
+        SURVEYING.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a steel engraving in the possession of R.W. Diller,
+        Springfield, Illinois. John Calhoun was born in Boston,
+        Massachusetts, October 14, 1806; removed to the Mohawk
+        Valley, New York, in 1821; was educated at Canajoharie
+        Academy, and studied law. In 1830 he removed to
+        Springfield, Illinois, and after serving in the Black Hawk
+        War was appointed Surveyor of Sangamon County. He was
+        married there December 29, 1831, to Miss Sarah Cutter. He
+        was a Democratic Representative in 1838; Clerk of the House
+        in 1840; circuit clerk in 1842; Democratic presidential
+        elector in 1844; candidate for Governor before the
+        Democratic State convention in 1846; Mayor of Springfield
+        in 1849, 1850, and 1851; a candidate for Congress in 1852,
+        and in the same year again a Democratic presidential
+        elector. In 1854, President Pierce appointed him
+        Surveyor-General of Kansas, and he became conspicuous in
+        Kansas politics. He was president of the Lecompton
+        Convention. He died at St. Joseph, Missouri, October 25,
+        1859. Mr. Frederick Hawn, who was his boyhood friend, and
+        afterward married a sister of Calhoun's wife, is now living
+        at Leavenworth, Kansas, at the age of eighty-five years. In
+        an interesting letter to the writer, he says: "It has been
+        related that Calhoun induced Lincoln to study surveying in
+        order to become his deputy. Presuming that he was ready to
+        graduate and receive his commission, he called on Calhoun,
+        then living with his father-in-law, Seth R. Cutter, on
+        Upper Lick Creek. After the interview was concluded, Mr.
+        Lincoln, about to depart, remarked: 'Calhoun, I am entirely
+        unable to repay you for your generosity at present. All
+        that I have you see on me, except a quarter of a dollar in
+        my pocket.' This is a family tradition. However, my wife,
+        then a miss of sixteen, says, while I am writing this
+        sketch, that she distinctly remembers this interview. After
+        Lincoln was gone she says she and her sister, Mrs. Calhoun,
+        commenced making jocular remarks about his uncanny
+        appearance, in the presence of Calhoun, to which in
+        substance he made this rejoinder: 'For all that, he is no
+        common man.' My wife believes these were the exact
+        words."&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>We know from Dennis Hanks, from Mr. Turnham, to whom the
+    book belonged, and from other associates of Lincoln's at the
+    time, that he read this book intently and discussed its
+    contents intelligently. It was a remarkable volume for a
+    thoughtful lad whose mind had been fired already by the history
+    of Washington; for it opened with that wonderful document, the
+    Declaration of Independence, a document which became, as Mr.
+    John G. Nicolay says, "his political chart and inspiration."
+    Following the Declaration of Independence was the Constitution
+    of the United States, the Act of Virginia passed in 1783 by
+    which the "Territory North Westward of the river Ohio" was
+    conveyed to the United States, and the Ordinance of 1787 for
+    governing this territory, containing that clause on which
+    Lincoln in the future based many an argument on the slavery
+    question. This article, No. 6 of the Ordinance, reads: "There
+    shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
+    territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof
+    the party shall have been duly convicted: provided always, that
+    any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service
+    is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such
+    fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person
+    claiming his or her labour or service, as aforesaid."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/224-2.jpg"
+             name="fig224-2"
+             id="fig224-2"><img width="90%"
+             src="images/224-2.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S MAGAZINE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS&mdash;PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S
+        MAGAZINE.</h5>
+
+        <p>These saddle-bags, now in the Lincoln Monument at
+        Springfield, are said to have been used by Lincoln while he
+        was a surveyor.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page225"
+       id="page225"></a>[pg 225]</span>
+
+    <p>Following this was the Constitution and the Revised Laws of
+    Indiana, three hundred and seventy-five pages of five hundred
+    words each of statutes&mdash;enough law, if thoroughly
+    digested, to make a respectable lawyer. When Lincoln finished
+    this book, as he had probably before he was eighteen, we have
+    reason to believe that he understood the principles on which
+    the nation was founded, how the State of Indiana came into
+    being, and how it was governed. His understanding of the
+    subject was clear and practical, and he applied it in his
+    reading, thinking, and discussion.</p><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/225.jpg"
+             name="fig225"
+             id="fig225"><img src="images/225.jpg"
+             alt="REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN&mdash;HITHERTO
+        UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>Photographed for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original,
+        now on file in the County Clerk's office, Springfield,
+        Illinois. The survey here reported was made in pursuance of
+        an order of the County Commissioners' Court, September 1,
+        1834, in which Lincoln was designated as the surveyor.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It was after he had read the Laws of Indiana that Lincoln
+    had free access to the library of his admirer, Judge John
+    Pitcher of Rockport, Indiana, where undoubtedly he examined
+    many law-books. But from the time he left Indiana in 1830 he
+    had no legal reading until one day soon after the grocery was
+    started, when there happened one of those trivial incidents
+    which so often turn the current of a life. It is best told in
+    Mr. Lincoln's own words.<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+       "One day a man who was migrating to the West drove up in
+       front of my store with a wagon which contained his family
+       and household plunder. He asked me if I would buy an old
+       barrel, for which he had no room in his wagon, and which he
+       said contained nothing of special value. I did not want it,
+       but to oblige him I bought it, and paid him, I think, half a
+       dollar for it. Without further examination, I put it away in
+       the store, and forgot all about it. Some time after, in
+       overhauling things, I came upon the barrel, and emptying it
+       upon the floor to see what it contained, I found at the
+       bottom of the rubbish a complete edition of Blackstone's
+       Commentaries. I began to read those famous works, and I had
+       plenty of time; for, during the long summer days, when the
+       farmers were busy with their crops, my customers were few
+       and far between. The more I read"&mdash;this he said with
+       unusual emphasis&mdash;"the more intensely interested I
+       became. Never in my whole life was my mind so thoroughly
+       absorbed. I read until I devoured
+       them."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page226"
+       id="page226"></a>[pg 226]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/226.jpg"
+             name="fig226"
+             id="fig226"><img src="images/226.jpg"
+             alt="A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY, ILLINOIS&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD
+        COUNTY, ILLINOIS&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>Photographed from the original for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+        This map, which, as here reproduced, is about one-half the
+        size of the original, accompanied Lincoln's report of the
+        survey of a part of the road between Athens and Sangamon
+        town. For making this map, Lincoln received fifty cents.
+        The road evidently was located "on good ground," and was
+        "necessary and proper," as the report says, for it is still
+        the main travelled highway leading into the country south
+        of Athens, Menard County.</p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>BERRY AND LINCOLN GET A TAVERN LICENSE.</h4>
+
+    <p>But all this was fatal to business, and by spring it was
+    evident that something must be done to stimulate the grocery
+    sales.</p>
+
+    <p>On the 6th of March, 1833, the County Commissioners' Court
+    of Sangamon County granted the firm of Berry and Lincoln a
+    license to keep a tavern at New Salem. A copy of this license
+    is here given:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="noteBox">
+        <p>Ordered that William F. Berry, in the name of Berry and
+        Lincoln, have a license to keep a tavern in New Salem to
+        continue 12 months from this date, and that they pay one
+        dollar in addition to the six dollars heretofore paid as
+        per Treasurer's receipt, and that they be allowed the
+        following rates (viz.):</p>
+        <pre class="note">
+French Brandy per 1/2 pt.  25
+Peach  "       "    "   .  18-3/4
+Apple  "       "    "   .  12
+Holland Gin    "    "   .  18-3/4
+Domestic       "    "   .  12-1/2
+Wine           "    "   .  25
+Rum            "    "   .  18-3/4
+Whisky         "    "   .  12-1/2
+Breakfast, din'r or supper 25
+Lodging per night........  12-1/2
+Horse per night..........  25
+Single feed..............  12-1/2
+Breakfast, dinner or supper
+for Stage Passengers.....  37-1/2
+
+who gave bond as required by law.
+</pre>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>It is probable that the license was procured to enable the
+    firm to retail the liquors which they had in stock, and not for
+    keeping a tavern. In a community in which liquor-drinking was
+    practically universal, at a time when whiskey was as legitimate
+    an article of merchandise as coffee or calico, when no family
+    was without a jug, when the minister of the gospel could
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page227"
+       id="page227"></a>[pg 227]</span> take his "dram" without any
+       breach of propriety, it is not surprising that a reputable
+       young man should have been found selling whiskey. Liquor was
+       sold at all groceries, but it could not be lawfully sold in
+       a smaller quantity than one quart. The law, however, was not
+       always rigidly observed, and it was the custom of
+       store-keepers to "set up" the drinks to their patrons. Each
+       of the three groceries which Berry and Lincoln acquired had
+       the usual supply of liquors, and the combined stock must
+       have amounted almost to a superabundance. It was only good
+       business that they should seek a way to dispose of the
+       surplus quickly and profitably&mdash;an end which could be
+       best accomplished by selling it over the counter by the
+       glass. Lawfully to do this required a tavern license; and it
+       is a warrantable conclusion that such was the chief aim of
+       Berry and Lincoln in procuring a franchise of this
+       character. We are fortified in this conclusion by the
+       coincidence that three other grocers of New
+       Salem&mdash;William Clary, Henry Sincoe, and George
+       Warberton&mdash;were among those who took out tavern
+       licenses. To secure the lawful privilege of selling whiskey
+       by the "dram" was no doubt their purpose; for their
+       "taverns" were as mythical as the inn of Berry and
+       Lincoln.</p>
+
+    <p>At the granting of a tavern license, the applicants therefor
+    were required by law to file a bond. The bond given in the case
+    of Berry and Lincoln was as follows:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="noteBox">
+        <p>Know all men by these presents, we, William F. Berry,
+        Abraham Lincoln and John Bowling Green, are held and firmly
+        bound unto the County Commissioners of Sangamon County in
+        the full sum of three hundred dollars to which payment well
+        and truly to be made we bind ourselves, our heirs,
+        executors and administrators firmly by these presents,
+        sealed with our seal and dated this 6th day of March A.D.
+        1833. Now the condition of this obligation is such that
+        Whereas the said Berry &amp; Lincoln has obtained a license
+        from the County Commissioners Court to keep a tavern in the
+        Town of New Salem to continue one year. Now if the said
+        Berry &amp; Lincoln shall be of good behavior and observe
+        all the laws of this State relative to tavern
+        keepers&mdash;then this obligation to be void or otherwise
+        remain in full force.</p>
+
+        <p class="right">ABRAHAM LINCOLN [Seal]</p>
+
+        <p class="right">WM. F. BERRY [Seal]</p>
+
+        <p class="right">BOWLING GREEN [Seal]</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>This bond appears to have been written by the clerk of the
+    Commissioners' Court; and Lincoln's name was signed by some one
+    other than himself, very likely by his partner Berry.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/227.jpg"
+             name="fig227"
+             id="fig227"><img src="images/227.jpg"
+             alt="A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S
+        WELL."</h5>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE FIRM HIRES A CLERK.</h4>
+
+    <p>The license seems to have stimulated the business, for the
+    firm concluded to hire a clerk. The young man who secured this
+    position was Daniel Green Burner, son of Isaac Burner, at whose
+    house Lincoln for a time boarded. He is still living on a farm
+    near Galesburg, Illinois, and is in the eighty-second year of
+    his age. "The store building of Berry and Lincoln," says Mr.
+    Burner, "was a frame building, not very large, one story in
+    height, and contained two rooms. In the little back room
+    Lincoln had a fireplace and a bed. There is where we slept. I
+    clerked in the store through the winter of 1834, up to the 1st
+    of March. While I was there they had nothing for sale but
+    liquors. They may have had some groceries before that, but I am
+    certain they had none then. I used to sell whiskey over their
+    counter at six cents a glass&mdash;and charged it, too. N.A.
+    Garland started a store, and Lincoln wanted Berry to ask his
+    father for a loan, so they could buy out Garland; but Berry
+    refused, saying this was one of the last things he would think
+    of doing."</p>
+
+    <p>Among the other persons yet living who were residents with
+    Lincoln of New Salem or its near neighborhood are Mrs.
+    Parthenia <span class="pagenum"><a name="page228"
+       id="page228"></a>[pg 228]</span> W. Hill, aged seventy-nine
+       years, widow of Samuel Hill, the New Salem merchant; James
+       McGrady Rutledge, aged eighty-one years; John Potter, aged
+       eighty-seven years; and Thomas Watkins, aged seventy-one
+       years&mdash;all now living at Petersburg, Illinois. Mrs.
+       Hill, a woman of more than ordinary intelligence, did not
+       become a resident of New Salem until 1835, the year in which
+       she was married. Lincoln had then gone out of business, but
+       she knew much of his store. "Berry and Lincoln," she says,
+       "did not keep any dry goods. They had a grocery, and I have
+       always understood they sold whiskey." Mr. Rutledge, a nephew
+       of James Rutledge the tavern-keeper, has a vivid
+       recollection of the store. He says: "I have been in Berry
+       and Lincoln's store many a time. The building was a
+       frame&mdash;one of the few frame buildings in New Salem.
+       There were two rooms, and in the small back room they kept
+       their whiskey. They had pretty much everything, except dry
+       goods&mdash;sugar, coffee, some crockery, a few pairs of
+       shoes (not many), some farming implements, and the like.
+       Whiskey, of course, was a necessary part of their stock. I
+       remember one transaction in particular which I had with
+       them. I sold the firm a load of wheat, which they turned
+       over to the mill." Mr. Potter, who remembers the morning
+       when Lincoln, then a stranger on his way to New Salem,
+       stopped at his father's house and ate breakfast, knows less
+       about the store, but says: "It was a grocery, and they sold
+       whiskey, of course." Thomas Watkins says that the store
+       contained "a little candy, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, and
+       the like;" though Mr. Watkins, being then a small boy, and
+       living a mile in the country, was not a frequent visitor at
+       the store.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN APPOINTED POSTMASTER.</h4>
+
+    <p>Business was not so brisk, however, in Berry and Lincoln's
+    grocery, even after the license was granted, that the junior
+    partner did not welcome an appointment as postmaster which he
+    received in May, 1833. The appointment of a Whig by a
+    Democratic administration seems to have been made without
+    comment. "The office was too insignificant to make his politics
+    an objection," say the autobiographical notes. The duties of
+    the new office were not arduous, for letters were few, and
+    their comings far between. At that date the mails were carried
+    by four-horse post-coaches from city to city, and on horseback
+    from central points into the country towns. The rates of
+    postage were high. A single-sheet letter carried thirty miles
+    or under cost six cents; thirty to eighty miles, ten cents;
+    eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and one-half
+    cents; one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles, eighteen
+    and one-half cents; over four hundred miles, twenty-five cents.
+    A copy of this magazine sent from New York to New Salem would
+    have cost fully twenty-five cents. The mail was irregular in
+    coming as well as light in its contents. Though supposed to
+    arrive twice a week, it sometimes happened that a fortnight or
+    more passed without any mail. Under these conditions the New
+    Salem post-office was not a serious care.</p>
+
+    <p>A large number of the patrons of the office lived in the
+    country&mdash;many of them miles away&mdash;but generally
+    Lincoln delivered their letters at their doors. These letters
+    he would carefully place in the crown of his hat, and
+    distribute them from house to house. Thus it was in a measure
+    true that he kept the New Salem post-office in his hat. The
+    habit of carrying papers in his hat clung to Lincoln; for, many
+    years later, when he was a practising lawyer in Springfield, he
+    apologized for failing to answer a letter promptly, by
+    explaining: "When I received your letter I put it in my old
+    hat, and buying a new one the next day, the old one was set
+    aside, and so the letter was lost sight of for a time."</p>
+
+    <p>But whether the mail was delivered by the postmaster
+    himself, or the recipient came to the store to inquire,
+    "Anything for me?" it was the habit "to stop and visit awhile."
+    He who received a letter read it and told the contents; if he
+    had a newspaper, usually the postmaster could tell him in
+    advance what it contained, for one of the perquisites of the
+    early post-office was the privilege of reading all printed
+    matter before delivering it. Every day, then, Lincoln's
+    acquaintance in New Salem, through his position as postmaster,
+    became more intimate.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>A NEW OPENING.</h4>
+
+    <p>As the summer of 1833 went on, the condition of the store
+    became more and more unsatisfactory. As the position of
+    postmaster brought in only a small revenue, Lincoln was forced
+    to take any odd work he could get. He helped in other stores in
+    the town, split rails, and looked after the mill; but all this
+    yielded only a scant and uncertain support, and when in the
+    fall he <span class="pagenum"><a name="page229"
+       id="page229"></a>[pg 229]</span> had an opportunity to learn
+       surveying, he accepted it eagerly.</p>
+
+    <p>The condition of affairs in Illinois in the thirties made a
+    demand for the services of surveyors. The immigration had been
+    phenomenal. There were thousands of farms to be surveyed and
+    thousands of "corners" to be located. Speculators bought up
+    large tracts, and mapped out cities on paper. It was years
+    before the first railroad was built in Illinois, and as all
+    inland travelling was on horseback or in the stage-coach, each
+    year hundreds of miles of wagon road were opened through woods
+    and swamps and prairies. As the county of Sangamon was large
+    and eagerly sought by immigrants, the county surveyor in 1833,
+    one John Calhoun, needed deputies; but in a country so new it
+    was no easy matter to find men with the requisite capacity.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/229.jpg"
+             name="fig229"
+             id="fig229"><img src="images/229.jpg"
+             alt="CONCORD CEMETERY." /></a>
+
+        <h5>CONCORD CEMETERY.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg,
+        Illinois. Concord cemetery lies seven miles northwest of
+        the old town of New Salem, in a secluded place, surrounded
+        by woods and pastures, away from the world. In this lonely
+        spot Ann Rutledge was at first laid to rest. Thither
+        Lincoln is said to have often come alone, and "sat in
+        silence for hours at a time;" and it was to Ann Rutledge's
+        grave here that he pointed and said: "There my heart lies
+        buried." The old cemetery suffered the melancholy fate of
+        New Salem. It became a neglected, deserted spot. The graves
+        were lost in weeds, and a heavy growth of trees kept out
+        the sun and filled the place with gloom. A dozen years ago
+        this picture was taken. It was a blustery day in the
+        autumn, and the weeds and trees were swaying before a
+        furious gale. No other picture of the place, taken while
+        Ann Rutledge was buried there, is known to be in existence.
+        A picture of a cemetery, with the name of Ann Rutledge on a
+        high, flat tombstone, has been published in two or three
+        books; but it is not genuine, the "stone" being nothing
+        more than a board improvised for the occasion. The grave of
+        Ann Rutledge was never honored with a stone until the body
+        was taken up in 1890 and removed to Oakland cemetery, a
+        mile southwest of Petersburg.&mdash;<i>J. McCan
+        Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>With Lincoln, Calhoun had little, if any, personal
+    acquaintance, for they lived twenty miles apart. Lincoln,
+    however, had made himself known by his meteoric race for the
+    legislature in 1832, and Calhoun had heard of him as an honest,
+    intelligent, and trustworthy young man. One day he sent word to
+    Lincoln by Pollard Simmons, who lived in the New Salem
+    neighborhood, that he had decided to appoint him a deputy
+    surveyor if he would accept the position.</p>
+
+    <p>Going into the woods, Simmons found Lincoln engaged in his
+    old occupation of making rails. The two sat down together on a
+    log, and Simmons told Lincoln what Calhoun had said. It was a
+    surprise to Lincoln. Calhoun was a "Jackson man;" he was for
+    Clay. What did he know about surveying, and why should a
+    Democratic official offer him a position of any kind? He
+    immediately went to Springfield, and had a talk with Calhoun.
+    He would not accept the appointment, he said, unless he had the
+    assurance that it involved no political obligation, and that he
+    might continue to express his political opinions as freely and
+    frequently as he chose. This assurance was given. The only
+    difficulty then in the way was the fact that he knew absolutely
+    nothing of surveying. But Calhoun, of course, understood this,
+    and agreed that he should have time to
+    learn.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230"
+       id="page230"></a>[pg 230]</span>
+
+    <p>With the promptness of action with which he always undertook
+    anything he had to do, he procured Flint and Gibson's treatise
+    on surveying, and sought Mentor Graham for help. At a sacrifice
+    of some time, the schoolmaster aided him to a partial mastery
+    of the intricate subject. Lincoln worked literally day and
+    night, sitting up night after night until the crowing of the
+    cock warned him of the approaching dawn. So hard did he study
+    that his friends were greatly concerned at his haggard face.
+    But in six weeks he had mastered all the books within reach
+    relating to the subject&mdash;a task which, under ordinary
+    circumstances, would hardly have been achieved in as many
+    months. Reporting to Calhoun for duty (greatly to the amazement
+    of that gentleman), he was at once assigned to the territory in
+    the northwest part of the county, and the first work he did of
+    which there is any authentic record was in January, 1834. In
+    that month he surveyed a piece of land for Russell Godby,
+    dating the certificate January 14, 1834, and signing it "J.
+    Calhoun, S.S.C., by A. Lincoln."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln was frequently employed in laying out public roads,
+    being selected for that purpose by the County Commissioners'
+    Court. So far as can be learned from the official records, the
+    first road he surveyed was "from Musick's Ferry on Salt Creek,
+    via New Salem, to the county line in the direction of
+    Jacksonville." For this he was allowed fifteen dollars for five
+    days' service, and two dollars and fifty cents for a plat of
+    the new road. The next road he surveyed, according to the
+    records, was that leading from Athens to Sangamon town. This
+    was reported to the County Commissioners' Court November 4,
+    1834. But road surveying was only a small portion of his work.
+    He was more frequently employed by private
+    individuals.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>SURVEYING WITH A GRAPEVINE.</h4>
+
+    <p>According to tradition, when he first took up the business
+    he was too poor to buy a chain, and, instead, used a long,
+    straight grape-vine. Probably this is a myth, though surveyors
+    who had experience in the early days say it may be true. The
+    chains commonly used at that time were made of iron. Constant
+    use wore away and weakened the links, and it was no unusual
+    thing for a chain to lengthen six inches after a year's use.
+    "And a good grape-vine," to use the words of a veteran
+    surveyor, "would give quite as satisfactory results as one of
+    those old-fashioned chains."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln's surveys had the extraordinary merit of being
+    correct. Much of the government work had been rather
+    indifferently done, or the government corners had been
+    imperfectly preserved, and there were frequent disputes between
+    adjacent land-owners about boundary lines. Frequently Lincoln
+    was called upon in such cases to find the corner in
+    controversy. His verdict was invariably the end of the dispute,
+    so general was the confidence in his honesty and skill. Some of
+    these old corners located by him are still in existence. The
+    people of Petersburg proudly remember that they live in a town
+    which was laid out by Lincoln. This he did in 1836, and it was
+    the work of several weeks.</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln's pay as a surveyor was three dollars a day, more
+    than he had ever before earned. Compared with the compensation
+    for like services nowadays it seems small enough; but at that
+    time it was really princely. The Governor of the State received
+    a salary of only one thousand dollars a year, the Secretary of
+    State six hundred dollars, and good board and lodging could be
+    obtained for one dollar a week. But even three dollars a day
+    did not enable him to meet all his financial obligations. The
+    heavy debts of the store hung over him. The long distances he
+    had to travel in his new employment had made it necessary to
+    buy a horse, and for it he had gone into debt.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father," says Thomas Watkins of Petersburg, who
+    remembers the circumstances well, "sold Lincoln the horse, and
+    my recollection is that Lincoln agreed to pay him fifty dollars
+    for it. Lincoln was a little slow in making the payments, and
+    after he had paid all but ten dollars, my father, who was a
+    high-strung man, became impatient, and sued him for the
+    balance. Lincoln, of course, did not deny the debt, and raised
+    the money and paid it. I do not often tell this," Mr. Watkins
+    adds, "because I have always thought there never was such a man
+    as Lincoln, and I have always been sorry father sued
+    him."</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>BUSINESS REVERSES.</h4>
+
+    <p>Between his duties as deputy surveyor and postmaster,
+    Lincoln had little leisure for the store, and its management
+    had passed into the hands of Berry. The stock of groceries was
+    on the wane. The numerous obligations of the firm were
+    maturing, with no money to meet them. Both members
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page231"
+       id="page231"></a>[pg 231]</span> of the firm, in the face of
+       such obstacles, lost courage; and when, early in 1834,
+       Alexander and William Trent asked if the store was for sale,
+       an affirmative answer was eagerly given. A price was agreed
+       upon, and the sale was made. Now, neither Alexander Trent
+       nor his brother had any money; but as Berry and Lincoln had
+       bought without money, it seemed only fair that they should
+       be willing to sell on the same terms. Accordingly the notes
+       of the Trent brothers were accepted for the purchase price,
+       and the store was turned over to the new owners. But about
+       the time their notes fell due the Trent brothers
+       disappeared. The few groceries in the store were seized by
+       creditors, and the doors were closed, never to be opened
+       again.</p>
+
+    <p>Misfortunes now crowded upon Lincoln. His late partner,
+    Berry, soon reached the end of his wild career; and one morning
+    a farmer from the Rock Creek neighborhood drove into New Salem
+    with the news that he was dead.</p>
+
+    <p>The appalling debt which had accumulated was thrown upon
+    Lincoln's shoulders. It was then too common a fashion among men
+    who became deluged in debt to "clear out," in the expressive
+    language of the pioneer, as the Trents had done; but this was
+    not Lincoln's way. He quietly settled down among the men he
+    owed, and promised to pay them. For fifteen years he carried
+    this burden&mdash;a load which he cheerfully and manfully bore,
+    but one so heavy that he habitually spoke of it as the
+    "national debt." Talking once of it to a friend, Lincoln said:
+    "That debt was the greatest obstacle I have ever met in life; I
+    had no way of speculating, and could not earn money except by
+    labor, and to earn by labor eleven hundred dollars, besides my
+    living, seemed the work of a lifetime. There was, however, but
+    one way. I went to the creditors, and told them that if they
+    would let me alone, I would give them all I could earn over my
+    living, as fast as I could earn it." As late as 1848, so we are
+    informed by Mr. Herndon, Mr. Lincoln, then a member of
+    Congress, sent home money saved from his salary to be applied
+    on these obligations. All the notes, with interest at the high
+    rates then prevailing, were at last paid.</p>
+
+    <p>With a single exception Lincoln's creditors seem to have
+    been lenient. One of the notes given by him came into the hands
+    of a Mr. Van Bergen, who, when it fell due, brought suit. The
+    amount of the judgment was more than Lincoln could pay, and his
+    personal effects were levied upon. These consisted of his
+    horse, saddle and bridle, and surveying instruments. James
+    Short, a well-to-do farmer living on Sand Ridge a few miles
+    north of New Salem, heard of the trouble which had befallen his
+    young friend. Without advising Lincoln of his plans he attended
+    the sale, bought in the horse and surveying instruments for one
+    hundred and twenty dollars, and turned them over to their
+    former owner.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/231.jpg"
+             name="fig231"
+             id="fig231"><img src="images/231.jpg"
+             alt="STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln's first meeting with Douglas occurred at the State
+    capital, Vandalia, in the winter of 1834-35, when Lincoln was
+    serving his first term in the legislature, and Douglas was an
+    applicant for the office of State attorney for the first
+    judicial district of Illinois.]</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln never forgot a benefactor. He not only repaid the
+    money with interest, but nearly thirty years later remembered
+    the kindness in a most substantial way. After Lincoln left New
+    Salem financial reverses came to James Short, and he removed to
+    the far West to seek his fortune anew. Early in Lincoln's
+    presidential term he heard that "Uncle Jimmy" was living
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page232"
+       id="page232"></a>[pg 232]</span> in California. One day Mr.
+       Short received a letter from Washington, D.C. Tearing it
+       open, he read the gratifying announcement that he had been
+       commissioned an Indian agent.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE KINDNESS SHOWN LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM.</h4>
+
+    <p>The kindness of Mr. Short was not exceptional in Lincoln's
+    New Salem career. When the store had "winked out," as he put
+    it, and the post-office had been left without headquarters, one
+    of his neighbors, Samuel Hill, invited the homeless postmaster
+    into his store. There was hardly a man or woman in the
+    community who would not have been glad to do as much. It was a
+    simple recognition on their part of Lincoln's friendliness to
+    them. He was what they called "obliging"&mdash;a man who
+    instinctively did the thing which he saw would help another, no
+    matter how trivial or homely it was. In the home of Rowan
+    Herndon, where he had boarded when he first came to the town,
+    he had made himself loved by his care of the children. "He
+    nearly always had one of them around with him," says Mr.
+    Herndon. In the Rutledge tavern, where he afterwards lived, the
+    landlord told with appreciation how, when his house was full,
+    Lincoln gave up his bed, went to the store, and slept on the
+    counter, his pillow a web of calico. If a traveller "stuck in
+    the mud" in New Salem's one street, Lincoln was always the
+    first to help pull out the wheel. The widows praised him
+    because he "chopped their wood;" the overworked, because he was
+    always ready to give them a lift. It was the spontaneous,
+    unobtrusive helpfulness of the man's nature which endeared him
+    to everybody and which inspired a general desire to do all
+    possible in return. There are many tales told of homely service
+    rendered him, even by the hard-working farmers' wives around
+    New Salem. There was not one of them who did not gladly "put on
+    a plate" for Abe Lincoln when he appeared, or would not darn or
+    mend for him when she knew he needed it. Hannah Armstrong, the
+    wife of the hero of Clary's Grove, made him one of her family.
+    "Abe would come out to our house," she said, "drink milk, eat
+    mush, cornbread and butter, bring the children candy, and rock
+    the cradle while I got him something to eat.... Has stayed at
+    our house two or three weeks at a time." Lincoln's pay for his
+    first piece of surveying came in the shape of two buckskins,
+    and it was Hannah who "foxed" them on his trousers.</p>
+
+    <p>His relations were equally friendly in the better homes of
+    the community; even at the minister's, the Rev. John Cameron's,
+    he was perfectly at home, and Mrs. Cameron was by him
+    affectionately called "Aunt Polly." It was not only his kindly
+    service which made Lincoln loved; it was his sympathetic
+    comprehension of the lives and joys and sorrows and interests
+    of the people. Whether it was Jack Armstrong and his wrestling,
+    Hannah and her babies, Kelso and his fishing and poetry, the
+    schoolmaster and his books&mdash;with one and all he was at
+    home. He possessed in an extraordinary degree the power of
+    entering into the interests of others, a power found only in
+    reflective, unselfish natures endowed with a humorous sense of
+    human foibles, coupled with great tenderness of heart. Men and
+    women amused Lincoln, but so long as they were sincere he loved
+    them and sympathized with them. He was human in the best sense
+    of that fine word.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN'S ACQUAINTANCE IN SANGAMON COUNTY IS EXTENDED.</h4>
+
+    <p>Now that the store was closed and his surveying increased,
+    Lincoln had an excellent opportunity to extend his
+    acquaintance, for he was travelling about the country.
+    Everywhere he won friends. The surveyor naturally was respected
+    for his calling's sake, but the new deputy surveyor was admired
+    for his friendly ways, his willingness to lend a hand indoors
+    as well as out, his learning, his ambition, his independence.
+    Throughout the county he began to be regarded as "a right smart
+    young man." Some of his associates appear even to have
+    comprehended his peculiarly great character and dimly to have
+    foreseen a splendid future. "Often," says Daniel Green Burner,
+    Berry and Lincoln's clerk in the grocery, "I have heard my
+    brother-in-law, Dr. Duncan, say he would not be surprised if
+    some day Abe Lincoln got to be Governor of Illinois. Lincoln,"
+    Mr. Burner adds, "was thought to know a little more than
+    anybody else among the young people. He was a good debater, and
+    liked it. He read much, and seemed never to forget
+    anything."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln was fully conscious of his popularity, and it seemed
+    to him in 1834 that he could safely venture to try again for
+    the legislature. Accordingly he announced himself as a
+    candidate, spending much of the summer of 1834 in
+    electioneering. It <span class="pagenum"><a name="page233"
+       id="page233"></a>[pg 233]</span> was a repetition of what he
+       had done in 1832, though on the larger scale made possible
+       by wider acquaintance. In company with the other candidates,
+       he rode up and down the county, making speeches in the
+       public squares, in shady groves, now and then in a log
+       school-house. In his speeches he soon distinguished himself
+       by the amazing candor with which he dealt with all
+       questions, and by his curious blending of audacity and
+       humility. Wherever he saw a crowd of men he joined them, and
+       he never failed to adapt himself to their point of view in
+       asking for votes. If the degree of physical strength was
+       their test for a candidate, he was ready to lift a weight or
+       wrestle with the country-side champion; if the amount of
+       grain a man could cradle would recommend him, he seized the
+       cradle and showed the swath he could cut. The campaign was
+       well conducted, for in August he was elected one of the four
+       assemblymen from Sangamon. The vote at this election stood:
+       Dawson, 1390; Lincoln, 1376; Carpenter, 1170; Stuart,
+       1164.<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/233.jpg"
+             name="fig233"
+             id="fig233"><img src="images/233.jpg"
+             alt="MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO STUDY LAW." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO
+        STUDY LAW.</h5>
+
+        <p>Born in Kentucky in 1807. At twenty-one, on being
+        admitted to the bar, he removed to Springfield, Illinois,
+        and was soon prominent in his profession. He was a member
+        of the legislature from 1832 to 1836. In 1838 he defeated
+        Stephen A. Douglas for Congress, and served two
+        terms&mdash;as a Whig. In 1863 and 1864 he served a third
+        term&mdash;as a Democrat. He served also in the State
+        Senate, and was a major in the Black Hawk War. He died in
+        1885.</p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <h4>HE FINALLY DECIDES ON A LEGAL CAREER.</h4>
+
+    <p>The best thing which Lincoln did in the canvass of 1834 was
+    not winning votes; it was coming to a determination to read
+    law, not for pleasure but as a business. In his
+    autobiographical notes he says: "During the canvass, in a
+    private conversation Major John T. Stuart (one of his
+    fellow-candidates) encouraged Abraham to study law. After the
+    election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him,
+    and went at it in good earnest. He never studied with anybody."
+    He seems to have thrown himself into the work with an almost
+    impatient ardor. As he tramped back and forth from Springfield,
+    twenty miles away, to get his law-books, he read sometimes
+    forty pages or more on the way. Often he was seen wandering at
+    random across the fields, repeating aloud the points in his
+    last reading. The subject seemed never to be out of his mind.
+    It was the great absorbing interest of his life. The rule he
+    gave twenty years later to a young man who wanted to know how
+    to become a lawyer, seems to have been the one he
+    practised.<a id="footnotetag4"
+       name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>Having secured a book of legal forms, he was soon able to
+    write deeds, contracts, and all sorts of legal instruments; and
+    he was frequently called upon by his neighbors to perform
+    services of this kind. "In 1834," says Daniel Green Burner,
+    Berry and Lincoln's clerk, "my father, Isaac Burner, sold out
+    to Henry Onstott, and he wanted a deed written. I knew how
+    handy Lincoln was that way, and suggested that we get him. We
+    found him sitting on a stump. 'All right,' said he, when
+    informed what we wanted. 'If you will bring me a pen and ink
+    and a piece of paper I will write it here.' I brought him these
+    articles, and, picking up a shingle and putting it on his knee
+    for a desk, he wrote out the deed." As there was no practising
+    lawyer nearer than Springfield, Lincoln was often employed to
+    act the part of advocate before the village squire, at
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page234"
+       id="page234"></a>[pg 234]</span> that time Bowling Green. He
+       realized that this experience was valuable, and never, so
+       far as known, demanded or accepted a fee for his services in
+       these petty cases.</p>
+
+    <p>Justice was sometimes administered in a summary way in
+    Squire Green's court. Precedents and the venerable rules of law
+    had little weight. The "Squire" took judicial notice of a great
+    many facts, often going so far as to fill, simultaneously, the
+    two functions of witness and court. But his decisions were
+    generally just.</p>
+
+    <p>James McGrady Rutledge tells a story in which several of
+    Lincoln's old friends figure and which illustrates the legal
+    practices of New Salem. "Jack Kelso," says Mr. Rutledge, "owned
+    or claimed to own a white hog. It was also claimed by John
+    Ferguson. The hog had often wandered around Bowling Green's
+    place, and he was somewhat acquainted with it. Ferguson sued
+    Kelso, and the case was tried before 'Squire' Green. The
+    plaintiff produced two witnesses who testified positively that
+    the hog belonged to him. Kelso had nothing to offer, save his
+    own unsupported claim.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Are there any more witnesses?' inquired the court.</p>
+
+    <p>"He was informed that there were no more.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Well,' said 'Squire' Green, 'the two witnesses we have
+    heard have sworn to a &mdash;&mdash; lie. I know this shoat,
+    and I know it belongs to Jack Kelso. I therefore decide this
+    case in his favor.'"</p>
+
+    <p>An extract from the record of the County Commissioners'
+    Court illustrates the nature of the cases that came before the
+    justice of the peace in Lincoln's day. It also shows the price
+    put upon the privilege of working on Sunday, in 1832:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>JANUARY 29, 1832.&mdash;Alexander Gibson found guilty of
+        Sabbath-breaking and fined 12&frac12; cents. Fine paid into
+        court.</p>
+
+        <p class="author">"(Signed) EDWARD ROBINSON, J.P."</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN ENTERS THE ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY.</h4>
+
+    <p>The session of the ninth Assembly began December 1, 1834,
+    and Lincoln went to the capital, then Vandalia, seventy-five
+    miles southeast of New Salem, on the Kaskaskia River, in time
+    for the opening. Vandalia was a town which had been called into
+    existence in 1820 especially to give the State government an
+    abiding-place. Its very name had been chosen, it is said,
+    because it "sounded well" for a State capital. As the tradition
+    goes, while the commissioners were debating what they should
+    call the town they were making, a wag suggested that it be
+    named Vandalia, in honor of the Vandals, a tribe of Indians
+    which, said he, had once lived on the borders of the Kaskaskia;
+    this, he argued, would conserve a local tradition while giving
+    a euphonous title. The commissioners, pleased with so good a
+    suggestion, adopted the name. When Lincoln first went to
+    Vandalia it was a town of about eight hundred inhabitants; its
+    noteworthy features, according to Peck's "Gazetteer" of
+    Illinois for 1834, being a brick court-house, a two-story brick
+    edifice "used by State officers," "a neat framed house of
+    worship for the Presbyterian Society, with a cupola and bell,"
+    "a framed meeting-house for the Methodist Society," three
+    taverns, several stores, five lawyers, four physicians, a land
+    office, and two newspapers. It was a much larger town than
+    Lincoln had ever lived in before, though he was familiar with
+    Springfield, then twice as large as Vandalia, and he had seen
+    the cities of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+    <p>The Assembly which he entered was composed of eighty-one
+    members,&mdash;twenty-six senators, fifty-five representatives.
+    As a rule, these men were of Kentucky, Tennessee, or Virginia
+    origin, with here and there a Frenchman. There were but few
+    Eastern men, for there was still a strong prejudice in the
+    State against Yankees. The close bargains and superior airs of
+    the emigrants from New England contrasted so unpleasantly with
+    the open-handed hospitality and the easy ways of the
+    Southerners and French, that a pioneer's prospects were blasted
+    at the start if he acted like a Yankee. A history of Illinois
+    in 1837, published evidently to "boom" the State, cautioned the
+    emigrant that if he began his life in Illinois by "affecting
+    superior intelligence and virtue, and catechizing the people
+    for their habits of plainness and simplicity and their apparent
+    want of those things which he imagines indispensable to
+    comfort," he must expect to be forever marked as "a Yankee,"
+    and to have his prospects correspondingly defeated. A
+    "hard-shell" Baptist preacher of about this date showed the
+    feeling of the people when he said, in preaching of the
+    richness of the grace of the Lord: "It tuks in the isles of the
+    sea and the uttermust part of the yeth. It embraces the
+    Esquimaux and the Hottentots, and some, my dear brethering, go
+    so far as to suppose that it tuks in the poor benighted
+    Yankees, but <i>I don't go that fur</i>." When it came to an
+    election of legislators, many of the people "didn't go that
+    fur" either.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page235"
+       id="page235"></a>[pg 235]</span>
+
+    <p>There was a preponderance of jean suits like Lincoln's in
+    the Assembly, and there were coonskin caps and buckskin
+    trousers. Nevertheless, more than one member showed a studied
+    garb and a courtly manner. Some of the best blood of the South
+    went into the making of Illinois, and it showed itself from the
+    first in the Assembly. The surroundings of the legislators were
+    quite as simple as the attire of the plainest of them. The
+    court-house, in good old Colonial style, with square pillars
+    and belfry, was finished with wooden desks and benches. The
+    State furnished her law-makers no superfluities&mdash;three
+    dollars a day, a cork inkstand, a certain number of quills, and
+    a limited amount of stationery was all an Illinois legislator
+    in 1834 got from his position. Scarcely more could be expected
+    from a State whose revenues from December 1, 1834, to December
+    1, 1836, were only about one hundred and twenty-five thousand
+    dollars, with expenditures during the same period amounting to
+    less than one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/235.jpg"
+             name="fig235"
+             id="fig235"><img src="images/235.jpg"
+             alt="JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S
+        FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838,
+        was born in Kentucky in 1794. The son of an officer of the
+        regular army, he, at nineteen, became a soldier in the war
+        of 1812, and did gallant service. He removed to Illinois in
+        1818, and soon became prominent in the State, serving as a
+        major-general of militia, a State Senator, and, from 1826
+        to 1834, as a member of Congress, resigning from Congress
+        to take the office of Governor. He was at first a Democrat,
+        but afterwards became a Whig. He was a man of the highest
+        character and public spirit. He died in 1844.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln thought little of these things, no doubt. To him the
+    absorbing interest was the men he met. To get acquainted with
+    them, measure them, compare himself with them, and discover
+    wherein they were his superiors and what he could do to make
+    good his deficiency&mdash;this was his chief occupation. The
+    men he met were good subjects for such study. Among them were
+    Wm. L.D. Ewing, Jesse K. Dubois, Stephen T. Logan, Theodore
+    Ford, and Governor Duncan&mdash;men destined to play large
+    parts in the history of the State. One whom he met that winter
+    in Vandalia was destined to play a great part in the history of
+    the nation&mdash;the Democratic candidate for the office of
+    State attorney for the first judicial district of Illinois; a
+    man four years younger than Lincoln&mdash;he was only
+    twenty-one at the time; a new-comer, too, in the State, having
+    arrived about a year before, under no very promising auspices
+    either, for he had only thirty-seven cents in his pockets, and
+    no position in view; but a man of metal, it was easy to see,
+    for already he had risen so high in the district where he had
+    settled, that he dared contest the office of State attorney
+    with John J. Hardin, one of the most successful lawyers of the
+    State. This young man was Stephen A. Douglas. He had come to
+    Vandalia from Morgan County to conduct his campaign, and
+    Lincoln met him first in the halls of the old court-house,
+    where he and his friends carried on with success their contest
+    against Hardin.</p>
+
+    <p>The ninth Assembly gathered in a more hopeful and ambitious
+    mood than any of its predecessors. Illinois was feeling well.
+    The State was free from debt. The Black Hawk War had stimulated
+    the people greatly, for it had brought a large amount of money
+    into circulation. In fact, the greater portion of the eight to
+    ten million dollars the war had cost had been circulated among
+    the Illinois volunteers. Immigration, too, was increasing at a
+    bewildering rate. In 1835 the census showed a population of
+    269,974. Between 1830 and 1835 two-fifths of this number had
+    come in. In the northeast Chicago had begun to rise. "Even for
+    Western towns" its growth had been unusually rapid, declared
+    Peck's "Gazetteer" of 1834; the harbor building there, the
+    proposed Michigan and Illinois canal, the rise in town
+    lots&mdash;all promised to the State a metropolis. To meet the
+    rising tide of prosperity, the legislators of 1834 felt that
+    they must devise some worthy scheme, so they chartered a new
+    State bank with a capital of one million five hundred thousand
+    dollars, and revived a bank which had broken twelve years
+    before, granting it a charter of three hundred thousand
+    dollars. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page236"
+       id="page236"></a>[pg 236]</span> There was no surplus money
+       in the State to supply the capital; there were no trained
+       bankers to guide the concern; there was no clear notion of
+       how it was all to be done; but a banking capital of one
+       million eight hundred thousand dollars would be a good thing
+       in the State, they were sure; and if the East could be made
+       to believe in Illinois as much as her legislators believed
+       in her, the stocks would go, and so the banks were
+       chartered.</p>
+
+    <p>But even more important to the State than banks was a
+    highway. For thirteen years plans of the Illinois and Michigan
+    canal had been constantly before the Assembly. Surveys had been
+    ordered, estimates reported, the advantages extolled, but
+    nothing had been done. Now, however, the Assembly, flushed by
+    the first thrill of the coming "boom," decided to authorize a
+    loan of a half-million on the credit of the State. Lincoln
+    favored both these measures. He did not, however, do anything
+    especially noteworthy for either of the bills, nor was the
+    record he made in other directions at all remarkable. He was
+    placed on the committee of public accounts and expenditures,
+    and attended meetings with great fidelity. His first act as a
+    member was to give notice that he would ask leave to introduce
+    a bill limiting the jurisdiction of justices of the
+    peace&mdash;a measure which he succeeded in carrying through.
+    He followed this by a motion to change the rules, so that it
+    should not be in order to offer amendments to any bill after
+    the third reading, which was not agreed to; though the same
+    rule, in effect, was adopted some years later, and is to this
+    day in force in both branches of the Illinois Assembly. He next
+    made a motion to take from the table a report which had been
+    submitted by his committee, which met a like fate. His first
+    resolution, relating to a State revenue to be derived from the
+    sales of the public lands, was denied a reference, and laid
+    upon the table. Neither as a speaker nor an organizer did he
+    make any especial impression on the body.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.</h4>
+
+    <p>In the spring of 1835 the young representative from Sangamon
+    returned to New Salem to take up his duties as postmaster and
+    deputy surveyor, and to resume his law studies. He exchanged
+    his rather exalted position for the humbler one with a light
+    heart. New Salem held all that was dearest in the world to him
+    at that moment, and he went back to the poor little town with a
+    hope, which he had once supposed honor forbade his
+    acknowledging even to himself, glowing warmly in his heart. He
+    loved a young girl of that town, and now for the first time,
+    though he had known her since he first came to New Salem, was
+    he free to tell his love.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the most prominent families of the settlement in
+    1831, when Lincoln first appeared there, was that of James
+    Rutledge. The head of the house was one of the founders of New
+    Salem, and at that time the keeper of the village tavern. He
+    was a high-minded man, of a warm and generous nature, and had
+    the universal respect of the community. He was a South
+    Carolinian by birth, but had lived many years in Kentucky
+    before coming to Illinois. Rutledge came of a distinguished
+    family: one of his ancestors signed the Declaration of
+    Independence; another was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
+    the United States by appointment of Washington, and another was
+    a conspicuous leader in the American Congress.</p>
+
+    <p>The third of the nine children in the Rutledge household was
+    a daughter, Ann Mayes, born in Kentucky, January 7, 1813. When
+    Lincoln first met her she was nineteen years old, and as fresh
+    as a flower. Many of those who knew her at that time have left
+    tributes to her beauty and gentleness, and even to-day there
+    are those living who talk of her with moistened eyes and
+    softened tones. "She was a beautiful girl," says her cousin,
+    James McGrady Rutledge, "and as bright as she was pretty. She
+    was well educated for that early day, a good conversationalist,
+    and always gentle and cheerful. A girl whose company people
+    liked." So fair a maid was not, of course, without suitors. The
+    most determined of those who sought her hand was one John
+    McNeill, a young man who had arrived in New Salem from New York
+    soon after the founding of the town. Nothing was known of his
+    antecedents, and no questions were asked. He was understood to
+    be merely one of the thousands who had come West in search of
+    fortune. That he was intelligent, industrious, and frugal, with
+    a good head for business, was at once apparent; for he and
+    Samuel Hill opened a general store and they soon doubled their
+    capital, and their business continued to grow marvellously. In
+    four years from his first appearance in the settlement, besides
+    having a half-interest in the store, he owned a large farm a
+    few miles north of New Salem. His neighbors believed him to be
+    worth about twelve thousand
+    dollars.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page237"
+       id="page237"></a>[pg 237]</span>
+
+    <p>John McNeill was an unmarried man&mdash;at least so he
+    represented himself to be&mdash;and very soon after becoming a
+    resident of New Salem he formed the acquaintance of Ann
+    Rutledge, then a girl of seventeen. It was a case of love at
+    first sight, and the two soon became engaged, in spite of the
+    rivalry of Samuel Hill, McNeill's partner. But Ann was as yet
+    only a young girl; and it was thought very sensible in her and
+    very gracious and considerate in her lover that both acquiesced
+    in the wishes of Ann's parents that, for some time at least,
+    the marriage be postponed.</p>
+
+    <p>Such was the situation when Lincoln appeared in New Salem.
+    He naturally soon became acquainted with the girl. She was a
+    pupil in Mentor Graham's school, where he frequently visited,
+    and rumor says that he first met her there. However that may
+    be, it is certain that in the latter part of 1832 he went to
+    board at the Rutledge tavern and there was thrown daily into
+    her company.</p>
+
+    <p>During the next year, 1833, John McNeill, in spite of his
+    fair prospects, became restless and discontented. He wanted to
+    see his people, he said, and before the end of the year he had
+    decided to go East for a visit. To secure perfect freedom from
+    his business while gone, he sold out his interest in his store.
+    To Ann he said that he hoped to bring back his father and
+    mother, and to place them on his farm. "This duty done," was
+    his farewell word, "you and I will be married." In the spring
+    of 1834 McNeill started East. The journey overland by foot and
+    horse was in those days a trying one, and on the way McNeill
+    fell ill with chills and fever. It was late in the summer
+    before he reached his home, and wrote back to Ann, explaining
+    his silence. The long wait had been a severe strain on the
+    girl, and Lincoln had watched her anxiety with softened heart.
+    It was to him, the New Salem postmaster, that she came to
+    inquire for letters. It was to him she entrusted those she
+    sent. In a way the postmaster must have become the girl's
+    confidant; and his tender heart, which never could resist
+    suffering, must have been deeply touched. After the long
+    silence was broken, and McNeill's first letter of explanation
+    came, the cause of anxiety seemed removed; but, strangely
+    enough, other letters followed only at long intervals, and
+    finally they ceased altogether. Then it was that the young girl
+    told her friends a secret which McNeill had confided to her
+    before leaving New Salem.</p>
+
+    <p>He had told her what she had never even suspected before,
+    that John McNeill was not his real name, but that it was John
+    McNamar. Shortly before he came to New Salem, he explained, his
+    father had suffered a disastrous failure in business. He was
+    the oldest son; and in the hope of retrieving the lost fortune,
+    he resolved to go West, expecting to return in a few years and
+    share his riches with the rest of the family. Anticipating
+    parental opposition, he ran away from home; and, being sure
+    that he could never accumulate anything with so numerous a
+    family to support, he endeavored to lose himself by a change of
+    name. All this Ann had believed and not repeated; but now, worn
+    out by waiting, she took the story to her friends.</p>
+
+    <p>With few exceptions they pronounced the story a fabrication
+    and McNamar an impostor. Why had he worn this mask? His excuse
+    seemed flimsy. At best, they declared, he was a mere
+    adventurer; and was it not more probable that he was a fugitive
+    from justice&mdash;a thief, a swindler, or a murderer? And who
+    knew how many wives he might have? With all New Salem declaring
+    John McNamar false, Ann Rutledge could hardly be blamed for
+    imagining that he was either dead or had transferred his
+    affections.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not until McNeill, or McNamar, had been gone many
+    months, and gossip had become offensive, that Lincoln ventured
+    to show his love for Ann, and then it was a long time before
+    the girl would listen to his suit. Convinced at last, however,
+    that her former lover had deserted her, she yielded to
+    Lincoln's wishes and promised, in the spring of 1835, soon
+    after Lincoln's return from Vandalia, to become his wife. But
+    Lincoln had nothing on which to support a family&mdash;indeed,
+    he found it no trifling task to support himself. As for Ann,
+    she was anxious to go to school another year. It was decided
+    that in the autumn she should go with her brother to
+    Jacksonville and spend the winter there in an academy. Lincoln
+    was to devote himself to his law studies; and the next spring,
+    when she returned from school and he was a member of the bar,
+    they were to be married.</p>
+
+    <p>A happy spring and summer followed. New Salem took a cordial
+    interest in the two lovers and presaged a happy life for them,
+    and all would undoubtedly have gone well if the young girl
+    could have dismissed the haunting memory of her old lover. The
+    possibility that she had wronged him, that he might reappear,
+    that he loved her still,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page238"
+       id="page238"></a>[pg 238]</span> though she now loved
+       another, that perhaps she had done wrong&mdash;a torturing
+       conflict of memory, love, conscience, doubt, and morbidness
+       lay like a shadow across her happiness, and wore upon her
+       until she fell ill. Gradually her condition became hopeless;
+       and Lincoln, who had been shut from her, was sent for. The
+       lovers passed an hour alone in an anguished parting, and
+       soon after, on August 25, 1835, Ann died.</p>
+
+    <p>The death of Ann Rutledge plunged Lincoln into the deepest
+    gloom. That abiding melancholy, that painful sense of the
+    incompleteness of life which had been his mother's dowry to
+    him, asserted itself. It filled and darkened his mind and his
+    imagination, tortured him with its black pictures. One stormy
+    night Lincoln was sitting beside William Greene, his head bowed
+    on his hand, while tears trickled through his fingers; his
+    friend begged him to control his sorrow, to try to forget. "I
+    cannot," moaned Lincoln; "the thought of the snow and rain on
+    her grave fills me with indescribable grief."</p>
+
+    <p>He was seen walking alone by the river and through the
+    woods, muttering strange things to himself. He seemed to his
+    friends to be in the shadow of madness. They kept a close watch
+    over him; and at last Bowling Green, one of the most devoted
+    friends Lincoln then had, took him home to his little log
+    cabin, half a mile north of New Salem, under the brow of a big
+    bluff. Here, under the loving care of Green and his good wife
+    Nancy, Lincoln remained until he was once more master of
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>But though he had regained self-control, his grief was deep
+    and bitter. Ann Rutledge was buried in Concord cemetery, a
+    country burying-ground seven miles northwest of New Salem. To
+    this lonely spot Lincoln frequently journeyed to weep over her
+    grave. "My heart is buried there," he said to one of his
+    friends.</p>
+
+    <p>When McNamar returned (for McNamar's story was true, and two
+    months after Ann Rutledge died he drove into New Salem with his
+    widowed mother and his brothers and sisters in the "prairie
+    schooner" beside him) and learned of Ann's death, he "saw
+    Lincoln at the post-office," as he afterward said, and "he
+    seemed desolate and sorely distressed."</p>
+
+    <p>McNamar's strange conduct toward Ann Rutledge is to this day
+    a mystery. Her death apparently produced upon him no deep
+    impression. He certainly experienced no such sorrow as Lincoln
+    felt, for within a year he married another woman.</p>
+
+    <p>Many years ago a sister of Ann Rutledge, Mrs. Jeane Berry,
+    told what she knew of Ann's love affairs; and her statement has
+    been preserved in a diary kept by the Rev. R.D. Miller, now
+    Superintendent of Schools of Menard County, with whom she had
+    the conversation. She declared that Ann's "whole soul seemed
+    wrapped up in Lincoln," and that they "would have been married
+    in the fall or early winter" if Ann had lived. "After Ann
+    died," said Mrs. Berry, "I remember that it was common talk
+    about how sad Lincoln was; and I remember myself how sad he
+    looked. They told me that every time he was in the neighborhood
+    after she died, he would go alone to her grave and sit there in
+    silence for hours."</p>
+
+    <p>In later life, when his sorrow had become a memory, he told
+    a friend who questioned him: "I really and truly loved the girl
+    and think often of her now." There was a pause, and then the
+    President added:</p>
+
+    <p>"And I have loved the name of Rutledge to this
+    day."</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.</h4>
+
+    <p>When the death of Ann Rutledge came upon Lincoln, for a time
+    threatening to destroy his ambition and blast his life, he was
+    in a most encouraging position. Master of a profession in which
+    he had an abundance of work and earned fair wages, hopeful of
+    being admitted in a few months to the bar, a member of the
+    State Assembly with every reason to believe that, if he desired
+    it, his constituency would return him&mdash;few men are as far
+    advanced at twenty-six as was Abraham Lincoln.</p>
+
+    <p>Intellectually he was far better equipped than he believed
+    himself to be, better than he has ordinarily been credited with
+    being. True, he had had no conventional college training, but
+    he had by his own efforts attained the chief result of all
+    preparatory study, the ability to take hold of a subject and
+    assimilate it. The fact that in six weeks he had acquired
+    enough of the science of surveying to enable him to serve as
+    deputy surveyor shows how well-trained his mind was. The power
+    to grasp a large subject quickly and fully is never an
+    accident. The nights Lincoln spent in Gentryville lying on the
+    floor in front of the fire figuring on the fire-shovel, the
+    hours he passed in poring over the Statutes of Indiana, the
+    days he wrestled with Kirkham's Grammar, alone made the mastery
+    of Flint and Gibson possible. His struggle with Flint and
+    Gibson <span class="pagenum"><a name="page239"
+       id="page239"></a>[pg 239]</span> made easier the volumes he
+       borrowed from Major Stuart's law library.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/239.jpg"
+             name="fig239"
+             id="fig239"><img src="images/239.jpg"
+             alt="GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph made for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE by C.S.
+        McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois, in September, 1895. On
+        the 15th of May, 1890, the remains of Ann Rutledge were
+        removed from the long-neglected grave in the Concord
+        grave-yard to a new and picturesque burying-ground a mile
+        southwest of Petersburg, called Oakland cemetery. The old
+        grave, though marked by no stone, was easily identified
+        from the fact that Ann was buried by the side of her
+        younger brother, David, who died in 1842, upon the
+        threshold of what promised to be a brilliant career as a
+        lawyer. The removal was made by Samuel Montgomery, a
+        prominent business man of Petersburg. He was accompanied to
+        the grave by James McGrady Rutledge and a few others, who
+        located the grave beyond doubt. In the new cemetery, the
+        grave occupies a place somewhat apart from others. A young
+        maple tree is growing beside it, and it is marked by an
+        unpolished granite stone bearing the simple inscription
+        "Ann Rutledge."&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln had a mental trait which explains his rapid growth
+    in mastering subjects&mdash;seeing clearly was essential to
+    him. He was unable to put a question aside until he understood
+    it. It pursued him, irritated him until solved. Even in his
+    Gentryville days his comrades noted that he was constantly
+    searching for reasons and that he "explained so clearly." This
+    characteristic became stronger with years. He was unwilling to
+    pronounce himself on any subject until he understood it, and he
+    could not let it alone until he had reached a conclusion which
+    satisfied him.</p>
+
+    <p>This seeing clearly became a splendid force in Lincoln;
+    because when he once had reached a conclusion he had the
+    honesty of soul to suit his actions to it. No consideration
+    could induce him to abandon the course his reason told him was
+    logical. Not that he was obstinate and having taken a position,
+    would not change it if he saw on further study that he was
+    wrong. In his first circular to the people of Sangamon County
+    is this characteristic passage: "Upon the subjects I have
+    treated, I have spoken as I thought. I may be wrong in any or
+    all of them; but, holding it a sound maxim that it is better
+    only sometimes to be right than at all times to be wrong, so
+    soon as I discover my opinions to be erroneous, I shall be
+    ready to renounce them."</p>
+
+    <p>Joined to these strong mental and moral qualities was that
+    power of immediate action which so often explains why one man
+    succeeds in life while another of equal intelligence and
+    uprightness fails. As soon as Lincoln saw a thing to do he did
+    it. He wants to know; here is a book&mdash;it may be a
+    biography, a volume of dry statutes, a collection of verse; no
+    matter, he reads and ponders it until he has absorbed all it
+    has for him. He is eager to see the world;
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page240"
+       id="page240"></a>[pg 240]</span> a man offers him a position
+       as a "hand" on a Mississippi flatboat; he takes it without a
+       moment's hesitation over the toil and exposure it demands.
+       John Calhoun is willing to make him a deputy surveyor; he
+       knows nothing of the science; in six weeks he has learned
+       enough to begin his labors. Sangamon County must have
+       representatives, why not he? and his circular goes out.
+       Ambition alone will not explain this power of instantaneous
+       action. It comes largely from that active imagination which,
+       when a new relation or position opens, seizes on all its
+       possibilities and from them creates a situation so real that
+       one enters with confidence upon what seems to the
+       unimaginative the rashest undertaking. Lincoln saw the
+       possibilities in things and immediately appropriated
+       them.</p>
+
+    <p>But the position he filled in Sangamon County in 1835 was
+    not all due to these qualities; much was due to his personal
+    charm. By all accounts he was big, awkward, ill-clad,
+    shy&mdash;yet his sterling honor, his unselfish nature, his
+    heart of the true gentleman, inspired respect and confidence.
+    Men might laugh at his first appearance, but they were not long
+    in recognizing the real superiority of his nature.</p>
+
+    <p>Such was Abraham Lincoln at twenty-six, when the tragic
+    death of Ann Rutledge made all that he had attained, all that
+    he had planned, seem fruitless and empty. He was too sincere
+    and just, too brave a man, to allow a great sorrow permanently
+    to interfere with his activities. He rallied his forces, and
+    returned to his law, his surveying, his politics. He brought to
+    his work a new power, that insight and patience which only a
+    great sorrow can give.</p>
+
+    <p class="center">(<i>Begun in the November number 1895; to be
+    continued.</i>)</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>LINCOLN'S BEARD&mdash;THE LETTER OF MRS. BILLINGS
+        REFERRED TO ON PAGE 217.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p class="right">DELPHOS, KANSAS, <i>December 6,
+        1895.</i></p>MISS TARBELL:
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>In reply to your letter of recent date inquiring about
+        the incident of my childhood and connected with Mr.
+        Lincoln, I would say that at the time of his first
+        nomination to the Presidency I was a child of eleven years,
+        living with my parents in Chautauqua County, N.Y.</p>
+
+        <p>My father was an ardent Republican, and possessed of a
+        profound admiration for the character of the grand man who
+        was the choice of his party. We younger children accepted
+        his opinions with unquestioning faith, and listened with
+        great delight to the anecdotes of his life current at that
+        time, and were particularly interested in reading of the
+        difficulties he encountered in getting an education; so
+        much did it appeal to our childish imaginations that
+        <i>we</i> were firmly persuaded that if we could only study
+        our lessons prone before the glow and cheer of an open fire
+        in a great fireplace, <i>we</i> too might rise to heights
+        which now we could never attain. My father brought to us,
+        one day, a large poster, and my mind still holds a
+        recollection of its crude, coarse work and glaring colors.
+        About the edges were grouped in unadorned and exaggerated
+        ugliness the pictures of our former Presidents, and in the
+        midst of them were the faces of "Lincoln and Hamlin,"
+        surrounded by way of a frame with a rail fence. We are all
+        familiar with the strong and rugged face of Mr. Lincoln,
+        the deep lines about the mouth, and the eyes have much the
+        same sorrowful expression in all the pictures I have seen
+        of him. I think I must have felt a certain disappointment,
+        for I said to my mother that he would look much nicer if he
+        wore whiskers, and straightway gave him the benefit of my
+        opinion in a letter, describing the poster and hinting,
+        rather broadly, that his appearance might be improved if he
+        would let his whiskers grow. Not wishing to wound his
+        feelings, I added that the rail fence around his picture
+        looked real pretty! I also asked him if he had any little
+        girl, and if so, and he was too busy to write and tell me
+        what he thought about it, if he would not let her do so;
+        and ended by assuring him I meant to try my best to induce
+        two erring brothers of the Democratic faith to cast their
+        votes for him. I think the circumstance would have speedily
+        passed from my mind but for the fact that I confided to an
+        elder sister that I had written to Mr. Lincoln, and had she
+        not expressed a doubt as to whether I had addressed him
+        properly. To prove that I had, and was not as ignorant as
+        she thought me, I re-wrote the address for her inspection:
+        "<i>Hon. Abraham Lincoln Esquire</i>."</p>
+
+        <p>My mortification at the laughter and ridicule excited
+        was somewhat relieved by my mother's remarking that "there
+        should be no mistake as to whom the letter belonged." The
+        reply to my poor little letter came in due time, and the
+        following is a copy of the original, which is <i>still in
+        my possession</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p class="right">"<i>Private</i>.</p>
+
+        <p class="right">"SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, <i>October 19,
+        1860</i>.</p>
+
+        <p>"MISS GRACE BEDELL.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>"<i>My Dear little Miss</i>:&mdash;Your very agreeable
+        letter of the 15th inst. is received. I regret the
+        necessity of saying I have no daughter. I have three sons;
+        one seventeen, one nine, and one seven years of age. They,
+        with their mother, constitute my whole family. As to the
+        whiskers, having never worn any, do you not think people
+        would call it a piece of silly affectation if I were to
+        begin wearing them now? Your very sincere well-wisher,</p>
+
+        <p class="right">"A. LINCOLN."</p>
+
+        <p>Probably the frankness of the child appealed to the
+        humorous side of his nature, for the suggestion was acted
+        upon. After the election, and on his journey from
+        Springfield to Washington, he inquired of Hon. G.W.
+        Patterson, who was one of the party who accompanied him on
+        that memorable trip, and who was a resident of our town, if
+        he knew of a family bearing the name of Bedell. Mr.
+        Patterson replying in the affirmative, Mr. Lincoln said he
+        "had received a letter from a little girl called Grace
+        Bedell, advising me to wear whiskers, as she thought it
+        would improve my looks." He said the character of the
+        "letter was so unique and so different from the many
+        self-seeking and threatening ones he was daily receiving
+        that it came to him as a relief and a pleasure." When the
+        train reached Westfield, Mr. Lincoln made a short speech
+        from the platform of the car, and in conclusion said he had
+        a correspondent there, relating the circumstance and giving
+        my name, and if she were present he would like to see her.
+        I was present, but in the crowd had neither seen nor heard
+        the speaker; but a gentleman helped me forward, and Mr.
+        Lincoln stepped down to the platform where I stood, shook
+        my hand, kissed me, and said: "You see I let these whiskers
+        grow for you, Grace." The crowd cheered, Mr. Lincoln
+        reentered the car, and I ran quickly home, looking at and
+        speaking to no one, with a much dilapidated bunch of roses
+        in my hand, which I had hoped might be passed up to Mr.
+        Lincoln with some other flowers which were to be presented,
+        but which in my confusion I had forgotten. Gentle and
+        genial, simple and warm-hearted, how full of anxiety must
+        have been his life in the days which followed. These words
+        seem to fitly describe him: "A man of sorrows and
+        acquainted with grief."</p>
+
+        <p>Very sincerely,</p>
+
+        <p class="author">GRACE BEDELL BILLINGS.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>William D. Kelley, in "Reminiscences of Abraham
+        Lincoln." Edited by Allen Thorndike Rice, 1886.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This incident was told by Lincoln to Mr. A.J. Conant,
+        the artist, who in 1860 painted his portrait ini
+        Springfield. Mr. Conant, in order to keep Mr. Lincoln's
+        pleasant expression, had engaged him in conversation, and
+        had questioned him about his early life; and it was in the
+        course of their conversation that this incident came out.
+        It is to be found in a delightful and suggestive article
+        entitled, "My Acquaintance with Abraham Lincoln,"
+        contributed by Mr. Conant to the "Liber Scriptorum," and by
+        his permission quoted here.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+                    name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>With one exception the biographers of Lincoln have given
+        him the first place on the ticket in 1834. He really stood
+        second in order, Herndon gives the correct vote, although
+        he is in error in saying that the chief authority he
+        quotes&mdash;a document owned by Dr. A.W. French of
+        Springfield, Ill.&mdash;is an "official return." It is a
+        copy of the official return made out in Lincoln's writing
+        and certified to by the county clerk. The official return
+        is on file in the Springfield court-house.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+                    name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with
+        Blackstone's Commentaries, and after reading carefully
+        through, say twice, take up Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's
+        Evidence, and Story's Equity in succession. Work, work,
+        work, is the main thing."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page241"
+       id="page241"></a>[pg 241]</span>
+
+    <h2>A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.</h2>
+
+    <h3>By Ian Maclaren,</h3>
+
+    <p class="center">Author of "Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush,"
+    etc.</p>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterN.png"
+             name="fig241"
+             id="fig241"><img src="images/LetterN.png"
+             alt="Letter N" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">EVER had I met any man so methodical in his
+    habits, so neat in his dress, so accurate in speech, so precise
+    in manner as my fellow-lodger. When he took his bath in the
+    morning I knew it was half-past seven, and when he rang for hot
+    water, that it was a quarter to eight. Until a quarter-past he
+    moved about the room in his slow, careful dressing, and then
+    everything was quiet next door till half-past eight, when the
+    low murmur of the Lord's Prayer concluded his devotions. Two
+    minutes later he went downstairs&mdash;if he met a servant one
+    could hear him say "Good morning"&mdash;and read his
+    newspaper&mdash;he seldom had letters&mdash;till nine, when he
+    rang for breakfast. Twenty-past nine he went upstairs and
+    changed his coat, and he spent five minutes in the lobby
+    selecting a pair of gloves, brushing his hat, and making a last
+    survey for a speck of dust. One glove he put on opposite the
+    hat-stand, and the second on the door-step; and when he touched
+    the pavement you might have set your watch by nine-thirty. Once
+    he was in the lobby at five-and-twenty minutes to ten,
+    distressed and flurried.</p>
+
+    <p>"I cut my chin slightly when shaving," he explained, "and
+    the wound persists in bleeding. It has an untidy appearance,
+    and a drop of blood might fall on a letter."</p>
+
+    <p>The walk that morning was quite broken; and before reaching
+    the corner, he had twice examined his chin with a handkerchief,
+    and shaken his head as one whose position in life was now
+    uncertain.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is nothing in itself," he said afterwards, with an
+    apologetic allusion to his anxiety, "and might not matter to
+    another man. But any little misadventure&mdash;a yesterday's
+    collar or a razor-cut, or even an inky finger&mdash;would
+    render me helpless in dealing with people. They would simply
+    look at the weak spot, and one would lose all authority. Some
+    of the juniors smile when I impress on them to be very careful
+    about their dress&mdash;quiet, of course, as becomes their
+    situation, but unobjectionable. With more responsibility they
+    will see the necessity of such details. I will remember your
+    transparent sticking-plaster&mdash;a most valuable
+    suggestion."</p>
+
+    <p>His name was Frederick Augustus Perkins&mdash;so ran the
+    card he left on my table a week after I settled in the next
+    rooms; and the problem of his calling gradually became a
+    standing vexation. It fell under the class of conundrums, and
+    one remembered from childhood that it is mean to be told the
+    answer; so I could not say to Mister Perkins&mdash;for it was
+    characteristic of the prim little man that no properly
+    constituted person could have said Perkins&mdash;"By the way,
+    what is your line of things?" or any more decorous rendering of
+    my curiosity.</p>
+
+    <p>Mrs. Holmes&mdash;who was as a mother to Mr. Perkins and
+    myself, as well as to two younger men of literary pursuits and
+    irregular habits&mdash;had a gift of charming irrelevance, and
+    was able to combine allusions to Mr. Perkins's orderly life and
+    the amatory tendencies of a new cook in a mosaic of enthralling
+    interest.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, Betsy Jane has 'ad her notice, and goes this day week;
+    not that her cookin's bad, but her brothers don't know when to
+    leave. One was 'ere no later than last night, though if he was
+    her born brother, 'e 'ad a different father and mother, or my
+    name ain't 'Olmes. 'Your brother, Betsy Jane,' says I, 'ought
+    not to talk in a strange 'ouse on family affairs till eleven
+    o'clock.'</p>
+
+    <p>"''E left at 'alf-past ten punctual,' says she, lookin' as
+    hinnocent as a child, 'for I 'eard Mr. Perkins go up to 'is
+    room as I was lettin' Jim out.'</p>
+
+    <p>"'Betsy Jane,' I says, quite calm, 'where do you expeck to
+    go to as doesn't know wot truth is?'&mdash;for Mr. Perkins
+    leaves 'is room has the 'all clock starts on eleven, and 'e's
+    in 'is bedroom at the last stroke. If she 'adn't brought in Mr.
+    Perkins, she might 'ave deceived me&mdash;gettin' old and not
+    bein' so quick in my 'earin' as I was; but that settled
+    her.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Alf-past," went on Mrs. Holmes,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page242"
+       id="page242"></a>[pg 242]</span> scornfully; "and 'im never
+       varied two minutes the last ten years, except one night 'e
+       fell asleep in 'is chair, being bad with hinfluenza.</p>
+
+    <p>"For a regular single gentleman as rises in the morning and
+    goes out, and comes in and takes 'is dinner, and goes to bed
+    like the Medes and Persians, I've never seen 'is equal; an'
+    it's five-and-twenty years since 'Olmes died, 'avin' a bad
+    liver through takin' gin for rheumatics; an' Lizbeth Peevey
+    says to me, 'Take lodgers, Jemima; not that they pays for the
+    trouble, but it 'ill keep an 'ouse'....</p>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Perkins' business?"&mdash;it was shabby, but the
+    temptation came as a way of escape from the flow of Mrs.
+    Holmes's autobiography&mdash;"now that I couldn't put a name
+    on, for why, 'e never speaks about 'is affairs; just 'Good
+    evening, Mrs. 'Olmes; I'll take fish for breakfast to-morrow;'
+    more than that, or another blanket on 'is bed on the first of
+    November, for it's by days, not cold, 'e goes...."</p>
+
+    <p>It was evident that I must solve the problem for myself.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/242.jpg"
+             name="fig242"
+             id="fig242"><img src="images/242.jpg"
+             alt="I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>"I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT
+        CEREMONY."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Mr. Perkins could not be a city man, for in the hottest June
+    he never wore a white waistcoat, nor had he the swelling gait
+    of one who made an occasional <i>coup</i> in mines, and it went
+    without saying that he did not write&mdash;a man who went to
+    bed at eleven, and whose hair made no claim to distinction.
+    One's mind fell back on the idea of law&mdash;conveyancing
+    seemed probable&mdash;but his face lacked sharpness, and the
+    alternative of confidential clerk to a firm of dry-salters was
+    contradicted by an air of authority that raised observations on
+    the weather to the level of a state document. The truth came
+    upon me&mdash;a flash of inspiration&mdash;as I saw Mr. Perkins
+    coming home one evening. The black frock-coat and waistcoat,
+    dark gray trousers, spotless linen, high, old-fashioned collar,
+    and stiff stock, were a symbol, and could only mean one
+    profession.</p>
+
+    <p>"By the way, Mr. Perkins," for this was all one now required
+    to know, "are you Income Tax or Stamps?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Neither, although my duty makes me familiar with every
+    department in the Civil Service. I have the honor to be," and
+    he cleared his throat with dignity, "a first-class clerk in the
+    Schedule Office.</p>
+
+    <p>"Our work," he explained to me, "is very important, and in
+    fact, vital to the administration of affairs. The efficiency of
+    practical government depends on the accuracy of the forms
+    issued, and every one is composed in our office.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, that is a common mistake," in reply to my shallow
+    remark; "the departments do not draw up their own forms, and,
+    in fact, they are not fit for such work. They send us a
+    memorandum of what their officials wish to ask, and we put it
+    into shape.</p>
+
+    <p>"It requires long experience and, I may say,
+    some&mdash;ability, to compose a really creditable schedule,
+    one that will bring out every point clearly and exhaustively;
+    in fact, I have ventured to call it a science"&mdash;here Mr.
+    Perkins allowed himself to smile&mdash;"and it might be defined
+    Schedulology.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, to see a double sheet of foolscap divided up into some
+    twenty-four compartments, each with a question and a blank
+    space for the answer, is pleasing to the eye&mdash;very
+    pleasing indeed.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page243"
+       id="page243"></a>[pg 243]</span>
+
+    <p>"What annoys one," and Mr. Perkins became quite irritable,
+    "is to examine a schedule after it has been filled and to
+    discover how it has been misused&mdash;simply mangled.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is not the public simply who are to blame; they are, of
+    course, quite hopeless, and have an insane desire to write
+    their names all over the paper, with family details; but
+    members of the Civil Service abuse the most admirable forms
+    that ever came out of our office.</p>
+
+    <p>"Numerous? Yes, naturally so; and as governmental machinery
+    turns on schedules, they will increase every year. Could you
+    guess, now, the number of different schedules under our
+    charge?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Several hundred, perhaps."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Perkins smiled with much complacency. "Sixteen thousand
+    four hundred and four, besides temporary ones that are only
+    used in emergencies. One department has now reached twelve
+    hundred and two; it has been admirably organized, and its
+    secretary could tell you the subject of every form.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, it does not become me to boast, but I have had the
+    honor of contributing two hundred and twenty myself, and have
+    composed forty-two more that have not yet been accepted.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, yes," he admitted, with much modesty, "I have kept
+    copies of the original drafts;" and he showed me a bound volume
+    of his works.</p>
+
+    <p>"An author? It is very good of you to say so;" and Mr.
+    Perkins seemed much pleased with the idea, twice smiling to
+    himself during the evening, and saying as we parted, "It's my
+    good fortune to have a large and permanent circulation."</p>
+
+    <p>All November Mr. Perkins was engaged with what he hoped
+    would be one of his greatest successes.</p>
+
+    <p>"It's a sanitation schedule for the Education Department,
+    and is, I dare to say, nearly perfect. It has eighty-three
+    questions, on every point from temperature to drains, and will
+    present a complete view of the physical condition of primary
+    schools.</p>
+
+    <p>"You have no idea," he continued, "what a fight I have had
+    with our Head to get it through&mdash;eight drafts, each one
+    costing three days' labor&mdash;but now he has passed it.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Perkins,' he said, 'this is the most exhaustive schedule
+    you have ever drawn up, and I'm proud it's come through the
+    hands of the drafting sub-department. Whether I can approve it
+    as Head of the publishing sub-department is very
+    doubtful.'"</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you mean that the same man would approve your paper in
+    one department to-day, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Quite so. It's a little difficult for an outsider to
+    appreciate the perfect order, perhaps I might say symmetry, of
+    the Civil Service;" and Mr. Perkins spoke with a tone of
+    condescension as to a little child. "The Head goes himself to
+    the one sub-department in the morning and to the other in the
+    afternoon, and he acts with absolute impartiality.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, sir"&mdash;Mr. Perkins began to warm and grow
+    enthusiastic&mdash;"I have received a letter from the other
+    sub-department, severely criticising a draft he had highly
+    commended in ours two days before, and I saw his hand in the
+    letter&mdash;distinctly; an able review, too, very able
+    indeed.</p>
+
+    <p>"'Very well put, Perkins,' he said to me himself; 'they've
+    found the weak points; we must send an amended draft;' and so
+    we did, and got a very satisfactory reply. It was a schedule
+    about swine fever, 972 in the Department of Agriculture. I have
+    had the pleasure of reading it in public circulation when on my
+    holidays."</p>
+
+    <p>"Does your Head sign the letters addressed to himself?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly; letters between departments are always signed by
+    the chief officer." Mr. Perkins seemed to have found another
+    illustration of public ignorance, and recognized his duty as a
+    missionary of officialism. "It would afford me much pleasure to
+    give you any information regarding our excellent system, which
+    has been slowly built up and will repay study; but you will
+    excuse me this evening, as I am indisposed&mdash;a tendency to
+    shiver, which annoyed me in the office to-day."</p>
+
+    <p>Next morning I rose half an hour late, as Mr. Perkins did
+    not take his bath, and was not surprised when Mrs. Holmes came
+    to my room, overflowing with concern and disconnected
+    speech.</p>
+
+    <p>"'E's that regular in 'is ways, that when 'Annah Mariar says
+    'is water's at 'is door at eight o'clock, I went up that
+    'urried that I couldn't speak; and I 'ears 'im speakin' to
+    'isself, which is not what you would expect of 'im, 'e bein'
+    the quietest gentleman as ever&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Is Mr. Perkins ill, do you mean?" for Mrs. Holmes seemed
+    now in fair breath, and was always given to comparative
+    reviews.</p>
+
+    <p>"So I knocks and says, 'Mr. Perkins, 'ow are you feelin'?'
+    and all I could 'ear <span class="pagenum"><a name="page244"
+       id="page244"></a>[pg 244]</span> was 'temperance;' it's
+       little as 'e needs of that, for excepting a glass of wine at
+       his dinner, and it might be somethin' 'ot before goin' to
+       bed in winter&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>"So I goes in," resumed Mrs. Holmes, "an' there 'e was
+    sittin' up in 'is bed, with 'is face as red as fire, an' not
+    knowin' me from Adam. If it wasn't for 'is 'abits an' a
+    catchin' of 'is breath you wud 'ave said drink, for 'e says,
+    'How often have the drains been sluiced last year?'" After
+    which I went up to Mr. Perkins's room without ceremony.</p>
+
+    <p>He was explaining, with much cogency, as it seemed to me,
+    that unless the statistics of temperature embraced the whole
+    year, they would afford no reliable conclusions regarding the
+    sanitary condition of Board Schools; but when I addressed him
+    by name with emphasis, he came to himself with a start.</p>
+
+    <p>"Excuse me, sir, I must apologize&mdash;I really did not
+    hear&mdash;in fact&mdash;" And then, as he realized his
+    situation, Mr. Perkins was greatly embarrassed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Did I forget myself so far as&mdash;to send for
+    you?&mdash;I was not feeling well. I have a slight difficulty
+    in breathing, but I am quite able to go to the office&mdash;in
+    a cab.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are most kind and obliging, but the schedule I
+    am&mdash;it just comes and goes&mdash;thank you, no more
+    water&mdash;is important and&mdash;intricate; no one&mdash;can
+    complete it&mdash;except myself.</p>
+
+    <p>"With your permission I will rise&mdash;in a few minutes.
+    Ten o'clock, dear me!&mdash;this is most unfortunate&mdash;not
+    get down till eleven!&mdash;I must really insist&mdash;" But
+    the doctor had come, and Mr. Perkins obeyed on one
+    condition.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, doctor, I prefer, if you please, to know; you see I am
+    not a young person&mdash;nor nervous&mdash;thank you very
+    much&mdash;quite so; pneumonia is serious&mdash;and double
+    pneumonia dangerous, I understand.&mdash;No, it is not
+    that&mdash;one is not alarmed at my age, but&mdash;yes, I'll
+    lie down&mdash;letter must go to office&mdash;dictate it to my
+    friend&mdash;certain form&mdash;leave of absence, in
+    fact&mdash;trouble you too much&mdash;medical certificate."</p>
+
+    <p>He was greatly relieved after this letter was sent by
+    special messenger with the key of his desk, and quite refreshed
+    when a clerk came up with the chief's condolences.</p>
+
+    <p>"My compliments to Mr. Lighthead&mdash;an excellent young
+    official, very promising indeed&mdash;and would he step
+    upstairs for a minute&mdash;will excuse this undress in
+    circumstances&mdash;really I will not speak any more.</p>
+
+    <p>"Those notes, Mr. Lighthead, will make my idea quite
+    plain&mdash;and I hope to revise final draft&mdash;if God
+    will&mdash;my dutiful respect to the Board, and kind regards to
+    the chief clerk. It was kind of you to come&mdash;most
+    thoughtful."</p>
+
+    <p>This young gentleman came into my room to learn the state of
+    the case, and was much impressed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Really this kind of thing&mdash;Perkins gasping in bed and
+    talking in his old-fashioned way&mdash;knocks one out of time,
+    don't you know? If he had gone on much longer I should have
+    bolted.</p>
+
+    <p>"Like him in the office? I should think so. You should have
+    seen the young fellows to-day when they heard he was so ill. Of
+    course we laugh a bit at him&mdash;Schedule Perkins he's
+    called&mdash;because he's so dry and formal; but that's
+    nothing.</p>
+
+    <p>"With all his little cranks, he knows his business better
+    than any man in the department; and then he's a gentleman, d'y
+    see? could not say a rude word or do a mean thing to save his
+    life&mdash;not made that way, in fact.</p>
+
+    <p>"Let me just give you one instance&mdash;show you his sort.
+    Every one knew that he ought to have been chief clerk, and that
+    Rodway's appointment was sheer influence. The staff was mad,
+    and some one said Rodway need not expect to have a particularly
+    good time.</p>
+
+    <p>"Perkins overheard him, and chipped in at once. 'Mr.
+    Rodway'&mdash;you know his dry manner, wagging his eyeglass all
+    the time&mdash;'is our superior officer, and we are bound to
+    render him every assistance in our power, or,' and then he was
+    splendid, 'resign our commissions.' Rodway, they say, has
+    retired, but the worst of it is that as Perkins has been once
+    passed over he'll not succeed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Perhaps it won't matter, poor chap. I say," said Lighthead,
+    hurriedly, turning his back and examining a pipe on the
+    mantelpiece, "do you think he is going to&mdash;I mean, has he
+    a chance?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Just a chance, I believe. Have you been long with him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"That's not it&mdash;it's what he's done for a&mdash;for
+    fellows. Strangers don't know Perkins. You might talk to him
+    for a year, and never hear anything but shop. Then one day you
+    get into a hole, and you would find out another Perkins.</p>
+
+    <p>"Stand by you?" and he wheeled round. "Rather, and no
+    palaver either; with money and with time and with&mdash;other
+    things, that do a fellow more good than the whole concern, and
+    no airs. There's <span class="pagenum"><a name="page245"
+       id="page245"></a>[pg 245]</span> more than one man in our
+       office has cause to&mdash;bless Schedule Perkins.</p>
+
+    <p>"Let me tell you how he got&mdash;one chap out of the
+    biggest scrape he'll ever fall into. Do you mind me smoking?"
+    And then he made himself busy with matches and a pipe that was
+    ever going out for the rest of the story.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, you see, this man, clerk in our office, had not been
+    long up from the country, and he was young. Wasn't quite bad,
+    but he couldn't hold his own with older fellows.</p>
+
+    <p>"He got among a set that had suppers in their rooms, and
+    gambled a bit, and he lost and borrowed, and&mdash;in fact, was
+    stone broke.</p>
+
+    <p>"It's not very pleasant for a fellow to sit in his room a
+    week before Christmas, and know that he may be cashiered before
+    the holidays, and all through his own fault.</p>
+
+    <p>"If it were only himself, why, he might take his licking and
+    go to the Colonies, but it was hard&mdash;on his
+    mother&mdash;it's always going, out, this pipe!&mdash;when he
+    was her only son, and she rather&mdash;believed in him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Didn't sleep much that night&mdash;told me himself
+    afterwards&mdash;and he concluded that the best way out was to
+    buy opium in the city next day, and take it&mdash;pretty stiff
+    dose, you know&mdash;next night.</p>
+
+    <p>"Cowardly rather, of course, but it might be easier for the
+    mater down in Devon&mdash;his mother, I mean&mdash;did I say he
+    was Devon?&mdash;same county as myself&mdash;affair would be
+    hushed up, and she would have&mdash;his memory clean.</p>
+
+    <p>"As it happened, though, he didn't buy any opium next
+    day&mdash;didn't get the chance; for Perkins came round to his
+    desk, and asked this young chap to have a bit of dinner with
+    him&mdash;aye, and made him come.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/245.jpg"
+             name="fig245"
+             id="fig245"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/245.jpg"
+             alt="'HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW.'" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"'HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER
+        SAW.'"</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"He had the jolliest little dinner ready you ever saw, and
+    he insisted, on the fellow smoking, though Perkins hates the
+    very smell of 'baccy, and&mdash;well, he got the whole trouble
+    out of him, except the opium.</p>
+
+    <p>"D'y think he lectured and scolded? Not a bit&mdash;that's
+    not Perkins&mdash;he left the fool to do his own lecturing, and
+    he did it stiff. I'll tell you what he said: 'Your health must
+    have been much tried by this anxiety, so you must go down and
+    spend Christmas with your mother, and I would venture to
+    suggest that you take her a suitable gift.</p>
+
+    <p>"'With regard to your debt, you will allow me,' and Perkins
+    spoke as if he had been explaining a schedule, 'to take it
+    over, on two conditions&mdash;that you repay me by installments
+    every quarter, and dine with me every Saturday evening for six
+    months.'</p>
+
+    <p>"See what he was after? Wanted to keep&mdash;the fellow
+    straight, and cheer him up; and you've no idea how Perkins came
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page246"
+       id="page246"></a>[pg 246]</span> out those
+       Saturdays&mdash;capital stories as ever you heard&mdash;and
+       he declared that it was a pleasure to him.</p>
+
+    <p>"'I am rather lonely,' he used to say, 'and it is most kind
+    of a young man to sit with me.' Kind!"</p>
+
+    <p>"What was the upshot with your friend? Did he turn over a
+    new leaf?"</p>
+
+    <p>"He'll never be the man that Perkins expects; but he's doing
+    his level best, and&mdash;is rising in the office. Perkins
+    swears by him, and that's made a man of the fellow.</p>
+
+    <p>"He's paid up the cash now, but&mdash;he can never pay up
+    the kindness&mdash;confound those wax matches, they never
+    strike&mdash;he told his mother last summer the whole
+    story.</p>
+
+    <p>"She wrote to Perkins&mdash;of course I don't know what was
+    in the letter&mdash;but Perkins had the fellow into his room.
+    'You ought to have regarded our transaction as confidential. I
+    am grieved you mentioned my name;' and then as I&mdash;I mean,
+    as the fellow&mdash;was going out, 'I'll keep that letter
+    beside my commission,' said Perkins.</p>
+
+    <p>"If Perkins dies"&mdash;young men don't do that kind of
+    thing, or else one would have thought&mdash;"it'll be&mdash;a
+    beastly shame," which was a terrible collapse, and Mr. Geoffrey
+    Lighthead of the Schedule Department left the house without
+    further remark or even shaking hands.</p>
+
+    <p>That was Wednesday, and on Friday morning he appeared,
+    flourishing a large blue envelope, sealed with an imposing
+    device, marked "On Her Majesty's Service," and addressed to</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Frederick Augustus Perkins, Esq.,</p>
+
+            <p>First Class Clerk in the Schedule Department,</p>
+
+            <p>Somerset House,</p>
+
+            <p>London,"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>an envelope any man might be proud to receive, and try to
+    live up to for a week.</p>
+
+    <p>"Rodway has retired," he shouted, "and we can't be sure in
+    the office, but the betting is four to one&mdash;I'm ten
+    myself&mdash;that the Board has appointed Perkins Chief Clerk;"
+    and Lighthead did some steps of a triumphal character.</p>
+
+    <p>"The Secretary appeared this morning after the Board had
+    met. 'There's a letter their Honors wish taken at once to Mr.
+    Perkins. Can any of you deliver it at his residence?' Then the
+    other men looked at me, because&mdash;well, Perkins has been
+    friendly with me; and that hansom came very creditably
+    indeed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Very low, eh? Doctors afraid not last over the
+    night&mdash;that's hard lines&mdash;but I say, they did not
+    reckon on this letter. Could not you read it to him? You see
+    this was his one ambition. He could never be Secretary, not
+    able enough, but he was made for Chief Clerk. Now he's got it,
+    or I would not have been sent out skimming with this letter.
+    Read it to him, and the dear old chap will be on his legs in a
+    week."</p>
+
+    <p>It seemed good advice; and this was what I read, while
+    Perkins lay very still and did his best to breathe:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"DEAR MR. PERKINS:</p>
+
+        <p>"I have the pleasure to inform you that the Board have
+        appointed you Chief Clerk in the Schedule Department in
+        succession to Gustavus Rodway, Esq., who retires, and their
+        Honors desire me further to express their appreciation of
+        your long and valuable service, and to express their
+        earnest hope that you may be speedily restored to
+        health.</p>
+
+        <p>"I am,</p>
+
+        <p class="close">"Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+        <p class="author">"ARTHUR WRAXALL,</p>
+
+        <p class="right">"<i>Secretary</i>."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>For a little time it was too much for Mr. Perkins, and then
+    he whispered:</p>
+
+    <p>"The one thing on earth I wished, and&mdash;more than I
+    deserved&mdash;not usual, personal references in Board
+    letters&mdash;perhaps hardly regular&mdash;but most
+    gratifying&mdash;and&mdash;strengthening.</p>
+
+    <p>"I feel better already&mdash;some words I would like to hear
+    again&mdash;thank you, where I can reach it&mdash;nurse will be
+    so good as to read it."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Perkins revived from that hour, having his tonic
+    administered at intervals, and astonished the doctors. On
+    Christmas Eve he had made such progress that Lighthead was
+    allowed to see him for five minutes.</p>
+
+    <p>"Heard about your calling three times a day&mdash;far too
+    kind with all your work&mdash;and the messages from the
+    staff&mdash;touched me to heart.&mdash;Never thought had so
+    many friends&mdash;wished been more friendly myself.</p>
+
+    <p>"My promotion, too&mdash;hope may be fit for
+    duty&mdash;can't speak much, but think I'll be
+    spared&mdash;Almighty very good to me&mdash;Chief Clerk of
+    Schedule Department&mdash;would you mind saying Lord's Prayer
+    together&mdash;it sums up everything."</p>
+
+    <p>So we knelt one on each side of Perkins's bed, and I led
+    with "Our Father"&mdash;the other two being once or twice quite
+    audible. The choir of a neighboring church were singing a
+    Christmas carol in the street, and the Christ came into our
+    hearts as a little child.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page247"
+       id="page247"></a>[pg 247]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE.</h2>
+
+    <p>DISTANCE, 510 MILES.&mdash;AVERAGE RUNNING TIME, 65.07 MILES
+    AN HOUR.&mdash;HIGHEST SPEED ATTAINED, 92.3 MILES AN
+    HOUR.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>By Harry Perry Robinson,</h4>
+
+    <p class="center">Editor of "The Railway Age" and one of the
+    official time-keepers on the train.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/247.jpg"
+             name="fig247"
+             id="fig247"><img width="80%"
+             src="images/247.jpg"
+             alt="VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.&mdash;A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR. ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.&mdash;A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR.
+        ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE
+        TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="cap">WHEN, on August 22d last, a train was run over
+    what is known as the West Coast line (of the London and
+    Northwestern and the Caledonian Railways) from London to
+    Aberdeen, a distance of 540 miles, at an average speed, while
+    running, of 63.93 miles an hour, the English press hailed with
+    a jubilation which was almost clamorous the fact that the
+    world's record for long distance speed rested once more with
+    Great Britain. From the tone which the English newspapers
+    adopted, it appeared that they believed that the record then
+    made was one which could not be beaten in this country, but
+    that the former records of the New York Central represented the
+    maximum speed obtainable on an American railway with American
+    engines.</p>
+
+    <p>Undoubtedly the West Coast run was a remarkable one. But
+    English judges were mistaken as to the permanence of the
+    record. It was left unchallenged for just twenty days&mdash;or
+    until September 11th, when the cable carried to England the
+    unpleasant news that the New York Central had covered the
+    436.32 miles from New York to East Buffalo at an average speed,
+    when running, of 64.26 miles an hour&mdash;or about one-third
+    of a mile an hour faster than the English run.</p>
+
+    <p>There was still left to the Englishmen, however, a loophole
+    for escape from confession of defeat. It will be noticed that
+    the distance from New York to Buffalo is rather more than 100
+    miles shorter than that from London to Aberdeen. It was yet
+    possible for the Englishmen to say: "We are talking only of
+    long distance speeds. We do not consider anything under 500
+    miles a long distance." The record, in fact, for a distance of
+    over 500 miles was still with England.</p>
+
+    <p>There are not many railways in the United States on which a
+    sustained high speed for a distance of over 500 miles would be
+    possible. In England the run is made, as already stated, over
+    the connecting lines of two companies. In this country, while
+    not a few roads have over 500 miles of first-class track in
+    excellent condition, there is usually at some point in that
+    distance an obstacle (either steep grades to cross a mountain
+    range, or bad curves, or a river to be ferried) sufficient to
+    prevent the making of a record. On the Lake Shore and Michigan
+    Southern, from Chicago to Buffalo, there exists no such
+    impediment, and between the outskirts of the two cities the
+    distance is 510.1 miles. It was in an informal conversation
+    between certain officers of the Lake Shore and Michigan
+    Southern Railway that the idea of attempting to beat the record
+    on this piece of track was first suggested.</p>
+
+    <p>In making comparison of different runs there are other
+    matters to be taken into consideration besides the mere
+    distance covered and the speed attained. It is not possible to
+    exactly equalize all conditions&mdash;as, for instance, those
+    of wind and weather, or of the physical character of the track
+    in the matter of grades and curves. Entire equality in all
+    particulars could only be attained in the same way that it is
+    attained in horse-racing, viz., by having trains run side by
+    side on parallel tracks.</p>
+
+    <p>Certain conditions there are, however, which are more
+    important and which can be equalized. One of these is the
+    weight of the train hauled. The English load was a light
+    one&mdash;67 tons (English) or 147,400
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page248"
+       id="page248"></a>[pg 248]</span> pounds. This was little
+       more than one-quarter of the load hauled by the New York
+       Central engine on its magnificent run, when the weight of
+       the cars making the train was 565,000 pounds. With the types
+       of locomotive used on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern
+       it was not possible to haul at record-breaking speed any
+       such load as this. It was enough if the load should be about
+       double that of the English train. This was attained by
+       putting together two heavy Wagner parlor cars of 92,500
+       pounds each and Dr. Webb's private car "Elsmere," which
+       alone weighs 119,500 pounds&mdash;or more than three-fourths
+       of the weight of the entire English train. The total weight
+       of the three Lake Shore and Michigan Southern cars was
+       304,500 pounds.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/248.jpg"
+             name="fig248"
+             id="fig248"><img src="images/248.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND
+        MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Max Platz, Chicago. President
+        Newell died August 24, l894, and is said to have fairly
+        sacrificed his life to giving the Lake Shore the best
+        railway track in America. The proud record made, in this
+        speed run, is largely the fruit of his labor.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The last important condition to be taken into consideration
+    is the number of stops made. It should be explained that when
+    speed is reckoned "when running" or "exclusive of stops" (the
+    phrases mean the same thing), the time consumed in stops is
+    deducted&mdash;the time, that is, when the wheels are actually
+    at rest. No deduction however, is made for the loss of time in
+    slowing up to a stop or in getting under way again. On the run
+    of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, for instance, an
+    irregular or unexpected stop was made when the train was
+    running at a speed of about 71 miles an hour. The train was
+    actually at rest for 2 minutes and 5 seconds. That allowance,
+    therefore, was made for the stop. It is unnecessary to say that
+    the secondary loss of time in bringing the train to a
+    standstill and in regaining speed was much greater; but for
+    these (aggregating probably five or six minutes) there was no
+    allowance. It is evident, therefore, that the number of times
+    that a train has to slow down and get under way again is an
+    important factor in the average speed of a long run. In the
+    English run two stops were made. The schedule for the Lake
+    Shore run provided for four stops. A fifth stop, as has already
+    been stated, was made, which was not on the programme.</p>
+
+    <p>These, then, were the conditions under which the now famous
+    run of October 24, 1895, was accomplished: A train weighing
+    twice as much as the English train was to be hauled for a
+    distance of over 500 miles, making four stops <i>en route</i>,
+    at a speed, when running, greater than 63.93 miles an hour.
+    Incidentally it was hoped also that the New York Central's
+    speed of 64.26 miles an hour would be beaten.</p>
+
+    <p>No public announcement was made of the undertaking in
+    advance, for the sufficient reason that the gentlemen in charge
+    were well aware of the difficulty of the task in which they
+    were engaged and the many chances of failure. They had no
+    desire to have such a failure made unnecessarily public. No one
+    was informed of what was in hand except the officials and
+    employees of the Lake Shore road, whose co&ouml;peration was
+    necessary, one daily newspaper (the Chicago "Tribune"), the
+    Associated Press, and two gentlemen who were invited to attend
+    as official time-keepers, Messrs. H.P. Robinson and Willard A.
+    Smith&mdash;the former being the editor of "The Railway Age,"
+    and the latter the ex-chief of the Transportation Department at
+    the Chicago World's Fair. General Superintendent Canniff of the
+    Lake Shore was in charge of the train in
+    person.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page249"
+       id="page249"></a>[pg 249]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/249.jpg"
+             name="fig249"
+             id="fig249"><img src="images/249.jpg"
+             alt="THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF 92.3 MILES AN HOUR." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY
+        MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF
+        92.3 MILES AN HOUR.</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page250"
+       id="page250"></a>[pg 250]</span>
+
+    <p>It was at two o'clock of the morning of October 24th that
+    the train, which had been waiting since early in the evening on
+    a side track in the Lake Shore station at Chicago, slipped
+    unostentatiously away behind a switch engine which was to haul
+    it as far as One Hundredth Street, where the start was to be
+    made. Here there was a wait of nearly an hour until the time
+    fixed for starting&mdash;half-past three. There was plenty to
+    be done at the last moment to occupy the time of waiting,
+    however. There were last messages to be sent back to Chicago;
+    last orders to be sent on ahead; telegrams containing weather
+    bulletins, which promised fair weather all the way to Buffalo,
+    to be read; and, finally, the preparations to be made for
+    time-taking.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the time-keepers, taking two stop-watches in his
+    hand, started the split-second-hands of both with one movement
+    of his muscles, exactly together. To one or other of these
+    timepieces all the watches on the train were set.</p>
+
+    <p>In one of the parlor cars, as nearly as might be in the
+    middle of the length of the train, two tables were set, one on
+    either side of the aisle. The time-keepers had agreed to
+    relieve each other at each stop at the end of a division, one
+    being always on duty, and the other close at hand to verify any
+    record on which a question might arise. The time-keeper on duty
+    sat at one of the tables, watch in hand. Opposite to him was a
+    representative of the railway company, with no power to
+    originate a record, but to check each stop in case an error
+    should occur. Across the aisle sat the official recorder, a
+    representative of the Wagner Palace Car Company, and opposite
+    to him a representative of the daily press.</p>
+
+    <p>For two minutes before the time for starting, silence
+    settled down upon the car. The shades were pulled down over
+    every window. Inside, the car was brilliantly lighted with
+    Pintsch gas; and the eyes of every man were on the face of the
+    watch which each held in his hand, and his finger was ready to
+    press the stop which splits the second-hand. The two minutes
+    passed slowly, and the silence was almost painful as the
+    watches showed that the moment was close at hand. Suddenly the
+    smallest perceptible jerk told that the wheels had moved, and
+    on the instant the split-hand of every watch in the car had
+    recorded the fact.
+    "Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" announced the
+    time-keeper.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" echoed the
+    representative of the railway company.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" called the
+    recorder as he entered the figures on the sheet before him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;twenty-nine&mdash;twenty-seven!" said the
+    member of the press.</p>
+
+    <p>The start had been made thirty-three seconds ahead of time,
+    and each member of the party settled himself down to the work
+    ahead.</p>
+
+    <p>Over each division of the road the superintendent of that
+    division rode as "caller-off" of the stations as they were
+    passed. It was necessary, during the first hours of darkness
+    especially, that some one should do this who was familiar with
+    every foot of the track&mdash;some one who would not have to
+    rely on eyesight alone, but to whose accustomed senses every
+    sway of the car as a curve was passed, and every sound of the
+    wheels on bridge or culvert, would be familiar.</p>
+
+    <p>The first station, Whiting, is only three and one-half miles
+    from the starting-point. The night outside was intensely black,
+    and it was doubtful whether even the practised eye and ear of
+    Superintendent Newell would be able to catch the little station
+    as it went by. With one eye on our watches, therefore, we all
+    had also one anxious eye on him where he sat with his head
+    hidden under the shade that was drawn behind him, a blanket
+    held over the crevices to shut out every ray of light, and his
+    face pressed close against the glass. The minutes passed
+    slowly&mdash;one, two, three, four, five! Whiting must be very
+    near, and&mdash;but just as we began to fear that he had missed
+    the station, the word came:</p>
+
+    <p>"Ready for Whiting!" and the response,</p>
+
+    <p>"Ready for Whiting!"</p>
+
+    <p>A few short seconds of silence, and then:</p>
+
+    <p>"Now!"</p>
+
+    <p>Instantly the muscles of the waiting fingers throbbed on the
+    split-stop; but no quicker than the roar told that the car was
+    already passing the station.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!" called the
+    time-keeper.</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Three&mdash;thirty-four&mdash;forty-five!"</p>
+
+    <p>It was an immense relief to find that the system
+    "worked."</p>
+
+    <p>When the warning "Ready for Pine "&mdash;the next station,
+    six miles further on&mdash;came
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page251"
+       id="page251"></a>[pg 251]</span> from behind the envelope of
+       window-shade and blanket, we were at our ease, and the
+       record, "Three&mdash;forty-one&mdash;three," was called and
+       echoed and tossed across the car with confidence.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/251.jpg"
+             name="fig251"
+             id="fig251"><img src="images/251.jpg"
+             alt="THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE ENGINES USED ON THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM
+        ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE
+        ENGINES USED ON THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>By the time that Miller's&mdash;fifteen miles from the
+    start&mdash;was passed, the train was moving at a speed of over
+    a mile a minute, and at every mile the velocity increased. At
+    La Porte, forty-five miles from the start, the speed was 66
+    miles an hour; and fourteen miles further on, at Terre Coupee,
+    it reached to 70. It was fast running&mdash;while it lasted;
+    but it did not last long. The next station showed that the
+    speed was down to 67 miles an hour, and at the next it was
+    barely over sixty. A speed of a mile a minute, however, is high
+    enough when passing through the heart of a city like South
+    Bend, Indiana. South Bend is understood to have a city
+    ordinance forbidding trains to run within the city limits at a
+    speed exceeding 15 miles an hour. But if any good citizen of
+    South Bend was shocked that morning at being waked from his
+    sleep by the roar of the flying train, it is to be hoped that
+    he forgot his resentment before evening. Then he knew that he
+    had been waked in a good cause, and that if the city ordinance
+    had been broken it was broken in good company&mdash;the world's
+    record suffered with it.</p>
+
+    <p>To those inside the cars nothing but their watches told them
+    of the rate of speed. Of the party on board every man was
+    familiar with railway affairs; but there was not one who was
+    not surprised at the smoothness of the track and the complete
+    absence of uncomfortable motion. Only by lifting a window shade
+    and straining the eyes into the blackness of the night, to see
+    the red sparks streaming by or the dim outlines of house and
+    tree loom up and disappear, was it possible to appreciate the
+    velocity at which the train was moving.</p>
+
+    <p>Fifteen miles from South Bend the first stop was made, at
+    Elkhart, and one-sixth of the run was over&mdash;87.4 miles in
+    85.4 minutes, or a speed of 61.38 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>That was good work; but it was not breaking records. It had
+    not been expected, however, that the best speed would be made
+    on this first stretch; and if there was any disappointment
+    among those on the train, it did not yet amount to
+    discouragement. It had been dark (and breaking records in the
+    dark is not as easy as in daylight), there had been curves and
+    grades to surmount, and, above all, it was now discovered that
+    a heavy frost lay on the rails.</p>
+
+    <p>At Elkhart there was a change of engines, two minutes and
+    eleven seconds being consumed in the process, and at three
+    minutes before five o'clock (4 hours, 57 minutes, 4 seconds)
+    the wheels were moving again.</p>
+
+    <p>The frost that was on the rails was felt inside the cars. It
+    was not an occasion when an engineer would have steam to spare
+    for heating cars; and the group that were huddled in the glare
+    of the gaslight were muffled in blankets and heavy overcoats.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page252"
+       id="page252"></a>[pg 252]</span> Outside, the dawn was
+       coming up from the east to meet us&mdash;as lovely a dawn as
+       ever broke in rose-color and flame. As the daylight grew, we
+       were able to see how complete the arrangements were for the
+       safety of the run. At every crossing, whether of railway,
+       highway, or farm road, a man was posted&mdash;1,300 men in
+       all, it is said, along the 510 miles of line. Apart from
+       these solitary figures, no one was yet astir to see the
+       wonderful sight of the brilliantly lighted train&mdash;for
+       the shades were lifted now&mdash;rushing through the
+       dawn.</p>
+
+    <h5>THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CHICAGO TO BUFFALO THE
+    FASTEST TRAIN EVER RUN.</h5>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="font-size: 0.7em; width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/252.jpg"
+             name="fig252"
+             id="fig252"><img src="images/252.jpg"
+             alt="Mark Floyd; D.M. Luce; James A. Lathrop." /></a>
+
+        <p>MARK FLOYD&mdash;FROM CHICAGO TO ELKHART.</p>
+
+        <p>D.M. LUCE&mdash;FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO.</p>
+
+        <p>JAMES A. LATHROP&mdash;FROM TOLEDO TO CLEVELAND.</p>
+    </div><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="font-size: 0.7em; width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/253-1.jpg"
+             name="fig253-1"
+             id="fig253-1"><img src="images/253-1.jpg"
+             alt="J.R. GARNER." /></a>
+
+        <p class="center">J.R. GARNER&mdash;FROM CLEVELAND TO
+        ERIE.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="font-size: 0.7em; width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/253-2.jpg"
+             name="fig253-2"
+             id="fig253-2"><img src="images/253-2.jpg"
+             alt="WILLIAM TUNKEY." /></a>
+
+        <p class="center">WILLIAM TUNKEY, WHOSE UNPRECEDENTED RUN
+        FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO SAVED THE DAY.</p>
+    </div><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <p>At Kendallville, 42 miles from Elkhart, the speed, in spite
+    of an adverse grade, was 67 miles an hour. Here&mdash;the
+    highest point on the line above the sea&mdash;the Grand Rapids
+    and Indiana Railroad crosses the Lake Shore track at right
+    angles, and a train was standing waiting for us to
+    pass&mdash;the engine shrieking its good wishes to us as we
+    flew by. At Waterloo, twelve miles further on, a clump of early
+    pedestrians stood in the street to gaze, and two
+    women&mdash;wives, doubtless, of railway hands who had learned
+    what was in progress&mdash;were out on the porch of a cottage
+    to see us pass. And it must have been a sight worth seeing, for
+    we were running at 70 miles an hour now, with 60 miles of
+    tangent ahead of us. At Butler, seven miles beyond, we passed a
+    Wabash train on a parallel track, which made great show of
+    travelling fast. Perhaps it was doing so&mdash;moving,
+    perchance, at 40 miles an hour. But we were running at 72, and
+    the Wabash train slid backwards from us at the rate of half a
+    mile a minute; and still our pace quickened to 75 miles an
+    hour, and 78, and 79, and at last to 80. But that speed could
+    not be held for long.</p>
+
+    <p>The sun was above the horizon now, and the long straight
+    column of smoke that we left behind us glowed rosy-red; and all
+    the autumn foliage of the woods was ablaze with color and
+    light. But as the sunlight struck the rails the frost began to
+    melt; and a wet rail is fatal to the highest speeds. The
+    80-mile-an-hour mark, touched only for a few seconds, was not
+    to be reached again on this division. During the next 47 miles,
+    to Toledo, 64, 65, and 66 miles were reached at times; and when
+    for the second time the train came to a standstill it was one
+    minute after seven, and the 133.4 miles from Elkhart had been
+    made in 124.5 minutes&mdash;or at 64.24 miles an hour. This was
+    better than the run to Elkhart&mdash;and good enough in itself
+    to beat the English figures. But it was not what had been
+    expected of the "air line division," with its 69 miles of
+    tangent and favorable grades; and, taking the two divisions
+    together, 220 miles of the 510 were gone, and we were as yet,
+    thanks to the frost, below the record which we had to beat.</p>
+
+    <p>The time spent in changing engines at Toledo was 2 minutes
+    and 28 seconds, and at 7.04.07 the train was sliding out of the
+    yards again. Coming out of Toledo the railway runs over a
+    drawbridge; and boats on the river below have right of way. But
+    not on such an occasion as this; for there,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page253"
+       id="page253"></a>[pg 253]</span> waiting patiently, lay a
+       tug tied up to a pier of the bridge, with her tow swinging
+       on the stream behind her.</p>
+
+    <p>If the record was to be beaten for the first half of the
+    run, the speed for the next thirty miles would have to be
+    nearly 70 miles an hour. Each individual mile was anxiously
+    timed, and at 12 miles from Toledo the speed was already 66
+    miles an hour. Nor did it stop there, but 10 miles further on a
+    stretch of 3&frac12; miles showed a rate of 73.80 miles an
+    hour, and the next 5&frac12; miles were covered at the rate of
+    71.40.</p>
+
+    <p>It would not take much of such running to put us safely
+    ahead of the record at the half-way point; but even as hope
+    grew, there was a sudden jar and grinding of the wheels which
+    told of brakes suddenly applied. What was the matter? It takes
+    some little time to bring a train to a standstill when it is
+    running at over 70 miles an hour; and there was still good
+    headway on when we slid past a man who yet held a red flag in
+    his hand. Evidently he had signalled the engineer to stop. But
+    why? Windows were thrown up, and before the train had stopped,
+    heads were thrust out. The engineer climbed down from his cab.
+    From the rear platform the passengers poured out, until only
+    the time-keepers were left on the train, sitting watch in hand
+    to catch the exact record of the stop and the start. And
+    already, before his voice could be heard, the man with the flag
+    was brandishing his arms in the signal to "go ahead;" and no
+    one cared to stop to question him.</p>
+
+    <p>The stop was short&mdash;only a few seconds over two
+    minutes, but the good headway of 70 miles an hour was lost; and
+    as the wheels moved again, it was a sullen and dispirited party
+    on the train. Just as the hope of winning our uphill fight had
+    begun to grow strong, precious minutes had been lost; and for
+    what reason none could guess. The common belief on the train
+    was that the man, in excess of enthusiasm at the speed which
+    the train was making, had lost his head, and waved his red flag
+    in token of encouragement. It subsequently transpired that he
+    was justified, an injury to a rail having been discovered which
+    might have made the passage at great speed dangerous; but,
+    until that fact was known, the poor trackman at Port Clinton
+    was sufficiently abused.</p>
+
+    <p>On the 70 miles that remained of this division there was no
+    possibility that such a speed could be made as would put the
+    total for the first half of the run above the record. Once it
+    was necessary to slow down to take water from the track, and
+    once again for safety in rounding the curve at Berea. Between
+    these points there were occasional bursts of speed when 68 and
+    70 miles an hour were reached; and after Berea was passed,
+    there remained only 13 miles to Cleveland. But in those 13
+    miles was done the fastest running that had been made that day;
+    for 7 miles to Rockport were covered at the rate of 83.4 miles
+    an hour, and at Rockport itself the train must have been
+    running nearly a mile and a half in a minute.</p>
+
+    <p>It was a gallant effort; and, but for "the man at Port
+    Clinton," there is no doubt that by that time the success of
+    the run would have been reasonably assured. As it was,
+    Cleveland was reached at ten minutes to nine (8.50.13), the 107
+    miles from Toledo having been covered in 109 minutes&mdash;from
+    which two minutes and five seconds were to be deducted for the
+    time in which the train was at rest at Port Clinton. In all, so
+    far, 328&frac12; miles <span class="pagenum"><a name="page254"
+       id="page254"></a>[pg 254]</span> had been run at a speed of
+       62.16 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>"It may be done yet," people told each other, but there was
+    little confidence in the voices which said it.</p>
+
+    <p>The stop at Cleveland was a good omen, for the change of
+    engines was made in a minute and forty-five seconds, and it was
+    soon evident that Jacob Garner, the new engineer, understood
+    that he had a desperate case in hand. Before ten miles were
+    covered the train was travelling more than a mile in a minute.
+    Twenty-eight miles from the start, in spite of an adverse
+    grade, six miles were covered at the rate of 74.40 miles an
+    hour; and from there on mile after mile flew past, and station
+    after station, and still the speed showed 70 miles and upwards.
+    Through Ashtabula, haunted with the memory of railway disaster,
+    we burst, and on to Conneaut and Springfield; and, even against
+    hope, hope grew again. Twelve miles from Springfield is the
+    little town of Swanville, and here the high-water mark of 83.4
+    miles at the end of the last division was beaten; for the 6.2
+    miles from there to Dock Junction were made in 4.4
+    minutes&mdash;or at the speed of 84.54 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>As has been said, it was hoping only against hope. But to
+    despair was impossible in the face of such running; and when
+    Erie, 8&frac12; miles beyond Dock Junction, was reached, the
+    95&frac12; miles from Cleveland had been done in 85&frac12;
+    minutes, at an average speed of 67.01 miles an hour. The
+    average speed for the whole distance from Chicago was now 63.18
+    miles an hour, which was crawling close up to the record. But
+    424 miles had been covered, and only 86 miles remained. If the
+    record was to be beaten, the speed for those 86 miles would
+    have to average over 70 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>Was it possible to do such a thing? It never had been done,
+    of course, in all the world; but the essence and the object of
+    the whole day's run were that it should defy all precedent.
+    There were few people, however, of those on board who in their
+    hearts dared harbor any hope; especially as the engine which
+    was to be tried at this crucial moment was a doubtful
+    quantity.</p>
+
+    <p>All the engines used upon this run were built by the Brooks
+    Locomotive Works, of Dunkirk, N.Y., after designs by Mr. George
+    W. Stevens, of the Lake Shore road. The first four engines,
+    which had hauled the train as far as Erie, were of what is
+    known as the American type&mdash;eight-wheelers, comparatively
+    light, but built for fast speeds. These locomotives weighed
+    only 52 tons, with 17 by 24-inch cylinders and 72-inch
+    driving-wheels. They had been doing admirable work in service,
+    having been built to haul the famous "Exposition Flyer" in
+    1893; and that they were capable of very high speeds, for short
+    distances at least, even with a fairly heavy train, had been
+    shown in the earlier stages of this run, when all had reached a
+    speed of 70 miles an hour, and two had touched and held a speed
+    of well over 80.</p>
+
+    <p>The last engine was of a different type, and a type which
+    among experts has not been considered best adapted to extremely
+    high speeds. Somewhat heavier than its predecessors (weighing
+    56&frac12; tons in working order), this engine was a
+    ten-wheeler, with three pairs of coupled drivers and a
+    four-wheeled swivelling truck. It had the same small cylinders
+    (17 by 24 inches), and driving-wheels of only 68 inches
+    diameter. It was a bold experiment to put such an engine to do
+    such work; and nothing could well be devised for fast speeds
+    more unlike the magnificent engine "No. 999," which was built
+    in the New York Central Railroad shops at West Albany, and is
+    the glory of the New York Central road, or than the London and
+    Northwestern compound engine with its 88-inch driving-wheels,
+    or the Caledonian locomotive (which did the best running in the
+    English races) with its 78-inch drivers and cylinders 18 by 26
+    inches.</p>
+
+    <p>It was now after ten o'clock in the morning; and at Erie
+    crowds had assembled at the station to see the train go out,
+    for news of what was being done had by this time gone abroad.
+    The platforms, too, at every station from Erie to Buffalo were
+    thronged with people as we went roaring by. In Dunkirk (through
+    which we burst at 75 miles an hour) crowds stood on the
+    sidewalks and at every corner. To describe the run for those 86
+    miles in detail would be impossible, or to put into words the
+    tension of the suppressed excitement among those on board the
+    train as miles flew by and we knew that we were travelling as
+    men had never travelled before.</p>
+
+    <p>For those who had misgivings as to the possibilities of the
+    type of engine there was a surprise as soon as she picked up
+    the train. She must have reached a speed of a mile a minute
+    within five miles from the first movement of the wheels. The
+    first eight miles were finished in 8 minutes, 49 seconds. From
+    there on there was never an instant of slackening pace. From 60
+    miles an hour the velocity rose to 70; from
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page255"
+       id="page255"></a>[pg 255]</span> 70 to 80; from 80, past the
+       previous high-water marks, to 85 and 90, and at last to over
+       92.</p>
+
+    <p>Trains have been timed for individual miles at speeds of
+    over 90 miles before. There is even said to be on record an
+    instance of a single mile run at 112 miles an hour. But never
+    before has an engine done what the ten-wheeler did that day,
+    when it reached 80 miles an hour and held the speed for half an
+    hour; reached 85 miles an hour and held that for nearly ten
+    minutes; reached 90 miles and held that for three or four
+    consecutive miles. A speed of 75 miles an hour (a mile and a
+    quarter a minute) was maintained for the whole hour, and the 75
+    miles were actually covered in the 60 minutes. The entire 86
+    miles were done in 70 minutes 46 seconds,&mdash;an average
+    speed of 72.91 miles an hour. In the English run, a speed of
+    68.40 miles was maintained for an even hour, 69 miles being
+    done in 60.5 minutes; and 141 miles were run at an average
+    speed of 67.20 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>To word it otherwise, the American train covered 7 miles
+    more in its fastest hour than did the English train. The speed
+    which the English engines held for 141 miles the American
+    engines held for over 200&mdash;181 miles being made at 69.67
+    miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>The most remarkable figures in the American run are given in
+    the following table:</p>
+    <pre class="note">
+A distance of 510.1 miles made at 65.07 miles an hour.
+"     "     " 289.3   "    "   "  66.68   "    "  "
+"     "     " 181.5   "    "   "  69.67   "    "  "
+"     "     "  85     "    "   "  72.92   "    "  "
+"     "     "  71     "    "   "  75.06   "    "  "
+"     "     "  59     "    "   "  76.08   "    "  "
+"     "     "  52     "    "   "  78.00   "    "  "
+"     "     "  42     "    "   "  79.04   "    "  "
+"     "     "  33     "    "   "  80.07   "    "  "
+"     "     "   8     "    "   "  85.44   "    "  "
+</pre>
+
+    <p>A single mile was also timed (unofficially) at the speed of
+    92.3 miles an hour.</p>
+
+    <p>Here is the schedule of the last division:</p>
+    <pre class="note">
+                                           Dis-         Time of
+                                           tance.       leaving.
+Erie (leave).............................&mdash;              10-19-48
+Harbor Creek............................. 8 miles       10-28-37
+Moorhead................................. 3   "         10-31-06
+North East............................... 4   "         10-34-22
+State Line............................... 5   "         10-38-15
+Ripley................................... 3   "         10-40-22
+Westfield................................ 8   "         10-45-56
+Brocton.................................. 8   "         10-52-06
+Van Buren...........,.................... 5   "         10-55-39
+Dunkirk.................................. 4   "         10-58-54
+Silver Creek............................. 9   "         11-06-05
+Fairhaven................................ 5   "         11-10-33
+Angola .................................. 5   "         11-14-14
+Lake View................................ 7   "         11-20-11
+Athol Springs............................ 4   "         11-24-39
+Buffalo Creek............................ 8   "         11-30-34
+                                         --             --------
+Total distance Erie to Buffalo
+    Creek................................86   "
+Total time for the 86 miles....                          1-10-46
+
+Average speed over division..............72.91 miles per hour.
+</pre>
+
+    <p>So remarkable are these figures, considering the type of
+    engine used, that an English technical journal has, since the
+    run was made, scientifically demonstrated to its own
+    satisfaction that it was an impossibility. Well, it is the
+    impossible which sometimes happens.</p>
+
+    <p>Through all the running at these wonderful speeds the train
+    moved with singular smoothness. Moments there were of some
+    anxiety, when the cars swung round a curve or dashed through
+    the streets of a town. At such times there were those among the
+    passengers who would perhaps gladly have sacrificed a few
+    seconds of the record. Except for those occasions, however,
+    there was nothing to tell of the extraordinary
+    speed&mdash;nothing unless one stood on the rear platform of
+    the last car and saw the swirling cloud of dust and leaves and
+    bits of paper, even of sticks and stones, that were sucked up
+    into the vacuum behind, and almost shut out the view of the
+    rapidly receding track. It may be (it certainly will be) that
+    the average of 65.07 miles an hour for a distance of 510 miles
+    will be beaten before long. It is almost certain that the same
+    engines on the same road could beat it in another
+    trial&mdash;taking a slightly lighter train, running by
+    daylight and over a dry rail. It will be long, however, before
+    such another run is made as that over the last 86 miles by the
+    ten-wheeler, with William Tunkey in charge. Railway men alone,
+    perhaps, understand the qualities which are necessary in an
+    engineer to enable him to make such a run; and the name of
+    Tunkey is one (however unheroic it may sound) which railway men
+    will remember for many years to come. An analysis of the
+    figures given above will show that it was not until within 20
+    miles of the end of the run that there was any confidence that
+    the record was broken; and not until the run was actually
+    finished and the watches stopped for the last time, at 34
+    seconds after half-past eleven, that confidence was changed to
+    certainty.</p>
+
+    <p>In addition to the mere speed, everything combined to make
+    the run supremely dramatic&mdash;the disappointment over the
+    first divisions&mdash;the growing hopes dashed by the
+    unexpected flag&mdash;the increase of hope again on the run to
+    Erie&mdash;the misgivings as to the type of engine&mdash;all
+    culminating in the last tremendous burst of speed and the
+    triumphant rush into Buffalo station.</p>
+
+    <p>And having left Chicago at half-past three in the morning,
+    at half past-ten that night I sat and watched Mr. John Drew on
+    the stage of a New York theatre.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page256"
+       id="page256"></a>[pg 256]</span>
+
+    <h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2>
+
+    <p>NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.&mdash;A PROVINCIAL SCHOOL OF
+    ART IN ENGLAND.&mdash;THE PRECURSOR OF MODERN ART,
+    CONSTABLE.&mdash;THE SOLITARY GENIUS OF TURNER.&mdash;THE
+    ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PORTRAITURE.&mdash;ROMNEY, OPIE, HOPPNER, AND
+    LAWRENCE.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>By Will H. Low.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">AT the period when in France David and his
+    followers had resuscitated a dead and gone art, and by dint of
+    governmental patronage had infused into it a semblance of life,
+    across the Channel, in a provincial town of England, a little
+    group of painters were quietly doing work which, if it did not
+    in itself change the face of modern art, was at least
+    indicative of the change soon to be accomplished by the advent
+    of Constable.</p>
+
+    <p>The leader of this group, which has been of late years in
+    the hands of zealous amateurs and dealers elevated to the rank
+    of "school," was John Crome, born at Norwich, December 22,
+    1768. The son of a publican, he was first an errand boy to a
+    local physician and afterwards apprenticed to a sign painter.
+    Without instruction, hampered by an early marriage, he forsook
+    his occupation, and sought to paint landscapes; meanwhile
+    finding in the houses of the neighboring gentry pupils in
+    drawing. The lessons gave him a living; and in the houses where
+    he taught were many Dutch pictures which he carefully studied,
+    so that he is in a sense a follower of the Holland school. But
+    his greatest and best teacher was the quiet Norfolk country;
+    and the environs of Norwich, from which he seldom strayed,
+    found in him an earnest student.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/256.jpg"
+             name="fig256"
+             id="fig256"><img src="images/256.jpg"
+             alt="GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF 'THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,' SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,"
+        SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In 1805, in conjunction with his son (the younger Crome) and
+    Cotman, Stark, and Vincent, Crome founded at Norwich an
+    artists' club, where the members exhibited their pictures and
+    had a large studio in common. Some of the members of the
+    Norwich "school," a title to which none of them in their own
+    time pretended, left their native town, and went to London; but
+    its founder remained true to the city of his birth, where he
+    died April 22, 1821. Late in life he visited Paris, where the
+    Louvre still held the treasures of Europe, garnered after every
+    campaign by Napoleon; and his enthusiasm for the great Dutch
+    painters found fresh nourishment.</p>
+
+    <p>It is by this link in the great chain of art that Crome
+    gained his first consideration in the world's esteem; but more
+    important to us of to-day is the fact that he was the first of
+    his century to return to nature. No evil that the frivolous
+    eighteenth century had wrought, or that the classicism of the
+    early years of the nineteenth had perpetuated in art, was so
+    great as the substitution of a conventional type of picture
+    instead of that directly inspired by nature; and this
+    artificial standard, which diverted figure painting from its
+    legitimate field, bore even more heavily on the art of
+    landscape painting.</p>
+
+    <p>Crome, by his isolation at Norwich, escaped this tendency.
+    The Norwich painters, however, were, to a certain degree, an
+    accident. In the London of their time, the almost total
+    cessation of intercourse with continental Europe, due to the
+    war with France, had not prevented the academical standard from
+    penetrating and taking root. The independence of Hogarth in the
+    preceding century had been without result; and Sir Joshua
+    Reynolds, in principle if not always in practice, had preached
+    the doctrine <span class="pagenum"><a name="page257"
+       id="page257"></a>[pg 257]</span> of submission to accepted
+       formulas. Benjamin West, who had succeeded him as president
+       of the Royal Academy, was little but an academic formula
+       himself; and landscape (whose greatest representative had
+       been, until his death in 1782, Richard Wilson, a painter of
+       merit, who had united to a charming sense of color an
+       adherence to the strictest classical influence) was
+       wallowing in the mire of conventionality.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/257.jpg"
+             name="fig257"
+             id="fig257"><img src="images/257.jpg"
+             alt="THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY
+        IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait, from an unknown model, gives Romney with
+        all his charm and more than his usual sincerity.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>To the London of 1800, however, were to be given two
+    landscape painters who may fairly claim the honor of placing
+    their art on a higher pinnacle than it had ever before reached.
+    One of them, John Constable, remains to-day the direct source
+    from which all representation of the free open air is derived,
+    be the painter Saxon, Gallic, or Teuton. The other, Joseph
+    Mallord William Turner, may be said to reach greater heights
+    than his contemporary; but, unlike him, his art is so based on
+    qualities peculiar to himself that he stands alone, though
+    having many imitators who have never achieved more than a
+    superficial resemblance to his work.</p>
+
+    <p>Constable, founding his work on nature with close observance
+    of natural laws, was able to exert an influence by which all
+    painters have since profited. When he came to London, at the
+    age of twenty-three, to study in the school of the Royal
+    Academy, he attracted the attention of Sir George Beaumont, an
+    amateur painter who, by his taste and social position, was
+    all-powerful in the artistic circles of the metropolis. It was
+    he who asked the young painter the famous question, "Where do
+    you place your brown tree?" this freak of vegetation being one
+    of the essential component parts of the properly constructed
+    academical landscape of the period. For a year or two the youth
+    placed brown trees, submissively enough, in landscapes
+    painfully precise in detail and deficient in atmosphere. Then
+    he did that which to a common, sensible mind would seem the
+    most obvious thing for a landscape painter to do, but which had
+    been <span class="pagenum"><a name="page258"
+       id="page258"></a>[pg 258]</span> done so rarely that the
+       simple act was the boldest of innovations. He took his
+       colors out of doors, and painted from nature.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/258-1.jpg"
+             name="fig258-1"
+             id="fig258-1"><img src="images/258-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A
+        PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Reproduced, by the courtesy of W.H. Fuller, from
+        "Memoirs of the Life of John Constable, Esq., R.A.,
+        Composed Chiefly of his Letters, by C.R. Leslie, R.A."
+        Quarto, London, 1843. This noble memoir, which makes one
+        love the man as one admires the painter, is unfortunately
+        out of print.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Of the dreary waste of "historical" and arbitrarily composed
+    landscapes, even in the simpler honest productions of the Dutch
+    preceding this century, nearly all were painted from drawings;
+    color had been applied according to recipe; the brown tree was
+    rampant through all the seasons represented, from primavernal
+    spring to golden autumn. At the most, only studies in colors
+    were made out of doors&mdash;unrelated portions of pictures,
+    stained rather than painted, with timid desire to enregister
+    details. These were then transported to the studio, where they
+    underwent a process of arrangement, of "cookery," as the
+    typically just French expression puts it; from which the
+    picture came out steeped in a "brown sauce," conventional,
+    artificial, and monotonous, but pleasing to the Academy-ridden
+    public of the time. The young "miller of Bergholt"&mdash;for it
+    was there in the county of Suffolk that young Constable first
+    saw the light, on June 11, 1776&mdash;determined in 1803 to
+    have done with convention. He writes to a friend, one
+    Dunthorne, who had had much influence on his early life and was
+    his first teacher: "For the last two years I have been running
+    after pictures and seeking truth at second hand;" adding that
+    he would hereafter study nature alone, convinced that "there is
+    [was] room enough for a natural painter."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/258-2.jpg"
+             name="fig258-2"
+             id="fig258-2"><img src="images/258-2.jpg"
+             alt="FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture was given to the National Gallery by the
+        painter's children. It is possibly one of three pictures on
+        which Constable obtained the gold medal of the Paris Salon
+        in 1822&mdash;the one which in the Salon catalogue is
+        entitled "A Canal." The other two were "The Hay-Wain"
+        (shown on the next page) and "Hampstead Heath," both now in
+        the National Gallery.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>This was henceforth the aim of his life; and from constant
+    study out of doors he learned that natural objects exist to our
+    sight not isolated, but in relation one to another; that the
+    whole is more important than a part; and that the bark of a
+    tree, a minutely defined plant, or a conscientiously
+    geologically studied rock, may mar the effect of a whole
+    picture, while the scene to be represented has a character of
+    its own more subtle, more evanescent, but also infinitely more
+    true than any single element of which it is composed. More than
+    that, through living on such intimate terms with Mother Nature,
+    he learned to value the smiles of her sunshine, and to
+    cunningly adjust her cloud-veils when she frowned. His object
+    was no longer that of the earlier painters, who&mdash;and along
+    with others even faithful Crome&mdash;had aimed to paint a
+    "view" for its topographical value, suppressing or altering,
+    like mediocre portrait painters, any feature which was
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page259"
+       id="page259"></a>[pg 259]</span> thought to be displeasing.
+       Constable painted the moods of nature; the simplest subjects
+       seen under ever-varying effects of light were his choice;
+       and though his pictures bear the names of various places,
+       and divers existing features of these places are portrayed,
+       it is always the beauty of the scene, or that of the moment
+       of the day or night, which affects the spectator.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/259.jpg"
+             name="fig259"
+             id="fig259"><img src="images/259.jpg"
+             alt="THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN
+        THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture was first exhibited in the Royal Academy of
+        1821. It is also one of three exhibited by Constable in the
+        Paris Salon the following year. It is one of Constable's
+        best known pictures. The thoroughly English character of
+        the scene, painted with truth and simplicity, makes it,
+        after a lapse of seventy-five years, as modern as though it
+        were painted yesterday.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>By a public which was used to the conventional tones of the
+    older painters, and which understood or was interested in
+    Turner's daring variations on the theme of classical landscape,
+    these fresh, simple pictures which to-day look so natural to us
+    were regarded with distrust. Not even the shepherd, much less
+    the warrior or the demigod, inhabited these quiet scenes. A
+    picture which any rural gentleman could see from his front
+    door, smacked too little of art for the modish town. Moreover,
+    Constable, no doubt sighing for something lighter and more
+    brilliant, was accustomed, in a vain effort to rival the clear
+    light of out-of-doors, to use the lightest colors of his
+    palette. On a varnishing day at the Royal Academy, the word was
+    passed around among the astonished painters that in portions of
+    his picture of the year Constable had actually used pure
+    white!</p>
+
+    <p>In 1829, however, the world moving, Constable was elected to
+    membership in the Royal Academy. The most notable triumph of
+    his life, though, befell seven years earlier, in 1822, when he
+    sent three pictures to be exhibited in the Salon in Paris. The
+    Hay-Wain, and Hampstead Heath, both at present in the National
+    Gallery, London, were of the three, and excited the greatest
+    enthusiasm among the group of young painters who, with
+    Delacroix at their head, were warring against the academic rule
+    imposed by David. Constable's work thenceforward was the
+    dominant influence in France, and from it can be directly
+    traced the great group of landscape painters which we to-day
+    miscall the "Barbizon" school.</p>
+
+    <p>It is pleasant to recall that official honor&mdash;the first
+    which he received&mdash;came to Constable by the award of the
+    great gold medal of the Salon at this time. For a number of
+    years after this he sent his work to the successive Salons.
+    Pecuniary success, such as fell to the lot of Turner, was
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page260"
+       id="page260"></a>[pg 260]</span> never his; the first
+       painter who looked at nature in the open air "through his
+       temperament," as Zola aptly expresses it, was perforce
+       contented to live a modest life at Hampstead, happy in his
+       work, grateful to nature who disclosed so many of her
+       secrets to him.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/260.jpg"
+             name="fig260"
+             id="fig260"><img src="images/260.jpg"
+             alt="THE 'FIGHTING TEMERAIRE' TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM
+        A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER.</h5>
+
+        <p>The "Fighting T&eacute;m&eacute;raire" was a
+        line-of-battle ship of ninety-eight guns which Lord Nelson
+        captured from the French at the battle of the Nile, August
+        1, 1798. In the battle of Trafalgar, October 21, 1805, she
+        fought next to the "Victory"&mdash;the ship from which
+        Nelson commanded the battle, and aboard which, in the
+        course of it, he was killed. She was sold out of the
+        service in 1838, and towed to Rotherhithe to be broken up.
+        Turner's painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy of
+        1839. His picture touched the popular heart, and though no
+        reproduction in black and white can approach the splendor
+        of color in the original, the engraving renders faithfully
+        the sentiment of the picture.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"I love," he said, "every stile and stump and lane in the
+    village; as long as I am able to hold a brush, I shall never
+    cease to paint them." He ceased to "hold a brush" on the 30th
+    of March, 1837.</p>
+
+    <p>Turner, who was born a year before Constable, on April 23,
+    1775, was, unlike the miller's son of Bergholt, a child of the
+    city. He was born in London, in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden,
+    where his father was a hair-dresser; and when only fourteen
+    entered the Royal Academy schools as a student. The next year
+    he exhibited a drawing of Lambeth Palace; and in 1799 was made
+    an associate, and in 1802 a member, of the Royal Academy. His
+    career was probably more successful than that of any other
+    artist of modern times. Of his life the more that is said in
+    charity the better; for as the sun rises oftentimes from a fog
+    bank, so the luminous dreams of color by which we know Turner
+    emanated from an apparently sour, prosaic cockney. A bachelor
+    implicated in low intrigues, dying under the assumed name of
+    "Puggy Booth" in a dreary lodging in Chelsea, after a long
+    career of miserly observance and rapacious bickering&mdash;of
+    his life naught became him like the leaving. He died December
+    19, 1851. His will directed that his pictures&mdash;three
+    hundred and sixty paintings and nearly two thousand
+    drawings&mdash;should become the property of the nation, the
+    only condition attached being that two of the pictures should
+    be placed between two paintings by Claude Lorraine in the
+    National Gallery. Twenty thousand pounds were left to the Royal
+    Academy for the benefit of superannuated artists; and one
+    thousand pounds were appropriated for a monument in St. Paul's,
+    where this curious old man knew the English people would be
+    proud to lay him.</p>
+
+    <p>For many years Turner had refused to sell certain of his
+    pictures; while for others,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page261"
+       id="page261"></a>[pg 261]</span> and for the published
+       engravings after his work, he had exacted prices of a
+       character and in a manner that smacked of dishonesty. But as
+       in obscure and dingy lodgings his brain had evolved the
+       splendor of sunset and mirage, so, undoubtedly, his
+       imagination had foreshadowed the noble monument which the
+       Turner room at the National Gallery has created to his
+       memory.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/261-1.jpg"
+             name="fig261-1"
+             id="fig261-1"><img src="images/261-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR JOHN GILBERT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR
+        JOHN GILBERT.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait, made many years ago, is a sketch from
+        life, and realizes the crabbed, sturdy painter, Turner, as
+        we may imagine him.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Turner's work, as has been said before, is peculiarly his
+    own. It is true that in the earlier pictures the influence of
+    Claude Lorraine is evident; but upon this root is engrafted an
+    audacity in the conception of color, a research of luminosity
+    in comparison with which nearly all painting is eclipsed. That
+    this refulgence is tinged now and then with exaggeration, with
+    a forcing of effect that destroys the sense of weight and
+    solidity in depicted objects where this sense should prevail,
+    is certain. But it is not the least of his merits that he was
+    endowed with a sureness of taste which enabled him to avoid the
+    rock on which all his imitators have split&mdash;his work is
+    never spectacular. It is perhaps at its best when he has the
+    simple elements of sea and sky as his theme. Here, with the
+    intangible qualities of air and light, textureless and
+    diaphanous, he is most at home. When it becomes a question of
+    the representation of earth, buildings, or trees, one feels the
+    lack of loving subservience to nature; the spirit against which
+    the art of Constable is eloquent lurks here too much.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/261-2.jpg"
+             name="fig261-2"
+             id="fig261-2"><img src="images/261-2.jpg"
+             alt="PEACE&mdash;BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PEACE&mdash;BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID
+        WILKIE. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL
+        GALLERY.</h5>
+
+        <div class="poem">
+            <div class="stanza">
+                <p>"The midnight torch gleamed o'er the steamer's
+                side,</p>
+
+                <p>And merit's corse was yielded to the tide."</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="right">&mdash;<i>Fallacies of Hope.</i></p>
+
+        <p>The "Fallacies of Hope" was an imaginary poem from which
+        Turner professed to quote whenever he wanted a line or a
+        couplet to explain his pictures, the avowed quotation being
+        really of his own composition. Sir David Wilkie, the
+        distinguished painter, died at sea on his way home from the
+        Orient, June 1, 1841. His body was consigned to the sea at
+        midnight of that day. The picture was exhibited at the
+        Royal Academy in 1842.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The stone-pines of Italy are seen through the distortion of
+    convention, the palaces of Venice were never builded by the
+    hand of man; and we lose by this the contrast which nature
+    provides between solid earth and filmy cloud. The onlooker must
+    indeed be devoid of imagination, however, if he can stand
+    before those pictures of Turner where the limitless sky is
+    reflected in the waters, without profound emotion. They may not
+    seem <i>natural</i> in such sense as one finds works of more
+    realistic aim; but one must at least agree with Turner, in the
+    time-worn story of the lady who taxed him with violation of
+    natural law, saying that she had never seen a sky like one in
+    the picture before them. "Possibly," growled the unruffled
+    painter; "but don't you wish you
+    could?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page262"
+       id="page262"></a>[pg 262]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/262.jpg"
+             name="fig262"
+             id="fig262"><img src="images/262.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE
+        NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">This is believed to be a portrait of the
+        painter's younger brother, William Opie.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Another phase of art&mdash;English, like that of Constable
+    and Turner&mdash;rose to its greatest popularity at about the
+    same time. It had an origin more easily traceable&mdash;the
+    presence of Vandyke in England in the seventeenth century
+    having given an impulsion to portrait painting which had been
+    maintained by Reynolds and Gainsborough in the century
+    preceding our own. George Romney, who was born at Dalton, in
+    Lancashire, December 15, 1734, divided with these last two
+    painters the patronage of the great and wealthy of his time. He
+    was but eleven years younger than Reynolds, and seven years the
+    junior of Gainsborough; but by the fact of his living until
+    November 15, 1802, he may be considered in connection with the
+    painters of this century. He possessed great facility of brush,
+    which led him occasionally into careless drawing, and he lacked
+    the refined grace of Reynolds and the simple charm of
+    Gainsborough. Nevertheless, a superabundance of the qualities
+    which go to make up a painter were his, and his art is less
+    affected by influences foreign to his native soil than that of
+    any painter of his time.</p>
+
+    <p>Romney was pre&euml;minently a painter of women, as were the
+    majority of his followers&mdash;English art at that time being
+    possessed of more sweetness than force. Lady Hamilton, the
+    Circe who succeeded in ensnaring the English Ulysses, Nelson,
+    was a frequent model for Romney, and the list of notable names
+    of the fair women whose beauty he perpetuated would be a long
+    one. His life offers one of the most curious examples of the
+    engrossing nature of a painter's work, if we accept this as the
+    explanation of his strange conduct. Having come to London from
+    Kendal in 1762, leaving his wife and family behind him in
+    Lancashire, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page263"
+       id="page263"></a>[pg 263]</span> he remained in the
+       metropolis for thirty-seven years, making, during this time,
+       but two visits to the place which he never ceased to
+       consider his home. It does not appear that anything but
+       absorption in work was the cause of this neglect. His wife
+       and children remained all the time in their northern home.
+       In 1799, three years before his death, the husband and
+       father awoke to a realization of their existence, and
+       returned to live with them.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:28%;">
+        <a href="images/263-1.jpg"
+             name="fig263-1"
+             id="fig263-1"><img src="images/263-1.jpg"
+             alt="JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER 10, 1793." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER
+        10, 1793.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>John Opie, known as the "Cornish genius" when his first
+    works, executed at the age of twenty, were exhibited in the
+    Royal Academy, was a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was born
+    at Truro in May, 1761, the son of a carpenter. His precocity
+    attracted the notice of Dr. Wolcot ("Peter Pindar"), who
+    introduced him to Reynolds.</p>
+
+    <p>Opie is thoroughly English in his manner, having, however,
+    more affiliation to Hogarth and the earlier painters of his
+    century than to his master. A certain hardness and lack of
+    color are his principal defects; but, on the other hand, his
+    work is sincere to a degree which none of the other painters of
+    his time show, preoccupied as were even the best of them by a
+    somewhat conventional type of beauty. He was appointed
+    professor of painting at the Royal Academy in 1805, but
+    delivered only one course of lectures, dying, at the age of
+    forty-six, April 9, 1807.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/263-2.jpg"
+             name="fig263-2"
+             id="fig263-2"><img src="images/263-2.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS 'THE CORAL NECKLACE,' BY JOHN HOPPNER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS "THE CORAL
+        NECKLACE," BY JOHN HOPPNER.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the collection of George A. Hearn of New York, by
+        whose courtesy it appears here. Quaint and charming as a
+        picture, of great beauty of color in the original, this is
+        an admirable example of this painter. The original painting
+        is at present on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum, New
+        York.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>During the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the
+    first years of the nineteenth, the fashionable portrait
+    painters of London were John Hoppner and Sir Thomas Lawrence.
+    The latter, living twenty years longer than Hoppner, was able
+    to generously say of him, in a letter written shortly after
+    Hoppner's death: "You will believe that I sincerely feel the
+    loss of a brother artist from whose works I have often gained
+    instruction, and who has gone by my side in the race these
+    eighteen years."</p>
+
+    <p>Born in Whitechapel, London, April 4, 1758, Hoppner's first
+    vocation was that of chorister in the Chapel Royal. By lucky
+    accident his first efforts at painting attracted the attention
+    of the king, George III., who granted him a small allowance
+    which enabled him to study in the Royal Academy, where, in
+    1782, he gained the medal for oil painting. He first exhibited
+    in 1780, and for some years devoted himself to landscape.
+    Gradually changing to portraiture, he was appointed portrait
+    painter to the Prince of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page264"
+       id="page264"></a>[pg 264]</span> Wales in 1789, and in 1793
+       he was made an associate of the Academy, receiving full
+       membership in 1795. For twenty years and until his death,
+       January 23, 1810, he was extremely successful, and his
+       productions, though less in number than those of Reynolds,
+       or his contemporary, Lawrence, were numerous. In the course
+       of thirty years he contributed one hundred and sixty-six
+       works to the Academy exhibitions. These were chiefly
+       portraits of women and children, and are marked by
+       unaffected grace and appreciation of character.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/264.jpg"
+             name="fig264"
+             id="fig264"><img src="images/264.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+        LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture, in the National Gallery, London, has
+        inscribed on the canvas: "Lady Giorgiana Fane; 1800.
+        &AElig;t 5." It shows Lawrence's method of treating a
+        child's portrait, in the style dear to our ancestors, as a
+        "fancy" portrait. It is also typical of his pronounced
+        mannerism, which would lead one to believe that before the
+        days of photography sitters were easily contented on the
+        score of resemblance. The head in this picture, for
+        instance, is almost identical with that of Napoleon's son
+        in the "Roi de Rome," executed fifteen years later.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page265"
+       id="page265"></a>[pg 265]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/265.jpg"
+             name="fig265"
+             id="fig265"><img src="images/265.jpg"
+             alt="MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+        LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>The greatest of all English actresses, at least in
+        tragic parts&mdash;is the common judgment on Mrs. Siddons.
+        She was almost born and reared on the stage, her father,
+        Roger Kemble, being the manager of a travelling company of
+        actors, with one of whom, William Siddons, she had married
+        when she was eighteen. She was born at Brecon, in Wales,
+        July 5, 1755, and had already attained to some distinction
+        as an actress in 1775, when she made her first appearance
+        in London. From then until her retirement in 1812 her
+        career was a succession of triumphs. She died in London,
+        June 8, 1831. Naturally, she was a favorite subject with
+        the portrait painters of her time. The sweet-faced girl
+        shown in the above portrait has as little resemblance to
+        the stately lady of Gainsborough, or the "Tragic Muse" of
+        Sir Joshua Reynolds, as it has to our imagination of what a
+        "tragic queen" should be. The picture is, nevertheless, a
+        portrait of <i>the</i> Mrs. Siddons, and was presented to
+        the National Gallery, London, where it now is, by her
+        daughter, Mrs. Cecelia Combe, in 1868.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Time has enhanced the value of Hoppner's work somewhat at
+    the expense of his great rival, Lawrence. While the latter
+    remains, from youth to comparative old age, a most astonishing
+    example of facile and brilliant execution, the less obtrusive,
+    possibly more timid, attitude of Hoppner in the presence of
+    nature gives him a greater claim to our sympathy to-day. He was
+    apparently preoccupied above all in rendering the individual
+    characteristics of his sitter; and there are many instances in
+    his work where a painter can see that he has chosen to retain
+    certain qualities of resemblance, rather than risk their loss
+    by an exhibition of <i>bravura</i> painting. Sir Thomas
+    Lawrence is one, on the contrary, before whose pictures it is
+    felt that the principal question has been to make it first of
+    all a typical example of his
+    work.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page266"
+       id="page266"></a>[pg 266]</span>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/266-1.jpg"
+             name="fig266-1"
+             id="fig266-1"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/266-1.jpg"
+             alt="LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+        LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait of the gifted and brilliant woman who, as
+        Lady Blessington, and the intimate friend of Count d'Orsay,
+        alternately shocked and ruled the literary London of
+        Byron's time, is representative of Lawrence's extreme
+        mannerism; but, despite its "keepsake" prettiness, has
+        great charm. Besides her distinguished beauty, Lady
+        Blessington offered much, in her life and surroundings, to
+        inspire a painter. Born in Ireland in 1789, she was forced
+        at fourteen into marrying one Captain Farmer. She could not
+        live with him, and they separated after three months.
+        Farmer was killed in 1817, and the next year she married
+        the Earl of Blessington. Then began that brilliant social
+        career by virtue of which her fame now most survives. Her
+        house became the resort of the most distinguished people of
+        the time; and she herself, by her remarkable grace,
+        cleverness, and vivacity, ever kept pace with the best of
+        her company. She derived a large estate from her husband at
+        his death, in 1829; and besides, for nearly twenty years
+        she had ten thousand dollars a year from her novels (for
+        she was also an author); but she lived most profusely, and
+        had finally, in company with Count d'Orsay, to flee from
+        her creditors. She died in Paris, June 4, 1849.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lawrence, born at Bristol, May 4, 1769, was the son of the
+    landlord of the Black Bear Inn at Devizes; and the child was
+    not yet in his teens when some chalk drawings of his father's
+    customers gave him a local reputation. We are told that "at the
+    age of ten he set up as a portrait painter in crayons at
+    Oxford; and soon after took a house at Bath, the then
+    fashionable watering-place, where he immediately met with much
+    employment and extraordinary success." When seventeen, his
+    success called him to London, where in 1791, though under the
+    age required by the laws of the Academy, he was elected as
+    associate when twenty-two. The year before, he had painted the
+    portraits of the king and queen; in 1794 he was made
+    Academician, in 1815 was knighted, in 1820 was unanimously
+    elected President of the Royal Academy, and in 1825 was created
+    chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France.</p>
+
+    <p>This list of official honors is but little in comparison
+    with the success which he had socially. Of a charming
+    personality, he was admitted to the intimacy of all that Europe
+    boasted of aristocracy and royalty. In 1815 he went to the
+    congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, where his facile brush portrayed
+    the august features of the allied sovereigns assembled there.
+    He contributed, from 1787 to 1830 inclusive, three hundred and
+    eleven pictures to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy.</p>
+
+    <p>It goes without saying that production of this quantity
+    cannot be in every instance of the first quality. But the
+    average merit of Lawrence's work is nevertheless of a high
+    order. Of feminine charm (like many of his time and many of his
+    predecessors) he was a master; no one has ever succeeded better
+    in giving a certain aristocratic bearing to his sitters than
+    he. It can be accounted a fault that this becomes somewhat
+    stereotyped&mdash;that we feel that, were it wanting in the
+    person before him, the amiable Sir Thomas could easily supply
+    it. The English race has not changed so much in the short
+    period which has elapsed since his time that the demeasurably
+    large and liquid eyes, the swan-like necks, and the sloping
+    shoulders, which mark it as his own in Lawrence's work, should
+    be to-day of more rare occurrence. With this great and
+    important limitation, among the pictures of Lawrence can be
+    found a certain number of canvases, not always the most
+    typical, of exceeding merit. Few men have ever conveyed better
+    the impression of the depth and living quality of an eye, nor
+    have many painters succeeded in giving to every part of their
+    canvas the same qualities of color and brilliancy of execution
+    as he.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/266-2.jpg"
+             name="fig266-2"
+             id="fig266-2"><img src="images/266-2.jpg"
+             alt="SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES LANDSEER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+        LANDSEER.</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page267"
+       id="page267"></a>[pg 267]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/267.jpg"
+             name="fig267"
+             id="fig267"><img src="images/267.jpg"
+             alt="MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This picture, owned by R.H. McCormick of Chicago, by
+        whose courtesy it is here reproduced, represents Lawrence
+        in his least mannered aspect. The simplicity of young
+        girlhood is well expressed, the head is drawn and modelled
+        with great subtlety, and we are fortunate to have so good
+        an example of Lawrence's work in this country.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lawrence died in his beautiful house on Russell Square in
+    London, surrounded by rare works of art which he had collected,
+    on January 7, 1830. Nine years later Sir William Beechey, born
+    at Burford in Oxfordshire in 1753, died in London at the age of
+    eighty-six. He had come to London in 1772; and in 1798, having
+    acquired consideration and a lucrative practice as a portrait
+    painter, and after having painted a picture, now at Hampton
+    Court, representing the king, George III., the Prince of Wales,
+    and the Duke of York at a review, he was knighted. The same
+    year saw his election to the Academy, of which he had been an
+    associate since 1793.</p>
+
+    <p>One of Beechey's distinctions is to have outnumbered even
+    Lawrence in his contributions to the Academy, as three hundred
+    and sixty-two of his works appeared on its walls. Of hasty
+    execution or too great dependence on a dangerous facility,
+    there is, however, little trace in his work. He was occupied
+    exclusively with painting; he
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page268"
+       id="page268"></a>[pg 268]</span> lived more than twenty
+       years longer than Lawrence, and was never diverted by the
+       claims of society upon his time. With his healthy, English
+       color, recalling Reynolds, a sober style not devoid of
+       charm, he is fairly typical of his time; and may fitly close
+       this brief review of the earlier English portraitists. Their
+       task has never been taken up by their successors in art,
+       English portraiture to-day having much the same qualities
+       and defects which mark the contemporaneous painters of all
+       nations.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/268.jpg"
+             name="fig268"
+             id="fig268"><img src="images/268.jpg"
+             alt="PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY.</h5>
+
+        <p>The original painting is now in the museum of the
+        Louvre, and is a picture charming in color&mdash;the warm
+        white of the dress, and the rich surroundings, in the
+        manner of Reynolds, making an admirable foil to the
+        children's heads.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The exclusive choice of feminine portraits in this article
+    has been dictated by a desire to show, in the space at command,
+    the painting most typical of the time and people. While all
+    these painters produced portraits of men, their work in this
+    field was, as a rule, inferior to the art of France. Lawrence
+    is perhaps an exception; as it would seem that occasionally in
+    the presence of a masculine sitter he rose superior to his
+    manner and, painting with all sincerity, gave his remarkable
+    gifts full play. The lack, however, of serious training in
+    drawing, the over-reliance on charm of color and sentiment,
+    give to the English work a degree of weakness as compared with
+    the thorough command of form and austere fidelity to
+    resemblance that was preached to the French with "drawing is
+    the probity of art" for a text.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page269"
+       id="page269"></a>[pg 269]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/269.jpg"
+             name="fig269"
+             id="fig269"><img src="images/269.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.</h2>
+
+    <h3>PERSONAL REMINISCENCES AND RECORDS OF CONVERSATIONS.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By Murat Halstead.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">JAMES A. GARFIELD, twentieth President of the
+    United States, had the good fortune to be a boy long after he
+    reached the years of manhood. This fact is the key to his
+    character and the explanation of his career. His boyishness was
+    not lack of manhood; it was a lingering youthfulness of spirit,
+    a keen susceptibility of impression, an elasticity of mind, a
+    hearty enjoyment of his strong life, a tenderness and freshness
+    of heart, an openness to friend and foe, something of deference
+    to others, and of diffidence, not without understanding of and
+    confidence in his own powers. He was youthful with the noble
+    youth of the fields and schools and churches, of the farms and
+    villages of the West, when he became a member of the
+    legislature of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page270"
+       id="page270"></a>[pg 270]</span> Ohio, from which he passed
+       into the army, that was like a university to him. As a
+       soldier he was typically a big, brave boy, powerful, ardent,
+       amiable, rejoicing in his strength. In eastern Kentucky he
+       led his regiment in its first fight. He found out where the
+       enemy were, and pulling off his coat&mdash;the regulation
+       country style of preparing for battle&mdash;headed a
+       foot-race straight for "the rebs," and routed them. It was
+       literally a case of "come on, boys." Those opposed, so to
+       speak, thought the devil possessed the robust young man in
+       his shirt-sleeves.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/270-1.jpg"
+             name="fig270-1"
+             id="fig270-1"><img src="images/270-1.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32, AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE ARMY TO BECOME A MEMBER OF CONGRESS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32,
+        AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE
+        ARMY TO BECOME A MEMBER OF CONGRESS.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>When Garfield was President, he was asked whether he ever
+    thought, before his nomination for the office, that he was
+    likely to fill it, and his answer was curious and
+    characteristic of his manner of expression. He said he supposed
+    all American young men reflected on that subject, and he had
+    done so&mdash;not with any serious concern, but as a remote
+    possibility. And he added, "I have fancied the great public
+    personified and looking with an immense, a rolling, intense
+    eye, over the millions of the nation, to pick out future
+    Presidents, and thought as it swept along the ranks the eye
+    might give me a glance, and that perhaps the meaning of it was:
+    I may want you&mdash;some time."</p>
+
+    <p>It was my theory, as the editor of an important journal in
+    Ohio during the time General Garfield served in Congress, that
+    he needed a good deal of admonition; that he had a tendency to
+    sentimentalism in politics that called for correction; that he
+    required paragraphs to brace him up in various affairs; that he
+    lacked a little in worldly wisdom, and maybe had a dangerous
+    tendency to giving and taking too much confidence; and that he
+    was disposed to dwell upon a mountain, and would be the better
+    off for an occasional taking-down with a shade of good-humored
+    sarcasm. He was still boyish about some things, and the
+    speculative men in public life sought to beguile him. He was
+    growing all the time, though. He was a student, and was brainy
+    and generous, and laughed at "able articles" even if they had
+    stings in them.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/270-2.jpg"
+             name="fig270-2"
+             id="fig270-2"><img src="images/270-2.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1863." /></a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1863.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Cincinnati knew him best as the Christian
+    orator&mdash;follower of Alexander Campbell&mdash;who preached
+    with a big voice and great earnestness at the corner of Walnut
+    and Eighth Streets. This was when he was a grand young man,
+    sure enough. Some time after, Congress found it out. After a
+    while the public knew Garfield as
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page271"
+       id="page271"></a>[pg 271]</span> one of the half dozen
+       strongest men in the country. Next to John Sherman he stood
+       the most commanding figure in Ohio politics, and was elected
+       Senator of the United States, his term commencing on the day
+       on which, as it happened, he was inaugurated President. He
+       was just realizing his ability, having had it measured for
+       him in the House of Representatives, and knew he was a force
+       in affairs. He enjoyed his dinners and dressed well, and was
+       of imposing presence: a good-natured giant&mdash;no
+       posing&mdash;no troublesome sense of grandeur&mdash;none of
+       the pomp affected by public men too conscious of
+       importance.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/271.jpg"
+             name="fig271"
+             id="fig271"><img src="images/271.jpg"
+             alt="GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE
+        WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE
+        LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy,
+        Washington.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>He suffered under the petty charge that he had been
+    influenced by a scrap of stock whose value might be affected by
+    Congressional action; and those who knew him well were aware
+    that his innocence of knowledge to do what he was charged with
+    doing, was absurd and itself proof that he was sound. He was,
+    by virtue of superior capacity, at the head of the Ohio
+    delegation <span class="pagenum"><a name="page272"
+       id="page272"></a>[pg 272]</span> to the Republican National
+       Convention of 1880, and was charged with the management of
+       the candidacy of John Sherman, Secretary of the Treasury,
+       for the Presidency&mdash;the most competent man in the
+       country for the office.</p>
+
+    <p>It had been thought for a time that the combination of
+    important men for a third term of General Grant would succeed,
+    as the glory of the General was very great and those who wanted
+    him for President again were able and resolute. Blaine had
+    hesitated for a moment whether to take the field; but learning
+    that Sherman would be in the race whether there was or was not
+    any other man a candidate in opposition to Grant, he made the
+    fight, and he and Sherman were the representative leaders
+    against the third term.</p>
+
+    <p>Their feeling was that they were not making war upon General
+    Grant, but upon those who sought to use his fame for their own
+    purpose, and they meant particularly Senator Conkling. General
+    Grant, at Galena, wrote a letter to Senator Cameron, and gave
+    it to John Russell Young, who handed it to Mr. Cameron, and it
+    disappeared. This letter was a frank and serious statement that
+    he desired not to be considered a candidate, and no doubt his
+    preference was the nomination of Mr. Conkling.</p>
+
+    <p>The interest of the great convention early centred in the
+    two tall men on the floor, the undoubted champions of the
+    contending forces, Conkling and Garfield; and the latter got
+    the first decided advantage in breaking the third term line
+    when Conkling demanded that the majority of the delegation of a
+    State should cast the entire vote. This was the famous unit
+    rule, the defeat of which was the first event of the
+    convention. Garfield and Conkling were foremost in the fray
+    because they were the most masterful men of the vast
+    assembly&mdash;nearly twenty thousand people under the
+    roof.</p>
+
+    <p>The advocates of the Old Commander for a third term were in
+    heavy force, and knew exactly what they wanted; and whenever
+    the convention met, as Senator Conkling usually walked in late,
+    he had a tumultuous reception. The opposition saw it was
+    necessary to counteract this personal demonstration, and
+    managed to hold Garfield back so that he should be later than
+    Conkling, and then they gave him salutations of unheard-of
+    exuberance far resounding; and this was the beginning of the
+    end. Garfield, because he was in person, position, and
+    transcending talent a leader, was transformed into a colossus
+    before the eyes of the convention, and was an appeal to the
+    imagination. When the nominating addresses were made, none was
+    heard by the whole multitude but those by Conkling and
+    Garfield. They stood on tables of reporters, and their voices
+    rang clear, through their splendid speeches, carrying every
+    word to the remotest corners; and the rivalry between the two
+    men became emphasized. Each had the sense to admire the effort
+    of the other, Conkling saying to the delegate by his side: "It
+    is bright in Garfield to speak from that place," and it was a
+    good deal for him to say. More and more Garfield loomed as the
+    man who stood against Grant.</p>
+
+    <p>There had been a good many persons meantime saying that
+    neither Blaine nor Sherman could beat Grant, and that Garfield
+    was the man to do it. All who are familiar with our political
+    methods are aware of the frantic desire of the average
+    office-seeker, or practical politician, no matter what he
+    wants, to find out early all the possibilities of the next
+    Presidency; and it is esteemed a superb achievement to be among
+    the first to pick the man. The number of far-sighted citizens
+    on the subject of the eligibility of Garfield, as the
+    convention progressed, grew large. Governor Foster of Ohio did
+    not conceal his impression that the nomination of Garfield was
+    certain. In his opinion Sherman was not in the race, and
+    perhaps his judgment to that effect assisted the formation of
+    the current that finally flooded the convention. One man, a
+    delegate from Pennsylvania, voted for Garfield on every ballot,
+    and kept him before the people. I had telegrams from
+    correspondents of the Cincinnati "Commercial," at Chicago,
+    several days before the nomination, evidently reflecting
+    Governor Foster's opinions, and frequently repeated, until the
+    event justified them, saying Garfield would be the nominee. I
+    was that time slow to understand the situation, and protested,
+    against putting the "nonsense" on the wires, in telegrams that
+    after the event were held to signify lack of sagacity about
+    Garfield.</p>
+
+    <p>The first man who held decidedly Garfield would be nominated
+    was Mr. Starin of New York, who travelled with Senator Conkling
+    in a special car from the national capital to the convention,
+    and said on the way the nomination of Grant was not to be, and
+    that Blaine and Sherman could not carry off the prize, and that
+    therefore Garfield was to be the man. He made this point to the
+    Hon. Thomas L. James, the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page273"
+       id="page273"></a>[pg 273]</span> Postmaster-General in
+       Garfield's cabinet, between Harrisburg and Chicago. Mr.
+       Blaine regarded beating Grant at Chicago as no loss to the
+       General and no reflection on him, but rather as the best
+       thing for him; and that the true policy and purpose was to
+       beat Conkling, who committed the error in strategy, however
+       gallant the sentiment that inspired him, of committing
+       himself irretrievably to Grant&mdash;and though the
+       contested votes were all against him, he was unchangeable.
+       "No angle-worm nomination will take place
+       to-day"&mdash;meaning nothing feeble&mdash;was Mr.
+       Conkling's oracular remark the morning of the day when the
+       Presidential destiny of the occasion was determined.</p>
+
+    <p>The drift toward Garfield was in so many ways announced
+    before the decisive hour that he could not be insensible of its
+    existence, and he was greatly disturbed. He said he would
+    "rather be shot with musketry than nominated" and have Sherman
+    think he had been unfaithful to his obligations as leader of
+    the forces for him. That Senator Sherman was offended is well
+    known; but so far as he felt that Garfield had been to blame,
+    it was due to the gossip, widely disseminated, that Garfield
+    was personally concerned in working his own "boom." All that
+    was well threshed out long ago, and there is nothing tangible
+    in it to-day. The fact is, Garfield could not have worked a
+    personal scheme. He must have been defeated if he had tried it.
+    A movement on his part of that kind would have been fatal. On
+    the other hand, if he had got up to decline to be a candidate,
+    it would have been easy to say that he was making a nominating
+    speech for himself. It was not particularly difficult to call
+    Garfield a "traitor," and the temptation to do it was because
+    he was so sensitive regarding that imputation in
+    politics&mdash;whatever hurts goes. He had no idea of
+    concealing anything, and told such queer stories as this:</p>
+
+    <p>The morning of his nomination&mdash;the fact that this was
+    from Garfield himself is certain&mdash;one of his relatives
+    from Michigan saw him and said: "Jim, you are going to be
+    nominated to-day. I had a dream about you last night, and
+    thought I was in the hall and there was something happening, I
+    could not tell what, when suddenly on every side the standards
+    of the States [names of the States on staffs locating the
+    delegations] were pulled from their places, and men ran to
+    where you were sitting, and waved them over your head."
+    Garfield stated that this was certainly told him on the way to
+    his breakfast; and after the nomination the dreamer reappeared
+    and said: "What did I tell you, Jim? Why, the very thing I saw
+    in my dream last night, I saw in the convention to-day."</p>
+
+    <p>The inside truth about the nomination was freely given by
+    Mr. Blaine, who, as the convention progressed, was studying the
+    proceedings with the surprisingly clear vision he possessed for
+    the estimation of passing events. He soon made up his mind that
+    his nomination could not happen, and that Sherman also was
+    impossible. They could not unite forces without losses.
+    Evidently there was a crisis at hand. There is something in a
+    convention that always tells the competent observer, near or
+    far, that decisive action is about to be taken. The evidence
+    appears of an intolerant impatience. Mr. Conkling was relying
+    upon the absolute solidity of his three hundred and five. Mr.
+    Blaine was a wiser man about the force of a tempest in a
+    convention, and would have preferred Sherman to Conkling. But
+    Conkling was quite as bitter toward Sherman as regarding
+    Blaine, even more so in his invective; and this grew out of the
+    custom-house difficulty that ultimately so deeply affected
+    General Arthur's fortunes. There had to be a break
+    somewhere&mdash;to Grant from Sherman and Blaine, or from him
+    to them, or a rush to Conkling, or to Garfield, whose
+    conspicuity had constantly suggested it; and Blaine resolved
+    that the chance to rout the third-termers was to sweep the
+    convention by going for Garfield, and overwhelming him with the
+    rest, thus winning a double victory over Conkling.</p>
+
+    <p>It is a fact, and the one that makes certain the proposition
+    that Sherman could not have been nominated, that the majority
+    of the Blaine men from New York, turned loose by breaking the
+    unit rule&mdash;there were nineteen of them&mdash;preferred
+    Grant to Sherman. If the break by Blaine from himself had been
+    attempted, for Sherman, Grant would have been nominated if one
+    ballot had been decisive. But Blaine was able to transfer every
+    vote cast for him to Garfield, with the exception of that of a
+    colored delegate from Virginia; and this movement was managed
+    so as to overthrow all who strove to stand against it. Grant
+    was in the lead for thirty-four ballots, but on the
+    thirty-fourth there were seventeen votes for Garfield. On the
+    thirty-fifth ballot Garfield had three hundred and ninety-nine
+    votes, twenty-one majority over all. Blaine by telegraph had
+    outgeneralled Conkling, present and commanding in
+    person.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page274"
+       id="page274"></a>[pg 274]</span>
+
+    <p>The course of the proceedings of the convention from the
+    first was a preparation for the final scenes, the putting of
+    Garfield against Conkling and working up a rivalry between them
+    having a marked effect; and this was not so much for Garfield
+    as against Conkling. Garfield grieved to think Sherman would
+    misunderstand him, and was apprehensive as to the feeling of
+    the New York delegation. "How do your people feel about this?"
+    Garfield asked a New Yorker, when he had returned to his hotel
+    the nominee.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, they feel badly and bitterly," was the reply.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Garfield, "I suppose they do. It is as
+    Wellington said, 'next to the sadness of defeat, the saddest
+    moment is that of victory.'" This remark was quite in
+    Garfield's method and manner.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Sherman's failure was made inevitable in this, as in
+    other conventions, by the strange absence, always observable in
+    New York, of appreciation of the unparalleled services to the
+    country of his public labors culminating in the resumption of
+    specie payments. That is the real secret and chief fault of the
+    convention.</p>
+
+    <p>Ex-Governor Dennison of Ohio appeared at the headquarters of
+    the New York delegation after the Garfield nomination, and
+    Senator Conkling greeted him cordially. There Dennison said, so
+    that the whole delegation heard, that he was the bearer of a
+    message from the delegation of Ohio, that they would give a
+    solid vote for any man New York would be pleased to name for
+    Vice-President. "Even," said Senator Conkling promptly, in his
+    finest cynical way, "if that man should be Chester A.
+    Arthur?"</p>
+
+    <p>Dennison's answer was, after a moment, "Yes;" and Conkling
+    put the question of supporting Arthur to a vote, making a
+    motion that he was the choice of the delegation for the
+    Vice-Presidency, and it was carried immediately. This was
+    understood to be pretty hard on the Ohio people, including
+    especially Sherman and Garfield. Of course, under the lead of
+    New York and Ohio, the convention ratified the motion of
+    Conkling, and the ticket was Garfield and Arthur. And so ample
+    preparation was made for the bitterness of the coming
+    time&mdash;for the troubled administration of Garfield and its
+    tragic close.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.</h4>
+
+    <p>There have been limitations upon the candor of all persons
+    who have undertaken to write the story of the tragedy of the
+    administration of Garfield, and partisanism in personalities
+    has had too much attention. Mr. Conkling seemed to be the storm
+    centre, and it was difficult to deal with him and not to offend
+    him. It is well remembered that in his speech placing Grant in
+    nomination he quoted Miles O'Reilly:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>If asked what State he hails from,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Our sole reply shall be&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>He comes from Appomattox</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And the famous apple tree.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>On the way home, Governor Foster of Ohio, called out at Fort
+    Wayne, paraphrased the Senator thus:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>If asked what State he hails from,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Our sole reply shall be&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>He comes from old Ohio</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And his name is General G.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>This was not startling in any way, but Mr. Conkling had the
+    reputation of being very much offended by the parody.</p>
+
+    <p>It happens often in war, and sometimes in peace, that
+    newspaper correspondents send the real news privately to the
+    editor in charge, and give things as they ought to be in "copy"
+    for the printers. There are before me private letters written
+    by one well informed of that which was going on in the capital
+    city of Ohio immediately after the nomination of Garfield, and
+    a few extracts will turn the light on the inside of the affairs
+    of the Republicans of the nominee's State at that
+    time&mdash;the news then being too strong for newspapers.</p>
+
+    <p>"July 10.&mdash;The plan to have Garfield go through New
+    York to Saratoga with Logan, Foster, and others has been given
+    up.... Logan and Cameron are all right, but Conkling refuses to
+    be pacified or conciliated, unless Garfield will make promises;
+    and that he refuses to do. Conkling said he'd 'rather had to
+    support Blaine.' Conkling never called upon Garfield, or
+    returned Garfield's call, or answered Garfield's note. Sherman
+    has been in cordial consultation with the committee, and
+    promised to do all he can honorably in his position [Secretary
+    of the Treasury]. Garfield appears well under fire, and is a
+    more manly character than ever before. He says no man could be
+    in a better position for defeat, if he has to get it. His
+    behavior has won the respect of the workers since the
+    convention."</p>
+
+    <p>"July 11.&mdash;They all stand around and watch Conkling as
+    little dogs watch their <span class="pagenum"><a name="page275"
+       id="page275"></a>[pg 275]</span> master when he is in a bad
+       mood&mdash;waiting for him to graciously smile, and they
+       will jump about with effusive joy. A strong letter was
+       written urging Conkling, in the most flattering way, and
+       appealing to him in the most humble manner, to come to Ohio
+       and deliver a speech in the Cincinnati Music Hall, and
+       promising no end of thousands of people and bands and guns
+       and things, till you couldn't rest. I opposed sending such a
+       missive, advocating such a simple and cordial invitation as
+       it is customary to extend to a leader and honest, earnest
+       party man. But they looked upon me (probably rightly, too)
+       as a fool who would rush in where angels fear to tread. And
+       now Jewell writes that he has not dared to give the letter
+       to Conkling yet, as he has not 'deemed any moment yet as
+       opportune.' Meanwhile Conkling and Arthur have gone off on a
+       two or three weeks' fishing trip. Dorsey humbly and piously
+       hopes Conkling can be induced to make a speech in Vermont,
+       and if the Almighty happens to take the right course with
+       him, he may condescend to come to Ohio."</p>
+
+    <p>This is a true picture of the way the campaign opened. Mr.
+    Sherman said something in an interview that was less cordial
+    than was expected and caused some temper, but the fault found
+    was not that he was accusative but reserved. Colonel Dick
+    Thompson made a ringing speech pledging the Hayes
+    administration without reserve; and that gave encouragement,
+    and was said to be for a time the only inspiration the
+    Republicans got to go for Garfield with good will and
+    confidence.</p>
+
+    <p>It was arranged to have General Garfield appear in New York
+    City, and it was expected that he would there meet Mr.
+    Conkling. There was to be a consultation of Republicans, and
+    the plan of the campaign perfected. The question of special
+    exertion in the Southern States was up. The conference came
+    off, and Mr. Conkling did not attend it. Mr. Arthur seemed very
+    much grieved about that. Mr. Logan was unwilling to speak in
+    the presence of reporters, and Mr. Blaine said he would be very
+    much disappointed if his speech was not reported. Thurlow Weed
+    made the speech of the occasion. The real object of the meeting
+    was to bring Garfield and Conkling together without making the
+    fact too obvious; and the disturbance of the candidate was
+    manifest in his references to the absent Senator as "my Lord
+    Roscoe."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have," said Garfield next day, "an invitation to make a
+    trip to Coney Island, and it means that I may there have a
+    pocket interview with my Lord Roscoe; but if the Presidency is
+    to turn on that, I do not want the office badly enough to go;"
+    and he did not go. The words are precisely Garfield's; and the
+    next thing was the journey over the Erie line, and speeches by
+    Garfield, accompanied by General Harrison and Governor
+    Kirkwood, at every important place from Paterson to Jamestown.
+    That the General was capable of warm resentment, this letter
+    testifies:</p>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p class="right">MENTOR, OHIO, <i>September 20,
+        1880</i>.</p>
+
+        <p>I notice &mdash;&mdash; is parading through the country
+        devoting himself to personal assaults upon me. Why do not
+        our people republish his letter, which a few years ago
+        drove him in disgrace from the stump, and compelled the
+        Democracy to recall every appointment then pending? Of all
+        the black sheep that have been driven from our flock, I
+        know of none blacker than he, and less entitled to assail
+        any other man's character.</p>
+
+        <p>Very truly yours,</p>
+
+        <p class="author">J.A. GARFIELD.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>The speaking on the line of the Erie road by Garfield,
+    Harrison, and Kirkwood was of a very high and effective
+    character. The man who did more to make peace than any other
+    was General Grant. Conkling had a genuine affection for him,
+    and consented to go with him to Mentor; and yet there was some
+    trifle always in the way of a complete understanding with the
+    old guard of the Third-Term Crusaders.</p>
+
+    <p>Garfield was very sensible of and grateful for the work done
+    by Grant and Conkling, and did not stint expression of his
+    feeling. The State of New York was carried by the Republicans,
+    and Garfield indisputably elected President of the United
+    States. There was a vast amount of worry in making up the
+    cabinet, and Mr. Conkling's hand appeared, but not with a
+    gesture of conciliation. He and Garfield were of incompatible
+    temper. Each had mannerisms that irritated the other; and when
+    they seemed to try to agree, the effort was not a success.</p>
+
+    <p>As soon as the administration was moving the President was
+    under two fires: one in respect to the attempted reforms in the
+    postal service, and the other about the New York appointments.
+    Mr. Conkling did not seem able to understand that anything
+    could be done that was not according to his pleasure, without
+    personal offence toward himself. He was a giant, and that was
+    his weakness. It was Garfield's ardent desire to be friendly
+    with the senior New York Senator; but one
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page276"
+       id="page276"></a>[pg 276]</span> position he avowedly
+       maintained. It was that he was not to blame for being
+       President of the United States; that he had taken the oath
+       of office, and was the man responsible to the people for the
+       administration, and he could not, dare not, shift that
+       obligation; and, more than that, he must give the
+       "recognition" due friends to the men who had aided him in
+       breaking down Mr. Conkling's policy at Chicago. If that was
+       a crime he was a criminal. He was President, and he would be
+       true to his friends; and surely he should not be expected to
+       serve another man's purpose by humiliating himself.</p>
+
+    <p>Conkling had taken part in the campaign at last, but that
+    was his duty at first. It is needless to refer to questions of
+    veracity&mdash;to what practical politicians call "promises." A
+    polite phrase is twisted, by the many seized with fury to be
+    officers, to mean what is desired, though it may be but a mere
+    civility&mdash;the more marked probably because the President
+    knows he has only good words to give! There are always such
+    issues when there is patronage to be distributed, for, of
+    course, there is dissatisfaction. Everybody cannot be made
+    happy, with or without civil service reform; and it is no
+    effort, when the President says "Good morning," and seems to be
+    obliging, and says he will take a recommendation into
+    consideration and if possible read the papers, and adds, "I
+    shall be glad to see you again," to say, when he appoints
+    another to the coveted place, that he has falsified.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Conkling's friends relate that he was about to go to the
+    White House and hold a consultation in which Mr. Arthur and Mr.
+    Platt were to participate, when he received a telegram in
+    cipher from Governor Cornell which, when translated, turned out
+    to be an urgent request that the Senator should vote to confirm
+    Robertson; and that this was regarded as insulting, and Mr.
+    Conkling refused to go to the White House, with a burst of
+    scorn about the dispensation of offices! This is not consistent
+    with the accusations that Garfield was influenced to be
+    perfidious. There are those who think there would have been
+    peace if it had not been for that Cornell telegram; but they
+    are of the manner of mind of the peacemakers of 1861, who
+    thought another conference would heal all wounded
+    susceptibilities. The source of discordance was not near the
+    surface; it was in the system of "patronage" and "recognition,"
+    and deep in the characteristics of the individuals.</p>
+
+    <p>It is not true that Mr. Blaine was fierce for war upon
+    Conkling; he thought a fight was inevitable, and that the time
+    for the President to assert himself was at the beginning; and
+    said so. "Fight now if at all," said Blaine then to Garfield,
+    "for your administration tapers!" As to his personal wishes, he
+    was often overruled in the cabinet, and took it complacently.
+    But he was warlike on the point that the President was entitled
+    to be friendly with his friends, and must not be personally
+    oppressed.</p>
+
+    <p>One day Mr. Conkling in the Senate had one of the New York
+    appointments pleasing to him taken up and confirmed, leaving
+    half a dozen others, about evenly divided between his own and
+    the President's favorites. Then came a crisis; and it was
+    represented to the President that he should pull those
+    appointments out of the Senate at once, before Conkling's power
+    was further exhibited; and that if he did not, the bootblacks
+    at Willard's would know that the Senator, and not the
+    President, was first in affairs. The appointments were
+    withdrawn, and it was perfectly understood that this withdrawal
+    signified that the President would not allow men to be
+    discriminated against because they were opposed to Conkling at
+    Chicago. A letter came from General Grant in Mexico, addressed
+    to Senator Jones of Nevada, and was published, reflecting upon
+    Garfield's course; and at once the President wrote to the Old
+    Commander defending his administration. This was done as a
+    matter of personal respect. General Grosvenor of Ohio happened
+    to be in the President's room when he mailed a copy of his
+    letter to General Grant, and read the duplicate that was
+    reserved. It was a very respectful and decisive statement. This
+    letter was personal to General Grant, and the rush of events
+    caused it to be reserved and finally forgotten, except by the
+    few who knew enough of it to value it as an historical
+    document.</p>
+
+    <p>There were but a few days of the four months between the
+    inauguration of President Garfield and his assassination that
+    he could be said to have had any enjoyment out of the great
+    office. It brought him only bitter cares, venomous criticisms,
+    lurking malice, covert threats ambushed in demands that were
+    unreasonable if not irrational. He felt keenly the accusation
+    that he had been nominated when his duty was due another; and
+    he was aware that friends had given color to accusation by a
+    zeal that was unseemly. He was pathetic
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page277"
+       id="page277"></a>[pg 277]</span> in his anxiety to be very
+       right; and only the assurance that Conkling was implacable
+       took the sting out of the haughty presumption he encountered
+       in that severe gentleman, whose egotism was so lofty it was
+       ever imposing, when it would have been absurd in any one
+       else.</p>
+
+    <p>During the summer and autumn of the campaign and the winter
+    following, President Garfield was subject to attacks of acute
+    indigestion that were distressing; and it was remembered with
+    concern that he had at Atlantic City suffered from a sunstroke
+    while bathing, and fallen into an insensible condition for a
+    quarter of an hour. The question whether his physical condition
+    might not be one of frailty was serious. Then Mrs. Garfield
+    became ill, and the situation was gloomy.</p><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE GARFIELDS IN THE WHITE HOUSE.</h4>
+
+    <p>There was one evening at the White House&mdash;just when
+    Mrs. Garfield's indisposition was at first manifested, and then
+    was only apparent in a slight chill, that caused a rather
+    unseasonable wood fire to be lighted&mdash;that none of those
+    present can have forgotten; for there were not many bright
+    hours in the midst of the dismal shadowing of the drama
+    hastening to the tragic close. Mrs. Garfield was, with the
+    privilege of an invalid, whose chilly sensation was supposed to
+    be trivial, seated before the fire, the warmth of which was to
+    her pleasant; and she was pale but animated, surrounded by a
+    group among whom were several very dear to her. General Sherman
+    arrived, and was&mdash;as always when his vivacity was kindly,
+    and it was never otherwise with ladies&mdash;fascinating. The
+    scene was brilliant, and had a charming domestic character. The
+    President was detained for half an hour beyond the time when he
+    was expected, and came in with a quick step and hearty manner,
+    and there was soon a flush of pleasure upon his face, that had
+    been touched with the lines of fatigue, as he saw how agreeable
+    the company were. A lady, who had never before seen him, voiced
+    the sentiment of all present, saying in a whisper: "Why, he is
+    the ideal President! How grand he is! How can they speak about
+    him so? What a magnificent gentleman he is! Talk about your
+    canal boys!" He was well dressed, of splendid figure, his coat
+    buttoned over his massive chest, his dome-like head erect,
+    adequately supported by immense shoulders, and he looked the
+    President indeed, and an embodiment of power. He was feeling
+    that the dark days were behind him, that he was equal to his
+    high fortune, that the world was wide and fair before him. It
+    was a supreme hour&mdash;and only an hour&mdash;for the
+    occasion was informal, and there was a feeling that the lady of
+    the White House should not be detained from her rest; and the
+    good-night words were trustful that she would be well next
+    morning; but then she was in a fever, and after some weeks was
+    taken to Long Branch, and returned to her husband, called, to
+    find him stricken unto death.</p>
+
+    <p>It happened on the last day of June, 1881, that I stopped in
+    Washington on the way to New York; and in the evening&mdash;it
+    was Thursday&mdash;walked from the Arlington to the White
+    House, and sent my card to the President, who was out. Then I
+    strolled, passing through Lafayette Square and sitting awhile
+    there, thoughtful over the President's troubles, and recalling
+    the long letters I had written to him at Mentor, urging that
+    Levi P. Morton should be Secretary of the Treasury, wondering
+    whether things would have been better if that had been done;
+    for a good deal of the tempest that broke over Garfield was
+    because he sustained Thomas L. James in postal reforms. The
+    testimony taken during the trial of Guiteau shows that he was
+    that night in that square; and, knowing the President had left
+    the White House, was on the look-out, with intent to murder
+    him. The incarnate sneak was lying in wait, a horrible
+    burlesque, to take his revenge because he thought he had been
+    slighted, and was so malignant a fool he believed public
+    opinion might applaud the deed. One of the dusky figures on the
+    benches was probably his.</p>
+
+    <p>At the Arlington, a few minutes after ten o'clock, I met
+    Postmaster-General James; and when told that I was going to New
+    York in the morning, he asked: "Have you seen the
+    President?"</p>
+
+    <p>I had not, and General James said quite earnestly: "Go over
+    and see him now;" and he added: "The President, you know, is
+    going to Williams College the day after to-morrow, and I know
+    he is not going to bed early, and is not very busy, and will be
+    glad to see you. He and I have been out dining with Secretary
+    Hunt; and the President left me here a few minutes ago. Go over
+    and see him. He has had a good deal of disagreeable business
+    this afternoon relating to my department, and I am sure he
+    would be glad to talk with you, and have something very
+    interesting to say."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page278"
+       id="page278"></a>[pg 278]</span> <br />
+
+
+    <h4>LAST INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT GARFIELD.</h4>
+
+    <p>Returning to the White House, arriving there about a quarter
+    before eleven, after I had waited a few minutes in one of the
+    small parlors, the President came down the stairs rapidly, and
+    I took note that his movements were very alert. I had not seen
+    him since the night when Mrs. Garfield had notice of the
+    illness that had become alarming, and from which she was now
+    convalescent, and said first: "Mrs. Garfield is much
+    better?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, much better," said the President, "and getting health
+    out of the sea air. She has enjoyed it intensely, and will be
+    able to join me day after to-morrow at Jersey City, on the way
+    to Williams College&mdash;the sweetest old place in the world.
+    Come and go with us; several of the cabinet are going, and we
+    shall have a rare time; come and go with us. Have you ever seen
+    the lovely country there?"</p>
+
+    <p>I answered, "No, I have not seen it; and, thanking you for
+    the invitation, shall not go; have too much to do. You will
+    have a vacation?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," the President said, "and I am feeling like a
+    schoolboy about it. You should go. You were along with
+    Harrison, Kirkwood, and me to Chautauqua, you know. That was a
+    great day's ride. Do you remember those watermelons? They would
+    have been first-rate if they had been on ice a few hours."</p>
+
+    <p>"You had a hard day of it," I said; "forty speeches, weren't
+    there? And you will have another lot of speeches to make."</p>
+
+    <p>He said he did not mind the speeches.</p>
+
+    <p>"And how is your health," I asked; "any more indigestion?
+    Ever try Billy Florence's remedy, Valentine's meat juice, made
+    in Richmond, Virginia&mdash;great reputation abroad, little at
+    home?"</p>
+
+    <p>He said he had never tried it, had forgotten it. Then,
+    turning with an air half comic, but with something of
+    earnestness, he said, naming me by way of start: "You have been
+    holding a sort of autopsy over me ever since I tumbled over at
+    Atlantic City. I exposed myself there too long both in the
+    water and in the sun, but it was not so bad as you think."</p>
+
+    <p>I said he might pardon a degree of solicitude, under all the
+    circumstances, and he said he did not want any premature
+    autopsies held over him; and I put it that they had much better
+    be premature. Then the President said, with the greatest
+    earnestness: "I am in better health&mdash;indeed, quite well.
+    It is curious, isn't it? My wife's sickness cured me. I got so
+    anxious about her I ceased to think about myself. Both ends of
+    the house were full of trouble. My wife's illness was alarming,
+    and I thought no more of the pit of my stomach and the base of
+    my brain and the top of my head; and when she was out of
+    danger, and my little troubles occurred to me&mdash;why, they
+    were gone, and I have not noticed them since. And so," said the
+    President, uttering the short words with deliberation, and
+    picking them with care, "and so, if one could, so to say,
+    unself one's self, what a cure all that would be!"</p>
+
+    <p>"The other end of the White House is better, is it not?" I
+    asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not so much change there," said the President; "but one
+    becomes accustomed to heavy weather."</p>
+
+    <p>"Lord Roscoe is feeling happier, I hope," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>The President answered, dropping the "Lord Roscoe"
+    comicality, and speaking rapidly and seriously, with a flush of
+    excitement: "Conkling, after ten years of absolute despotism in
+    New York&mdash;for Grant did everything for him, and Hayes
+    tried to comfort him&mdash;got the elephantiasis of conceit. We
+    read that gentlemen in Oriental countries, having that disease
+    in its advanced stage, need a wheelbarrow or small wagon to aid
+    their locomotion when they go out to walk&mdash;and the
+    population think there is something divine in it. Conkling
+    thought if he should go on parade in New York, and place the
+    developments of his vanity fully on exhibition, the whole
+    people would fall down and worship the phenomenon. But he was
+    mistaken, for they soon saw it was a plain, old-fashioned case
+    of sore-head."</p>
+
+    <p>Then the President, having exhausted the elephantiasis as a
+    divine manifestation, expressed regrets that there had been
+    such contentions among those who should be friends of the
+    administration; and repeated his view of that which was due to
+    the actual trust the people had placed in him, and of which he
+    could not honorably divest himself. He thought the people
+    already understood the case fairly well and would be more and
+    more of the opinion that he had tried to do the things that
+    were right, "with malice toward none and charity for all." We
+    talked until midnight. It was a Friday morning, and the
+    President was doomed to be shot the next day. The assassin had
+    been on his path that night. The President had gone out dining
+    for the last time.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page279"
+       id="page279"></a>[pg 279]</span>
+
+    <p>"And you will not go to Williams College with me?" he
+    said.</p>
+
+    <p>I said: "Mr. President, you have forgotten you were assailed
+    for being in my company to Chautauqua; and I have been so
+    fortunate since as to gather a fresh crop of enemies, and do
+    not want them to jump on to you on my account&mdash;for there
+    are enough upon you already."</p>
+
+    <p>That, the President said, was "curious and interesting," and
+    he laughed about my "fresh crop," and said something about
+    cutting hay; and I told him I had been invited to meet him
+    Saturday night at Cyrus W. Field's country place, where a
+    dinner party was appointed; and jumping up, hurried away. The
+    light in the hall shone down on the President's pale, high
+    forehead, as he walked toward the stairway leading to his
+    apartments, and I saw him no more.</p>
+
+    <p>Something familiar struck me in the appearance of the
+    watchman at the door of the White House, and stopping, I said:
+    "Did you hold this position here in Lincoln's time?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said he, "I did."</p>
+
+    <p>"And did you not look after his safety sometimes?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I did, indeed," was the answer; "many a time I kept myself
+    between him and the trees there," pointing to them, "as we
+    walked over to the War Department to get the news from the
+    armies. I did not know who might be hidden in the trees, and I
+    would not let him go alone."</p>
+
+    <p>"Did it ever occur to you," I asked, "that it would be worth
+    while to have a care that no harm happened here?"</p>
+
+    <p>"What, now?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, now."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, it is different now&mdash;no war now."</p>
+
+    <p>"No," said I, "no war, but people are about who are queer;
+    and there are ugly excitements; think of it."</p>
+
+    <p>Of course, this conversation at the door of the White House
+    the midnight morning of the day before the President was shot,
+    is accounted for by the sensibility that there was a
+    half-suppressed public uneasiness that could mean some fashion
+    of mischief, and it might be of a deadly sort to the President,
+    because he was so formidably conspicuous. Nearly a year
+    afterward, walking by General Sherman's residence, I saw him
+    sitting under a strong light, with his back to the street,
+    writing&mdash;doors and windows all open. I walked in, saying:
+    "General, I wouldn't sit with my back to an open window late at
+    night, under a light like this, if I were you. Some fool will
+    come along with a bull-dog pistol and the idea that death loves
+    a shining mark."</p>
+
+    <p>"Pooh!" said the old soldier. "Nobody interested in killing
+    me. They will let me well alone with their bull-dog
+    pistols."</p>
+
+    <p>The White House shone like marble in the green trees as I
+    drove from the Arlington to the Potomac depot, July 1st, to
+    take the train corresponding to the one that had the
+    President's car attached on the following morning, when he
+    meant to have a holiday of which he had the most delightful
+    anticipation, as one throwing off a brood of nightmares. He was
+    going back the President to the scene of his struggles in early
+    manhood for an education, going to what he called the "sweetest
+    place in the world," having reached the summit of ambition,
+    confident in himself, assured of the public good will, happy to
+    meet his wife restored to health, himself robust and to be, he
+    thought, hag-ridden no more; rejoicing to meet the dearest of
+    old friends, kindling with the realization of his superb and
+    commanding position, glowing with his just pride of place; no
+    heart beating higher, no imagination that exalted this mighty
+    country more than his, no brain that conceived with greater
+    splendor the glory of the nation than his, no American
+    patriotism more true, brighter, broader, deeper, more abounding
+    than his; and all was shattered at a stroke by a creature like
+    a crawling serpent with a deadly sting.</p>
+
+    <p>All over the land the flags flew at half mast, and the woful
+    news was told: "The President is shot!" The man had fallen who,
+    when Lincoln was murdered, spoke the memorable words from the
+    Treasury building, on the spot where Washington was
+    inaugurated: "The President is dead&mdash;but God reigns and
+    the Republic lives." There were nearly three months of torture
+    reserved for the second martyred President, and he bore them
+    with marvellous fortitude; and then, on a September night, the
+    throbbing of the bells from Scotland to California told, that
+    the dark curtain of death had fallen on the tragic drama of the
+    Presidency of Garfield.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page280"
+       id="page280"></a>[pg 280]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM.</h2>
+
+    <h3>THE LAST ROMANCE OF THE PRINCESS OSRA.</h3>
+
+    <h4>BY ANTHONY HOPE,</h4>
+
+    <p class="center">Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," "The Dolly
+    Dialogues," etc.</p>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterK.png"
+             name="fig280K"
+             id="fig280K"><img src="images/LetterK.png"
+             alt="Letter K" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">ING RUDOLF, being in the worst of humors, had
+    declared in the presence of all the court that women were born
+    to plague men and for no other purpose whatsoever under heaven.
+    Hearing this discourteous speech, the Princess Osra rose, and
+    said that, for her part, she would go walking alone by the
+    river outside the city gates, where she would at least be
+    assailed by no more reproaches. For since she was irrevocably
+    determined to live and die unmarried, of what use or benefit
+    was it to trouble her with embassies, courtings, or proposals,
+    either from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim or anybody else? She
+    was utterly weary of this matter of love&mdash;and her mood
+    would be unchanged, though this new suitor were as exalted as
+    the King of France, as rich as Croesus himself, and as handsome
+    as the god Apollo. She did not desire a husband, and there was
+    an end of it. Thus she went out, while the queen sighed, and
+    the king fumed, and the courtiers and ladies said to one
+    another that these dissensions made life very uncomfortable at
+    Strelsau, the ladies further adding that he would be a bold man
+    who married Osra, although doubtless she was not
+    ill-looking.</p>
+
+    <p>To the banks of the river outside the walls then Osra went;
+    and as she went she seemed to be thinking of nothing at all in
+    the world, least of all of whom she might chance to meet there
+    on the banks of the river, where in those busy hours of the day
+    few came. Yet there was a strange new light in her eyes, and
+    there seemed a new understanding in her mind; and when a young
+    peasant-wife came by, her baby in her arms, Osra stopped her,
+    and kissed the child and gave money, and then ran on in
+    unexplained confusion, laughing and blushing as though she had
+    done something which she did not wish to be seen. Then, without
+    reason, her eyes filled with tears; but she dashed them away,
+    and burst suddenly into singing. And she was still singing
+    when, from the long grass by the river's edge, a young man
+    sprang up, and, with a very low bow, drew aside to let her
+    pass. He had a book in his hand, for he was a student at the
+    University, and came there to pursue his learning in peace. His
+    plain brown clothes spoke of no wealth or station, though
+    certainly they set off a stalwart straight shape, and seemed to
+    match well with his bright brown hair and hazel eyes. Very low
+    this young man bowed, and Osra bent her head. The pace of her
+    walk slackened, grew quicker, slackened again; she was past
+    him, and with a great sigh he lay down again. She turned, he
+    sprang up; she spoke coldly, yet kindly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir," said she, "I cannot but notice that you lie every day
+    here by the river, with your book, and that you sigh. Tell me
+    your trouble, and if I can I will relieve it."</p>
+
+    <p>"I am reading, madam," he answered, "of Helen of Troy, and I
+    am sighing because she is dead."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is an old grief by now," said Osra, smiling. "Will no
+    one serve you but Helen of Troy?"</p>
+
+    <p>"If I were a prince," said he, "I need not mourn."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, sir?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, madam," he said, with another bow.</p>
+
+    <p>"Farewell, sir."</p>
+
+    <p>"Madam, farewell."</p>
+
+    <p>So she went on her way, and saw him no more till the next
+    day, nor after that till the next day following; and then came
+    an interval when she saw him not, and the interval was no less
+    than twenty-four hours; yet still he read of Helen of Troy, and
+    still sighed that she was dead and he no prince. At last he
+    tempted the longed-for question from her shy, smiling lips.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why would you not mourn, sir, if you were a prince?" said
+    she. "For princes and princesses have their share of sighs."
+    And with a very plaintive sigh Osra looked at the rapid-running
+    river, as she waited for the answer.</p>
+
+    <p>"Because I would then go to Strelsau, and so forget
+    her."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page281"
+       id="page281"></a>[pg 281]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/281.jpg"
+             name="fig281"
+             id="fig281"><img src="images/281.jpg"
+             alt="'FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER PASS.'" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN
+        SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER
+        PASS."</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page282"
+       id="page282"></a>[pg 282]</span>
+
+    <p>"But you are at Strelsau now!" she cried with wonderful
+    surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, but I am no prince, madam!" said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"Can princes alone&mdash;forget in Strelsau?"</p>
+
+    <p>"How should a poor student dare to&mdash;forget in
+    Strelsau?" And as he spoke he made bold to step near her, and
+    stood close, looking down into her face. Without a word she
+    turned and left him, going with a step that seemed to dance
+    through the meadow and yet led her to her own chamber, where
+    she could weep in quiet.</p>
+
+    <p>"I know it now, I know it now!" she whispered softly that
+    night to the tree that rose by her window. "Heigh-ho, what am I
+    to do? I cannot live; no, and now I cannot die. Ah me! what am
+    I to do? I wish I were a peasant-girl&mdash;but then perhaps he
+    would not&mdash;Ah yes, but he would!" And her low, long laugh
+    rippled in triumph through the night, and blended with the
+    rustling of the leaves under a summer breeze, and she stretched
+    her white arms to heaven, imploring the kind God with prayers
+    that she dared not speak even to His pitiful ear.</p>
+
+    <p>"Love knows no princesses, my princess." It was that she
+    heard as she fled from him next day. She should have rebuked
+    him. But for that she must have stayed, and to stay she had not
+    dared. Yet she must rebuke him. She must see him again in order
+    to rebuke him. Yet all this while she must be pestered with the
+    court of the Grand Duke of Mittenheim! And when she would not
+    name a day on which the embassy should come, the king flew into
+    a passion, and declared that he would himself set a date for
+    it. Was his sister mad, he asked, that she would do nothing but
+    walk every day by the river's bank?</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely I must be mad," thought Osra, "for no sane being
+    could be at once so joyful and so piteously unhappy."</p>
+
+    <p>Did he know what it was he asked? He seemed to know nothing
+    of it. He did not speak any more now of princesses, only of his
+    princess; nor of queens, save of his heart's queen; and when
+    his eyes asked love, they asked as though none would refuse and
+    there could be no cause for refusal. He would have wooed his
+    neighbor's daughter thus, and thus he wooed the sister of King
+    Rudolf. "Will you love me?" was his question&mdash;not, "Though
+    you love, yet dare you own you love?" He seemed to shut the
+    whole world from her, leaving nothing but her and him; and in a
+    world that held none but her and him she could love unblamed,
+    untroubled, and with no trembling.</p>
+
+    <p>"You forget who I am," she faltered once.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are the beauty of the world," he answered smiling, and
+    he kissed her hand&mdash;a matter about which she could make no
+    great ado, for it was not the first time that he had kissed
+    it.</p>
+
+    <p>But the embassy from the Grand Duke was to come in a week,
+    and to be received with great pomp. The ambassador was already
+    on the way, carrying proposals and gifts. Therefore Osra went
+    pale and sad down to the river bank that day, having declared
+    again to the king that she would live and die unmarried. But
+    the king had laughed again. Surely she needed kindness and
+    consolation that sad day; but Fate had kept by her a crowning
+    sorrow, for she found him also almost sad. At least, she could
+    not tell whether he were sad or not; for he smiled and yet
+    seemed ill at ease, like a man who ventures a fall with
+    fortune, hoping and fearing. And he said to her:</p>
+
+    <p>"Madam, in a week I return to my own country."</p>
+
+    <p>She looked at him in silence with lips just parted. For her
+    life she could not speak; but the sun grew dark, and the river
+    changed its merry tune to mournful dirges.</p>
+
+    <p>"So the dream ends," said he. "So comes the awakening. But
+    if life were all a dream!" And his eyes sought hers.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," she whispered, "if life were all a dream, sir?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Then I should dream of two dreamers whose dream was one,
+    and in that dream I should see them ride together at break of
+    day from Strelsau."</p>
+
+    <p>"Whither?" she murmured.</p>
+
+    <p>"To Paradise," said he. "But the dream ends. If it did not
+    end&mdash;" He paused.</p>
+
+    <p>"If it did not end?" a breathless longing whisper
+    echoed.</p>
+
+    <p>"If it did not end now, it should not end even with death,"
+    said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"You see them in your dream? You see them riding&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Aye, swiftly, side by side, they two alone, through the
+    morning. None is near, none knows."</p>
+
+    <p>He seemed to be searching her face for something that yet he
+    scarcely hoped to find.</p>
+
+    <p>"And their dream," said he, "brings them at last to a small
+    cottage, and there they live&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"They live?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page283"
+       id="page283"></a>[pg 283]</span>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/283.jpg"
+             name="fig283"
+             id="fig283"><img src="images/283.jpg"
+             alt="'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED
+        SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"And work," he added. "For she keeps his home while he
+    works."</p>
+
+    <p>"What does she do?" asked Osra, with smiling, wondering
+    eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"She gets his food for him when he comes home weary in the
+    evening, and makes a bright fire, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, and she runs to meet him at the door&mdash;oh, further
+    than the door!"</p>
+
+    <p>"But she has worked hard and is weary."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, she is not weary," cried Osra. "It is for him!"</p>
+
+    <p>"The wise say this is silly talk," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"The wise are fools, then!" cried Osra.</p>
+
+    <p>"So the dream would please you, madam?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>She had come not to know how she left him. Somehow, while he
+    still spoke, she would suddenly escape by flight. He did not
+    pursue, but let her go. So now she returned to the city, her
+    eyes filled with that golden dream, and she entered her home as
+    though it had been some strange palace decked with new
+    magnificence, and she an alien in it. For her true home seemed
+    now rather in the cottage of the dream, and she moved
+    unfamiliarly through the pomp that had been hers from birth.
+    Her soul was gone from it, while her body rested there; and
+    life stopped for her till she saw him again by the banks of the
+    river.</p>
+
+    <p>"In five days now I go," said he; and he smiled at her. She
+    hid her face in her hands. Still he smiled; but suddenly he
+    sprang forward, for she had sobbed. The summons had sounded, he
+    was there; and who could sob again when he was there and his
+    sheltering arm warded away all grief? She looked up at him with
+    shining eyes, whispering:</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you go alone?"</p>
+
+    <p>A great joy blazed confidently in his eyes as he whispered
+    in answer:</p>
+
+    <p>"I think I shall not go alone."</p>
+
+    <p>"But how, how?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I have two horses."</p>
+
+    <p>"You! You have two horses?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes. Is it not riches? But we will sell them when we get to
+    the cottage."</p>
+
+    <p>"To the cottage! Two horses!"</p>
+
+    <p>"I would I had but one for both of us."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes."</p>
+
+    <p>"But we should not go quick enough."</p>
+
+    <p>"No."</p>
+
+    <p>He took his hand from her waist, and stood away from
+    her.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page284"
+       id="page284"></a>[pg 284]</span>
+
+    <p>"You will not come?" he said.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you doubt of my coming, I will not come. Ah, do not
+    doubt of my coming! For there is a great horde of fears and
+    black thoughts beating at the door, and you must not open
+    it."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what can keep it shut, my princess?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I think your arm, my prince," said she; and she flew to
+    him.</p>
+
+    <p>That evening King Rudolf swore that if a man were only firm
+    enough, and kept his temper (which, by the way, the king had
+    not done, though none dared say no), he could bring any foolish
+    girl to reason in good time. For in the softest voice, and with
+    the strangest smile flitting to her face, the Princess Osra was
+    pleased to bid the embassy come on the fifth day from then.</p>
+
+    <p>"And they shall have their answer then," said she, flushing
+    and smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is as much as any lady could say," the court declared;
+    and it was reported through all Strelsau that the match was as
+    good as made, and that Osra was to be Grand Duchess of
+    Mittenheim.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is a sensible girl, after all," cried Rudolf, all his
+    anger gone.</p>
+
+    <p>The dream began, then, before they came to the cottage.
+    Those days she lived in its golden mists that shut out all the
+    cold world from her, moving through space that held but one
+    form, and time that stood still waiting for one divine unending
+    moment. And the embassy drew near to Strelsau.</p>
+
+    <p>It was night, the dead of night, and all was still in the
+    palace. But the sentinel by the little gate was at his post,
+    and the gate-warden stood by the western gate of the city. Each
+    was now alone, but to each, an hour ago, a man had come,
+    stealthily and silently through the darkness, and each was
+    richer by a bag of gold than he had been before. The gold was
+    Osra's&mdash;how should a poor student, whose whole fortune was
+    two horses, scatter bags of gold? And other gold Osra had, aye,
+    five hundred crowns. Would not that be a brave surprise for the
+    poor student? And she, alone of all awake, stood looking round
+    her room, entranced with the last aspect of it. Over the city
+    also she looked, but in the selfishness of her joy did no more
+    than kiss a hasty farewell to the good city folk who loved her.
+    Once she thought that maybe some day he and she would steal
+    together back to Strelsau, and, sheltered by some disguise,
+    watch the king ride in splendor through the streets. But if
+    not&mdash;why, what was Strelsau and the people and the rest?
+    Ah, how long the hours were before those two horses stood by
+    the little gate, and the sentry and the gate-warden earned
+    their bags of gold! So she passed the hours&mdash;the last long
+    lingering hours.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a little tavern buried in the narrowest, oldest
+    street of the city. Here the poor student had lodged; here in
+    the back room a man sat at a table, and two others stood before
+    him. These two seemed gentlemen, and their air spoke of
+    military training. They stroked long mustaches, and smiled with
+    an amusement that deference could not hide. Both were booted
+    and wore spurs, and the man sitting at the table gave them
+    orders.</p>
+
+    <p>"You will meet the embassy," he said to one, "about ten
+    o'clock. Bring it to the place I have appointed, and wait
+    there. Do not fail."</p>
+
+    <p>The officer addressed bowed and retired. A minute later his
+    horse's hoofs clattered through the streets. Perhaps he also
+    had a bag of gold, for the gate-warden opened the western gate
+    for him, and he rode at a gallop along the river banks, till he
+    reached the great woods that stretch to within ten miles of
+    Strelsau.</p>
+
+    <p>"An hour after we are gone," said the man at the table to
+    the other officer, "go warily, find one of the king's servants,
+    and give him the letter. Give no account of how you came by it,
+    and say nothing of who you are. All that is necessary is in the
+    letter. When you have given it, return here, and remain in
+    close hiding till you hear from me again."</p>
+
+    <p>The second officer bowed. The man at the table rose, and
+    went out into the street. He took his way to where the palace
+    rose, and then skirted along the wall of its gardens till he
+    came to the little gate. Here stood two horses and at their
+    heads a man.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is well. You can go," said the student; and he was left
+    alone with the horses. They were good horses for a student to
+    possess. The thought perhaps crossed their owner's mind, for he
+    laughed softly as he looked at them. Then he also fell to
+    thinking that the hours were long; and a fear came suddenly
+    upon him that she would not come. It was in these last hours
+    that doubts crept in, and she was not there to drive them away.
+    Would the great trial fail? Would she shrink at the last? But
+    he would not think it of her, and he was smiling again, when
+    the clock of the cathedral struck two, and told him that no
+    more than one hour now parted her from him. For she would come;
+    the princess <span class="pagenum"><a name="page285"
+       id="page285"></a>[pg 285]</span> would come to him, the
+       student, led by the vision of that cottage in the dream.</p>
+
+    <p>Would she come? She would come; she had risen from her
+    knees, and moved to and fro, in cautious silence, making her
+    last preparations. She had written a word of farewell for the
+    brother she loved&mdash;for some day, of course, Rudolf would
+    forgive her&mdash;and she had ready all that she took with
+    her&mdash;the five hundred crowns, one ring that she would give
+    her lover, some clothes to serve till his loving labor
+    furnished more. That night she had wept, and she had laughed;
+    but now she neither wept nor laughed, but there was a great
+    pride in her face and gait. And she opened the door of her
+    room, and walked down the great staircase, under the eyes of
+    crowned kings who hung framed upon the walls. And as she went
+    she seemed indeed their daughter. For her head was erect and
+    her eye set firm in haughty dignity. Who dared to say that she
+    did anything that a king's daughter should not do? Should not a
+    woman love? Love should be her diadem. And so with this proud
+    step she came through the gardens of the palace, looking
+    neither to right nor left nor behind, but with her face set
+    straight for the little gate, and she walked as she had been
+    accustomed to walk when all Strelsau looked on her and hailed
+    her as its glory and its darling.</p>
+
+    <p>The sentry slept, or seemed to sleep. Her face was not even
+    veiled when she opened the little gate. She would not veil her
+    proud face. It was his to look on now when he would; and thus
+    she stood for an instant in the gateway, while he sprang to
+    her, and, kneeling, carried her hand to his lips.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are come?" he cried; for though he had believed, yet he
+    wondered.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am come," she smiled. "Is not the word of a princess
+    sure? Ah, how could I not come?"</p>
+
+    <p>"See, love," said he, rising, "day dawns in royal purple for
+    you, and golden love for me."</p>
+
+    <p>"The purple is for my king, and the love for me," she
+    whispered, as he led her to her horse. "Your fortune!" said
+    she, pointing to them. "But I also have brought a
+    dowry&mdash;fancy, five hundred crowns!" and her mirth and
+    happiness burst out in a laugh. It was so deliciously little,
+    five hundred crowns!</p>
+
+    <p>She was mounted now, and he stood by her.</p>
+
+    <p>"Will you turn back?" he said.</p>
+
+    <p>"You shall not make me angry," said she. "Come, mount."</p>
+
+    <p>"Aye, I must mount," said he. "For if we were found here the
+    king would kill me."</p>
+
+    <p>For the first time the peril of their enterprise seemed to
+    strike, into her mind, and turned her cheek pale.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, I forgot! In my happiness I forgot. Mount, mount! Oh,
+    if he found you!"</p>
+
+    <p>He mounted. Once they clasped hands; then they rode swiftly
+    for the western gate.</p>
+
+    <p>"Veil your face," he said; and since he bade her, she
+    obeyed, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"But I can see you through the veil."</p>
+
+    <p>The gate stood open, and the gate-warden was not there. They
+    were out of the city; the morning air blew cold and pure from
+    the meadows along the river. The horses stretched into an eager
+    gallop. And Osra tore her veil from her face, and turned on him
+    eyes of radiant triumph.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is done," she cried; "it is done!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, it is done, my princess," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"And&mdash;and it is begun, my prince," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, and it is begun," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>She laughed aloud in absolute joy, and for a moment he also
+    laughed.</p>
+
+    <p>But then his face grew grave, and he said:</p>
+
+    <p>"I pray you may never grieve for it."</p>
+
+    <p>She looked at him with eyes wide in wonder; for an instant
+    she seemed puzzled, but then she fell again to laughing.</p>
+
+    <p>"Grieve for it!" said she between her merry laughs.</p>
+
+    <p>King Rudolf was a man who lay late in the morning; and he
+    was not well pleased to be roused when the clock had but just
+    struck four. Yet he sat up in his bed readily enough, for he
+    imagined that the embassy from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim
+    must be nearer than he had thought, and, sooner than fail in
+    any courtesy towards the prince whose alliance he ardently
+    desired, he was ready to submit to much inconvenience. But his
+    astonishment was great when, instead of any tidings from the
+    embassy, one of his gentlemen handed him a letter, saying that
+    a servant had received it from a stranger with instructions to
+    carry it at once to the king. When asked if any answer were
+    desired from his majesty, the stranger had answered, "Not
+    through me," and at once turned away, and quickly disappeared.
+    The king, with a peevish oath at having been roused for such a
+    trifle, broke the seal and fastenings of the letter, and opened
+    it; and he read:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page286"
+       id="page286"></a>[pg 286]</span>
+
+    <p>"Sire&mdash;Your sister does not wait for the embassy, but
+    chooses her own lover. She has met a student of the University
+    every day for the last three weeks by the river bank." (The
+    king started.) "This morning she has fled with him on horseback
+    along the western road. If you desire a student for a
+    brother-in-law, sleep again. If not, up and ride. Do not doubt
+    these tidings."</p>
+
+    <p>There was no signature to the letter; yet the king, knowing
+    his sister, cried:</p>
+
+    <p>"See whether the princess is in the palace. And in the
+    meanwhile saddle my horse, and let a dozen of the guard be at
+    the gate."</p>
+
+    <p>The princess was not in the palace; but her woman found the
+    letter that she had left, and brought it to the king. And the
+    king read: "Brother, whom I love best of all men in the world
+    save one, I have left you to go with that one. You will not
+    forgive me now, but some day forgive me. Nay, it is not I who
+    have done it, but my love which is braver than I. He is the
+    sweetest gentleman alive, brother, and therefore he must be my
+    lord. Let me go, but still love me&mdash;Osra."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is true," said the king. "And the embassy will be here
+    to-day." And for a moment he seemed dazed. Yet he spoke nothing
+    to anybody of what the letters contained, but sent word to the
+    queen's apartments that he went riding for pleasure. And he
+    took his sword and his pistols; for he swore that by his own
+    hand, and that of no other man, this sweetest gentleman alive
+    should meet his death. But all, knowing that the princess was
+    not in the palace, guessed that the king's sudden haste
+    concerned her; and great wonder and speculation rose in the
+    palace, and presently, as the morning advanced, spread from the
+    palace to its environs, and from the environs to the rest of
+    the city. For it was reported that a sentinel that had stood
+    guard that night was missing, and that the gate-warden of the
+    western gate was nowhere to be found, and that a mysterious
+    letter had come by an unknown hand to the king, and lastly,
+    that Princess Osra&mdash;their princess&mdash;was gone; whether
+    by her own will or by some bold plot of seizure and kidnapping,
+    none knew. Thus a great stir grew in all Strelsau, and men
+    stood about the street gossiping when they should have gone to
+    work, while women chattered in lieu of sweeping their houses
+    and dressing their children. So that when the king rode out of
+    the courtyard of the palace at a gallop, with twelve of the
+    guard behind, he could hardly make his way through the streets
+    for the people who crowded round him, imploring him to tell
+    them where the princess was. When the king saw that the matter
+    had thus become public, his wrath was greater still, and he
+    swore again that the student of the University should pay the
+    price of life for his morning ride with the princess. And when
+    he darted through the gate, and set his horse straight along
+    the western road, many of the people, neglecting all their
+    business, as folk will for excitement's sake, followed him as
+    they best could, agog to see the thing to its end.</p>
+
+    <p>"The horses are weary," said the student to the princess,
+    "we must let them rest; we are now in the shelter of the
+    wood."</p>
+
+    <p>"But my brother may pursue you," she urged; "and if he came
+    up with you&mdash;ah, heaven forbid!"</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/286.jpg"
+             name="fig286"
+             id="fig286"><img src="images/286.jpg"
+             alt="'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE HORSES' HOOFS.' ... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND PULLED HIM TO HIS FEET.'" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE
+        HORSES' HOOFS.' ... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND
+        PULLED HIM TO HIS FEET."</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page287"
+       id="page287"></a>[pg 287]</span>
+
+    <p>"He will not know you have gone for another three hours,"
+    smiled he. "And here is a green bank where we can rest."</p>
+
+    <p>So he aided her to dismount; then, saying he would tether
+    the horses, he led them away some distance, so that she could
+    not see where he had posted them; and he returned to her,
+    smiling still. Then he took from his pocket some bread, and,
+    breaking the loaf in two, gave her one-half, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"There is a spring just here; so we shall have a good
+    breakfast."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is this your breakfast?" she asked, with a wondering laugh.
+    Then she began to eat, and cried directly, "How delicious this
+    bread is! I would have nothing else for breakfast;" and at this
+    the student laughed.</p>
+
+    <p>Yet Osra ate little of the bread she liked so well; and
+    presently she leaned against her lover's shoulder, and he put
+    his arm round her; and they sat for a little while in silence,
+    listening to the soft sounds that filled the waking woods as
+    day grew to fulness and the sun beat warm through the
+    sheltering foliage.</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't you hear the trees?" Osra whispered to her lover.
+    "Don't you hear them? They are whispering for me what I dare
+    not whisper."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it they whisper, sweet?" he asked; and he himself
+    did no more than whisper.</p>
+
+    <p>"The trees whisper, 'Love, love, love.' And the
+    wind&mdash;don't you hear the wind murmuring, 'Love, love,
+    love'? And the birds sing, 'Love, love, love.' Aye, all the
+    world to-day is softly whispering, 'Love, love, love!' What
+    else should the great world whisper but my love? For my love is
+    greater than the world." And she suddenly hid her face in her
+    hands; and he could kiss no more than her hands, though her
+    eyes gleamed at him from between slim white fingers.</p>
+
+    <p>But suddenly her hands dropped, and she leaned forward as
+    though she listened.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is that sound?" she asked, apprehension dawning in her
+    eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is but another whisper, love!" said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay, but it sounds to me like&mdash;ah, like the noise of
+    horses galloping."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is but the stream, beating over stones."</p>
+
+    <p>"Listen, listen, listen!" she cried, springing to her feet.
+    "They are horses' hoofs. Ah, merciful God, it is the king!" And
+    she caught him by the hand, and pulled him to his feet, looking
+    at him with a face pale and alarmed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not the king," said he; "he would not know yet. It is some
+    one else. Hide your face, dear lady, and all will be well."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is the king," she cried. "Hark how they gallop on the
+    road! It is my brother. Love, he will kill you; love, he will
+    kill you!"</p>
+
+    <p>"If it is the king," said he, "I have been betrayed."</p>
+
+    <p>"The horses, the horses!" she cried. "By your love for me,
+    the horses!"</p>
+
+    <p>He nodded his head, and, turning, disappeared among the
+    trees. She stood with clasped hands, heaving breast, and
+    fearful eyes, awaiting his return. Minutes passed, and he came
+    not. She flung herself on her knees, beseeching heaven for his
+    life. At last he came along alone, and he bent over her, taking
+    her hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"My love," said he, "the horses are gone."</p>
+
+    <p>"Gone!" she cried, gripping his hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"Aye. This love, my love, is a wonderful thing. For I forgot
+    to tie them, and they are gone. Yet what matter? For the
+    king&mdash;yes, sweet, I think now it is the king&mdash;will
+    not be here for some minutes yet, and those minutes I have
+    still for love and life."</p>
+
+    <p>"He will kill you!" she said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>She looked long in his eyes; then she threw her arms about
+    his neck, and, for the first time unasked, covered his face
+    with kisses.</p>
+
+    <p>"Kiss me, kiss me," said she; and he kissed her. Then she
+    drew back a little, but took his arm and set it round her
+    waist. And she drew a little knife from her girdle, and showed
+    it him.</p>
+
+    <p>"If the king will not pardon us and let us love one another,
+    I also will die," said she; and her voice was quiet and happy.
+    "Indeed, my love, I should not grieve. Ah, do not tell me to
+    live without you!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Would you obey?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"Not in that," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>And thus they stood silent, while the sound of the hoofs
+    drew very near. But she looked up at him, and he looked at her;
+    then she looked at the point of the little dagger, and she
+    whispered:</p>
+
+    <p>"Keep your arm round me till I die."</p>
+
+    <p>He bent his head, and kissed her once again, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"My princess, it is enough."</p>
+
+    <p>And she, though she did not know why he smiled, yet smiled
+    back at him. For although life was sweet that day, yet such a
+    death, with him and to prove her love for him, seemed well-nigh
+    as sweet. And thus they awaited the coming of the
+    king.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page288"
+       id="page288"></a>[pg 288]</span> <br />
+
+
+    <h4>II.</h4>
+
+    <p>King Rudolf and his guards far out-stripped the people who
+    pursued them from the city; and when they came to the skirts of
+    the wood, they divided themselves into four parties, since, if
+    they went all together, they might easily miss the fugitives
+    whom they sought. Of these four parties, one found nothing;
+    another found the two horses which the student himself, who had
+    hidden them, failed to find; the third party had not gone far
+    before they caught sight of the lovers, though the lovers did
+    not see them; and two of them remained to watch and, if need
+    be, to intercept any attempted flight, while the third rode off
+    to find the king and bring him where Osra and the student were,
+    as he had commanded.</p>
+
+    <p>But the fourth party, with which the king was, though it did
+    not find the fugitives, found the embassy from the Grand Duke
+    of Mittenheim; and the ambassador, with all his train, was
+    resting by the roadside, seeming in no haste at all to reach
+    Strelsau. When the king suddenly rode up at great speed and
+    came upon the embassy, an officer that stood by the
+    ambassador&mdash;whose name was Count Sergius of
+    Antheim&mdash;stooped down and whispered in his excellency's
+    ear, upon which he rose and advanced towards the king,
+    uncovering his head and bowing profoundly. For he chose to
+    assume that the king had ridden to meet him out of excessive
+    graciousness and courtesy towards the Grand Duke; so that he
+    began, to the impatient king's infinite annoyance, to make a
+    very long and stately speech, assuring his majesty of the great
+    hope and joy with which his master awaited the result of the
+    embassy; for, said he, since the king was so zealous in his
+    cause, his master could not bring himself to doubt of success,
+    and therefore most confidently looked to win for his bride the
+    most exalted and lovely lady in the world, the peerless
+    Princess Osra, the glory of the court of Strelsau, and the
+    brightest jewel in the crown of the king, her brother. And
+    having brought this period to a prosperous conclusion, Count
+    Sergius took breath, and began another that promised to be
+    fully as magnificent and not a whit less long. So that, before
+    it was well started, the king smote his hand on his thigh and
+    roared:</p>
+
+    <p>"Heavens, man, while you're making speeches, that rascal is
+    carrying off my sister!"</p>
+
+    <p>Count Sergius, who was an elderly man of handsome presence
+    and great dignity, being thus rudely and strangely interrupted,
+    showed great astonishment and offence; but the officer by him
+    covered his mouth with his hand to hide a smile. For the moment
+    that the king had spoken these impetuous words he was himself
+    overwhelmed with confusion; for the last thing that he wished
+    the Grand Duke's ambassador to know was that the princess whom
+    his master courted had run away that morning with a student of
+    the University of Strelsau. Accordingly he began, very hastily,
+    and with more regard for prudence than for truth, to tell Count
+    Sergius how a noted and bold criminal had that morning swooped
+    down on the princess as she rode unattended outside the city,
+    and carried her off&mdash;which seemed to the ambassador a very
+    strange story. But the king told it with great fervor, and he
+    besought the count to scatter his attendants all through the
+    wood, and seek the robber. Yet he charged them not to kill the
+    man themselves, but to keep him till he came. "For I have sworn
+    to kill him with my own hand," he cried.</p>
+
+    <p>Now Count Sergius, however much astonished he might be,
+    could do nothing but accede to the king's request, and he sent
+    off all his men to scour the woods, and, mounting his horse,
+    himself set off with them, showing great zeal in the king's
+    service, but still thinking the king's story a very strange
+    one. Thus the king was left alone with his two guards and with
+    the officer who had smiled.</p>
+
+    <p>"Will you not go also, sir?" asked the king.</p>
+
+    <p>But at this moment a man galloped up at furious speed,
+    crying:</p>
+
+    <p>"We have found them, sire, we have found them!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Then he hasn't five minutes to live!" cried the king in
+    fierce joy; and he lugged out his sword, adding: "The moment I
+    set my eyes on him, I will kill him. There is no need for words
+    between me and him."</p>
+
+    <p>At this speech the face of the officer grew suddenly grave
+    and alarmed; and he put spurs to his horse, and hastened after
+    the king, who had at once dashed away in the direction in which
+    the man had pointed. But the king had got a start and kept it;
+    so that the officer seemed terribly frightened, and muttered to
+    himself:</p>
+
+    <p>"Heaven send that he does not kill him before he knows!" And
+    he added some very impatient words concerning the follies of
+    princes, and, above all, of princes in love.</p>
+
+    <p>Thus, while the ambassador and his men
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page289"
+       id="page289"></a>[pg 289]</span> searched high and low for
+       the noted robber, and the king's men hunted for the student
+       of the University, the king, followed by two of his guard at
+       a distance of about fifty yards (for his horse was better
+       than theirs), came straight to where Osra and her lover
+       stood together. And a few yards behind the guards came the
+       officer; and he also had by now drawn his sword. But he rode
+       so eagerly that he overtook and passed the king's guards,
+       and got within thirty yards of the king by the time that the
+       king was within twenty of the lovers. But the king let him
+       get no nearer, for he dug his spurs again into his horse's
+       side, and the horse bounded forward, while the king cried
+       furiously to his sister, "Stand away from him!" The princess
+       did not heed, but stood in front of her lover (for the
+       student was wholly unarmed), holding up the little dagger in
+       her hand. The king laughed scornfully and angrily, thinking
+       that Osra menaced him with the weapon, and not supposing
+       that it was herself for whom she destined it. And, having
+       reached them, the king leaped from his horse and ran at
+       them, with his sword raised to strike. Osra gave a cry of
+       terror. "Mercy!" she cried. "Mercy!" But the king had no
+       thought of mercy, and he would certainly then and there have
+       killed her lover had not the officer, gaining a moment's
+       time by the king's dismounting, at this very instant come
+       galloping up; and, there being no time for any explanation,
+       he leaned from his saddle as he dashed by, and, putting out
+       his hand, snatched the king's sword away from him, just as
+       the king was about to thrust it through his sister's
+       lover.</p>
+
+    <p>But the officer's horse was going so furiously that he could
+    not stop it for hard on forty yards, and he narrowly escaped
+    splitting his head against a great bough that hung low across
+    the grassy path; and he dropped first his own sword and then
+    the king's; but at last he brought the horse to a standstill,
+    and, leaping down, ran back towards where the swords lay. But
+    at the moment the king also ran towards them; for the fury that
+    he had been in before was as nothing to that which now
+    possessed him. After his sword was snatched from him he stood
+    in speechless anger for a full minute, but then had turned to
+    pursue the man who had dared to treat him with such insult. And
+    now, in his desire to be at the officer, he had come very near
+    to forgetting the student. Just as the officer came to where
+    the king's sword lay, and picked it up, the king, in his turn,
+    reached the officer's sword and picked up that. The king came
+    with a rush at the officer, who, seeing that the king was
+    likely to kill him, or he the king, if he stood his ground,
+    turned tail and sped away at the top of his speed through the
+    forest. But as he went, thinking that the time had come for
+    plain speaking, he looked back over his shoulder and
+    shouted:</p>
+
+    <p>"Sire, it's the Grand Duke himself!"</p>
+
+    <p>The king stopped short in sudden amazement.</p>
+
+    <p>"Is the man mad?" he asked. "Who is the Grand Duke?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It's the Grand Duke, sir, who is with the princess. And you
+    would have killed him if I had not snatched your sword," said
+    the officer; and he also came to a halt, but he kept a very
+    wary eye on King Rudolf.</p>
+
+    <p>"I should certainly have killed him, let him be who he
+    will," said the king. "But why do you call him the Grand
+    Duke?"</p>
+
+    <p>The officer very cautiously approached the king, and, seeing
+    that the king made no threatening motion, he at last trusted
+    himself so close that he could speak to the king in a very low
+    voice; and what he said seemed to astonish, please, and amuse
+    the king immensely. For he clapped the officer on the back,
+    laughed heartily, and cried:</p>
+
+    <p>"A pretty trick! On my life, a pretty trick!"</p>
+
+    <p>Now Osra and her lover had not heard what the officer had
+    shouted to the king, and when Osra saw her brother returning
+    from among the trees alone and with his sword, she still
+    supposed that her lover must die; and she turned and flung her
+    arms round his neck, and clung to him for a moment, kissing
+    him. Then she faced the king, with a smile on her face and the
+    little dagger in her hand. But the king came up, wearing a
+    scornful smile, and he asked her:</p>
+
+    <p>"What is the dagger for, my wilful sister?"</p>
+
+    <p>"For me, if you kill him," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>"You would kill yourself, then, if I killed him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I would not live a moment after he was dead."</p>
+
+    <p>"Faith, it is wonderful!" said the king with a shrug. "Then
+    plainly, if you cannot live without him, you must live with
+    him. He is to be your husband, not mine. Therefore, take him,
+    if you will."</p>
+
+    <p>When Osra heard this, which indeed for joy and wonder she
+    could hardly believe, she dropped her knife, and, running
+    forward, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page290"
+       id="page290"></a>[pg 290]</span> fell on her knees before
+       her brother, and, catching his hand, she covered it with
+       kisses, and her tears mingled with her kisses. But the king
+       let her go on, and stood over her, laughing and looking at
+       the student. Presently the student began to laugh also, and
+       he had just advanced a step towards King Rudolf, when Count
+       Sergius of Antheim, the Grand Duke's ambassador, came out
+       from among the trees, riding hotly and with great zeal after
+       the noted robber. But no sooner did the count see the
+       student than he stopped his horse, leaped down with a cry of
+       wonder, and, running up to the student, bowed very low and
+       kissed his hand. So that when Osra looked round from her
+       kissing of her brother's hand, she beheld the Grand Duke's
+       ambassador kissing the hand of her lover. She sprang to her
+       feet in wonder.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who are you?" she cried to the student, running in between
+    him and the ambassador.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your lover and servant," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"And besides?" she said.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, in a month, your husband," laughed the king, taking
+    her lover by the hand.</p>
+
+    <p>He clasped the king's hand, but turned at once to her, and
+    said humbly:</p>
+
+    <p>"Alas, I have no cottage!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Who are you?" she whispered to him.</p>
+
+    <p>"The man for whom you were ready to die, my princess. Is it
+    not enough?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, it is enough," said she; and she did not repeat her
+    question. But the king, with a short laugh, turned on his heel,
+    and took Count Sergius by the arm and walked off with him; and
+    presently they met the officer and learned fully how the Grand
+    Duke had come to Strelsau, and how he had contrived to woo and
+    win the Princess Osra, and finally to carry her off from the
+    palace.</p>
+
+    <p>It was an hour later when the whole of the two companies,
+    that of the king and that of the ambassador, were all gathered
+    together again, and had heard the story; so that when the king
+    went to where Osra and the Grand Duke walked together among the
+    trees, and, taking each by a hand, led them out, they were
+    greeted with a great cheer; and they mounted their horses,
+    which the Grand Duke now found without any
+    difficulty&mdash;although when the need of them seemed far
+    greater the student could not contrive to come upon
+    them&mdash;and the whole company rode together out of the wood
+    and along the road towards Strelsau, the king being full of
+    jokes and hugely delighted with a trick that suited his merry
+    fancy. But before they had ridden far, they met the great crowd
+    which had come out from Strelsau to learn what had happened to
+    the Princess Osra. And the king cried out that the Grand Duke
+    was to marry the princess, while his guards who had been with
+    him and the ambassador's people spread themselves among the
+    crowd and told the story. And when they heard it, the Strelsau
+    folk were nearly beside themselves with amusement and delight,
+    and thronged round Osra, kissing her hands and blessing her.
+    But the king drew back, and let her and the Grand Duke ride
+    alone together, while he followed with Count Sergius. Thus,
+    moving at a very slow pace, they came in the forenoon to
+    Strelsau; but some one had galloped on ahead with the news, and
+    the cathedral bells had been set ringing, the streets were
+    full, and the whole city given over to excitement and
+    rejoicing. All the men were that day in love with Princess
+    Osra; and, what is more, they told their sweethearts so, and
+    these found no other revenge than to blow kisses and fling
+    flowers at the Grand Duke as he rode past with Osra by his
+    side. Thus they came back to the palace whence they had fled in
+    the early gleams of that morning's light.</p>
+
+    <p>It was evening, and the moon rose, fair and clear, over
+    Strelsau. In the streets there were sounds of merriment and
+    rejoicing; for every house was bright with light, and the king
+    had sent out meat and wine for every soul in the city, that
+    none might be sad or hungry or thirsty in all the city that
+    night; so that there was no small uproar. The king himself sat
+    in his armchair, toasting the bride and bride-groom in company
+    with Count Sergius of Antheim, whose dignity, somewhat wounded
+    by the trick his master had played upon him, was healing
+    quickly under the balm of King Rudolf's graciousness. And the
+    king said to Count Sergius:</p>
+
+    <p>"My lord, were you ever in love?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I was, sire," said the count.</p>
+
+    <p>"So was I," said the king. "Was it with the countess, my
+    lord?"</p>
+
+    <p>Count Sergius's eyes twinkled demurely; but he answered:</p>
+
+    <p>"I take it, sire, that it must have been with the
+    countess."</p>
+
+    <p>"And I take it," said the king, "that it must have been with
+    the queen."</p>
+
+    <p>Then they both laughed, and then they both sighed; and the
+    king, touching the count's elbow, pointed out to the terrace of
+    the palace, on to which the room where they were opened. For
+    Princess Osra and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page291"
+       id="page291"></a>[pg 291]</span> her lover were walking up
+       and down together on this terrace. And the two shrugged
+       their shoulders, smiling.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/291.jpg"
+             name="fig291"
+             id="fig291"><img src="images/291.jpg"
+             alt="HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ... SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING WAS ABOUT TO THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ...
+        SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING
+        WAS ABOUT TO THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"With him," remarked the king, "it will have been
+    with&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"The countess, sire," discreetly interrupted Count Sergius
+    of Antheim.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, yes, the countess," said the king; and, with a laugh,
+    they turned bank to their wine.</p>
+
+    <p>But the two on the terrace also talked.</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not yet understand it," said Princess Osra. "For on
+    the first day I loved you, and on the second I loved you, and
+    on the third, and the fourth, and every day I loved you. Yet
+    the first day was not like the second, nor the second like the
+    third, nor any day like any other. And to-day, again, is unlike
+    them all. Is love so various and full of changes?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it not?" he asked with a smile. "For while you were with
+    the queen, talking of I know not what&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nor I, indeed," said Osra hastily.</p>
+
+    <p>"I was with the king, and he, saying that forewarned was
+    forearmed, told me very strange and pretty stories. Of some a
+    report had reached me before&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"And yet you came to Strelsau?"</p>
+
+    <p>"While of others, I had not heard."</p>
+
+    <p>"Or you would not have come to Strelsau?"</p>
+
+    <p>The Grand Duke, not heeding these questions, proceeded to
+    his conclusion:</p>
+
+    <p>"Love, therefore," said he, "is very various. For M. de
+    M&eacute;rosailles&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"These are old stories," cried Osra, pretending to stop her
+    ears.</p>
+
+    <p>"Loved in one way, and Stephen the Smith in another,
+    and&mdash;the Miller of Hofbau in a third."</p>
+
+    <p>"I think," said Osra, "that I have forgotten the Miller of
+    Hofbau. But can one heart love in many different ways? I know
+    that different men love differently."</p>
+
+    <p>"But cannot one heart love in different ways?" he
+    smiled.</p>
+
+    <p>"May be," said Osra thoughtfully, "one heart can have
+    loved." But then she suddenly looked up at him with a
+    mischievous sparkle in her eyes. "No, no," she cried; "it was
+    not love. It was&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"What was it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The courtiers entertained me till the king came," she said
+    with a blushing laugh. And looking up at him again, she
+    whispered: "Yet I am glad that you lingered for a little."</p>
+
+    <p>At this moment she saw the king come out on to the terrace,
+    and with him was the Bishop of Modenstein; and after the bishop
+    had been presented to the Grand
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page292"
+       id="page292"></a>[pg 292]</span> Duke, the king began to
+       talk with the Grand Duke, while the bishop kissed Osra's
+       hand and wished her joy.</p>
+
+    <p>"Madam," said he, "once you asked me if I could make you
+    understand what love was. I take it you have no need for my
+    lessons now. Your teacher has come."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, he has come," she said gently, looking on the bishop
+    with great friendliness. "But tell me, will he always love
+    me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely he will," answered the bishop.</p>
+
+    <p>"And tell me," said Osra, "shall I always love him?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely," said the bishop again, most courteously. "Yet,
+    indeed, madam," he continued, "it would seem almost enough to
+    ask of Heaven to love now and now to be loved. For the years
+    roll on, and youth goes, and even the most incomparable beauty
+    will yield its blossoms when the season wanes; yet that sweet
+    memory may ever be fresh and young, a thing a man can carry to
+    his grave and raise as her best monument on his lady's
+    tomb."</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, you speak well of love," said she. "I marvel that you
+    speak so well of love. For it is as you say; and to-day in the
+    wood it seemed to me that I had lived enough, and that even
+    Death was but Love's servant as Life is, both purposed solely
+    for his better ornament."</p>
+
+    <p>"Men have died because they loved you, madam, and some yet
+    live who love you," said the bishop.</p>
+
+    <p>"And shall I grieve for both, my lord&mdash;or for
+    which?"</p>
+
+    <p>"For neither, madam; for the dead have gained peace, and
+    they who live have escaped forgetfulness."</p>
+
+    <p>"But would they not be happier for forgetting?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not think so," said the bishop; and, bowing low to her
+    again, he stood back, for he saw the king approaching with the
+    Grand Duke; and the king took him by the arm, and walked on
+    with him; but Osra's face lost the brief pensiveness that had
+    come upon it as she talked with the bishop, and, turning to her
+    lover, she stretched out her hands to him, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"I wish there was a cottage, and that you worked for bread,
+    while I made ready for you at the cottage, and then ran far,
+    far, far, down the road to watch and wait for your coming."</p>
+
+    <p>"Since a cottage was not too small, a palace will not be too
+    large," said he, catching her in his arms.</p>
+
+    <p>Thus the heart of Princess Osra found its haven and its
+    rest; for a month later she was married to the Grand Duke of
+    Mittenheim in the cathedral of Strelsau, having utterly refused
+    to take any other place for her wedding. And again she and he
+    rode forth together through the western gate; and the king rode
+    with them on their way till they came to the woods. Here he
+    paused, and all the crowd that accompanied him stopped also;
+    and they all waited till the sombre depths of the glades hid
+    Osra and her lover from their sight. Then, leaving them thus
+    riding together to their happiness, the people returned home,
+    sad for the loss of their darling princess. But, for
+    consolation, and that their minds might less feel her loss,
+    they had her name often on their lips; and the poets and
+    story-tellers composed many stories about her, not always
+    grounded on fact, but the fabric of idle imaginings, wrought to
+    please the fancy of lovers or to wake the memories of older
+    folk. So that, if a stranger goes now to Strelsau, he may be
+    pardoned if it seem to him that all mankind was in love with
+    Princess Osra. Nay, and those stories so pass all fair bounds
+    that, if you listened to them, you would come near to believing
+    that the princess also had found some love for all the men who
+    had given her their love. Thus to many she is less a woman that
+    once lived and breathed than some sweet image under whose name
+    they fondly group all the virtues and the charms of her whom
+    they love best, each man fashioning for himself from his own
+    chosen model her whom he calls his princess. Yet it may be that
+    for some of them who so truly loved her, her heart had a
+    moment's tenderness. Who shall tell all the short-lived dreams
+    that come and go, the promptings and stirrings of a vagrant
+    inclination? And who would pry too closely into these secret
+    matters? May we not more properly give thanks to heaven that
+    the thing is as it is? For surely it makes greatly for the
+    increase of joy and entertainment in the world, and of courtesy
+    and true tenderness, that the heart of Princess Osra&mdash;or
+    of what lady you may choose, sir, to call by her
+    name&mdash;should flutter in pretty hesitation here and there
+    and to and fro a little, before it flies on a straight swift
+    wing to its destined and desired home. And if you be not the
+    prince for your princess, why, sir, your case is a sad one.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page293"
+       id="page293"></a>[pg 293]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h4>
+
+    <p class="center">Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of
+    the Tubs," etc.</p>
+
+    <p>EMERSON IN ANDOVER.&mdash;RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY RELIGIOUS
+    TRAINING.&mdash;THE STUDIES OF A PROFESSOR'S
+    DAUGHTER.&mdash;THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.</p>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             name="fig293P"
+             id="fig293P"><img src="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             alt="Letter P" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">ERHAPS no one has ever denied, or more
+    definitely, has ever wished to deny, that Andover society
+    consisted largely of people with obvious religious convictions;
+    and that her visitors were chiefly of the Orthodox
+    Congregational turn of mind. I do not remember that we ever saw
+    any reason for regret in this "feature" of the Hill. It is
+    true, however, that a dash of the world's people made their way
+    among us.</p>
+
+    <p>I remember certain appearances of Ralph Waldo Emerson. If I
+    am correct about it, he had been persuaded by some emancipated
+    and daring mind to give us several lectures.</p>
+
+    <p>He was my father's guest on one of these occasions, and I
+    met him for the first time then. Emerson was&mdash;not to speak
+    disrespectfully&mdash;in a much muddled state of his
+    distinguished mind, on Andover Hill. His blazing seer's gaze
+    took us all in, politely; it burned straight on, with its own
+    philosophic fire; but it wore, at moments, a puzzled
+    softness.</p>
+
+    <p>His clear-cut, sarcastic lips sought to assume the well-bred
+    curves of conformity to the environment of entertainers who
+    valued him so far as to demand a series of his own lectures;
+    but the cynic of his temperamental revolt from us, or, to be
+    exact, from the thing which he supposed us to be, lurked in
+    every line of his memorable face.</p>
+
+    <p>By the way, what a look of the eagle it had!</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:20%;">
+        <a href="images/293.jpg"
+             name="fig293"
+             id="fig293"><img src="images/293.jpg"
+             alt="RALPH WALDO EMERSON." /></a>
+
+        <h5>RALPH WALDO EMERSON.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The poet&mdash;I was about to say the pagan
+    poet&mdash;quickly recognized, to a degree, that he was not
+    among a group of barbarians; and I remember the marked respect
+    with which he observed my father's noble head and countenance,
+    and the attention with which he listened to the low, perfectly
+    modulated voice of his host. But Mr. Emerson was accustomed to
+    do the talking himself; this occasion proved no exception; and
+    here his social divination or experience failed him a little.
+    Quite promptly, I remember, he set adrift upon the sea of
+    Alcott.</p>
+
+    <p>Now, we had heard of Mr. Alcott in Andover, it is true, but
+    we did not look upon him exactly through Mr. Emerson's
+    marine-glass; and, though the Professor did his hospitable best
+    to sustain his end of the conversation, it swayed off
+    gracefully into monologue. We listened deferentially while the
+    philosopher pronounced Bronson Alcott the greatest mind of our
+    day&mdash;I think he said the greatest since Plato. He was
+    capable of it, in moments of his own exaltation. I thought I
+    detected a twinkle in my father's blue eye; but the fine curve
+    of his lips remained politely closed; and our distinguished
+    guest spoke on.</p>
+
+    <p>There was something noble about this ardent way of
+    appreciating his friends, and Emerson was distinguished for it,
+    among those who knew him well.</p>
+
+    <p>Publishers understood that his literary judgment was
+    touchingly warped by his
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page294"
+       id="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span> personal admirations. He
+       would offer some impossible MS. as the work of dawning
+       genius; it would be politely received, and filed in the
+       rejected pigeon-holes. Who knows what the great man thought
+       when his friend's poem failed to see the light of the
+       market?</p>
+
+    <p>On this particular occasion, the conversation changed to
+    Browning. Now, the Professor, although as familiar as he
+    thought it necessary to be with the latest poetic idol, was not
+    a member of a Browning class; and here, again, his attitude
+    towards the subject was one of well-mannered respect, rather
+    than of abandoned enthusiasm. (Had it only been Wordsworth!) A
+    lady was present, young, and of the Browningesque temperament.
+    Mr. Emerson expressed himself finely to the effect that there
+    was something outside of ourselves about Browning&mdash;that we
+    might not always grasp him&mdash;that he seemed, at times, to
+    require an extra sense.</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it not because he touches our extra moods?" asked the
+    lady. The poet's face turned towards her quickly; he had not
+    noticed her before; a subtle change touched his expression, as
+    if he would have liked to say: For the first time since this
+    subject was introduced in this Calvinistic drawing-room, I find
+    myself understood.</p>
+
+    <p>It chanced that we had a Chaucer Club in Andover at that
+    time; a small company, severely selected, not to flirt or to
+    chat, but to work. We had studied hard for a year, and most of
+    us had gone Chaucer mad. This present writer was the
+    unfortunate exception to that idolatrous enthusiasm,
+    and&mdash;meeting Mr. Emerson at another time&mdash;took modest
+    occasion in answer to a remark of his to say something of the
+    sort.</p>
+
+    <p>"Chaucer interests me, certainly, but I cannot make myself
+    feel as the others do. He does not take hold of my nature. He
+    is too far back. I am afraid I am too much of a modern. It is a
+    pity, I know."</p>
+
+    <p>"It <i>is</i> a pity," observed Mr. Emerson sarcastically.
+    "What would you read? The 'Morning Advertiser'?" The Chaucer
+    Club glared at me in what, I must say, I felt to be unholy
+    triumph.</p>
+
+    <p>Not a glance of sympathy reached me, where I sat, demolished
+    before the rebuke of the great man. I distinctly heard a
+    chuckle from a feminine member. Yet, what had the dissenter
+    done, or tried to do? To be quite honest, only, in a little
+    matter where affectation would have been the flowery way; and I
+    must say that I have never loved the Father of English Poetry
+    any better for this episode.</p>
+
+    <p>The point, however, at which I am coming is the effect
+    wrought upon Mr. Emerson's mind by the history of that club. It
+    seemed to us disproportionate to the occasion that he should
+    feel and manifest so much surprise at our existence. This he
+    did, more than once, and with a genuineness not to be
+    mistaken.</p>
+
+    <p>That an organization for the study of Chaucer could subsist
+    on Andover Hill, he could not understand. What he thought us,
+    or thought about us, who can say? He seemed as much taken aback
+    as if he had found a tribe of Cherokees studying onomatopoeia
+    in English verse.</p>
+
+    <p>"A <i>Chaucer</i> club! In <i>Andover</i>?" he repeated. The
+    seer was perplexed.</p>
+
+    <p>Of course, whenever we found ourselves in forms of society
+    not in harmony with our religious views, we were accustomed, in
+    various ways, to meet with a similar predisposition. As a
+    psychological study this has always interested me, just as one
+    is interested in the attitude of mind exhibited by the Old
+    School physician towards the Homoeopathist with whom he
+    graduated at the Harvard Medical School. Possibly that graduate
+    may have distinguished himself with the honors of the school;
+    but as soon as he prescribes on the principles of Hahnemann, he
+    is not to be adjudged capable of setting a collar-bone. By
+    virtue of his therapeutic views he has become disqualified for
+    professional recognition. So, by virtue of one's religious
+    views, the man or woman of orthodox convictions, whatever one's
+    proportion of personal culture, is regarded with a gentle
+    superiority, as being of a class still enslaved in
+    superstition, and therefore <i>per se</i> barbaric.</p>
+
+    <p>Put in undecorated language, this is about the sum and
+    substance of a state of feeling which all intelligent
+    evangelical Christians recognize perfectly in those who have
+    preempted for themselves the claims belonging to what are
+    called the liberal faiths.</p>
+
+    <p>On the other hand, one who is regarded as a little of a
+    heretic from the sterner sects, may make the warmest
+    friendships of a lifetime among "the world's people"&mdash;whom
+    far be it from me to seem to dispossess of any of their
+    manifold charms.</p>
+
+    <p>This brings me closely to a question which I am so often
+    asked, either directly or indirectly, that I cannot easily pass
+    this Andover chapter by without some recognition of it.</p>
+
+    <p>What was, in very truth, the effect of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page295"
+       id="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span> such a religious training
+       as Andover gave her children?</p>
+
+    <p>Curious impressions used to be afloat about us among people
+    of easier faiths; often, I think, we were supposed to spend our
+    youth paddling about in a lake of blue fire, or in committing
+    the genealogies to memory, or in gasping beneath the agonies of
+    religious revivals.</p>
+
+    <p>To be quite honest, I should say that I have not retained
+    <i>all</i> the beliefs which I was taught&mdash;who does? But I
+    have retained the profoundest respect for the way in which I
+    was taught them; and I would rather have been taught what I
+    was, <i>as</i> I was, and run whatever risks were involved in
+    the process, than to have been taught much less, little, or
+    nothing.</p>
+
+    <p>An excess of religious education may have its unfortunate
+    aspects. But a deficiency of it has worse.</p>
+
+    <p>It is true that, for little people, our little souls were a
+    good deal agitated on the question of eternal salvation. We
+    were taught that heaven and hell followed life and death; that
+    the one place was "a desirable location," and the other too
+    dreadful to be mentioned in ears polite; and that what Matthew
+    Arnold calls "conduct" was the deciding thing. Not that we
+    heard much, until we grew old enough to read for ourselves,
+    about Matthew Arnold; but we did hear a great deal about plain
+    behaviour&mdash;unselfishness, integrity, honor, sweet
+    temper&mdash;the simple good morals of childhood.</p>
+
+    <p>We were taught, too, to respect prayer and the Christian
+    Bible. In this last particular we never had at all an
+    oppressive education.</p>
+
+    <p>My Sunday-school reminiscences are few and comfortable, and
+    left me, chiefly, with the impression that Sunday-schools
+    always studied Acts; for I do not recall any lessons given me
+    by strolling theologues in any other&mdash;certainly none in
+    any severer&mdash;portions of the Bible.</p>
+
+    <p>It was all very easy and pleasant, if not feverishly
+    stimulating; and I am quite willing to match my Andover
+    Sunday-school experiences with that of a Boston free-thinker's
+    little daughter who came home and complained to her mother:</p>
+
+    <p>"There is a dreadful girl put into our Sunday-school. I
+    think, mamma, she is bad society for me. She says the Bible is
+    exaggerated, and then she tickles my legs!"</p>
+
+    <p>I have said that we were taught to think something about our
+    own "salvation;" and so we were, but not in a manner calculated
+    to burden the good spirits of any but a very sensitive or
+    introspective child. Personally, I may have dwelt on the idea,
+    at times, more than was good for my happiness; but certainly no
+    more than was good for my character. The idea of character was
+    at the basis of everything we did, or dreamed, or learned.</p>
+
+    <p>There is a scarecrow which "liberal" beliefs put together,
+    hang in the field of public terror or ridicule, and call it
+    Orthodoxy. Of this misshapen creature we knew nothing in
+    Andover.</p>
+
+    <p>Of hell we heard sometimes, it is true, for Andover Seminary
+    believed in it&mdash;though, be it said, much more comfortably
+    in the days before this iron doctrine became the bridge of
+    contention in the recent serious, theological battle which has
+    devastated Andover. In my own case, I do not remember to have
+    been shocked or threatened by this woful doctrine. I knew that
+    my father believed in the everlasting misery of wicked people
+    who could be good if they wanted to, but would not; and I was,
+    of course, accustomed to accept the beliefs of a parent who
+    represented everything that was tender, unselfish, pure, and
+    noble, to my mind&mdash;in fact, who sustained to me the ideal
+    of a fatherhood which gave me the best conception I shall ever
+    get, in this world, of the Fatherhood of God. My father
+    presented the interesting anomaly of a man holding, in one dark
+    particular, a severe faith, but displaying in his private
+    character rare tenderness and sweetness of heart. He would go
+    out of his way to save a crawling thing from death, or any
+    sentient thing from pain. He took more trouble to give comfort
+    or to prevent distress to every breathing creature that came
+    within his reach, than any other person whom I have ever known.
+    He had not the heart to witness heartache. It was impossible
+    for him to endure the sight of a child's suffering. His
+    sympathy was an extra sense, finer than eyesight, more
+    exquisite than touch.</p>
+
+    <p>Yet, he did believe that absolute perversion of moral
+    character went to its "own place," and bore the consequence of
+    its own choice.</p>
+
+    <p>Once I told a lie (I was seven years old), and my father was
+    a broken-hearted man. He told me <i>then</i> that liars went to
+    hell. I do not remember to have heard any such personal
+    application of the doctrine of eternal punishment before or
+    since; and the fact made a life-long impression, to which I
+    largely owe a personal preference for veracity. Yet, to analyze
+    the scene <span class="pagenum"><a name="page296"
+       id="page296"></a>[pg 296]</span> strictly, I must say that
+       it was not fear of torment which so moved me; it was the
+       sight of that broken face. For my father wept&mdash;only
+       when death visited the household did I ever see him cry
+       again&mdash;and I stood melted and miserable before his
+       anguish and his love. The devil and all his angels could not
+       have punished into me the noble shame of that moment.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/296.jpg"
+             name="fig296"
+             id="fig296"><img src="images/296.jpg"
+             alt="PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART
+        PHELPS.</h5>
+
+        <p class="center">From a photograph by Warren, Boston.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I have often been aware of being pitied by outsiders for the
+    theological discipline which I was supposed to have received in
+    Andover; but I must truthfully say that I have never been
+    conscious of needing compassion in this respect. I was taught
+    that God is Love, and Christ His Son is our Saviour; that the
+    important thing in life was to be that kind of woman for which
+    there is really, I find, no better word than Christian, and
+    that the only road to this end was to be trodden by way of
+    character. The ancient Persians (as we all know) were taught to
+    hurl a javelin, ride a horse, and speak the truth.</p>
+
+    <p>I was taught that I should speak the truth, say my prayers,
+    and consider other people; it was a wholesome, right-minded,
+    invigorating training that we had, born of tenderness, educated
+    conscience, and good sense, and I have lived to bless it in
+    many troubled years.</p>
+
+    <p>What if we did lend a little too much romance now and then
+    to our religious "experience"? It was better for us than some
+    other kinds of romance to which we were quite as liable. What
+    if I did "join the church" (entirely of my own urgent will, not
+    of my father's preference or guiding) at the age of twelve,
+    when the great dogmas to which I was expected to subscribe
+    could not possibly have any rational meaning for me? I remember
+    how my father took me apart, and gently explained to me
+    beforehand the clauses of the rather simple and truly beautiful
+    chapel creed which he himself, I believe, had written to
+    modernize and clarify the old one&mdash;I wonder if it were
+    done at that very time? <span class="pagenum"><a name="page297"
+       id="page297"></a>[pg 297]</span> And I remember that it all
+       seemed to me very easy and happy&mdash;signifying chiefly,
+       that one meant to be a good girl, if possible. What if one
+       did conduct a voluminous religious correspondence with the
+       other Professor's daughter, who put notes under the fence
+       which divided our homes? We were none the worse girls for
+       that. And we outgrew it, when the time came.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/297.jpg"
+             name="fig297"
+             id="fig297"><img src="images/297.jpg"
+             alt="PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR
+        AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.</h5>
+
+        <p>Professor M. Stuart Phelps died in 1883, at the age of
+        34. He was professor of philosophy in Smith College, was
+        called by those entitled to judge, the most promising young
+        psychologist in this country, and a brilliant future was
+        prophesied for him. The above portrait is from a photograph
+        by Pach Brothers, New York.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>One thing, supremely, I may say that I learned from the
+    Andover life, or, at least, from the Andover home. That was an
+    everlasting scorn of worldliness&mdash;I do not mean in the
+    religious sense of the word. That tendency to seek the lower
+    motive, to do the secondary thing, to confuse sounds or
+    appearances with values, which is covered by the word as we
+    commonly use it, very early came to seem to me a way of looking
+    at life for which I know no other term than underbred.</p>
+
+    <p>There is no better training for a young person than to live
+    in the atmosphere of a study&mdash;we did not call it a
+    library, in my father's home. People of leisure who read might
+    have libraries. People who worked among their books had
+    studies.</p>
+
+    <p>The life of a student, with its gracious peace, its beauty,
+    its dignity, seemed to me, as the life of social preoccupation
+    or success may seem to children born to that penumbra, the
+    inevitable thing.</p>
+
+    <p>As one grew to think out life for one's self, one came to
+    perceive a width and sanctity in the choice of
+    work&mdash;whether rhetoric or art, theology or sculpture,
+    hydraulics or manufacture&mdash;but to <i>work</i>, to work
+    hard, to see work steadily, and see it whole, was the way to be
+    reputable. I think I always respected a good blacksmith more
+    than a lady of leisure.</p>
+
+    <p>I know it took me a while to recover from a very youthful
+    and amusing disinclination to rich people, which was surely
+    never trained into me, but grew like the fruit of the
+    horse-chestnut trees, ruggedly, of nature, and of Andover Hill;
+    and which dropped away when its time came&mdash;just about as
+    useless as the big brown nuts which we cut into baskets and
+    carved into Trustees' faces for a mild November day, and then
+    threw away.</p>
+
+    <p>When I came in due time to observe that property and a
+    hardened character were not identical, and that families of
+    ease in which one might happen to visit were not deficient in
+    education because their incomes were large&mdash;I think it was
+    at first with a certain sense of surprise. It is impossible to
+    convey to one differently reared the delicious
+    <i>na&iuml;vet&eacute;</i> of this state of
+    mind.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page298"
+       id="page298"></a>[pg 298]</span>
+
+    <p>Whatever the "personal peculiarities" of our youthful
+    conceptions of life, as acquired at Andover, one thing is
+    sure&mdash;that we grew into love of reality as naturally as
+    the Seminary elms shook out their long, green plumes in May,
+    and shed their delicate, yellow leaves in October.</p>
+
+    <p>I can remember no time when we did not instinctively despise
+    a sham, and honor a genuine person, thing, or claim. In mere
+    social pretension not built upon character, intelligence,
+    education, or gentle birth, we felt no interest. I do not
+    remember having been taught this, in so many words. It came
+    without teaching.</p>
+
+    <p>My father taught me most things without text-books or
+    lessons. By far the most important portion of what one calls
+    education, I owe to him; yet he never preached, or prosed, or
+    played the pedagogue. He talked a great deal, not to us, but
+    with us; we began to have conversation while we were still
+    playing marbles and dolls. I remember hours of discussion with
+    him on some subject so large that the littleness of his
+    interlocutor must have tried him sorely. Time and eternity,
+    theology and science, literature and art, invention and
+    discovery came each in its turn; and, while I was still making
+    burr baskets, or walking fences, or coasting (standing up) on
+    what I was proud to claim as the biggest sled in town, down the
+    longest hills, and on the fastest local record&mdash;I was
+    fascinated with the wealth and variety which seem to have been
+    the conditions of thought with him. I have never been more
+    <i>interested</i> by anything in later life than I was in my
+    father's conversation.</p>
+
+    <p>I never attended a public school of any kind&mdash;unless we
+    except the Sunday-school that studied Acts&mdash;and when it
+    came time for me to pass from the small to the large private
+    schools of Andover, the same paternal comradeship continued to
+    keep step with me. There was no college diploma for girls of my
+    kind in my day; but we came as near to it as we could.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a private school in Andover, of wide reputation in
+    its time, known to the irreverent as the "Nunnery," but bearing
+    in professional circles the more stately name of Mrs. Edwards's
+    School for Young Ladies. Two day-scholars, as a marked favor to
+    their parents, were admitted with the boarders elect; and of
+    these two I was one. If I remember correctly, Professor Park
+    and my father were among the advisers whose opinions had weight
+    with the selection of our course of study, and I often wonder
+    how, with their rather feudal views of women, these two wise
+    men of Andover managed to approve so broad a curriculum.</p>
+
+    <p>Possibly the quiet and modest learned lady, our principal,
+    had ideas of her own which no one could have suspected her of
+    obtruding against the current of her times and environment;
+    like other strong and gentle women she may have had her "way"
+    when nobody thought so. At all events, we were taught wisely
+    and well, in directions to which the fashionable girls' schools
+    of the day did not lift an eye-lash.</p>
+
+    <p>I was an out-of-door girl, always into every little mischief
+    of snow or rainfall, flower, field, or woods or ice; but in
+    spite of skates and sleds and tramps and all the west winds
+    from Wachusett that blew through me, soul and body, I was not
+    strong; and my father found it necessary to oversee my methods
+    of studying. Incidentally, I think, he influenced the choice of
+    some of our text-books, and I remember that, with the exception
+    of Greek and trigonometry&mdash;thought, in those days, to be
+    beyond the scope of the feminine intellect&mdash;we pursued the
+    same curriculum that our brothers did at college. In some cases
+    we had teachers who were then, or afterwards, college
+    professors in their specialties; in all departments I think we
+    were faithfully taught, and that our tastes and abilities were
+    electively recognized.</p>
+
+    <p>I was not allowed, I remember, to inflict my musical talents
+    upon the piano for more than one hour a day; my father taking
+    the ground that, as there was only so much of a girl, if she
+    had not unusual musical gift and had less than usual physical
+    vigor, she had better give the best of herself to her studies.
+    I have often blessed him for this daring individualism; for,
+    while the school "practice" went on about me, in the ordinary
+    way, so many precious hours out of a day that was all too short
+    for better things&mdash;I was learning my lessons quite
+    comfortably, and getting plenty of fresh air and exercise
+    between whiles.</p>
+
+    <p>I hasten to say that I was not at all a remarkable scholar.
+    I cherished a taste for standing near the top of the class,
+    somewhere, and always preferred rather to answer a question
+    than to miss it; but this, I think, was pure pride, rather than
+    an absorbing, intellectual passion. It was a wholesome pride,
+    however, and served me a good turn.</p>
+
+    <p>At one epoch of history, so far back that I cannot date it,
+    I remember to have been a scholar at Abbott Academy long enough
+    to learn how to spell. Perhaps one ought
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page299"
+       id="page299"></a>[pg 299]</span> to give the honor of this
+       achievement where honor is due. When I observe the manner in
+       which the superior sex is often turned out by masculine
+       diplomas upon the world with the life-long need of a
+       vest-pocket dictionary or a spelling-book, I cherish a
+       respect for the method in which I was compelled to spell the
+       English language. It was severe, no doubt. We stood in a
+       class of forty, and lost our places for the misfit of a
+       syllable, a letter, a definition, or even a stumble in
+       elocution. I remember once losing the head of the class for
+       saying: L-u-ux&mdash;Lux. It was a terrible blow, and I
+       think of it yet with burning mortification on my cheeks.</p>
+
+    <p>In the "Nunnery" we were supposed to have learned how to
+    spell. We studied what we called Mental Philosophy, to my
+    unmitigated delight; and Butler's Analogy, which I considered a
+    luxury; and Shakespeare, whom I distantly but never intimately
+    adored; Latin, to which dead language we gave seven years
+    apiece, out of our live girlhood; Picciola and Undine we
+    dreamed over, in the grove and the orchard; English literature
+    is associated with the summer-house and the grape arbor, with
+    flecks of shade and glints of light, and a sense of
+    unmistakable privilege. There was physiology, which was
+    scarcely work, and astronomy, which I found so exhilarating
+    that I fell ill over it. Alas, truth compels me to add that
+    Mathematics, with a big <i>M</i> and stretching on through the
+    books of Euclid, darkened my young horizon with dull despair;
+    and that chemistry&mdash;but the facts are too humiliating to
+    relate. My father used to say that all he ever got out of the
+    pursuit of this useful science in his college days&mdash;and he
+    was facile valedictorian&mdash;was the impression that there
+    was a sub-acetate of something dissolved in a powder at the
+    bottom.</p>
+
+    <p>All that I am able to recall of the study of "my brother's
+    text-books," in this department, is that there was once a
+    frightful odor in the laboratory for which Professor Hitchcock
+    and a glass jar and a chemical were responsible, and that I
+    said, "At least, the name of <i>this</i> will remain with me to
+    my dying hour." But what <i>was</i> the name of it? "Ask me no
+    more."</p>
+
+    <p>In the department of history I can claim no results more
+    calculated to reflect credit upon the little student who hated
+    a poor recitation much, but facts and figures more. To the best
+    of my belief, I can be said to have retained but two out of the
+    long list of historic dates with which my quivering memory was
+    duly and properly crowded.</p>
+
+    <p>I <i>do</i> know when America was discovered; because the
+    year is inscribed over a spring in the seaside town where I
+    have spent twenty summers, and I have driven past it on an
+    average once a day, for that period of time. And I can tell
+    when Queen Elizabeth left this world, because Macaulay wrote a
+    stately sentence:</p>
+
+    <p>"In 1603 the Great Queen died."</p>
+
+    <p>It must have been the year when my father read De Quincey
+    and Wordsworth to me on winter evenings that I happened for
+    myself on Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The first little event
+    opened for me, as distinctly as if I had never heard of it
+    before, the world of letters as a Paradise from which no
+    flaming sword could ever exile me; but the second revealed to
+    me my own nature.</p>
+
+    <p>The Andover sunsets blazed behind Wachusett, and between the
+    one window of my little room and the fine head of the mountain
+    nothing intervened. The Andover elms held above lifted eyes
+    arch upon arch of exquisite tracery, through which the far sky
+    looked down like some noble thing that one could spend all
+    one's life in trying to reach, and be happy just because it
+    existed, whether one reached it or not. The paths in my
+    father's great gardens burned white in the summer moonlights,
+    and their shape was the shape of a mighty cross. The June
+    lilies, yellow and sweet, lighted their soft lamps beside the
+    cross&mdash;I was sixteen, and I read Aurora Leigh.</p>
+
+    <p>A grown person may smile&mdash;but, no; no gentle-minded man
+    or woman smiles at the dream of a girl. What has life to offer
+    that is nobler in enthusiasm, more delicate, more ardent, more
+    true to the unseen and the unsaid realities which govern our
+    souls, or leave us sadder forever because they do not? There
+    may be greater poems in our language than Aurora Leigh, but it
+    was many years before it was possible for me to suppose it; and
+    none that ever saw the hospitality of fame could have done for
+    that girl what that poem did at that time. I had never a good
+    memory&mdash;but I think I could have repeated a large portion
+    of it; and know that I often stood the test of hap-hazard
+    examinations on the poem from half-scoffing friends, sometimes
+    of the masculine persuasion. Each to his own; and what
+    Shakespeare or the Latin Fathers might have done for some other
+    impressionable girl, Mrs. Browning&mdash;forever bless her
+    strong and gentle name!&mdash;did for me.</p>
+
+    <p>I owe to her, distinctly, the first visible
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page300"
+       id="page300"></a>[pg 300]</span> aspiration (ambition is too
+       low a word) to do some honest, hard work of my own, in the
+       World Beautiful, and for it.</p>
+
+    <p>It is April, and it is the year 1861. It is a dull morning
+    at school. The sky is gray. The girls are not in
+    spirits&mdash;no one knows just why. The morning mail is late,
+    and the Boston papers are tardily distributed. The older girls
+    get them, and are reading the head-lines lazily, as girls do;
+    not, in truth, caring much about a newspaper, but aware that
+    one must be well-informed.</p>
+
+    <p>Suddenly, in the recitation room, where I am refreshing my
+    accomplishments in some threatening lesson, I hear low murmurs
+    and exclamations. Then a girl, very young and very pretty,
+    catches the paper and whirls it overhead. With a laugh which
+    tinkles through my ears to this day, she dances through the
+    room and cries:</p>
+
+    <p>"War's begun! <i>War's begun!</i>"</p>
+
+    <p>An older girl utters a cry of horror, and puts her hand upon
+    the little creature's thoughtless lips.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, how <i>can</i> you?" so I hear the older girl. "Hush,
+    hush, <i>hush</i>!"</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>THE TOUCHSTONE.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Robert Louis Stevenson.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">THE King was a man that stood well before the
+    world; his smile was sweet as clover, but his soul withinsides
+    was as little as a pea. He had two sons; and the younger son
+    was a boy after his heart, but the elder was one whom he
+    feared. It befell one morning that the drum sounded in the dun
+    before it was yet day; and the King rode with his two sons, and
+    a brave army behind them. They rode two hours, and came to the
+    foot of a brown mountain that was very steep.</p>
+
+    <p>"Where do we ride?" said the elder son.</p>
+
+    <p>"Across this brown mountain," said the King, and smiled to
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger
+    son.</p>
+
+    <p>And they rode two hours more, and came to the sides of a
+    black river that was wondrous deep.</p>
+
+    <p>"And where do we ride?" asked the elder son.</p>
+
+    <p>"Over this black river," said the King, and smiled to
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger
+    son.</p>
+
+    <p>And they rode all that day, and about the time of the
+    sun-setting came to the side of a lake, where was a great
+    dun.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is here we ride," said the King; "to a King's house, and
+    a priest's, and a house where you will learn much."</p>
+
+    <p>At the gates of the dun, the King who was a priest met them,
+    and he was a grave man, and beside him stood his daughter, and
+    she was as fair as the morn, and one that smiled and looked
+    down.</p>
+
+    <p>"These are my two sons," said the first King.</p>
+
+    <p>"And here is my daughter," said the King who was a
+    priest.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is a wonderful fine maid," said the first King, "and I
+    like her manner of smiling."</p>
+
+    <p>"They are wonderful well-grown lads," said the second, "and
+    I like their gravity."</p>
+
+    <p>And then the two Kings looked at each other, and said, "The
+    thing may come about."</p>
+
+    <p>And in the meanwhile the two lads looked upon the maid, and
+    the one grew pale and the other red; and the maid looked upon
+    the ground smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here is the maid that I shall marry," said the elder. "For
+    I think she smiled upon me."</p>
+
+    <p>But the younger plucked his father by the sleeve. "Father,"
+    said he, "a word in your ear. If I find favor in your sight,
+    might not I wed this maid, for I think she smiles upon me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"A word in yours," said the King his father. "Waiting is
+    good hunting, and when the teeth are shut the tongue is at
+    home."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/300.png"
+             name="fig300"
+             id="fig300"><img src="images/300.png"
+             alt="HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS
+        DAUGHTER."</h5>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page301"
+       id="page301"></a>[pg 301]</span>
+
+    <p>Now they were come into the dun, and feasted; and this was a
+    great house, so that the lads were astonished; and the King
+    that was a priest sat at the end of the board and was silent,
+    so that the lads were filled with reverence; and the maid
+    served them, smiling, with downcast eyes, so that their hearts
+    were enlarged.</p>
+
+    <p>Before it was day, the elder son arose, and he found the
+    maid at her weaving, for she was a diligent girl. "Maid," quoth
+    he, "I would fain marry you."</p>
+
+    <p>"You must speak with my father," said she, and she looked
+    upon the ground smiling, and became like the rose.</p>
+
+    <p>"Her heart is with me," said the elder son, and he went down
+    to the lake and sang.</p>
+
+    <p>A little after came the younger son. "Maid," quoth he, "if
+    our fathers were agreed, I would like well to marry you."</p>
+
+    <p>"You can speak to my father," said she, and looked upon the
+    ground and smiled and grew like the rose.</p>
+
+    <p>"She is a dutiful daughter," said the younger son, "she will
+    make an obedient wife." And then he thought, "What shall I do?"
+    and he remembered the King her father was a priest, so he went
+    into the temple and sacrificed a weasel and a hare.</p>
+
+    <p>Presently the news got about; and the two lads and the first
+    King were called into the presence of the King who was a
+    priest, where he sat upon the high seat.</p>
+
+    <p>"Little I reck of gear," said the King who was a priest,
+    "and little of power. For we live here among the shadows of
+    things, and the heart is sick of seeing them. And we stay here
+    in the wind like raiment drying, and the heart is weary of the
+    wind. But one thing I love, and that is truth; and for one
+    thing will I give my daughter, and that is the trial stone. For
+    in the light of that stone the seeming goes, and the being
+    shows, and all things besides are worthless. Therefore, lads,
+    if ye would wed my daughter, out foot, and bring me the stone
+    of touch, for that is the price of her."</p>
+
+    <p>"A word in your ear," said the younger son to his father. "I
+    think we do very well without this stone."</p>
+
+    <p>"A word in yours," said his father. "I am of your way of
+    thinking; but when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home."
+    And he smiled to the King that was a priest.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/301.png"
+             name="fig301"
+             id="fig301"><img width="430"
+             src="images/301.png"
+             alt="'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'" />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>"'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>But the elder son got to his feet, and called the King that
+    was a priest by the name of father. "For whether I marry the
+    maid or no, I will call you by that word for the love of your
+    wisdom; and even now I will ride forth and search the world for
+    the stone of touch." So he said farewell and rode into the
+    world.</p>
+
+    <p>"I think I will go, too," said the younger son, "if I can
+    have your leave. For my heart goes out to the maid."</p>
+
+    <p>"You will ride home with me," said his father.</p>
+
+    <p>So they rode home, and when they came to the dun, the King
+    had his son into his treasury. "Here," said he, "is the
+    touchstone which shows truth; for there is no truth but plain
+    truth; and if you will look in this, you will see yourself as
+    you are."</p>
+
+    <p>And the younger son looked in it, and saw his face as it
+    were the face of a beardless youth, and he was well enough
+    pleased; for the thing was a piece of a mirror.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here is no such great thing to make a work about," said he;
+    "but if it will get me the maid, I shall never complain. But
+    what a fool is my brother to ride into the world, and the thing
+    all the while at home."</p>
+
+    <p>So they rode back to the other dun, and showed the mirror to
+    the King that was a priest; and when he had looked in it, and
+    seen himself like a King, and his house like a King's house,
+    and all things like themselves, he cried out and blessed God.
+    "For now I know," said he, "there is no truth but the plain
+    truth; and I am a King indeed, although my heart misgave me."
+    And <span class="pagenum"><a name="page302"
+       id="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span> he pulled down his temple
+       and built a new one; and then the younger son was married to
+       the maid.</p>
+
+    <p>In the meantime the elder son rode into the world to find
+    the touchstone of the trial of truth; and whenever he came to a
+    place of habitation, he would ask the men if they had heard of
+    it. And in every place the men answered: "Not only have we
+    heard of it, but we alone of all men possess the thing itself,
+    and it hangs in the side of our chimney to this day." Then
+    would the elder son be glad, and beg for a sight of it. And
+    sometimes it would be a piece of mirror, that showed the
+    seeming of things, and then he would say: "This can never be,
+    for there should be more than seeming." And sometimes it would
+    be a lump of coal, which showed nothing; and then he would say:
+    "This can never be, for at least there is the seeming." And
+    sometimes it would be a touchstone indeed, beautiful in hue,
+    adorned with polishing, the light inhabiting its sides; and
+    when he found this, he would beg the thing, and the persons of
+    that place would give it him, for all men were very generous of
+    that gift; so that at the last he had his wallet full of them,
+    and they chinked together when he rode; and when he halted by
+    the side of the way, he would take them out and try them, till
+    his head turned like the sails upon a windmill.</p>
+
+    <p>"A murrain upon this business!" said the elder son, "for I
+    perceive no end to it. Here I have the red, and here the blue
+    and the green; and to me they seem all excellent, and yet shame
+    each other. A murrain on the trade! If it were not for the King
+    that is a priest, and whom I have called my father, and if it
+    were not for the fair maid of the dun that makes my mouth to
+    sing and my heart enlarge, I would even tumble them all into
+    the salt sea, and go home and be a King like other folk."</p>
+
+    <p>But he was like the hunter that has seen a stag upon a
+    mountain, so that the night may fall, and the fire be kindled,
+    and the lights shine in his house, but desire of that stag is
+    single in his bosom.</p>
+
+    <p>Now after many years the elder son came upon the sides of
+    the salt sea; and it was night, and a savage place, and the
+    clamor of the sea was loud. There he was aware of a house, and
+    a man that sat there by the light of a candle, for he had no
+    fire. Now the elder son came in to him, and the man gave him
+    water to drink, for he had no bread; and wagged his head when
+    he was spoken to, for he had no words.</p>
+
+    <p>"Have you the touchstone of truth?" asked the elder son; and
+    when the man had wagged his head, "I might have known that,"
+    cried the elder son; "I have here a wallet full of them!" And
+    with that he laughed, although his heart was weary.</p>
+
+    <p>And with that the man laughed too, and with the fuff of his
+    laughter the candle went out.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sleep," said the man, "for now I think you have come far
+    enough; and your quest is ended, and my candle is out."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, when the morning came, the man gave him a clear pebble
+    in his hand, and it had no beauty and no color, and the elder
+    son looked upon it scornfully and shook his head, and he went
+    away, for it seemed a small affair to him.</p>
+
+    <p>All that day he rode, and his mind was quiet, and the desire
+    of the chase allayed. "How if this poor pebble be the
+    touchstone, after all?" said he; and he got down from his
+    horse, and emptied forth his wallet by the side of the way.
+    Now, in the light of each other, all the touchstones lost their
+    hue and fire, and withered like stars at morning; but in the
+    light of the pebble, their beauty remained, only the pebble was
+    the most bright. And the elder son smote upon his brow. "How if
+    this be the truth," he cried, "that all are a little true?" And
+    he took the pebble, and turned its light upon the heavens, and
+    they deepened above him like the pit; and he turned it on the
+    hills, and the hills were cold and rugged, but life ran in
+    their sides so that his own life bounded; and he turned it on
+    the dust, and he beheld the dust with joy and terror; and he
+    turned it on himself, and kneeled down and prayed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now thanks be to God," said the elder son, "I have found
+    the touchstone; and now I may turn my reins, and ride home to
+    the King and to the maid of the dun that makes my mouth to sing
+    and my heart enlarge."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, when he came to the dun, he saw children playing by the
+    gate where the King had met him in the old days, and this
+    stayed his pleasure; for he thought in his heart, "It is here
+    my children should be playing." And when he came into the hall,
+    there was his brother on the high seat, and the maid beside
+    him; and at that his anger rose, for he thought in his heart,
+    "It is I that should be sitting there, and the maid beside
+    me."</p>
+
+    <p>"Who are you?" said his brother. "And what make you in the
+    dun?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I am your elder brother," he replied. "And I am come to
+    marry the maid, for I have brought the touchstone of
+    truth."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page303"
+       id="page303"></a>[pg 303]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:80%;">
+        <a href="images/303.png"
+             name="fig303"
+             id="fig303"><img width="486"
+             src="images/303.png"
+             alt="ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID HE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW
+        IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID
+        HE."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Then the younger brother laughed aloud. "Why," said he, "I
+    have found the touchstone years ago, and married the maid, and
+    there are our children playing at the gate."</p>
+
+    <p>Now at this the elder brother grew as gray as the dawn. "I
+    pray you have dealt justly," said he, "for I perceive my life
+    is lost."</p>
+
+    <p>"Justly?" quoth the younger brother. "It becomes you ill,
+    that are a restless man and a runagate, to doubt my justice or
+    the King my father's, that are sedentary folk and known in the
+    land."</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay," said the elder brother; "you have all else, have
+    patience also, and suffer me to say the world is full of
+    touchstones, and it appears not easily which is true."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have no shame of mine," said the younger brother. "There
+    it is, and look in it."</p>
+
+    <p>So the elder brother looked in the mirror, and he was sore
+    amazed; for he was an old man, and his hair was white upon his
+    head; and he sat down in the hall and wept aloud.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now," said the younger brother, "see what a fool's part you
+    have played, that ran over all the world to seek what was lying
+    in our father's treasury, and came back an old carle for the
+    dogs to bark at, and without chick or child. And I that was
+    dutiful and wise sit here crowned with virtues and pleasures,
+    and happy in the light of my hearth."</p>
+
+    <p>"Methinks you have a cruel tongue," said the elder brother;
+    and he pulled out the clear pebble, and turned its light on his
+    brother; and behold, the man was lying; his soul was shrunk
+    into the smallness of a pea, and his heart was a bag of little
+    fears like scorpions, and love was dead in his bosom. And at
+    that the elder brother cried out aloud, and turned the light of
+    the pebble on the maid, and lo! she was but a mask of a woman,
+    and withinsides she was quite dead, and she smiled as a clock
+    ticks, and knew not wherefore.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, well," said the elder brother, "I perceive there is
+    both good and bad. So fare ye all as well as ye may in the dun;
+    but I will go forth into the world with my pebble in my
+    pocket."</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page304"
+       id="page304"></a>[pg 304]</span>
+
+    <h2>MAGAZINE NOTES.</h2>
+
+    <h4>MRS. HUMPHRY WARD&mdash;DR. JOWETT.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>The late Dr. Jowett is reported to have once said to
+        Mrs. Humphry Ward: "We shall come in the future to teach
+        almost entirely by biography. We shall begin with the life
+        that is most familiar to us, 'The Life of Christ,' and we
+        shall more and more put before our children the great
+        examples of persons' lives so that they shall have from the
+        beginning heroes and friends in their thoughts."</p>
+
+        <p>The editors of this magazine thoroughly agree with Dr.
+        Jowett. It has been, for a long time, their great desire to
+        publish in these pages a "Life of Christ" which shall be,
+        to quote Mr. Hall Caine's words in the December MCCLURE'S,
+        "as vivid and as personal from the standpoint of belief as
+        Renan's was from the standpoint of unbelief."</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>It is hard to realize the meaning of these figures,
+        which represent the present circulation of MCCLURE'S
+        MAGAZINE. Three years ago five magazines&mdash;"The
+        Century," "Harper's," "Scribner's," "The Cosmopolitan," and
+        "Munsey's"&mdash;apparently occupied the whole magazine
+        field. But their total circulation was not over five
+        hundred thousand copies. The circulation of MCCLURE'S is
+        now equal to three-fifths of the combined circulation of
+        all its rivals at the time it started.</p>
+
+        <p>"Harper's Magazine" and "The Century" for many years
+        supplied the need of the American people for great
+        illustrated monthlies. One imagines that every intelligent
+        family in the United States takes one or the other, or
+        both, of these magazines. "Harper's" is over half a century
+        old, and "The Century" has just completed twenty-five years
+        of splendid life.</p>
+
+        <p>MCCLURE'S has a circulation equal to both these giants
+        of the magazine world.</p>
+
+        <p>We mention these facts, not for the mere sake of
+        comparison, but simply to enable our friends to understand
+        what a circulation of three hundred thousand means.</p>
+
+        <p>And while we are speaking about ourselves we might
+        mention that for three months&mdash;October, November, and
+        December&mdash;we had, month by month, more paid
+        advertising than any other magazine, while our December
+        number had more pages of paid advertising than any other
+        magazine at any time in the history of the world.</p>
+
+        <p>Another interesting fact is that during the two months
+        of November and December, MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE made greater
+        strides in permanent circulation than any other magazine
+        ever made.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>OUR OWN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>We have been compelled by the large circulation of the
+        MAGAZINE to purchase a complete printing and binding plant.
+        This we hope to install before the first of March. The
+        capacity of the plant will be not less than five hundred
+        thousand copies a month, and, under pressure, we can print
+        six hundred thousand copies.</p>
+
+        <p>We have secured the best and most modern presses, and,
+        with proper pressmen, shall be able to print as beautiful a
+        magazine as can be made anywhere.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <h4>ANTHONY HOPE'S NEW NOVEL</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>begins in our April number. It is a spirited story of
+        adventure. It is his first novel since "The Prisoner of
+        Zenda," and has even more action than that splendid
+        story.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE LIFE OF LINCOLN</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>will increase in interest as the history comes nearer
+        our own time. Every chapter will contain much that is new,
+        and every number of the magazine will have several
+        portraits of Lincoln.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>THE EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>We have collected the first four Lincoln articles, added
+        new matter both in text and pictures, and shall, in a few
+        days, issue a volume with the above title. It will contain
+        twenty portraits of Lincoln, and over one hundred other
+        pictures, and will deal with the first twenty-six years of
+        Lincoln's life.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>in the next two numbers tells about the writing of "The
+        Gates Ajar." She was then only twenty years old. The effect
+        of the book on the public, the correspondence it brought
+        her, and the acquaintances it secured her, will be amply
+        dwelt upon. These are two remarkable papers in literary
+        autobiography.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>COLONEL ELLSWORTH, BY COLONEL JOHN HAY.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>Ellsworth's death at Alexandria&mdash;"the first
+        conspicuous victim of the war"&mdash;although he was only
+        twenty-four, was the dramatic end of a most romantic and
+        picturesque career; and no one knows its details so well as
+        Colonel Hay. Ellsworth "was one of the dearest of the
+        friends of my youth," says Colonel Hay. Moreover, he was a
+        particular favorite and <i>prot&eacute;g&eacute;</i> of
+        President Lincoln's when Colonel Hay was Lincoln's private
+        secretary. Colonel Hay's paper, therefore, is one of quite
+        extraordinary interest. There will be published with it
+        some very interesting pictures.</p>
+    </blockquote><br />
+
+
+    <h4>"THE SABINE WOMEN"&mdash;A CORRECTION.</h4>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>Changes made in Mr. Low's article in the January number
+        at the very moment of going to press, occasioned a mistake
+        which should be corrected, though, no doubt, most of our
+        readers have detected it for themselves. In the note to
+        David's picture of "The Sabine Women," the picture was
+        described as portraying the seizure of the Sabine women by
+        the Romans, whereas it portrays the interposition of the
+        women in a battle following the seizure.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3.
+February 1896, by Various
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3.
+February 1896, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3. February 1896
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: October 18, 2004 [EBook #13788]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+  Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+        by the transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+  McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+  FEBRUARY, 1896.
+
+  VOL. VI. NO. 3.
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln's Life at New Salem from 1832 to 1836.
+    Looking for Work.
+    Decides to Buy a Store.
+    He Begins to Study Law.
+    Berry and Lincoln Get a Tavern License.
+    The Firm Hires a Clerk.
+    Lincoln Appointed Postmaster.
+    A New Opening.
+    Surveying with a Grapevine.
+    Business Reverses.
+    The Kindness Shown Lincoln in New Salem.
+    Lincoln's Acquaintance in Sangamon County Is Extended.
+    He Finally Decides on a Legal Career.
+    Lincoln Enters the Illinois Assembly.
+    The Story of Ann Rutledge.
+    Abraham Lincoln at Twenty-six Years of Age.
+  A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL. By Ian Maclaren.
+  THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE. By Harry Perry Robinson.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION. By Murat Halstead.
+    Garfield's Administration.
+    The Garfields in the White House.
+    Last Interview with President Garfield.
+  THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM. By Anthony Hope.
+    Chapter II.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  THE TOUCHSTONE. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
+  MAGAZINE NOTES.
+    Mrs. Humphry Ward--Dr. Jowett.
+    Three Hundred Thousand.
+    Our Own Printing Establishment.
+    Anthony Hope's New Novel.
+    The Life of Lincoln.
+    The Early Life of Lincoln.
+    Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+    "The Sabine Women"--A Correction.
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+  LINCOLN IN 1859.
+  LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.
+  LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.
+  LINCOLN IN 1861.
+  THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS.
+  LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.
+  FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN.
+  BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.
+  DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.
+  THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.
+  JAMES SHORT.
+  SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.
+  SAMUEL HILL--AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE.
+  MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.
+  JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.
+  LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS.
+  REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN.
+  A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY.
+  A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL."
+  CONCORD CEMETERY.
+  STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+  MAJOR JOHN T. STUART.
+  JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM.
+  GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.
+  "I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."
+  "HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW."
+  VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK WHEN TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MPH.
+  JOHN NEWELL.
+  THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564.
+  THE BROOKS ENGINE 599.
+  THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT THE TRAIN FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND.
+  J.R. GARNER, ENGINEER FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.
+  WILLIAM TUNKEY, ENGINEER FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO.
+  GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER."
+  THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER.
+  JOHN CONSTABLE.
+  FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR.
+  THE HAY-WAIN.
+  THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH.
+  JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER.
+  PEACE--BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+  PORTRAIT OF A BOY.
+  JOHN HOPPNER.
+  PORTRAIT OF A LADY.
+  PORTRAIT OF A CHILD.
+  MRS. SIDDONS.
+  LADY BLESSINGTON.
+  SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+  MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY.
+  PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER.
+  GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.
+  GARFIELD IN 1863.
+  GARFIELD IN 1863.
+  GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER.
+  "FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP."
+  "'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING."
+  "'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET."
+  "HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY."
+  RALPH WALDO EMERSON.
+  PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.
+  PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN.
+  "HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER."
+  "'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"
+  "ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET."
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+
+VOL. VI. FEBRUARY, 1896, NO. 3.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S LIFE AT NEW SALEM FROM 1832 TO 1836.
+
+BERRY AND LINCOLN'S GROCERY.--A SET OF BLACKSTONE'S
+COMMENTARIES.--BERRY AND LINCOLN TAKE OUT A TAVERN LICENSE.--THE
+POSTMASTER OF NEW SALEM IN 1833.--LINCOLN BECOMES DEPUTY
+SURVEYOR.--THE FAILURE OF BERRY AND LINCOLN.--ELECTIONEERING IN
+ILLINOIS.--LINCOLN CHOSEN ASSEMBLYMAN.--BEGINS TO STUDY
+LAW.--THE ILLINOIS STATE LEGISLATURE IN 1834.--THE STORY OF ANN
+RUTLEDGE.--ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.
+
+_Embodying special studies in Lincoln's life at New Salem by J. McCan
+Davis._
+
+
+LOOKING FOR WORK.
+
+It was in August, 1832, that Lincoln made his unsuccessful canvass for
+the Illinois Assembly. The election over, he began to look for work.
+One of his friends, an admirer of his physical strength, advised him
+to become a blacksmith, but it was a trade which would afford little
+leisure for study, and for meeting and talking with men; and he had
+already resolved, it is evident, that books and men were essential to
+him. The only employment to be had in New Salem which seemed to offer
+both support and the opportunities he sought, was clerking in a store;
+and he applied for a place successively at all of the stores then
+doing business in New Salem. But they were in greater need of
+customers than of clerks. The business had been greatly overdone. In
+the fall of 1832 there were at least four stores in New Salem. The
+most pretentious was that of Hill and McNeill, which carried a large
+line of dry goods. The three others, owned by the Herndon Brothers,
+Reuben Radford, and James Rutledge, were groceries.
+
+
+DECIDES TO BUY A STORE.
+
+Failing to secure employment at any of these establishments, Lincoln,
+though without money enough to pay a week's board in advance, resolved
+to _buy_ a store. He was not long in finding an opportunity to
+purchase. James Herndon had already sold out his half interest in
+Herndon Brothers' store to William F. Berry; and Rowan Herndon, not
+getting along well with Berry, was only too glad to find a purchaser
+of his half in the person of "Abe" Lincoln. Berry was as poor as
+Lincoln; but that was not a serious obstacle, for their notes were
+accepted for the Herndon stock of goods. They had barely hung out
+their sign when something happened which threw another store into
+their hands. Reuben Radford had made himself obnoxious to the Clary's
+Grove Boys, and one night they broke in his doors and windows,
+and overturned his counters and sugar barrels. It was too much
+for Radford, and he sold out next day to William G. Green for a
+four-hundred-dollar note signed by Green. At the latter's request,
+Lincoln made an inventory of the stock, and offered him six hundred
+and fifty dollars for it--a proposition which was cheerfully
+accepted. Berry and Lincoln, being unable to pay cash, assumed the
+four-hundred-dollar note payable to Radford, and gave Green their
+joint note for two hundred and fifty dollars. The little grocery owned
+by James Rutledge was the next to succumb. Berry and Lincoln bought
+it at a bargain, their joint note taking the place of cash. The three
+stocks were consolidated. Their aggregate cost must have been not less
+than fifteen hundred dollars. Berry and Lincoln had secured a monopoly
+of the grocery business in New Salem. Within a few weeks two penniless
+men had become the proprietors of three stores, and had stopped
+buying only because there were no more to purchase.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+(REPRINTED FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER).
+
+From a daguerreotype in the possession of the Hon. Robert T. Lincoln,
+taken before Lincoln was forty, and first published in the McCLURE'S
+Life of Lincoln. Of the sixty or more portraits of Lincoln which will
+be published in this series of articles, thirty, at least, will
+be absolutely new to our readers; and of these thirty none is more
+important than this early portrait. It is generally believed that
+Lincoln was not over thirty-five years old when this daguerreotype was
+taken, and it is certainly true that it is the face of Lincoln as a
+young man. "About thirty would be the general verdict," says Mr. Murat
+Halstead in an editorial in the Brooklyn "Standard-Union," "if it were
+not that the daguerreotype was unknown when Lincoln was of that
+age. It does not seem, however, that he could have been more than
+thirty-five, and for that age the youthfulness of the portrait is
+wonderful. This is a new Lincoln, and far more attractive, in a sense,
+than anything the public has possessed. This is the portrait of a
+remarkably handsome man.... The head is magnificent, the eyes deep
+and generous, the mouth sensitive, the whole expression something
+delicate, tender, pathetic, poetic. This was the young man with whom
+the phantoms of romance dallied, the young man who recited poems and
+was fanciful and speculative, and in love and despair, but upon
+whose brow there already gleamed the illumination of intellect, the
+inspiration of patriotism. There were vast possibilities in this young
+man's face. He could have gone anywhere and done anything. He might
+have been a military chieftain, a novelist, a poet, a philosopher, ah!
+a hero, a martyr--and, yes, this young man might have been--he even
+was Abraham Lincoln! This was he with the world before him. It is good
+fortune to have the magical revelation of the youth of the man the
+world venerates. This look into his eyes, into his soul--not before he
+knew sorrow, but long before the world knew him--and to feel that it
+is worthy to be what it is, and that we are better acquainted with him
+and love him the more, is something beyond price."]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1859.
+
+From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay, De Kalb, Illinois.
+The original was made by S.M. Fassett, of Chicago; the negative
+was destroyed in the Chicago fire. This picture was made at the
+solicitation of D.B. Cook, who says that Mrs. Lincoln pronounced it
+the best likeness she had ever seen of her husband. Rajon used the
+Fassett picture as the original of his etching, and Kruell has made a
+fine engraving of it.]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.
+
+From a copy (made by E.A. Bromley of the Minneapolis "Journal" staff)
+of a photograph owned by Mrs. Cyrus Aldrich, whose husband, now dead,
+was a congressman from Minnesota. In the summer of 1860 Mr. M.C.
+Tuttle, a photographer of St. Paul, wrote to Mr. Lincoln requesting
+that he have a negative taken and sent to him for local use in the
+campaign. The request was granted, but the negative was broken in
+transit. On learning of the accident, Mr. Lincoln sat again, and with
+the second negative he sent a jocular note wherein he referred to the
+fact, disclosed by the picture, that in the interval he had "got a
+new coat." A few copies of the picture were made by Mr. Tuttle, and
+distributed among the Republican editors of the State. It has never
+before been reproduced. Mrs. Aldrich's copy was presented to her by
+William H. Seward, when he was entertained at the Aldrich homestead
+(now the Minneapolis City Hospital) in September, 1860. A fine copy
+of this same photograph is in the possession of Mr. Ward Monroe, of
+Jersey City, N.J.]
+
+William F. Berry, the partner of Lincoln, was the son of a
+Presbyterian minister, the Rev. John Berry, who lived on Rock Creek,
+five miles from New Salem. The son had strayed from the footsteps of
+the father, for he was a hard drinker, a gambler, a fighter, and "a
+very wicked young man." Lincoln cannot in truth be said to have chosen
+such a partner, but rather to have accepted him from the force of
+circumstances. It required only a little time to make it plain that
+the partnership was wholly uncongenial. Lincoln displayed little
+business capacity. He trusted largely to Berry; and Berry rapidly
+squandered the profits of the business in riotous living. Lincoln
+loved books as Berry loved liquor, and hour after hour he was
+stretched out on the counter of the store or under a shade tree,
+reading Shakespeare or Burns.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.--PROBABLY THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT
+SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD.
+
+From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay of De Kalb, Illinois,
+taken probably in Springfield early in 1861. It is supposed to have
+been the first, or at least one of the first, portraits made of Mr.
+Lincoln after he began to wear a beard. As is well known, his face
+was smooth until about the end of 1860; and when he first allowed his
+beard to grow, it became a topic of newspaper comment, and even of
+caricature. A pretty story relating to Lincoln's adoption of a beard
+is more or less familiar. A letter written to the editor of the
+present Life, under date of December 6, 1895, by Mrs. Grace Bedell
+Billings, tells this story, of which she herself as a little girl was
+the heroine, in a most charming way. The letter will be found printed
+in full at the end of this article, on page 240.]
+
+His thorough acquaintance with the works of these two writers
+dates from this period. In New Salem there was one of those curious
+individuals sometimes found in frontier settlements, half poet, half
+loafer, incapable of earning a living in any steady employment, yet
+familiar with good literature and capable of enjoying it--Jack Kelso.
+He repeated passages from Shakespeare and Burns incessantly over the
+odd jobs he undertook or as he idled by the streams--for he was
+a famous fisherman--and Lincoln soon became one of his constant
+companions. The taste he formed in company with Kelso he retained
+through life. William D. Kelley tells an incident which shows that
+Lincoln had a really intimate knowledge of Shakespeare. Mr. Kelley
+had taken McDonough, an actor, to call at the White House; and Lincoln
+began the conversation by saying:
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1861.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Frank A. Brown of Minneapolis,
+Minnesota. This beautiful photograph was taken, probably early in
+1861, by Alexander Hesler of Chicago. It was used by Leonard W. Volk,
+the sculptor, in his studies of Lincoln, and closely resembles the
+fine etching by T. Johnson.]
+
+"'I am very glad to meet you, Mr. McDonough, and am grateful to Kelley
+for bringing you in so early, for I want you to tell me something
+about Shakespeare's plays as they are constructed for the stage. You
+can imagine that I do not get much time to study such matters, but I
+recently had a couple of talks with Hackett--Baron Hackett, as they
+call him--who is famous as Jack Falstaff, but from whom I elicited few
+satisfactory replies, though I probed him with a good many questions.'
+
+"Mr. McDonough," continues Mr. Kelley, "avowed his willingness to give
+the President any information in his possession, but protested that
+he feared he would not succeed where his friend Hackett had failed.
+'Well, I don't know,' said the President, 'for Hackett's lack of
+information impressed me with a doubt as to whether he had ever
+studied Shakespeare's text, or had not been content with the acting
+edition of his plays.' He arose, went to a shelf not far from his
+table, and having taken down a well-thumbed volume of the 'Plays
+of Shakespeare,' resumed his seat, arranged his glasses, and having
+turned to 'Henry VI.' and read with fine discrimination an extended
+passage, said: 'Mr. McDonough, can you tell me why those lines
+are omitted from the acting play? There is nothing I have read in
+Shakespeare, certainly nothing in 'Henry VI.' or the 'Merry Wives of
+Windsor,' that surpasses its wit and humor.' The actor suggested the
+breadth of its humor as the only reason he could assign for omission,
+but thoughtfully added that it was possible that if the lines were
+spoken they would require the rendition of another or other passages
+which might be objectionable.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS--NOW USED AS A
+COURT-HOUSE.
+
+Vandalia was the State capital of Illinois for twenty years, and three
+different State-houses were built and occupied there. The first,
+a two-story frame structure, was burned down December 9, 1823. The
+second was a brick building, and was erected at a cost of $12,381.50,
+of which the citizens of Vandalia contributed $3,000. The agitation
+for the removal of the capital to Springfield began in 1833, and in
+the summer of 1836 the people of Vandalia, becoming alarmed at the
+prospect of their little city's losing its prestige as the seat of the
+State government, tore down the old capitol (much complaint being made
+about its condition), and put up a new one at a cost of $16,000.
+The tide was too great to be checked; but after the "Long Nine" had
+secured the passage of the bill taking the capital to Springfield,
+the money which the Vandalia people had expended was refunded. The
+State-house shown in this picture was the third and last one. In it
+Lincoln served as a legislator. Ceasing to be the capitol July 4,
+1839, it was converted into a court-house for Fayette County, and is
+still so used.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS--PHOTOGRAPHED FOR
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+After Lincoln gave up surveying, he sold his instruments to John B.
+Gum, afterward county surveyor of Menard County. Mr. Gum kept them
+until a few years ago, when he presented the instruments to the
+Lincoln Monument Association, and they are now on exhibition at the
+monument in Springfield, Ill.]
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND
+LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT OF SANGAMON
+COUNTY.
+
+The only tavern in New Salem in 1833 was that kept by James
+Rutledge--a two-story log-structure of five rooms, standing just
+across the street from Berry and Lincoln's store. Here Lincoln
+boarded. It seems entirely probable that he may have had an ambition
+to get into the tavern business, and that he and Berry obtained a
+license with that end in view, possibly hoping to make satisfactory
+terms for the purchase of the Rutledge hostelry. The tavern of sixty
+years ago, besides answering the purposes of the modern hotel, was the
+dramshop of the frontier. The business was one which, in Illinois, the
+law strictly regulated. Tavern-keepers were required to pay a license
+fee, and to give bonds to insure their good behavior. Minors were not
+to be harbored, nor did the law permit liquor to be sold to them; and
+the sale to slaves of any liquors "or strong drink, mixed or unmixed,
+either within or without doors," was likewise forbidden. Nor could the
+poor Indian get any "fire-water" at the tavern or the grocery. If
+a tavern-keeper violated the law, two-thirds of the fine assessed
+against him went to the poor people of the county. The Rutledge tavern
+was the only one at New Salem of which we have any authentic account.
+It was kept by others besides Mr. Rutledge; for a time by Henry
+Onstott the cooper, and then by Nelson Alley, and possibly there were
+other landlords; but nothing can be more certain than that Lincoln
+was not one of them. The few surviving inhabitants of the vanished
+village, and of the country round about, have a clear recollection of
+Berry and Lincoln's store--of how it looked, and of what things were
+sold in it; but not one has been found with the faintest remembrance
+of a tavern kept by Lincoln, or by Berry, or by both. Stage passengers
+jolting into New Salem sixty-two years ago must, if Lincoln was an
+inn-keeper, have partaken of his hospitality by the score; but if they
+did, they all died many, many years ago, or have all maintained an
+unaccountable and most perplexing silence.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+"'Your last suggestion,' said Mr. Lincoln, 'carries with it greater
+weight than anything Mr. Hackett suggested, but the first is no reason
+at all;' and after reading another passage, he said, 'This is not
+withheld, and where it passes current there can be no reason for
+withholding the other.'... And, as if feeling the impropriety of
+preferring the player to the parson, [there was a clergyman in the
+room] he turned to the chaplain and said: 'From your calling it is
+probable that you do not know that the acting plays which people crowd
+to hear are not always those planned by their reputed authors. Thus,
+take the stage edition of "Richard III." It opens with a passage from
+"Henry VI.," after which come portions of "Richard III.," then another
+scene from "Henry VI.," and the finest soliloquy in the play, if we
+may judge from the many quotations it furnishes, and the frequency
+with which it is heard in amateur exhibitions, was never seen by
+Shakespeare, but was written--was it not, Mr. McDonough?--after his
+death, by Colley Cibber."
+
+"Having disposed, for the present, of questions relating to the stage
+editions of the plays, he recurred to his standard copy, and, to
+the evident surprise of Mr. McDonough, read or repeated from memory
+extracts from several of the plays, some of which embraced a number of
+lines.
+
+"It must not be supposed that Mr. Lincoln's poetical studies had
+been confined to his plays. He interspersed his remarks with extracts
+striking from their similarity to, or contrast with, something of
+Shakespeare's, from Byron, Rogers, Campbell, Moore, and other English
+poets."[1]
+
+[Illustration: BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.
+
+From a recent photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois. The
+little frame store-building occupied by Berry and Lincoln at New Salem
+is now standing at Petersburg, Illinois, in the rear of L.W. Bishop's
+gun-shop. Its history after 1834 is somewhat obscure, but there is no
+reason for doubting its identity. According to tradition it was bought
+by Robert Bishop, the father of the present owner, about 1835, from
+Mr. Lincoln himself; but it is difficult to reconcile this legend with
+the sale of the store to the Trent brothers, unless, upon the flight
+of the latter from the country and the closing of the store, the
+building, through the leniency of creditors, was allowed to revert
+to Mr. Lincoln, in which event he no doubt sold it at the first
+opportunity and applied the proceeds to the payment of the debts of
+the firm. When Mr. Bishop bought the store building, he removed it to
+Petersburg. It is said that the removal was made in part by Lincoln
+himself; that the job was first undertaken by one of the Bales, but
+that, encountering some difficulty, he called upon Lincoln to assist
+him, which Lincoln did. The structure was first set up adjacent to Mr.
+Bishop's house, and converted into a gun-shop. Later it was removed to
+a place on the public square; and soon after the breaking out of the
+late war, Mr. Bishop, erecting a new building, pushed Lincoln's
+store into the back-yard, and there it still stands. Soon after the
+assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the front door was presented to some
+one in Springfield, and has long since been lost sight of. It is
+remembered by Mr. Bishop that in this door there was an opening for
+the reception of letters--a circumstance of importance as tending to
+establish the genuineness of the building, when it is remembered that
+Lincoln was postmaster while he kept the store. The structure, as it
+stands to-day, is about eighteen feet long, twelve feet in width, and
+ten feet in height. The back room, however, has disappeared, so
+that the building as it stood when occupied by Berry and Lincoln
+was somewhat longer. Of the original building there only remain the
+frame-work, the black-walnut weather-boarding on the front end and
+the ceiling of sycamore boards. One entire side has been torn away by
+relic-hunters. In recent years the building has been used as a sort
+of store-room. Just after a big fire in Petersburg some time ago,
+the city council condemned the Lincoln store building and ordered it
+demolished. Under this order a portion of one side was torn down, when
+Mr. Bishop persuaded the city authorities to desist, upon giving
+a guarantee that if Lincoln's store ever caught fire he would be
+responsible for any loss which might ensue.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+
+HE BEGINS TO STUDY LAW.
+
+It was not only Burns and Shakespeare that interfered with the
+grocery-keeping: Lincoln had begun seriously to read law. His first
+acquaintance with the subject had been made when he was a mere lad in
+Indiana, and a copy of the "Revised Statutes of Indiana" had fallen
+into his hands. The very copy he used is still in existence and,
+fortunately, in hands where it is safe. The book was owned by Mr.
+David Turnham, of Gentryville, and was given in 1865 by him to Mr.
+Herndon, who placed it in the Lincoln Memorial collection of Chicago.
+In December, 1894, this collection was sold in Philadelphia, and
+the "Statutes of Indiana" was bought by Mr. William Hoffman Winters,
+Librarian of the New York Law Institute, and through his courtesy I
+have been allowed to examine it. The book is worn, the title page is
+gone and a few leaves from the end are missing. The title page of
+a duplicate volume which Mr. Winters kindly showed me reads: "The
+Revised Laws of Indiana adopted and enacted by the General Assembly
+at their eighth session. To which are prefixed the Declaration of
+Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution
+of the State of Indiana, and sundry other documents connected with the
+Political History of the Territory and State of Indiana. Arranged and
+published by authority of the General Assembly. Corydon, Printed by
+Carpenter and Douglass, 1824."
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.
+
+From a recent photograph. Mr. Burner was Berry and Lincoln's clerk. He
+lived at New Salem from 1829 to 1834. Lincoln for many months lodged
+with his father, Isaac Burner, and he and Lincoln slept in the same
+bed. He now lives on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois, past eighty.]
+
+[Illustration: THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.
+
+From a photograph in the possession of the Hon. W.J. Orendorff, of
+Canton, Illinois. John M. Cameron, a Cumberland Presbyterian minister,
+and a devout, sincere, and courageous man, was held in the highest
+esteem by his neighbors. Yet, according to Daniel Green Burner, Berry
+and Lincoln's clerk--and the fact is mentioned merely as illustrating
+a universal custom among the pioneers--"John Cameron always kept a
+barrel of whiskey in the house." He was a powerful man physically, and
+a typical frontiersman. He was born in Kentucky in 1791, and, with
+his wife, moved to Illinois in 1815. He settled in Sangamon County in
+1818, and in 1829 took up his abode in a cabin on a hill overlooking
+the Sangamon River, and, with James Rutledge, founded the town of New
+Salem.
+
+According to tradition, Lincoln, for a time, lived with the Camerons.
+In the early thirties they moved to Fulton County, Illinois; then,
+in 1841 or 1842, to Iowa; and finally, in 1849, to California. In
+California they lived to a ripe old age--Mrs. Cameron dying in 1875,
+and her husband following her three years later. They had twelve
+children, eleven of whom were girls. In 1886 there were living nine
+of these children, fifty grandchildren, and one hundred and one
+great-grandchildren. Mr. Cameron is said to have officiated at the
+funeral of Ann Rutledge in 1835.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND
+SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR.
+
+From a photograph taken at Jacksonville, Illinois, about thirty years
+ago. James Short lived on Sand Ridge, a few miles north of New Salem,
+and Lincoln was a frequent visitor at his house. When Lincoln's horse
+and surveying instruments were levied upon by a creditor and sold,
+Mr. Short bought them in, and made Lincoln a present of them. Lincoln,
+when President, made his old friend an Indian agent in California. Mr.
+Short, in the course of his life, was happily married five times. He
+died in Iowa many years ago. His acquaintance with Lincoln began in
+rather an interesting way. His sister, who lived in New Salem, had
+made Lincoln a pair of jeans trousers. The material supplied by
+Lincoln was scant, and the trousers came out conspicuously short in
+the legs. One day when James Short was visiting with his sister, he
+pointed to a man walking down the street, and asked, "Who is that man
+in the short breeches." "That is Lincoln," the sister replied; and Mr.
+Short went out and introduced himself to Lincoln.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.
+
+Coleman Smoot was born in Virginia, February 13, 1794; removed to
+Kentucky when a child; married Rebecca Wright March 17, 1817; came to
+Illinois in 1831, and lived on a farm across the Sangamon River from
+New Salem until his death, March 21, 1876. He accumulated an immense
+fortune. Lincoln met him for the first time in Offutt's store in 1831.
+"Smoot," said Lincoln, "I am disappointed in you; I expected to see
+a man as ugly as old Probst," referring to a man reputed to be the
+homeliest in the county. "And I am disappointed," replied Smoot; "I
+had expected to see a good-looking man when I saw you." From that
+moment they were warm friends. After Lincoln's election to the
+legislature in 1834, he called on Smoot, and said, "I want to buy some
+clothes and fix up a little, so that I can make a decent appearance
+in the legislature; and I want you to loan me $200." The loan was
+cheerfully made, and of course was subsequently repaid.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL HILL--AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE
+POST-OFFICE.
+
+From an old daguerreotype. Samuel Hill was among the earliest
+inhabitants of New Salem. He opened a general store there in
+partnership with John McNeill,--the John McNeill who became betrothed
+to Ann Rutledge, and whose real name was afterwards discovered to
+be John McNamar. When McNeill left New Salem and went East, Mr. Hill
+became sole proprietor of the store. He also owned the carding machine
+at New Salem. Lincoln, after going out of the grocery business,
+made his headquarters at Samuel Hill's store. There he kept the
+post-office, entertained the loungers, and on busy days helped Mr.
+Hill wait on customers. Mr. Hill is said to have once courted Ann
+Rutledge himself, but he did not receive the encouragement which was
+bestowed upon his partner, McNeill. In 1839 he moved his store to
+Petersburg, and died there in 1857. In 1835 he married Miss Parthenia
+W. Nance, who still lives at Petersburg.--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.
+
+From an old tintype. Mary Ann Rutledge was the wife of James Rutledge
+and the mother of Ann. She was born October 21, 1787, and reared
+in Kentucky. She lived to be ninety-one years of age, dying in Iowa
+December 26, 1878. The Rutledges left New Salem in 1833 or 1834,
+moving to a farm a few miles northward. On this farm Ann Rutledge died
+August 25, 1835; and here also, three months later (December 3, 1835),
+died her father, broken-hearted, no doubt, by the bereavement. In the
+following year the family moved to Fulton County, Illinois, and some
+three years later to Birmingham, Iowa. Of James Rutledge there is no
+portrait in existence. He was born in South Carolina, May 11, 1781. He
+and his sons, John and David, served in the Black Hawk War.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.
+
+From a steel engraving in the possession of R.W. Diller, Springfield,
+Illinois. John Calhoun was born in Boston, Massachusetts, October 14,
+1806; removed to the Mohawk Valley, New York, in 1821; was educated
+at Canajoharie Academy, and studied law. In 1830 he removed to
+Springfield, Illinois, and after serving in the Black Hawk War was
+appointed Surveyor of Sangamon County. He was married there December
+29, 1831, to Miss Sarah Cutter. He was a Democratic Representative in
+1838; Clerk of the House in 1840; circuit clerk in 1842; Democratic
+presidential elector in 1844; candidate for Governor before the
+Democratic State convention in 1846; Mayor of Springfield in 1849,
+1850, and 1851; a candidate for Congress in 1852, and in the same year
+again a Democratic presidential elector. In 1854, President Pierce
+appointed him Surveyor-General of Kansas, and he became conspicuous in
+Kansas politics. He was president of the Lecompton Convention. He died
+at St. Joseph, Missouri, October 25, 1859. Mr. Frederick Hawn, who was
+his boyhood friend, and afterward married a sister of Calhoun's wife,
+is now living at Leavenworth, Kansas, at the age of eighty-five years.
+In an interesting letter to the writer, he says: "It has been related
+that Calhoun induced Lincoln to study surveying in order to become
+his deputy. Presuming that he was ready to graduate and receive his
+commission, he called on Calhoun, then living with his father-in-law,
+Seth R. Cutter, on Upper Lick Creek. After the interview was
+concluded, Mr. Lincoln, about to depart, remarked: 'Calhoun, I am
+entirely unable to repay you for your generosity at present. All that
+I have you see on me, except a quarter of a dollar in my pocket.' This
+is a family tradition. However, my wife, then a miss of sixteen, says,
+while I am writing this sketch, that she distinctly remembers this
+interview. After Lincoln was gone she says she and her sister,
+Mrs. Calhoun, commenced making jocular remarks about his uncanny
+appearance, in the presence of Calhoun, to which in substance he made
+this rejoinder: 'For all that, he is no common man.' My wife believes
+these were the exact words."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+We know from Dennis Hanks, from Mr. Turnham, to whom the book
+belonged, and from other associates of Lincoln's at the time, that he
+read this book intently and discussed its contents intelligently. It
+was a remarkable volume for a thoughtful lad whose mind had been
+fired already by the history of Washington; for it opened with that
+wonderful document, the Declaration of Independence, a document
+which became, as Mr. John G. Nicolay says, "his political chart
+and inspiration." Following the Declaration of Independence was the
+Constitution of the United States, the Act of Virginia passed in 1783
+by which the "Territory North Westward of the river Ohio" was conveyed
+to the United States, and the Ordinance of 1787 for governing this
+territory, containing that clause on which Lincoln in the future based
+many an argument on the slavery question. This article, No. 6 of the
+Ordinance, reads: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
+servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of
+crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: provided
+always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or
+service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States,
+such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person
+claiming his or her labour or service, as aforesaid."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS--PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S
+MAGAZINE.
+
+These saddle-bags, now in the Lincoln Monument at Springfield, are
+said to have been used by Lincoln while he was a surveyor.]
+
+Following this was the Constitution and the Revised Laws of Indiana,
+three hundred and seventy-five pages of five hundred words each of
+statutes--enough law, if thoroughly digested, to make a respectable
+lawyer. When Lincoln finished this book, as he had probably before
+he was eighteen, we have reason to believe that he understood the
+principles on which the nation was founded, how the State of Indiana
+came into being, and how it was governed. His understanding of the
+subject was clear and practical, and he applied it in his reading,
+thinking, and discussion.
+
+[Illustration: REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN--HITHERTO
+UNPUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original, now on file
+in the County Clerk's office, Springfield, Illinois. The survey
+here reported was made in pursuance of an order of the County
+Commissioners' Court, September 1, 1834, in which Lincoln was
+designated as the surveyor.]
+
+It was after he had read the Laws of Indiana that Lincoln had free
+access to the library of his admirer, Judge John Pitcher of Rockport,
+Indiana, where undoubtedly he examined many law-books. But from the
+time he left Indiana in 1830 he had no legal reading until one day
+soon after the grocery was started, when there happened one of those
+trivial incidents which so often turn the current of a life. It
+is best told in Mr. Lincoln's own words.[2] "One day a man who was
+migrating to the West drove up in front of my store with a wagon which
+contained his family and household plunder. He asked me if I would
+buy an old barrel, for which he had no room in his wagon, and which
+he said contained nothing of special value. I did not want it, but to
+oblige him I bought it, and paid him, I think, half a dollar for it.
+Without further examination, I put it away in the store, and forgot
+all about it. Some time after, in overhauling things, I came upon the
+barrel, and emptying it upon the floor to see what it contained, I
+found at the bottom of the rubbish a complete edition of Blackstone's
+Commentaries. I began to read those famous works, and I had plenty
+of time; for, during the long summer days, when the farmers were busy
+with their crops, my customers were few and far between. The more
+I read"--this he said with unusual emphasis--"the more intensely
+interested I became. Never in my whole life was my mind so thoroughly
+absorbed. I read until I devoured them."
+
+[Illustration: A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD
+COUNTY, ILLINOIS--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed from the original for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE. This map,
+which, as here reproduced, is about one-half the size of the original,
+accompanied Lincoln's report of the survey of a part of the road
+between Athens and Sangamon town. For making this map, Lincoln
+received fifty cents. The road evidently was located "on good ground,"
+and was "necessary and proper," as the report says, for it is still
+the main travelled highway leading into the country south of Athens,
+Menard County.]
+
+
+BERRY AND LINCOLN GET A TAVERN LICENSE.
+
+But all this was fatal to business, and by spring it was evident that
+something must be done to stimulate the grocery sales.
+
+On the 6th of March, 1833, the County Commissioners' Court of Sangamon
+County granted the firm of Berry and Lincoln a license to keep a
+tavern at New Salem. A copy of this license is here given:
+
+    Ordered that William F. Berry, in the name of Berry and
+    Lincoln, have a license to keep a tavern in New Salem to
+    continue 12 months from this date, and that they pay one
+    dollar in addition to the six dollars heretofore paid as per
+    Treasurer's receipt, and that they be allowed the following
+    rates (viz.):
+
+    French Brandy per 1/2 pt.  25
+    Peach  "       "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Apple  "       "    "   .  12
+    Holland Gin    "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Domestic       "    "   .  12-1/2
+    Wine           "    "   .  25
+    Rum            "    "   .  18-3/4
+    Whisky         "    "   .  12-1/2
+    Breakfast, din'r or supper 25
+    Lodging per night........  12-1/2
+    Horse per night..........  25
+    Single feed..............  12-1/2
+    Breakfast, dinner or supper
+    for Stage Passengers.....  37-1/2
+
+    who gave bond as required by law.
+
+It is probable that the license was procured to enable the firm to
+retail the liquors which they had in stock, and not for keeping
+a tavern. In a community in which liquor-drinking was practically
+universal, at a time when whiskey was as legitimate an article of
+merchandise as coffee or calico, when no family was without a jug,
+when the minister of the gospel could take his "dram" without any
+breach of propriety, it is not surprising that a reputable young
+man should have been found selling whiskey. Liquor was sold at all
+groceries, but it could not be lawfully sold in a smaller quantity
+than one quart. The law, however, was not always rigidly observed,
+and it was the custom of store-keepers to "set up" the drinks to their
+patrons. Each of the three groceries which Berry and Lincoln acquired
+had the usual supply of liquors, and the combined stock must have
+amounted almost to a superabundance. It was only good business
+that they should seek a way to dispose of the surplus quickly and
+profitably--an end which could be best accomplished by selling it
+over the counter by the glass. Lawfully to do this required a tavern
+license; and it is a warrantable conclusion that such was the chief
+aim of Berry and Lincoln in procuring a franchise of this character.
+We are fortified in this conclusion by the coincidence that three
+other grocers of New Salem--William Clary, Henry Sincoe, and George
+Warberton--were among those who took out tavern licenses. To secure
+the lawful privilege of selling whiskey by the "dram" was no doubt
+their purpose; for their "taverns" were as mythical as the inn of
+Berry and Lincoln.
+
+At the granting of a tavern license, the applicants therefor were
+required by law to file a bond. The bond given in the case of Berry
+and Lincoln was as follows:
+
+    Know all men by these presents, we, William F. Berry, Abraham
+    Lincoln and John Bowling Green, are held and firmly bound unto
+    the County Commissioners of Sangamon County in the full sum
+    of three hundred dollars to which payment well and truly to
+    be made we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and
+    administrators firmly by these presents, sealed with our seal
+    and dated this 6th day of March A.D. 1833. Now the condition
+    of this obligation is such that Whereas the said Berry &
+    Lincoln has obtained a license from the County Commissioners
+    Court to keep a tavern in the Town of New Salem to continue
+    one year. Now if the said Berry & Lincoln shall be of good
+    behavior and observe all the laws of this State relative to
+    tavern keepers--then this obligation to be void or otherwise
+    remain in full force.
+
+    ABRAHAM LINCOLN [Seal]
+    WM. F. BERRY [Seal]
+    BOWLING GREEN [Seal]
+
+This bond appears to have been written by the clerk of the
+Commissioners' Court; and Lincoln's name was signed by some one other
+than himself, very likely by his partner Berry.
+
+[Illustration: A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S
+WELL."]
+
+
+THE FIRM HIRES A CLERK.
+
+The license seems to have stimulated the business, for the firm
+concluded to hire a clerk. The young man who secured this position was
+Daniel Green Burner, son of Isaac Burner, at whose house Lincoln for
+a time boarded. He is still living on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois,
+and is in the eighty-second year of his age. "The store building of
+Berry and Lincoln," says Mr. Burner, "was a frame building, not very
+large, one story in height, and contained two rooms. In the little
+back room Lincoln had a fireplace and a bed. There is where we slept.
+I clerked in the store through the winter of 1834, up to the 1st of
+March. While I was there they had nothing for sale but liquors. They
+may have had some groceries before that, but I am certain they had
+none then. I used to sell whiskey over their counter at six cents a
+glass--and charged it, too. N.A. Garland started a store, and Lincoln
+wanted Berry to ask his father for a loan, so they could buy out
+Garland; but Berry refused, saying this was one of the last things he
+would think of doing."
+
+Among the other persons yet living who were residents with Lincoln of
+New Salem or its near neighborhood are Mrs. Parthenia W. Hill, aged
+seventy-nine years, widow of Samuel Hill, the New Salem merchant;
+James McGrady Rutledge, aged eighty-one years; John Potter, aged
+eighty-seven years; and Thomas Watkins, aged seventy-one years--all
+now living at Petersburg, Illinois. Mrs. Hill, a woman of more than
+ordinary intelligence, did not become a resident of New Salem until
+1835, the year in which she was married. Lincoln had then gone out
+of business, but she knew much of his store. "Berry and Lincoln,"
+she says, "did not keep any dry goods. They had a grocery, and I have
+always understood they sold whiskey." Mr. Rutledge, a nephew of James
+Rutledge the tavern-keeper, has a vivid recollection of the store.
+He says: "I have been in Berry and Lincoln's store many a time. The
+building was a frame--one of the few frame buildings in New Salem.
+There were two rooms, and in the small back room they kept their
+whiskey. They had pretty much everything, except dry goods--sugar,
+coffee, some crockery, a few pairs of shoes (not many), some farming
+implements, and the like. Whiskey, of course, was a necessary part of
+their stock. I remember one transaction in particular which I had with
+them. I sold the firm a load of wheat, which they turned over to the
+mill." Mr. Potter, who remembers the morning when Lincoln, then a
+stranger on his way to New Salem, stopped at his father's house
+and ate breakfast, knows less about the store, but says: "It was a
+grocery, and they sold whiskey, of course." Thomas Watkins says that
+the store contained "a little candy, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, and
+the like;" though Mr. Watkins, being then a small boy, and living a
+mile in the country, was not a frequent visitor at the store.
+
+
+LINCOLN APPOINTED POSTMASTER.
+
+Business was not so brisk, however, in Berry and Lincoln's grocery,
+even after the license was granted, that the junior partner did not
+welcome an appointment as postmaster which he received in May, 1833.
+The appointment of a Whig by a Democratic administration seems to have
+been made without comment. "The office was too insignificant to make
+his politics an objection," say the autobiographical notes. The duties
+of the new office were not arduous, for letters were few, and their
+comings far between. At that date the mails were carried by four-horse
+post-coaches from city to city, and on horseback from central points
+into the country towns. The rates of postage were high. A single-sheet
+letter carried thirty miles or under cost six cents; thirty to eighty
+miles, ten cents; eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and
+one-half cents; one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles, eighteen
+and one-half cents; over four hundred miles, twenty-five cents. A copy
+of this magazine sent from New York to New Salem would have cost fully
+twenty-five cents. The mail was irregular in coming as well as light
+in its contents. Though supposed to arrive twice a week, it sometimes
+happened that a fortnight or more passed without any mail. Under these
+conditions the New Salem post-office was not a serious care.
+
+A large number of the patrons of the office lived in the country--many
+of them miles away--but generally Lincoln delivered their letters at
+their doors. These letters he would carefully place in the crown of
+his hat, and distribute them from house to house. Thus it was in a
+measure true that he kept the New Salem post-office in his hat. The
+habit of carrying papers in his hat clung to Lincoln; for, many years
+later, when he was a practising lawyer in Springfield, he apologized
+for failing to answer a letter promptly, by explaining: "When I
+received your letter I put it in my old hat, and buying a new one the
+next day, the old one was set aside, and so the letter was lost sight
+of for a time."
+
+But whether the mail was delivered by the postmaster himself, or the
+recipient came to the store to inquire, "Anything for me?" it was the
+habit "to stop and visit awhile." He who received a letter read it and
+told the contents; if he had a newspaper, usually the postmaster could
+tell him in advance what it contained, for one of the perquisites of
+the early post-office was the privilege of reading all printed matter
+before delivering it. Every day, then, Lincoln's acquaintance in New
+Salem, through his position as postmaster, became more intimate.
+
+
+A NEW OPENING.
+
+As the summer of 1833 went on, the condition of the store became more
+and more unsatisfactory. As the position of postmaster brought in only
+a small revenue, Lincoln was forced to take any odd work he could get.
+He helped in other stores in the town, split rails, and looked after
+the mill; but all this yielded only a scant and uncertain support, and
+when in the fall he had an opportunity to learn surveying, he accepted
+it eagerly.
+
+The condition of affairs in Illinois in the thirties made a demand for
+the services of surveyors. The immigration had been phenomenal. There
+were thousands of farms to be surveyed and thousands of "corners" to
+be located. Speculators bought up large tracts, and mapped out
+cities on paper. It was years before the first railroad was built
+in Illinois, and as all inland travelling was on horseback or in the
+stage-coach, each year hundreds of miles of wagon road were opened
+through woods and swamps and prairies. As the county of Sangamon was
+large and eagerly sought by immigrants, the county surveyor in 1833,
+one John Calhoun, needed deputies; but in a country so new it was no
+easy matter to find men with the requisite capacity.
+
+[Illustration: CONCORD CEMETERY.
+
+From a photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois. Concord
+cemetery lies seven miles northwest of the old town of New Salem, in a
+secluded place, surrounded by woods and pastures, away from the world.
+In this lonely spot Ann Rutledge was at first laid to rest. Thither
+Lincoln is said to have often come alone, and "sat in silence for
+hours at a time;" and it was to Ann Rutledge's grave here that he
+pointed and said: "There my heart lies buried." The old cemetery
+suffered the melancholy fate of New Salem. It became a neglected,
+deserted spot. The graves were lost in weeds, and a heavy growth of
+trees kept out the sun and filled the place with gloom. A dozen years
+ago this picture was taken. It was a blustery day in the autumn,
+and the weeds and trees were swaying before a furious gale. No other
+picture of the place, taken while Ann Rutledge was buried there, is
+known to be in existence. A picture of a cemetery, with the name of
+Ann Rutledge on a high, flat tombstone, has been published in two or
+three books; but it is not genuine, the "stone" being nothing more
+than a board improvised for the occasion. The grave of Ann Rutledge
+was never honored with a stone until the body was taken up in 1890
+and removed to Oakland cemetery, a mile southwest of Petersburg.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+With Lincoln, Calhoun had little, if any, personal acquaintance, for
+they lived twenty miles apart. Lincoln, however, had made himself
+known by his meteoric race for the legislature in 1832, and Calhoun
+had heard of him as an honest, intelligent, and trustworthy young man.
+One day he sent word to Lincoln by Pollard Simmons, who lived in the
+New Salem neighborhood, that he had decided to appoint him a deputy
+surveyor if he would accept the position.
+
+Going into the woods, Simmons found Lincoln engaged in his old
+occupation of making rails. The two sat down together on a log, and
+Simmons told Lincoln what Calhoun had said. It was a surprise to
+Lincoln. Calhoun was a "Jackson man;" he was for Clay. What did he
+know about surveying, and why should a Democratic official offer him
+a position of any kind? He immediately went to Springfield, and had
+a talk with Calhoun. He would not accept the appointment, he said,
+unless he had the assurance that it involved no political obligation,
+and that he might continue to express his political opinions as
+freely and frequently as he chose. This assurance was given. The
+only difficulty then in the way was the fact that he knew absolutely
+nothing of surveying. But Calhoun, of course, understood this, and
+agreed that he should have time to learn.
+
+With the promptness of action with which he always undertook anything
+he had to do, he procured Flint and Gibson's treatise on surveying,
+and sought Mentor Graham for help. At a sacrifice of some time, the
+schoolmaster aided him to a partial mastery of the intricate subject.
+Lincoln worked literally day and night, sitting up night after night
+until the crowing of the cock warned him of the approaching dawn.
+So hard did he study that his friends were greatly concerned at his
+haggard face. But in six weeks he had mastered all the books
+within reach relating to the subject--a task which, under ordinary
+circumstances, would hardly have been achieved in as many months.
+Reporting to Calhoun for duty (greatly to the amazement of that
+gentleman), he was at once assigned to the territory in the northwest
+part of the county, and the first work he did of which there is any
+authentic record was in January, 1834. In that month he surveyed a
+piece of land for Russell Godby, dating the certificate January 14,
+1834, and signing it "J. Calhoun, S.S.C., by A. Lincoln."
+
+Lincoln was frequently employed in laying out public roads, being
+selected for that purpose by the County Commissioners' Court. So
+far as can be learned from the official records, the first road he
+surveyed was "from Musick's Ferry on Salt Creek, via New Salem, to the
+county line in the direction of Jacksonville." For this he was allowed
+fifteen dollars for five days' service, and two dollars and fifty
+cents for a plat of the new road. The next road he surveyed, according
+to the records, was that leading from Athens to Sangamon town. This
+was reported to the County Commissioners' Court November 4, 1834.
+But road surveying was only a small portion of his work. He was more
+frequently employed by private individuals.
+
+
+SURVEYING WITH A GRAPEVINE.
+
+According to tradition, when he first took up the business he was too
+poor to buy a chain, and, instead, used a long, straight grape-vine.
+Probably this is a myth, though surveyors who had experience in the
+early days say it may be true. The chains commonly used at that time
+were made of iron. Constant use wore away and weakened the links, and
+it was no unusual thing for a chain to lengthen six inches after a
+year's use. "And a good grape-vine," to use the words of a veteran
+surveyor, "would give quite as satisfactory results as one of those
+old-fashioned chains."
+
+Lincoln's surveys had the extraordinary merit of being correct. Much
+of the government work had been rather indifferently done, or the
+government corners had been imperfectly preserved, and there were
+frequent disputes between adjacent land-owners about boundary lines.
+Frequently Lincoln was called upon in such cases to find the corner
+in controversy. His verdict was invariably the end of the dispute, so
+general was the confidence in his honesty and skill. Some of these
+old corners located by him are still in existence. The people of
+Petersburg proudly remember that they live in a town which was laid
+out by Lincoln. This he did in 1836, and it was the work of several
+weeks.
+
+Lincoln's pay as a surveyor was three dollars a day, more than he had
+ever before earned. Compared with the compensation for like services
+nowadays it seems small enough; but at that time it was really
+princely. The Governor of the State received a salary of only one
+thousand dollars a year, the Secretary of State six hundred dollars,
+and good board and lodging could be obtained for one dollar a week.
+But even three dollars a day did not enable him to meet all his
+financial obligations. The heavy debts of the store hung over him.
+The long distances he had to travel in his new employment had made it
+necessary to buy a horse, and for it he had gone into debt.
+
+"My father," says Thomas Watkins of Petersburg, who remembers the
+circumstances well, "sold Lincoln the horse, and my recollection is
+that Lincoln agreed to pay him fifty dollars for it. Lincoln was a
+little slow in making the payments, and after he had paid all but ten
+dollars, my father, who was a high-strung man, became impatient, and
+sued him for the balance. Lincoln, of course, did not deny the debt,
+and raised the money and paid it. I do not often tell this," Mr.
+Watkins adds, "because I have always thought there never was such a
+man as Lincoln, and I have always been sorry father sued him."
+
+
+BUSINESS REVERSES.
+
+Between his duties as deputy surveyor and postmaster, Lincoln had
+little leisure for the store, and its management had passed into the
+hands of Berry. The stock of groceries was on the wane. The numerous
+obligations of the firm were maturing, with no money to meet them.
+Both members of the firm, in the face of such obstacles, lost courage;
+and when, early in 1834, Alexander and William Trent asked if the
+store was for sale, an affirmative answer was eagerly given. A price
+was agreed upon, and the sale was made. Now, neither Alexander Trent
+nor his brother had any money; but as Berry and Lincoln had bought
+without money, it seemed only fair that they should be willing to sell
+on the same terms. Accordingly the notes of the Trent brothers were
+accepted for the purchase price, and the store was turned over to the
+new owners. But about the time their notes fell due the Trent brothers
+disappeared. The few groceries in the store were seized by creditors,
+and the doors were closed, never to be opened again.
+
+Misfortunes now crowded upon Lincoln. His late partner, Berry, soon
+reached the end of his wild career; and one morning a farmer from the
+Rock Creek neighborhood drove into New Salem with the news that he was
+dead.
+
+The appalling debt which had accumulated was thrown upon Lincoln's
+shoulders. It was then too common a fashion among men who became
+deluged in debt to "clear out," in the expressive language of the
+pioneer, as the Trents had done; but this was not Lincoln's way. He
+quietly settled down among the men he owed, and promised to pay them.
+For fifteen years he carried this burden--a load which he cheerfully
+and manfully bore, but one so heavy that he habitually spoke of it
+as the "national debt." Talking once of it to a friend, Lincoln said:
+"That debt was the greatest obstacle I have ever met in life; I had no
+way of speculating, and could not earn money except by labor, and to
+earn by labor eleven hundred dollars, besides my living, seemed the
+work of a lifetime. There was, however, but one way. I went to the
+creditors, and told them that if they would let me alone, I would give
+them all I could earn over my living, as fast as I could earn it." As
+late as 1848, so we are informed by Mr. Herndon, Mr. Lincoln, then
+a member of Congress, sent home money saved from his salary to be
+applied on these obligations. All the notes, with interest at the high
+rates then prevailing, were at last paid.
+
+With a single exception Lincoln's creditors seem to have been lenient.
+One of the notes given by him came into the hands of a Mr. Van Bergen,
+who, when it fell due, brought suit. The amount of the judgment was
+more than Lincoln could pay, and his personal effects were levied
+upon. These consisted of his horse, saddle and bridle, and surveying
+instruments. James Short, a well-to-do farmer living on Sand Ridge a
+few miles north of New Salem, heard of the trouble which had befallen
+his young friend. Without advising Lincoln of his plans he attended
+the sale, bought in the horse and surveying instruments for one
+hundred and twenty dollars, and turned them over to their former
+owner.
+
+[Illustration: STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
+
+Lincoln's first meeting with Douglas occurred at the State capital,
+Vandalia, in the winter of 1834-35, when Lincoln was serving his first
+term in the legislature, and Douglas was an applicant for the office
+of State attorney for the first judicial district of Illinois.]
+
+Lincoln never forgot a benefactor. He not only repaid the money with
+interest, but nearly thirty years later remembered the kindness in a
+most substantial way. After Lincoln left New Salem financial reverses
+came to James Short, and he removed to the far West to seek his
+fortune anew. Early in Lincoln's presidential term he heard that
+"Uncle Jimmy" was living in California. One day Mr. Short received a
+letter from Washington, D.C. Tearing it open, he read the gratifying
+announcement that he had been commissioned an Indian agent.
+
+
+THE KINDNESS SHOWN LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM.
+
+The kindness of Mr. Short was not exceptional in Lincoln's New
+Salem career. When the store had "winked out," as he put it, and the
+post-office had been left without headquarters, one of his neighbors,
+Samuel Hill, invited the homeless postmaster into his store. There was
+hardly a man or woman in the community who would not have been glad
+to do as much. It was a simple recognition on their part of Lincoln's
+friendliness to them. He was what they called "obliging"--a man who
+instinctively did the thing which he saw would help another, no matter
+how trivial or homely it was. In the home of Rowan Herndon, where he
+had boarded when he first came to the town, he had made himself loved
+by his care of the children. "He nearly always had one of them
+around with him," says Mr. Herndon. In the Rutledge tavern, where he
+afterwards lived, the landlord told with appreciation how, when his
+house was full, Lincoln gave up his bed, went to the store, and slept
+on the counter, his pillow a web of calico. If a traveller "stuck in
+the mud" in New Salem's one street, Lincoln was always the first to
+help pull out the wheel. The widows praised him because he "chopped
+their wood;" the overworked, because he was always ready to give them
+a lift. It was the spontaneous, unobtrusive helpfulness of the man's
+nature which endeared him to everybody and which inspired a general
+desire to do all possible in return. There are many tales told of
+homely service rendered him, even by the hard-working farmers' wives
+around New Salem. There was not one of them who did not gladly "put on
+a plate" for Abe Lincoln when he appeared, or would not darn or mend
+for him when she knew he needed it. Hannah Armstrong, the wife of the
+hero of Clary's Grove, made him one of her family. "Abe would come out
+to our house," she said, "drink milk, eat mush, cornbread and
+butter, bring the children candy, and rock the cradle while I got him
+something to eat.... Has stayed at our house two or three weeks at
+a time." Lincoln's pay for his first piece of surveying came in the
+shape of two buckskins, and it was Hannah who "foxed" them on his
+trousers.
+
+His relations were equally friendly in the better homes of the
+community; even at the minister's, the Rev. John Cameron's, he was
+perfectly at home, and Mrs. Cameron was by him affectionately called
+"Aunt Polly." It was not only his kindly service which made Lincoln
+loved; it was his sympathetic comprehension of the lives and joys and
+sorrows and interests of the people. Whether it was Jack Armstrong
+and his wrestling, Hannah and her babies, Kelso and his fishing and
+poetry, the schoolmaster and his books--with one and all he was at
+home. He possessed in an extraordinary degree the power of entering
+into the interests of others, a power found only in reflective,
+unselfish natures endowed with a humorous sense of human foibles,
+coupled with great tenderness of heart. Men and women amused Lincoln,
+but so long as they were sincere he loved them and sympathized with
+them. He was human in the best sense of that fine word.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S ACQUAINTANCE IN SANGAMON COUNTY IS EXTENDED.
+
+Now that the store was closed and his surveying increased, Lincoln
+had an excellent opportunity to extend his acquaintance, for he was
+travelling about the country. Everywhere he won friends. The surveyor
+naturally was respected for his calling's sake, but the new deputy
+surveyor was admired for his friendly ways, his willingness to lend
+a hand indoors as well as out, his learning, his ambition, his
+independence. Throughout the county he began to be regarded as "a
+right smart young man." Some of his associates appear even to have
+comprehended his peculiarly great character and dimly to have foreseen
+a splendid future. "Often," says Daniel Green Burner, Berry and
+Lincoln's clerk in the grocery, "I have heard my brother-in-law, Dr.
+Duncan, say he would not be surprised if some day Abe Lincoln got to
+be Governor of Illinois. Lincoln," Mr. Burner adds, "was thought to
+know a little more than anybody else among the young people. He was a
+good debater, and liked it. He read much, and seemed never to forget
+anything."
+
+Lincoln was fully conscious of his popularity, and it seemed to him
+in 1834 that he could safely venture to try again for the legislature.
+Accordingly he announced himself as a candidate, spending much of the
+summer of 1834 in electioneering. It was a repetition of what he
+had done in 1832, though on the larger scale made possible by wider
+acquaintance. In company with the other candidates, he rode up and
+down the county, making speeches in the public squares, in shady
+groves, now and then in a log school-house. In his speeches he soon
+distinguished himself by the amazing candor with which he dealt with
+all questions, and by his curious blending of audacity and humility.
+Wherever he saw a crowd of men he joined them, and he never failed
+to adapt himself to their point of view in asking for votes. If the
+degree of physical strength was their test for a candidate, he was
+ready to lift a weight or wrestle with the country-side champion; if
+the amount of grain a man could cradle would recommend him, he seized
+the cradle and showed the swath he could cut. The campaign was well
+conducted, for in August he was elected one of the four assemblymen
+from Sangamon. The vote at this election stood: Dawson, 1390; Lincoln,
+1376; Carpenter, 1170; Stuart, 1164.[3]
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO
+STUDY LAW.
+
+Born in Kentucky in 1807. At twenty-one, on being admitted to the bar,
+he removed to Springfield, Illinois, and was soon prominent in his
+profession. He was a member of the legislature from 1832 to 1836.
+In 1838 he defeated Stephen A. Douglas for Congress, and served
+two terms--as a Whig. In 1863 and 1864 he served a third term--as a
+Democrat. He served also in the State Senate, and was a major in the
+Black Hawk War. He died in 1885.]
+
+
+HE FINALLY DECIDES ON A LEGAL CAREER.
+
+The best thing which Lincoln did in the canvass of 1834 was not
+winning votes; it was coming to a determination to read law, not for
+pleasure but as a business. In his autobiographical notes he says:
+"During the canvass, in a private conversation Major John T. Stuart
+(one of his fellow-candidates) encouraged Abraham to study law. After
+the election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him, and
+went at it in good earnest. He never studied with anybody." He seems
+to have thrown himself into the work with an almost impatient ardor.
+As he tramped back and forth from Springfield, twenty miles away, to
+get his law-books, he read sometimes forty pages or more on the way.
+Often he was seen wandering at random across the fields, repeating
+aloud the points in his last reading. The subject seemed never to be
+out of his mind. It was the great absorbing interest of his life. The
+rule he gave twenty years later to a young man who wanted to know how
+to become a lawyer, seems to have been the one he practised.[4]
+
+Having secured a book of legal forms, he was soon able to write deeds,
+contracts, and all sorts of legal instruments; and he was frequently
+called upon by his neighbors to perform services of this kind. "In
+1834," says Daniel Green Burner, Berry and Lincoln's clerk, "my
+father, Isaac Burner, sold out to Henry Onstott, and he wanted a deed
+written. I knew how handy Lincoln was that way, and suggested that we
+get him. We found him sitting on a stump. 'All right,' said he, when
+informed what we wanted. 'If you will bring me a pen and ink and a
+piece of paper I will write it here.' I brought him these articles,
+and, picking up a shingle and putting it on his knee for a desk, he
+wrote out the deed." As there was no practising lawyer nearer than
+Springfield, Lincoln was often employed to act the part of advocate
+before the village squire, at that time Bowling Green. He realized
+that this experience was valuable, and never, so far as known,
+demanded or accepted a fee for his services in these petty cases.
+
+Justice was sometimes administered in a summary way in Squire Green's
+court. Precedents and the venerable rules of law had little weight.
+The "Squire" took judicial notice of a great many facts, often going
+so far as to fill, simultaneously, the two functions of witness and
+court. But his decisions were generally just.
+
+James McGrady Rutledge tells a story in which several of Lincoln's old
+friends figure and which illustrates the legal practices of New Salem.
+"Jack Kelso," says Mr. Rutledge, "owned or claimed to own a white
+hog. It was also claimed by John Ferguson. The hog had often wandered
+around Bowling Green's place, and he was somewhat acquainted with it.
+Ferguson sued Kelso, and the case was tried before 'Squire' Green. The
+plaintiff produced two witnesses who testified positively that the hog
+belonged to him. Kelso had nothing to offer, save his own unsupported
+claim.
+
+"'Are there any more witnesses?' inquired the court.
+
+"He was informed that there were no more.
+
+"'Well,' said 'Squire' Green, 'the two witnesses we have heard have
+sworn to a ---- lie. I know this shoat, and I know it belongs to Jack
+Kelso. I therefore decide this case in his favor.'"
+
+An extract from the record of the County Commissioners' Court
+illustrates the nature of the cases that came before the justice
+of the peace in Lincoln's day. It also shows the price put upon the
+privilege of working on Sunday, in 1832:
+
+    JANUARY 29, 1832.--Alexander Gibson found guilty of
+    Sabbath-breaking and fined 12-1/2 cents. Fine paid into court.
+
+    "(Signed) EDWARD ROBINSON, J.P."
+
+
+LINCOLN ENTERS THE ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY.
+
+The session of the ninth Assembly began December 1, 1834, and Lincoln
+went to the capital, then Vandalia, seventy-five miles southeast of
+New Salem, on the Kaskaskia River, in time for the opening. Vandalia
+was a town which had been called into existence in 1820 especially
+to give the State government an abiding-place. Its very name had been
+chosen, it is said, because it "sounded well" for a State capital. As
+the tradition goes, while the commissioners were debating what they
+should call the town they were making, a wag suggested that it be
+named Vandalia, in honor of the Vandals, a tribe of Indians which,
+said he, had once lived on the borders of the Kaskaskia; this, he
+argued, would conserve a local tradition while giving a euphonous
+title. The commissioners, pleased with so good a suggestion, adopted
+the name. When Lincoln first went to Vandalia it was a town of about
+eight hundred inhabitants; its noteworthy features, according to
+Peck's "Gazetteer" of Illinois for 1834, being a brick court-house, a
+two-story brick edifice "used by State officers," "a neat framed house
+of worship for the Presbyterian Society, with a cupola and bell,"
+"a framed meeting-house for the Methodist Society," three taverns,
+several stores, five lawyers, four physicians, a land office, and two
+newspapers. It was a much larger town than Lincoln had ever lived in
+before, though he was familiar with Springfield, then twice as large
+as Vandalia, and he had seen the cities of the Mississippi.
+
+The Assembly which he entered was composed of eighty-one
+members,--twenty-six senators, fifty-five representatives. As a rule,
+these men were of Kentucky, Tennessee, or Virginia origin, with here
+and there a Frenchman. There were but few Eastern men, for there
+was still a strong prejudice in the State against Yankees. The
+close bargains and superior airs of the emigrants from New England
+contrasted so unpleasantly with the open-handed hospitality and the
+easy ways of the Southerners and French, that a pioneer's prospects
+were blasted at the start if he acted like a Yankee. A history of
+Illinois in 1837, published evidently to "boom" the State, cautioned
+the emigrant that if he began his life in Illinois by "affecting
+superior intelligence and virtue, and catechizing the people for their
+habits of plainness and simplicity and their apparent want of those
+things which he imagines indispensable to comfort," he must expect
+to be forever marked as "a Yankee," and to have his prospects
+correspondingly defeated. A "hard-shell" Baptist preacher of about
+this date showed the feeling of the people when he said, in preaching
+of the richness of the grace of the Lord: "It tuks in the isles of the
+sea and the uttermust part of the yeth. It embraces the Esquimaux and
+the Hottentots, and some, my dear brethering, go so far as to suppose
+that it tuks in the poor benighted Yankees, but _I don't go that
+fur_." When it came to an election of legislators, many of the people
+"didn't go that fur" either.
+
+There was a preponderance of jean suits like Lincoln's in the
+Assembly, and there were coonskin caps and buckskin trousers.
+Nevertheless, more than one member showed a studied garb and a courtly
+manner. Some of the best blood of the South went into the making of
+Illinois, and it showed itself from the first in the Assembly. The
+surroundings of the legislators were quite as simple as the attire
+of the plainest of them. The court-house, in good old Colonial style,
+with square pillars and belfry, was finished with wooden desks and
+benches. The State furnished her law-makers no superfluities--three
+dollars a day, a cork inkstand, a certain number of quills, and a
+limited amount of stationery was all an Illinois legislator in 1834
+got from his position. Scarcely more could be expected from a State
+whose revenues from December 1, 1834, to December 1, 1836, were only
+about one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, with expenditures
+during the same period amounting to less than one hundred and
+sixty-five thousand dollars.
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S
+FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE.
+
+Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838, was born in
+Kentucky in 1794. The son of an officer of the regular army, he,
+at nineteen, became a soldier in the war of 1812, and did gallant
+service. He removed to Illinois in 1818, and soon became prominent
+in the State, serving as a major-general of militia, a State Senator,
+and, from 1826 to 1834, as a member of Congress, resigning from
+Congress to take the office of Governor. He was at first a Democrat,
+but afterwards became a Whig. He was a man of the highest character
+and public spirit. He died in 1844.]
+
+Lincoln thought little of these things, no doubt. To him the absorbing
+interest was the men he met. To get acquainted with them, measure
+them, compare himself with them, and discover wherein they were his
+superiors and what he could do to make good his deficiency--this
+was his chief occupation. The men he met were good subjects for such
+study. Among them were Wm. L.D. Ewing, Jesse K. Dubois, Stephen T.
+Logan, Theodore Ford, and Governor Duncan--men destined to play large
+parts in the history of the State. One whom he met that winter in
+Vandalia was destined to play a great part in the history of the
+nation--the Democratic candidate for the office of State attorney for
+the first judicial district of Illinois; a man four years younger than
+Lincoln--he was only twenty-one at the time; a new-comer, too, in the
+State, having arrived about a year before, under no very promising
+auspices either, for he had only thirty-seven cents in his pockets,
+and no position in view; but a man of metal, it was easy to see, for
+already he had risen so high in the district where he had settled,
+that he dared contest the office of State attorney with John J.
+Hardin, one of the most successful lawyers of the State. This young
+man was Stephen A. Douglas. He had come to Vandalia from Morgan County
+to conduct his campaign, and Lincoln met him first in the halls of
+the old court-house, where he and his friends carried on with success
+their contest against Hardin.
+
+The ninth Assembly gathered in a more hopeful and ambitious mood than
+any of its predecessors. Illinois was feeling well. The State was free
+from debt. The Black Hawk War had stimulated the people greatly, for
+it had brought a large amount of money into circulation. In fact, the
+greater portion of the eight to ten million dollars the war had cost
+had been circulated among the Illinois volunteers. Immigration, too,
+was increasing at a bewildering rate. In 1835 the census showed a
+population of 269,974. Between 1830 and 1835 two-fifths of this number
+had come in. In the northeast Chicago had begun to rise. "Even for
+Western towns" its growth had been unusually rapid, declared Peck's
+"Gazetteer" of 1834; the harbor building there, the proposed Michigan
+and Illinois canal, the rise in town lots--all promised to the State a
+metropolis. To meet the rising tide of prosperity, the legislators of
+1834 felt that they must devise some worthy scheme, so they chartered
+a new State bank with a capital of one million five hundred thousand
+dollars, and revived a bank which had broken twelve years before,
+granting it a charter of three hundred thousand dollars. There was
+no surplus money in the State to supply the capital; there were no
+trained bankers to guide the concern; there was no clear notion of
+how it was all to be done; but a banking capital of one million eight
+hundred thousand dollars would be a good thing in the State, they were
+sure; and if the East could be made to believe in Illinois as much as
+her legislators believed in her, the stocks would go, and so the banks
+were chartered.
+
+But even more important to the State than banks was a highway. For
+thirteen years plans of the Illinois and Michigan canal had been
+constantly before the Assembly. Surveys had been ordered, estimates
+reported, the advantages extolled, but nothing had been done. Now,
+however, the Assembly, flushed by the first thrill of the coming
+"boom," decided to authorize a loan of a half-million on the credit of
+the State. Lincoln favored both these measures. He did not, however,
+do anything especially noteworthy for either of the bills, nor was the
+record he made in other directions at all remarkable. He was placed
+on the committee of public accounts and expenditures, and attended
+meetings with great fidelity. His first act as a member was to give
+notice that he would ask leave to introduce a bill limiting the
+jurisdiction of justices of the peace--a measure which he succeeded in
+carrying through. He followed this by a motion to change the rules, so
+that it should not be in order to offer amendments to any bill after
+the third reading, which was not agreed to; though the same rule, in
+effect, was adopted some years later, and is to this day in force in
+both branches of the Illinois Assembly. He next made a motion to take
+from the table a report which had been submitted by his committee,
+which met a like fate. His first resolution, relating to a State
+revenue to be derived from the sales of the public lands, was denied
+a reference, and laid upon the table. Neither as a speaker nor an
+organizer did he make any especial impression on the body.
+
+
+THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.
+
+In the spring of 1835 the young representative from Sangamon returned
+to New Salem to take up his duties as postmaster and deputy surveyor,
+and to resume his law studies. He exchanged his rather exalted
+position for the humbler one with a light heart. New Salem held all
+that was dearest in the world to him at that moment, and he went back
+to the poor little town with a hope, which he had once supposed honor
+forbade his acknowledging even to himself, glowing warmly in his
+heart. He loved a young girl of that town, and now for the first time,
+though he had known her since he first came to New Salem, was he free
+to tell his love.
+
+One of the most prominent families of the settlement in 1831, when
+Lincoln first appeared there, was that of James Rutledge. The head of
+the house was one of the founders of New Salem, and at that time the
+keeper of the village tavern. He was a high-minded man, of a warm and
+generous nature, and had the universal respect of the community. He
+was a South Carolinian by birth, but had lived many years in Kentucky
+before coming to Illinois. Rutledge came of a distinguished family:
+one of his ancestors signed the Declaration of Independence; another
+was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by
+appointment of Washington, and another was a conspicuous leader in the
+American Congress.
+
+The third of the nine children in the Rutledge household was a
+daughter, Ann Mayes, born in Kentucky, January 7, 1813. When Lincoln
+first met her she was nineteen years old, and as fresh as a flower.
+Many of those who knew her at that time have left tributes to her
+beauty and gentleness, and even to-day there are those living who talk
+of her with moistened eyes and softened tones. "She was a beautiful
+girl," says her cousin, James McGrady Rutledge, "and as bright as
+she was pretty. She was well educated for that early day, a good
+conversationalist, and always gentle and cheerful. A girl whose
+company people liked." So fair a maid was not, of course, without
+suitors. The most determined of those who sought her hand was one John
+McNeill, a young man who had arrived in New Salem from New York soon
+after the founding of the town. Nothing was known of his antecedents,
+and no questions were asked. He was understood to be merely one of
+the thousands who had come West in search of fortune. That he was
+intelligent, industrious, and frugal, with a good head for business,
+was at once apparent; for he and Samuel Hill opened a general store
+and they soon doubled their capital, and their business continued
+to grow marvellously. In four years from his first appearance in the
+settlement, besides having a half-interest in the store, he owned a
+large farm a few miles north of New Salem. His neighbors believed him
+to be worth about twelve thousand dollars.
+
+John McNeill was an unmarried man--at least so he represented himself
+to be--and very soon after becoming a resident of New Salem he formed
+the acquaintance of Ann Rutledge, then a girl of seventeen. It was a
+case of love at first sight, and the two soon became engaged, in spite
+of the rivalry of Samuel Hill, McNeill's partner. But Ann was as yet
+only a young girl; and it was thought very sensible in her and very
+gracious and considerate in her lover that both acquiesced in the
+wishes of Ann's parents that, for some time at least, the marriage be
+postponed.
+
+Such was the situation when Lincoln appeared in New Salem. He
+naturally soon became acquainted with the girl. She was a pupil in
+Mentor Graham's school, where he frequently visited, and rumor says
+that he first met her there. However that may be, it is certain that
+in the latter part of 1832 he went to board at the Rutledge tavern and
+there was thrown daily into her company.
+
+During the next year, 1833, John McNeill, in spite of his fair
+prospects, became restless and discontented. He wanted to see his
+people, he said, and before the end of the year he had decided to go
+East for a visit. To secure perfect freedom from his business while
+gone, he sold out his interest in his store. To Ann he said that he
+hoped to bring back his father and mother, and to place them on his
+farm. "This duty done," was his farewell word, "you and I will be
+married." In the spring of 1834 McNeill started East. The journey
+overland by foot and horse was in those days a trying one, and on the
+way McNeill fell ill with chills and fever. It was late in the summer
+before he reached his home, and wrote back to Ann, explaining his
+silence. The long wait had been a severe strain on the girl, and
+Lincoln had watched her anxiety with softened heart. It was to him,
+the New Salem postmaster, that she came to inquire for letters. It was
+to him she entrusted those she sent. In a way the postmaster must have
+become the girl's confidant; and his tender heart, which never could
+resist suffering, must have been deeply touched. After the long
+silence was broken, and McNeill's first letter of explanation came,
+the cause of anxiety seemed removed; but, strangely enough, other
+letters followed only at long intervals, and finally they ceased
+altogether. Then it was that the young girl told her friends a secret
+which McNeill had confided to her before leaving New Salem.
+
+He had told her what she had never even suspected before, that John
+McNeill was not his real name, but that it was John McNamar. Shortly
+before he came to New Salem, he explained, his father had suffered a
+disastrous failure in business. He was the oldest son; and in the hope
+of retrieving the lost fortune, he resolved to go West, expecting
+to return in a few years and share his riches with the rest of the
+family. Anticipating parental opposition, he ran away from home; and,
+being sure that he could never accumulate anything with so numerous a
+family to support, he endeavored to lose himself by a change of name.
+All this Ann had believed and not repeated; but now, worn out by
+waiting, she took the story to her friends.
+
+With few exceptions they pronounced the story a fabrication and
+McNamar an impostor. Why had he worn this mask? His excuse seemed
+flimsy. At best, they declared, he was a mere adventurer; and was
+it not more probable that he was a fugitive from justice--a thief, a
+swindler, or a murderer? And who knew how many wives he might have?
+With all New Salem declaring John McNamar false, Ann Rutledge
+could hardly be blamed for imagining that he was either dead or had
+transferred his affections.
+
+It was not until McNeill, or McNamar, had been gone many months, and
+gossip had become offensive, that Lincoln ventured to show his love
+for Ann, and then it was a long time before the girl would listen
+to his suit. Convinced at last, however, that her former lover had
+deserted her, she yielded to Lincoln's wishes and promised, in the
+spring of 1835, soon after Lincoln's return from Vandalia, to
+become his wife. But Lincoln had nothing on which to support a
+family--indeed, he found it no trifling task to support himself. As
+for Ann, she was anxious to go to school another year. It was decided
+that in the autumn she should go with her brother to Jacksonville and
+spend the winter there in an academy. Lincoln was to devote himself
+to his law studies; and the next spring, when she returned from school
+and he was a member of the bar, they were to be married.
+
+A happy spring and summer followed. New Salem took a cordial interest
+in the two lovers and presaged a happy life for them, and all would
+undoubtedly have gone well if the young girl could have dismissed the
+haunting memory of her old lover. The possibility that she had wronged
+him, that he might reappear, that he loved her still, though she now
+loved another, that perhaps she had done wrong--a torturing conflict
+of memory, love, conscience, doubt, and morbidness lay like a shadow
+across her happiness, and wore upon her until she fell ill. Gradually
+her condition became hopeless; and Lincoln, who had been shut from
+her, was sent for. The lovers passed an hour alone in an anguished
+parting, and soon after, on August 25, 1835, Ann died.
+
+The death of Ann Rutledge plunged Lincoln into the deepest gloom. That
+abiding melancholy, that painful sense of the incompleteness of life
+which had been his mother's dowry to him, asserted itself. It filled
+and darkened his mind and his imagination, tortured him with its black
+pictures. One stormy night Lincoln was sitting beside William Greene,
+his head bowed on his hand, while tears trickled through his fingers;
+his friend begged him to control his sorrow, to try to forget. "I
+cannot," moaned Lincoln; "the thought of the snow and rain on her
+grave fills me with indescribable grief."
+
+He was seen walking alone by the river and through the woods,
+muttering strange things to himself. He seemed to his friends to be in
+the shadow of madness. They kept a close watch over him; and at last
+Bowling Green, one of the most devoted friends Lincoln then had, took
+him home to his little log cabin, half a mile north of New Salem,
+under the brow of a big bluff. Here, under the loving care of Green
+and his good wife Nancy, Lincoln remained until he was once more
+master of himself.
+
+But though he had regained self-control, his grief was deep and
+bitter. Ann Rutledge was buried in Concord cemetery, a country
+burying-ground seven miles northwest of New Salem. To this lonely
+spot Lincoln frequently journeyed to weep over her grave. "My heart is
+buried there," he said to one of his friends.
+
+When McNamar returned (for McNamar's story was true, and two months
+after Ann Rutledge died he drove into New Salem with his widowed
+mother and his brothers and sisters in the "prairie schooner" beside
+him) and learned of Ann's death, he "saw Lincoln at the post-office,"
+as he afterward said, and "he seemed desolate and sorely distressed."
+
+McNamar's strange conduct toward Ann Rutledge is to this day a
+mystery. Her death apparently produced upon him no deep impression.
+He certainly experienced no such sorrow as Lincoln felt, for within a
+year he married another woman.
+
+Many years ago a sister of Ann Rutledge, Mrs. Jeane Berry, told what
+she knew of Ann's love affairs; and her statement has been preserved
+in a diary kept by the Rev. R.D. Miller, now Superintendent of Schools
+of Menard County, with whom she had the conversation. She declared
+that Ann's "whole soul seemed wrapped up in Lincoln," and that they
+"would have been married in the fall or early winter" if Ann had
+lived. "After Ann died," said Mrs. Berry, "I remember that it was
+common talk about how sad Lincoln was; and I remember myself how sad
+he looked. They told me that every time he was in the neighborhood
+after she died, he would go alone to her grave and sit there in
+silence for hours."
+
+In later life, when his sorrow had become a memory, he told a friend
+who questioned him: "I really and truly loved the girl and think often
+of her now." There was a pause, and then the President added:
+
+"And I have loved the name of Rutledge to this day."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.
+
+When the death of Ann Rutledge came upon Lincoln, for a time
+threatening to destroy his ambition and blast his life, he was in a
+most encouraging position. Master of a profession in which he had an
+abundance of work and earned fair wages, hopeful of being admitted
+in a few months to the bar, a member of the State Assembly with every
+reason to believe that, if he desired it, his constituency would
+return him--few men are as far advanced at twenty-six as was Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+Intellectually he was far better equipped than he believed himself to
+be, better than he has ordinarily been credited with being. True,
+he had had no conventional college training, but he had by his own
+efforts attained the chief result of all preparatory study, the
+ability to take hold of a subject and assimilate it. The fact that in
+six weeks he had acquired enough of the science of surveying to enable
+him to serve as deputy surveyor shows how well-trained his mind was.
+The power to grasp a large subject quickly and fully is never an
+accident. The nights Lincoln spent in Gentryville lying on the floor
+in front of the fire figuring on the fire-shovel, the hours he passed
+in poring over the Statutes of Indiana, the days he wrestled with
+Kirkham's Grammar, alone made the mastery of Flint and Gibson
+possible. His struggle with Flint and Gibson made easier the volumes
+he borrowed from Major Stuart's law library.
+
+[Illustration: GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.
+
+From a photograph made for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE by C.S. McCullough,
+Petersburg, Illinois, in September, 1895. On the 15th of May, 1890,
+the remains of Ann Rutledge were removed from the long-neglected grave
+in the Concord grave-yard to a new and picturesque burying-ground a
+mile southwest of Petersburg, called Oakland cemetery. The old grave,
+though marked by no stone, was easily identified from the fact that
+Ann was buried by the side of her younger brother, David, who died in
+1842, upon the threshold of what promised to be a brilliant career
+as a lawyer. The removal was made by Samuel Montgomery, a prominent
+business man of Petersburg. He was accompanied to the grave by James
+McGrady Rutledge and a few others, who located the grave beyond doubt.
+In the new cemetery, the grave occupies a place somewhat apart from
+others. A young maple tree is growing beside it, and it is marked
+by an unpolished granite stone bearing the simple inscription "Ann
+Rutledge."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+Lincoln had a mental trait which explains his rapid growth in
+mastering subjects--seeing clearly was essential to him. He was
+unable to put a question aside until he understood it. It pursued him,
+irritated him until solved. Even in his Gentryville days his comrades
+noted that he was constantly searching for reasons and that he
+"explained so clearly." This characteristic became stronger with
+years. He was unwilling to pronounce himself on any subject until he
+understood it, and he could not let it alone until he had reached a
+conclusion which satisfied him.
+
+This seeing clearly became a splendid force in Lincoln; because when
+he once had reached a conclusion he had the honesty of soul to suit
+his actions to it. No consideration could induce him to abandon the
+course his reason told him was logical. Not that he was obstinate
+and having taken a position, would not change it if he saw on further
+study that he was wrong. In his first circular to the people of
+Sangamon County is this characteristic passage: "Upon the subjects I
+have treated, I have spoken as I thought. I may be wrong in any or
+all of them; but, holding it a sound maxim that it is better only
+sometimes to be right than at all times to be wrong, so soon as I
+discover my opinions to be erroneous, I shall be ready to renounce
+them."
+
+Joined to these strong mental and moral qualities was that power of
+immediate action which so often explains why one man succeeds in life
+while another of equal intelligence and uprightness fails. As soon
+as Lincoln saw a thing to do he did it. He wants to know; here is a
+book--it may be a biography, a volume of dry statutes, a collection of
+verse; no matter, he reads and ponders it until he has absorbed all it
+has for him. He is eager to see the world; a man offers him a position
+as a "hand" on a Mississippi flatboat; he takes it without a moment's
+hesitation over the toil and exposure it demands. John Calhoun
+is willing to make him a deputy surveyor; he knows nothing of the
+science; in six weeks he has learned enough to begin his labors.
+Sangamon County must have representatives, why not he? and his
+circular goes out. Ambition alone will not explain this power of
+instantaneous action. It comes largely from that active imagination
+which, when a new relation or position opens, seizes on all its
+possibilities and from them creates a situation so real that one
+enters with confidence upon what seems to the unimaginative the
+rashest undertaking. Lincoln saw the possibilities in things and
+immediately appropriated them.
+
+But the position he filled in Sangamon County in 1835 was not all
+due to these qualities; much was due to his personal charm. By all
+accounts he was big, awkward, ill-clad, shy--yet his sterling honor,
+his unselfish nature, his heart of the true gentleman, inspired
+respect and confidence. Men might laugh at his first appearance, but
+they were not long in recognizing the real superiority of his nature.
+
+Such was Abraham Lincoln at twenty-six, when the tragic death of Ann
+Rutledge made all that he had attained, all that he had planned, seem
+fruitless and empty. He was too sincere and just, too brave a man, to
+allow a great sorrow permanently to interfere with his activities.
+He rallied his forces, and returned to his law, his surveying,
+his politics. He brought to his work a new power, that insight and
+patience which only a great sorrow can give.
+
+(_Begun in the November number 1895; to be continued_)
+
+
+    LINCOLN'S BEARD--THE LETTER OF MRS. BILLINGS REFERRED TO ON
+    PAGE 217.
+
+    DELPHOS, KANSAS, _December 6, 1895_.
+    MISS TARBELL:
+
+    In reply to your letter of recent date inquiring about the
+    incident of my childhood and connected with Mr. Lincoln, I
+    would say that at the time of his first nomination to the
+    Presidency I was a child of eleven years, living with my
+    parents in Chautauqua County, N.Y.
+
+    My father was an ardent Republican, and possessed of a
+    profound admiration for the character of the grand man who
+    was the choice of his party. We younger children accepted his
+    opinions with unquestioning faith, and listened with great
+    delight to the anecdotes of his life current at that time, and
+    were particularly interested in reading of the difficulties he
+    encountered in getting an education; so much did it appeal to
+    our childish imaginations that _we_ were firmly persuaded that
+    if we could only study our lessons prone before the glow and
+    cheer of an open fire in a great fireplace, _we_ too might
+    rise to heights which now we could never attain. My father
+    brought to us, one day, a large poster, and my mind still
+    holds a recollection of its crude, coarse work and glaring
+    colors. About the edges were grouped in unadorned and
+    exaggerated ugliness the pictures of our former Presidents,
+    and in the midst of them were the faces of "Lincoln and
+    Hamlin," surrounded by way of a frame with a rail fence.
+    We are all familiar with the strong and rugged face of Mr.
+    Lincoln, the deep lines about the mouth, and the eyes have
+    much the same sorrowful expression in all the pictures I
+    have seen of him. I think I must have felt a certain
+    disappointment, for I said to my mother that he would look
+    much nicer if he wore whiskers, and straightway gave him the
+    benefit of my opinion in a letter, describing the poster and
+    hinting, rather broadly, that his appearance might be improved
+    if he would let his whiskers grow. Not wishing to wound his
+    feelings, I added that the rail fence around his picture
+    looked real pretty! I also asked him if he had any little
+    girl, and if so, and he was too busy to write and tell me what
+    he thought about it, if he would not let her do so; and ended
+    by assuring him I meant to try my best to induce two erring
+    brothers of the Democratic faith to cast their votes for him.
+    I think the circumstance would have speedily passed from my
+    mind but for the fact that I confided to an elder sister that
+    I had written to Mr. Lincoln, and had she not expressed a
+    doubt as to whether I had addressed him properly. To prove
+    that I had, and was not as ignorant as she thought me, I
+    re-wrote the address for her inspection: "_Hon. Abraham
+    Lincoln Esquire_."
+
+    My mortification at the laughter and ridicule excited was
+    somewhat relieved by my mother's remarking that "there should
+    be no mistake as to whom the letter belonged." The reply to
+    my poor little letter came in due time, and the following is a
+    copy of the original, which is _still in my possession_.
+
+    "_Private_.
+    "SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, _October 19, 1860_.
+    "MISS GRACE BEDELL.
+
+    "_My Dear little Miss_:--Your very agreeable letter of the
+    15th inst. is received. I regret the necessity of saying I
+    have no daughter. I have three sons; one seventeen, one
+    nine, and one seven years of age. They, with their mother,
+    constitute my whole family. As to the whiskers, having never
+    worn any, do you not think people would call it a piece of
+    silly affectation if I were to begin wearing them now? Your
+    very sincere well-wisher,
+
+    "A. LINCOLN."
+
+    Probably the frankness of the child appealed to the humorous
+    side of his nature, for the suggestion was acted upon.
+    After the election, and on his journey from Springfield to
+    Washington, he inquired of Hon. G.W. Patterson, who was one of
+    the party who accompanied him on that memorable trip, and who
+    was a resident of our town, if he knew of a family bearing the
+    name of Bedell. Mr. Patterson replying in the affirmative,
+    Mr. Lincoln said he "had received a letter from a little girl
+    called Grace Bedell, advising me to wear whiskers, as she
+    thought it would improve my looks." He said the character
+    of the "letter was so unique and so different from the many
+    self-seeking and threatening ones he was daily receiving that
+    it came to him as a relief and a pleasure." When the train
+    reached Westfield, Mr. Lincoln made a short speech from
+    the platform of the car, and in conclusion said he had a
+    correspondent there, relating the circumstance and giving my
+    name, and if she were present he would like to see her. I
+    was present, but in the crowd had neither seen nor heard the
+    speaker; but a gentleman helped me forward, and Mr. Lincoln
+    stepped down to the platform where I stood, shook my hand,
+    kissed me, and said: "You see I let these whiskers grow for
+    you, Grace." The crowd cheered, Mr. Lincoln reentered the car,
+    and I ran quickly home, looking at and speaking to no one,
+    with a much dilapidated bunch of roses in my hand, which I
+    had hoped might be passed up to Mr. Lincoln with some other
+    flowers which were to be presented, but which in my confusion
+    I had forgotten. Gentle and genial, simple and warm-hearted,
+    how full of anxiety must have been his life in the days which
+    followed. These words seem to fitly describe him: "A man of
+    sorrows and acquainted with grief." Very sincerely,
+
+    GRACE BEDELL BILLINGS.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: William D. Kelley, in "Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln."
+Edited by Allen Thorndike Rice, 1886.]
+
+[Footnote 2: This incident was told by Lincoln to Mr. A.J. Conant, the
+artist, who in 1860 painted his portrait in Springfield. Mr. Conant,
+in order to keep Mr. Lincoln's pleasant expression, had engaged him in
+conversation, and had questioned him about his early life; and it was
+in the course of their conversation that this incident came out. It
+is to be found in a delightful and suggestive article entitled, "My
+Acquaintance with Abraham Lincoln," contributed by Mr. Conant to the
+"Liber Scriptorum," and by his permission quoted here.]
+
+[Footnote 3: With one exception the biographers of Lincoln have given
+him the first place on the ticket in 1834. He really stood second
+in order, Herndon gives the correct vote, although he is in error in
+saying that the chief authority he quotes--a document owned by Dr.
+A.W. French of Springfield, Ill.--is an "official return." It is
+a copy of the official return made out in Lincoln's writing and
+certified to by the county clerk. The official return is on file in
+the Springfield court-house.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with
+Blackstone's Commentaries, and after reading carefully through, say
+twice, take up Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's Evidence, and Story's
+Equity in succession. Work, work, work, is the main thing."
+
+
+
+
+A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.
+
+BY IAN MACLAREN,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BESIDE THE BONNIE BRIER BUSH," ETC.
+
+
+Never had I met any man so methodical in his habits, so neat in
+his dress, so accurate in speech, so precise in manner as my
+fellow-lodger. When he took his bath in the morning I knew it was
+half-past seven, and when he rang for hot water, that it was a quarter
+to eight. Until a quarter-past he moved about the room in his slow,
+careful dressing, and then everything was quiet next door till
+half-past eight, when the low murmur of the Lord's Prayer concluded
+his devotions. Two minutes later he went downstairs--if he met
+a servant one could hear him say "Good morning"--and read his
+newspaper--he seldom had letters--till nine, when he rang for
+breakfast. Twenty-past nine he went upstairs and changed his coat,
+and he spent five minutes in the lobby selecting a pair of gloves,
+brushing his hat, and making a last survey for a speck of dust.
+One glove he put on opposite the hat-stand, and the second on the
+door-step; and when he touched the pavement you might have set your
+watch by nine-thirty. Once he was in the lobby at five-and-twenty
+minutes to ten, distressed and flurried.
+
+"I cut my chin slightly when shaving," he explained, "and the wound
+persists in bleeding. It has an untidy appearance, and a drop of blood
+might fall on a letter."
+
+The walk that morning was quite broken; and before reaching the
+corner, he had twice examined his chin with a handkerchief, and shaken
+his head as one whose position in life was now uncertain.
+
+"It is nothing in itself," he said afterwards, with an apologetic
+allusion to his anxiety, "and might not matter to another man. But any
+little misadventure--a yesterday's collar or a razor-cut, or even an
+inky finger--would render me helpless in dealing with people. They
+would simply look at the weak spot, and one would lose all authority.
+Some of the juniors smile when I impress on them to be very careful
+about their dress--quiet, of course, as becomes their situation, but
+unobjectionable. With more responsibility they will see the necessity
+of such details. I will remember your transparent sticking-plaster--a
+most valuable suggestion."
+
+His name was Frederick Augustus Perkins--so ran the card he left on my
+table a week after I settled in the next rooms; and the problem of his
+calling gradually became a standing vexation. It fell under the class
+of conundrums, and one remembered from childhood that it is mean to
+be told the answer; so I could not say to Mister Perkins--for it was
+characteristic of the prim little man that no properly constituted
+person could have said Perkins--"By the way, what is your line of
+things?" or any more decorous rendering of my curiosity.
+
+Mrs. Holmes--who was as a mother to Mr. Perkins and myself, as well
+as to two younger men of literary pursuits and irregular habits--had a
+gift of charming irrelevance, and was able to combine allusions to Mr.
+Perkins's orderly life and the amatory tendencies of a new cook in a
+mosaic of enthralling interest.
+
+"No, Betsy Jane has 'ad her notice, and goes this day week; not that
+her cookin's bad, but her brothers don't know when to leave. One was
+'ere no later than last night, though if he was her born brother,
+'e 'ad a different father and mother, or my name ain't 'Olmes. 'Your
+brother, Betsy Jane,' says I, 'ought not to talk in a strange 'ouse on
+family affairs till eleven o'clock.'
+
+"''E left at 'alf-past ten punctual,' says she, lookin' as hinnocent
+as a child, 'for I 'eard Mr. Perkins go up to 'is room as I was
+lettin' Jim out.'
+
+"'Betsy Jane,' I says, quite calm, 'where do you expeck to go to as
+doesn't know wot truth is?'--for Mr. Perkins leaves 'is room has
+the 'all clock starts on eleven, and 'e's in 'is bedroom at the last
+stroke. If she 'adn't brought in Mr. Perkins, she might 'ave deceived
+me--gettin' old and not bein' so quick in my 'earin' as I was; but
+that settled her.
+
+"'Alf-past," went on Mrs. Holmes, scornfully; "and 'im never varied
+two minutes the last ten years, except one night 'e fell asleep in 'is
+chair, being bad with hinfluenza.
+
+"For a regular single gentleman as rises in the morning and goes out,
+and comes in and takes 'is dinner, and goes to bed like the Medes and
+Persians, I've never seen 'is equal; an' it's five-and-twenty
+years since 'Olmes died, 'avin' a bad liver through takin' gin for
+rheumatics; an' Lizbeth Peevey says to me, 'Take lodgers, Jemima; not
+that they pays for the trouble, but it 'ill keep an 'ouse'....
+
+"Mr. Perkins' business?"--it was shabby, but the temptation came as a
+way of escape from the flow of Mrs. Holmes's autobiography--"now that
+I couldn't put a name on, for why, 'e never speaks about 'is affairs;
+just 'Good evening, Mrs. 'Olmes; I'll take fish for breakfast
+to-morrow;' more than that, or another blanket on 'is bed on the first
+of November, for it's by days, not cold, 'e goes...."
+
+It was evident that I must solve the problem for myself.
+
+[Illustration: "I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."]
+
+Mr. Perkins could not be a city man, for in the hottest June he never
+wore a white waistcoat, nor had he the swelling gait of one who made
+an occasional _coup_ in mines, and it went without saying that he did
+not write--a man who went to bed at eleven, and whose hair made
+no claim to distinction. One's mind fell back on the idea of
+law--conveyancing seemed probable--but his face lacked sharpness, and
+the alternative of confidential clerk to a firm of dry-salters was
+contradicted by an air of authority that raised observations on the
+weather to the level of a state document. The truth came upon me--a
+flash of inspiration--as I saw Mr. Perkins coming home one evening.
+The black frock-coat and waistcoat, dark gray trousers, spotless
+linen, high, old-fashioned collar, and stiff stock, were a symbol, and
+could only mean one profession.
+
+"By the way, Mr. Perkins," for this was all one now required to know,
+"are you Income Tax or Stamps?"
+
+"Neither, although my duty makes me familiar with every department in
+the Civil Service. I have the honor to be," and he cleared his throat
+with dignity, "a first-class clerk in the Schedule Office.
+
+"Our work," he explained to me, "is very important, and in fact,
+vital to the administration of affairs. The efficiency of practical
+government depends on the accuracy of the forms issued, and every one
+is composed in our office.
+
+"No, that is a common mistake," in reply to my shallow remark; "the
+departments do not draw up their own forms, and, in fact, they are not
+fit for such work. They send us a memorandum of what their officials
+wish to ask, and we put it into shape.
+
+"It requires long experience and, I may say, some--ability, to compose
+a really creditable schedule, one that will bring out every point
+clearly and exhaustively; in fact, I have ventured to call it a
+science"--here Mr. Perkins allowed himself to smile--"and it might be
+defined Schedulology.
+
+"Yes, to see a double sheet of foolscap divided up into some
+twenty-four compartments, each with a question and a blank space for
+the answer, is pleasing to the eye--very pleasing indeed.
+
+"What annoys one," and Mr. Perkins became quite irritable, "is to
+examine a schedule after it has been filled and to discover how it has
+been misused--simply mangled.
+
+"It is not the public simply who are to blame; they are, of course,
+quite hopeless, and have an insane desire to write their names all
+over the paper, with family details; but members of the Civil Service
+abuse the most admirable forms that ever came out of our office.
+
+"Numerous? Yes, naturally so; and as governmental machinery turns on
+schedules, they will increase every year. Could you guess, now, the
+number of different schedules under our charge?"
+
+"Several hundred, perhaps."
+
+Mr. Perkins smiled with much complacency. "Sixteen thousand four
+hundred and four, besides temporary ones that are only used in
+emergencies. One department has now reached twelve hundred and two;
+it has been admirably organized, and its secretary could tell you the
+subject of every form.
+
+"Well, it does not become me to boast, but I have had the honor
+of contributing two hundred and twenty myself, and have composed
+forty-two more that have not yet been accepted.
+
+"Well, yes," he admitted, with much modesty, "I have kept copies of
+the original drafts;" and he showed me a bound volume of his works.
+
+"An author? It is very good of you to say so;" and Mr. Perkins seemed
+much pleased with the idea, twice smiling to himself during the
+evening, and saying as we parted, "It's my good fortune to have a
+large and permanent circulation."
+
+All November Mr. Perkins was engaged with what he hoped would be one
+of his greatest successes.
+
+"It's a sanitation schedule for the Education Department, and is, I
+dare to say, nearly perfect. It has eighty-three questions, on every
+point from temperature to drains, and will present a complete view of
+the physical condition of primary schools.
+
+"You have no idea," he continued, "what a fight I have had with our
+Head to get it through--eight drafts, each one costing three days'
+labor--but now he has passed it.
+
+"'Perkins,' he said, 'this is the most exhaustive schedule you have
+ever drawn up, and I'm proud it's come through the hands of the
+drafting sub-department. Whether I can approve it as Head of the
+publishing sub-department is very doubtful.'"
+
+"Do you mean that the same man would approve your paper in one
+department to-day, and--"
+
+"Quite so. It's a little difficult for an outsider to appreciate the
+perfect order, perhaps I might say symmetry, of the Civil Service;"
+and Mr. Perkins spoke with a tone of condescension as to a little
+child. "The Head goes himself to the one sub-department in the
+morning and to the other in the afternoon, and he acts with absolute
+impartiality.
+
+"Why, sir"--Mr. Perkins began to warm and grow enthusiastic--"I have
+received a letter from the other sub-department, severely criticising
+a draft he had highly commended in ours two days before, and I saw his
+hand in the letter--distinctly; an able review, too, very able indeed.
+
+"'Very well put, Perkins,' he said to me himself; 'they've found the
+weak points; we must send an amended draft;' and so we did, and got a
+very satisfactory reply. It was a schedule about swine fever, 972 in
+the Department of Agriculture. I have had the pleasure of reading it
+in public circulation when on my holidays."
+
+"Does your Head sign the letters addressed to himself?"
+
+"Certainly; letters between departments are always signed by the chief
+officer." Mr. Perkins seemed to have found another illustration
+of public ignorance, and recognized his duty as a missionary of
+officialism. "It would afford me much pleasure to give you any
+information regarding our excellent system, which has been slowly
+built up and will repay study; but you will excuse me this evening, as
+I am indisposed--a tendency to shiver, which annoyed me in the office
+to-day."
+
+Next morning I rose half an hour late, as Mr. Perkins did not take
+his bath, and was not surprised when Mrs. Holmes came to my room,
+overflowing with concern and disconnected speech.
+
+"'E's that regular in 'is ways, that when 'Annah Mariar says 'is
+water's at 'is door at eight o'clock, I went up that 'urried that I
+couldn't speak; and I 'ears 'im speakin' to 'isself, which is not what
+you would expect of 'im, 'e bein' the quietest gentleman as ever--"
+
+"Is Mr. Perkins ill, do you mean?" for Mrs. Holmes seemed now in fair
+breath, and was always given to comparative reviews.
+
+"So I knocks and says, 'Mr. Perkins, 'ow are you feelin'?' and all
+I could 'ear was 'temperance;' it's little as 'e needs of that, for
+excepting a glass of wine at his dinner, and it might be somethin' 'ot
+before goin' to bed in winter--
+
+"So I goes in," resumed Mrs. Holmes, "an' there 'e was sittin' up in
+'is bed, with 'is face as red as fire, an' not knowin' me from Adam.
+If it wasn't for 'is 'abits an' a catchin' of 'is breath you wud 'ave
+said drink, for 'e says, 'How often have the drains been sluiced last
+year?'" After which I went up to Mr. Perkins's room without ceremony.
+
+He was explaining, with much cogency, as it seemed to me, that unless
+the statistics of temperature embraced the whole year, they would
+afford no reliable conclusions regarding the sanitary condition of
+Board Schools; but when I addressed him by name with emphasis, he came
+to himself with a start.
+
+"Excuse me, sir, I must apologize--I really did not hear--in fact--"
+And then, as he realized his situation, Mr. Perkins was greatly
+embarrassed.
+
+"Did I forget myself so far as--to send for you?--I was not feeling
+well. I have a slight difficulty in breathing, but I am quite able to
+go to the office--in a cab.
+
+"You are most kind and obliging, but the schedule I am--it just comes
+and goes--thank you, no more water--is important and--intricate; no
+one--can complete it--except myself.
+
+"With your permission I will rise--in a few minutes. Ten o'clock,
+dear me!--this is most unfortunate--not get down till eleven!--I must
+really insist--" But the doctor had come, and Mr. Perkins obeyed on
+one condition.
+
+"Yes, doctor, I prefer, if you please, to know; you see I am not a
+young person--nor nervous--thank you very much--quite so; pneumonia is
+serious--and double pneumonia dangerous, I understand.--No, it is not
+that--one is not alarmed at my age, but--yes, I'll lie down--letter
+must go to office--dictate it to my friend--certain form--leave of
+absence, in fact--trouble you too much--medical certificate."
+
+He was greatly relieved after this letter was sent by special
+messenger with the key of his desk, and quite refreshed when a clerk
+came up with the chief's condolences.
+
+"My compliments to Mr. Lighthead--an excellent young official, very
+promising indeed--and would he step upstairs for a minute--will excuse
+this undress in circumstances--really I will not speak any more.
+
+"Those notes, Mr. Lighthead, will make my idea quite plain--and I hope
+to revise final draft--if God will--my dutiful respect to the Board,
+and kind regards to the chief clerk. It was kind of you to come--most
+thoughtful."
+
+This young gentleman came into my room to learn the state of the case,
+and was much impressed.
+
+"Really this kind of thing--Perkins gasping in bed and talking in his
+old-fashioned way--knocks one out of time, don't you know? If he had
+gone on much longer I should have bolted.
+
+"Like him in the office? I should think so. You should have seen the
+young fellows to-day when they heard he was so ill. Of course we laugh
+a bit at him--Schedule Perkins he's called--because he's so dry and
+formal; but that's nothing.
+
+"With all his little cranks, he knows his business better than any man
+in the department; and then he's a gentleman, d'y see? could not say
+a rude word or do a mean thing to save his life--not made that way, in
+fact.
+
+"Let me just give you one instance--show you his sort. Every one knew
+that he ought to have been chief clerk, and that Rodway's appointment
+was sheer influence. The staff was mad, and some one said Rodway need
+not expect to have a particularly good time.
+
+"Perkins overheard him, and chipped in at once. 'Mr. Rodway'--you know
+his dry manner, wagging his eyeglass all the time--'is our superior
+officer, and we are bound to render him every assistance in our power,
+or,' and then he was splendid, 'resign our commissions.' Rodway, they
+say, has retired, but the worst of it is that as Perkins has been once
+passed over he'll not succeed.
+
+"Perhaps it won't matter, poor chap. I say," said Lighthead,
+hurriedly, turning his back and examining a pipe on the mantelpiece,
+"do you think he is going to--I mean, has he a chance?"
+
+"Just a chance, I believe. Have you been long with him?"
+
+"That's not it--it's what he's done for a--for fellows. Strangers
+don't know Perkins. You might talk to him for a year, and never hear
+anything but shop. Then one day you get into a hole, and you would
+find out another Perkins.
+
+"Stand by you?" and he wheeled round. "Rather, and no palaver either;
+with money and with time and with--other things, that do a fellow more
+good than the whole concern, and no airs. There's more than one man in
+our office has cause to--bless Schedule Perkins.
+
+"Let me tell you how he got--one chap out of the biggest scrape he'll
+ever fall into. Do you mind me smoking?" And then he made himself busy
+with matches and a pipe that was ever going out for the rest of the
+story.
+
+"Well, you see, this man, clerk in our office, had not been long up
+from the country, and he was young. Wasn't quite bad, but he couldn't
+hold his own with older fellows.
+
+"He got among a set that had suppers in their rooms, and gambled a
+bit, and he lost and borrowed, and--in fact, was stone broke.
+
+"It's not very pleasant for a fellow to sit in his room a week before
+Christmas, and know that he may be cashiered before the holidays, and
+all through his own fault.
+
+"If it were only himself, why, he might take his licking and go to the
+Colonies, but it was hard--on his mother--it's always going, out, this
+pipe!--when he was her only son, and she rather--believed in him.
+
+"Didn't sleep much that night--told me himself afterwards--and he
+concluded that the best way out was to buy opium in the city next day,
+and take it--pretty stiff dose, you know--next night.
+
+"Cowardly rather, of course, but it might be easier for the mater down
+in Devon--his mother, I mean--did I say he was Devon?--same county
+as myself--affair would be hushed up, and she would have--his memory
+clean.
+
+"As it happened, though, he didn't buy any opium next day--didn't get
+the chance; for Perkins came round to his desk, and asked this young
+chap to have a bit of dinner with him--aye, and made him come.
+
+[Illustration: "HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER
+SAW."]
+
+"He had the jolliest little dinner ready you ever saw, and he
+insisted, on the fellow smoking, though Perkins hates the very smell
+of 'baccy, and--well, he got the whole trouble out of him, except the
+opium.
+
+"D'y think he lectured and scolded? Not a bit--that's not Perkins--he
+left the fool to do his own lecturing, and he did it stiff. I'll
+tell you what he said: 'Your health must have been much tried by this
+anxiety, so you must go down and spend Christmas with your mother, and
+I would venture to suggest that you take her a suitable gift.
+
+"'With regard to your debt, you will allow me,' and Perkins spoke
+as if he had been explaining a schedule, 'to take it over, on two
+conditions--that you repay me by installments every quarter, and dine
+with me every Saturday evening for six months.'
+
+"See what he was after? Wanted to keep--the fellow straight, and
+cheer him up; and you've no idea how Perkins came out those
+Saturdays--capital stories as ever you heard--and he declared that it
+was a pleasure to him.
+
+"'I am rather lonely,' he used to say, 'and it is most kind of a young
+man to sit with me.' Kind!"
+
+"What was the upshot with your friend? Did he turn over a new leaf?"
+
+"He'll never be the man that Perkins expects; but he's doing his level
+best, and--is rising in the office. Perkins swears by him, and that's
+made a man of the fellow.
+
+"He's paid up the cash now, but--he can never pay up the
+kindness--confound those wax matches, they never strike--he told his
+mother last summer the whole story.
+
+"She wrote to Perkins--of course I don't know what was in the
+letter--but Perkins had the fellow into his room. 'You ought to have
+regarded our transaction as confidential. I am grieved you mentioned
+my name;' and then as I--I mean, as the fellow--was going out, 'I'll
+keep that letter beside my commission,' said Perkins.
+
+"If Perkins dies"--young men don't do that kind of thing, or else one
+would have thought--"it'll be--a beastly shame," which was a terrible
+collapse, and Mr. Geoffrey Lighthead of the Schedule Department left
+the house without further remark or even shaking hands.
+
+That was Wednesday, and on Friday morning he appeared, flourishing a
+large blue envelope, sealed with an imposing device, marked "On Her
+Majesty's Service," and addressed to
+
+  "Frederick Augustus Perkins, Esq.,
+  First Class Clerk in the Schedule Department,
+  Somerset House,
+  London,"
+
+an envelope any man might be proud to receive, and try to live up to
+for a week.
+
+"Rodway has retired," he shouted, "and we can't be sure in the office,
+but the betting is four to one--I'm ten myself--that the Board has
+appointed Perkins Chief Clerk;" and Lighthead did some steps of a
+triumphal character.
+
+"The Secretary appeared this morning after the Board had met. 'There's
+a letter their Honors wish taken at once to Mr. Perkins. Can any of
+you deliver it at his residence?' Then the other men looked at me,
+because--well, Perkins has been friendly with me; and that hansom came
+very creditably indeed.
+
+"Very low, eh? Doctors afraid not last over the night--that's hard
+lines--but I say, they did not reckon on this letter. Could not you
+read it to him? You see this was his one ambition. He could never be
+Secretary, not able enough, but he was made for Chief Clerk. Now he's
+got it, or I would not have been sent out skimming with this letter.
+Read it to him, and the dear old chap will be on his legs in a week."
+
+It seemed good advice; and this was what I read, while Perkins lay
+very still and did his best to breathe:--
+
+    "DEAR MR. PERKINS:
+
+    "I have the pleasure to inform you that the Board have
+    appointed you Chief Clerk in the Schedule Department in
+    succession to Gustavus Rodway, Esq., who retires, and their
+    Honors desire me further to express their appreciation of your
+    long and valuable service, and to express their earnest hope
+    that you may be speedily restored to health.
+
+    "I am,
+    "Your obedient servant,
+
+    "ARTHUR WRAXALL,
+
+    "_Secretary_."
+
+For a little time it was too much for Mr. Perkins, and then he
+whispered:
+
+"The one thing on earth I wished, and--more than I deserved--not
+usual, personal references in Board letters--perhaps hardly
+regular--but most gratifying--and--strengthening.
+
+"I feel better already--some words I would like to hear again--thank
+you, where I can reach it--nurse will be so good as to read it."
+
+Mr. Perkins revived from that hour, having his tonic administered at
+intervals, and astonished the doctors. On Christmas Eve he had made
+such progress that Lighthead was allowed to see him for five minutes.
+
+"Heard about your calling three times a day--far too kind with
+all your work--and the messages from the staff--touched me to
+heart.--Never thought had so many friends--wished been more friendly
+myself.
+
+"My promotion, too--hope may be fit for duty--can't speak much,
+but think I'll be spared--Almighty very good to me--Chief Clerk of
+Schedule Department--would you mind saying Lord's Prayer together--it
+sums up everything."
+
+So we knelt one on each side of Perkins's bed, and I led with "Our
+Father"--the other two being once or twice quite audible. The choir of
+a neighboring church were singing a Christmas carol in the street, and
+the Christ came into our hearts as a little child.
+
+
+
+
+THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE.
+
+DISTANCE, 510 MILES.--AVERAGE RUNNING TIME, 65.07 MILES AN
+HOUR.--HIGHEST SPEED ATTAINED, 92.3 MILES AN HOUR.
+
+BY HARRY PERRY ROBINSON,
+
+Editor of "The Railway Age" and one of the official time-keepers on
+the train.
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.--A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR.
+ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE TRAIN WAS
+RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR.]
+
+When, on August 22d last, a train was run over what is known as the
+West Coast line (of the London and Northwestern and the Caledonian
+Railways) from London to Aberdeen, a distance of 540 miles, at an
+average speed, while running, of 63.93 miles an hour, the English
+press hailed with a jubilation which was almost clamorous the fact
+that the world's record for long distance speed rested once more with
+Great Britain. From the tone which the English newspapers adopted, it
+appeared that they believed that the record then made was one which
+could not be beaten in this country, but that the former records of
+the New York Central represented the maximum speed obtainable on an
+American railway with American engines.
+
+Undoubtedly the West Coast run was a remarkable one. But English
+judges were mistaken as to the permanence of the record. It was left
+unchallenged for just twenty days--or until September 11th, when the
+cable carried to England the unpleasant news that the New York Central
+had covered the 436.32 miles from New York to East Buffalo at
+an average speed, when running, of 64.26 miles an hour--or about
+one-third of a mile an hour faster than the English run.
+
+There was still left to the Englishmen, however, a loophole for escape
+from confession of defeat. It will be noticed that the distance from
+New York to Buffalo is rather more than 100 miles shorter than that
+from London to Aberdeen. It was yet possible for the Englishmen to
+say: "We are talking only of long distance speeds. We do not consider
+anything under 500 miles a long distance." The record, in fact, for a
+distance of over 500 miles was still with England.
+
+There are not many railways in the United States on which a sustained
+high speed for a distance of over 500 miles would be possible. In
+England the run is made, as already stated, over the connecting lines
+of two companies. In this country, while not a few roads have over 500
+miles of first-class track in excellent condition, there is usually at
+some point in that distance an obstacle (either steep grades to cross
+a mountain range, or bad curves, or a river to be ferried) sufficient
+to prevent the making of a record. On the Lake Shore and Michigan
+Southern, from Chicago to Buffalo, there exists no such impediment,
+and between the outskirts of the two cities the distance is 510.1
+miles. It was in an informal conversation between certain officers
+of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway that the idea of
+attempting to beat the record on this piece of track was first
+suggested.
+
+In making comparison of different runs there are other matters to be
+taken into consideration besides the mere distance covered and
+the speed attained. It is not possible to exactly equalize all
+conditions--as, for instance, those of wind and weather, or of the
+physical character of the track in the matter of grades and curves.
+Entire equality in all particulars could only be attained in the same
+way that it is attained in horse-racing, viz., by having trains run
+side by side on parallel tracks.
+
+Certain conditions there are, however, which are more important
+and which can be equalized. One of these is the weight of the train
+hauled. The English load was a light one--67 tons (English) or 147,400
+pounds. This was little more than one-quarter of the load hauled by
+the New York Central engine on its magnificent run, when the weight
+of the cars making the train was 565,000 pounds. With the types of
+locomotive used on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern it was not
+possible to haul at record-breaking speed any such load as this. It
+was enough if the load should be about double that of the English
+train. This was attained by putting together two heavy Wagner parlor
+cars of 92,500 pounds each and Dr. Webb's private car "Elsmere," which
+alone weighs 119,500 pounds--or more than three-fourths of the weight
+of the entire English train. The total weight of the three Lake Shore
+and Michigan Southern cars was 304,500 pounds.
+
+The last important condition to be taken into consideration is the
+number of stops made. It should be explained that when speed is
+reckoned "when running" or "exclusive of stops" (the phrases mean the
+same thing), the time consumed in stops is deducted--the time, that
+is, when the wheels are actually at rest. No deduction however, is
+made for the loss of time in slowing up to a stop or in getting under
+way again. On the run of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, for
+instance, an irregular or unexpected stop was made when the train was
+running at a speed of about 71 miles an hour. The train was actually
+at rest for 2 minutes and 5 seconds. That allowance, therefore, was
+made for the stop. It is unnecessary to say that the secondary loss of
+time in bringing the train to a standstill and in regaining speed was
+much greater; but for these (aggregating probably five or six minutes)
+there was no allowance. It is evident, therefore, that the number
+of times that a train has to slow down and get under way again is an
+important factor in the average speed of a long run. In the English
+run two stops were made. The schedule for the Lake Shore run provided
+for four stops. A fifth stop, as has already been stated, was made,
+which was not on the programme.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND
+MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.
+
+From a photograph by Max Platz, Chicago. President Newell died August
+24, l894, and is said to have fairly sacrificed his life to giving the
+Lake Shore the best railway track in America. The proud record made,
+in this speed run, is largely the fruit of his labor.]
+
+These, then, were the conditions under which the now famous run of
+October 24, 1895, was accomplished: A train weighing twice as much as
+the English train was to be hauled for a distance of over 500 miles,
+making four stops _en route_, at a speed, when running, greater than
+63.93 miles an hour. Incidentally it was hoped also that the New York
+Central's speed of 64.26 miles an hour would be beaten.
+
+No public announcement was made of the undertaking in advance, for the
+sufficient reason that the gentlemen in charge were well aware of the
+difficulty of the task in which they were engaged and the many
+chances of failure. They had no desire to have such a failure made
+unnecessarily public. No one was informed of what was in hand except
+the officials and employees of the Lake Shore road, whose cooeperation
+was necessary, one daily newspaper (the Chicago "Tribune"), the
+Associated Press, and two gentlemen who were invited to attend as
+official time-keepers, Messrs. H.P. Robinson and Willard A. Smith--the
+former being the editor of "The Railway Age," and the latter the
+ex-chief of the Transportation Department at the Chicago World's Fair.
+General Superintendent Canniff of the Lake Shore was in charge of the
+train in person.
+
+[Illustration: THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY
+MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF 92.3 MILES
+AN HOUR.]
+
+It was at two o'clock of the morning of October 24th that the train,
+which had been waiting since early in the evening on a side track
+in the Lake Shore station at Chicago, slipped unostentatiously away
+behind a switch engine which was to haul it as far as One Hundredth
+Street, where the start was to be made. Here there was a wait of
+nearly an hour until the time fixed for starting--half-past three.
+There was plenty to be done at the last moment to occupy the time of
+waiting, however. There were last messages to be sent back to
+Chicago; last orders to be sent on ahead; telegrams containing weather
+bulletins, which promised fair weather all the way to Buffalo, to be
+read; and, finally, the preparations to be made for time-taking.
+
+One of the time-keepers, taking two stop-watches in his hand, started
+the split-second-hands of both with one movement of his muscles,
+exactly together. To one or other of these timepieces all the watches
+on the train were set.
+
+In one of the parlor cars, as nearly as might be in the middle of the
+length of the train, two tables were set, one on either side of the
+aisle. The time-keepers had agreed to relieve each other at each stop
+at the end of a division, one being always on duty, and the other
+close at hand to verify any record on which a question might arise.
+The time-keeper on duty sat at one of the tables, watch in hand.
+Opposite to him was a representative of the railway company, with no
+power to originate a record, but to check each stop in case an
+error should occur. Across the aisle sat the official recorder, a
+representative of the Wagner Palace Car Company, and opposite to him a
+representative of the daily press.
+
+For two minutes before the time for starting, silence settled down
+upon the car. The shades were pulled down over every window. Inside,
+the car was brilliantly lighted with Pintsch gas; and the eyes of
+every man were on the face of the watch which each held in his
+hand, and his finger was ready to press the stop which splits the
+second-hand. The two minutes passed slowly, and the silence was almost
+painful as the watches showed that the moment was close at hand.
+Suddenly the smallest perceptible jerk told that the wheels had
+moved, and on the instant the split-hand of every watch in the car had
+recorded the fact. "Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" announced the
+time-keeper.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" echoed the representative of the
+railway company.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" called the recorder as he entered
+the figures on the sheet before him.
+
+"Three--twenty-nine--twenty-seven!" said the member of the press.
+
+The start had been made thirty-three seconds ahead of time, and each
+member of the party settled himself down to the work ahead.
+
+Over each division of the road the superintendent of that division
+rode as "caller-off" of the stations as they were passed. It was
+necessary, during the first hours of darkness especially, that some
+one should do this who was familiar with every foot of the track--some
+one who would not have to rely on eyesight alone, but to whose
+accustomed senses every sway of the car as a curve was passed, and
+every sound of the wheels on bridge or culvert, would be familiar.
+
+The first station, Whiting, is only three and one-half miles from
+the starting-point. The night outside was intensely black, and it
+was doubtful whether even the practised eye and ear of Superintendent
+Newell would be able to catch the little station as it went by. With
+one eye on our watches, therefore, we all had also one anxious eye on
+him where he sat with his head hidden under the shade that was drawn
+behind him, a blanket held over the crevices to shut out every ray
+of light, and his face pressed close against the glass. The minutes
+passed slowly--one, two, three, four, five! Whiting must be very near,
+and--but just as we began to fear that he had missed the station, the
+word came:
+
+"Ready for Whiting!" and the response,
+
+"Ready for Whiting!"
+
+A few short seconds of silence, and then:
+
+"Now!"
+
+Instantly the muscles of the waiting fingers throbbed on the
+split-stop; but no quicker than the roar told that the car was already
+passing the station.
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!" called the time-keeper.
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+"Three--thirty-four--forty-five!"
+
+It was an immense relief to find that the system "worked."
+
+When the warning "Ready for Pine "--the next station, six miles
+further on--came from behind the envelope of window-shade and blanket,
+we were at our ease, and the record, "Three--forty-one--three," was
+called and echoed and tossed across the car with confidence.
+
+[Illustration: THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM
+ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE ENGINES USED ON
+THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE.]
+
+By the time that Miller's--fifteen miles from the start--was passed,
+the train was moving at a speed of over a mile a minute, and at every
+mile the velocity increased. At La Porte, forty-five miles from the
+start, the speed was 66 miles an hour; and fourteen miles further
+on, at Terre Coupee, it reached to 70. It was fast running--while it
+lasted; but it did not last long. The next station showed that the
+speed was down to 67 miles an hour, and at the next it was barely
+over sixty. A speed of a mile a minute, however, is high enough when
+passing through the heart of a city like South Bend, Indiana. South
+Bend is understood to have a city ordinance forbidding trains to run
+within the city limits at a speed exceeding 15 miles an hour. But if
+any good citizen of South Bend was shocked that morning at being waked
+from his sleep by the roar of the flying train, it is to be hoped that
+he forgot his resentment before evening. Then he knew that he had been
+waked in a good cause, and that if the city ordinance had been broken
+it was broken in good company--the world's record suffered with it.
+
+To those inside the cars nothing but their watches told them of the
+rate of speed. Of the party on board every man was familiar with
+railway affairs; but there was not one who was not surprised at the
+smoothness of the track and the complete absence of uncomfortable
+motion. Only by lifting a window shade and straining the eyes into the
+blackness of the night, to see the red sparks streaming by or the dim
+outlines of house and tree loom up and disappear, was it possible to
+appreciate the velocity at which the train was moving.
+
+Fifteen miles from South Bend the first stop was made, at Elkhart, and
+one-sixth of the run was over--87.4 miles in 85.4 minutes, or a speed
+of 61.38 miles an hour.
+
+That was good work; but it was not breaking records. It had not been
+expected, however, that the best speed would be made on this first
+stretch; and if there was any disappointment among those on the
+train, it did not yet amount to discouragement. It had been dark (and
+breaking records in the dark is not as easy as in daylight), there
+had been curves and grades to surmount, and, above all, it was now
+discovered that a heavy frost lay on the rails.
+
+At Elkhart there was a change of engines, two minutes and eleven
+seconds being consumed in the process, and at three minutes before
+five o'clock (4 hours, 57 minutes, 4 seconds) the wheels were moving
+again.
+
+The frost that was on the rails was felt inside the cars. It was not
+an occasion when an engineer would have steam to spare for heating
+cars; and the group that were huddled in the glare of the gaslight
+were muffled in blankets and heavy overcoats. Outside, the dawn was
+coming up from the east to meet us--as lovely a dawn as ever broke in
+rose-color and flame. As the daylight grew, we were able to see how
+complete the arrangements were for the safety of the run. At every
+crossing, whether of railway, highway, or farm road, a man was
+posted--1,300 men in all, it is said, along the 510 miles of line.
+Apart from these solitary figures, no one was yet astir to see the
+wonderful sight of the brilliantly lighted train--for the shades were
+lifted now--rushing through the dawn.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND
+
+MARK FLOYD--FROM CHICAGO TO ELKHART.
+
+D.M. LUCE--FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO.
+
+JAMES A. LATHROP--FROM TOLEDO TO CLEVELAND.]
+
+At Kendallville, 42 miles from Elkhart, the speed, in spite of an
+adverse grade, was 67 miles an hour. Here--the highest point on the
+line above the sea--the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad crosses the
+Lake Shore track at right angles, and a train was standing waiting for
+us to pass--the engine shrieking its good wishes to us as we flew by.
+At Waterloo, twelve miles further on, a clump of early pedestrians
+stood in the street to gaze, and two women--wives, doubtless, of
+railway hands who had learned what was in progress--were out on the
+porch of a cottage to see us pass. And it must have been a sight worth
+seeing, for we were running at 70 miles an hour now, with 60 miles of
+tangent ahead of us. At Butler, seven miles beyond, we passed a Wabash
+train on a parallel track, which made great show of travelling fast.
+Perhaps it was doing so--moving, perchance, at 40 miles an hour. But
+we were running at 72, and the Wabash train slid backwards from us at
+the rate of half a mile a minute; and still our pace quickened to 75
+miles an hour, and 78, and 79, and at last to 80. But that speed could
+not be held for long.
+
+The sun was above the horizon now, and the long straight column of
+smoke that we left behind us glowed rosy-red; and all the autumn
+foliage of the woods was ablaze with color and light. But as the
+sunlight struck the rails the frost began to melt; and a wet rail is
+fatal to the highest speeds. The 80-mile-an-hour mark, touched only
+for a few seconds, was not to be reached again on this division.
+During the next 47 miles, to Toledo, 64, 65, and 66 miles were reached
+at times; and when for the second time the train came to a standstill
+it was one minute after seven, and the 133.4 miles from Elkhart had
+been made in 124.5 minutes--or at 64.24 miles an hour. This was better
+than the run to Elkhart--and good enough in itself to beat the English
+figures. But it was not what had been expected of the "air line
+division," with its 69 miles of tangent and favorable grades; and,
+taking the two divisions together, 220 miles of the 510 were gone, and
+we were as yet, thanks to the frost, below the record which we had to
+beat.
+
+The time spent in changing engines at Toledo was 2 minutes and 28
+seconds, and at 7.04.07 the train was sliding out of the yards again.
+Coming out of Toledo the railway runs over a drawbridge; and boats
+on the river below have right of way. But not on such an occasion as
+this; for there, waiting patiently, lay a tug tied up to a pier of the
+bridge, with her tow swinging on the stream behind her.
+
+[Illustration: THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CLEVELAND TO BUFFALO
+
+J.R. GARNER--FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.
+
+WILLIAM TUNKEY, WHOSE UNPRECEDENTED RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO SAVED
+THE DAY.]
+
+If the record was to be beaten for the first half of the run, the
+speed for the next thirty miles would have to be nearly 70 miles an
+hour. Each individual mile was anxiously timed, and at 12 miles from
+Toledo the speed was already 66 miles an hour. Nor did it stop there,
+but 10 miles further on a stretch of 3-1/2 miles showed a rate of
+73.80 miles an hour, and the next 5-1/2 miles were covered at the rate
+of 71.40.
+
+It would not take much of such running to put us safely ahead of
+the record at the half-way point; but even as hope grew, there was a
+sudden jar and grinding of the wheels which told of brakes suddenly
+applied. What was the matter? It takes some little time to bring a
+train to a standstill when it is running at over 70 miles an hour; and
+there was still good headway on when we slid past a man who yet held a
+red flag in his hand. Evidently he had signalled the engineer to stop.
+But why? Windows were thrown up, and before the train had stopped,
+heads were thrust out. The engineer climbed down from his cab.
+From the rear platform the passengers poured out, until only the
+time-keepers were left on the train, sitting watch in hand to catch
+the exact record of the stop and the start. And already, before his
+voice could be heard, the man with the flag was brandishing his arms
+in the signal to "go ahead;" and no one cared to stop to question him.
+
+The stop was short--only a few seconds over two minutes, but the good
+headway of 70 miles an hour was lost; and as the wheels moved again,
+it was a sullen and dispirited party on the train. Just as the hope
+of winning our uphill fight had begun to grow strong, precious minutes
+had been lost; and for what reason none could guess. The common belief
+on the train was that the man, in excess of enthusiasm at the speed
+which the train was making, had lost his head, and waved his red flag
+in token of encouragement. It subsequently transpired that he was
+justified, an injury to a rail having been discovered which might have
+made the passage at great speed dangerous; but, until that fact was
+known, the poor trackman at Port Clinton was sufficiently abused.
+
+On the 70 miles that remained of this division there was no
+possibility that such a speed could be made as would put the total for
+the first half of the run above the record. Once it was necessary to
+slow down to take water from the track, and once again for safety
+in rounding the curve at Berea. Between these points there were
+occasional bursts of speed when 68 and 70 miles an hour were reached;
+and after Berea was passed, there remained only 13 miles to Cleveland.
+But in those 13 miles was done the fastest running that had been made
+that day; for 7 miles to Rockport were covered at the rate of 83.4
+miles an hour, and at Rockport itself the train must have been running
+nearly a mile and a half in a minute.
+
+It was a gallant effort; and, but for "the man at Port Clinton," there
+is no doubt that by that time the success of the run would have been
+reasonably assured. As it was, Cleveland was reached at ten minutes to
+nine (8.50.13), the 107 miles from Toledo having been covered in 109
+minutes--from which two minutes and five seconds were to be deducted
+for the time in which the train was at rest at Port Clinton. In all,
+so far, 328-1/2 miles had been run at a speed of 62.16 miles an hour.
+
+"It may be done yet," people told each other, but there was little
+confidence in the voices which said it.
+
+The stop at Cleveland was a good omen, for the change of engines was
+made in a minute and forty-five seconds, and it was soon evident that
+Jacob Garner, the new engineer, understood that he had a desperate
+case in hand. Before ten miles were covered the train was travelling
+more than a mile in a minute. Twenty-eight miles from the start, in
+spite of an adverse grade, six miles were covered at the rate of
+74.40 miles an hour; and from there on mile after mile flew past,
+and station after station, and still the speed showed 70 miles
+and upwards. Through Ashtabula, haunted with the memory of railway
+disaster, we burst, and on to Conneaut and Springfield; and, even
+against hope, hope grew again. Twelve miles from Springfield is the
+little town of Swanville, and here the high-water mark of 83.4 miles
+at the end of the last division was beaten; for the 6.2 miles from
+there to Dock Junction were made in 4.4 minutes--or at the speed of
+84.54 miles an hour.
+
+As has been said, it was hoping only against hope. But to despair was
+impossible in the face of such running; and when Erie, 8-1/2 miles
+beyond Dock Junction, was reached, the 95-1/2 miles from Cleveland
+had been done in 85-1/2 minutes, at an average speed of 67.01 miles
+an hour. The average speed for the whole distance from Chicago was now
+63.18 miles an hour, which was crawling close up to the record. But
+424 miles had been covered, and only 86 miles remained. If the record
+was to be beaten, the speed for those 86 miles would have to average
+over 70 miles an hour.
+
+Was it possible to do such a thing? It never had been done, of course,
+in all the world; but the essence and the object of the whole day's
+run were that it should defy all precedent. There were few people,
+however, of those on board who in their hearts dared harbor any hope;
+especially as the engine which was to be tried at this crucial moment
+was a doubtful quantity.
+
+All the engines used upon this run were built by the Brooks Locomotive
+Works, of Dunkirk, N.Y., after designs by Mr. George W. Stevens, of
+the Lake Shore road. The first four engines, which had hauled
+the train as far as Erie, were of what is known as the American
+type--eight-wheelers, comparatively light, but built for fast speeds.
+These locomotives weighed only 52 tons, with 17 by 24-inch cylinders
+and 72-inch driving-wheels. They had been doing admirable work in
+service, having been built to haul the famous "Exposition Flyer"
+in 1893; and that they were capable of very high speeds, for short
+distances at least, even with a fairly heavy train, had been shown
+in the earlier stages of this run, when all had reached a speed of 70
+miles an hour, and two had touched and held a speed of well over 80.
+
+The last engine was of a different type, and a type which among
+experts has not been considered best adapted to extremely high speeds.
+Somewhat heavier than its predecessors (weighing 56-1/2 tons in
+working order), this engine was a ten-wheeler, with three pairs of
+coupled drivers and a four-wheeled swivelling truck. It had the same
+small cylinders (17 by 24 inches), and driving-wheels of only 68
+inches diameter. It was a bold experiment to put such an engine to
+do such work; and nothing could well be devised for fast speeds more
+unlike the magnificent engine "No. 999," which was built in the New
+York Central Railroad shops at West Albany, and is the glory of the
+New York Central road, or than the London and Northwestern compound
+engine with its 88-inch driving-wheels, or the Caledonian locomotive
+(which did the best running in the English races) with its 78-inch
+drivers and cylinders 18 by 26 inches.
+
+It was now after ten o'clock in the morning; and at Erie crowds had
+assembled at the station to see the train go out, for news of what was
+being done had by this time gone abroad. The platforms, too, at every
+station from Erie to Buffalo were thronged with people as we went
+roaring by. In Dunkirk (through which we burst at 75 miles an hour)
+crowds stood on the sidewalks and at every corner. To describe the run
+for those 86 miles in detail would be impossible, or to put into words
+the tension of the suppressed excitement among those on board the
+train as miles flew by and we knew that we were travelling as men had
+never travelled before.
+
+For those who had misgivings as to the possibilities of the type of
+engine there was a surprise as soon as she picked up the train. She
+must have reached a speed of a mile a minute within five miles from
+the first movement of the wheels. The first eight miles were finished
+in 8 minutes, 49 seconds. From there on there was never an instant of
+slackening pace. From 60 miles an hour the velocity rose to 70; from
+70 to 80; from 80, past the previous high-water marks, to 85 and 90,
+and at last to over 92.
+
+Trains have been timed for individual miles at speeds of over 90 miles
+before. There is even said to be on record an instance of a single
+mile run at 112 miles an hour. But never before has an engine done
+what the ten-wheeler did that day, when it reached 80 miles an hour
+and held the speed for half an hour; reached 85 miles an hour and held
+that for nearly ten minutes; reached 90 miles and held that for three
+or four consecutive miles. A speed of 75 miles an hour (a mile and a
+quarter a minute) was maintained for the whole hour, and the 75 miles
+were actually covered in the 60 minutes. The entire 86 miles were done
+in 70 minutes 46 seconds,--an average speed of 72.91 miles an hour.
+In the English run, a speed of 68.40 miles was maintained for an even
+hour, 69 miles being done in 60.5 minutes; and 141 miles were run at
+an average speed of 67.20 miles an hour.
+
+To word it otherwise, the American train covered 7 miles more in its
+fastest hour than did the English train. The speed which the English
+engines held for 141 miles the American engines held for over 200--181
+miles being made at 69.67 miles an hour.
+
+The most remarkable figures in the American run are given in the
+following table:
+
+  A distance of 510.1 miles made at 65.07 miles an hour.
+  "     "     " 289.3   "    "   "  66.68   "    "  "
+  "     "     " 181.5   "    "   "  69.67   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  85     "    "   "  72.92   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  71     "    "   "  75.06   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  59     "    "   "  76.08   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  52     "    "   "  78.00   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  42     "    "   "  79.04   "    "  "
+  "     "     "  33     "    "   "  80.07   "    "  "
+  "     "     "   8     "    "   "  85.44   "    "  "
+
+
+
+
+A single mile was also timed (unofficially) at the speed of 92.3 miles
+an hour.
+
+Here is the schedule of the last division:
+
+                                           Dis-         Time of
+                                           tance.       leaving.
+
+  Erie (leave).............................--             10-19-48
+  Harbor Creek............................. 8 miles       10-28-37
+  Moorhead................................. 3   "         10-31-06
+  North East............................... 4   "         10-34-22
+  State Line............................... 5   "         10-38-15
+  Ripley................................... 3   "         10-40-22
+  Westfield................................ 8   "         10-45-56
+  Brocton.................................. 8   "         10-52-06
+  Van Buren................................ 5   "         10-55-39
+  Dunkirk.................................. 4   "         10-58-54
+  Silver Creek............................. 9   "         11-06-05
+  Fairhaven................................ 5   "         11-10-33
+  Angola .................................. 5   "         11-14-14
+  Lake View................................ 7   "         11-20-11
+  Athol Springs............................ 4   "         11-24-39
+  Buffalo Creek............................ 8   "         11-30-34
+
+  Total distance Erie to Buffalo
+      Creek................................86   "
+  Total time for the 86 miles....                          1-10-46
+
+  Average speed over division..............72.91 miles per hour
+
+So remarkable are these figures, considering the type of engine
+used, that an English technical journal has, since the run was made,
+scientifically demonstrated to its own satisfaction that it was an
+impossibility. Well, it is the impossible which sometimes happens.
+
+Through all the running at these wonderful speeds the train moved with
+singular smoothness. Moments there were of some anxiety, when the cars
+swung round a curve or dashed through the streets of a town. At such
+times there were those among the passengers who would perhaps
+gladly have sacrificed a few seconds of the record. Except for those
+occasions, however, there was nothing to tell of the extraordinary
+speed--nothing unless one stood on the rear platform of the last car
+and saw the swirling cloud of dust and leaves and bits of paper, even
+of sticks and stones, that were sucked up into the vacuum behind, and
+almost shut out the view of the rapidly receding track. It may be
+(it certainly will be) that the average of 65.07 miles an hour for a
+distance of 510 miles will be beaten before long. It is almost certain
+that the same engines on the same road could beat it in another
+trial--taking a slightly lighter train, running by daylight and over a
+dry rail. It will be long, however, before such another run is made as
+that over the last 86 miles by the ten-wheeler, with William Tunkey in
+charge. Railway men alone, perhaps, understand the qualities which
+are necessary in an engineer to enable him to make such a run; and the
+name of Tunkey is one (however unheroic it may sound) which railway
+men will remember for many years to come. An analysis of the figures
+given above will show that it was not until within 20 miles of the end
+of the run that there was any confidence that the record was broken;
+and not until the run was actually finished and the watches stopped
+for the last time, at 34 seconds after half-past eleven, that
+confidence was changed to certainty.
+
+In addition to the mere speed, everything combined to make the run
+supremely dramatic--the disappointment over the first divisions--the
+growing hopes dashed by the unexpected flag--the increase of hope
+again on the run to Erie--the misgivings as to the type of engine--all
+culminating in the last tremendous burst of speed and the triumphant
+rush into Buffalo station.
+
+And having left Chicago at half-past three in the morning, at half
+past-ten that night I sat and watched Mr. John Drew on the stage of a
+New York theatre.
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--A PROVINCIAL SCHOOL OF ART IN
+ENGLAND.--THE PRECURSOR OF MODERN ART, CONSTABLE.--THE SOLITARY GENIUS
+OF TURNER.--THE ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PORTRAITURE.--ROMNEY, OPIE, HOPPNER,
+AND LAWRENCE.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+At the period when in France David and his followers had resuscitated
+a dead and gone art, and by dint of governmental patronage had infused
+into it a semblance of life, across the Channel, in a provincial town
+of England, a little group of painters were quietly doing work which,
+if it did not in itself change the face of modern art, was at least
+indicative of the change soon to be accomplished by the advent of
+Constable.
+
+The leader of this group, which has been of late years in the hands
+of zealous amateurs and dealers elevated to the rank of "school," was
+John Crome, born at Norwich, December 22, 1768. The son of a publican,
+he was first an errand boy to a local physician and afterwards
+apprenticed to a sign painter. Without instruction, hampered by
+an early marriage, he forsook his occupation, and sought to paint
+landscapes; meanwhile finding in the houses of the neighboring gentry
+pupils in drawing. The lessons gave him a living; and in the houses
+where he taught were many Dutch pictures which he carefully studied,
+so that he is in a sense a follower of the Holland school. But his
+greatest and best teacher was the quiet Norfolk country; and the
+environs of Norwich, from which he seldom strayed, found in him an
+earnest student.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,"
+SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY.]
+
+In 1805, in conjunction with his son (the younger Crome) and Cotman,
+Stark, and Vincent, Crome founded at Norwich an artists' club, where
+the members exhibited their pictures and had a large studio in common.
+Some of the members of the Norwich "school," a title to which none of
+them in their own time pretended, left their native town, and went to
+London; but its founder remained true to the city of his birth, where
+he died April 22, 1821. Late in life he visited Paris, where the
+Louvre still held the treasures of Europe, garnered after every
+campaign by Napoleon; and his enthusiasm for the great Dutch painters
+found fresh nourishment.
+
+It is by this link in the great chain of art that Crome gained his
+first consideration in the world's esteem; but more important to us of
+to-day is the fact that he was the first of his century to return to
+nature. No evil that the frivolous eighteenth century had wrought,
+or that the classicism of the early years of the nineteenth had
+perpetuated in art, was so great as the substitution of a conventional
+type of picture instead of that directly inspired by nature; and
+this artificial standard, which diverted figure painting from its
+legitimate field, bore even more heavily on the art of landscape
+painting.
+
+Crome, by his isolation at Norwich, escaped this tendency. The Norwich
+painters, however, were, to a certain degree, an accident. In the
+London of their time, the almost total cessation of intercourse with
+continental Europe, due to the war with France, had not prevented the
+academical standard from penetrating and taking root. The independence
+of Hogarth in the preceding century had been without result; and Sir
+Joshua Reynolds, in principle if not always in practice, had preached
+the doctrine of submission to accepted formulas. Benjamin West, who
+had succeeded him as president of the Royal Academy, was little but an
+academic formula himself; and landscape (whose greatest representative
+had been, until his death in 1782, Richard Wilson, a painter of
+merit, who had united to a charming sense of color an adherence to
+the strictest classical influence) was wallowing in the mire of
+conventionality.
+
+[Illustration: THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY
+IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This portrait, from an unknown model, gives Romney with all his charm
+and more than his usual sincerity.]
+
+To the London of 1800, however, were to be given two landscape
+painters who may fairly claim the honor of placing their art on a
+higher pinnacle than it had ever before reached. One of them,
+John Constable, remains to-day the direct source from which all
+representation of the free open air is derived, be the painter Saxon,
+Gallic, or Teuton. The other, Joseph Mallord William Turner, may be
+said to reach greater heights than his contemporary; but, unlike him,
+his art is so based on qualities peculiar to himself that he stands
+alone, though having many imitators who have never achieved more than
+a superficial resemblance to his work.
+
+Constable, founding his work on nature with close observance of
+natural laws, was able to exert an influence by which all painters
+have since profited. When he came to London, at the age of
+twenty-three, to study in the school of the Royal Academy, he
+attracted the attention of Sir George Beaumont, an amateur painter
+who, by his taste and social position, was all-powerful in the
+artistic circles of the metropolis. It was he who asked the young
+painter the famous question, "Where do you place your brown tree?"
+this freak of vegetation being one of the essential component parts
+of the properly constructed academical landscape of the period. For
+a year or two the youth placed brown trees, submissively enough, in
+landscapes painfully precise in detail and deficient in atmosphere.
+Then he did that which to a common, sensible mind would seem the most
+obvious thing for a landscape painter to do, but which had been done
+so rarely that the simple act was the boldest of innovations. He took
+his colors out of doors, and painted from nature.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A
+PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE
+
+Reproduced, by the courtesy of W.H. Fuller, from "Memoirs of the Life
+of John Constable, Esq., R.A., Composed Chiefly of his Letters, by
+C.R. Leslie, R.A." Quarto, London, 1843. This noble memoir, which
+makes one love the man as one admires the painter, is unfortunately
+out of print.]
+
+Of the dreary waste of "historical" and arbitrarily composed
+landscapes, even in the simpler honest productions of the Dutch
+preceding this century, nearly all were painted from drawings; color
+had been applied according to recipe; the brown tree was rampant
+through all the seasons represented, from primavernal spring to
+golden autumn. At the most, only studies in colors were made out of
+doors--unrelated portions of pictures, stained rather than painted,
+with timid desire to enregister details. These were then transported
+to the studio, where they underwent a process of arrangement, of
+"cookery," as the typically just French expression puts it; from
+which the picture came out steeped in a "brown sauce," conventional,
+artificial, and monotonous, but pleasing to the Academy-ridden public
+of the time. The young "miller of Bergholt"--for it was there in the
+county of Suffolk that young Constable first saw the light, on June
+11, 1776--determined in 1803 to have done with convention. He writes
+to a friend, one Dunthorne, who had had much influence on his early
+life and was his first teacher: "For the last two years I have been
+running after pictures and seeking truth at second hand;" adding that
+he would hereafter study nature alone, convinced that "there is [was]
+room enough for a natural painter."
+
+[Illustration: FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY
+JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This picture was given to the National Gallery by the painter's
+children. It is possibly one of three pictures on which Constable
+obtained the gold medal of the Paris Salon in 1822--the one which in
+the Salon catalogue is entitled "A Canal." The other two were "The
+Hay-Wain" (shown on the next page) and "Hampstead Heath," both now in
+the National Gallery.]
+
+This was henceforth the aim of his life; and from constant study
+out of doors he learned that natural objects exist to our sight not
+isolated, but in relation one to another; that the whole is more
+important than a part; and that the bark of a tree, a minutely defined
+plant, or a conscientiously geologically studied rock, may mar the
+effect of a whole picture, while the scene to be represented has a
+character of its own more subtle, more evanescent, but also infinitely
+more true than any single element of which it is composed. More than
+that, through living on such intimate terms with Mother Nature, he
+learned to value the smiles of her sunshine, and to cunningly adjust
+her cloud-veils when she frowned. His object was no longer that of the
+earlier painters, who--and along with others even faithful Crome--had
+aimed to paint a "view" for its topographical value, suppressing
+or altering, like mediocre portrait painters, any feature which was
+thought to be displeasing. Constable painted the moods of nature; the
+simplest subjects seen under ever-varying effects of light were his
+choice; and though his pictures bear the names of various places, and
+divers existing features of these places are portrayed, it is always
+the beauty of the scene, or that of the moment of the day or night,
+which affects the spectator.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN
+THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This picture was first exhibited in the Royal Academy of 1821. It
+is also one of three exhibited by Constable in the Paris Salon the
+following year. It is one of Constable's best known pictures. The
+thoroughly English character of the scene, painted with truth and
+simplicity, makes it, after a lapse of seventy-five years, as modern
+as though it were painted yesterday.]
+
+By a public which was used to the conventional tones of the older
+painters, and which understood or was interested in Turner's daring
+variations on the theme of classical landscape, these fresh, simple
+pictures which to-day look so natural to us were regarded with
+distrust. Not even the shepherd, much less the warrior or the demigod,
+inhabited these quiet scenes. A picture which any rural gentleman
+could see from his front door, smacked too little of art for the
+modish town. Moreover, Constable, no doubt sighing for something
+lighter and more brilliant, was accustomed, in a vain effort to rival
+the clear light of out-of-doors, to use the lightest colors of his
+palette. On a varnishing day at the Royal Academy, the word was passed
+around among the astonished painters that in portions of his picture
+of the year Constable had actually used pure white!
+
+In 1829, however, the world moving, Constable was elected to
+membership in the Royal Academy. The most notable triumph of his
+life, though, befell seven years earlier, in 1822, when he sent three
+pictures to be exhibited in the Salon in Paris. The Hay-Wain, and
+Hampstead Heath, both at present in the National Gallery, London, were
+of the three, and excited the greatest enthusiasm among the group of
+young painters who, with Delacroix at their head, were warring against
+the academic rule imposed by David. Constable's work thenceforward was
+the dominant influence in France, and from it can be directly traced
+the great group of landscape painters which we to-day miscall the
+"Barbizon" school.
+
+It is pleasant to recall that official honor--the first which he
+received--came to Constable by the award of the great gold medal of
+the Salon at this time. For a number of years after this he sent his
+work to the successive Salons. Pecuniary success, such as fell to the
+lot of Turner, was never his; the first painter who looked at nature
+in the open air "through his temperament," as Zola aptly expresses it,
+was perforce contented to live a modest life at Hampstead, happy in
+his work, grateful to nature who disclosed so many of her secrets to
+him.
+
+[Illustration: THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM
+A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER.
+
+The "Fighting Temeraire" was a line-of-battle ship of ninety-eight
+guns which Lord Nelson captured from the French at the battle of the
+Nile, August 1, 1798. In the battle of Trafalgar, October 21, 1805,
+she fought next to the "Victory"--the ship from which Nelson commanded
+the battle, and aboard which, in the course of it, he was killed. She
+was sold out of the service in 1838, and towed to Rotherhithe to be
+broken up. Turner's painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy
+of 1839. His picture touched the popular heart, and though no
+reproduction in black and white can approach the splendor of color in
+the original, the engraving renders faithfully the sentiment of the
+picture.]
+
+"I love," he said, "every stile and stump and lane in the village; as
+long as I am able to hold a brush, I shall never cease to paint them."
+He ceased to "hold a brush" on the 30th of March, 1837.
+
+Turner, who was born a year before Constable, on April 23, 1775, was,
+unlike the miller's son of Bergholt, a child of the city. He was
+born in London, in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, where his father was a
+hair-dresser; and when only fourteen entered the Royal Academy schools
+as a student. The next year he exhibited a drawing of Lambeth Palace;
+and in 1799 was made an associate, and in 1802 a member, of the Royal
+Academy. His career was probably more successful than that of any
+other artist of modern times. Of his life the more that is said in
+charity the better; for as the sun rises oftentimes from a fog bank,
+so the luminous dreams of color by which we know Turner emanated from
+an apparently sour, prosaic cockney. A bachelor implicated in low
+intrigues, dying under the assumed name of "Puggy Booth" in a dreary
+lodging in Chelsea, after a long career of miserly observance and
+rapacious bickering--of his life naught became him like the leaving.
+He died December 19, 1851. His will directed that his pictures--three
+hundred and sixty paintings and nearly two thousand drawings--should
+become the property of the nation, the only condition attached being
+that two of the pictures should be placed between two paintings by
+Claude Lorraine in the National Gallery. Twenty thousand pounds were
+left to the Royal Academy for the benefit of superannuated artists;
+and one thousand pounds were appropriated for a monument in St.
+Paul's, where this curious old man knew the English people would be
+proud to lay him.
+
+For many years Turner had refused to sell certain of his pictures;
+while for others, and for the published engravings after his work,
+he had exacted prices of a character and in a manner that smacked of
+dishonesty. But as in obscure and dingy lodgings his brain had evolved
+the splendor of sunset and mirage, so, undoubtedly, his imagination
+had foreshadowed the noble monument which the Turner room at the
+National Gallery has created to his memory.
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR
+JOHN GILBERT.
+
+This portrait, made many years ago, is a sketch from life, and
+realizes the crabbed, sturdy painter, Turner, as we may imagine him.]
+
+Turner's work, as has been said before, is peculiarly his own. It is
+true that in the earlier pictures the influence of Claude Lorraine is
+evident; but upon this root is engrafted an audacity in the conception
+of color, a research of luminosity in comparison with which nearly all
+painting is eclipsed. That this refulgence is tinged now and then
+with exaggeration, with a forcing of effect that destroys the sense
+of weight and solidity in depicted objects where this sense should
+prevail, is certain. But it is not the least of his merits that he was
+endowed with a sureness of taste which enabled him to avoid the rock
+on which all his imitators have split--his work is never spectacular.
+It is perhaps at its best when he has the simple elements of sea
+and sky as his theme. Here, with the intangible qualities of air and
+light, textureless and diaphanous, he is most at home. When it becomes
+a question of the representation of earth, buildings, or trees, one
+feels the lack of loving subservience to nature; the spirit against
+which the art of Constable is eloquent lurks here too much.
+
+[Illustration: PEACE--BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY.
+
+  "The midnight torch gleamed o'er the steamer's side,
+  And merit's corse was yielded to the tide."
+
+                                     --_Fallacies of Hope._
+
+The "Fallacies of Hope" was an imaginary poem from which Turner
+professed to quote whenever he wanted a line or a couplet to
+explain his pictures, the avowed quotation being really of his own
+composition. Sir David Wilkie, the distinguished painter, died at sea
+on his way home from the Orient, June 1, 1841. His body was consigned
+to the sea at midnight of that day. The picture was exhibited at the
+Royal Academy in 1842.]
+
+The stone-pines of Italy are seen through the distortion of
+convention, the palaces of Venice were never builded by the hand of
+man; and we lose by this the contrast which nature provides between
+solid earth and filmy cloud. The onlooker must indeed be devoid of
+imagination, however, if he can stand before those pictures of Turner
+where the limitless sky is reflected in the waters, without profound
+emotion. They may not seem _natural_ in such sense as one finds works
+of more realistic aim; but one must at least agree with Turner, in the
+time-worn story of the lady who taxed him with violation of natural
+law, saying that she had never seen a sky like one in the picture
+before them. "Possibly," growled the unruffled painter; "but don't you
+wish you could?"
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE
+NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+
+This is believed to be a portrait of the painter's younger brother,
+William Opie.]
+
+Another phase of art--English, like that of Constable and Turner--rose
+to its greatest popularity at about the same time. It had an origin
+more easily traceable--the presence of Vandyke in England in the
+seventeenth century having given an impulsion to portrait painting
+which had been maintained by Reynolds and Gainsborough in the
+century preceding our own. George Romney, who was born at Dalton, in
+Lancashire, December 15, 1734, divided with these last two painters
+the patronage of the great and wealthy of his time. He was but
+eleven years younger than Reynolds, and seven years the junior of
+Gainsborough; but by the fact of his living until November 15, 1802,
+he may be considered in connection with the painters of this century.
+He possessed great facility of brush, which led him occasionally into
+careless drawing, and he lacked the refined grace of Reynolds and the
+simple charm of Gainsborough. Nevertheless, a superabundance of the
+qualities which go to make up a painter were his, and his art is less
+affected by influences foreign to his native soil than that of any
+painter of his time.
+
+Romney was preeminently a painter of women, as were the majority
+of his followers--English art at that time being possessed of more
+sweetness than force. Lady Hamilton, the Circe who succeeded in
+ensnaring the English Ulysses, Nelson, was a frequent model for
+Romney, and the list of notable names of the fair women whose beauty
+he perpetuated would be a long one. His life offers one of the most
+curious examples of the engrossing nature of a painter's work, if we
+accept this as the explanation of his strange conduct. Having come to
+London from Kendal in 1762, leaving his wife and family behind him
+in Lancashire, he remained in the metropolis for thirty-seven years,
+making, during this time, but two visits to the place which he never
+ceased to consider his home. It does not appear that anything but
+absorption in work was the cause of this neglect. His wife and
+children remained all the time in their northern home. In 1799, three
+years before his death, the husband and father awoke to a realization
+of their existence, and returned to live with them.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER
+10, 1793.]
+
+John Opie, known as the "Cornish genius" when his first works,
+executed at the age of twenty, were exhibited in the Royal Academy,
+was a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was born at Truro in May, 1761,
+the son of a carpenter. His precocity attracted the notice of Dr.
+Wolcot ("Peter Pindar"), who introduced him to Reynolds.
+
+Opie is thoroughly English in his manner, having, however, more
+affiliation to Hogarth and the earlier painters of his century than
+to his master. A certain hardness and lack of color are his principal
+defects; but, on the other hand, his work is sincere to a degree which
+none of the other painters of his time show, preoccupied as were even
+the best of them by a somewhat conventional type of beauty. He was
+appointed professor of painting at the Royal Academy in 1805, but
+delivered only one course of lectures, dying, at the age of forty-six,
+April 9, 1807.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS "THE CORAL
+NECKLACE," BY JOHN HOPPNER.
+
+From the collection of George A. Hearn of New York, by whose courtesy
+it appears here. Quaint and charming as a picture, of great beauty of
+color in the original, this is an admirable example of this painter.
+The original painting is at present on exhibition at the Metropolitan
+Museum, New York.]
+
+During the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the first years
+of the nineteenth, the fashionable portrait painters of London were
+John Hoppner and Sir Thomas Lawrence. The latter, living twenty years
+longer than Hoppner, was able to generously say of him, in a letter
+written shortly after Hoppner's death: "You will believe that I
+sincerely feel the loss of a brother artist from whose works I have
+often gained instruction, and who has gone by my side in the race
+these eighteen years."
+
+Born in Whitechapel, London, April 4, 1758, Hoppner's first vocation
+was that of chorister in the Chapel Royal. By lucky accident his first
+efforts at painting attracted the attention of the king, George III.,
+who granted him a small allowance which enabled him to study in the
+Royal Academy, where, in 1782, he gained the medal for oil painting.
+He first exhibited in 1780, and for some years devoted himself
+to landscape. Gradually changing to portraiture, he was appointed
+portrait painter to the Prince of Wales in 1789, and in 1793 he was
+made an associate of the Academy, receiving full membership in
+1795. For twenty years and until his death, January 23, 1810, he was
+extremely successful, and his productions, though less in number than
+those of Reynolds, or his contemporary, Lawrence, were numerous. In
+the course of thirty years he contributed one hundred and sixty-six
+works to the Academy exhibitions. These were chiefly portraits
+of women and children, and are marked by unaffected grace and
+appreciation of character.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+LAWRENCE.
+
+This picture, in the National Gallery, London, has inscribed on the
+canvas: "Lady Giorgiana Fane; 1800. AEt 5." It shows Lawrence's method
+of treating a child's portrait, in the style dear to our ancestors,
+as a "fancy" portrait. It is also typical of his pronounced mannerism,
+which would lead one to believe that before the days of photography
+sitters were easily contented on the score of resemblance. The head
+in this picture, for instance, is almost identical with that of
+Napoleon's son in the "Roi de Rome," executed fifteen years later.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+
+The greatest of all English actresses, at least in tragic parts--is
+the common judgment on Mrs. Siddons. She was almost born and reared on
+the stage, her father, Roger Kemble, being the manager of a travelling
+company of actors, with one of whom, William Siddons, she had married
+when she was eighteen. She was born at Brecon, in Wales, July 5, 1755,
+and had already attained to some distinction as an actress in 1775,
+when she made her first appearance in London. From then until her
+retirement in 1812 her career was a succession of triumphs. She died
+in London, June 8, 1831. Naturally, she was a favorite subject with
+the portrait painters of her time. The sweet-faced girl shown in
+the above portrait has as little resemblance to the stately lady of
+Gainsborough, or the "Tragic Muse" of Sir Joshua Reynolds, as it has
+to our imagination of what a "tragic queen" should be. The picture is,
+nevertheless, a portrait of _the_ Mrs. Siddons, and was presented to
+the National Gallery, London, where it now is, by her daughter, Mrs.
+Cecelia Combe, in 1868.]
+
+
+Time has enhanced the value of Hoppner's work somewhat at the expense
+of his great rival, Lawrence. While the latter remains, from youth
+to comparative old age, a most astonishing example of facile and
+brilliant execution, the less obtrusive, possibly more timid, attitude
+of Hoppner in the presence of nature gives him a greater claim to our
+sympathy to-day. He was apparently preoccupied above all in rendering
+the individual characteristics of his sitter; and there are many
+instances in his work where a painter can see that he has chosen to
+retain certain qualities of resemblance, rather than risk their loss
+by an exhibition of _bravura_ painting. Sir Thomas Lawrence is one,
+on the contrary, before whose pictures it is felt that the principal
+question has been to make it first of all a typical example of his
+work.
+
+[Illustration: LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS
+LAWRENCE.
+
+This portrait of the gifted and brilliant woman who, as Lady
+Blessington, and the intimate friend of Count d'Orsay, alternately
+shocked and ruled the literary London of Byron's time, is
+representative of Lawrence's extreme mannerism; but, despite its
+"keepsake" prettiness, has great charm. Besides her distinguished
+beauty, Lady Blessington offered much, in her life and surroundings,
+to inspire a painter. Born in Ireland in 1789, she was forced at
+fourteen into marrying one Captain Farmer. She could not live with
+him, and they separated after three months. Farmer was killed in 1817,
+and the next year she married the Earl of Blessington. Then began that
+brilliant social career by virtue of which her fame now most survives.
+Her house became the resort of the most distinguished people of
+the time; and she herself, by her remarkable grace, cleverness, and
+vivacity, ever kept pace with the best of her company. She derived a
+large estate from her husband at his death, in 1829; and besides,
+for nearly twenty years she had ten thousand dollars a year from her
+novels (for she was also an author); but she lived most profusely,
+and had finally, in company with Count d'Orsay, to flee from her
+creditors. She died in Paris, June 4, 1849.]
+
+Lawrence, born at Bristol, May 4, 1769, was the son of the landlord of
+the Black Bear Inn at Devizes; and the child was not yet in his teens
+when some chalk drawings of his father's customers gave him a local
+reputation. We are told that "at the age of ten he set up as a
+portrait painter in crayons at Oxford; and soon after took a house at
+Bath, the then fashionable watering-place, where he immediately met
+with much employment and extraordinary success." When seventeen, his
+success called him to London, where in 1791, though under the age
+required by the laws of the Academy, he was elected as associate when
+twenty-two. The year before, he had painted the portraits of the king
+and queen; in 1794 he was made Academician, in 1815 was knighted, in
+1820 was unanimously elected President of the Royal Academy, and in
+1825 was created chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France.
+
+This list of official honors is but little in comparison with the
+success which he had socially. Of a charming personality, he was
+admitted to the intimacy of all that Europe boasted of aristocracy and
+royalty. In 1815 he went to the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, where his
+facile brush portrayed the august features of the allied sovereigns
+assembled there. He contributed, from 1787 to 1830 inclusive, three
+hundred and eleven pictures to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy.
+
+It goes without saying that production of this quantity cannot be
+in every instance of the first quality. But the average merit of
+Lawrence's work is nevertheless of a high order. Of feminine charm
+(like many of his time and many of his predecessors) he was a master;
+no one has ever succeeded better in giving a certain aristocratic
+bearing to his sitters than he. It can be accounted a fault that this
+becomes somewhat stereotyped--that we feel that, were it wanting in
+the person before him, the amiable Sir Thomas could easily supply it.
+The English race has not changed so much in the short period which has
+elapsed since his time that the demeasurably large and liquid eyes,
+the swan-like necks, and the sloping shoulders, which mark it as his
+own in Lawrence's work, should be to-day of more rare occurrence. With
+this great and important limitation, among the pictures of Lawrence
+can be found a certain number of canvases, not always the most
+typical, of exceeding merit. Few men have ever conveyed better the
+impression of the depth and living quality of an eye, nor have many
+painters succeeded in giving to every part of their canvas the same
+qualities of color and brilliancy of execution as he.
+
+[Illustration: SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+LANDSEER.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY
+SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+
+This picture, owned by R.H. McCormick of Chicago, by whose courtesy it
+is here reproduced, represents Lawrence in his least mannered aspect.
+The simplicity of young girlhood is well expressed, the head is drawn
+and modelled with great subtlety, and we are fortunate to have so good
+an example of Lawrence's work in this country.]
+
+Lawrence died in his beautiful house on Russell Square in London,
+surrounded by rare works of art which he had collected, on January
+7, 1830. Nine years later Sir William Beechey, born at Burford in
+Oxfordshire in 1753, died in London at the age of eighty-six. He had
+come to London in 1772; and in 1798, having acquired consideration and
+a lucrative practice as a portrait painter, and after having painted a
+picture, now at Hampton Court, representing the king, George III., the
+Prince of Wales, and the Duke of York at a review, he was knighted.
+The same year saw his election to the Academy, of which he had been an
+associate since 1793.
+
+One of Beechey's distinctions is to have outnumbered even Lawrence in
+his contributions to the Academy, as three hundred and sixty-two
+of his works appeared on its walls. Of hasty execution or too great
+dependence on a dangerous facility, there is, however, little trace
+in his work. He was occupied exclusively with painting; he lived more
+than twenty years longer than Lawrence, and was never diverted by
+the claims of society upon his time. With his healthy, English color,
+recalling Reynolds, a sober style not devoid of charm, he is fairly
+typical of his time; and may fitly close this brief review of the
+earlier English portraitists. Their task has never been taken up by
+their successors in art, English portraiture to-day having much the
+same qualities and defects which mark the contemporaneous painters of
+all nations.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY
+SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY.
+
+The original painting is now in the museum of the Louvre, and is a
+picture charming in color--the warm white of the dress, and the rich
+surroundings, in the manner of Reynolds, making an admirable foil to
+the children's heads.]
+
+The exclusive choice of feminine portraits in this article has been
+dictated by a desire to show, in the space at command, the painting
+most typical of the time and people. While all these painters produced
+portraits of men, their work in this field was, as a rule, inferior to
+the art of France. Lawrence is perhaps an exception; as it would
+seem that occasionally in the presence of a masculine sitter he rose
+superior to his manner and, painting with all sincerity, gave his
+remarkable gifts full play. The lack, however, of serious training in
+drawing, the over-reliance on charm of color and sentiment, give to
+the English work a degree of weakness as compared with the thorough
+command of form and austere fidelity to resemblance that was preached
+to the French with "drawing is the probity of art" for a text.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+
+
+
+THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.
+
+PERSONAL REMINISCENCES AND RECORDS OF CONVERSATIONS.
+
+BY MURAT HALSTEAD.
+
+
+James A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United States, had the
+good fortune to be a boy long after he reached the years of manhood.
+This fact is the key to his character and the explanation of his
+career. His boyishness was not lack of manhood; it was a lingering
+youthfulness of spirit, a keen susceptibility of impression,
+an elasticity of mind, a hearty enjoyment of his strong life, a
+tenderness and freshness of heart, an openness to friend and foe,
+something of deference to others, and of diffidence, not without
+understanding of and confidence in his own powers. He was youthful
+with the noble youth of the fields and schools and churches, of
+the farms and villages of the West, when he became a member of the
+legislature of Ohio, from which he passed into the army, that was like
+a university to him. As a soldier he was typically a big, brave boy,
+powerful, ardent, amiable, rejoicing in his strength. In eastern
+Kentucky he led his regiment in its first fight. He found out where
+the enemy were, and pulling off his coat--the regulation country style
+of preparing for battle--headed a foot-race straight for "the rebs,"
+and routed them. It was literally a case of "come on, boys." Those
+opposed, so to speak, thought the devil possessed the robust young man
+in his shirt-sleeves.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32,
+AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE ARMY TO BECOME
+A MEMBER OF CONGRESS.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+When Garfield was President, he was asked whether he ever thought,
+before his nomination for the office, that he was likely to fill
+it, and his answer was curious and characteristic of his manner of
+expression. He said he supposed all American young men reflected on
+that subject, and he had done so--not with any serious concern, but as
+a remote possibility. And he added, "I have fancied the great public
+personified and looking with an immense, a rolling, intense eye, over
+the millions of the nation, to pick out future Presidents, and thought
+as it swept along the ranks the eye might give me a glance, and that
+perhaps the meaning of it was: I may want you--some time."
+
+It was my theory, as the editor of an important journal in Ohio during
+the time General Garfield served in Congress, that he needed a good
+deal of admonition; that he had a tendency to sentimentalism in
+politics that called for correction; that he required paragraphs to
+brace him up in various affairs; that he lacked a little in worldly
+wisdom, and maybe had a dangerous tendency to giving and taking too
+much confidence; and that he was disposed to dwell upon a mountain,
+and would be the better off for an occasional taking-down with a shade
+of good-humored sarcasm. He was still boyish about some things, and
+the speculative men in public life sought to beguile him. He was
+growing all the time, though. He was a student, and was brainy and
+generous, and laughed at "able articles" even if they had stings in
+them.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1863
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+Cincinnati knew him best as the Christian orator--follower of
+Alexander Campbell--who preached with a big voice and great
+earnestness at the corner of Walnut and Eighth Streets. This was when
+he was a grand young man, sure enough. Some time after, Congress found
+it out. After a while the public knew Garfield as one of the half
+dozen strongest men in the country. Next to John Sherman he stood the
+most commanding figure in Ohio politics, and was elected Senator of
+the United States, his term commencing on the day on which, as it
+happened, he was inaugurated President. He was just realizing
+his ability, having had it measured for him in the House of
+Representatives, and knew he was a force in affairs. He enjoyed his
+dinners and dressed well, and was of imposing presence: a good-natured
+giant--no posing--no troublesome sense of grandeur--none of the pomp
+affected by public men too conscious of importance.
+
+[Illustration: GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE
+WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE LOWER HOUSE
+OF CONGRESS.
+
+From a photograph by Handy, Washington.]
+
+He suffered under the petty charge that he had been influenced by a
+scrap of stock whose value might be affected by Congressional action;
+and those who knew him well were aware that his innocence of knowledge
+to do what he was charged with doing, was absurd and itself proof that
+he was sound. He was, by virtue of superior capacity, at the head of
+the Ohio delegation to the Republican National Convention of 1880,
+and was charged with the management of the candidacy of John Sherman,
+Secretary of the Treasury, for the Presidency--the most competent man
+in the country for the office.
+
+It had been thought for a time that the combination of important men
+for a third term of General Grant would succeed, as the glory of the
+General was very great and those who wanted him for President again
+were able and resolute. Blaine had hesitated for a moment whether to
+take the field; but learning that Sherman would be in the race whether
+there was or was not any other man a candidate in opposition to Grant,
+he made the fight, and he and Sherman were the representative leaders
+against the third term.
+
+Their feeling was that they were not making war upon General Grant,
+but upon those who sought to use his fame for their own purpose, and
+they meant particularly Senator Conkling. General Grant, at Galena,
+wrote a letter to Senator Cameron, and gave it to John Russell Young,
+who handed it to Mr. Cameron, and it disappeared. This letter was a
+frank and serious statement that he desired not to be considered
+a candidate, and no doubt his preference was the nomination of Mr.
+Conkling.
+
+The interest of the great convention early centred in the two tall
+men on the floor, the undoubted champions of the contending forces,
+Conkling and Garfield; and the latter got the first decided advantage
+in breaking the third term line when Conkling demanded that the
+majority of the delegation of a State should cast the entire vote.
+This was the famous unit rule, the defeat of which was the first event
+of the convention. Garfield and Conkling were foremost in the fray
+because they were the most masterful men of the vast assembly--nearly
+twenty thousand people under the roof.
+
+The advocates of the Old Commander for a third term were in heavy
+force, and knew exactly what they wanted; and whenever the convention
+met, as Senator Conkling usually walked in late, he had a tumultuous
+reception. The opposition saw it was necessary to counteract this
+personal demonstration, and managed to hold Garfield back so that he
+should be later than Conkling, and then they gave him salutations of
+unheard-of exuberance far resounding; and this was the beginning
+of the end. Garfield, because he was in person, position, and
+transcending talent a leader, was transformed into a colossus before
+the eyes of the convention, and was an appeal to the imagination.
+When the nominating addresses were made, none was heard by the whole
+multitude but those by Conkling and Garfield. They stood on tables
+of reporters, and their voices rang clear, through their splendid
+speeches, carrying every word to the remotest corners; and the rivalry
+between the two men became emphasized. Each had the sense to admire
+the effort of the other, Conkling saying to the delegate by his side:
+"It is bright in Garfield to speak from that place," and it was a
+good deal for him to say. More and more Garfield loomed as the man who
+stood against Grant.
+
+There had been a good many persons meantime saying that neither Blaine
+nor Sherman could beat Grant, and that Garfield was the man to do
+it. All who are familiar with our political methods are aware of the
+frantic desire of the average office-seeker, or practical politician,
+no matter what he wants, to find out early all the possibilities of
+the next Presidency; and it is esteemed a superb achievement to be
+among the first to pick the man. The number of far-sighted citizens
+on the subject of the eligibility of Garfield, as the convention
+progressed, grew large. Governor Foster of Ohio did not conceal his
+impression that the nomination of Garfield was certain. In his opinion
+Sherman was not in the race, and perhaps his judgment to that effect
+assisted the formation of the current that finally flooded the
+convention. One man, a delegate from Pennsylvania, voted for Garfield
+on every ballot, and kept him before the people. I had telegrams from
+correspondents of the Cincinnati "Commercial," at Chicago, several
+days before the nomination, evidently reflecting Governor Foster's
+opinions, and frequently repeated, until the event justified them,
+saying Garfield would be the nominee. I was that time slow to
+understand the situation, and protested, against putting the
+"nonsense" on the wires, in telegrams that after the event were held
+to signify lack of sagacity about Garfield.
+
+The first man who held decidedly Garfield would be nominated was Mr.
+Starin of New York, who travelled with Senator Conkling in a special
+car from the national capital to the convention, and said on the way
+the nomination of Grant was not to be, and that Blaine and Sherman
+could not carry off the prize, and that therefore Garfield was to
+be the man. He made this point to the Hon. Thomas L. James, the
+Postmaster-General in Garfield's cabinet, between Harrisburg and
+Chicago. Mr. Blaine regarded beating Grant at Chicago as no loss to
+the General and no reflection on him, but rather as the best thing for
+him; and that the true policy and purpose was to beat Conkling, who
+committed the error in strategy, however gallant the sentiment that
+inspired him, of committing himself irretrievably to Grant--and though
+the contested votes were all against him, he was unchangeable.
+"No angle-worm nomination will take place to-day"--meaning nothing
+feeble--was Mr. Conkling's oracular remark the morning of the day when
+the Presidential destiny of the occasion was determined.
+
+The drift toward Garfield was in so many ways announced before the
+decisive hour that he could not be insensible of its existence, and he
+was greatly disturbed. He said he would "rather be shot with musketry
+than nominated" and have Sherman think he had been unfaithful to his
+obligations as leader of the forces for him. That Senator Sherman was
+offended is well known; but so far as he felt that Garfield had been
+to blame, it was due to the gossip, widely disseminated, that Garfield
+was personally concerned in working his own "boom." All that was well
+threshed out long ago, and there is nothing tangible in it to-day.
+The fact is, Garfield could not have worked a personal scheme. He must
+have been defeated if he had tried it. A movement on his part of that
+kind would have been fatal. On the other hand, if he had got up to
+decline to be a candidate, it would have been easy to say that he
+was making a nominating speech for himself. It was not particularly
+difficult to call Garfield a "traitor," and the temptation to do
+it was because he was so sensitive regarding that imputation in
+politics--whatever hurts goes. He had no idea of concealing anything,
+and told such queer stories as this:
+
+The morning of his nomination--the fact that this was from Garfield
+himself is certain--one of his relatives from Michigan saw him and
+said: "Jim, you are going to be nominated to-day. I had a dream about
+you last night, and thought I was in the hall and there was something
+happening, I could not tell what, when suddenly on every side the
+standards of the States [names of the States on staffs locating the
+delegations] were pulled from their places, and men ran to where you
+were sitting, and waved them over your head." Garfield stated that
+this was certainly told him on the way to his breakfast; and after the
+nomination the dreamer reappeared and said: "What did I tell you,
+Jim? Why, the very thing I saw in my dream last night, I saw in the
+convention to-day."
+
+The inside truth about the nomination was freely given by Mr. Blaine,
+who, as the convention progressed, was studying the proceedings with
+the surprisingly clear vision he possessed for the estimation of
+passing events. He soon made up his mind that his nomination could
+not happen, and that Sherman also was impossible. They could not unite
+forces without losses. Evidently there was a crisis at hand. There is
+something in a convention that always tells the competent observer,
+near or far, that decisive action is about to be taken. The evidence
+appears of an intolerant impatience. Mr. Conkling was relying upon
+the absolute solidity of his three hundred and five. Mr. Blaine was a
+wiser man about the force of a tempest in a convention, and would have
+preferred Sherman to Conkling. But Conkling was quite as bitter toward
+Sherman as regarding Blaine, even more so in his invective; and this
+grew out of the custom-house difficulty that ultimately so deeply
+affected General Arthur's fortunes. There had to be a break
+somewhere--to Grant from Sherman and Blaine, or from him to them, or
+a rush to Conkling, or to Garfield, whose conspicuity had constantly
+suggested it; and Blaine resolved that the chance to rout the
+third-termers was to sweep the convention by going for Garfield, and
+overwhelming him with the rest, thus winning a double victory over
+Conkling.
+
+It is a fact, and the one that makes certain the proposition that
+Sherman could not have been nominated, that the majority of the Blaine
+men from New York, turned loose by breaking the unit rule--there were
+nineteen of them--preferred Grant to Sherman. If the break by Blaine
+from himself had been attempted, for Sherman, Grant would have been
+nominated if one ballot had been decisive. But Blaine was able to
+transfer every vote cast for him to Garfield, with the exception
+of that of a colored delegate from Virginia; and this movement was
+managed so as to overthrow all who strove to stand against it. Grant
+was in the lead for thirty-four ballots, but on the thirty-fourth
+there were seventeen votes for Garfield. On the thirty-fifth ballot
+Garfield had three hundred and ninety-nine votes, twenty-one majority
+over all. Blaine by telegraph had outgeneralled Conkling, present and
+commanding in person.
+
+The course of the proceedings of the convention from the first was
+a preparation for the final scenes, the putting of Garfield against
+Conkling and working up a rivalry between them having a marked effect;
+and this was not so much for Garfield as against Conkling. Garfield
+grieved to think Sherman would misunderstand him, and was apprehensive
+as to the feeling of the New York delegation. "How do your people feel
+about this?" Garfield asked a New Yorker, when he had returned to his
+hotel the nominee.
+
+"Well, they feel badly and bitterly," was the reply.
+
+"Yes," said Garfield, "I suppose they do. It is as Wellington
+said, 'next to the sadness of defeat, the saddest moment is that of
+victory.'" This remark was quite in Garfield's method and manner.
+
+Mr. Sherman's failure was made inevitable in this, as in other
+conventions, by the strange absence, always observable in New York, of
+appreciation of the unparalleled services to the country of his public
+labors culminating in the resumption of specie payments. That is the
+real secret and chief fault of the convention.
+
+Ex-Governor Dennison of Ohio appeared at the headquarters of the New
+York delegation after the Garfield nomination, and Senator Conkling
+greeted him cordially. There Dennison said, so that the whole
+delegation heard, that he was the bearer of a message from the
+delegation of Ohio, that they would give a solid vote for any man New
+York would be pleased to name for Vice-President. "Even," said Senator
+Conkling promptly, in his finest cynical way, "if that man should be
+Chester A. Arthur?"
+
+Dennison's answer was, after a moment, "Yes;" and Conkling put the
+question of supporting Arthur to a vote, making a motion that he
+was the choice of the delegation for the Vice-Presidency, and it was
+carried immediately. This was understood to be pretty hard on the Ohio
+people, including especially Sherman and Garfield. Of course, under
+the lead of New York and Ohio, the convention ratified the motion
+of Conkling, and the ticket was Garfield and Arthur. And so ample
+preparation was made for the bitterness of the coming time--for the
+troubled administration of Garfield and its tragic close.
+
+
+GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.
+
+There have been limitations upon the candor of all persons who have
+undertaken to write the story of the tragedy of the administration of
+Garfield, and partisanism in personalities has had too much attention.
+Mr. Conkling seemed to be the storm centre, and it was difficult to
+deal with him and not to offend him. It is well remembered that in his
+speech placing Grant in nomination he quoted Miles O'Reilly:
+
+  If asked what State he hails from,
+    Our sole reply shall be--
+  He comes from Appomattox
+    And the famous apple tree.
+
+On the way home, Governor Foster of Ohio, called out at Fort Wayne,
+paraphrased the Senator thus:
+
+  If asked what State he hails from,
+    Our sole reply shall be--
+  He comes from old Ohio
+    And his name is General G.
+
+This was not startling in any way, but Mr. Conkling had the reputation
+of being very much offended by the parody.
+
+It happens often in war, and sometimes in peace, that newspaper
+correspondents send the real news privately to the editor in charge,
+and give things as they ought to be in "copy" for the printers. There
+are before me private letters written by one well informed of that
+which was going on in the capital city of Ohio immediately after the
+nomination of Garfield, and a few extracts will turn the light on the
+inside of the affairs of the Republicans of the nominee's State at
+that time--the news then being too strong for newspapers.
+
+"July 10.--The plan to have Garfield go through New York to Saratoga
+with Logan, Foster, and others has been given up.... Logan and Cameron
+are all right, but Conkling refuses to be pacified or conciliated,
+unless Garfield will make promises; and that he refuses to do.
+Conkling said he'd 'rather had to support Blaine.' Conkling never
+called upon Garfield, or returned Garfield's call, or answered
+Garfield's note. Sherman has been in cordial consultation with the
+committee, and promised to do all he can honorably in his position
+[Secretary of the Treasury]. Garfield appears well under fire, and is
+a more manly character than ever before. He says no man could be in a
+better position for defeat, if he has to get it. His behavior has won
+the respect of the workers since the convention."
+
+"July 11.--They all stand around and watch Conkling as little dogs
+watch their master when he is in a bad mood--waiting for him to
+graciously smile, and they will jump about with effusive joy. A strong
+letter was written urging Conkling, in the most flattering way,
+and appealing to him in the most humble manner, to come to Ohio and
+deliver a speech in the Cincinnati Music Hall, and promising no end of
+thousands of people and bands and guns and things, till you couldn't
+rest. I opposed sending such a missive, advocating such a simple
+and cordial invitation as it is customary to extend to a leader and
+honest, earnest party man. But they looked upon me (probably rightly,
+too) as a fool who would rush in where angels fear to tread. And now
+Jewell writes that he has not dared to give the letter to Conkling
+yet, as he has not 'deemed any moment yet as opportune.' Meanwhile
+Conkling and Arthur have gone off on a two or three weeks' fishing
+trip. Dorsey humbly and piously hopes Conkling can be induced to make
+a speech in Vermont, and if the Almighty happens to take the right
+course with him, he may condescend to come to Ohio."
+
+This is a true picture of the way the campaign opened. Mr. Sherman
+said something in an interview that was less cordial than was expected
+and caused some temper, but the fault found was not that he was
+accusative but reserved. Colonel Dick Thompson made a ringing speech
+pledging the Hayes administration without reserve; and that gave
+encouragement, and was said to be for a time the only inspiration the
+Republicans got to go for Garfield with good will and confidence.
+
+It was arranged to have General Garfield appear in New York City, and
+it was expected that he would there meet Mr. Conkling. There was to be
+a consultation of Republicans, and the plan of the campaign perfected.
+The question of special exertion in the Southern States was up. The
+conference came off, and Mr. Conkling did not attend it. Mr. Arthur
+seemed very much grieved about that. Mr. Logan was unwilling to speak
+in the presence of reporters, and Mr. Blaine said he would be very
+much disappointed if his speech was not reported. Thurlow Weed made
+the speech of the occasion. The real object of the meeting was to
+bring Garfield and Conkling together without making the fact too
+obvious; and the disturbance of the candidate was manifest in his
+references to the absent Senator as "my Lord Roscoe."
+
+"I have," said Garfield next day, "an invitation to make a trip to
+Coney Island, and it means that I may there have a pocket interview
+with my Lord Roscoe; but if the Presidency is to turn on that, I do
+not want the office badly enough to go;" and he did not go. The words
+are precisely Garfield's; and the next thing was the journey over the
+Erie line, and speeches by Garfield, accompanied by General Harrison
+and Governor Kirkwood, at every important place from Paterson to
+Jamestown. That the General was capable of warm resentment, this
+letter testifies:
+
+    MENTOR, OHIO, _September 20, 1880_.
+
+    I notice ---- is parading through the country devoting himself
+    to personal assaults upon me. Why do not our people republish
+    his letter, which a few years ago drove him in disgrace
+    from the stump, and compelled the Democracy to recall every
+    appointment then pending? Of all the black sheep that have
+    been driven from our flock, I know of none blacker than he,
+    and less entitled to assail any other man's character.
+
+    Very truly yours,
+
+    J.A. GARFIELD.
+
+The speaking on the line of the Erie road by Garfield, Harrison, and
+Kirkwood was of a very high and effective character. The man who did
+more to make peace than any other was General Grant. Conkling had a
+genuine affection for him, and consented to go with him to Mentor;
+and yet there was some trifle always in the way of a complete
+understanding with the old guard of the Third-Term Crusaders.
+
+Garfield was very sensible of and grateful for the work done by Grant
+and Conkling, and did not stint expression of his feeling. The State
+of New York was carried by the Republicans, and Garfield indisputably
+elected President of the United States. There was a vast amount of
+worry in making up the cabinet, and Mr. Conkling's hand appeared,
+but not with a gesture of conciliation. He and Garfield were of
+incompatible temper. Each had mannerisms that irritated the other; and
+when they seemed to try to agree, the effort was not a success.
+
+As soon as the administration was moving the President was under two
+fires: one in respect to the attempted reforms in the postal service,
+and the other about the New York appointments. Mr. Conkling did not
+seem able to understand that anything could be done that was not
+according to his pleasure, without personal offence toward himself.
+He was a giant, and that was his weakness. It was Garfield's ardent
+desire to be friendly with the senior New York Senator; but one
+position he avowedly maintained. It was that he was not to blame for
+being President of the United States; that he had taken the oath
+of office, and was the man responsible to the people for the
+administration, and he could not, dare not, shift that obligation;
+and, more than that, he must give the "recognition" due friends to
+the men who had aided him in breaking down Mr. Conkling's policy at
+Chicago. If that was a crime he was a criminal. He was President, and
+he would be true to his friends; and surely he should not be expected
+to serve another man's purpose by humiliating himself.
+
+Conkling had taken part in the campaign at last, but that was his duty
+at first. It is needless to refer to questions of veracity--to what
+practical politicians call "promises." A polite phrase is twisted,
+by the many seized with fury to be officers, to mean what is desired,
+though it may be but a mere civility--the more marked probably because
+the President knows he has only good words to give! There are always
+such issues when there is patronage to be distributed, for, of course,
+there is dissatisfaction. Everybody cannot be made happy, with or
+without civil service reform; and it is no effort, when the President
+says "Good morning," and seems to be obliging, and says he will take a
+recommendation into consideration and if possible read the papers,
+and adds, "I shall be glad to see you again," to say, when he appoints
+another to the coveted place, that he has falsified.
+
+Mr. Conkling's friends relate that he was about to go to the White
+House and hold a consultation in which Mr. Arthur and Mr. Platt were
+to participate, when he received a telegram in cipher from Governor
+Cornell which, when translated, turned out to be an urgent request
+that the Senator should vote to confirm Robertson; and that this was
+regarded as insulting, and Mr. Conkling refused to go to the White
+House, with a burst of scorn about the dispensation of offices! This
+is not consistent with the accusations that Garfield was influenced to
+be perfidious. There are those who think there would have been peace
+if it had not been for that Cornell telegram; but they are of the
+manner of mind of the peacemakers of 1861, who thought another
+conference would heal all wounded susceptibilities. The source
+of discordance was not near the surface; it was in the system of
+"patronage" and "recognition," and deep in the characteristics of the
+individuals.
+
+It is not true that Mr. Blaine was fierce for war upon Conkling; he
+thought a fight was inevitable, and that the time for the President
+to assert himself was at the beginning; and said so. "Fight now if at
+all," said Blaine then to Garfield, "for your administration tapers!"
+As to his personal wishes, he was often overruled in the cabinet,
+and took it complacently. But he was warlike on the point that the
+President was entitled to be friendly with his friends, and must not
+be personally oppressed.
+
+One day Mr. Conkling in the Senate had one of the New York
+appointments pleasing to him taken up and confirmed, leaving half a
+dozen others, about evenly divided between his own and the President's
+favorites. Then came a crisis; and it was represented to the President
+that he should pull those appointments out of the Senate at once,
+before Conkling's power was further exhibited; and that if he did not,
+the bootblacks at Willard's would know that the Senator, and not the
+President, was first in affairs. The appointments were withdrawn, and
+it was perfectly understood that this withdrawal signified that the
+President would not allow men to be discriminated against because they
+were opposed to Conkling at Chicago. A letter came from General Grant
+in Mexico, addressed to Senator Jones of Nevada, and was published,
+reflecting upon Garfield's course; and at once the President wrote
+to the Old Commander defending his administration. This was done as a
+matter of personal respect. General Grosvenor of Ohio happened to be
+in the President's room when he mailed a copy of his letter to
+General Grant, and read the duplicate that was reserved. It was a very
+respectful and decisive statement. This letter was personal to General
+Grant, and the rush of events caused it to be reserved and finally
+forgotten, except by the few who knew enough of it to value it as an
+historical document.
+
+There were but a few days of the four months between the inauguration
+of President Garfield and his assassination that he could be said to
+have had any enjoyment out of the great office. It brought him only
+bitter cares, venomous criticisms, lurking malice, covert threats
+ambushed in demands that were unreasonable if not irrational. He felt
+keenly the accusation that he had been nominated when his duty was due
+another; and he was aware that friends had given color to accusation
+by a zeal that was unseemly. He was pathetic in his anxiety to be very
+right; and only the assurance that Conkling was implacable took the
+sting out of the haughty presumption he encountered in that severe
+gentleman, whose egotism was so lofty it was ever imposing, when it
+would have been absurd in any one else.
+
+During the summer and autumn of the campaign and the winter following,
+President Garfield was subject to attacks of acute indigestion that
+were distressing; and it was remembered with concern that he had at
+Atlantic City suffered from a sunstroke while bathing, and fallen into
+an insensible condition for a quarter of an hour. The question whether
+his physical condition might not be one of frailty was serious. Then
+Mrs. Garfield became ill, and the situation was gloomy.
+
+
+THE GARFIELDS IN THE WHITE HOUSE.
+
+There was one evening at the White House--just when Mrs. Garfield's
+indisposition was at first manifested, and then was only apparent in
+a slight chill, that caused a rather unseasonable wood fire to be
+lighted--that none of those present can have forgotten; for there
+were not many bright hours in the midst of the dismal shadowing of
+the drama hastening to the tragic close. Mrs. Garfield was, with the
+privilege of an invalid, whose chilly sensation was supposed to
+be trivial, seated before the fire, the warmth of which was to her
+pleasant; and she was pale but animated, surrounded by a group among
+whom were several very dear to her. General Sherman arrived, and
+was--as always when his vivacity was kindly, and it was never
+otherwise with ladies--fascinating. The scene was brilliant, and had
+a charming domestic character. The President was detained for half an
+hour beyond the time when he was expected, and came in with a quick
+step and hearty manner, and there was soon a flush of pleasure upon
+his face, that had been touched with the lines of fatigue, as he saw
+how agreeable the company were. A lady, who had never before seen him,
+voiced the sentiment of all present, saying in a whisper: "Why, he is
+the ideal President! How grand he is! How can they speak about him so?
+What a magnificent gentleman he is! Talk about your canal boys!"
+He was well dressed, of splendid figure, his coat buttoned over his
+massive chest, his dome-like head erect, adequately supported
+by immense shoulders, and he looked the President indeed, and an
+embodiment of power. He was feeling that the dark days were behind
+him, that he was equal to his high fortune, that the world was wide
+and fair before him. It was a supreme hour--and only an hour--for the
+occasion was informal, and there was a feeling that the lady of the
+White House should not be detained from her rest; and the good-night
+words were trustful that she would be well next morning; but then she
+was in a fever, and after some weeks was taken to Long Branch, and
+returned to her husband, called, to find him stricken unto death.
+
+It happened on the last day of June, 1881, that I stopped in
+Washington on the way to New York; and in the evening--it was
+Thursday--walked from the Arlington to the White House, and sent my
+card to the President, who was out. Then I strolled, passing through
+Lafayette Square and sitting awhile there, thoughtful over the
+President's troubles, and recalling the long letters I had written to
+him at Mentor, urging that Levi P. Morton should be Secretary of the
+Treasury, wondering whether things would have been better if that had
+been done; for a good deal of the tempest that broke over Garfield was
+because he sustained Thomas L. James in postal reforms. The testimony
+taken during the trial of Guiteau shows that he was that night in that
+square; and, knowing the President had left the White House, was on
+the look-out, with intent to murder him. The incarnate sneak was lying
+in wait, a horrible burlesque, to take his revenge because he thought
+he had been slighted, and was so malignant a fool he believed public
+opinion might applaud the deed. One of the dusky figures on the
+benches was probably his.
+
+At the Arlington, a few minutes after ten o'clock, I met
+Postmaster-General James; and when told that I was going to New York
+in the morning, he asked: "Have you seen the President?"
+
+I had not, and General James said quite earnestly: "Go over and see
+him now;" and he added: "The President, you know, is going to Williams
+College the day after to-morrow, and I know he is not going to bed
+early, and is not very busy, and will be glad to see you. He and I
+have been out dining with Secretary Hunt; and the President left me
+here a few minutes ago. Go over and see him. He has had a good deal of
+disagreeable business this afternoon relating to my department, and
+I am sure he would be glad to talk with you, and have something very
+interesting to say."
+
+
+LAST INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT GARFIELD.
+
+Returning to the White House, arriving there about a quarter before
+eleven, after I had waited a few minutes in one of the small parlors,
+the President came down the stairs rapidly, and I took note that his
+movements were very alert. I had not seen him since the night when
+Mrs. Garfield had notice of the illness that had become alarming, and
+from which she was now convalescent, and said first: "Mrs. Garfield is
+much better?"
+
+"Yes, much better," said the President, "and getting health out of the
+sea air. She has enjoyed it intensely, and will be able to join me day
+after to-morrow at Jersey City, on the way to Williams College--the
+sweetest old place in the world. Come and go with us; several of the
+cabinet are going, and we shall have a rare time; come and go with us.
+Have you ever seen the lovely country there?"
+
+I answered, "No, I have not seen it; and, thanking you for the
+invitation, shall not go; have too much to do. You will have a
+vacation?"
+
+"Yes," the President said, "and I am feeling like a schoolboy about
+it. You should go. You were along with Harrison, Kirkwood, and me to
+Chautauqua, you know. That was a great day's ride. Do you remember
+those watermelons? They would have been first-rate if they had been on
+ice a few hours."
+
+"You had a hard day of it," I said; "forty speeches, weren't there?
+And you will have another lot of speeches to make."
+
+He said he did not mind the speeches.
+
+"And how is your health," I asked; "any more indigestion? Ever try
+Billy Florence's remedy, Valentine's meat juice, made in Richmond,
+Virginia--great reputation abroad, little at home?"
+
+He said he had never tried it, had forgotten it. Then, turning with an
+air half comic, but with something of earnestness, he said, naming me
+by way of start: "You have been holding a sort of autopsy over me ever
+since I tumbled over at Atlantic City. I exposed myself there too long
+both in the water and in the sun, but it was not so bad as you think."
+
+I said he might pardon a degree of solicitude, under all the
+circumstances, and he said he did not want any premature autopsies
+held over him; and I put it that they had much better be premature.
+Then the President said, with the greatest earnestness: "I am in
+better health--indeed, quite well. It is curious, isn't it? My wife's
+sickness cured me. I got so anxious about her I ceased to think about
+myself. Both ends of the house were full of trouble. My wife's illness
+was alarming, and I thought no more of the pit of my stomach and
+the base of my brain and the top of my head; and when she was out of
+danger, and my little troubles occurred to me--why, they were gone,
+and I have not noticed them since. And so," said the President,
+uttering the short words with deliberation, and picking them with
+care, "and so, if one could, so to say, unself one's self, what a cure
+all that would be!"
+
+"The other end of the White House is better, is it not?" I asked.
+
+"Not so much change there," said the President; "but one becomes
+accustomed to heavy weather."
+
+"Lord Roscoe is feeling happier, I hope," said I.
+
+The President answered, dropping the "Lord Roscoe" comicality, and
+speaking rapidly and seriously, with a flush of excitement: "Conkling,
+after ten years of absolute despotism in New York--for Grant
+did everything for him, and Hayes tried to comfort him--got the
+elephantiasis of conceit. We read that gentlemen in Oriental
+countries, having that disease in its advanced stage, need a
+wheelbarrow or small wagon to aid their locomotion when they go out
+to walk--and the population think there is something divine in it.
+Conkling thought if he should go on parade in New York, and place the
+developments of his vanity fully on exhibition, the whole people would
+fall down and worship the phenomenon. But he was mistaken, for they
+soon saw it was a plain, old-fashioned case of sore-head."
+
+Then the President, having exhausted the elephantiasis as a divine
+manifestation, expressed regrets that there had been such contentions
+among those who should be friends of the administration; and repeated
+his view of that which was due to the actual trust the people had
+placed in him, and of which he could not honorably divest himself. He
+thought the people already understood the case fairly well and would
+be more and more of the opinion that he had tried to do the things
+that were right, "with malice toward none and charity for all." We
+talked until midnight. It was a Friday morning, and the President was
+doomed to be shot the next day. The assassin had been on his path that
+night. The President had gone out dining for the last time.
+
+"And you will not go to Williams College with me?" he said.
+
+I said: "Mr. President, you have forgotten you were assailed for being
+in my company to Chautauqua; and I have been so fortunate since as to
+gather a fresh crop of enemies, and do not want them to jump on to you
+on my account--for there are enough upon you already."
+
+That, the President said, was "curious and interesting," and he
+laughed about my "fresh crop," and said something about cutting hay;
+and I told him I had been invited to meet him Saturday night at Cyrus
+W. Field's country place, where a dinner party was appointed; and
+jumping up, hurried away. The light in the hall shone down on the
+President's pale, high forehead, as he walked toward the stairway
+leading to his apartments, and I saw him no more.
+
+Something familiar struck me in the appearance of the watchman at
+the door of the White House, and stopping, I said: "Did you hold this
+position here in Lincoln's time?"
+
+"Yes," said he, "I did."
+
+"And did you not look after his safety sometimes?"
+
+"I did, indeed," was the answer; "many a time I kept myself between
+him and the trees there," pointing to them, "as we walked over to the
+War Department to get the news from the armies. I did not know who
+might be hidden in the trees, and I would not let him go alone."
+
+"Did it ever occur to you," I asked, "that it would be worth while to
+have a care that no harm happened here?"
+
+"What, now?"
+
+"Yes, now."
+
+"Oh, it is different now--no war now."
+
+"No," said I, "no war, but people are about who are queer; and there
+are ugly excitements; think of it."
+
+Of course, this conversation at the door of the White House the
+midnight morning of the day before the President was shot, is
+accounted for by the sensibility that there was a half-suppressed
+public uneasiness that could mean some fashion of mischief, and
+it might be of a deadly sort to the President, because he was so
+formidably conspicuous. Nearly a year afterward, walking by General
+Sherman's residence, I saw him sitting under a strong light, with his
+back to the street, writing--doors and windows all open. I walked in,
+saying: "General, I wouldn't sit with my back to an open window late
+at night, under a light like this, if I were you. Some fool will come
+along with a bull-dog pistol and the idea that death loves a shining
+mark."
+
+"Pooh!" said the old soldier. "Nobody interested in killing me. They
+will let me well alone with their bull-dog pistols."
+
+The White House shone like marble in the green trees as I drove
+from the Arlington to the Potomac depot, July 1st, to take the train
+corresponding to the one that had the President's car attached on the
+following morning, when he meant to have a holiday of which he had
+the most delightful anticipation, as one throwing off a brood of
+nightmares. He was going back the President to the scene of his
+struggles in early manhood for an education, going to what he called
+the "sweetest place in the world," having reached the summit of
+ambition, confident in himself, assured of the public good will, happy
+to meet his wife restored to health, himself robust and to be, he
+thought, hag-ridden no more; rejoicing to meet the dearest of old
+friends, kindling with the realization of his superb and commanding
+position, glowing with his just pride of place; no heart beating
+higher, no imagination that exalted this mighty country more than his,
+no brain that conceived with greater splendor the glory of the nation
+than his, no American patriotism more true, brighter, broader, deeper,
+more abounding than his; and all was shattered at a stroke by a
+creature like a crawling serpent with a deadly sting.
+
+All over the land the flags flew at half mast, and the woful news was
+told: "The President is shot!" The man had fallen who, when Lincoln
+was murdered, spoke the memorable words from the Treasury building, on
+the spot where Washington was inaugurated: "The President is dead--but
+God reigns and the Republic lives." There were nearly three months of
+torture reserved for the second martyred President, and he bore
+them with marvellous fortitude; and then, on a September night, the
+throbbing of the bells from Scotland to California told, that the dark
+curtain of death had fallen on the tragic drama of the Presidency of
+Garfield.
+
+
+
+
+THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM.
+
+THE LAST ROMANCE OF THE PRINCESS OSRA.
+
+BY ANTHONY HOPE,
+
+Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," "The Dolly Dialogues," etc.
+
+
+King Rudolf, being in the worst of humors, had declared in the
+presence of all the court that women were born to plague men and for
+no other purpose whatsoever under heaven. Hearing this discourteous
+speech, the Princess Osra rose, and said that, for her part, she would
+go walking alone by the river outside the city gates, where she
+would at least be assailed by no more reproaches. For since she was
+irrevocably determined to live and die unmarried, of what use or
+benefit was it to trouble her with embassies, courtings, or proposals,
+either from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim or anybody else? She was
+utterly weary of this matter of love--and her mood would be unchanged,
+though this new suitor were as exalted as the King of France, as rich
+as Croesus himself, and as handsome as the god Apollo. She did not
+desire a husband, and there was an end of it. Thus she went out, while
+the queen sighed, and the king fumed, and the courtiers and
+ladies said to one another that these dissensions made life very
+uncomfortable at Strelsau, the ladies further adding that he would
+be a bold man who married Osra, although doubtless she was not
+ill-looking.
+
+To the banks of the river outside the walls then Osra went; and as she
+went she seemed to be thinking of nothing at all in the world, least
+of all of whom she might chance to meet there on the banks of the
+river, where in those busy hours of the day few came. Yet there was a
+strange new light in her eyes, and there seemed a new understanding in
+her mind; and when a young peasant-wife came by, her baby in her arms,
+Osra stopped her, and kissed the child and gave money, and then ran on
+in unexplained confusion, laughing and blushing as though she had done
+something which she did not wish to be seen. Then, without reason, her
+eyes filled with tears; but she dashed them away, and burst suddenly
+into singing. And she was still singing when, from the long grass by
+the river's edge, a young man sprang up, and, with a very low bow,
+drew aside to let her pass. He had a book in his hand, for he was a
+student at the University, and came there to pursue his learning in
+peace. His plain brown clothes spoke of no wealth or station, though
+certainly they set off a stalwart straight shape, and seemed to match
+well with his bright brown hair and hazel eyes. Very low this young
+man bowed, and Osra bent her head. The pace of her walk slackened,
+grew quicker, slackened again; she was past him, and with a great sigh
+he lay down again. She turned, he sprang up; she spoke coldly, yet
+kindly.
+
+"Sir," said she, "I cannot but notice that you lie every day here by
+the river, with your book, and that you sigh. Tell me your trouble,
+and if I can I will relieve it."
+
+"I am reading, madam," he answered, "of Helen of Troy, and I am
+sighing because she is dead."
+
+"It is an old grief by now," said Osra, smiling. "Will no one serve
+you but Helen of Troy?"
+
+"If I were a prince," said he, "I need not mourn."
+
+"No, sir?"
+
+"No, madam," he said, with another bow.
+
+"Farewell, sir."
+
+"Madam, farewell."
+
+So she went on her way, and saw him no more till the next day, nor
+after that till the next day following; and then came an interval when
+she saw him not, and the interval was no less than twenty-four hours;
+yet still he read of Helen of Troy, and still sighed that she was dead
+and he no prince. At last he tempted the longed-for question from her
+shy, smiling lips.
+
+"Why would you not mourn, sir, if you were a prince?" said she. "For
+princes and princesses have their share of sighs." And with a very
+plaintive sigh Osra looked at the rapid-running river, as she waited
+for the answer.
+
+"Because I would then go to Strelsau, and so forget her."
+
+[Illustration: "FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN
+SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER PASS."]
+
+"But you are at Strelsau now!" she cried with wonderful surprise.
+
+"Ah, but I am no prince, madam!" said he.
+
+"Can princes alone--forget in Strelsau?"
+
+"How should a poor student dare to--forget in Strelsau?" And as he
+spoke he made bold to step near her, and stood close, looking down
+into her face. Without a word she turned and left him, going with a
+step that seemed to dance through the meadow and yet led her to her
+own chamber, where she could weep in quiet.
+
+"I know it now, I know it now!" she whispered softly that night to
+the tree that rose by her window. "Heigh-ho, what am I to do? I cannot
+live; no, and now I cannot die. Ah me! what am I to do? I wish I were
+a peasant-girl--but then perhaps he would not--Ah yes, but he would!"
+And her low, long laugh rippled in triumph through the night, and
+blended with the rustling of the leaves under a summer breeze, and
+she stretched her white arms to heaven, imploring the kind God with
+prayers that she dared not speak even to His pitiful ear.
+
+"Love knows no princesses, my princess." It was that she heard as she
+fled from him next day. She should have rebuked him. But for that she
+must have stayed, and to stay she had not dared. Yet she must rebuke
+him. She must see him again in order to rebuke him. Yet all this while
+she must be pestered with the court of the Grand Duke of Mittenheim!
+And when she would not name a day on which the embassy should come,
+the king flew into a passion, and declared that he would himself set
+a date for it. Was his sister mad, he asked, that she would do nothing
+but walk every day by the river's bank?
+
+"Surely I must be mad," thought Osra, "for no sane being could be at
+once so joyful and so piteously unhappy."
+
+Did he know what it was he asked? He seemed to know nothing of it. He
+did not speak any more now of princesses, only of his princess; nor of
+queens, save of his heart's queen; and when his eyes asked love, they
+asked as though none would refuse and there could be no cause for
+refusal. He would have wooed his neighbor's daughter thus, and thus
+he wooed the sister of King Rudolf. "Will you love me?" was his
+question--not, "Though you love, yet dare you own you love?" He seemed
+to shut the whole world from her, leaving nothing but her and him;
+and in a world that held none but her and him she could love unblamed,
+untroubled, and with no trembling.
+
+"You forget who I am," she faltered once.
+
+"You are the beauty of the world," he answered smiling, and he kissed
+her hand--a matter about which she could make no great ado, for it was
+not the first time that he had kissed it.
+
+But the embassy from the Grand Duke was to come in a week, and to
+be received with great pomp. The ambassador was already on the way,
+carrying proposals and gifts. Therefore Osra went pale and sad down
+to the river bank that day, having declared again to the king that she
+would live and die unmarried. But the king had laughed again. Surely
+she needed kindness and consolation that sad day; but Fate had kept
+by her a crowning sorrow, for she found him also almost sad. At least,
+she could not tell whether he were sad or not; for he smiled and
+yet seemed ill at ease, like a man who ventures a fall with fortune,
+hoping and fearing. And he said to her:
+
+"Madam, in a week I return to my own country."
+
+She looked at him in silence with lips just parted. For her life she
+could not speak; but the sun grew dark, and the river changed its
+merry tune to mournful dirges.
+
+"So the dream ends," said he. "So comes the awakening. But if life
+were all a dream!" And his eyes sought hers.
+
+"Yes," she whispered, "if life were all a dream, sir?"
+
+"Then I should dream of two dreamers whose dream was one, and in that
+dream I should see them ride together at break of day from Strelsau."
+
+"Whither?" she murmured.
+
+"To Paradise," said he. "But the dream ends. If it did not end--" He
+paused.
+
+"If it did not end?" a breathless longing whisper echoed.
+
+"If it did not end now, it should not end even with death," said he.
+
+"You see them in your dream? You see them riding--"
+
+"Aye, swiftly, side by side, they two alone, through the morning. None
+is near, none knows."
+
+He seemed to be searching her face for something that yet he scarcely
+hoped to find.
+
+"And their dream," said he, "brings them at last to a small cottage,
+and there they live--"
+
+"They live?"
+
+[Illustration: "'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED
+SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND."]
+
+"And work," he added. "For she keeps his home while he works."
+
+"What does she do?" asked Osra, with smiling, wondering eyes.
+
+"She gets his food for him when he comes home weary in the evening,
+and makes a bright fire, and--"
+
+"Ah, and she runs to meet him at the door--oh, further than the door!"
+
+"But she has worked hard and is weary."
+
+"No, she is not weary," cried Osra. "It is for him!"
+
+"The wise say this is silly talk," said he.
+
+"The wise are fools, then!" cried Osra.
+
+"So the dream would please you, madam?" he asked.
+
+She had come not to know how she left him. Somehow, while he still
+spoke, she would suddenly escape by flight. He did not pursue, but
+let her go. So now she returned to the city, her eyes filled with
+that golden dream, and she entered her home as though it had been some
+strange palace decked with new magnificence, and she an alien in it.
+For her true home seemed now rather in the cottage of the dream, and
+she moved unfamiliarly through the pomp that had been hers from birth.
+Her soul was gone from it, while her body rested there; and life
+stopped for her till she saw him again by the banks of the river.
+
+"In five days now I go," said he; and he smiled at her. She hid her
+face in her hands. Still he smiled; but suddenly he sprang forward,
+for she had sobbed. The summons had sounded, he was there; and who
+could sob again when he was there and his sheltering arm warded away
+all grief? She looked up at him with shining eyes, whispering:
+
+"Do you go alone?"
+
+A great joy blazed confidently in his eyes as he whispered in answer:
+
+"I think I shall not go alone."
+
+"But how, how?"
+
+"I have two horses."
+
+"You! You have two horses?"
+
+"Yes. Is it not riches? But we will sell them when we get to the
+cottage."
+
+"To the cottage! Two horses!"
+
+"I would I had but one for both of us."
+
+"Yes."
+
+"But we should not go quick enough."
+
+"No."
+
+He took his hand from her waist, and stood away from her.
+
+"You will not come?" he said.
+
+"If you doubt of my coming, I will not come. Ah, do not doubt of my
+coming! For there is a great horde of fears and black thoughts beating
+at the door, and you must not open it."
+
+"And what can keep it shut, my princess?"
+
+"I think your arm, my prince," said she; and she flew to him.
+
+That evening King Rudolf swore that if a man were only firm enough,
+and kept his temper (which, by the way, the king had not done, though
+none dared say no), he could bring any foolish girl to reason in good
+time. For in the softest voice, and with the strangest smile flitting
+to her face, the Princess Osra was pleased to bid the embassy come on
+the fifth day from then.
+
+"And they shall have their answer then," said she, flushing and
+smiling.
+
+"It is as much as any lady could say," the court declared; and it was
+reported through all Strelsau that the match was as good as made, and
+that Osra was to be Grand Duchess of Mittenheim.
+
+"She is a sensible girl, after all," cried Rudolf, all his anger gone.
+
+The dream began, then, before they came to the cottage. Those days she
+lived in its golden mists that shut out all the cold world from her,
+moving through space that held but one form, and time that stood still
+waiting for one divine unending moment. And the embassy drew near to
+Strelsau.
+
+It was night, the dead of night, and all was still in the palace. But
+the sentinel by the little gate was at his post, and the gate-warden
+stood by the western gate of the city. Each was now alone, but to
+each, an hour ago, a man had come, stealthily and silently through
+the darkness, and each was richer by a bag of gold than he had been
+before. The gold was Osra's--how should a poor student, whose whole
+fortune was two horses, scatter bags of gold? And other gold Osra had,
+aye, five hundred crowns. Would not that be a brave surprise for the
+poor student? And she, alone of all awake, stood looking round her
+room, entranced with the last aspect of it. Over the city also she
+looked, but in the selfishness of her joy did no more than kiss a
+hasty farewell to the good city folk who loved her. Once she thought
+that maybe some day he and she would steal together back to Strelsau,
+and, sheltered by some disguise, watch the king ride in splendor
+through the streets. But if not--why, what was Strelsau and the people
+and the rest? Ah, how long the hours were before those two horses
+stood by the little gate, and the sentry and the gate-warden earned
+their bags of gold! So she passed the hours--the last long lingering
+hours.
+
+There was a little tavern buried in the narrowest, oldest street of
+the city. Here the poor student had lodged; here in the back room a
+man sat at a table, and two others stood before him. These two seemed
+gentlemen, and their air spoke of military training. They stroked long
+mustaches, and smiled with an amusement that deference could not hide.
+Both were booted and wore spurs, and the man sitting at the table gave
+them orders.
+
+"You will meet the embassy," he said to one, "about ten o'clock. Bring
+it to the place I have appointed, and wait there. Do not fail."
+
+The officer addressed bowed and retired. A minute later his horse's
+hoofs clattered through the streets. Perhaps he also had a bag of
+gold, for the gate-warden opened the western gate for him, and he rode
+at a gallop along the river banks, till he reached the great woods
+that stretch to within ten miles of Strelsau.
+
+"An hour after we are gone," said the man at the table to the other
+officer, "go warily, find one of the king's servants, and give him the
+letter. Give no account of how you came by it, and say nothing of who
+you are. All that is necessary is in the letter. When you have given
+it, return here, and remain in close hiding till you hear from me
+again."
+
+The second officer bowed. The man at the table rose, and went out into
+the street. He took his way to where the palace rose, and then skirted
+along the wall of its gardens till he came to the little gate. Here
+stood two horses and at their heads a man.
+
+"It is well. You can go," said the student; and he was left alone
+with the horses. They were good horses for a student to possess. The
+thought perhaps crossed their owner's mind, for he laughed softly as
+he looked at them. Then he also fell to thinking that the hours were
+long; and a fear came suddenly upon him that she would not come. It
+was in these last hours that doubts crept in, and she was not there to
+drive them away. Would the great trial fail? Would she shrink at the
+last? But he would not think it of her, and he was smiling again, when
+the clock of the cathedral struck two, and told him that no more than
+one hour now parted her from him. For she would come; the princess
+would come to him, the student, led by the vision of that cottage in
+the dream.
+
+Would she come? She would come; she had risen from her knees, and
+moved to and fro, in cautious silence, making her last preparations.
+She had written a word of farewell for the brother she loved--for some
+day, of course, Rudolf would forgive her--and she had ready all that
+she took with her--the five hundred crowns, one ring that she would
+give her lover, some clothes to serve till his loving labor furnished
+more. That night she had wept, and she had laughed; but now she
+neither wept nor laughed, but there was a great pride in her face and
+gait. And she opened the door of her room, and walked down the great
+staircase, under the eyes of crowned kings who hung framed upon the
+walls. And as she went she seemed indeed their daughter. For her head
+was erect and her eye set firm in haughty dignity. Who dared to say
+that she did anything that a king's daughter should not do? Should not
+a woman love? Love should be her diadem. And so with this proud step
+she came through the gardens of the palace, looking neither to right
+nor left nor behind, but with her face set straight for the little
+gate, and she walked as she had been accustomed to walk when all
+Strelsau looked on her and hailed her as its glory and its darling.
+
+The sentry slept, or seemed to sleep. Her face was not even veiled
+when she opened the little gate. She would not veil her proud face.
+It was his to look on now when he would; and thus she stood for an
+instant in the gateway, while he sprang to her, and, kneeling, carried
+her hand to his lips.
+
+"You are come?" he cried; for though he had believed, yet he wondered.
+
+"I am come," she smiled. "Is not the word of a princess sure? Ah, how
+could I not come?"
+
+"See, love," said he, rising, "day dawns in royal purple for you, and
+golden love for me."
+
+"The purple is for my king, and the love for me," she whispered, as he
+led her to her horse. "Your fortune!" said she, pointing to them.
+"But I also have brought a dowry--fancy, five hundred crowns!" and
+her mirth and happiness burst out in a laugh. It was so deliciously
+little, five hundred crowns!
+
+She was mounted now, and he stood by her.
+
+"Will you turn back?" he said.
+
+"You shall not make me angry," said she. "Come, mount."
+
+"Aye, I must mount," said he. "For if we were found here the king
+would kill me."
+
+For the first time the peril of their enterprise seemed to strike,
+into her mind, and turned her cheek pale.
+
+"Ah, I forgot! In my happiness I forgot. Mount, mount! Oh, if he found
+you!"
+
+He mounted. Once they clasped hands; then they rode swiftly for the
+western gate.
+
+"Veil your face," he said; and since he bade her, she obeyed, saying:
+
+"But I can see you through the veil."
+
+The gate stood open, and the gate-warden was not there. They were out
+of the city; the morning air blew cold and pure from the meadows along
+the river. The horses stretched into an eager gallop. And Osra tore
+her veil from her face, and turned on him eyes of radiant triumph.
+
+"It is done," she cried; "it is done!"
+
+"Yes, it is done, my princess," said he.
+
+"And--and it is begun, my prince," said she.
+
+"Yes, and it is begun," said he.
+
+She laughed aloud in absolute joy, and for a moment he also laughed.
+
+But then his face grew grave, and he said:
+
+"I pray you may never grieve for it."
+
+She looked at him with eyes wide in wonder; for an instant she seemed
+puzzled, but then she fell again to laughing.
+
+"Grieve for it!" said she between her merry laughs.
+
+King Rudolf was a man who lay late in the morning; and he was not well
+pleased to be roused when the clock had but just struck four. Yet he
+sat up in his bed readily enough, for he imagined that the embassy
+from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim must be nearer than he had thought,
+and, sooner than fail in any courtesy towards the prince whose
+alliance he ardently desired, he was ready to submit to much
+inconvenience. But his astonishment was great when, instead of any
+tidings from the embassy, one of his gentlemen handed him a
+letter, saying that a servant had received it from a stranger with
+instructions to carry it at once to the king. When asked if any answer
+were desired from his majesty, the stranger had answered, "Not through
+me," and at once turned away, and quickly disappeared. The king, with
+a peevish oath at having been roused for such a trifle, broke the seal
+and fastenings of the letter, and opened it; and he read:
+
+"Sire--Your sister does not wait for the embassy, but chooses her own
+lover. She has met a student of the University every day for the last
+three weeks by the river bank." (The king started.) "This morning she
+has fled with him on horseback along the western road. If you desire a
+student for a brother-in-law, sleep again. If not, up and ride. Do not
+doubt these tidings."
+
+There was no signature to the letter; yet the king, knowing his
+sister, cried:
+
+"See whether the princess is in the palace. And in the meanwhile
+saddle my horse, and let a dozen of the guard be at the gate."
+
+The princess was not in the palace; but her woman found the letter
+that she had left, and brought it to the king. And the king read:
+"Brother, whom I love best of all men in the world save one, I have
+left you to go with that one. You will not forgive me now, but some
+day forgive me. Nay, it is not I who have done it, but my love which
+is braver than I. He is the sweetest gentleman alive, brother, and
+therefore he must be my lord. Let me go, but still love me--Osra."
+
+"It is true," said the king. "And the embassy will be here to-day."
+And for a moment he seemed dazed. Yet he spoke nothing to anybody of
+what the letters contained, but sent word to the queen's apartments
+that he went riding for pleasure. And he took his sword and his
+pistols; for he swore that by his own hand, and that of no other man,
+this sweetest gentleman alive should meet his death. But all, knowing
+that the princess was not in the palace, guessed that the king's
+sudden haste concerned her; and great wonder and speculation rose in
+the palace, and presently, as the morning advanced, spread from the
+palace to its environs, and from the environs to the rest of the city.
+For it was reported that a sentinel that had stood guard that night
+was missing, and that the gate-warden of the western gate was nowhere
+to be found, and that a mysterious letter had come by an unknown hand
+to the king, and lastly, that Princess Osra--their princess--was
+gone; whether by her own will or by some bold plot of seizure and
+kidnapping, none knew. Thus a great stir grew in all Strelsau, and men
+stood about the street gossiping when they should have gone to work,
+while women chattered in lieu of sweeping their houses and dressing
+their children. So that when the king rode out of the courtyard of the
+palace at a gallop, with twelve of the guard behind, he could hardly
+make his way through the streets for the people who crowded round him,
+imploring him to tell them where the princess was. When the king saw
+that the matter had thus become public, his wrath was greater still,
+and he swore again that the student of the University should pay the
+price of life for his morning ride with the princess. And when he
+darted through the gate, and set his horse straight along the western
+road, many of the people, neglecting all their business, as folk will
+for excitement's sake, followed him as they best could, agog to see
+the thing to its end.
+
+"The horses are weary," said the student to the princess, "we must let
+them rest; we are now in the shelter of the wood."
+
+"But my brother may pursue you," she urged; "and if he came up with
+you--ah, heaven forbid!"
+
+[Illustration: "'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE
+HORSES' HOOFS'.... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND PULLED HIM TO
+HIS FEET."]
+
+"He will not know you have gone for another three hours," smiled he.
+"And here is a green bank where we can rest."
+
+So he aided her to dismount; then, saying he would tether the horses,
+he led them away some distance, so that she could not see where he had
+posted them; and he returned to her, smiling still. Then he took
+from his pocket some bread, and, breaking the loaf in two, gave her
+one-half, saying:
+
+"There is a spring just here; so we shall have a good breakfast."
+
+"Is this your breakfast?" she asked, with a wondering laugh. Then
+she began to eat, and cried directly, "How delicious this bread is!
+I would have nothing else for breakfast;" and at this the student
+laughed.
+
+Yet Osra ate little of the bread she liked so well; and presently she
+leaned against her lover's shoulder, and he put his arm round her; and
+they sat for a little while in silence, listening to the soft sounds
+that filled the waking woods as day grew to fulness and the sun beat
+warm through the sheltering foliage.
+
+"Don't you hear the trees?" Osra whispered to her lover. "Don't you
+hear them? They are whispering for me what I dare not whisper."
+
+"What is it they whisper, sweet?" he asked; and he himself did no more
+than whisper.
+
+"The trees whisper, 'Love, love, love.' And the wind--don't you hear
+the wind murmuring, 'Love, love, love'? And the birds sing, 'Love,
+love, love.' Aye, all the world to-day is softly whispering, 'Love,
+love, love!' What else should the great world whisper but my love? For
+my love is greater than the world." And she suddenly hid her face in
+her hands; and he could kiss no more than her hands, though her eyes
+gleamed at him from between slim white fingers.
+
+But suddenly her hands dropped, and she leaned forward as though she
+listened.
+
+"What is that sound?" she asked, apprehension dawning in her eyes.
+
+"It is but another whisper, love!" said he.
+
+"Nay, but it sounds to me like--ah, like the noise of horses
+galloping."
+
+"It is but the stream, beating over stones."
+
+"Listen, listen, listen!" she cried, springing to her feet. "They are
+horses' hoofs. Ah, merciful God, it is the king!" And she caught him
+by the hand, and pulled him to his feet, looking at him with a face
+pale and alarmed.
+
+"Not the king," said he; "he would not know yet. It is some one else.
+Hide your face, dear lady, and all will be well."
+
+"It is the king," she cried. "Hark how they gallop on the road! It is
+my brother. Love, he will kill you; love, he will kill you!"
+
+"If it is the king," said he, "I have been betrayed."
+
+"The horses, the horses!" she cried. "By your love for me, the
+horses!"
+
+He nodded his head, and, turning, disappeared among the trees. She
+stood with clasped hands, heaving breast, and fearful eyes, awaiting
+his return. Minutes passed, and he came not. She flung herself on her
+knees, beseeching heaven for his life. At last he came along alone,
+and he bent over her, taking her hand.
+
+"My love," said he, "the horses are gone."
+
+"Gone!" she cried, gripping his hand.
+
+"Aye. This love, my love, is a wonderful thing. For I forgot to tie
+them, and they are gone. Yet what matter? For the king--yes, sweet, I
+think now it is the king--will not be here for some minutes yet, and
+those minutes I have still for love and life."
+
+"He will kill you!" she said.
+
+"Yes," said he.
+
+She looked long in his eyes; then she threw her arms about his neck,
+and, for the first time unasked, covered his face with kisses.
+
+"Kiss me, kiss me," said she; and he kissed her. Then she drew back
+a little, but took his arm and set it round her waist. And she drew a
+little knife from her girdle, and showed it him.
+
+"If the king will not pardon us and let us love one another, I also
+will die," said she; and her voice was quiet and happy. "Indeed, my
+love, I should not grieve. Ah, do not tell me to live without you!"
+
+"Would you obey?" he asked.
+
+"Not in that," said she.
+
+And thus they stood silent, while the sound of the hoofs drew very
+near. But she looked up at him, and he looked at her; then she looked
+at the point of the little dagger, and she whispered:
+
+"Keep your arm round me till I die."
+
+He bent his head, and kissed her once again, saying:
+
+"My princess, it is enough."
+
+And she, though she did not know why he smiled, yet smiled back at
+him. For although life was sweet that day, yet such a death, with him
+and to prove her love for him, seemed well-nigh as sweet. And thus
+they awaited the coming of the king.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+King Rudolf and his guards far out-stripped the people who pursued
+them from the city; and when they came to the skirts of the wood,
+they divided themselves into four parties, since, if they went all
+together, they might easily miss the fugitives whom they sought. Of
+these four parties, one found nothing; another found the two horses
+which the student himself, who had hidden them, failed to find; the
+third party had not gone far before they caught sight of the lovers,
+though the lovers did not see them; and two of them remained to watch
+and, if need be, to intercept any attempted flight, while the third
+rode off to find the king and bring him where Osra and the student
+were, as he had commanded.
+
+But the fourth party, with which the king was, though it did not find
+the fugitives, found the embassy from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim;
+and the ambassador, with all his train, was resting by the roadside,
+seeming in no haste at all to reach Strelsau. When the king suddenly
+rode up at great speed and came upon the embassy, an officer
+that stood by the ambassador--whose name was Count Sergius of
+Antheim--stooped down and whispered in his excellency's ear, upon
+which he rose and advanced towards the king, uncovering his head and
+bowing profoundly. For he chose to assume that the king had ridden to
+meet him out of excessive graciousness and courtesy towards the Grand
+Duke; so that he began, to the impatient king's infinite annoyance, to
+make a very long and stately speech, assuring his majesty of the great
+hope and joy with which his master awaited the result of the embassy;
+for, said he, since the king was so zealous in his cause, his master
+could not bring himself to doubt of success, and therefore most
+confidently looked to win for his bride the most exalted and lovely
+lady in the world, the peerless Princess Osra, the glory of the court
+of Strelsau, and the brightest jewel in the crown of the king, her
+brother. And having brought this period to a prosperous conclusion,
+Count Sergius took breath, and began another that promised to be fully
+as magnificent and not a whit less long. So that, before it was well
+started, the king smote his hand on his thigh and roared:
+
+"Heavens, man, while you're making speeches, that rascal is carrying
+off my sister!"
+
+Count Sergius, who was an elderly man of handsome presence and great
+dignity, being thus rudely and strangely interrupted, showed great
+astonishment and offence; but the officer by him covered his mouth
+with his hand to hide a smile. For the moment that the king had spoken
+these impetuous words he was himself overwhelmed with confusion; for
+the last thing that he wished the Grand Duke's ambassador to know was
+that the princess whom his master courted had run away that morning
+with a student of the University of Strelsau. Accordingly he began,
+very hastily, and with more regard for prudence than for truth, to
+tell Count Sergius how a noted and bold criminal had that morning
+swooped down on the princess as she rode unattended outside the city,
+and carried her off--which seemed to the ambassador a very strange
+story. But the king told it with great fervor, and he besought the
+count to scatter his attendants all through the wood, and seek the
+robber. Yet he charged them not to kill the man themselves, but to
+keep him till he came. "For I have sworn to kill him with my own
+hand," he cried.
+
+Now Count Sergius, however much astonished he might be, could do
+nothing but accede to the king's request, and he sent off all his
+men to scour the woods, and, mounting his horse, himself set off with
+them, showing great zeal in the king's service, but still thinking the
+king's story a very strange one. Thus the king was left alone with his
+two guards and with the officer who had smiled.
+
+"Will you not go also, sir?" asked the king.
+
+But at this moment a man galloped up at furious speed, crying:
+
+"We have found them, sire, we have found them!"
+
+"Then he hasn't five minutes to live!" cried the king in fierce joy;
+and he lugged out his sword, adding: "The moment I set my eyes on him,
+I will kill him. There is no need for words between me and him."
+
+At this speech the face of the officer grew suddenly grave and
+alarmed; and he put spurs to his horse, and hastened after the king,
+who had at once dashed away in the direction in which the man had
+pointed. But the king had got a start and kept it; so that the officer
+seemed terribly frightened, and muttered to himself:
+
+"Heaven send that he does not kill him before he knows!" And he added
+some very impatient words concerning the follies of princes, and,
+above all, of princes in love.
+
+Thus, while the ambassador and his men searched high and low for
+the noted robber, and the king's men hunted for the student of the
+University, the king, followed by two of his guard at a distance
+of about fifty yards (for his horse was better than theirs), came
+straight to where Osra and her lover stood together. And a few yards
+behind the guards came the officer; and he also had by now drawn his
+sword. But he rode so eagerly that he overtook and passed the king's
+guards, and got within thirty yards of the king by the time that the
+king was within twenty of the lovers. But the king let him get no
+nearer, for he dug his spurs again into his horse's side, and the
+horse bounded forward, while the king cried furiously to his sister,
+"Stand away from him!" The princess did not heed, but stood in front
+of her lover (for the student was wholly unarmed), holding up the
+little dagger in her hand. The king laughed scornfully and angrily,
+thinking that Osra menaced him with the weapon, and not supposing that
+it was herself for whom she destined it. And, having reached them, the
+king leaped from his horse and ran at them, with his sword raised to
+strike. Osra gave a cry of terror. "Mercy!" she cried. "Mercy!" But
+the king had no thought of mercy, and he would certainly then and
+there have killed her lover had not the officer, gaining a moment's
+time by the king's dismounting, at this very instant come galloping
+up; and, there being no time for any explanation, he leaned from his
+saddle as he dashed by, and, putting out his hand, snatched the king's
+sword away from him, just as the king was about to thrust it through
+his sister's lover.
+
+But the officer's horse was going so furiously that he could not stop
+it for hard on forty yards, and he narrowly escaped splitting his head
+against a great bough that hung low across the grassy path; and
+he dropped first his own sword and then the king's; but at last he
+brought the horse to a standstill, and, leaping down, ran back towards
+where the swords lay. But at the moment the king also ran towards
+them; for the fury that he had been in before was as nothing to that
+which now possessed him. After his sword was snatched from him he
+stood in speechless anger for a full minute, but then had turned to
+pursue the man who had dared to treat him with such insult. And
+now, in his desire to be at the officer, he had come very near to
+forgetting the student. Just as the officer came to where the king's
+sword lay, and picked it up, the king, in his turn, reached the
+officer's sword and picked up that. The king came with a rush at the
+officer, who, seeing that the king was likely to kill him, or he the
+king, if he stood his ground, turned tail and sped away at the top of
+his speed through the forest. But as he went, thinking that the time
+had come for plain speaking, he looked back over his shoulder and
+shouted:
+
+"Sire, it's the Grand Duke himself!"
+
+The king stopped short in sudden amazement.
+
+"Is the man mad?" he asked. "Who is the Grand Duke?"
+
+"It's the Grand Duke, sir, who is with the princess. And you would
+have killed him if I had not snatched your sword," said the officer;
+and he also came to a halt, but he kept a very wary eye on King
+Rudolf.
+
+"I should certainly have killed him, let him be who he will," said the
+king. "But why do you call him the Grand Duke?"
+
+The officer very cautiously approached the king, and, seeing that the
+king made no threatening motion, he at last trusted himself so close
+that he could speak to the king in a very low voice; and what he
+said seemed to astonish, please, and amuse the king immensely. For he
+clapped the officer on the back, laughed heartily, and cried:
+
+"A pretty trick! On my life, a pretty trick!"
+
+Now Osra and her lover had not heard what the officer had shouted to
+the king, and when Osra saw her brother returning from among the trees
+alone and with his sword, she still supposed that her lover must die;
+and she turned and flung her arms round his neck, and clung to him for
+a moment, kissing him. Then she faced the king, with a smile on her
+face and the little dagger in her hand. But the king came up, wearing
+a scornful smile, and he asked her:
+
+"What is the dagger for, my wilful sister?"
+
+"For me, if you kill him," said she.
+
+"You would kill yourself, then, if I killed him?"
+
+"I would not live a moment after he was dead."
+
+"Faith, it is wonderful!" said the king with a shrug. "Then plainly,
+if you cannot live without him, you must live with him. He is to be
+your husband, not mine. Therefore, take him, if you will."
+
+When Osra heard this, which indeed for joy and wonder she could hardly
+believe, she dropped her knife, and, running forward, fell on her
+knees before her brother, and, catching his hand, she covered it with
+kisses, and her tears mingled with her kisses. But the king let her go
+on, and stood over her, laughing and looking at the student. Presently
+the student began to laugh also, and he had just advanced a step
+towards King Rudolf, when Count Sergius of Antheim, the Grand Duke's
+ambassador, came out from among the trees, riding hotly and with
+great zeal after the noted robber. But no sooner did the count see the
+student than he stopped his horse, leaped down with a cry of wonder,
+and, running up to the student, bowed very low and kissed his hand.
+So that when Osra looked round from her kissing of her brother's hand,
+she beheld the Grand Duke's ambassador kissing the hand of her lover.
+She sprang to her feet in wonder.
+
+"Who are you?" she cried to the student, running in between him and
+the ambassador.
+
+"Your lover and servant," said he.
+
+"And besides?" she said.
+
+"Why, in a month, your husband," laughed the king, taking her lover by
+the hand.
+
+He clasped the king's hand, but turned at once to her, and said
+humbly:
+
+"Alas, I have no cottage!"
+
+"Who are you?" she whispered to him.
+
+"The man for whom you were ready to die, my princess. Is it not
+enough?"
+
+"Yes, it is enough," said she; and she did not repeat her question.
+But the king, with a short laugh, turned on his heel, and took Count
+Sergius by the arm and walked off with him; and presently they met the
+officer and learned fully how the Grand Duke had come to Strelsau, and
+how he had contrived to woo and win the Princess Osra, and finally to
+carry her off from the palace.
+
+It was an hour later when the whole of the two companies, that of the
+king and that of the ambassador, were all gathered together again, and
+had heard the story; so that when the king went to where Osra and
+the Grand Duke walked together among the trees, and, taking each by
+a hand, led them out, they were greeted with a great cheer; and they
+mounted their horses, which the Grand Duke now found without any
+difficulty--although when the need of them seemed far greater the
+student could not contrive to come upon them--and the whole company
+rode together out of the wood and along the road towards Strelsau, the
+king being full of jokes and hugely delighted with a trick that suited
+his merry fancy. But before they had ridden far, they met the great
+crowd which had come out from Strelsau to learn what had happened to
+the Princess Osra. And the king cried out that the Grand Duke was to
+marry the princess, while his guards who had been with him and the
+ambassador's people spread themselves among the crowd and told the
+story. And when they heard it, the Strelsau folk were nearly beside
+themselves with amusement and delight, and thronged round Osra,
+kissing her hands and blessing her. But the king drew back, and let
+her and the Grand Duke ride alone together, while he followed with
+Count Sergius. Thus, moving at a very slow pace, they came in the
+forenoon to Strelsau; but some one had galloped on ahead with the
+news, and the cathedral bells had been set ringing, the streets were
+full, and the whole city given over to excitement and rejoicing. All
+the men were that day in love with Princess Osra; and, what is more,
+they told their sweethearts so, and these found no other revenge than
+to blow kisses and fling flowers at the Grand Duke as he rode past
+with Osra by his side. Thus they came back to the palace whence they
+had fled in the early gleams of that morning's light.
+
+It was evening, and the moon rose, fair and clear, over Strelsau. In
+the streets there were sounds of merriment and rejoicing; for every
+house was bright with light, and the king had sent out meat and
+wine for every soul in the city, that none might be sad or hungry or
+thirsty in all the city that night; so that there was no small
+uproar. The king himself sat in his armchair, toasting the bride and
+bride-groom in company with Count Sergius of Antheim, whose dignity,
+somewhat wounded by the trick his master had played upon him, was
+healing quickly under the balm of King Rudolf's graciousness. And the
+king said to Count Sergius:
+
+"My lord, were you ever in love?"
+
+"I was, sire," said the count.
+
+"So was I," said the king. "Was it with the countess, my lord?"
+
+Count Sergius's eyes twinkled demurely; but he answered:
+
+"I take it, sire, that it must have been with the countess."
+
+"And I take it," said the king, "that it must have been with the
+queen."
+
+Then they both laughed, and then they both sighed; and the king,
+touching the count's elbow, pointed out to the terrace of the palace,
+on to which the room where they were opened. For Princess Osra and her
+lover were walking up and down together on this terrace. And the two
+shrugged their shoulders, smiling.
+
+[Illustration: "HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ...
+SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING WAS ABOUT TO
+THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER."]
+
+"With him," remarked the king, "it will have been with--"
+
+"The countess, sire," discreetly interrupted Count Sergius of Antheim.
+
+"Why, yes, the countess," said the king; and, with a laugh, they
+turned bank to their wine.
+
+But the two on the terrace also talked.
+
+"I do not yet understand it," said Princess Osra. "For on the first
+day I loved you, and on the second I loved you, and on the third, and
+the fourth, and every day I loved you. Yet the first day was not like
+the second, nor the second like the third, nor any day like any other.
+And to-day, again, is unlike them all. Is love so various and full of
+changes?"
+
+"Is it not?" he asked with a smile. "For while you were with the
+queen, talking of I know not what--"
+
+"Nor I, indeed," said Osra hastily.
+
+"I was with the king, and he, saying that forewarned was forearmed,
+told me very strange and pretty stories. Of some a report had reached
+me before--"
+
+"And yet you came to Strelsau?"
+
+"While of others, I had not heard."
+
+"Or you would not have come to Strelsau?"
+
+The Grand Duke, not heeding these questions, proceeded to his
+conclusion:
+
+"Love, therefore," said he, "is very various. For M. de Merosailles--"
+
+"These are old stories," cried Osra, pretending to stop her ears.
+
+"Loved in one way, and Stephen the Smith in another, and--the Miller
+of Hofbau in a third."
+
+"I think," said Osra, "that I have forgotten the Miller of Hofbau. But
+can one heart love in many different ways? I know that different men
+love differently."
+
+"But cannot one heart love in different ways?" he smiled.
+
+"May be," said Osra thoughtfully, "one heart can have loved." But then
+she suddenly looked up at him with a mischievous sparkle in her eyes.
+"No, no," she cried; "it was not love. It was--"
+
+"What was it?"
+
+"The courtiers entertained me till the king came," she said with a
+blushing laugh. And looking up at him again, she whispered: "Yet I am
+glad that you lingered for a little."
+
+At this moment she saw the king come out on to the terrace, and
+with him was the Bishop of Modenstein; and after the bishop had been
+presented to the Grand Duke, the king began to talk with the Grand
+Duke, while the bishop kissed Osra's hand and wished her joy.
+
+"Madam," said he, "once you asked me if I could make you understand
+what love was. I take it you have no need for my lessons now. Your
+teacher has come."
+
+"Yes, he has come," she said gently, looking on the bishop with great
+friendliness. "But tell me, will he always love me?"
+
+"Surely he will," answered the bishop.
+
+"And tell me," said Osra, "shall I always love him?"
+
+"Surely," said the bishop again, most courteously. "Yet, indeed,
+madam," he continued, "it would seem almost enough to ask of Heaven to
+love now and now to be loved. For the years roll on, and youth goes,
+and even the most incomparable beauty will yield its blossoms when
+the season wanes; yet that sweet memory may ever be fresh and young,
+a thing a man can carry to his grave and raise as her best monument on
+his lady's tomb."
+
+"Ah, you speak well of love," said she. "I marvel that you speak so
+well of love. For it is as you say; and to-day in the wood it seemed
+to me that I had lived enough, and that even Death was but Love's
+servant as Life is, both purposed solely for his better ornament."
+
+"Men have died because they loved you, madam, and some yet live who
+love you," said the bishop.
+
+"And shall I grieve for both, my lord--or for which?"
+
+"For neither, madam; for the dead have gained peace, and they who live
+have escaped forgetfulness."
+
+"But would they not be happier for forgetting?"
+
+"I do not think so," said the bishop; and, bowing low to her again, he
+stood back, for he saw the king approaching with the Grand Duke; and
+the king took him by the arm, and walked on with him; but Osra's face
+lost the brief pensiveness that had come upon it as she talked with
+the bishop, and, turning to her lover, she stretched out her hands to
+him, saying:
+
+"I wish there was a cottage, and that you worked for bread, while I
+made ready for you at the cottage, and then ran far, far, far, down
+the road to watch and wait for your coming."
+
+"Since a cottage was not too small, a palace will not be too large,"
+said he, catching her in his arms.
+
+Thus the heart of Princess Osra found its haven and its rest; for a
+month later she was married to the Grand Duke of Mittenheim in the
+cathedral of Strelsau, having utterly refused to take any other place
+for her wedding. And again she and he rode forth together through the
+western gate; and the king rode with them on their way till they came
+to the woods. Here he paused, and all the crowd that accompanied him
+stopped also; and they all waited till the sombre depths of the glades
+hid Osra and her lover from their sight. Then, leaving them thus
+riding together to their happiness, the people returned home, sad for
+the loss of their darling princess. But, for consolation, and that
+their minds might less feel her loss, they had her name often on their
+lips; and the poets and story-tellers composed many stories about
+her, not always grounded on fact, but the fabric of idle imaginings,
+wrought to please the fancy of lovers or to wake the memories of older
+folk. So that, if a stranger goes now to Strelsau, he may be pardoned
+if it seem to him that all mankind was in love with Princess Osra.
+Nay, and those stories so pass all fair bounds that, if you listened
+to them, you would come near to believing that the princess also had
+found some love for all the men who had given her their love. Thus to
+many she is less a woman that once lived and breathed than some sweet
+image under whose name they fondly group all the virtues and the
+charms of her whom they love best, each man fashioning for himself
+from his own chosen model her whom he calls his princess. Yet it
+may be that for some of them who so truly loved her, her heart had a
+moment's tenderness. Who shall tell all the short-lived dreams that
+come and go, the promptings and stirrings of a vagrant inclination?
+And who would pry too closely into these secret matters? May we not
+more properly give thanks to heaven that the thing is as it is? For
+surely it makes greatly for the increase of joy and entertainment
+in the world, and of courtesy and true tenderness, that the heart of
+Princess Osra--or of what lady you may choose, sir, to call by her
+name--should flutter in pretty hesitation here and there and to and
+fro a little, before it flies on a straight swift wing to its destined
+and desired home. And if you be not the prince for your princess, why,
+sir, your case is a sad one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of the Tubs," etc
+
+EMERSON IN ANDOVER.--RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY RELIGIOUS TRAINING.--THE
+STUDIES OF A PROFESSOR'S DAUGHTER.--THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.
+
+
+Perhaps no one has ever denied, or more definitely, has ever wished
+to deny, that Andover society consisted largely of people with obvious
+religious convictions; and that her visitors were chiefly of the
+Orthodox Congregational turn of mind. I do not remember that we ever
+saw any reason for regret in this "feature" of the Hill. It is true,
+however, that a dash of the world's people made their way among us.
+
+I remember certain appearances of Ralph Waldo Emerson. If I am correct
+about it, he had been persuaded by some emancipated and daring mind to
+give us several lectures.
+
+He was my father's guest on one of these occasions, and I met him for
+the first time then. Emerson was--not to speak disrespectfully--in
+a much muddled state of his distinguished mind, on Andover Hill. His
+blazing seer's gaze took us all in, politely; it burned straight on,
+with its own philosophic fire; but it wore, at moments, a puzzled
+softness.
+
+His clear-cut, sarcastic lips sought to assume the well-bred curves of
+conformity to the environment of entertainers who valued him so far
+as to demand a series of his own lectures; but the cynic of his
+temperamental revolt from us, or, to be exact, from the thing which he
+supposed us to be, lurked in every line of his memorable face.
+
+By the way, what a look of the eagle it had!
+
+[Illustration: RALPH WALDO EMERSON.]
+
+The poet--I was about to say the pagan poet--quickly recognized, to
+a degree, that he was not among a group of barbarians; and I remember
+the marked respect with which he observed my father's noble head and
+countenance, and the attention with which he listened to the low,
+perfectly modulated voice of his host. But Mr. Emerson was accustomed
+to do the talking himself; this occasion proved no exception; and
+here his social divination or experience failed him a little. Quite
+promptly, I remember, he set adrift upon the sea of Alcott.
+
+Now, we had heard of Mr. Alcott in Andover, it is true, but we did not
+look upon him exactly through Mr. Emerson's marine-glass; and, though
+the Professor did his hospitable best to sustain his end of the
+conversation, it swayed off gracefully into monologue. We listened
+deferentially while the philosopher pronounced Bronson Alcott the
+greatest mind of our day--I think he said the greatest since Plato.
+He was capable of it, in moments of his own exaltation. I thought I
+detected a twinkle in my father's blue eye; but the fine curve of his
+lips remained politely closed; and our distinguished guest spoke on.
+
+There was something noble about this ardent way of appreciating his
+friends, and Emerson was distinguished for it, among those who knew
+him well.
+
+Publishers understood that his literary judgment was touchingly warped
+by his personal admirations. He would offer some impossible MS. as the
+work of dawning genius; it would be politely received, and filed in
+the rejected pigeon-holes. Who knows what the great man thought when
+his friend's poem failed to see the light of the market?
+
+On this particular occasion, the conversation changed to Browning.
+Now, the Professor, although as familiar as he thought it necessary to
+be with the latest poetic idol, was not a member of a Browning
+class; and here, again, his attitude towards the subject was one of
+well-mannered respect, rather than of abandoned enthusiasm. (Had
+it only been Wordsworth!) A lady was present, young, and of the
+Browningesque temperament. Mr. Emerson expressed himself finely to
+the effect that there was something outside of ourselves about
+Browning--that we might not always grasp him--that he seemed, at
+times, to require an extra sense.
+
+"Is it not because he touches our extra moods?" asked the lady. The
+poet's face turned towards her quickly; he had not noticed her before;
+a subtle change touched his expression, as if he would have liked
+to say: For the first time since this subject was introduced in this
+Calvinistic drawing-room, I find myself understood.
+
+It chanced that we had a Chaucer Club in Andover at that time; a small
+company, severely selected, not to flirt or to chat, but to work. We
+had studied hard for a year, and most of us had gone Chaucer mad.
+This present writer was the unfortunate exception to that idolatrous
+enthusiasm, and--meeting Mr. Emerson at another time--took modest
+occasion in answer to a remark of his to say something of the sort.
+
+"Chaucer interests me, certainly, but I cannot make myself feel as the
+others do. He does not take hold of my nature. He is too far back. I
+am afraid I am too much of a modern. It is a pity, I know."
+
+"It _is_ a pity," observed Mr. Emerson sarcastically. "What would
+you read? The 'Morning Advertiser'?" The Chaucer Club glared at me in
+what, I must say, I felt to be unholy triumph.
+
+Not a glance of sympathy reached me, where I sat, demolished before
+the rebuke of the great man. I distinctly heard a chuckle from a
+feminine member. Yet, what had the dissenter done, or tried to do? To
+be quite honest, only, in a little matter where affectation would
+have been the flowery way; and I must say that I have never loved the
+Father of English Poetry any better for this episode.
+
+The point, however, at which I am coming is the effect wrought upon
+Mr. Emerson's mind by the history of that club. It seemed to us
+disproportionate to the occasion that he should feel and manifest so
+much surprise at our existence. This he did, more than once, and with
+a genuineness not to be mistaken.
+
+That an organization for the study of Chaucer could subsist on Andover
+Hill, he could not understand. What he thought us, or thought about
+us, who can say? He seemed as much taken aback as if he had found a
+tribe of Cherokees studying onomatopoeia in English verse.
+
+"A _Chaucer_ club! In _Andover_?" he repeated. The seer was perplexed.
+
+Of course, whenever we found ourselves in forms of society not in
+harmony with our religious views, we were accustomed, in various ways,
+to meet with a similar predisposition. As a psychological study this
+has always interested me, just as one is interested in the attitude of
+mind exhibited by the Old School physician towards the Homoeopathist
+with whom he graduated at the Harvard Medical School. Possibly that
+graduate may have distinguished himself with the honors of the school;
+but as soon as he prescribes on the principles of Hahnemann, he is
+not to be adjudged capable of setting a collar-bone. By virtue of
+his therapeutic views he has become disqualified for professional
+recognition. So, by virtue of one's religious views, the man or
+woman of orthodox convictions, whatever one's proportion of personal
+culture, is regarded with a gentle superiority, as being of a class
+still enslaved in superstition, and therefore _per se_ barbaric.
+
+Put in undecorated language, this is about the sum and substance of
+a state of feeling which all intelligent evangelical Christians
+recognize perfectly in those who have preempted for themselves the
+claims belonging to what are called the liberal faiths.
+
+On the other hand, one who is regarded as a little of a heretic from
+the sterner sects, may make the warmest friendships of a lifetime
+among "the world's people"--whom far be it from me to seem to
+dispossess of any of their manifold charms.
+
+This brings me closely to a question which I am so often asked, either
+directly or indirectly, that I cannot easily pass this Andover chapter
+by without some recognition of it.
+
+What was, in very truth, the effect of such a religious training as
+Andover gave her children?
+
+Curious impressions used to be afloat about us among people of easier
+faiths; often, I think, we were supposed to spend our youth paddling
+about in a lake of blue fire, or in committing the genealogies to
+memory, or in gasping beneath the agonies of religious revivals.
+
+To be quite honest, I should say that I have not retained _all_
+the beliefs which I was taught--who does? But I have retained the
+profoundest respect for the way in which I was taught them; and I
+would rather have been taught what I was, _as_ I was, and run whatever
+risks were involved in the process, than to have been taught much
+less, little, or nothing.
+
+An excess of religious education may have its unfortunate aspects. But
+a deficiency of it has worse.
+
+It is true that, for little people, our little souls were a good deal
+agitated on the question of eternal salvation. We were taught that
+heaven and hell followed life and death; that the one place was "a
+desirable location," and the other too dreadful to be mentioned in
+ears polite; and that what Matthew Arnold calls "conduct" was the
+deciding thing. Not that we heard much, until we grew old enough to
+read for ourselves, about Matthew Arnold; but we did hear a great
+deal about plain behaviour--unselfishness, integrity, honor, sweet
+temper--the simple good morals of childhood.
+
+We were taught, too, to respect prayer and the Christian Bible. In
+this last particular we never had at all an oppressive education.
+
+My Sunday-school reminiscences are few and comfortable, and left me,
+chiefly, with the impression that Sunday-schools always studied Acts;
+for I do not recall any lessons given me by strolling theologues in
+any other--certainly none in any severer--portions of the Bible.
+
+It was all very easy and pleasant, if not feverishly stimulating; and
+I am quite willing to match my Andover Sunday-school experiences with
+that of a Boston free-thinker's little daughter who came home and
+complained to her mother:
+
+"There is a dreadful girl put into our Sunday-school. I think, mamma,
+she is bad society for me. She says the Bible is exaggerated, and then
+she tickles my legs!"
+
+I have said that we were taught to think something about our own
+"salvation;" and so we were, but not in a manner calculated to burden
+the good spirits of any but a very sensitive or introspective child.
+Personally, I may have dwelt on the idea, at times, more than was
+good for my happiness; but certainly no more than was good for my
+character. The idea of character was at the basis of everything we
+did, or dreamed, or learned.
+
+There is a scarecrow which "liberal" beliefs put together, hang in
+the field of public terror or ridicule, and call it Orthodoxy. Of this
+misshapen creature we knew nothing in Andover.
+
+Of hell we heard sometimes, it is true, for Andover Seminary believed
+in it--though, be it said, much more comfortably in the days before
+this iron doctrine became the bridge of contention in the recent
+serious, theological battle which has devastated Andover. In my own
+case, I do not remember to have been shocked or threatened by this
+woful doctrine. I knew that my father believed in the everlasting
+misery of wicked people who could be good if they wanted to, but
+would not; and I was, of course, accustomed to accept the beliefs of
+a parent who represented everything that was tender, unselfish, pure,
+and noble, to my mind--in fact, who sustained to me the ideal of a
+fatherhood which gave me the best conception I shall ever get, in this
+world, of the Fatherhood of God. My father presented the interesting
+anomaly of a man holding, in one dark particular, a severe faith, but
+displaying in his private character rare tenderness and sweetness of
+heart. He would go out of his way to save a crawling thing from death,
+or any sentient thing from pain. He took more trouble to give comfort
+or to prevent distress to every breathing creature that came within
+his reach, than any other person whom I have ever known. He had not
+the heart to witness heartache. It was impossible for him to endure
+the sight of a child's suffering. His sympathy was an extra sense,
+finer than eyesight, more exquisite than touch.
+
+Yet, he did believe that absolute perversion of moral character went
+to its "own place," and bore the consequence of its own choice.
+
+Once I told a lie (I was seven years old), and my father was a
+broken-hearted man. He told me _then_ that liars went to hell. I
+do not remember to have heard any such personal application of the
+doctrine of eternal punishment before or since; and the fact made a
+life-long impression, to which I largely owe a personal preference for
+veracity. Yet, to analyze the scene strictly, I must say that it was
+not fear of torment which so moved me; it was the sight of that broken
+face. For my father wept--only when death visited the household did
+I ever see him cry again--and I stood melted and miserable before
+his anguish and his love. The devil and all his angels could not have
+punished into me the noble shame of that moment.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART
+PHELPS. From a photograph by Warren, Boston.]
+
+I have often been aware of being pitied by outsiders for the
+theological discipline which I was supposed to have received in
+Andover; but I must truthfully say that I have never been conscious of
+needing compassion in this respect. I was taught that God is Love, and
+Christ His Son is our Saviour; that the important thing in life was
+to be that kind of woman for which there is really, I find, no better
+word than Christian, and that the only road to this end was to be
+trodden by way of character. The ancient Persians (as we all know)
+were taught to hurl a javelin, ride a horse, and speak the truth.
+
+I was taught that I should speak the truth, say my prayers, and
+consider other people; it was a wholesome, right-minded, invigorating
+training that we had, born of tenderness, educated conscience, and
+good sense, and I have lived to bless it in many troubled years.
+
+What if we did lend a little too much romance now and then to our
+religious "experience"? It was better for us than some other kinds
+of romance to which we were quite as liable. What if I did "join the
+church" (entirely of my own urgent will, not of my father's preference
+or guiding) at the age of twelve, when the great dogmas to which I was
+expected to subscribe could not possibly have any rational meaning for
+me? I remember how my father took me apart, and gently explained to me
+beforehand the clauses of the rather simple and truly beautiful
+chapel creed which he himself, I believe, had written to modernize and
+clarify the old one--I wonder if it were done at that very time? And
+I remember that it all seemed to me very easy and happy--signifying
+chiefly, that one meant to be a good girl, if possible. What if one
+did conduct a voluminous religious correspondence with the other
+Professor's daughter, who put notes under the fence which divided our
+homes? We were none the worse girls for that. And we outgrew it, when
+the time came.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR
+AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.
+
+Professor M. Stuart Phelps died in 1883, at the age of 34. He was
+professor of philosophy in Smith College, was called by those entitled
+to judge, the most promising young psychologist in this country, and a
+brilliant future was prophesied for him. The above portrait is from a
+photograph by Pach Brothers, New York.]
+
+One thing, supremely, I may say that I learned from the Andover life,
+or, at least, from the Andover home. That was an everlasting scorn of
+worldliness--I do not mean in the religious sense of the word. That
+tendency to seek the lower motive, to do the secondary thing, to
+confuse sounds or appearances with values, which is covered by the
+word as we commonly use it, very early came to seem to me a way of
+looking at life for which I know no other term than underbred.
+
+There is no better training for a young person than to live in the
+atmosphere of a study--we did not call it a library, in my father's
+home. People of leisure who read might have libraries. People who
+worked among their books had studies.
+
+The life of a student, with its gracious peace, its beauty, its
+dignity, seemed to me, as the life of social preoccupation or success
+may seem to children born to that penumbra, the inevitable thing.
+
+As one grew to think out life for one's self, one came to perceive
+a width and sanctity in the choice of work--whether rhetoric or art,
+theology or sculpture, hydraulics or manufacture--but to _work_, to
+work hard, to see work steadily, and see it whole, was the way to be
+reputable. I think I always respected a good blacksmith more than a
+lady of leisure.
+
+I know it took me a while to recover from a very youthful and amusing
+disinclination to rich people, which was surely never trained into
+me, but grew like the fruit of the horse-chestnut trees, ruggedly,
+of nature, and of Andover Hill; and which dropped away when its time
+came--just about as useless as the big brown nuts which we cut into
+baskets and carved into Trustees' faces for a mild November day, and
+then threw away.
+
+When I came in due time to observe that property and a hardened
+character were not identical, and that families of ease in which one
+might happen to visit were not deficient in education because their
+incomes were large--I think it was at first with a certain sense of
+surprise. It is impossible to convey to one differently reared the
+delicious _naivete_ of this state of mind.
+
+Whatever the "personal peculiarities" of our youthful conceptions of
+life, as acquired at Andover, one thing is sure--that we grew into
+love of reality as naturally as the Seminary elms shook out their
+long, green plumes in May, and shed their delicate, yellow leaves in
+October.
+
+I can remember no time when we did not instinctively despise a sham,
+and honor a genuine person, thing, or claim. In mere social pretension
+not built upon character, intelligence, education, or gentle birth,
+we felt no interest. I do not remember having been taught this, in so
+many words. It came without teaching.
+
+My father taught me most things without text-books or lessons. By far
+the most important portion of what one calls education, I owe to him;
+yet he never preached, or prosed, or played the pedagogue. He talked
+a great deal, not to us, but with us; we began to have conversation
+while we were still playing marbles and dolls. I remember hours of
+discussion with him on some subject so large that the littleness
+of his interlocutor must have tried him sorely. Time and eternity,
+theology and science, literature and art, invention and discovery
+came each in its turn; and, while I was still making burr baskets, or
+walking fences, or coasting (standing up) on what I was proud to
+claim as the biggest sled in town, down the longest hills, and on the
+fastest local record--I was fascinated with the wealth and variety
+which seem to have been the conditions of thought with him. I have
+never been more _interested_ by anything in later life than I was in
+my father's conversation.
+
+I never attended a public school of any kind--unless we except the
+Sunday-school that studied Acts--and when it came time for me to
+pass from the small to the large private schools of Andover, the same
+paternal comradeship continued to keep step with me. There was no
+college diploma for girls of my kind in my day; but we came as near to
+it as we could.
+
+There was a private school in Andover, of wide reputation in its time,
+known to the irreverent as the "Nunnery," but bearing in professional
+circles the more stately name of Mrs. Edwards's School for Young
+Ladies. Two day-scholars, as a marked favor to their parents, were
+admitted with the boarders elect; and of these two I was one. If
+I remember correctly, Professor Park and my father were among the
+advisers whose opinions had weight with the selection of our course
+of study, and I often wonder how, with their rather feudal views of
+women, these two wise men of Andover managed to approve so broad a
+curriculum.
+
+Possibly the quiet and modest learned lady, our principal, had ideas
+of her own which no one could have suspected her of obtruding against
+the current of her times and environment; like other strong and
+gentle women she may have had her "way" when nobody thought so. At
+all events, we were taught wisely and well, in directions to which the
+fashionable girls' schools of the day did not lift an eye-lash.
+
+I was an out-of-door girl, always into every little mischief of snow
+or rainfall, flower, field, or woods or ice; but in spite of skates
+and sleds and tramps and all the west winds from Wachusett that blew
+through me, soul and body, I was not strong; and my father found it
+necessary to oversee my methods of studying. Incidentally, I think, he
+influenced the choice of some of our text-books, and I remember that,
+with the exception of Greek and trigonometry--thought, in those days,
+to be beyond the scope of the feminine intellect--we pursued the same
+curriculum that our brothers did at college. In some cases we had
+teachers who were then, or afterwards, college professors in their
+specialties; in all departments I think we were faithfully taught, and
+that our tastes and abilities were electively recognized.
+
+I was not allowed, I remember, to inflict my musical talents upon the
+piano for more than one hour a day; my father taking the ground that,
+as there was only so much of a girl, if she had not unusual musical
+gift and had less than usual physical vigor, she had better give the
+best of herself to her studies. I have often blessed him for this
+daring individualism; for, while the school "practice" went on about
+me, in the ordinary way, so many precious hours out of a day that
+was all too short for better things--I was learning my lessons quite
+comfortably, and getting plenty of fresh air and exercise between
+whiles.
+
+I hasten to say that I was not at all a remarkable scholar. I
+cherished a taste for standing near the top of the class, somewhere,
+and always preferred rather to answer a question than to miss it; but
+this, I think, was pure pride, rather than an absorbing, intellectual
+passion. It was a wholesome pride, however, and served me a good turn.
+
+At one epoch of history, so far back that I cannot date it, I remember
+to have been a scholar at Abbott Academy long enough to learn how to
+spell. Perhaps one ought to give the honor of this achievement where
+honor is due. When I observe the manner in which the superior sex
+is often turned out by masculine diplomas upon the world with the
+life-long need of a vest-pocket dictionary or a spelling-book, I
+cherish a respect for the method in which I was compelled to spell
+the English language. It was severe, no doubt. We stood in a class of
+forty, and lost our places for the misfit of a syllable, a letter, a
+definition, or even a stumble in elocution. I remember once losing the
+head of the class for saying: L-u-ux--Lux. It was a terrible blow, and
+I think of it yet with burning mortification on my cheeks.
+
+In the "Nunnery" we were supposed to have learned how to spell. We
+studied what we called Mental Philosophy, to my unmitigated delight;
+and Butler's Analogy, which I considered a luxury; and Shakespeare,
+whom I distantly but never intimately adored; Latin, to which dead
+language we gave seven years apiece, out of our live girlhood;
+Picciola and Undine we dreamed over, in the grove and the orchard;
+English literature is associated with the summer-house and the grape
+arbor, with flecks of shade and glints of light, and a sense of
+unmistakable privilege. There was physiology, which was scarcely work,
+and astronomy, which I found so exhilarating that I fell ill over it.
+Alas, truth compels me to add that Mathematics, with a big _M_ and
+stretching on through the books of Euclid, darkened my young
+horizon with dull despair; and that chemistry--but the facts are too
+humiliating to relate. My father used to say that all he ever got out
+of the pursuit of this useful science in his college days--and he was
+facile valedictorian--was the impression that there was a sub-acetate
+of something dissolved in a powder at the bottom.
+
+All that I am able to recall of the study of "my brother's
+text-books," in this department, is that there was once a frightful
+odor in the laboratory for which Professor Hitchcock and a glass jar
+and a chemical were responsible, and that I said, "At least, the name
+of _this_ will remain with me to my dying hour." But what _was_ the
+name of it? "Ask me no more."
+
+In the department of history I can claim no results more calculated
+to reflect credit upon the little student who hated a poor recitation
+much, but facts and figures more. To the best of my belief, I can be
+said to have retained but two out of the long list of historic dates
+with which my quivering memory was duly and properly crowded.
+
+I _do_ know when America was discovered; because the year is inscribed
+over a spring in the seaside town where I have spent twenty summers,
+and I have driven past it on an average once a day, for that period
+of time. And I can tell when Queen Elizabeth left this world, because
+Macaulay wrote a stately sentence:
+
+"In 1603 the Great Queen died."
+
+It must have been the year when my father read De Quincey and
+Wordsworth to me on winter evenings that I happened for myself on
+Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The first little event opened for me, as
+distinctly as if I had never heard of it before, the world of letters
+as a Paradise from which no flaming sword could ever exile me; but the
+second revealed to me my own nature.
+
+The Andover sunsets blazed behind Wachusett, and between the one
+window of my little room and the fine head of the mountain nothing
+intervened. The Andover elms held above lifted eyes arch upon arch
+of exquisite tracery, through which the far sky looked down like some
+noble thing that one could spend all one's life in trying to reach,
+and be happy just because it existed, whether one reached it or not.
+The paths in my father's great gardens burned white in the summer
+moonlights, and their shape was the shape of a mighty cross. The June
+lilies, yellow and sweet, lighted their soft lamps beside the cross--I
+was sixteen, and I read Aurora Leigh.
+
+A grown person may smile--but, no; no gentle-minded man or woman
+smiles at the dream of a girl. What has life to offer that is nobler
+in enthusiasm, more delicate, more ardent, more true to the unseen
+and the unsaid realities which govern our souls, or leave us sadder
+forever because they do not? There may be greater poems in our
+language than Aurora Leigh, but it was many years before it was
+possible for me to suppose it; and none that ever saw the hospitality
+of fame could have done for that girl what that poem did at that time.
+I had never a good memory--but I think I could have repeated a large
+portion of it; and know that I often stood the test of hap-hazard
+examinations on the poem from half-scoffing friends, sometimes of the
+masculine persuasion. Each to his own; and what Shakespeare or the
+Latin Fathers might have done for some other impressionable girl, Mrs.
+Browning--forever bless her strong and gentle name!--did for me.
+
+I owe to her, distinctly, the first visible aspiration (ambition is
+too low a word) to do some honest, hard work of my own, in the World
+Beautiful, and for it.
+
+It is April, and it is the year 1861. It is a dull morning at school.
+The sky is gray. The girls are not in spirits--no one knows just
+why. The morning mail is late, and the Boston papers are tardily
+distributed. The older girls get them, and are reading the head-lines
+lazily, as girls do; not, in truth, caring much about a newspaper, but
+aware that one must be well-informed.
+
+Suddenly, in the recitation room, where I am refreshing my
+accomplishments in some threatening lesson, I hear low murmurs and
+exclamations. Then a girl, very young and very pretty, catches the
+paper and whirls it overhead. With a laugh which tinkles through my
+ears to this day, she dances through the room and cries:
+
+"War's begun! _War's begun!_"
+
+An older girl utters a cry of horror, and puts her hand upon the
+little creature's thoughtless lips.
+
+"Oh, how _can_ you?" so I hear the older
+girl. "Hush, hush, _hush_!"
+
+
+
+
+THE TOUCHSTONE.
+
+BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
+
+
+The King was a man that stood well before the world; his smile was
+sweet as clover, but his soul withinsides was as little as a pea. He
+had two sons; and the younger son was a boy after his heart, but the
+elder was one whom he feared. It befell one morning that the drum
+sounded in the dun before it was yet day; and the King rode with his
+two sons, and a brave army behind them. They rode two hours, and came
+to the foot of a brown mountain that was very steep.
+
+"Where do we ride?" said the elder son.
+
+"Across this brown mountain," said the King, and smiled to himself.
+
+"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger son.
+
+And they rode two hours more, and came to the sides of a black river
+that was wondrous deep.
+
+"And where do we ride?" asked the elder son.
+
+"Over this black river," said the King, and smiled to himself.
+
+"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger son.
+
+And they rode all that day, and about the time of the sun-setting came
+to the side of a lake, where was a great dun.
+
+"It is here we ride," said the King; "to a King's house, and a
+priest's, and a house where you will learn much."
+
+At the gates of the dun, the King who was a priest met them, and he
+was a grave man, and beside him stood his daughter, and she was as
+fair as the morn, and one that smiled and looked down.
+
+"These are my two sons," said the first King.
+
+"And here is my daughter," said the King who was a priest.
+
+"She is a wonderful fine maid," said the first King, "and I like her
+manner of smiling."
+
+"They are wonderful well-grown lads," said the second, "and I like
+their gravity."
+
+And then the two Kings looked at each other, and said, "The thing may
+come about."
+
+And in the meanwhile the two lads looked upon the maid, and the one
+grew pale and the other red; and the maid looked upon the ground
+smiling.
+
+"Here is the maid that I shall marry," said the elder. "For I think
+she smiled upon me."
+
+But the younger plucked his father by the sleeve. "Father," said he,
+"a word in your ear. If I find favor in your sight, might not I wed
+this maid, for I think she smiles upon me?"
+
+"A word in yours," said the King his father. "Waiting is good hunting,
+and when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home."
+
+[Illustration: "HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS
+DAUGHTER."]
+
+Now they were come into the dun, and feasted; and this was a great
+house, so that the lads were astonished; and the King that was a
+priest sat at the end of the board and was silent, so that the lads
+were filled with reverence; and the maid served them, smiling, with
+downcast eyes, so that their hearts were enlarged.
+
+Before it was day, the elder son arose, and he found the maid at her
+weaving, for she was a diligent girl. "Maid," quoth he, "I would fain
+marry you."
+
+"You must speak with my father," said she, and she looked upon the
+ground smiling, and became like the rose.
+
+"Her heart is with me," said the elder son, and he went down to the
+lake and sang.
+
+A little after came the younger son. "Maid," quoth he, "if our fathers
+were agreed, I would like well to marry you."
+
+"You can speak to my father," said she, and looked upon the ground and
+smiled and grew like the rose.
+
+"She is a dutiful daughter," said the younger son, "she will make
+an obedient wife." And then he thought, "What shall I do?" and he
+remembered the King her father was a priest, so he went into the
+temple and sacrificed a weasel and a hare.
+
+Presently the news got about; and the two lads and the first King were
+called into the presence of the King who was a priest, where he sat
+upon the high seat.
+
+"Little I reck of gear," said the King who was a priest, "and little
+of power. For we live here among the shadows of things, and the heart
+is sick of seeing them. And we stay here in the wind like raiment
+drying, and the heart is weary of the wind. But one thing I love, and
+that is truth; and for one thing will I give my daughter, and that is
+the trial stone. For in the light of that stone the seeming goes,
+and the being shows, and all things besides are worthless. Therefore,
+lads, if ye would wed my daughter, out foot, and bring me the stone of
+touch, for that is the price of her."
+
+"A word in your ear," said the younger son to his father. "I think we
+do very well without this stone."
+
+"A word in yours," said his father. "I am of your way of thinking; but
+when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home." And he smiled to the
+King that was a priest.
+
+[Illustration: "'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"]
+
+But the elder son got to his feet, and called the King that was a
+priest by the name of father. "For whether I marry the maid or no, I
+will call you by that word for the love of your wisdom; and even now
+I will ride forth and search the world for the stone of touch." So he
+said farewell and rode into the world.
+
+"I think I will go, too," said the younger son, "if I can have your
+leave. For my heart goes out to the maid."
+
+"You will ride home with me," said his father.
+
+So they rode home, and when they came to the dun, the King had his
+son into his treasury. "Here," said he, "is the touchstone which shows
+truth; for there is no truth but plain truth; and if you will look in
+this, you will see yourself as you are."
+
+And the younger son looked in it, and saw his face as it were the face
+of a beardless youth, and he was well enough pleased; for the thing
+was a piece of a mirror.
+
+"Here is no such great thing to make a work about," said he; "but if
+it will get me the maid, I shall never complain. But what a fool is my
+brother to ride into the world, and the thing all the while at home."
+
+So they rode back to the other dun, and showed the mirror to the King
+that was a priest; and when he had looked in it, and seen himself
+like a King, and his house like a King's house, and all things like
+themselves, he cried out and blessed God. "For now I know," said
+he, "there is no truth but the plain truth; and I am a King indeed,
+although my heart misgave me." And he pulled down his temple and built
+a new one; and then the younger son was married to the maid.
+
+In the meantime the elder son rode into the world to find the
+touchstone of the trial of truth; and whenever he came to a place of
+habitation, he would ask the men if they had heard of it. And in every
+place the men answered: "Not only have we heard of it, but we alone
+of all men possess the thing itself, and it hangs in the side of our
+chimney to this day." Then would the elder son be glad, and beg for a
+sight of it. And sometimes it would be a piece of mirror, that showed
+the seeming of things, and then he would say: "This can never be, for
+there should be more than seeming." And sometimes it would be a lump
+of coal, which showed nothing; and then he would say: "This can never
+be, for at least there is the seeming." And sometimes it would be a
+touchstone indeed, beautiful in hue, adorned with polishing, the light
+inhabiting its sides; and when he found this, he would beg the thing,
+and the persons of that place would give it him, for all men were very
+generous of that gift; so that at the last he had his wallet full of
+them, and they chinked together when he rode; and when he halted by
+the side of the way, he would take them out and try them, till his
+head turned like the sails upon a windmill.
+
+"A murrain upon this business!" said the elder son, "for I perceive no
+end to it. Here I have the red, and here the blue and the green; and
+to me they seem all excellent, and yet shame each other. A murrain on
+the trade! If it were not for the King that is a priest, and whom I
+have called my father, and if it were not for the fair maid of the dun
+that makes my mouth to sing and my heart enlarge, I would even tumble
+them all into the salt sea, and go home and be a King like other
+folk."
+
+But he was like the hunter that has seen a stag upon a mountain, so
+that the night may fall, and the fire be kindled, and the lights shine
+in his house, but desire of that stag is single in his bosom.
+
+Now after many years the elder son came upon the sides of the salt
+sea; and it was night, and a savage place, and the clamor of the sea
+was loud. There he was aware of a house, and a man that sat there by
+the light of a candle, for he had no fire. Now the elder son came in
+to him, and the man gave him water to drink, for he had no bread; and
+wagged his head when he was spoken to, for he had no words.
+
+"Have you the touchstone of truth?" asked the elder son; and when the
+man had wagged his head, "I might have known that," cried the elder
+son; "I have here a wallet full of them!" And with that he laughed,
+although his heart was weary.
+
+And with that the man laughed too, and with the fuff of his laughter
+the candle went out.
+
+"Sleep," said the man, "for now I think you have come far enough; and
+your quest is ended, and my candle is out."
+
+Now, when the morning came, the man gave him a clear pebble in his
+hand, and it had no beauty and no color, and the elder son looked upon
+it scornfully and shook his head, and he went away, for it seemed a
+small affair to him.
+
+All that day he rode, and his mind was quiet, and the desire of the
+chase allayed. "How if this poor pebble be the touchstone, after all?"
+said he; and he got down from his horse, and emptied forth his wallet
+by the side of the way. Now, in the light of each other, all the
+touchstones lost their hue and fire, and withered like stars at
+morning; but in the light of the pebble, their beauty remained, only
+the pebble was the most bright. And the elder son smote upon his brow.
+"How if this be the truth," he cried, "that all are a little true?"
+And he took the pebble, and turned its light upon the heavens, and
+they deepened above him like the pit; and he turned it on the hills,
+and the hills were cold and rugged, but life ran in their sides so
+that his own life bounded; and he turned it on the dust, and he beheld
+the dust with joy and terror; and he turned it on himself, and kneeled
+down and prayed.
+
+"Now thanks be to God," said the elder son, "I have found the
+touchstone; and now I may turn my reins, and ride home to the King
+and to the maid of the dun that makes my mouth to sing and my heart
+enlarge."
+
+Now, when he came to the dun, he saw children playing by the gate
+where the King had met him in the old days, and this stayed his
+pleasure; for he thought in his heart, "It is here my children should
+be playing." And when he came into the hall, there was his brother on
+the high seat, and the maid beside him; and at that his anger rose,
+for he thought in his heart, "It is I that should be sitting there,
+and the maid beside me."
+
+"Who are you?" said his brother. "And what make you in the dun?"
+
+"I am your elder brother," he replied. "And I am come to marry the
+maid, for I have brought the touchstone of truth."
+
+[Illustration: "ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW
+IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID HE."]
+
+Then the younger brother laughed aloud. "Why," said he, "I have found
+the touchstone years ago, and married the maid, and there are our
+children playing at the gate."
+
+Now at this the elder brother grew as gray as the dawn. "I pray you
+have dealt justly," said he, "for I perceive my life is lost."
+
+"Justly?" quoth the younger brother. "It becomes you ill, that are
+a restless man and a runagate, to doubt my justice or the King my
+father's, that are sedentary folk and known in the land."
+
+"Nay," said the elder brother; "you have all else, have patience also,
+and suffer me to say the world is full of touchstones, and it appears
+not easily which is true."
+
+"I have no shame of mine," said the younger brother. "There it is, and
+look in it."
+
+So the elder brother looked in the mirror, and he was sore amazed; for
+he was an old man, and his hair was white upon his head; and he sat
+down in the hall and wept aloud.
+
+"Now," said the younger brother, "see what a fool's part you have
+played, that ran over all the world to seek what was lying in our
+father's treasury, and came back an old carle for the dogs to bark at,
+and without chick or child. And I that was dutiful and wise sit here
+crowned with virtues and pleasures, and happy in the light of my
+hearth."
+
+"Methinks you have a cruel tongue," said the elder brother; and he
+pulled out the clear pebble, and turned its light on his brother; and
+behold, the man was lying; his soul was shrunk into the smallness of a
+pea, and his heart was a bag of little fears like scorpions, and love
+was dead in his bosom. And at that the elder brother cried out aloud,
+and turned the light of the pebble on the maid, and lo! she was but a
+mask of a woman, and withinsides she was quite dead, and she smiled as
+a clock ticks, and knew not wherefore.
+
+"Oh, well," said the elder brother, "I perceive there is both good and
+bad. So fare ye all as well as ye may in the dun; but I will go forth
+into the world with my pebble in my pocket."
+
+
+
+
+MAGAZINE NOTES.
+
+
+MRS. HUMPHRY WARD--DR. JOWETT.
+
+The late Dr. Jowett is reported to have once said to Mrs. Humphry
+Ward: "We shall come in the future to teach almost entirely by
+biography. We shall begin with the life that is most familiar to
+us, 'The Life of Christ,' and we shall more and more put before our
+children the great examples of persons' lives so that they shall have
+from the beginning heroes and friends in their thoughts."
+
+The editors of this magazine thoroughly agree with Dr. Jowett. It has
+been, for a long time, their great desire to publish in these pages
+a "Life of Christ" which shall be, to quote Mr. Hall Caine's words in
+the December MCCLURE'S, "as vivid and as personal from the standpoint
+of belief as Renan's was from the standpoint of unbelief."
+
+
+THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND.
+
+It is hard to realize the meaning of these figures, which represent
+the present circulation of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE. Three years ago
+five magazines--"The Century," "Harper's," "Scribner's," "The
+Cosmopolitan," and "Munsey's"--apparently occupied the whole magazine
+field. But their total circulation was not over five hundred thousand
+copies. The circulation of MCCLURE'S is now equal to three-fifths of
+the combined circulation of all its rivals at the time it started.
+
+"Harper's Magazine" and "The Century" for many years supplied the need
+of the American people for great illustrated monthlies. One imagines
+that every intelligent family in the United States takes one or the
+other, or both, of these magazines. "Harper's" is over half a century
+old, and "The Century" has just completed twenty-five years of
+splendid life.
+
+MCCLURE'S has a circulation equal to both these giants of the magazine
+world.
+
+We mention these facts, not for the mere sake of comparison, but
+simply to enable our friends to understand what a circulation of three
+hundred thousand means.
+
+And while we are speaking about ourselves we might mention that for
+three months--October, November, and December--we had, month by month,
+more paid advertising than any other magazine, while our December
+number had more pages of paid advertising than any other magazine at
+any time in the history of the world.
+
+Another interesting fact is that during the two months of November
+and December, MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE made greater strides in permanent
+circulation than any other magazine ever made.
+
+
+OUR OWN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.
+
+We have been compelled by the large circulation of the MAGAZINE
+to purchase a complete printing and binding plant. This we hope to
+install before the first of March. The capacity of the plant will
+be not less than five hundred thousand copies a month, and, under
+pressure, we can print six hundred thousand copies.
+
+We have secured the best and most modern presses, and, with proper
+pressmen, shall be able to print as beautiful a magazine as can be
+made anywhere.
+
+
+ANTHONY HOPE'S NEW NOVEL
+
+begins in our April number. It is a spirited story of adventure. It
+is his first novel since "The Prisoner of Zenda," and has even more
+action than that splendid story.
+
+
+THE LIFE OF LINCOLN
+
+will increase in interest as the history comes nearer our own time.
+Every chapter will contain much that is new, and every number of the
+magazine will have several portraits of Lincoln.
+
+
+THE EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN.
+
+We have collected the first four Lincoln articles, added new matter
+both in text and pictures, and shall, in a few days, issue a volume
+with the above title. It will contain twenty portraits of Lincoln,
+and over one hundred other pictures, and will deal with the first
+twenty-six years of Lincoln's life.
+
+
+ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS
+
+in the next two numbers tells about the writing of "The Gates Ajar."
+She was then only twenty years old. The effect of the book on the
+public, the correspondence it brought her, and the acquaintances it
+secured her, will be amply dwelt upon. These are two remarkable papers
+in literary autobiography.
+
+
+COLONEL ELLSWORTH, BY COLONEL JOHN HAY.
+
+Ellsworth's death at Alexandria--"the first conspicuous victim of the
+war"--although he was only twenty-four, was the dramatic end of a most
+romantic and picturesque career; and no one knows its details so well
+as Colonel Hay. Ellsworth "was one of the dearest of the friends of my
+youth," says Colonel Hay. Moreover, he was a particular favorite
+and _protege_ of President Lincoln's when Colonel Hay was Lincoln's
+private secretary. Colonel Hay's paper, therefore, is one of quite
+extraordinary interest. There will be published with it some very
+interesting pictures.
+
+
+"THE SABINE WOMEN"--A CORRECTION.
+
+Changes made in Mr. Low's article in the January number at the
+very moment of going to press, occasioned a mistake which should be
+corrected, though, no doubt, most of our readers have detected it for
+themselves. In the note to David's picture of "The Sabine Women," the
+picture was described as portraying the seizure of the Sabine women
+by the Romans, whereas it portrays the interposition of the women in a
+battle following the seizure.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Volume VI,  No. 3.
+February 1896, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 13788.txt or 13788.zip *****
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