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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13582 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 13582-h.htm or 13582-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/5/8/13582/13582-h/13582-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/5/8/13582/13582-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE ROMAN BATHS AT BATH.
+
+Re-printed from the _Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire
+Archæological Society_, Vol. Viii., Part I.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Plate V: City of Bath. Plan of Roman Baths.]
+
+
+
+
+Leland, on his visit to Bath in the year 1530, with tolerable fulness
+describes the baths, and after completing his description of the
+King's Bath goes on to say "Ther goith a sluse out of this Bath and
+servid in Tymes past with Water derivid out of it 2 places in Bath
+Priorie usid for Bathes: els voide; for in them be no springes;" and
+further on he says "The water that goith from the Kinges Bath turnith
+a Mylle and after goith into Avon above Bath-bridge."
+
+These two sentences have hitherto been difficult of explanation, but
+the excavations, which it has been my good fortune to superintend, and
+the discoveries I have made, have fully explained Leland's meaning, at
+the same time that I have brought to light the great Roman Bath, which
+I purpose describing in detail in this paper, writing only of previous
+excavations and those I have conducted in connection with this work,
+so far as their description may the more fully render my account
+perfect of the Great Bath itself. I desire to confine my paper within
+such limits as the space afforded me in this Journal necessarily
+imposes.
+
+Some time during the last century the ruins of a mill wheel were found
+to the south of the King's Bath. I have in my excavation discovered
+the _mediæval_ sluice that led to this wheel. Leland speaks of "two
+places in Bath Priorie used for Bathes els voide."
+
+In a map of Bath preserved in the Sloane Collection of the British
+Museum, drawn by William Smith (_Rouge Dragon Pursuivant at Arms_)
+a few years previous to 1568,[1] is an open bath immediately to the
+south of the Transept of the Abbey called "the mild Bathe."[2] This,
+or at any rate what I may consider was the "mild bath," I found in my
+explorations beneath the soil at a situation in York Street, connected
+with the Hot-water drains, the bath being still provided with a wooden
+hatch, and of the dimensions of a good sized room.[3] The other place
+mentioned by Leland was discovered in 1755, and this discovery led
+the way to the excavations of a great bath (afterwards called Lucas's
+Bath), when the eastern wall of the great Hall of the recently found
+bath was first laid open, although from its position not having
+been properly noted previous to its being covered up, its situation
+remained unknown for nearly 130 years.
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Peach, in the preface to "the Historic Houses in
+Bath," page 5, quotes 1572; but this is the date of the completion of
+Mr. Smith's book, the drawings of which occupied many years.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Mr. Smith gives a list of "Wonders in England": 1st. "The
+Baths at ye Citty of Bath are accompted one although yet they are not
+so wonderfull seeing that ye Sulphur and Brimston in the earth is the
+cause thereof but this may pass well enough for one."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Evidently the ruin of a portion of the Roman Thermæ,
+repaired in the 12th or 13th century.]
+
+In Dr. Sutherland's "_Attempts to revive Ancient Medical Doctrines_,"
+(page 16), _et infra_, he says: "In the year of our Lord 1755[4]
+the old Priory or Abbey house was pulled down. In clearing away the
+foundations, stone coffins, bones of various animals, and other things
+were found. This moved curiosity to search still deeper. Hot mineral
+waters gushed forth and interrupted the work. The old Roman sewer
+was at last found; the water was drained off. Foundations of regular
+buildings were fairly traced." An illustration of these discoveries
+is given in Gough's "Camden," and a plan of them was published by Dr.
+Lucas and again by Dr. Sutherland (_Pl. V._) copied in 1822 by Dr.
+Spry with discoveries to that date (_Pl. VI._), and by Mr. Phelps,
+the latter re-published by the Rev. Preb. Scarth in his _Aquæ Solis_,
+1864. I have, in part, myself and also when assisted by Mr. T. Irvine
+(the architect, under Sir Gilbert Scott, of the restoration of the
+Bath Abbey), examined the small portion of these discoveries that
+are still left _in situ_. I quote Dr. Sutherland, 1763, p. 17, for
+an account. "Assisted by Mr. Wood, architect," Dr. Lucas examined
+the ruins as they then appeared. He gives the following description:
+"Under the foundations of the Abbey house, full 10ft. deep, appear
+traces of a bath, whose dimensions are 43ft. by 34ft. Within and
+adjoining to the walls are the remains of twelve pilasters, each
+measuring 3ft. 6in. on the front of the plinth by a projection of
+2ft. 3in. These pilasters seem to have supported a roof.[5] This bath
+stood north and south. To the northward of this room, parted only by
+a slender wall with an opening of about 10in. in the middle, adjoined
+a semi-circular bath, measuring from east to west 14ft. 4in., and
+from the crown of the semi-circle to the partition wall that divides
+it from the square bath 18ft. 10in. The roof of this seems to have
+been sustained by four pilasters, one in each angle and two at the
+springing of the circle. This bath seems to have undergone some
+alterations, the base of the semi-circle is filled up to about the
+height of 5ft., upon which two small pilasters were set on either
+side from the area, between two separate flights of steps into the
+semi-circular part which seems to be all that was reserved for a bath.
+In this was placed a stone chair 18in. high and 16in. broad. The two
+flights of steps were of different dimensions, those to the west were
+3ft. 9in. broad, those to the east 4ft. 2in. Each flight consists of
+steps 6in. thick, and seem to have been worn by use 3½in. out of the
+square. These flights are divided by a stone partition on a level with
+the floor. Along this division and along the west side of the area, a
+rude channel of about 3in. in depth was cut in the stone. The floor
+of this bath seems to be on a level with that of the square bath.
+Eastward and westward from the area and stairs of this semi-circular
+bath stood an elegant room on each side, sustained by four pilasters.
+Separated by a wall stood the _Hypocausta Laconica_, or _Stoves_, to
+the eastward. These consisted of two large rooms, each measuring 39ft.
+by 22ft. Each had a double floor, one of which lay 1ft. 9in. lower
+than the area round the square bath. On this lower floor stand rows
+of pillars composed of square bricks of about 1¾in. thick and 9in.
+square. These pillars sustain a second floor composed of tiles 2ft.
+square and 2in. thick, over which are laid two layers of firm cement
+mortar, each about 2in. thick, which compose the upper floor.
+
+[Plate VI: Facsimile of Dr. Sprys' plan published 1822 shewing
+discoveries to that date.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Monday, August 18, 1755, Bath. A most valuable Work of
+Antiquity has been lately discovered here. Under the foundation of
+the Abbey House now taking down, in order to be rebuilt by the Duke
+of Kingston, the workmen discovered the foundations of more ancient
+buildings, and fell upon some cavities, which gradually led to further
+discoveries. There are now fairly laid open, the foundations and
+remains of very august Roman baths and sudatories, constructed upon
+their elegant plans, with floors suspended upon square-brick pillars,
+and surrounded with tubulated bricks, for the equal conveyance of
+heat and vapour. Their dimensions are very large, but not yet fully
+laid open, and some curious parts of their structure are not yet
+explained.--(_Gentleman's Magazine_.)]
+
+[Footnote 5: In the library of the Society of Antiquaries is a drawing
+of this bath with an imaginary restoration.]
+
+"To the northward, separated by a wall of 3ft. 11in., stood the other
+_Hypocaustum_, with a door of communication. The floor of this is
+about 18in. higher than the other. These two rooms are set round with
+square-brick tubes of different lengths, from 16in. to 20in. in length
+and 6¾in. wide. These flues have two lateral openings of about 2in.
+square, 5in. asunder. These open into the vacuum between the two
+floors and rise through the walls. The north wall of the last stove
+was filled with tubes of a lesser size, placed horizontally and
+perpendicularly. The stones and bricks between the pillars bear
+evident marks of fire, while the flues are strongly charged with soot,
+which plainly points out their uses.
+
+"Heat was communicated to these flues by means of _Praefurnia_. In
+the middle of the northern wall of the second stove, the ruins of one
+of these furnaces appear. It consists of strong walls of about 16ft.
+square, with an opening in the centre of about 3ft. wide, which
+terminates conically in the north wall of the stove 2 ft. wide where
+part of the broken arch bears evident marks of fire. About the mouth
+of the furnace there were scattered pieces of burnt wood, charcoal,
+&c., evident proofs of their use.
+
+"On each side of the furnace, adjoining to the wall of the
+northernmost stove, is a semi-circular chamber of about 10ft. 4in.
+by 9ft. 6in. Their floors are nearly 2ft. 6in. lower than that of the
+next stove into which they both open. The pavements are tesselated
+with variegated rows of pebbles and red bricks. To the northward of
+these there appear ruins of two other square chambers of more ordinary
+work." Thus far Lucas.
+
+Dr. Sutherland goes on to say, "Since the time of his (Lucas's)
+publication the ground has been further cleared away. There now
+appears another semi-circular bath to the southward, of the same
+dimensions exactly with the first. What he calls the Great Bath, with
+its semi-circular _Hypocausta Laconica_, &c., forms only one wing
+of a spacious regular building. From a survey of these, our ruins,
+we may, with some certainty, determine the nature of these _Balnea
+pensilia_.... The Eastern Vapour Baths are now demolishing in order
+to make way for more modern improvements. Whenever the rubbish that
+covers the eastern wing of the Roman ruins comes to be removed similar
+_Balnea pensilia_ will doubtless be found.
+
+"From each corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a base of
+68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These walls I have
+traced 6ft. or 8ft. westward under that causeway that leads from the
+Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose, they have run
+a length proportionable to the width, they compose a bath which may
+indeed be called _Great_, 96ft. by 68ft.
+
+[Plate VII: A Ground Plan of the Antient Roman Bath lately discovered
+in the City of Bath, Somersetshire, with a Section of the Eastern
+Wing.]
+
+"Adjoining to the inside walls of this central bath, there are bases
+of pilasters, as in Lucas's. Between the wall and the bath there
+is a corridor paved with hard blue stone 8in. thick.[6] From the
+westernmost side of Lucas's bath a subterranean passage has been
+traced 24ft., at the end of which was found a leaden cistern, raised
+about 3ft. above the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water.
+From this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction
+eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath.... Assisted by Mr.
+Palmer, an ingenious builder, I have ventured to exhibit a complete
+ground plot of the Roman Baths,[7] a discovery of no less curiosity
+than instruction.... This ground plot is exhibited in the plate
+annexed (_Pl. V._) as far as the earth is cleared away. The remainder
+is supposed and drawen out in dotted lines. The plate exhibits also an
+elevation of the section of the wing discovered, with references."[8]
+
+[Footnote 6: A correspondent in the _Bath Chronicle, purporting to be
+Richard Mann_, the builder employed under me to excavate the greater
+portion of the discoveries, but whose services were dispensed with,
+quotes the above as follows: "Adjoining to the inner walls of the
+central bath there are bases of Pilasters, as in Lucas's between the
+walls and the bath. There is a corridor paved with hard blue stone
+eight inches thick." The full-stop being placed at the word "bath,"
+instead of before the word "between," gives to the quotation a totally
+different meaning from that conveyed by Dr. Sutherland.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Fac-simile Pl. V._]
+
+[Footnote 8: In the plate the reference describes the bath to be
+90ft., but in the text of Sutherland the dimensions are given as 96ft.
+which agrees with the scale on the plan.]
+
+Dr. Sutherland published the plan of the bath with this description
+having "_drawen_ out in dotted lines" the supposed arrangement of the
+baths. To make the account of these discoveries of 1755 complete,
+I must explain that the _Hypocausta Laconica_, or stoves, to the
+eastward, which he described as each measuring 39ft. by 22ft., were,
+I believe, the _tepidarium_ and the _caldarium_. The two semi-circular
+recesses, or small rooms, to the north, I should consider were each
+a _sudatorium_ if the floors had not been 2ft. 6in. lower than the
+adjoining apartment. In the centre was the stove by which the system
+was heated (the _praefurnium_). To the north of these, Dr. Sutherland
+figures, in dotted lines, three chambers omitted in my plan. Although
+I believe he had some authority for giving them, I am somewhat at a
+loss to assign a use to these rooms. They might be stoves, as, if
+the Romans desired to have a bath artificially heated, this would be
+the correct position for the brazen vessels, described somewhat
+unintelligibly by Vitruvius, as three in number. If this was the case,
+each semi-circular recess just described was a _calda lavatio, balneum
+or labrum_. [A similar _labrum_, but of smaller scale, was discovered
+at Box, near Bath, last year, and I have discovered on the property of
+Mr. Charles I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P. (author of "Origins of History")
+a similar one.] The floor being 2ft. 6in. lower than the adjoining
+apartment points to this belief. These, I have little doubt, were
+those artificially heated baths, and were cased either with lead,
+stone, marble, or small white tesseræ, as at Box. To the south of
+the _tepidarium_, Dr. Sutherland gives a precisely similar suggested
+plan as that to the north, but here again I have not copied him,
+believing he had not sufficient data. In all probability here was an
+_apodyterium_ (which might or might not be heated with a _hypocaust_)
+where the bathers deposited their clothes. Dr. Sutherland thought that
+to the east of the discoveries which he described there would be found
+probably at some future day "similar _Balnea pensilia_."[9] In opening
+the Roman drains I found a branch one at this place, which induces
+me to think that a large cold or swimming bath occupied the eastern
+wing, the _baptisterium_ or _frigida lavatio_. Still farther eastward
+are fragments of Roman buildings which I have seen only in a very
+fragmentary way, as no excavations of any extent have been made. I
+believe the apartments necessary to complete the system of the modern
+Turkish bath, or rather the ancient bath, with the requisite waiting
+rooms and corridors, stood there.
+
+[Footnote 9: These baths and adjoining rooms occupied the block
+between Church Street and York Street, including Kingston Buildings.]
+
+After these discoveries of the middle of the last century but very
+partial excavations were made in proximity to the baths, and those
+that were made were never sunk to a depth sufficient to reach the
+ruins. The flood of hot water had no drain to carry it off, and was
+maintained at such a height in the soil that whenever a sinking was
+made, it was impossible without pumping machinery to sufficiently
+overcome it. To my discovery of the Roman drain, or rather to
+Mr. Irvine's, and the excavating, opening, and reconstructing it
+which followed (under my superintendence, at the charges of the
+Corporation), enabling me to drain off the hot water from the soil, I
+owe the ability to reveal what had been hidden since the destruction
+of the city of Bath in the year A.D. 577.[10] The stopping up and
+destruction of the drain prevented the water from flowing away, so
+that the buildings of the baths were filled with water of a height
+until it reached the level of the adjoining land, covering, as a
+guardian, the lead and other valuables. Soil then gravitated into the
+ruins and thus further assisted in preserving the antiquities, so that
+they were altogether hidden from the people who re-built the ruined
+city of Bath, and from those who in successive generations succeeded
+them. The subterranean "passage traced 24ft." from the western side
+of Lucas's bath, "at the end of which was found a leaden cistern,"
+was not in any way Roman work, but mediæval, and was formed some time
+after the construction of the Abbey house, as an aqueduct for the hot
+water with which the soil was saturated. This construction is the
+only evidence of an early discovery of this eastward wing of the bath,
+indeed the only evidence of mediæval work of any kind in connection
+with the baths, except the enclosure of the various springs or wells.
+The King's Bath, the Cross, and the Lepers' Bath were simply the wells
+or cisterns of the springs which were bathed in to the damage of the
+purity of the water, without dressing-rooms of any kind.
+
+[Footnote 10: "But the old municipal independence seems to have
+been passing away. The record of the battle in the chronicle of
+the conquerors connects the three cities (Bath, Gloucester, and
+Cirencester) with three Kings; and from the Celtic names of these
+Kings, Conmael, Condidan, or Kyndylan, and Farinmael, we may infer
+that the Roman town party, which had once been strong enough to
+raise Aurelius to the throne of Britain, was now driven to bow to the
+supremacy of native chieftains. It was the forces of these Kings that
+met Ceawlin at Deorham, a village which lies northward of Bath, on a
+chain of hill overlooking the Severn valley, and whose defeat threw
+open the country of the three towns to the West Saxon army."--_Green's
+"Making of England,"_ p. 128.]
+
+This concludes the particulars of the important discoveries which we
+possess of the last century, which were then correctly believed to be
+only portions of still greater baths.[11] In 1799 (or, as I believe,
+in 1809, the more correct date) a portion of what has proved to be the
+north-west semi-circular _exedra_ of the Great Bath was found, and six
+to nine years later a part of the south-west rectangular _exedra_ of
+the same bath. The discovery of 1799 (or rather 1809) is shown on the
+Rev. Prebendary Scarth's map as being the northern apse of a bath on
+the western end of the great bath, as suggested by Dr. Sutherland's
+plan and was to correspond with Lucas's Bath. The semi-circular
+_exedra_ discovered subsequently to a deed dated Sept. 1808 (therefore
+in that year or subsequently) is also figured by the Rev. Prebendary
+Scarth, as on the south end of the same western bath and a piece of a
+rectangular _exedra_ as the eastern wall of this western bath and the
+boundary between it and the Great Bath.
+
+[Footnote 11: As there have appeared in local papers considerable
+discussions as to these baths, I quote from one of the letters the
+following as being remarkably clear and explanatory:--
+
+"In 1755, Dr. Lucas discovered a Roman bath, east of, and immediately
+adjoining, the Great Bath, which is now attracting so much attention.
+Lucas's Bath stood north and south--an important fact to bear in mind,
+as the great Roman Bath stands east and west--and measured 43ft. by
+34ft. But this was not all. 'To the north of this room,' he says,
+'parted only by a slender wall, adjoined a semi-circular bath,
+measuring from east to west, 14ft. 4in.' After the publication of
+Lucas's 'Essay on Waters,' the ground was further cleared away,
+and there appeared another semi-circular bath to the south, of the
+same dimensions as that to the north. The extreme length of Lucas's
+bath--including the N. and S. Baths, exclusive of the central
+semi-circular recesses--would be, roughly speaking 69ft.; and this
+fact should be carefully borne in mind, as we shall see presently to
+what use it was turned. Dr. Lucas's discoveries were pushed one stage
+further by Dr. Sutherland, who in his work entitled 'Attempts to
+revive Ancient Medical Doctrines' (1763) clearly indicates (_Pl. V._)
+that he was on the track of another bath, the Great Roman Bath, in
+fact, with which we are now so familiar. His words are as follows:
+'From each, corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a base
+of 68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These walls I have
+traced six or eight feet westward under that causeway, which leads
+from the Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose,
+they have run a length proportionable to their width, they compose
+a bath which may indeed be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.... From the
+westernmost side of Lucas's Bath a subterraneous passage has been
+traced 24ft., at the end of which was found a leaden cistern, raised
+about 3ft. above the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water.
+From this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction
+eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath' (pp. 20-21). Thus then
+in 1763 (1) the north and south walls of the great Roman Bath had been
+traced 6ft. or 8ft. west of Lucas's Bath. (2) Furthermore, starting
+from the centre of the west side of Lucas's Bath, a line had been
+traced to the east steps of the great Roman Bath. These are plain
+historical facts, open to everyone who will look into the plans of our
+baths, as given by Sutherland in 1763, and by Prebendary Scarth in
+his 'Aquæ Solis' in 1864. But our City Architect has been charged with
+suppressing these facts for his own glorification. Now, Sir, I think
+no unprejudiced man, who has heard Major Davis's addresses and read
+his books, can justly bring this charge. If I mistake not, he fairly
+stated the case in 1880, both in his address before the Society of
+Antiquaries, and in his lecture at the Bath Literary Institution.
+He has most certainly concealed nothing in his published works 'The
+Bathes of Bathe's Ayde' and 'Guide to the Roman Baths.' In the former
+work he says (p. 81), 'Dr. Sutherland indicates a large bath westward
+of that which had been discovered in his time, in fact there can be
+little doubt that the steps at the eastward end of a great bath had
+then been found;' in the latter, whilst alluding to the published
+plans of Sutherland, he says (p. 10), 'These plans indicate a large
+bath westward of that discovered in 1754 (? 1755), in fact the
+eastward steps of a bath had then been found.' Here then is a full and
+candid admission of all the facts known about the great Roman Bath in
+the middle of the last century; and this anyone can see by reference
+to the map in Prebendary Scarth's 'Aquæ Solis'--the diagram (copied
+from Spry) there being almost similar to Sutherland's conjectural
+plan of the baths, except that the section of Lucas's Bath, correctly
+represented in Sutherland's map is figured upside-down by Spry and
+Scarth. It is quite clear what Sutherland knew of the great Roman
+Bath; it is equally clear that when he proceeded, on the strength of
+his very limited observations, to draw a conjectural plan of the whole
+bath, he fell into absolute errors, such as, commonly enough, spring
+out of hasty generalisations based on scanty data. Thus, he gives
+the dimensions of the enclosure of the great bath as 96ft. by 68ft.;
+whereas, as a matter of fact, they are 111ft. by 68ft. How is this
+discrepancy to be explained? 'A Citizen' in your last weekly issue,
+says 'The alleged discrepancies in the measurements, which Mr. Davis
+has used to prove his case, are but the differentiations of the
+external measurements with the sinuous subterranean windings.' These
+are indeed brave words, indulged in rather to diminish Major Davis
+credit than to rescue Sutherland; but a truer explanation of the
+real discrepancies stares any man in the face who will open Dr.
+Sutherland's work. There is no occasion to be wise beyond what
+is written: 'When, as we may suppose, they have run a length
+proportionable to their width, they compose a bath, which may indeed
+be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.' The fact is, Sutherland supposed that
+the dimensions of the great Roman Bath would observe the same relative
+proportions as Lucas's Bath. The room of Lucas's Bath, let it be
+remembered, was 43ft. by 34ft., or rather 30ft. 6in. from the face of
+the pilasters. In other words, the length was equal to the diagonal
+of the square of the base. Then, having observed that the base of
+the room of the great Roman Bath--formed by the length of Lucas's
+Bath--was 68ft., Sutherland assumed that its length also would be
+equal to the diagonal of the square of base, namely 96ft. This patent
+error, assuming that the unknown would have a relative correspondence
+with the known quantities, was the fruitful source of many more. (1)
+The dimensions of the outer rectangular area formed by the room of the
+great Roman Bath being false, the dimensions of the inner rectangular
+area formed by the water surface of the bath were necessarily false
+also. (2) Steps were observed at one end only of the water surface of
+Lucas's Bath; therefore it was inferred that steps would be found at
+one end only of the water surface of the great bath, the eastern end
+as figured in the maps of 1763 and 1864, whereas we now know that
+steps run all round. (3) The _exedrae_ at the back of the _schola_
+having no existence in Lucas's Bath, were omitted from the conjectural
+plan of the great Roman Bath. (4) Lucas's Bath being a plain hall
+without piers, Sutherland assumed the same form for the hall of the
+great Roman Bath, and altogether omitted the arcades that divide
+it into three aisles. (5) Not to dwell on other errors built on the
+baseless fabric of conjecture, it is evident that Sutherland imagined
+a system of baths existed west of the great Roman Bath similar in
+all respects to that known to exist east of the great Roman Bath.
+But here, again, theory has been upset by facts. And now is a fitting
+opportunity to draw attention to what has been actually discovered
+west of the great Roman Bath, namely, the octagon Roman Well, which
+I should be disposed to consider Major Davis's greatest discovery,
+though I observe that hostile critics take no notice of this, possibly
+because it is beyond the region of dispute. If any one, able to point
+what he reads, still believes that the great Roman Bath was ever
+practically opened up in the last century I would refer him to Mr.
+Moore's able and suggestive paper, entitled 'Organisms from the
+recently discovered Roman Baths in Bath,' read to the members of the
+Bath Microscopical Society, in May, 1883. Once more I insist that we
+must clearly separate what Sutherland knew from what he conjectured.
+Indeed, Sutherland himself fairly draws the distinctions. On page 21
+he says, 'This ground plot is exhibited in the plate annexed, as far
+as the earth is cleared away. The remainder is supposed, and drawn
+out in dotted lines.' These dotted lines represent a vast _terra
+incognita_ covering, practically, the whole of the ground recently
+opened up. That the existence of the great Roman Bath has been
+transferred from the region of conjecture to the region of fact we owe
+entirely to the enthusiasm and unwearied zeal of Major Davis, and no
+fair mind can deny him the credit of being the practical discoverer of
+the great Roman Bath. More credit than this he has never claimed; less
+than this only the churlish and envious will grudge him."]
+
+All these fragments I have lately proved to be portions of the great
+Roman Bath (_Plates VII. and VIII._), and being within instead of
+without that building. The Rev. Prebendary Scarth omits altogether to
+figure the southern rectangular _exedra_, found at the same time as
+the last named discovery. He also omits the discoveries made in 1809
+(?) beneath the houses at the north-western end of York Street. In
+1790 very valuable discoveries were made in digging the foundation of
+the present Pump Room. Many writers have treated of them and expressed
+opinions as to the character of the work and the meaning of the
+design, and Mr. Scharf, in _Archæologia_, Vol. XXXVI., has done ample
+justice to these most interesting vestiges: They have been described
+by Pownall, Lysons, Warner, Collins, Scharf, Tite, and Scarth,
+as being portions of a Temple of the usual type, dedicated to Sul
+Minerva. Whitaker, in a review of Warner's History of Bath, printed
+in the _Anti-Jacobin_, Vol. X., 1801, differs from all these writers,
+although believing the remains to be a portion of a temple, and
+thought they were a part of a building of the form of "_a rotunda_,"
+as the Pantheon. "The _Pantheon_ of Minerva _Medica_, an agnomen very
+similar in allusiveness to our prænomen _of Sulinis_, for Minerva is
+noticed expressly by Ruius and Victor in their short notes concerning
+the structures of Rome, as then standing in the Esquiline quarter. The
+form of a Pantheon is made out by the multiplicity of niches,... and
+such, we believe, was our own Temple of Minerva at Bath." It would
+occupy too much space were I to attempt to add to this paper my views
+of this discovery, but I may briefly say, that I am satisfied that
+they were not the remains of a Temple, but a portion of the central
+Portico and grand Vestibule of the Baths. I have not gone fully into
+the reasons that induced Whitaker to believe that the discoveries
+showed that the building was a Rotunda, but it is curious that he
+should have thought they had a similarity to the Pantheon at Rome,
+which antiquaries since his time have proved was not 'built for a
+temple, but that it was an entrance hall or vestibule of the Baths of
+Agrippa, although it is doubtful if the Rotunda was built at the same
+time as the Portico, which was, without doubt, erected B.C. 27.
+
+The grand Roman enclosure of the Hot well (_Pl. VII[12]_) (which I
+have lately discovered and excavated, beneath the King's Bath, on the
+south of this principal Portico) is again utilised, and forms a tank
+for the mineral water, from which are fed the baths and fountains
+with water, pure as it rises from "depths unknown," and secured from
+any possibility of contamination in its passage, through the newly
+discovered water ducts and drains of the Romans.
+
+[Footnote 12: Pl. VII. gives a correct plan of former discoveries
+as far as I have been able to ascertain, and these I have made up to
+April 19th, 1884.]
+
+In 1871, whilst making some necessary excavation to remedy a leak from
+the King's Bath that apparently ran beneath Abbey Passage, I found
+that the hot water, that was reached through layers of mud, Roman
+tiles, building materials, and mixed soil, was one and the same with
+the hot water of the Kingston Bath that then occupied the site of the
+Bath called Lucas's Bath, discovered in 1755; and the levels were
+the same. I pumped out this water with powerful pumps, emptying by so
+doing the Kingston Baths. This enabled me to sink to a depth of 20ft.,
+passing in so doing a flight of four steps at the point (A) on the
+plan (_Pl. VIII._), to the bottom of a bath which was coated with
+lead.[13] Being compelled by the then owner of the Kingston Baths
+to discontinue pumping, I was obliged to abandon my work; and having
+little hope that I should ever be allowed to recommence it, I removed
+a portion of the lead, which proved to be a thickness of about 30lbs.
+to the foot, placed on a layer of brick concrete 2in. to 2¼in. thick,
+and this again on a layer of freestone 12in., or rather a Roman foot
+11-5/8in. in thickness, which was again bedded on rough stonework,
+the depth of which I could not ascertain. Fortunately I did not again
+fill in the soil, but arched it in, building walls of masonry to keep
+it in position. The Corporation having obtained possession of the hot
+water supplying the Kingston Baths, I should rather say, the right to
+the water that leaked from the King's Springs, I again drained off
+the water, maintaining it at a low level by a laborious excavation
+and re-construction of the Roman drain which was conducted at great
+expense for two or three years. This drain I followed several hundred
+feet until it reached the great well previously mentioned, making
+various and important discoveries; but, as I have already read a paper
+on this subject before the Society of Antiquaries of London, which
+will shortly be in the press, I will not repeat it here, but avail
+myself of the space allotted me in the Transactions of this Society
+for an account of the Great Bath, which I have, in great part, laid
+bare, soliciting a pardon if the account is somewhat tedious.
+
+[Footnote 13: The water, on ceasing pumping, rose to a height above
+the lead of 7ft. 6in.]
+
+The bath, placed in a great hall 110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft. 5in. wide,
+is about 6ft. 8in. deep. The bottom, 73ft. 2in. by 29ft. 6in.[14] is
+formed as described in the last page.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: The dimensions must not be taken to be quite correct in
+all cases, as there are discrepancies and inaccuracies in the building
+that prevent measurements being always reliable.]
+
+[Footnote 15: This bath is drawn to a large scale in Pl. VIII.]
+
+The lead in sheets (of about 10ft. by 5ft. square) was turned up at
+the edges and _burnt_, not soldered together, but these joints are in
+many cases now imperfect. This well secured bottom, or floor, appears
+to have been placed in position, rather to keep the hot water from
+ascending into the bath from the springs beneath than to make the
+bath water-tight. Enclosing the bath all round the four sides are six
+steps, the sixth landing the bather on the _Schola_, or platform. The
+riser of the bottom steps varies in depth from 15in. to 11in., with a
+tread of 14in., the next riser is 14in. with a tread of 11in., as also
+is the next step and the one following. The step above has a rise of
+12in., and a tread of 14in. This step was scarcely covered with water,
+but it is evident the water flowed over it when bathers agitated it.
+The riser or the step above, 10in. to 12in., completes the flight and
+helped to keep the water within proper bounds, giving a total depth of
+6ft. 8in. to the bath, and from 5ft. 9in. to 5ft. 11in. for the water.
+These steps are quite devoid of lead (except, in places, the riser
+of the lower step and at the north-west corner), and it is not clear
+whether they had at any time such a covering, although I am inclined
+to think so, as it evidently went beneath the piers and under the
+central pedestal. At the bottom step, in the north-east corner, was a
+bronze sluice. The frame of this sluice, with an opening of 13in. by
+12in., I found in position when I excavated my way up the drain, but
+I was obliged to remove it in order to force my way into the bath. It
+has not been replaced, but is preserved in the Pump Room, and weighs
+more than 1 cwt. 2 qrs. An overflow was provided, immediately above
+the hatchway, by a grating 15in. wide that was doubtless of bronze
+also, but it had been removed, the stud-holes in the stones alone
+remaining.[16] The extreme surface of the water measured 82ft. 10in.
+by 40ft. 11in. and was a parallelogram, except that the north-western
+angle was cut off by the steps being carried obliquely in three tiers
+from the bottom a length of 7ft. at an angle of 39° with the western
+end. Resting on the platform, formed by these three steps, is a
+quarter circle pedestal,[17] on which stands a large stone 6ft. 8in.
+long and 9in. thick, over-hanging its base, and presenting a concave
+line towards the bath with an _ovolo_ section in its thickness. This
+stone spans a large channel 2ft. 3in. wide, within which is fitted a
+very thick lead pipe, gradually narrowed _horizontally_ and turned
+up under the _ovolo_ concave stone. Through this aperture the mineral
+water was thrown into the bath in a sort of spray, so that it might be
+cooled in its passage. A deposit from the water is incrusted over the
+stone and pipe several inches in thickness, until the petrification
+entirely stopped the flow of water, which was then compelled to flow
+_over_ instead of under the stone.[18] The water was conducted a
+distance of 38ft. in the thickness of the lower pavement (which I
+shall presently describe) of the _Schola_, the stone being removed a
+width of 2ft., the bed being concreted. On this was laid a lead pipe
+which filled the whole orifice, but, unfortunately, a length of 25ft.
+of it has been removed. This conduit takes a diagonal direction, and
+leads direct to the north-west angle of the hall, turning beneath a
+large doorway in the western wall, when it again resumes its original
+direction (the pipe, where perfect, is 1ft. 9in. by 7in. deep), as far
+as the outer surface of the wall of the octagon well. At this point
+the wall of the well is not original work, and the pipe is cut off.
+I have no doubt that it was at one time carried up vertically until
+it reached the level of the surface of the water of the well, which
+was about 2ft. 6in. higher at the least, thus giving a sufficient
+elevation to the "spray" into the bath. Another bronze hatchway, which
+must have been here, has been stolen in mediaeval times, its having
+been less than 2ft. below the bottom of the King's Bath making it
+accessible, whilst the 25ft. length of the lead pipe beneath the
+_schola_ must have been stolen much earlier, and in all probability on
+the destruction of the baths in the sixth century. In addition to the
+arrangement for the supply of mineral water to the baths, which must
+have been capable of affording a flow of water, very nearly, if not
+exceeding, the yield of the spring, there was also another, which I
+have every reason to think was for the delivery of cold water, and
+conveyed in a lead tubular pipe of 2¼in. in diameter. A length of
+25ft. 6in. of this pipe, in its original position, has been found and
+laid bare. It is made with a roll along the top, and burnt, as was
+usual before the invention of "drawn pipes." This pipe is particularly
+interesting as there are also in it two soldered joints at intervals
+of 9ft. in the method of making which we have clearly not improved
+on the work of our Roman predecessors. This pipe starts from the same
+point in the north-west angle of the hall as the other supply, and is
+sunk in the lower pavement of the _schola_, which (wanting the pipe)
+is continued to the centre of the north side of the bath, where
+stands a stone pedestal 3ft. 3in. long, 1ft. 6in. wide, and 2ft. 6in.
+high. This pedestal has small vertical rails, or balusters, at the
+angles and on the shorter sides, and that towards the bath has some
+appearance of having once had a tablet of either bronze or marble
+inserted in it. At the top is a circular hole 3½in. in diameter,
+through which the pipe previously mentioned must have passed. The
+upper portion of this pedestal is sculptured, and much mutilated, and
+appears to me to be the drapery covering the feet of a figure that has
+perished. It is true that the work bears some resemblance to a small
+recumbent figure; but if so it is not worthy of the name of sculpture,
+as it is in the worst taste, and altogether out of keeping with the
+architecture or the other sculpture we have found.[19] There are
+several grooves in the _schola_ for branches of this pipe: 1st. The
+continuation of it to the northern semi-circular bath of 1755. 2nd.
+From the first soldered joint to baths on the north of the Great Bath.
+3rd. Along the western end of the latter to baths on the south, and
+along the _schola_ to the south circular bath of Lucas's. Beneath the
+mutilated sculpture is a second pedestal, or plinth, perfectly plain,
+with the upper surface sunk to a level corresponding with a similar
+indentation on the third step. Within this must have stood a marble on
+bronze sarcophagus, the base of which was 6ft. 9in. long by 2ft. 5in.
+wide. The water flowing through the aperture previously described
+would run into the sarcophagus (I use the word in its modern sense)
+and from it into the bath. This water was not poured in sufficient
+volume to perceptibly cool the bath, but was provided for the
+thirst of the bathers. In the modern baths of Bath there is no such
+provision.
+
+[Footnote 16: The construction of the steps to the baths deserves
+remark (some of the stones being 10ft. long). The depth of the riser
+to the steps that were beneath the water is unusually deep, and the
+treads narrow. This is compensated by the increased buoyancy of a
+human body when immersed, or partially immersed, in water. The steps
+have, on the contrary, a shallower rise and a wider tread when they
+approach the top. The next notable point is the formation of the tread
+of the upper flooded step. This is grooved by a somewhat circular
+sinking, from 4 to 5in. wide, immediately against the riser of the
+topmost step. Everyone frequenting a public bath must have noticed the
+dashing of the water against the wall or upper step, and the nuisance
+created from the breaking of the water against it. The grooving would
+remedy, I believe, this annoyance, as the little waves of water would
+be made to take a curved form before reaching the step; consequently
+the water would fall back into the bath instead of dashing over the
+surrounding platform. And in the ends of every upper step but one, and
+on the steps lower down, have been square sockets, cut in the stone
+and filled up again with pieces of stone. These mark the position of
+balusters to a hand-rail for the use of bathers that were removed some
+time previous to the abandonment of the baths, and the stones were
+inserted. These hand-rails were doubtless of bronze, and therefore of
+value.]
+
+[Footnote 17: A statue of some size doubtless stood on this pedestal.]
+
+[Footnote 18: This deposit must, from the thickness, have taken
+several years to form, and the fact of its being of precisely the
+same character as the present deposit from the mineral spring is an
+evidence of the unchanging nature of the water.]
+
+[Footnote 19: With reference to the sculpture, one piece, of debased
+character, has been found--a Minerva with a breast-plate, helmet, and
+shield in _alto relievo_ within a niche.]
+
+The hall enclosing the bath I have already spoken of as 110ft. 4½in.
+long by 68ft. 5in. wide. It has been completely thrown open since
+this paper was read at the British and Gloucestershire Archæological
+Society, in 1884. These excavations are open to the sky, excepting on
+the east end (over which Abbey Street, at a height of 23ft. is carried
+on a viaduct, which I have erected).[20] The platform, or _schola_,
+surrounding the bath (measuring the original surface of the upper
+floor) is 13ft. 9in. wide on the four sides. This platform was formed
+by a layer of large freestone 9in. to 10in. thick, laid on the level
+of the top step but one, on a solid bed of concrete. Above this was
+another layer of concrete, and possibly on this, when the baths were
+first erected, a mosaic of tesseræ; but that, if it ever was there,
+has all disappeared, and its place has been supplied with paving,
+mostly of freestone also, of inferior thickness to the lower paving.
+Very little of this remains, and what there is is much fractured and
+worn; indeed not only is this paving much worn, but the lower paving
+also where the traffic was the greatest. I have given in the plan
+(_Pl. VIII._) almost every detail of these floors, and shall speak
+of them again further on. The general appearance of the place is
+symmetrical, but there are remarkable variations and inaccuracies
+that point to the fact that the juxta-position of this bath with
+other buildings, of which we have at present no knowledge, must have
+rendered these variations necessary, ultimately interfering with the
+completion, architecturally, of the building.
+
+[Footnote 20: The house over the bath having been purchased by
+the Corporation, the Antiquities Committee (of which Mr. Murch was
+chairman) with a liberal subscription from the Society of Antiquaries,
+the Duke of Cleveland, and many noblemen and gentlemen of Bath and the
+neighbourhood, bore the expense of the removal of the soil from the
+bath and the general opening out of the rains, the arches beneath the
+Poor Law Office and the Viaduct supporting Abbey Street.]
+
+On either side, north and south, are three recesses, or _exedrae_,
+two of which are circular and one (the centre) rectangular. The south
+rectangular one is 17ft. wide by 7ft. deep; the north one is nearly
+a foot wider, and one foot less in depth. Greater variations exist
+in the circular recesses; for, commencing in the western one, on the
+south side, the width is 17ft. 3in., and the depth 7ft. 6in.; the
+eastern one is 14ft. 3in. wide, and 6ft. 9in. deep; the _exedrae
+vis-a-vis_ on the north is 17ft. 3in. wide, and 8ft. 4in. deep; the
+remaining one, to the west, is 17ft. wide, and 7ft. deep. I give these
+dimensions irrespective entirely of the pilasters which are attached
+to the walls on either side the reveil of the recesses, and in the
+rectangular recesses in the enclosing angles also. Piers are now
+standing on the margin of the bath, dividing the north and south
+sides each into seven bays. These piers are built with solid block
+freestone, but as there are continuous vertical joints on either side
+of the central division of each pier, it is clear that an alteration
+was made in the design either previous to its entire completion or
+subsequently.
+
+I will endeavour to describe the bath as originally designed. Along
+the margin of the bath, north and south, stood six piers, equally
+divided (about 14ft. apart), as far as the length of the bath, but
+allowing a lesser distance from the attached pilaster at either end.
+These piers are cut out of a block (in plan, 2ft. 10½in. from east to
+west by 2ft. 8in. from north to south), so as to form a pilaster of
+three inches projection on either face. As the original pilasters on
+the north and south walls do not correspond with these piers, I am led
+to conclude that the _schola_ and _exedrae_, north and south, were
+not vaulted at first, and were the only portion of the hall that was
+roofed, and that the roof was only of timber, supported by an arcade,
+the arches not exceeding 17ft. in height, and that the eaves of the
+roof of about 22ft. in height dipped towards the bath. This was a
+very usual arrangement in the _Atrium_ of a Roman house with the
+_impluvium_ in the centre. A _crypto porticus_ would thus be formed
+on the two longer sides of the bath, but the _schola_ on the east
+and west ends was open to the sky. Practical experience, either on
+the completion of this plan, or previously to its entire execution,
+led to its abandonment. At any rate a roof over the whole was found
+essential to the comforts of the bathers. The piers were accordingly
+strengthened. Pilasters were erected, projecting 2ft. 9m. into the
+bath, with smaller pilasters on the other side projecting on the
+_schola_, 1ft. 4in. by 1ft. 11in. wide; and _vis-a-vis_ to these
+pilasters corresponding ones were affixed to the side walls.
+Unfortunately this brought into prominence the irregularity of the
+size and position of the _exedrae_, and the pilasters were affixed
+correctly with reference to the arcade, as was absolutely necessary,
+but more or less trespassing on the width of the opening of these
+recesses, and notched into the original pilasters.
+
+None of the piers, or pilasters, at present exist to a height
+exceeding 6ft. to 7ft. The base is a rude form of the Attic base;
+and we have found several fragments of the capital, or impost, of the
+smaller pilasters, from, which the arches sprang, but I have not been
+so fortunate as to recognise any of the larger capitals, and but few
+fragments of the cornices, and but one piece that I can identify as
+the frieze 1ft. 6in. deep by 2ft. 4in. long, on which are 5 incised
+letters 6¼in. long S SIL. The _schola_ was then arched in north and
+south, and the bath spanned by an arch. The vaulting that spanned the
+side arcades, and the centre (where the abutment was not sufficient
+for arches formed in the ordinary way of tiles or stone), were built
+of brick boxes, open at the sides, and wedge-shaped, 1ft. long, 4¾in.
+thick, and 7¾in. wide at the wider end, set in the usual mortar, a
+greater or less number of rings of these boxes being used according to
+the span. These arches were made out by an extra quantity of concrete
+on the under side for decoration, and on the upper in the case of the
+great arch, so as to form a roof, the well-known roll and flat Italian
+tiles being embedded in the mortar. Many and large fragments of
+this roof were found lying on the deposit that had partially filled
+the ruins previous to the fall of the roof, and are still carefully
+preserved. A large fragment, 18ft. long by about 3ft. wide, and 1ft.
+9in. thick, that has slipped down, as it were, from the western end,
+in the position in which it was discovered, was formed of solid tiles,
+with an arch of tiles 1ft. 8in. long,[21] the roof having sufficient
+abutment on this side for a solid construction.[22] This arch gives
+the form of the window that lighted the bath on the western end.
+
+[Footnote 21: The arches in the adjoining apartment west of this were
+built of a sort of a tufa.]
+
+[Footnote 22: On the falling of the roof one of the piers was thrust
+out of the perpendicular, the upper half toppling over, and the lower
+would have again returned to its original position had a stone not
+fallen into the vertical joint, catching the pilaster as a wedge.
+The pier is still fixed out of the perpendicular by the stone in the
+joint.]
+
+The vaulting of the side aisles, or rather that over the _schola_,
+was arched from pier to pier longitudinally and transversely, the
+quadrangular spaces being in all probability simply groined; but
+a fragment of box tiles found almost leads one to think that these
+spaces were vaulted by a domical vault, springing either from
+pendentives in the angles of the vaults, more common in later work,
+or from a slight cornice on a level with the apex of the arches. The
+vault, if there was one, over the semi-circular _exedrae_ must have
+been hemispherical. From the number of roofing tiles of local stone,
+shaped into hexagons, found, I think these arcades were roofed in
+with them, placed overlapping each other, giving a very good effect.
+Similar tiles were dug up at Wroxeter, and I have found slates of the
+same shape in the Roman villa I have been excavating for Mr. Chas. I.
+Elton, F.S.A., M.P., at Whitestaunton Manor. The form of these slates
+deserves copying; a roof covered by them is far lighter than that of
+rectangular slabs and more picturesque. The walls on the sides towards
+the hall, and externally, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are
+covered with the usual red plaster, shewing that they were internal
+walls; but from a piece of dentilled, or rather blocked, cornice,
+which fits the curve of one of the _exedrae_, I believe the walls were
+carried up on the north and south above the roofs of the adjoining
+rooms and corridors of the baths, so that they formed a feature in the
+elevation and afforded a broken skyline to the composition. The vault
+over the centre rose considerably above these walls, a portion of the
+centre of which may have been partially open for the emission of steam
+and the admission of light. Some square blocks of lead, that were the
+yotting of bars of metal, rather favour this idea, and suggest that
+these metal bars were a portion of the machinery by which a brazen
+shield (_clipeus_) was suspended, or secured, so that by raising
+or lowering it the temperature of the hall might be regulated as
+described by Vitruvius. In the excavations we found an _ante-fixa_
+that must have fallen from some portion of the roof. It appears to
+be intended for a lion, but it is much broken.
+
+I have prepared a sketch section of the bath (which I hope
+to communicate on a future occasion), transversely and a part
+longitudinally, in order that a description may the more readily be
+understood, adopting, in my restoration, the established rules of
+proportion of Classical architecture, which may, more or less, have
+been strictly adhered to when the baths were built; indeed, in the
+best specimens of Roman work a licence was given to the architect
+as to detail and proportion, that was refused him on the Classical
+revival. The pilasters of these baths spring, as I have said before,
+from an Attic base, of somewhat coarse proportions, 14in. high.[23]
+The attached pilasters that supported the arcade that was carried
+longitudinally along the bath are without a base; they must have been,
+within a few inches, more or less, not lower than 10ft. in height,
+including the impost moulding, of which there are fragments. The
+arches springing from them would be about 14ft. wide. I have not
+been able to find any fragments of the archivolt. The pilasters that
+supported the arches which crossed the _schola_ have bases similar to
+the larger pilasters. I can hardly speak positively of their elevation
+or that of the arches, but I am inclined to think the height of the
+impost moulding was raised, so that the arch, although a smaller span,
+was the same in height as the longitudinal arches.
+
+[Footnote 23: The bases of the columns found, on the contrary, are
+most carefully designed and of most delicate proportions, which appear
+to justify the belief that the bases of the pilasters were never
+completely _worked_, or that they were coated with plaster and
+decorated as in the western bath, now being excavated.]
+
+The great pilasters, fronting the bath, stand on plain pedestals,
+breaking forward into the water, on which rested the Attic base, the
+shaft with Doric (?) capital rising 18ft. above. A complete cornice,
+the architrave (which we have) and frieze, gave an additional height
+of nearly 5ft. This cornice ran over the arcade horizontally, but
+breaking forward the projection of the pilasters about 2ft. 7in. Over
+this cornice, I conclude, were semi-circular openings, of the same
+span as the arch beneath, with an architrave of 5 in. to 6 in. A
+circular vault crossed the bath from pilaster to pilaster, groined
+with the semi-circular arches just mentioned. Light may have been
+admitted divisionally in the centre of this great vault, as I
+previously mentioned, as well, as by the semi-circular arches in the
+"_clear storey_." The extreme height from the floor of the _schola_ to
+the under side of the vaulting may have been as much as 23ft., whilst
+the height of the central vault above the floor of the bath could
+not, I estimate, have been less than 48ft. 2in., exceeding by 5ft.
+the height of the famous Ball Rooms of the Bath Assembly Rooms, and by
+14ft. that of the Grand Pump Room.
+
+Many architectural fragments have been found during the excavations
+of the Great Bath, several portions of columns 2ft. 6in. diameter
+at base, and several sections of Corinthian foliage with the volute
+of a capital, of unusually artistic and powerful work; some smaller
+columns, a fluted shaft, and a Composite capital of debased character;
+but the four most remarkable fragments are pieces carved on both sides
+out of blocks about 1ft. 9in. thick, by 1ft. 6in. high. They are each
+from 2ft. 6in. to 2ft. 9in. long, and are curved, the chord being
+about 1-9/16in., in a length of 2ft. 6in. The first fragment is a
+cornice, or impost, carved on both sides, in three tiers: the upper,
+a _cima_ with a leaf; the middle division, a Greek fret, not quite
+similar on each side the stone, and below is a running ornament. The
+cornice does not project sufficiently to be the cornice of a building,
+and, as it is decorated on either side, it could not have been
+intended for a string-course, as none of the walls are so thin as
+these stones, although I at first thought it might belong to one of
+the semi-circular _exedrae_. The curve is struck with a shorter radius
+than even the smallest recess. I think it is the capping of the back
+of one of the semi-circular stone seats, called by the later Romans
+a _stibadium_. If this formed the seat in the north-western recess,
+there would be ample room behind it (3ft. 9in.) to pass by. The next
+fragment must have been fixed beneath this or a similar capping, and
+is also carved on each side; the convex side having an adaptation of
+the well-known honeysuckle fairly drawn, whilst the convex side of it,
+with the exception of a floriated panelled pilaster in the centre, is
+the work of an accomplished sculptor. On the right of this pilaster,
+slightly recessed to admit of relief, is the naked right thigh and
+leg of a figure that must have stood 1ft. 6in. high. Although only
+a fragment, this is a most charming piece of work, the action and
+anatomy of the limb being perfect. On the left side is a similar
+panel, a headless draped figure, with feet bare, holding a circular
+shield which rests on the thigh, whilst the limb is bent as if
+ascending a rock that is slightly indicated. On the third fragment the
+honeysuckle pattern is on the concave side, whilst the sculpture is
+on the convex, the arc of which corresponds with the last described.
+On this there are two niches only, and the figures are much more
+mutilated. The left figure has a flowing mantle, the only leg
+remaining being bare from the thigh downwards; the foot and the head
+are gone. The figure on the right is fully draped, the head is lost,
+and the right hand much mutilated; a musical instrument, like a
+guitar,[24] or rather a mandolin, rests against the left breast, held
+in position by the left hand. The fourth fragment has the honeysuckle
+on both sides, with the flower well carved on one of them. It is a
+great pity that so little of this superb work is left, and that what
+there is should be so mutilated.[25]
+
+[Footnote 24: Professor Middleton considers this a cornucopia.]
+
+[Footnote 25: A small drawing of these pieces I shall also on a future
+occasion communicate.]
+
+This account of the Great Bath will, I hope, be sufficiently complete
+if I describe the entrances and conclude with a few particulars of the
+pavement (although many discoveries of considerable interest might be
+made, I have no doubt, in the latter), omitting a detailed examination
+as being tedious.
+
+I believe there were five entrances to this bath, two of which
+remain. In the western wall, on the south, is one leading from other
+apartments (a hypocaust, hall and bath), which I shall on a future
+occasion describe. It is 4ft. 3in. wide. Double doors and hinges
+have been inserted in this doorway, and the base and a portion of a
+pilaster cut away most barbarously to receive them. On the north,
+on the same wall, and fronting the northern _schola_, is a doorway
+similar to the last, which has been walled up in Roman times, the wall
+which closed it being covered with the red plaster that covers all
+the work not being faced freestone. A third doorway, similar in every
+respect, was at the eastern end of the northern _schola_, as I infer
+from the lower paving being much worn in that direction. A fourth
+doorway was in the eastern wall to the south, but not south enough
+to face the southern _schola_, and a fifth was between these two. Of
+these three doorways, the first of them is still hidden by soil, and
+the second and third are obliterated with modern walling; a portion
+of the architrave of one was found near, but their position is well
+marked by the footmarks in the stone.
+
+[Plate VIII: Plan of Great Roman Bath, Bath. Discovered 1880-81 and
+measured 1884, by Charles E. Davis, F.S.A.]
+
+I should not omit mentioning the mark of a wooden seat in the northern
+rectangular recess, and the place of a wooden rail for clothes, that
+was let into the pilaster at one end with the _slot_ in a pilaster at
+the other.
+
+In my plan (_Pl. VIII._) I have endeavoured to show the massive lower
+paving and the fragmentary upper pavement. Both are much worn; and,
+where the upper pavement has disappeared against the upper step of the
+bath, especially the step on the western _schola_, it has been worn
+down on the inside to the depth of several inches. The lower pavement
+through the south-western door is worn in holes, and across by the
+angular fountain are similar wearings, marking "a short cut" into the
+northern _schola_; and this is continued in a less degree to the other
+doors,--save the north-western one, where the upper paving in part
+exists, showing that this doorway was closed before the baths were
+allowed to get so shamefully out of repair. This sadly dilapidated
+pavement must have caused considerable inconvenience to the bathers,
+and could only have been put up with by those too poor to incur the
+expenses of repair; the baths therefore were continued to be used by
+less prosperous citizens than those who provided them. Is not this a
+strong argument that the Romans left behind them, when they abandoned
+Britain (A.D. 420), a people almost as great lovers of the baths as
+themselves, with, however, less ability to maintain them; and that
+the residents of Aquæ Sulis daily frequented them during the 150 years
+that succeeded until the city was overthrown by our more immediate
+ancestors, who destroyed before abandoning it to desolation?
+
+The springs flooded the courts and corridors of the Thermæ until the
+washings of the land filled them. Rushes, withies, and trees grew
+beneath the shadow of its ruins. Bathancastra (Akemancastra) was
+founded;[26] the memory of the baths was lost; its architectural
+magnificence was the quarry of the builders, who little dreamt
+that beneath the soil was buried the rich treasure which we in this
+century, and those who have preceded us in the last, have had the
+privilege of laying bare.
+
+[Footnote 26: "The foundation of a monastery by an under-King of the
+Hwiccas [Osric, Nov. 6, A.D. 676,] within its walls, reveals to us
+the springing up of a new life in another of the cities which had been
+wrecked by Ceawlin's inroad, the city of Bath."--_Green's "Making of
+England_," p. 356.
+
+Professor Earle throws some doubt on the authenticity of the record.]
+
+The Romans left behind them in Bath a Palace of Health and Luxury
+unequalled except in Italy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In making some excavations (1885) beneath the Cross Bath, the walls
+of the Roman well were found, and at a considerable depth two altars,
+which are placed for exhibition in the Great Bath. One of these is a
+plain rectangular altar; the other is carved on three sides, having on
+the front face two figures (Æsculapius offering a lamb to Hegiea), on
+another side a serpent coiled round the trunk of a tree, and on the
+third sculptured side a dog with a curly tail (see Professor Sayce and
+Rev. Preb. Scarth).
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HOT MINERAL SPRINGS
+
+OF BATH,
+
+VESTED IN THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOUNDED by the Romans in the First Century.
+
+BATHERS DURING 1889, 104,597.
+
+Daily yield 507,600 gallons at 120° Fah.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These Waters are beneficial in all forms of Gout, Sub-acute, Chronic
+and Muscular Rheumatism--Neuralgias, Sciatica, Lumbago, certain forms
+of Paralysis, Nervous Debility, Diseases of Women, Disorders of the
+Digestive System, Tropical Anoemia, Metallic Poisoning, Eczema, Lepra,
+Psoriasis, and all the Scaly Diseases of the Skin. Some Surgical
+Diseases of the Joints, general Weakness of Limbs after injury, and
+Diseases of the Throat and Air Passages.
+
+Upwards of £40,000 have been lately expended by the Corporation of the
+City to enlarge and perfect the various appliances, rendering them,
+in the words of one of the greatest Hygienic Physicians of the day,
+THE MOST PERFECT IN EUROPE. Thermal Vapour, Douche with Massage by
+doucheurs and doucheuses from Continental Spas, Pulverised and Vapour
+Douche, Spray, Dry and Moist Heat, and Shower, with luxurious Cooling
+Rooms.
+
+BAND DAILY IN THE PUMP ROOM.
+
+LAST RETURN OF THE MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH FOR BATH 17'9 PER 1000.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARGES FOR BATHS.
+
+NEW ROYAL BATHS, ADJOINING THE GRAND HOTEL.
+
+                                 Prices.
+  First Class Deep Bath..         2  6
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower..   3  0
+  First Class Reclining Bath..    2  0
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower..   2  6
+  Dry Douche..                    2  0
+  Attendant's Fee..               0  3
+
+First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) 3s. 6d.,
+Attendant's Fee, 6d.
+
+Attached to these Baths is a
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SWIMMING BATH, TEMP. 82 TO 84 FAHRT.,
+
+Daily supplied with Fresh Mineral Water.
+
+For Ladies' use on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
+
+With use of Private Room for 1 Person, 1s.; 2 Persons, 1s. 6d.; 3
+Persons, 2s.
+
+Public Room, 6d. Bathing Dresses, 2d. Attendant's Fee, 1d.
+
+This Bath is available for Gentlemen on Tuesdays, till 1 p.m.,
+Thursdays, Saturdays, and on Sunday Mornings up to 9.30 a.m., at 1s.
+each Person.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ROYAL BATHS, BATH STREET.
+
+  First Class Deep Bath.      2  0
+    ditto ditto with Douche.  2  6
+  Second Class Deep Bath.     1  6
+    ditto ditto with Douche.  2  0
+  Reclining Bath.             1  6
+     ditto with Douche.       2  0
+  Shower Bath                 1  6
+
+Attendant's Fees. 2d. & 3d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TEPID SWIMMING BATH, FOR GENTLEMEN ONLY.
+
+  With use of Private Room ..  0  9
+  With use of Public Room ..   0  6
+
+No Attendant's Fees. This Bath is closed on Thursdays at 1 p.m.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CROSS BATH, OPEN DAILY (FRIDAYS EXCEPTED), SUNDAY TILL 9 A.M.
+
+  Open Public Bath               0  1
+  Open Public Bath, with Towel   0  2
+
+This Bath is available for Females on Thursdays, under the charge of a
+female attendant. Fee, including bathing dress, 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+KING'S AND QUEEN'S BATHS, STALL STREET.
+
+                                                                    Prices.
+  First Class Deep Bath                                                 2 6
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower                                           3 0
+  First Class Reclining Bath                                            2 0
+  Ditto with Douche, or Shower, or Lumbar Douche, or Douche Ascendante  2 6
+  Ditto with Special Douche                                             3 0
+  Needle Douche (or Douche en Cercle)                                   2 0
+  Ditto with Deep Bath                                                  3 6
+  Vertebral Douche 1s. extra Moist and Dry Heat per hour                2 6
+  Ditto  with Deep Bath                                                 3 6
+  Attendant's Fee                                                       0 3
+
+First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) 3s. Attendant's
+Fee, 6d.
+
+
+GROUND FLOOR.
+
+  First Class Reclining Bath            1 6
+  Ditto with Scottish Douche            2 6
+  Reclining Bath with Massage           1 9
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 6
+  Massage Bath                          1 6
+  Scottish Douche alone                 1 0
+    Attendant's Fee                     0 3
+  Second Class Reclining Baths       6d. & 1s.
+  King's Public Baths                6d. & 1s.
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 1
+
+
+MASSAGE & VAPOUR BATHS, BOUILLON & PULVERISING ROOM.
+
+  Special Medicated Baths               3 6
+  Massage Douche Bath, Aix-les-Bains
+    system (2 doucheurs)                3 6
+  Berthollet with Massage (1 doucheur)  3 0
+  Massage, in Reclining Bath
+    and Douche (1 doucheur)             2 6
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 6
+  Massage Douche Bath (Aix-les-Bains
+    system) 1 doucheur                  2 6
+  Berthollet-Natural Vapour Bath        2 6
+  Bouillon Room, if taken alone         1 0
+  Pulverization for the Nose,
+    Ears, Eyes, Face, or Throat         1 0
+  Sitz Bath (special)                   2 0
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 3
+
+Portable Baths, at a temperature not exceeding 106°, Fahrt., can be
+supplied at private residences, by arrangement. Also Mineral Water in
+Bottles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARRANGEMENTS FOR DRINKING THE WATERS.
+
+The Grand Pump Room is open each Week-day from 8.30 a.m. till 6 p.m.,
+and on Sundays after the Morning service till 2 p.m.
+
+CHARGES--
+
+  Single Glass               2d.
+
+  Per Book of 20 Coupons     1 6
+
+One Coupon must be given up each time of Drinking the Water, at either
+the Grand Pump Room or the Hetling Pump Room.
+
+  Ticket for Drinking the Water for 12 Months, for One Person   £1.
+
+  For a Family                                                  £2.
+
+Tickets for Bathing must in all cases be obtained at the Ticket Office
+adjoining the Grand Hotel, and all baths are booked by the clerk in
+charge; and such baths must be paid for at the time of booking.
+
+All Fees to Attendants are included in the charge paid for Tickets.
+
+Any irregularities or incivility on the part of any of the Attendants
+should at once be reported to the General Manager.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13582 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13582 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath, by
+Charles E. Davis</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:50%;">
+        <a id="platev"
+             name="platev"
+             href="images/platev.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbv.jpg"
+             alt="Plate V. City of Bath. Plan of Roman Baths." />
+             </a>(Plate V.)
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"
+       id="page3"></a>{3}</span>
+
+    <h1>ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE ROMAN BATHS AT BATH.</h1>
+
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4><i>Re-printed from the Transactions of the Bristol and
+    Gloucestershire Archæological Society. Vol. VIII., part
+    I.</i></h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>Leland, on his visit to Bath in the year 1530, with
+    tolerable fulness describes the baths, and after completing his
+    description of the King's Bath goes on to say "Ther goith a
+    sluse out of this Bath and servid in Tymes past with Water
+    derivid out of it 2 places in Bath Priorie usid for Bathes: els
+    voide; for in them be no springes;" and further on he says "The
+    water that goith from the Kinges Bath turnith a Mylle and after
+    goith into Avon above Bath-bridge."</p>
+
+    <p>These two sentences have hitherto been difficult of
+    explanation, but the excavations, which it has been my
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4"
+       id="page4"></a>{4}</span> good fortune to superintend, and
+       the discoveries I have made, have fully explained Leland's
+       meaning, at the same time that I have brought to light the
+       great Roman Bath, which I purpose describing in detail in
+       this paper, writing only of previous excavations and those I
+       have conducted in connection with this work, so far as their
+       description may the more fully render my account perfect of
+       the Great Bath itself. I desire to confine my paper within
+       such limits as the space afforded me in this Journal
+       necessarily imposes.</p>
+
+    <p>Some time during the last century the ruins of a mill wheel
+    were found to the south of the King's Bath. I have in my
+    excavation discovered the <i>mediæval</i> sluice that led to
+    this wheel. Leland speaks of "two places in Bath Priorie used
+    for Bathes els voide."</p>
+
+    <p>In a map of Bath preserved in the Sloane Collection of the
+    British Museum, drawn by William Smith (<i>Rouge Dragon
+    Pursuivant at Arms</i>) a few years previous to
+    1568,<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+       is an open bath immediately to the south of the Transept of
+       the Abbey called "the mild Bathe."<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+       This, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page5"
+       id="page5"></a>{5}</span> or at any rate what I may consider
+       was the "mild bath," I found in my explorations beneath the
+       soil at a situation in York Street, connected with the
+       Hot-water drains, the bath being still provided with a
+       wooden hatch, and of the dimensions of a good sized
+       room.<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+       The other place mentioned by Leland was discovered in 1755,
+       and this discovery led the way to the excavations of a great
+       bath (afterwards called Lucas's Bath), when the eastern wall
+       of the great Hall of the recently found bath was first laid
+       open, although from its position not having been properly
+       noted previous to its being covered up, its situation
+       remained unknown for nearly 130 years.</p>
+
+    <p>In Dr. Sutherland's "<i>Attempts to revive Ancient Medical
+    Doctrines</i>," (page 16), <i>et infra</i>, he says: "In the
+    year of our Lord 1755<a id="footnotetag4"
+       name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+       the old Priory or Abbey house
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page6"
+       id="page6"></a>{6}</span> was pulled down. In clearing away
+       the foundations, stone coffins, bones of various animals,
+       and other things were found. This moved curiosity to search
+       still deeper. Hot mineral waters gushed forth and
+       interrupted the work. The old Roman sewer was at last found;
+       the water was drained off. Foundations of regular buildings
+       were fairly traced." An illustration of these discoveries is
+       given in Gough's "Camden," and a plan of them was published
+       by Dr. Lucas and again by Dr. Sutherland
+       (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>) copied in 1822 by Dr.
+       Spry with discoveries to that date
+       (<a href="#platevi"><i>Pl. VI.</i></a>), and by Mr. Phelps,
+       the latter re-published by the Rev. Preb. Scarth in his
+       <i>Aquæ Solis</i>, 1864. I have, in part, myself and also
+       when assisted by Mr. T. Irvine (the architect, under Sir
+       Gilbert Scott, of the restoration of the Bath Abbey),
+       examined the small portion of these discoveries that are
+       still left <i>in situ</i>. I quote Dr. Sutherland, 1763, p.
+       17, for an account. "Assisted by Mr. Wood, architect," Dr.
+       Lucas examined the ruins as they then appeared. He gives the
+       following description: "Under the foundations of the Abbey
+       house, full 10ft. deep, appear traces of a bath, whose
+       dimensions are 43ft. by 34ft. Within and adjoining to the
+       walls are the remains of twelve pilasters, each measuring
+       3ft. 6in. on the front of the plinth by a projection of 2ft.
+       3in. These pilasters seem to have supported a
+       roof.<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+       This bath stood north and south.
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7"
+       id="page7"></a>{7}</span> To the northward of this room,
+       parted only by a slender wall with an opening of about 10in.
+       in the middle, adjoined a semi-circular bath, measuring from
+       east to west 14ft. 4in., and from the crown of the
+       semi-circle to the partition wall that divides it from the
+       square bath 18ft. 10in. The roof of this seems to have been
+       sustained by four pilasters, one in each angle and two at
+       the springing of the circle. This bath seems to have
+       undergone some alterations, the base of the semi-circle is
+       filled up to about the height of 5ft., upon which two small
+       pilasters were set on either side from the area, between two
+       separate flights of steps into the semi-circular part which
+       seems to be all that was reserved for a bath. In this was
+       placed a stone chair 18in. high and 16in. broad. The two
+       flights of steps were of different dimensions, those to the
+       west were 3ft. 9in. broad, those to the east 4ft. 2in. Each
+       flight consists of steps 6in. thick, and seem to have been
+       worn by use 3½in. out of the square. These flights are
+       divided by a stone partition on a level with the floor.
+       Along this division and along the west side of the area, a
+       rude channel of about 3in. in depth was cut in the stone.
+       The floor of this bath seems to be on a level with that of
+       the square bath. Eastward and westward from the area and
+       stairs of this semi-circular bath stood an elegant room on
+       each side, sustained by four pilasters. Separated by a wall
+       stood the <i>Hypocausta Laconica</i>, or <i>Stoves</i>, to
+       the eastward. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"
+       id="page8"></a>{8}</span> These consisted of two large
+       rooms, each measuring 39ft. by 22ft. Each had a double
+       floor, one of which lay 1ft. 9in. lower than the area round
+       the square bath. On this lower floor stand rows of pillars
+       composed of square bricks of about 1¾in. thick and 9in.
+       square. These pillars sustain a second floor composed of
+       tiles 2ft. square and 2in. thick, over which are laid two
+       layers of firm cement mortar, each about 2in. thick, which
+       compose the upper floor.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a id="platevi"
+             name="platevi"
+             href="images/platevi.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbvi.jpg"
+             alt="Plate VI. Facsimile of Dr. Sprys' plan published 1822 shewing discoveries to that date." />
+        </a>(Plate VI.)
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"To the northward, separated by a wall of 3ft. 11in., stood
+    the other <i>Hypocaustum</i>, with a door of communication. The
+    floor of this is about 18in. higher than the other. These two
+    rooms are set round with square-brick tubes of different
+    lengths, from 16in. to 20in. in length and 6¾in. wide. These
+    flues have two lateral openings of about 2in. square, 5in.
+    asunder. These open into the vacuum between the two floors and
+    rise through the walls. The north wall of the last stove was
+    filled with tubes of a lesser size, placed horizontally and
+    perpendicularly. The stones and bricks between the pillars bear
+    evident marks of fire, while the flues are strongly charged
+    with soot, which plainly points out their uses.</p>
+
+    <p>"Heat was communicated to these flues by means of
+    <i>Praefurnia</i>. In the middle of the northern wall of the
+    second stove, the ruins of one of these furnaces appear. It
+    consists of strong walls of about 16ft. square, with an opening
+    in the centre of about 3ft. wide, which terminates
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page9"
+       id="page9"></a>{9}</span> conically in the north wall of the
+       stove 2 ft. wide where part of the broken arch bears evident
+       marks of fire. About the mouth of the furnace there were
+       scattered pieces of burnt wood, charcoal, &amp;c., evident
+       proofs of their use.</p>
+
+    <p>"On each side of the furnace, adjoining to the wall of the
+    northernmost stove, is a semi-circular chamber of about 10ft.
+    4in. by 9ft. 6in. Their floors are nearly 2ft. 6in. lower than
+    that of the next stove into which they both open. The pavements
+    are tesselated with variegated rows of pebbles and red bricks.
+    To the northward of these there appear ruins of two other
+    square chambers of more ordinary work." Thus far Lucas.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Sutherland goes on to say, "Since the time of his
+    (Lucas's) publication the ground has been further cleared away.
+    There now appears another semi-circular bath to the southward,
+    of the same dimensions exactly with the first. What he calls
+    the Great Bath, with its semi-circular <i>Hypocausta
+    Laconica</i>, &amp;c., forms only one wing of a spacious
+    regular building. From a survey of these, our ruins, we may,
+    with some certainty, determine the nature of these <i>Balnea
+    pensilia</i>.... The Eastern Vapour Baths are now demolishing
+    in order to make way for more modern improvements. Whenever the
+    rubbish that covers the eastern wing of the Roman ruins comes
+    to be removed similar <i>Balnea pensilia</i> will doubtless be
+    found.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"
+       id="page10"></a>{10}</span>
+
+    <p>"From each corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a
+    base of 68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These
+    walls I have traced 6ft. or 8ft. westward under that causeway
+    that leads from the Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we
+    may suppose, they have run a length proportionable to the
+    width, they compose a bath which may indeed be called
+    <i>Great</i>, 96ft. by 68ft.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a id="platevii"
+             name="platevii"
+             href="images/platevii.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbvii.jpg"
+             alt="Plate VII. A Ground Plan of the Antient Roman Bath lately discovered in the City of Bath, Somersetshire, with a Section of the Eastern Wing." />
+        </a>(Plate VII.)
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Adjoining to the inside walls of this central bath, there
+    are bases of pilasters, as in Lucas's. Between the wall and the
+    bath there is a corridor paved with hard blue stone 8in.
+    thick.<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+       From the westernmost side of Lucas's bath a subterranean
+       passage has been traced 24ft., at the end of which was found
+       a leaden cistern, raised about 3ft. above the pavement,
+       constantly overflowing with hot water. From this a channel
+       is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction eastward,
+       conveying the water to Lucas's Bath.... Assisted by Mr.
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"
+       id="page11"></a>{11}</span> Palmer, an ingenious builder, I
+       have ventured to exhibit a complete ground plot of the Roman
+       Baths,<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+       a discovery of no less curiosity than instruction.... This
+       ground plot is exhibited in the plate annexed
+       (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>) as far as the earth is
+       cleared away. The remainder is supposed and drawen out in
+       dotted lines. The plate exhibits also an elevation of the
+       section of the wing discovered, with
+       references."<a id="footnotetag8"
+       name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Sutherland published the plan of the bath with this
+    description having "<i>drawen</i> out in dotted lines" the
+    supposed arrangement of the baths. To make the account of these
+    discoveries of 1755 complete, I must explain that the
+    <i>Hypocausta Laconica</i>, or stoves, to the eastward, which
+    he described as each measuring 39ft. by 22ft., were, I believe,
+    the <i>tepidarium</i> and the <i>caldarium</i>. The two
+    semi-circular recesses, or small rooms, to the north, I should
+    consider were each a <i>sudatorium</i> if the floors had not
+    been 2ft. 6in. lower than the adjoining apartment. In the
+    centre was the stove by which the system was heated (the
+    <i>praefurnium</i>). To the north of these, Dr. Sutherland
+    figures, in dotted lines, three chambers omitted in my plan.
+    Although I believe he had some authority for giving them, I am
+    somewhat at a loss to assign a use to these rooms. They might
+    be <span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"
+       id="page12"></a>{12}</span> stoves, as, if the Romans
+       desired to have a bath artificially heated, this would be
+       the correct position for the brazen vessels, described
+       somewhat unintelligibly by Vitruvius, as three in number. If
+       this was the case, each semi-circular recess just described
+       was a <i>calda lavatio, balneum or labrum</i>. [A similar
+       <i>labrum</i>, but of smaller scale, was discovered at Box,
+       near Bath, last year, and I have discovered on the property
+       of Mr. Charles I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P. (author of "Origins of
+       History") a similar one.] The floor being 2ft. 6in. lower
+       than the adjoining apartment points to this belief. These, I
+       have little doubt, were those artificially heated baths, and
+       were cased either with lead, stone, marble, or small white
+       tesseræ, as at Box. To the south of the <i>tepidarium</i>,
+       Dr. Sutherland gives a precisely similar suggested plan as
+       that to the north, but here again I have not copied him,
+       believing he had not sufficient data. In all probability
+       here was an <i>apodyterium</i> (which might or might not be
+       heated with a <i>hypocaust</i>) where the bathers deposited
+       their clothes. Dr. Sutherland thought that to the east of
+       the discoveries which he described there would be found
+       probably at some future day "similar <i>Balnea
+       pensilia</i>."<a id="footnotetag9"
+       name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+       In opening the Roman drains I found a branch one at this
+       place, which induces me to think that a large cold or
+       swimming bath occupied the eastern wing, the
+       <i>baptisterium</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"
+       id="page13"></a>{13}</span> or <i>frigida lavatio</i>. Still
+       farther eastward are fragments of Roman buildings which I
+       have seen only in a very fragmentary way, as no excavations
+       of any extent have been made. I believe the apartments
+       necessary to complete the system of the modern Turkish bath,
+       or rather the ancient bath, with the requisite waiting rooms
+       and corridors, stood there.</p>
+
+    <p>After these discoveries of the middle of the last century
+    but very partial excavations were made in proximity to the
+    baths, and those that were made were never sunk to a depth
+    sufficient to reach the ruins. The flood of hot water had no
+    drain to carry it off, and was maintained at such a height in
+    the soil that whenever a sinking was made, it was impossible
+    without pumping machinery to sufficiently overcome it. To my
+    discovery of the Roman drain, or rather to Mr. Irvine's, and
+    the excavating, opening, and reconstructing it which followed
+    (under my superintendence, at the charges of the Corporation),
+    enabling me to drain off the hot water from the soil, I owe the
+    ability to reveal what had been hidden since the destruction of
+    the city of Bath in the year A.D. 577.<a id="footnotetag10"
+       name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>
+       The stopping up and destruction of the drain prevented the
+       water from flowing away, so that the buildings
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"
+       id="page14"></a>{14}</span> of the baths were filled with
+       water of a height until it reached the level of the
+       adjoining land, covering, as a guardian, the lead and other
+       valuables. Soil then gravitated into the ruins and thus
+       further assisted in preserving the antiquities, so that they
+       were altogether hidden from the people who re-built the
+       ruined city of Bath, and from those who in successive
+       generations succeeded them. The subterranean "passage traced
+       24ft." from the western side of Lucas's bath, "at the end of
+       which was found a leaden cistern," was not in any way Roman
+       work, but mediæval, and was formed some time after the
+       construction of the Abbey house, as an aqueduct for the hot
+       water with which the soil was saturated. This construction
+       is the only evidence of an early discovery of this eastward
+       wing of the bath, indeed the only evidence of mediæval work
+       of any kind in connection with the baths, except the
+       enclosure of the various springs or wells. The King's Bath,
+       the Cross, and the Lepers' Bath were simply the wells or
+       cisterns of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page15"
+       id="page15"></a>{15}</span> the springs which were bathed in
+       to the damage of the purity of the water, without
+       dressing-rooms of any kind.</p>
+
+    <p>This concludes the particulars of the important discoveries
+    which we possess of the last century, which were then correctly
+    believed to be only portions of still greater
+    baths.<a id="footnotetag11"
+       name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a>
+       In 1799 (or, as I believe, in 1809, the more
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page16"
+       id="page16"></a>{16}</span> correct date) a portion of what
+       has proved to be the north-west semi-circular <i>exedra</i>
+       of the Great Bath was found, and six to nine years later a
+       part of the south-west rectangular <i>exedra</i> of the same
+       bath. The discovery <span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"
+       id="page17"></a>{17}</span> of 1799 (or rather 1809) is
+       shown on the Rev. Prebendary Scarth's map as being the
+       northern apse of a bath on the western end of the great
+       bath, as suggested by Dr. Sutherland's plan and was to
+       correspond with Lucas's
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"
+       id="page18"></a>{18}</span> Bath. The semi-circular
+       <i>exedra</i> discovered subsequently to a deed dated Sept.
+       1808 (therefore in that year or subsequently) is also
+       figured by the Rev. Prebendary Scarth, as on the south end
+       of the same western bath
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page19"
+       id="page19"></a>{19}</span> and a piece of a rectangular
+       <i>exedra</i> as the eastern wall of this western bath and
+       the boundary between it and the Great
+       Bath.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20"
+       id="page20"></a>{20}</span>
+
+    <p>All these fragments I have lately proved to be portions of
+    the great Roman Bath (<i>Plates</i>
+    <a href="#platevii"><i>VII.</i></a> <i>and</i>
+    <a href="#plateviii"><i>VIII.</i></a>), and being within
+    instead of without that building. The Rev. Prebendary Scarth
+    omits altogether to figure the southern rectangular
+    <i>exedra</i>, found at the same time as the last named
+    discovery. He also omits the discoveries made in 1809 (?)
+    beneath the houses at the north-western end of York Street. In
+    1790 very valuable discoveries were made in digging the
+    foundation of the present Pump Room. Many writers have treated
+    of them and expressed opinions as to the character of the work
+    and the meaning of the design, and Mr. Scharf, in
+    <i>Archæologia</i>, Vol. XXXVI., has done ample justice to
+    these most interesting vestiges: They have been described by
+    Pownall, Lysons, Warner, Collins, Scharf, Tite, and Scarth, as
+    being portions of a Temple of the usual type, dedicated to Sul
+    Minerva. Whitaker, in a review of Warner's History of Bath,
+    printed in the <i>Anti-Jacobin</i>, Vol. X., 1801, differs from
+    all these writers, although believing the remains to be a
+    portion of a temple, and thought they were a part of a building
+    of the form of "<i>a rotunda</i>," as the Pantheon. "The
+    <i>Pantheon</i> of Minerva <i>Medica</i>, an agnomen very
+    similar in allusiveness to our prænomen <i>of Sulinis</i>, for
+    Minerva is noticed expressly by Ruius and Victor in their short
+    notes concerning the structures of Rome, as then standing in
+    the Esquiline quarter. The form of a Pantheon is made
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page21"
+       id="page21"></a>{21}</span> out by the multiplicity of
+       niches,... and such, we believe, was our own Temple of
+       Minerva at Bath." It would occupy too much space were I to
+       attempt to add to this paper my views of this discovery, but
+       I may briefly say, that I am satisfied that they were not
+       the remains of a Temple, but a portion of the central
+       Portico and grand Vestibule of the Baths. I have not gone
+       fully into the reasons that induced Whitaker to believe that
+       the discoveries showed that the building was a Rotunda, but
+       it is curious that he should have thought they had a
+       similarity to the Pantheon at Rome, which antiquaries since
+       his time have proved was not 'built for a temple, but that
+       it was an entrance hall or vestibule of the Baths of
+       Agrippa, although it is doubtful if the Rotunda was built at
+       the same time as the Portico, which was, without doubt,
+       erected B.C. 27.</p>
+
+    <p>The grand Roman enclosure of the Hot well
+    (<a href="#platevii"><i>Pl. VII.</i></a><a id="footnotetag12"
+       name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a>)
+       (which I have lately discovered and excavated, beneath the
+       King's Bath, on the south of this principal Portico) is
+       again utilised, and forms a tank for the mineral water, from
+       which are fed the baths and fountains with water, pure as it
+       rises from "depths unknown," and secured from any
+       possibility of contamination in its passage,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page22"
+       id="page22"></a>{22}</span> through the newly discovered
+       water ducts and drains of the Romans.</p>
+
+    <p>In 1871, whilst making some necessary excavation to remedy a
+    leak from the King's Bath that apparently ran beneath Abbey
+    Passage, I found that the hot water, that was reached through
+    layers of mud, Roman tiles, building materials, and mixed soil,
+    was one and the same with the hot water of the Kingston Bath
+    that then occupied the site of the Bath called Lucas's Bath,
+    discovered in 1755; and the levels were the same. I pumped out
+    this water with powerful pumps, emptying by so doing the
+    Kingston Baths. This enabled me to sink to a depth of 20ft.,
+    passing in so doing a flight of four steps at the point (A) on
+    the plan (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>), to the
+    bottom of a bath which was coated with
+    lead.<a id="footnotetag13"
+       name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a>
+       Being compelled by the then owner of the Kingston Baths to
+       discontinue pumping, I was obliged to abandon my work; and
+       having little hope that I should ever be allowed to
+       recommence it, I removed a portion of the lead, which proved
+       to be a thickness of about 30lbs. to the foot, placed on a
+       layer of brick concrete 2in. to 2¼in. thick, and this again
+       on a layer of freestone 12in., or rather a Roman foot
+       11-5/8in. in thickness, which was again bedded on rough
+       stonework, the depth of which I could not ascertain.
+       Fortunately I did not again fill in the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"
+       id="page23"></a>{23}</span> soil, but arched it in, building
+       walls of masonry to keep it in position. The Corporation
+       having obtained possession of the hot water supplying the
+       Kingston Baths, I should rather say, the right to the water
+       that leaked from the King's Springs, I again drained off the
+       water, maintaining it at a low level by a laborious
+       excavation and re-construction of the Roman drain which was
+       conducted at great expense for two or three years. This
+       drain I followed several hundred feet until it reached the
+       great well previously mentioned, making various and
+       important discoveries; but, as I have already read a paper
+       on this subject before the Society of Antiquaries of London,
+       which will shortly be in the press, I will not repeat it
+       here, but avail myself of the space allotted me in the
+       Transactions of this Society for an account of the Great
+       Bath, which I have, in great part, laid bare, soliciting a
+       pardon if the account is somewhat tedious.</p>
+
+    <p>The bath, placed in a great hall 110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft.
+    5in. wide, is about 6ft. 8in. deep. The bottom, 73ft. 2in. by
+    29ft. 6in.<a id="footnotetag14"
+       name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a>
+       is formed as described in the last
+       page.<a id="footnotetag15"
+       name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>The lead in sheets (of about 10ft. by 5ft. square) was
+    turned up at the edges and <i>burnt</i>, not soldered together,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"
+       id="page24"></a>{24}</span> but these joints are in many
+       cases now imperfect. This well secured bottom, or floor,
+       appears to have been placed in position, rather to keep the
+       hot water from ascending into the bath from the springs
+       beneath than to make the bath water-tight. Enclosing the
+       bath all round the four sides are six steps, the sixth
+       landing the bather on the <i>Schola</i>, or platform. The
+       riser of the bottom steps varies in depth from 15in. to
+       11in., with a tread of 14in., the next riser is 14in. with a
+       tread of 11in., as also is the next step and the one
+       following. The step above has a rise of 12in., and a tread
+       of 14in. This step was scarcely covered with water, but it
+       is evident the water flowed over it when bathers agitated
+       it. The riser or the step above, 10in. to 12in., completes
+       the flight and helped to keep the water within proper
+       bounds, giving a total depth of 6ft. 8in. to the bath, and
+       from 5ft. 9in. to 5ft. 11in. for the water. These steps are
+       quite devoid of lead (except, in places, the riser of the
+       lower step and at the north-west corner), and it is not
+       clear whether they had at any time such a covering, although
+       I am inclined to think so, as it evidently went beneath the
+       piers and under the central pedestal. At the bottom step, in
+       the north-east corner, was a bronze sluice. The frame of
+       this sluice, with an opening of 13in. by 12in., I found in
+       position when I excavated my way up the drain, but I was
+       obliged to remove it in order to force my way into the bath.
+       It has not been replaced, but is preserved
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"
+       id="page25"></a>{25}</span> in the Pump Room, and weighs
+       more than 1 cwt. 2 qrs. An overflow was provided,
+       immediately above the hatchway, by a grating 15in. wide that
+       was doubtless of bronze also, but it had been removed, the
+       stud-holes in the stones alone
+       remaining.<a id="footnotetag16"
+       name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a>
+       The extreme surface of the water measured 82ft. 10in. by
+       40ft. 11in. and was a parallelogram, except that the
+       north-western angle was cut off by the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"
+       id="page26"></a>{26}</span> steps being carried obliquely in
+       three tiers from the bottom a length of 7ft. at an angle of
+       39° with the western end. Resting on the platform, formed by
+       these three steps, is a quarter circle
+       pedestal,<a id="footnotetag17"
+       name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a>
+       on which stands a large stone 6ft. 8in. long and 9in. thick,
+       over-hanging its base, and presenting a concave line towards
+       the bath with an <i>ovolo</i> section in its thickness. This
+       stone spans a large channel 2ft. 3in. wide, within which is
+       fitted a very thick lead pipe, gradually narrowed
+       <i>horizontally</i> and turned up under the <i>ovolo</i>
+       concave stone. Through this aperture the mineral water was
+       thrown into the bath in a sort of spray, so that it might be
+       cooled in its passage. A deposit from the water is incrusted
+       over the stone and pipe several inches in thickness, until
+       the petrification entirely stopped the flow of water, which
+       was then compelled to flow <i>over</i> instead of under the
+       stone.<a id="footnotetag18"
+       name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a>
+       The water was conducted a distance of 38ft. in the thickness
+       of the lower pavement (which I shall presently describe) of
+       the <i>Schola</i>, the stone being removed a width of 2ft.,
+       the bed being concreted. On this was laid a lead pipe which
+       filled the whole orifice, but, unfortunately, a length of
+       25ft. of it has been removed. This conduit takes a
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"
+       id="page27"></a>{27}</span> diagonal direction, and leads
+       direct to the north-west angle of the hall, turning beneath
+       a large doorway in the western wall, when it again resumes
+       its original direction (the pipe, where perfect, is 1ft.
+       9in. by 7in. deep), as far as the outer surface of the wall
+       of the octagon well. At this point the wall of the well is
+       not original work, and the pipe is cut off. I have no doubt
+       that it was at one time carried up vertically until it
+       reached the level of the surface of the water of the well,
+       which was about 2ft. 6in. higher at the least, thus giving a
+       sufficient elevation to the "spray" into the bath. Another
+       bronze hatchway, which must have been here, has been stolen
+       in mediaeval times, its having been less than 2ft. below the
+       bottom of the King's Bath making it accessible, whilst the
+       25ft. length of the lead pipe beneath the <i>schola</i> must
+       have been stolen much earlier, and in all probability on the
+       destruction of the baths in the sixth century. In addition
+       to the arrangement for the supply of mineral water to the
+       baths, which must have been capable of affording a flow of
+       water, very nearly, if not exceeding, the yield of the
+       spring, there was also another, which I have every reason to
+       think was for the delivery of cold water, and conveyed in a
+       lead tubular pipe of 2¼in. in diameter. A length of 25ft.
+       6in. of this pipe, in its original position, has been found
+       and laid bare. It is made with a roll along the top, and
+       burnt, as was usual before the invention of "drawn pipes."
+       This pipe is particularly interesting as
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"
+       id="page28"></a>{28}</span> there are also in it two
+       soldered joints at intervals of 9ft. in the method of making
+       which we have clearly not improved on the work of our Roman
+       predecessors. This pipe starts from the same point in the
+       north-west angle of the hall as the other supply, and is
+       sunk in the lower pavement of the <i>schola</i>, which
+       (wanting the pipe) is continued to the centre of the north
+       side of the bath, where stands a stone pedestal 3ft. 3in.
+       long, 1ft. 6in. wide, and 2ft. 6in. high. This pedestal has
+       small vertical rails, or balusters, at the angles and on the
+       shorter sides, and that towards the bath has some appearance
+       of having once had a tablet of either bronze or marble
+       inserted in it. At the top is a circular hole 3½in. in
+       diameter, through which the pipe previously mentioned must
+       have passed. The upper portion of this pedestal is
+       sculptured, and much mutilated, and appears to me to be the
+       drapery covering the feet of a figure that has perished. It
+       is true that the work bears some resemblance to a small
+       recumbent figure; but if so it is not worthy of the name of
+       sculpture, as it is in the worst taste, and altogether out
+       of keeping with the architecture or the other sculpture we
+       have found.<a id="footnotetag19"
+       name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19"><sup>19</sup></a>
+       There are several grooves in the <i>schola</i> for branches
+       of this pipe: 1st. The continuation of it to the northern
+       semi-circular bath of 1755. 2nd. From the first soldered
+       joint to baths on the north of the Great
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"
+       id="page29"></a>{29}</span> Bath. 3rd. Along the western end
+       of the latter to baths on the south, and along the
+       <i>schola</i> to the south circular bath of Lucas's. Beneath
+       the mutilated sculpture is a second pedestal, or plinth,
+       perfectly plain, with the upper surface sunk to a level
+       corresponding with a similar indentation on the third step.
+       Within this must have stood a marble on bronze sarcophagus,
+       the base of which was 6ft. 9in. long by 2ft. 5in. wide. The
+       water flowing through the aperture previously described
+       would run into the sarcophagus (I use the word in its modern
+       sense) and from it into the bath. This water was not poured
+       in sufficient volume to perceptibly cool the bath, but was
+       provided for the thirst of the bathers. In the modern baths
+       of Bath there is no such provision.</p>
+
+    <p>The hall enclosing the bath I have already spoken of as
+    110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft. 5in. wide. It has been completely
+    thrown open since this paper was read at the British and
+    Gloucestershire Archæological Society, in 1884. These
+    excavations are open to the sky, excepting on the east end
+    (over which Abbey Street, at a height of 23ft. is carried on a
+    viaduct, which I have erected).<a id="footnotetag20"
+       name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20"><sup>20</sup></a>
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"
+       id="page30"></a>{30}</span> The platform, or <i>schola</i>,
+       surrounding the bath (measuring the original surface of the
+       upper floor) is 13ft. 9in. wide on the four sides. This
+       platform was formed by a layer of large freestone 9in. to
+       10in. thick, laid on the level of the top step but one, on a
+       solid bed of concrete. Above this was another layer of
+       concrete, and possibly on this, when the baths were first
+       erected, a mosaic of tesseræ; but that, if it ever was
+       there, has all disappeared, and its place has been supplied
+       with paving, mostly of freestone also, of inferior thickness
+       to the lower paving. Very little of this remains, and what
+       there is is much fractured and worn; indeed not only is this
+       paving much worn, but the lower paving also where the
+       traffic was the greatest. I have given in the plan
+       (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>) almost every
+       detail of these floors, and shall speak of them again
+       further on. The general appearance of the place is
+       symmetrical, but there are remarkable variations and
+       inaccuracies that point to the fact that the juxta-position
+       of this bath with other buildings, of which we have at
+       present no knowledge, must have rendered these variations
+       necessary, ultimately interfering with the completion,
+       architecturally, of the building.</p>
+
+    <p>On either side, north and south, are three recesses, or
+    <i>exedrae</i>, two of which are circular and one (the centre)
+    rectangular. The south rectangular one is 17ft. wide by 7ft.
+    deep; the north one is nearly a foot wider, and one foot less
+    in depth. Greater variations exist in the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"
+       id="page31"></a>{31}</span> circular recesses; for,
+       commencing in the western one, on the south side, the width
+       is 17ft. 3in., and the depth 7ft. 6in.; the eastern one is
+       14ft. 3in. wide, and 6ft. 9in. deep; the <i>exedrae
+       vis-a-vis</i> on the north is 17ft. 3in. wide, and 8ft. 4in.
+       deep; the remaining one, to the west, is 17ft. wide, and
+       7ft. deep. I give these dimensions irrespective entirely of
+       the pilasters which are attached to the walls on either side
+       the reveil of the recesses, and in the rectangular recesses
+       in the enclosing angles also. Piers are now standing on the
+       margin of the bath, dividing the north and south sides each
+       into seven bays. These piers are built with solid block
+       freestone, but as there are continuous vertical joints on
+       either side of the central division of each pier, it is
+       clear that an alteration was made in the design either
+       previous to its entire completion or subsequently.</p>
+
+    <p>I will endeavour to describe the bath as originally
+    designed. Along the margin of the bath, north and south, stood
+    six piers, equally divided (about 14ft. apart), as far as the
+    length of the bath, but allowing a lesser distance from the
+    attached pilaster at either end. These piers are cut out of a
+    block (in plan, 2ft. 10½in. from east to west by 2ft. 8in. from
+    north to south), so as to form a pilaster of three inches
+    projection on either face. As the original pilasters on the
+    north and south walls do not correspond with these piers, I am
+    led to conclude that the <i>schola</i> and <i>exedrae</i>,
+    north and south, were not vaulted
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"
+       id="page32"></a>{32}</span> at first, and were the only
+       portion of the hall that was roofed, and that the roof was
+       only of timber, supported by an arcade, the arches not
+       exceeding 17ft. in height, and that the eaves of the roof of
+       about 22ft. in height dipped towards the bath. This was a
+       very usual arrangement in the <i>Atrium</i> of a Roman house
+       with the <i>impluvium</i> in the centre. A <i>crypto
+       porticus</i> would thus be formed on the two longer sides of
+       the bath, but the <i>schola</i> on the east and west ends
+       was open to the sky. Practical experience, either on the
+       completion of this plan, or previously to its entire
+       execution, led to its abandonment. At any rate a roof over
+       the whole was found essential to the comforts of the
+       bathers. The piers were accordingly strengthened. Pilasters
+       were erected, projecting 2ft. 9m. into the bath, with
+       smaller pilasters on the other side projecting on the
+       <i>schola</i>, 1ft. 4in. by 1ft. 11in. wide; and
+       <i>vis-a-vis</i> to these pilasters corresponding ones were
+       affixed to the side walls. Unfortunately this brought into
+       prominence the irregularity of the size and position of the
+       <i>exedrae</i>, and the pilasters were affixed correctly
+       with reference to the arcade, as was absolutely necessary,
+       but more or less trespassing on the width of the opening of
+       these recesses, and notched into the original pilasters.</p>
+
+    <p>None of the piers, or pilasters, at present exist to a
+    height exceeding 6ft. to 7ft. The base is a rude form of the
+    Attic base; and we have found several fragments of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"
+       id="page33"></a>{33}</span> the capital, or impost, of the
+       smaller pilasters, from, which the arches sprang, but I have
+       not been so fortunate as to recognise any of the larger
+       capitals, and but few fragments of the cornices, and but one
+       piece that I can identify as the frieze 1ft. 6in. deep by
+       2ft. 4in. long, on which are 5 incised letters 6¼in. long S
+       SIL. The <i>schola</i> was then arched in north and south,
+       and the bath spanned by an arch. The vaulting that spanned
+       the side arcades, and the centre (where the abutment was not
+       sufficient for arches formed in the ordinary way of tiles or
+       stone), were built of brick boxes, open at the sides, and
+       wedge-shaped, 1ft. long, 4¾in. thick, and 7¾in. wide at the
+       wider end, set in the usual mortar, a greater or less number
+       of rings of these boxes being used according to the span.
+       These arches were made out by an extra quantity of concrete
+       on the under side for decoration, and on the upper in the
+       case of the great arch, so as to form a roof, the well-known
+       roll and flat Italian tiles being embedded in the mortar.
+       Many and large fragments of this roof were found lying on
+       the deposit that had partially filled the ruins previous to
+       the fall of the roof, and are still carefully preserved. A
+       large fragment, 18ft. long by about 3ft. wide, and 1ft. 9in.
+       thick, that has slipped down, as it were, from the western
+       end, in the position in which it was discovered, was formed
+       of solid tiles, with an arch of tiles 1ft. 8in.
+       long,<a id="footnotetag21"
+       name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21"><sup>21</sup></a>
+       the roof having sufficient
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"
+       id="page34"></a>{34}</span> abutment on this side for a
+       solid construction.<a id="footnotetag22"
+       name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22"><sup>22</sup></a>
+       This arch gives the form of the window that lighted the bath
+       on the western end.</p>
+
+    <p>The vaulting of the side aisles, or rather that over the
+    <i>schola</i>, was arched from pier to pier longitudinally and
+    transversely, the quadrangular spaces being in all probability
+    simply groined; but a fragment of box tiles found almost leads
+    one to think that these spaces were vaulted by a domical vault,
+    springing either from pendentives in the angles of the vaults,
+    more common in later work, or from a slight cornice on a level
+    with the apex of the arches. The vault, if there was one, over
+    the semi-circular <i>exedrae</i> must have been hemispherical.
+    From the number of roofing tiles of local stone, shaped into
+    hexagons, found, I think these arcades were roofed in with
+    them, placed overlapping each other, giving a very good effect.
+    Similar tiles were dug up at Wroxeter, and I have found slates
+    of the same shape in the Roman villa I have been excavating for
+    Mr. Chas. I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P., at Whitestaunton Manor. The
+    form of these slates deserves copying; a roof covered by them
+    is far lighter than that of rectangular slabs and more
+    picturesque. The walls <span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"
+       id="page35"></a>{35}</span> on the sides towards the hall,
+       and externally, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are
+       covered with the usual red plaster, shewing that they were
+       internal walls; but from a piece of dentilled, or rather
+       blocked, cornice, which fits the curve of one of the
+       <i>exedrae</i>, I believe the walls were carried up on the
+       north and south above the roofs of the adjoining rooms and
+       corridors of the baths, so that they formed a feature in the
+       elevation and afforded a broken skyline to the composition.
+       The vault over the centre rose considerably above these
+       walls, a portion of the centre of which may have been
+       partially open for the emission of steam and the admission
+       of light. Some square blocks of lead, that were the yotting
+       of bars of metal, rather favour this idea, and suggest that
+       these metal bars were a portion of the machinery by which a
+       brazen shield (<i>clipeus</i>) was suspended, or secured, so
+       that by raising or lowering it the temperature of the hall
+       might be regulated as described by Vitruvius. In the
+       excavations we found an <i>ante-fixa</i> that must have
+       fallen from some portion of the roof. It appears to be
+       intended for a lion, but it is much broken.</p>
+
+    <p>I have prepared a sketch section of the bath (which I hope
+    to communicate on a future occasion), transversely and a part
+    longitudinally, in order that a description may the more
+    readily be understood, adopting, in my restoration, the
+    established rules of proportion of Classical architecture,
+    which may, more or less, have been strictly
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"
+       id="page36"></a>{36}</span> adhered to when the baths were
+       built; indeed, in the best specimens of Roman work a licence
+       was given to the architect as to detail and proportion, that
+       was refused him on the Classical revival. The pilasters of
+       these baths spring, as I have said before, from an Attic
+       base, of somewhat coarse proportions, 14in.
+       high.<a id="footnotetag23"
+       name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23"><sup>23</sup></a>
+       The attached pilasters that supported the arcade that was
+       carried longitudinally along the bath are without a base;
+       they must have been, within a few inches, more or less, not
+       lower than 10ft. in height, including the impost moulding,
+       of which there are fragments. The arches springing from them
+       would be about 14ft. wide. I have not been able to find any
+       fragments of the archivolt. The pilasters that supported the
+       arches which crossed the <i>schola</i> have bases similar to
+       the larger pilasters. I can hardly speak positively of their
+       elevation or that of the arches, but I am inclined to think
+       the height of the impost moulding was raised, so that the
+       arch, although a smaller span, was the same in height as the
+       longitudinal arches.</p>
+
+    <p>The great pilasters, fronting the bath, stand on plain
+    pedestals, breaking forward into the water, on which
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"
+       id="page37"></a>{37}</span> rested the Attic base, the shaft
+       with Doric (?) capital rising 18ft. above. A complete
+       cornice, the architrave (which we have) and frieze, gave an
+       additional height of nearly 5ft. This cornice ran over the
+       arcade horizontally, but breaking forward the projection of
+       the pilasters about 2ft. 7in. Over this cornice, I conclude,
+       were semi-circular openings, of the same span as the arch
+       beneath, with an architrave of 5 in. to 6 in. A circular
+       vault crossed the bath from pilaster to pilaster, groined
+       with the semi-circular arches just mentioned. Light may have
+       been admitted divisionally in the centre of this great
+       vault, as I previously mentioned, as well, as by the
+       semi-circular arches in the "<i>clear storey</i>." The
+       extreme height from the floor of the <i>schola</i> to the
+       under side of the vaulting may have been as much as 23ft.,
+       whilst the height of the central vault above the floor of
+       the bath could not, I estimate, have been less than 48ft.
+       2in., exceeding by 5ft. the height of the famous Ball Rooms
+       of the Bath Assembly Rooms, and by 14ft. that of the Grand
+       Pump Room.</p>
+
+    <p>Many architectural fragments have been found during the
+    excavations of the Great Bath, several portions of columns 2ft.
+    6in. diameter at base, and several sections of Corinthian
+    foliage with the volute of a capital, of unusually artistic and
+    powerful work; some smaller columns, a fluted shaft, and a
+    Composite capital of debased character; but the four most
+    remarkable fragments <span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"
+       id="page38"></a>{38}</span> are pieces carved on both sides
+       out of blocks about 1ft. 9in. thick, by 1ft. 6in. high. They
+       are each from 2ft. 6in. to 2ft. 9in. long, and are curved,
+       the chord being about 1-9/16in., in a length of 2ft. 6in.
+       The first fragment is a cornice, or impost, carved on both
+       sides, in three tiers: the upper, a <i>cima</i> with a leaf;
+       the middle division, a Greek fret, not quite similar on each
+       side the stone, and below is a running ornament. The cornice
+       does not project sufficiently to be the cornice of a
+       building, and, as it is decorated on either side, it could
+       not have been intended for a string-course, as none of the
+       walls are so thin as these stones, although I at first
+       thought it might belong to one of the semi-circular
+       <i>exedrae</i>. The curve is struck with a shorter radius
+       than even the smallest recess. I think it is the capping of
+       the back of one of the semi-circular stone seats, called by
+       the later Romans a <i>stibadium</i>. If this formed the seat
+       in the north-western recess, there would be ample room
+       behind it (3ft. 9in.) to pass by. The next fragment must
+       have been fixed beneath this or a similar capping, and is
+       also carved on each side; the convex side having an
+       adaptation of the well-known honeysuckle fairly drawn,
+       whilst the convex side of it, with the exception of a
+       floriated panelled pilaster in the centre, is the work of an
+       accomplished sculptor. On the right of this pilaster,
+       slightly recessed to admit of relief, is the naked right
+       thigh and leg of a figure that must have stood 1ft. 6in.
+       high. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"
+       id="page39"></a>{39}</span> Although only a fragment, this
+       is a most charming piece of work, the action and anatomy of
+       the limb being perfect. On the left side is a similar panel,
+       a headless draped figure, with feet bare, holding a circular
+       shield which rests on the thigh, whilst the limb is bent as
+       if ascending a rock that is slightly indicated. On the third
+       fragment the honeysuckle pattern is on the concave side,
+       whilst the sculpture is on the convex, the arc of which
+       corresponds with the last described. On this there are two
+       niches only, and the figures are much more mutilated. The
+       left figure has a flowing mantle, the only leg remaining
+       being bare from the thigh downwards; the foot and the head
+       are gone. The figure on the right is fully draped, the head
+       is lost, and the right hand much mutilated; a musical
+       instrument, like a guitar,<a id="footnotetag24"
+       name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>24</sup></a>
+       or rather a mandolin, rests against the left breast, held in
+       position by the left hand. The fourth fragment has the
+       honeysuckle on both sides, with the flower well carved on
+       one of them. It is a great pity that so little of this
+       superb work is left, and that what there is should be so
+       mutilated.<a id="footnotetag25"
+       name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>25</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>This account of the Great Bath will, I hope, be sufficiently
+    complete if I describe the entrances and
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"
+       id="page40"></a>{40}</span> conclude with a few particulars
+       of the pavement (although many discoveries of considerable
+       interest might be made, I have no doubt, in the latter),
+       omitting a detailed examination as being tedious.</p>
+
+    <p>I believe there were five entrances to this bath, two of
+    which remain. In the western wall, on the south, is one leading
+    from other apartments (a hypocaust, hall and bath), which I
+    shall on a future occasion describe. It is 4ft. 3in. wide.
+    Double doors and hinges have been inserted in this doorway, and
+    the base and a portion of a pilaster cut away most barbarously
+    to receive them. On the north, on the same wall, and fronting
+    the northern <i>schola</i>, is a doorway similar to the last,
+    which has been walled up in Roman times, the wall which closed
+    it being covered with the red plaster that covers all the work
+    not being faced freestone. A third doorway, similar in every
+    respect, was at the eastern end of the northern <i>schola</i>,
+    as I infer from the lower paving being much worn in that
+    direction. A fourth doorway was in the eastern wall to the
+    south, but not south enough to face the southern <i>schola</i>,
+    and a fifth was between these two. Of these three doorways, the
+    first of them is still hidden by soil, and the second and third
+    are obliterated with modern walling; a portion of the
+    architrave of one was found near, but their position is well
+    marked by the footmarks in the stone.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a id="plateviii"
+             name="plateviii"
+             href="images/plateviii.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbviii.jpg"
+             alt="Plate VIII. Plan of Great Roman Bath, Bath. Discovered 1880-81 and measured 1884, by Charles E. Davis, F.S.A." />
+        </a>(Plate VIII.)
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I should not omit mentioning the mark of a wooden
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"
+       id="page41"></a>{41}</span> seat in the northern rectangular
+       recess, and the place of a wooden rail for clothes, that was
+       let into the pilaster at one end with the <i>slot</i> in a
+       pilaster at the other.</p>
+
+    <p>In my plan (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>) I
+    have endeavoured to show the massive lower paving and the
+    fragmentary upper pavement. Both are much worn; and, where the
+    upper pavement has disappeared against the upper step of the
+    bath, especially the step on the western <i>schola</i>, it has
+    been worn down on the inside to the depth of several inches.
+    The lower pavement through the south-western door is worn in
+    holes, and across by the angular fountain are similar wearings,
+    marking "a short cut" into the northern <i>schola</i>; and this
+    is continued in a less degree to the other doors,&mdash;save
+    the north-western one, where the upper paving in part exists,
+    showing that this doorway was closed before the baths were
+    allowed to get so shamefully out of repair. This sadly
+    dilapidated pavement must have caused considerable
+    inconvenience to the bathers, and could only have been put up
+    with by those too poor to incur the expenses of repair; the
+    baths therefore were continued to be used by less prosperous
+    citizens than those who provided them. Is not this a strong
+    argument that the Romans left behind them, when they abandoned
+    Britain (A.D. 420), a people almost as great lovers of the
+    baths as themselves, with, however, less ability to maintain
+    them; and that the residents of Aquæ Sulis daily frequented
+    them during the 150 years
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"
+       id="page42"></a>{42}</span> that succeeded until the city
+       was overthrown by our more immediate ancestors, who
+       destroyed before abandoning it to desolation?</p>
+
+    <p>The springs flooded the courts and corridors of the Thermæ
+    until the washings of the land filled them. Rushes, withies,
+    and trees grew beneath the shadow of its ruins. Bathancastra
+    (Akemancastra) was founded;<a id="footnotetag26"
+       name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26"><sup>26</sup></a>
+       the memory of the baths was lost; its architectural
+       magnificence was the quarry of the builders, who little
+       dreamt that beneath the soil was buried the rich treasure
+       which we in this century, and those who have preceded us in
+       the last, have had the privilege of laying bare.</p>
+
+    <p>The Romans left behind them in Bath a Palace of Health and
+    Luxury unequalled except in Italy.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>In making some excavations (1885) beneath the Cross Bath,
+    the walls of the Roman well were found, and at a considerable
+    depth two altars, which are placed for
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"
+       id="page43"></a>{43}</span> exhibition in the Great Bath.
+       One of these is a plain rectangular altar; the other is
+       carved on three sides, having on the front face two figures
+       (Æsculapius offering a lamb to Hegiea), on another side a
+       serpent coiled round the trunk of a tree, and on the third
+       sculptured side a dog with a curly tail (see Professor Sayce
+       and Rev. Preb. Scarth).</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote
+                    1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Mr. Peach, in the preface to "the Historic Houses in
+        Bath," page 5, quotes 1572; but this is the date of the
+        completion of Mr. Smith's book, the drawings of which
+        occupied many years.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote
+                    2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Mr. Smith gives a list of "Wonders in England": 1st.
+        "The Baths at ye Citty of Bath are accompted one although
+        yet they are not so wonderfull seeing that ye Sulphur and
+        Brimston in the earth is the cause thereof but this may
+        pass well enough for one."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+                    name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote
+                    3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Evidently the ruin of a portion of the Roman Thermæ,
+        repaired in the 12th or 13th century.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+                    name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote
+                    4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Monday, August 18, 1755, Bath. A most valuable Work of
+        Antiquity has been lately discovered here. Under the
+        foundation of the Abbey House now taking down, in order to
+        be rebuilt by the Duke of Kingston, the workmen discovered
+        the foundations of more ancient buildings, and fell upon
+        some cavities, which gradually led to further discoveries.
+        There are now fairly laid open, the foundations and remains
+        of very august Roman baths and sudatories, constructed upon
+        their elegant plans, with floors suspended upon
+        square-brick pillars, and surrounded with tubulated bricks,
+        for the equal conveyance of heat and vapour. Their
+        dimensions are very large, but not yet fully laid open, and
+        some curious parts of their structure are not yet
+        explained.&mdash;(<i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>.)</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote5"
+                    name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote
+                    5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the library of the Society of Antiquaries is a
+        drawing of this bath with an imaginary restoration.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote6"
+                    name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote
+                    6:</b><a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>A correspondent in the <i>Bath Chronicle, purporting to
+        be Richard Mann</i>, the builder employed under me to
+        excavate the greater portion of the discoveries, but whose
+        services were dispensed with, quotes the above as follows:
+        "Adjoining to the inner walls of the central bath there are
+        bases of Pilasters, as in Lucas's between the walls and the
+        bath. There is a corridor paved with hard blue stone eight
+        inches thick." The full-stop being placed at the word
+        "bath," instead of before the word "between," gives to the
+        quotation a totally different meaning from that conveyed by
+        Dr. Sutherland.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote7"
+                    name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote
+                    7:</b><a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+        <p><i>Fac-simile</i> <a href="#platev"><i>Pl.
+        V.</i></a></p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote8"
+                    name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote
+                    8:</b><a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the plate the reference describes the bath to be
+        90ft., but in the text of Sutherland the dimensions are
+        given as 96ft. which agrees with the scale on the plan.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote9"
+                    name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote
+                    9:</b><a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>These baths and adjoining rooms occupied the block
+        between Church Street and York Street, including Kingston
+        Buildings.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote10"
+                    name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote
+                    10:</b><a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"But the old municipal independence seems to have been
+        passing away. The record of the battle in the chronicle of
+        the conquerors connects the three cities (Bath, Gloucester,
+        and Cirencester) with three Kings; and from the Celtic
+        names of these Kings, Conmael, Condidan, or Kyndylan, and
+        Farinmael, we may infer that the Roman town party, which
+        had once been strong enough to raise Aurelius to the throne
+        of Britain, was now driven to bow to the supremacy of
+        native chieftains. It was the forces of these Kings that
+        met Ceawlin at Deorham, a village which lies northward of
+        Bath, on a chain of hill overlooking the Severn valley, and
+        whose defeat threw open the country of the three towns to
+        the West Saxon army."&mdash;<i>Green's "Making of
+        England,"</i> p. 128.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote11"
+                    name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote
+                    11:</b><a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>As there have appeared in local papers considerable
+        discussions as to these baths, I quote from one of the
+        letters the following as being remarkably clear and
+        explanatory:&mdash;</p>
+
+        <p>"In 1755, Dr. Lucas discovered a Roman bath, east of,
+        and immediately adjoining, the Great Bath, which is now
+        attracting so much attention. Lucas's Bath stood north and
+        south&mdash;an important fact to bear in mind, as the great
+        Roman Bath stands east and west&mdash;and measured 43ft. by
+        34ft. But this was not all. 'To the north of this room,' he
+        says, 'parted only by a slender wall, adjoined a
+        semi-circular bath, measuring from east to west, 14ft.
+        4in.' After the publication of Lucas's 'Essay on Waters,'
+        the ground was further cleared away, and there appeared
+        another semi-circular bath to the south, of the same
+        dimensions as that to the north. The extreme length of
+        Lucas's bath&mdash;including the N. and S. Baths, exclusive
+        of the central semi-circular recesses&mdash;would be,
+        roughly speaking 69ft.; and this fact should be carefully
+        borne in mind, as we shall see presently to what use it was
+        turned. Dr. Lucas's discoveries were pushed one stage
+        further by Dr. Sutherland, who in his work entitled
+        'Attempts to revive Ancient Medical Doctrines' (1763)
+        clearly indicates (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>)
+        that he was on the track of another bath, the Great Roman
+        Bath, in fact, with which we are now so familiar. His words
+        are as follows: 'From each, corner of the westernmost side
+        of Lucas's Bath, a base of 68ft., there issues a wall of
+        stone and mortar. These walls I have traced six or eight
+        feet westward under that causeway, which leads from the
+        Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose,
+        they have run a length proportionable to their width, they
+        compose a bath which may indeed be called great, 96ft. by
+        68ft.... From the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath a
+        subterraneous passage has been traced 24ft., at the end of
+        which was found a leaden cistern, raised about 3ft. above
+        the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water. From
+        this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of
+        direction eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath'
+        (pp. 20-21). Thus then in 1763 (1) the north and south
+        walls of the great Roman Bath had been traced 6ft. or 8ft.
+        west of Lucas's Bath. (2) Furthermore, starting from the
+        centre of the west side of Lucas's Bath, a line had been
+        traced to the east steps of the great Roman Bath. These are
+        plain historical facts, open to everyone who will look into
+        the plans of our baths, as given by Sutherland in 1763, and
+        by Prebendary Scarth in his 'Aquæ Solis' in 1864. But our
+        City Architect has been charged with suppressing these
+        facts for his own glorification. Now, Sir, I think no
+        unprejudiced man, who has heard Major Davis's addresses
+        and read his books, can justly bring this charge. If I
+        mistake not, he fairly stated the case in 1880, both in his
+        address before the Society of Antiquaries, and in his
+        lecture at the Bath Literary Institution. He has most
+        certainly concealed nothing in his published works 'The
+        Bathes of Bathe's Ayde' and 'Guide to the Roman Baths.' In
+        the former work he says (p. 81), 'Dr. Sutherland indicates
+        a large bath westward of that which had been discovered in
+        his time, in fact there can be little doubt that the steps
+        at the eastward end of a great bath had then been found;'
+        in the latter, whilst alluding to the published plans of
+        Sutherland, he says (p. 10), 'These plans indicate a large
+        bath westward of that discovered in 1754 (? 1755), in fact
+        the eastward steps of a bath had then been found.' Here
+        then is a full and candid admission of all the facts known
+        about the great Roman Bath in the middle of the last
+        century; and this anyone can see by reference to the map in
+        Prebendary Scarth's 'Aquæ Solis'&mdash;the diagram (copied
+        from Spry) there being almost similar to Sutherland's
+        conjectural plan of the baths, except that the section of
+        Lucas's Bath, correctly represented in Sutherland's map is
+        figured upside-down by Spry and Scarth. It is quite clear
+        what Sutherland knew of the great Roman Bath; it is equally
+        clear that when he proceeded, on the strength of his very
+        limited observations, to draw a conjectural plan of the
+        whole bath, he fell into absolute errors, such as, commonly
+        enough, spring out of hasty generalisations based on scanty
+        data. Thus, he gives the dimensions of the enclosure of the
+        great bath as 96ft. by 68ft.; whereas, as a matter of fact,
+        they are 111ft. by 68ft. How is this discrepancy to be
+        explained? 'A Citizen' in your last weekly issue, says 'The
+        alleged discrepancies in the measurements, which Mr. Davis
+        has used to prove his case, are but the differentiations of
+        the external measurements with the sinuous subterranean
+        windings.' These are indeed brave words, indulged in rather
+        to diminish Major Davis credit than to rescue Sutherland;
+        but a truer explanation of the real discrepancies stares
+        any man in the face who will open Dr. Sutherland's work.
+        There is no occasion to be wise beyond what is written:
+        'When, as we may suppose, they have run a length
+        proportionable to their width, they compose a bath, which
+        may indeed be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.' The fact is,
+        Sutherland supposed that the dimensions of the great Roman
+        Bath would observe the same relative proportions as Lucas's
+        Bath. The room of Lucas's Bath, let it be remembered, was
+        43ft. by 34ft., or rather 30ft. 6in. from the face of the
+        pilasters. In other words, the length was equal to the
+        diagonal of the square of the base. Then, having observed
+        that the base of the room of the great Roman
+        Bath&mdash;formed by the length of Lucas's Bath&mdash;was
+        68ft., Sutherland assumed that its length also would be
+        equal to the diagonal of the square of base, namely 96ft.
+        This patent error, assuming that the unknown would have a
+        relative correspondence with the known quantities, was the
+        fruitful source of many more. (1) The dimensions of the
+        outer rectangular area formed by the room of the great
+        Roman Bath being false, the dimensions of the inner
+        rectangular area formed by the water surface of the bath
+        were necessarily false also. (2) Steps were observed at one
+        end only of the water surface of Lucas's Bath; therefore it
+        was inferred that steps would be found at one end only of
+        the water surface of the great bath, the eastern end as
+        figured in the maps of 1763 and 1864, whereas we now know
+        that steps run all round. (3) The <i>exedrae</i> at the
+        back of the <i>schola</i> having no existence in Lucas's
+        Bath, were omitted from the conjectural plan of the great
+        Roman Bath. (4) Lucas's Bath being a plain hall without
+        piers, Sutherland assumed the same form for the hall of the
+        great Roman Bath, and altogether omitted the arcades that
+        divide it into three aisles. (5) Not to dwell on other
+        errors built on the baseless fabric of conjecture, it is
+        evident that Sutherland imagined a system of baths existed
+        west of the great Roman Bath similar in all respects to
+        that known to exist east of the great Roman Bath. But here,
+        again, theory has been upset by facts. And now is a fitting
+        opportunity to draw attention to what has been actually
+        discovered west of the great Roman Bath, namely, the
+        octagon Roman Well, which I should be disposed to consider
+        Major Davis's greatest discovery, though I observe that
+        hostile critics take no notice of this, possibly because it
+        is beyond the region of dispute. If any one, able to point
+        what he reads, still believes that the great Roman Bath was
+        ever practically opened up in the last century I would
+        refer him to Mr. Moore's able and suggestive paper,
+        entitled 'Organisms from the recently discovered Roman
+        Baths in Bath,' read to the members of the Bath
+        Microscopical Society, in May, 1883. Once more I insist
+        that we must clearly separate what Sutherland knew from
+        what he conjectured. Indeed, Sutherland himself fairly
+        draws the distinctions. On page 21 he says, 'This ground
+        plot is exhibited in the plate annexed, as far as the earth
+        is cleared away. The remainder is supposed, and drawn out
+        in dotted lines.' These dotted lines represent a vast
+        <i>terra incognita</i> covering, practically, the whole of
+        the ground recently opened up. That the existence of the
+        great Roman Bath has been transferred from the region of
+        conjecture to the region of fact we owe entirely to the
+        enthusiasm and unwearied zeal of Major Davis, and no fair
+        mind can deny him the credit of being the practical
+        discoverer of the great Roman Bath. More credit than this
+        he has never claimed; less than this only the churlish and
+        envious will grudge him."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote12"
+                    name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote
+                    12:</b><a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a>
+
+        <p><a href="#platevii">Pl. VII.</a> gives a correct plan of
+        former discoveries as far as I have been able to ascertain,
+        and these I have made up to April 19th, 1884.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote13"
+                    name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote
+                    13:</b><a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The water, on ceasing pumping, rose to a height above
+        the lead of 7ft. 6in.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote14"
+                    name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote
+                    14:</b><a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The dimensions must not be taken to be quite correct in
+        all cases, as there are discrepancies and inaccuracies in
+        the building that prevent measurements being always
+        reliable.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote15"
+                    name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote
+                    15:</b><a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This bath is drawn to a large scale in
+        <a href="#plateviii">Pl. VIII.</a></p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote16"
+                    name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote
+                    16:</b><a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The construction of the steps to the baths deserves
+        remark (some of the stones being 10ft. long). The depth of
+        the riser to the steps that were beneath the water is
+        unusually deep, and the treads narrow. This is compensated
+        by the increased buoyancy of a human body when immersed, or
+        partially immersed, in water. The steps have, on the
+        contrary, a shallower rise and a wider tread when they
+        approach the top. The next notable point is the formation
+        of the tread of the upper flooded step. This is grooved by
+        a somewhat circular sinking, from 4 to 5in. wide,
+        immediately against the riser of the topmost step. Everyone
+        frequenting a public bath must have noticed the dashing of
+        the water against the wall or upper step, and the nuisance
+        created from the breaking of the water against it. The
+        grooving would remedy, I believe, this annoyance, as the
+        little waves of water would be made to take a curved form
+        before reaching the step; consequently the water would fall
+        back into the bath instead of dashing over the surrounding
+        platform. And in the ends of every upper step but one, and
+        on the steps lower down, have been square sockets, cut in
+        the stone and filled up again with pieces of stone. These
+        mark the position of balusters to a hand-rail for the use
+        of bathers that were removed some time previous to the
+        abandonment of the baths, and the stones were inserted.
+        These hand-rails were doubtless of bronze, and therefore of
+        value.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote17"
+                    name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote
+                    17:</b><a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>A statue of some size doubtless stood on this
+        pedestal.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote18"
+                    name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote
+                    18:</b><a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This deposit must, from the thickness, have taken
+        several years to form, and the fact of its being of
+        precisely the same character as the present deposit from
+        the mineral spring is an evidence of the unchanging nature
+        of the water.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote19"
+                    name="footnote19"></a><b>Footnote
+                    19:</b><a href="#footnotetag19">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>With reference to the sculpture, one piece, of debased
+        character, has been found&mdash;a Minerva with a
+        breast-plate, helmet, and shield in <i>alto relievo</i>
+        within a niche.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote20"
+                    name="footnote20"></a><b>Footnote
+                    20:</b><a href="#footnotetag20">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The house over the bath having been purchased by the
+        Corporation, the Antiquities Committee (of which Mr. Murch
+        was chairman) with a liberal subscription from the Society
+        of Antiquaries, the Duke of Cleveland, and many noblemen
+        and gentlemen of Bath and the neighbourhood, bore the
+        expense of the removal of the soil from the bath and the
+        general opening out of the rains, the arches beneath the
+        Poor Law Office and the Viaduct supporting Abbey
+        Street.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote21"
+                    name="footnote21"></a><b>Footnote
+                    21:</b><a href="#footnotetag21">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The arches in the adjoining apartment west of this were
+        built of a sort of a tufa.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote22"
+                    name="footnote22"></a><b>Footnote
+                    22:</b><a href="#footnotetag22">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>On the falling of the roof one of the piers was thrust
+        out of the perpendicular, the upper half toppling over, and
+        the lower would have again returned to its original
+        position had a stone not fallen into the vertical joint,
+        catching the pilaster as a wedge. The pier is still fixed
+        out of the perpendicular by the stone in the joint.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote23"
+                    name="footnote23"></a><b>Footnote
+                    23:</b><a href="#footnotetag23">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The bases of the columns found, on the contrary, are
+        most carefully designed and of most delicate proportions,
+        which appear to justify the belief that the bases of the
+        pilasters were never completely <i>worked</i>, or that they
+        were coated with plaster and decorated as in the western
+        bath, now being excavated.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote24"
+                    name="footnote24"></a><b>Footnote
+                    24:</b><a href="#footnotetag24">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Professor Middleton considers this a cornucopia.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote25"
+                    name="footnote25"></a><b>Footnote
+                    25:</b><a href="#footnotetag25">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>A small drawing of these pieces I shall also on a future
+        occasion communicate.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote26"
+                    name="footnote26"></a><b>Footnote
+                    26:</b><a href="#footnotetag26">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"The foundation of a monastery by an under-King of the
+        Hwiccas [Osric, Nov. 6, A.D. 676,] within its walls,
+        reveals to us the springing up of a new life in another of
+        the cities which had been wrecked by Ceawlin's inroad, the
+        city of Bath."&mdash;<i>Green's "Making of England</i>," p.
+        356.</p>
+
+        <p>Professor Earle throws some doubt on the authenticity of
+        the record.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <center>
+        Printed at the Herald Office, North Gate, Bath.
+    </center>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page45"
+       id="page45"></a>{45}</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a href="images/49.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/49.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>Hot Mineral Springs</h2>
+
+    <h3>OF BATH,</h3>
+
+    <h4>Vested in the Corporation of the City.</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <center>
+        FOUNDED by the Romans in the First Century.
+    </center>
+
+    <h4>Bathers during 1889, 104,597.</h4>
+
+    <center>
+        <i>Daily yield 507,600 gallons at 120° Fah.</i>
+    </center>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>These Waters are beneficial in all forms of Gout, Sub-acute,
+    Chronic and Muscular Rheumatism&mdash;Neuralgias, Sciatica,
+    Lumbago, certain forms of Paralysis, Nervous Debility, Diseases
+    of Women, Disorders of the Digestive System, Tropical Anoemia,
+    Metallic Poisoning, Eczema, Lepra, Psoriasis, and all the Scaly
+    Diseases of the Skin. Some Surgical Diseases of the Joints,
+    general Weakness of Limbs after injury, and Diseases of the
+    Throat and Air Passages.</p>
+
+    <p>Upwards of £40,000 have been lately expended by the
+    Corporation of the City to enlarge and perfect the various
+    appliances, rendering them, in the words of one of the greatest
+    Hygienic Physicians of the day, THE MOST PERFECT IN EUROPE.
+    Thermal Vapour, Douche with Massage by doucheurs and doucheuses
+    from Continental Spas, Pulverised and Vapour Douche, Spray, Dry
+    and Moist Heat, and Shower, with luxurious Cooling Rooms.</p>
+
+    <center>
+        BAND DAILY IN THE PUMP ROOM.
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        <b>Last Return of the Medical Officer of Health for Bath
+        17'9 per 1000.</b>
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page46"
+       id="page46"></a>{46}</span>
+
+    <h3>CHARGES FOR BATHS.</h3>
+
+    <h4>New Royal Baths, <i>Adjoining the Grand Hotel</i>.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td></td>
+
+            <td>Prices.</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Deep Bath..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Reclining Bath..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Dry Douche..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher)
+        3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Attendant's Fee, 6<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <p>Attached to these Baths is a</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4><i>SWIMMING BATH, Temp. 82 to 84 Fahrt.,</i></h4>
+
+    <center>
+        Daily supplied with Fresh Mineral Water.
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        For Ladies' use on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        With use of Private Room for 1 Person, 1<i>s.</i>; 2
+        Persons, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; 3 Persons, 2<i>s.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        Public Room, 6<i>d.</i> Bathing Dresses, 2<i>d.</i>
+        Attendant's Fee, 1<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        This Bath is available for Gentlemen on Tuesdays, till 1
+        p.m., Thursdays, Saturdays, and on Sunday Mornings up to
+        9.30 a.m., at 1<i>s.</i> each Person.
+    </center>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>The Royal Baths, Bath Street.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Deep Bath.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>ditto ditto with Douche.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Second Class Deep Bath.</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>ditto ditto with Douche.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Reclining Bath.</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>ditto with Douche.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Shower Bath</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        Attendant's Fees. 2<i>d.</i> &amp; 3<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h4><i>TEPID SWIMMING BATH, for Gentlemen only.</i></h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>With use of Private Room ..</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>9</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>With use of Public Room ..</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        No Attendant's Fees. This Bath is closed on Thursdays at 1
+        p.m.
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h4><b>Cross Bath</b>, Open Daily (Fridays excepted), Sunday
+    till 9 a.m.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>Open Public Bath</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Open Public Bath, with Towel</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <p>This Bath is available for Females on Thursdays, under the
+    charge of a female attendant. Fee, including bathing dress,
+    2<i>d.</i></p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page47"
+       id="page47"></a>{47}</span>
+
+    <h4>King's and Queen's Baths, Stall Street.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td></td>
+
+            <td align="center">Prices.</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Deep Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Reclining Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche, or Shower, or Lumbar Douche, or
+            Douche Ascendante</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Special Douche</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Needle Douche (or Douche en Cercle)</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Deep Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Vertebral Douche 1<i>s.</i> extra Moist and Dry
+            Heat per hour</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Deep Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher)
+        3<i>s.</i> Attendant's Fee, 6<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        <i>GROUND FLOOR.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Reclining Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Scottish Douche</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Reclining Bath with Massage</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>9</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Scottish Douche alone</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Second Class Reclining Baths</td>
+
+            <td>6<i>d.</i> &amp; 1<i>s.</i></td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>King's Public Baths</td>
+
+            <td>6<i>d.</i> &amp; 1<i>s.</i></td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <h4>Massage &amp; Vapour Baths, Bouillon &amp; Pulverising
+    Room.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>Special Medicated Baths</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage Douche Bath, Aix-les-Bains system (2
+            doucheurs)</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Berthollet with Massage (1 doucheur)</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage, in Reclining Bath and Douche (1
+            doucheur)</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage Douche Bath (Aix-les-Bains system) 1
+            doucheur</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Berthollet-Natural Vapour Bath</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Bouillon Room, if taken alone</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Pulverization for the Nose, Ears, Eyes, Face, or
+            Throat</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Sitz Bath (special)</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <p>Portable Baths, at a temperature not exceeding 106°, Fahrt.,
+    can be supplied at private residences, by arrangement. Also
+    Mineral Water in Bottles.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>Arrangements for Drinking the Waters.</h4>
+
+    <center>
+        The Grand Pump Room is open each Week-day from 8.30 a.m.
+        till 6 p.m., and on Sundays after the Morning service till
+        2 p.m.
+    </center>
+
+    <p>CHARGES&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Single Glass 2<i>d.</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Per Book of 20 Coupons 1 6</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>One Coupon must be given up each time of Drinking the Water,
+    at either the Grand Pump Room or the Hetling Pump Room.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Ticket for Drinking the Water for 12 Months, for One
+            Person £1.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>For a Family £2.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Tickets for Bathing must in all cases be obtained at the
+    Ticket Office adjoining the Grand Hotel, and all baths are
+    booked by the clerk in charge; and such baths must be paid for
+    at the time of booking.</p>
+
+    <p>All Fees to Attendants are included in the charge paid for
+    Tickets.</p>
+
+    <p>Any irregularities or incivility on the part of any of the
+    Attendants should at once be reported to the General
+    Manager.</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13582 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13582 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13582)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath, by
+Charles E. Davis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath
+
+Author: Charles E. Davis
+
+Release Date: October 2, 2004  [eBook #13582]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXCAVATIONS OF ROMAN BATHS AT
+BATH***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Ted Garvin, William Flis, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 13582-h.htm or 13582-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/5/8/13582/13582-h/13582-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/5/8/13582/13582-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE ROMAN BATHS AT BATH.
+
+Re-printed from the _Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire
+Archæological Society_, Vol. Viii., Part I.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Plate V: City of Bath. Plan of Roman Baths.]
+
+
+
+
+Leland, on his visit to Bath in the year 1530, with tolerable fulness
+describes the baths, and after completing his description of the
+King's Bath goes on to say "Ther goith a sluse out of this Bath and
+servid in Tymes past with Water derivid out of it 2 places in Bath
+Priorie usid for Bathes: els voide; for in them be no springes;" and
+further on he says "The water that goith from the Kinges Bath turnith
+a Mylle and after goith into Avon above Bath-bridge."
+
+These two sentences have hitherto been difficult of explanation, but
+the excavations, which it has been my good fortune to superintend, and
+the discoveries I have made, have fully explained Leland's meaning, at
+the same time that I have brought to light the great Roman Bath, which
+I purpose describing in detail in this paper, writing only of previous
+excavations and those I have conducted in connection with this work,
+so far as their description may the more fully render my account
+perfect of the Great Bath itself. I desire to confine my paper within
+such limits as the space afforded me in this Journal necessarily
+imposes.
+
+Some time during the last century the ruins of a mill wheel were found
+to the south of the King's Bath. I have in my excavation discovered
+the _mediæval_ sluice that led to this wheel. Leland speaks of "two
+places in Bath Priorie used for Bathes els voide."
+
+In a map of Bath preserved in the Sloane Collection of the British
+Museum, drawn by William Smith (_Rouge Dragon Pursuivant at Arms_)
+a few years previous to 1568,[1] is an open bath immediately to the
+south of the Transept of the Abbey called "the mild Bathe."[2] This,
+or at any rate what I may consider was the "mild bath," I found in my
+explorations beneath the soil at a situation in York Street, connected
+with the Hot-water drains, the bath being still provided with a wooden
+hatch, and of the dimensions of a good sized room.[3] The other place
+mentioned by Leland was discovered in 1755, and this discovery led
+the way to the excavations of a great bath (afterwards called Lucas's
+Bath), when the eastern wall of the great Hall of the recently found
+bath was first laid open, although from its position not having
+been properly noted previous to its being covered up, its situation
+remained unknown for nearly 130 years.
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Peach, in the preface to "the Historic Houses in
+Bath," page 5, quotes 1572; but this is the date of the completion of
+Mr. Smith's book, the drawings of which occupied many years.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Mr. Smith gives a list of "Wonders in England": 1st. "The
+Baths at ye Citty of Bath are accompted one although yet they are not
+so wonderfull seeing that ye Sulphur and Brimston in the earth is the
+cause thereof but this may pass well enough for one."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Evidently the ruin of a portion of the Roman Thermæ,
+repaired in the 12th or 13th century.]
+
+In Dr. Sutherland's "_Attempts to revive Ancient Medical Doctrines_,"
+(page 16), _et infra_, he says: "In the year of our Lord 1755[4]
+the old Priory or Abbey house was pulled down. In clearing away the
+foundations, stone coffins, bones of various animals, and other things
+were found. This moved curiosity to search still deeper. Hot mineral
+waters gushed forth and interrupted the work. The old Roman sewer
+was at last found; the water was drained off. Foundations of regular
+buildings were fairly traced." An illustration of these discoveries
+is given in Gough's "Camden," and a plan of them was published by Dr.
+Lucas and again by Dr. Sutherland (_Pl. V._) copied in 1822 by Dr.
+Spry with discoveries to that date (_Pl. VI._), and by Mr. Phelps,
+the latter re-published by the Rev. Preb. Scarth in his _Aquæ Solis_,
+1864. I have, in part, myself and also when assisted by Mr. T. Irvine
+(the architect, under Sir Gilbert Scott, of the restoration of the
+Bath Abbey), examined the small portion of these discoveries that
+are still left _in situ_. I quote Dr. Sutherland, 1763, p. 17, for
+an account. "Assisted by Mr. Wood, architect," Dr. Lucas examined
+the ruins as they then appeared. He gives the following description:
+"Under the foundations of the Abbey house, full 10ft. deep, appear
+traces of a bath, whose dimensions are 43ft. by 34ft. Within and
+adjoining to the walls are the remains of twelve pilasters, each
+measuring 3ft. 6in. on the front of the plinth by a projection of
+2ft. 3in. These pilasters seem to have supported a roof.[5] This bath
+stood north and south. To the northward of this room, parted only by
+a slender wall with an opening of about 10in. in the middle, adjoined
+a semi-circular bath, measuring from east to west 14ft. 4in., and
+from the crown of the semi-circle to the partition wall that divides
+it from the square bath 18ft. 10in. The roof of this seems to have
+been sustained by four pilasters, one in each angle and two at the
+springing of the circle. This bath seems to have undergone some
+alterations, the base of the semi-circle is filled up to about the
+height of 5ft., upon which two small pilasters were set on either
+side from the area, between two separate flights of steps into the
+semi-circular part which seems to be all that was reserved for a bath.
+In this was placed a stone chair 18in. high and 16in. broad. The two
+flights of steps were of different dimensions, those to the west were
+3ft. 9in. broad, those to the east 4ft. 2in. Each flight consists of
+steps 6in. thick, and seem to have been worn by use 3½in. out of the
+square. These flights are divided by a stone partition on a level with
+the floor. Along this division and along the west side of the area, a
+rude channel of about 3in. in depth was cut in the stone. The floor
+of this bath seems to be on a level with that of the square bath.
+Eastward and westward from the area and stairs of this semi-circular
+bath stood an elegant room on each side, sustained by four pilasters.
+Separated by a wall stood the _Hypocausta Laconica_, or _Stoves_, to
+the eastward. These consisted of two large rooms, each measuring 39ft.
+by 22ft. Each had a double floor, one of which lay 1ft. 9in. lower
+than the area round the square bath. On this lower floor stand rows
+of pillars composed of square bricks of about 1¾in. thick and 9in.
+square. These pillars sustain a second floor composed of tiles 2ft.
+square and 2in. thick, over which are laid two layers of firm cement
+mortar, each about 2in. thick, which compose the upper floor.
+
+[Plate VI: Facsimile of Dr. Sprys' plan published 1822 shewing
+discoveries to that date.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Monday, August 18, 1755, Bath. A most valuable Work of
+Antiquity has been lately discovered here. Under the foundation of
+the Abbey House now taking down, in order to be rebuilt by the Duke
+of Kingston, the workmen discovered the foundations of more ancient
+buildings, and fell upon some cavities, which gradually led to further
+discoveries. There are now fairly laid open, the foundations and
+remains of very august Roman baths and sudatories, constructed upon
+their elegant plans, with floors suspended upon square-brick pillars,
+and surrounded with tubulated bricks, for the equal conveyance of
+heat and vapour. Their dimensions are very large, but not yet fully
+laid open, and some curious parts of their structure are not yet
+explained.--(_Gentleman's Magazine_.)]
+
+[Footnote 5: In the library of the Society of Antiquaries is a drawing
+of this bath with an imaginary restoration.]
+
+"To the northward, separated by a wall of 3ft. 11in., stood the other
+_Hypocaustum_, with a door of communication. The floor of this is
+about 18in. higher than the other. These two rooms are set round with
+square-brick tubes of different lengths, from 16in. to 20in. in length
+and 6¾in. wide. These flues have two lateral openings of about 2in.
+square, 5in. asunder. These open into the vacuum between the two
+floors and rise through the walls. The north wall of the last stove
+was filled with tubes of a lesser size, placed horizontally and
+perpendicularly. The stones and bricks between the pillars bear
+evident marks of fire, while the flues are strongly charged with soot,
+which plainly points out their uses.
+
+"Heat was communicated to these flues by means of _Praefurnia_. In
+the middle of the northern wall of the second stove, the ruins of one
+of these furnaces appear. It consists of strong walls of about 16ft.
+square, with an opening in the centre of about 3ft. wide, which
+terminates conically in the north wall of the stove 2 ft. wide where
+part of the broken arch bears evident marks of fire. About the mouth
+of the furnace there were scattered pieces of burnt wood, charcoal,
+&c., evident proofs of their use.
+
+"On each side of the furnace, adjoining to the wall of the
+northernmost stove, is a semi-circular chamber of about 10ft. 4in.
+by 9ft. 6in. Their floors are nearly 2ft. 6in. lower than that of the
+next stove into which they both open. The pavements are tesselated
+with variegated rows of pebbles and red bricks. To the northward of
+these there appear ruins of two other square chambers of more ordinary
+work." Thus far Lucas.
+
+Dr. Sutherland goes on to say, "Since the time of his (Lucas's)
+publication the ground has been further cleared away. There now
+appears another semi-circular bath to the southward, of the same
+dimensions exactly with the first. What he calls the Great Bath, with
+its semi-circular _Hypocausta Laconica_, &c., forms only one wing
+of a spacious regular building. From a survey of these, our ruins,
+we may, with some certainty, determine the nature of these _Balnea
+pensilia_.... The Eastern Vapour Baths are now demolishing in order
+to make way for more modern improvements. Whenever the rubbish that
+covers the eastern wing of the Roman ruins comes to be removed similar
+_Balnea pensilia_ will doubtless be found.
+
+"From each corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a base of
+68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These walls I have
+traced 6ft. or 8ft. westward under that causeway that leads from the
+Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose, they have run
+a length proportionable to the width, they compose a bath which may
+indeed be called _Great_, 96ft. by 68ft.
+
+[Plate VII: A Ground Plan of the Antient Roman Bath lately discovered
+in the City of Bath, Somersetshire, with a Section of the Eastern
+Wing.]
+
+"Adjoining to the inside walls of this central bath, there are bases
+of pilasters, as in Lucas's. Between the wall and the bath there
+is a corridor paved with hard blue stone 8in. thick.[6] From the
+westernmost side of Lucas's bath a subterranean passage has been
+traced 24ft., at the end of which was found a leaden cistern, raised
+about 3ft. above the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water.
+From this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction
+eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath.... Assisted by Mr.
+Palmer, an ingenious builder, I have ventured to exhibit a complete
+ground plot of the Roman Baths,[7] a discovery of no less curiosity
+than instruction.... This ground plot is exhibited in the plate
+annexed (_Pl. V._) as far as the earth is cleared away. The remainder
+is supposed and drawen out in dotted lines. The plate exhibits also an
+elevation of the section of the wing discovered, with references."[8]
+
+[Footnote 6: A correspondent in the _Bath Chronicle, purporting to be
+Richard Mann_, the builder employed under me to excavate the greater
+portion of the discoveries, but whose services were dispensed with,
+quotes the above as follows: "Adjoining to the inner walls of the
+central bath there are bases of Pilasters, as in Lucas's between the
+walls and the bath. There is a corridor paved with hard blue stone
+eight inches thick." The full-stop being placed at the word "bath,"
+instead of before the word "between," gives to the quotation a totally
+different meaning from that conveyed by Dr. Sutherland.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Fac-simile Pl. V._]
+
+[Footnote 8: In the plate the reference describes the bath to be
+90ft., but in the text of Sutherland the dimensions are given as 96ft.
+which agrees with the scale on the plan.]
+
+Dr. Sutherland published the plan of the bath with this description
+having "_drawen_ out in dotted lines" the supposed arrangement of the
+baths. To make the account of these discoveries of 1755 complete,
+I must explain that the _Hypocausta Laconica_, or stoves, to the
+eastward, which he described as each measuring 39ft. by 22ft., were,
+I believe, the _tepidarium_ and the _caldarium_. The two semi-circular
+recesses, or small rooms, to the north, I should consider were each
+a _sudatorium_ if the floors had not been 2ft. 6in. lower than the
+adjoining apartment. In the centre was the stove by which the system
+was heated (the _praefurnium_). To the north of these, Dr. Sutherland
+figures, in dotted lines, three chambers omitted in my plan. Although
+I believe he had some authority for giving them, I am somewhat at a
+loss to assign a use to these rooms. They might be stoves, as, if
+the Romans desired to have a bath artificially heated, this would be
+the correct position for the brazen vessels, described somewhat
+unintelligibly by Vitruvius, as three in number. If this was the case,
+each semi-circular recess just described was a _calda lavatio, balneum
+or labrum_. [A similar _labrum_, but of smaller scale, was discovered
+at Box, near Bath, last year, and I have discovered on the property of
+Mr. Charles I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P. (author of "Origins of History")
+a similar one.] The floor being 2ft. 6in. lower than the adjoining
+apartment points to this belief. These, I have little doubt, were
+those artificially heated baths, and were cased either with lead,
+stone, marble, or small white tesseræ, as at Box. To the south of
+the _tepidarium_, Dr. Sutherland gives a precisely similar suggested
+plan as that to the north, but here again I have not copied him,
+believing he had not sufficient data. In all probability here was an
+_apodyterium_ (which might or might not be heated with a _hypocaust_)
+where the bathers deposited their clothes. Dr. Sutherland thought that
+to the east of the discoveries which he described there would be found
+probably at some future day "similar _Balnea pensilia_."[9] In opening
+the Roman drains I found a branch one at this place, which induces
+me to think that a large cold or swimming bath occupied the eastern
+wing, the _baptisterium_ or _frigida lavatio_. Still farther eastward
+are fragments of Roman buildings which I have seen only in a very
+fragmentary way, as no excavations of any extent have been made. I
+believe the apartments necessary to complete the system of the modern
+Turkish bath, or rather the ancient bath, with the requisite waiting
+rooms and corridors, stood there.
+
+[Footnote 9: These baths and adjoining rooms occupied the block
+between Church Street and York Street, including Kingston Buildings.]
+
+After these discoveries of the middle of the last century but very
+partial excavations were made in proximity to the baths, and those
+that were made were never sunk to a depth sufficient to reach the
+ruins. The flood of hot water had no drain to carry it off, and was
+maintained at such a height in the soil that whenever a sinking was
+made, it was impossible without pumping machinery to sufficiently
+overcome it. To my discovery of the Roman drain, or rather to
+Mr. Irvine's, and the excavating, opening, and reconstructing it
+which followed (under my superintendence, at the charges of the
+Corporation), enabling me to drain off the hot water from the soil, I
+owe the ability to reveal what had been hidden since the destruction
+of the city of Bath in the year A.D. 577.[10] The stopping up and
+destruction of the drain prevented the water from flowing away, so
+that the buildings of the baths were filled with water of a height
+until it reached the level of the adjoining land, covering, as a
+guardian, the lead and other valuables. Soil then gravitated into the
+ruins and thus further assisted in preserving the antiquities, so that
+they were altogether hidden from the people who re-built the ruined
+city of Bath, and from those who in successive generations succeeded
+them. The subterranean "passage traced 24ft." from the western side
+of Lucas's bath, "at the end of which was found a leaden cistern,"
+was not in any way Roman work, but mediæval, and was formed some time
+after the construction of the Abbey house, as an aqueduct for the hot
+water with which the soil was saturated. This construction is the
+only evidence of an early discovery of this eastward wing of the bath,
+indeed the only evidence of mediæval work of any kind in connection
+with the baths, except the enclosure of the various springs or wells.
+The King's Bath, the Cross, and the Lepers' Bath were simply the wells
+or cisterns of the springs which were bathed in to the damage of the
+purity of the water, without dressing-rooms of any kind.
+
+[Footnote 10: "But the old municipal independence seems to have
+been passing away. The record of the battle in the chronicle of
+the conquerors connects the three cities (Bath, Gloucester, and
+Cirencester) with three Kings; and from the Celtic names of these
+Kings, Conmael, Condidan, or Kyndylan, and Farinmael, we may infer
+that the Roman town party, which had once been strong enough to
+raise Aurelius to the throne of Britain, was now driven to bow to the
+supremacy of native chieftains. It was the forces of these Kings that
+met Ceawlin at Deorham, a village which lies northward of Bath, on a
+chain of hill overlooking the Severn valley, and whose defeat threw
+open the country of the three towns to the West Saxon army."--_Green's
+"Making of England,"_ p. 128.]
+
+This concludes the particulars of the important discoveries which we
+possess of the last century, which were then correctly believed to be
+only portions of still greater baths.[11] In 1799 (or, as I believe,
+in 1809, the more correct date) a portion of what has proved to be the
+north-west semi-circular _exedra_ of the Great Bath was found, and six
+to nine years later a part of the south-west rectangular _exedra_ of
+the same bath. The discovery of 1799 (or rather 1809) is shown on the
+Rev. Prebendary Scarth's map as being the northern apse of a bath on
+the western end of the great bath, as suggested by Dr. Sutherland's
+plan and was to correspond with Lucas's Bath. The semi-circular
+_exedra_ discovered subsequently to a deed dated Sept. 1808 (therefore
+in that year or subsequently) is also figured by the Rev. Prebendary
+Scarth, as on the south end of the same western bath and a piece of a
+rectangular _exedra_ as the eastern wall of this western bath and the
+boundary between it and the Great Bath.
+
+[Footnote 11: As there have appeared in local papers considerable
+discussions as to these baths, I quote from one of the letters the
+following as being remarkably clear and explanatory:--
+
+"In 1755, Dr. Lucas discovered a Roman bath, east of, and immediately
+adjoining, the Great Bath, which is now attracting so much attention.
+Lucas's Bath stood north and south--an important fact to bear in mind,
+as the great Roman Bath stands east and west--and measured 43ft. by
+34ft. But this was not all. 'To the north of this room,' he says,
+'parted only by a slender wall, adjoined a semi-circular bath,
+measuring from east to west, 14ft. 4in.' After the publication of
+Lucas's 'Essay on Waters,' the ground was further cleared away,
+and there appeared another semi-circular bath to the south, of the
+same dimensions as that to the north. The extreme length of Lucas's
+bath--including the N. and S. Baths, exclusive of the central
+semi-circular recesses--would be, roughly speaking 69ft.; and this
+fact should be carefully borne in mind, as we shall see presently to
+what use it was turned. Dr. Lucas's discoveries were pushed one stage
+further by Dr. Sutherland, who in his work entitled 'Attempts to
+revive Ancient Medical Doctrines' (1763) clearly indicates (_Pl. V._)
+that he was on the track of another bath, the Great Roman Bath, in
+fact, with which we are now so familiar. His words are as follows:
+'From each, corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a base
+of 68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These walls I have
+traced six or eight feet westward under that causeway, which leads
+from the Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose,
+they have run a length proportionable to their width, they compose
+a bath which may indeed be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.... From the
+westernmost side of Lucas's Bath a subterraneous passage has been
+traced 24ft., at the end of which was found a leaden cistern, raised
+about 3ft. above the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water.
+From this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction
+eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath' (pp. 20-21). Thus then
+in 1763 (1) the north and south walls of the great Roman Bath had been
+traced 6ft. or 8ft. west of Lucas's Bath. (2) Furthermore, starting
+from the centre of the west side of Lucas's Bath, a line had been
+traced to the east steps of the great Roman Bath. These are plain
+historical facts, open to everyone who will look into the plans of our
+baths, as given by Sutherland in 1763, and by Prebendary Scarth in
+his 'Aquæ Solis' in 1864. But our City Architect has been charged with
+suppressing these facts for his own glorification. Now, Sir, I think
+no unprejudiced man, who has heard Major Davis's addresses and read
+his books, can justly bring this charge. If I mistake not, he fairly
+stated the case in 1880, both in his address before the Society of
+Antiquaries, and in his lecture at the Bath Literary Institution.
+He has most certainly concealed nothing in his published works 'The
+Bathes of Bathe's Ayde' and 'Guide to the Roman Baths.' In the former
+work he says (p. 81), 'Dr. Sutherland indicates a large bath westward
+of that which had been discovered in his time, in fact there can be
+little doubt that the steps at the eastward end of a great bath had
+then been found;' in the latter, whilst alluding to the published
+plans of Sutherland, he says (p. 10), 'These plans indicate a large
+bath westward of that discovered in 1754 (? 1755), in fact the
+eastward steps of a bath had then been found.' Here then is a full and
+candid admission of all the facts known about the great Roman Bath in
+the middle of the last century; and this anyone can see by reference
+to the map in Prebendary Scarth's 'Aquæ Solis'--the diagram (copied
+from Spry) there being almost similar to Sutherland's conjectural
+plan of the baths, except that the section of Lucas's Bath, correctly
+represented in Sutherland's map is figured upside-down by Spry and
+Scarth. It is quite clear what Sutherland knew of the great Roman
+Bath; it is equally clear that when he proceeded, on the strength of
+his very limited observations, to draw a conjectural plan of the whole
+bath, he fell into absolute errors, such as, commonly enough, spring
+out of hasty generalisations based on scanty data. Thus, he gives
+the dimensions of the enclosure of the great bath as 96ft. by 68ft.;
+whereas, as a matter of fact, they are 111ft. by 68ft. How is this
+discrepancy to be explained? 'A Citizen' in your last weekly issue,
+says 'The alleged discrepancies in the measurements, which Mr. Davis
+has used to prove his case, are but the differentiations of the
+external measurements with the sinuous subterranean windings.' These
+are indeed brave words, indulged in rather to diminish Major Davis
+credit than to rescue Sutherland; but a truer explanation of the
+real discrepancies stares any man in the face who will open Dr.
+Sutherland's work. There is no occasion to be wise beyond what
+is written: 'When, as we may suppose, they have run a length
+proportionable to their width, they compose a bath, which may indeed
+be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.' The fact is, Sutherland supposed that
+the dimensions of the great Roman Bath would observe the same relative
+proportions as Lucas's Bath. The room of Lucas's Bath, let it be
+remembered, was 43ft. by 34ft., or rather 30ft. 6in. from the face of
+the pilasters. In other words, the length was equal to the diagonal
+of the square of the base. Then, having observed that the base of
+the room of the great Roman Bath--formed by the length of Lucas's
+Bath--was 68ft., Sutherland assumed that its length also would be
+equal to the diagonal of the square of base, namely 96ft. This patent
+error, assuming that the unknown would have a relative correspondence
+with the known quantities, was the fruitful source of many more. (1)
+The dimensions of the outer rectangular area formed by the room of the
+great Roman Bath being false, the dimensions of the inner rectangular
+area formed by the water surface of the bath were necessarily false
+also. (2) Steps were observed at one end only of the water surface of
+Lucas's Bath; therefore it was inferred that steps would be found at
+one end only of the water surface of the great bath, the eastern end
+as figured in the maps of 1763 and 1864, whereas we now know that
+steps run all round. (3) The _exedrae_ at the back of the _schola_
+having no existence in Lucas's Bath, were omitted from the conjectural
+plan of the great Roman Bath. (4) Lucas's Bath being a plain hall
+without piers, Sutherland assumed the same form for the hall of the
+great Roman Bath, and altogether omitted the arcades that divide
+it into three aisles. (5) Not to dwell on other errors built on the
+baseless fabric of conjecture, it is evident that Sutherland imagined
+a system of baths existed west of the great Roman Bath similar in
+all respects to that known to exist east of the great Roman Bath.
+But here, again, theory has been upset by facts. And now is a fitting
+opportunity to draw attention to what has been actually discovered
+west of the great Roman Bath, namely, the octagon Roman Well, which
+I should be disposed to consider Major Davis's greatest discovery,
+though I observe that hostile critics take no notice of this, possibly
+because it is beyond the region of dispute. If any one, able to point
+what he reads, still believes that the great Roman Bath was ever
+practically opened up in the last century I would refer him to Mr.
+Moore's able and suggestive paper, entitled 'Organisms from the
+recently discovered Roman Baths in Bath,' read to the members of the
+Bath Microscopical Society, in May, 1883. Once more I insist that we
+must clearly separate what Sutherland knew from what he conjectured.
+Indeed, Sutherland himself fairly draws the distinctions. On page 21
+he says, 'This ground plot is exhibited in the plate annexed, as far
+as the earth is cleared away. The remainder is supposed, and drawn
+out in dotted lines.' These dotted lines represent a vast _terra
+incognita_ covering, practically, the whole of the ground recently
+opened up. That the existence of the great Roman Bath has been
+transferred from the region of conjecture to the region of fact we owe
+entirely to the enthusiasm and unwearied zeal of Major Davis, and no
+fair mind can deny him the credit of being the practical discoverer of
+the great Roman Bath. More credit than this he has never claimed; less
+than this only the churlish and envious will grudge him."]
+
+All these fragments I have lately proved to be portions of the great
+Roman Bath (_Plates VII. and VIII._), and being within instead of
+without that building. The Rev. Prebendary Scarth omits altogether to
+figure the southern rectangular _exedra_, found at the same time as
+the last named discovery. He also omits the discoveries made in 1809
+(?) beneath the houses at the north-western end of York Street. In
+1790 very valuable discoveries were made in digging the foundation of
+the present Pump Room. Many writers have treated of them and expressed
+opinions as to the character of the work and the meaning of the
+design, and Mr. Scharf, in _Archæologia_, Vol. XXXVI., has done ample
+justice to these most interesting vestiges: They have been described
+by Pownall, Lysons, Warner, Collins, Scharf, Tite, and Scarth,
+as being portions of a Temple of the usual type, dedicated to Sul
+Minerva. Whitaker, in a review of Warner's History of Bath, printed
+in the _Anti-Jacobin_, Vol. X., 1801, differs from all these writers,
+although believing the remains to be a portion of a temple, and
+thought they were a part of a building of the form of "_a rotunda_,"
+as the Pantheon. "The _Pantheon_ of Minerva _Medica_, an agnomen very
+similar in allusiveness to our prænomen _of Sulinis_, for Minerva is
+noticed expressly by Ruius and Victor in their short notes concerning
+the structures of Rome, as then standing in the Esquiline quarter. The
+form of a Pantheon is made out by the multiplicity of niches,... and
+such, we believe, was our own Temple of Minerva at Bath." It would
+occupy too much space were I to attempt to add to this paper my views
+of this discovery, but I may briefly say, that I am satisfied that
+they were not the remains of a Temple, but a portion of the central
+Portico and grand Vestibule of the Baths. I have not gone fully into
+the reasons that induced Whitaker to believe that the discoveries
+showed that the building was a Rotunda, but it is curious that he
+should have thought they had a similarity to the Pantheon at Rome,
+which antiquaries since his time have proved was not 'built for a
+temple, but that it was an entrance hall or vestibule of the Baths of
+Agrippa, although it is doubtful if the Rotunda was built at the same
+time as the Portico, which was, without doubt, erected B.C. 27.
+
+The grand Roman enclosure of the Hot well (_Pl. VII[12]_) (which I
+have lately discovered and excavated, beneath the King's Bath, on the
+south of this principal Portico) is again utilised, and forms a tank
+for the mineral water, from which are fed the baths and fountains
+with water, pure as it rises from "depths unknown," and secured from
+any possibility of contamination in its passage, through the newly
+discovered water ducts and drains of the Romans.
+
+[Footnote 12: Pl. VII. gives a correct plan of former discoveries
+as far as I have been able to ascertain, and these I have made up to
+April 19th, 1884.]
+
+In 1871, whilst making some necessary excavation to remedy a leak from
+the King's Bath that apparently ran beneath Abbey Passage, I found
+that the hot water, that was reached through layers of mud, Roman
+tiles, building materials, and mixed soil, was one and the same with
+the hot water of the Kingston Bath that then occupied the site of the
+Bath called Lucas's Bath, discovered in 1755; and the levels were
+the same. I pumped out this water with powerful pumps, emptying by so
+doing the Kingston Baths. This enabled me to sink to a depth of 20ft.,
+passing in so doing a flight of four steps at the point (A) on the
+plan (_Pl. VIII._), to the bottom of a bath which was coated with
+lead.[13] Being compelled by the then owner of the Kingston Baths
+to discontinue pumping, I was obliged to abandon my work; and having
+little hope that I should ever be allowed to recommence it, I removed
+a portion of the lead, which proved to be a thickness of about 30lbs.
+to the foot, placed on a layer of brick concrete 2in. to 2¼in. thick,
+and this again on a layer of freestone 12in., or rather a Roman foot
+11-5/8in. in thickness, which was again bedded on rough stonework,
+the depth of which I could not ascertain. Fortunately I did not again
+fill in the soil, but arched it in, building walls of masonry to keep
+it in position. The Corporation having obtained possession of the hot
+water supplying the Kingston Baths, I should rather say, the right to
+the water that leaked from the King's Springs, I again drained off
+the water, maintaining it at a low level by a laborious excavation
+and re-construction of the Roman drain which was conducted at great
+expense for two or three years. This drain I followed several hundred
+feet until it reached the great well previously mentioned, making
+various and important discoveries; but, as I have already read a paper
+on this subject before the Society of Antiquaries of London, which
+will shortly be in the press, I will not repeat it here, but avail
+myself of the space allotted me in the Transactions of this Society
+for an account of the Great Bath, which I have, in great part, laid
+bare, soliciting a pardon if the account is somewhat tedious.
+
+[Footnote 13: The water, on ceasing pumping, rose to a height above
+the lead of 7ft. 6in.]
+
+The bath, placed in a great hall 110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft. 5in. wide,
+is about 6ft. 8in. deep. The bottom, 73ft. 2in. by 29ft. 6in.[14] is
+formed as described in the last page.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: The dimensions must not be taken to be quite correct in
+all cases, as there are discrepancies and inaccuracies in the building
+that prevent measurements being always reliable.]
+
+[Footnote 15: This bath is drawn to a large scale in Pl. VIII.]
+
+The lead in sheets (of about 10ft. by 5ft. square) was turned up at
+the edges and _burnt_, not soldered together, but these joints are in
+many cases now imperfect. This well secured bottom, or floor, appears
+to have been placed in position, rather to keep the hot water from
+ascending into the bath from the springs beneath than to make the
+bath water-tight. Enclosing the bath all round the four sides are six
+steps, the sixth landing the bather on the _Schola_, or platform. The
+riser of the bottom steps varies in depth from 15in. to 11in., with a
+tread of 14in., the next riser is 14in. with a tread of 11in., as also
+is the next step and the one following. The step above has a rise of
+12in., and a tread of 14in. This step was scarcely covered with water,
+but it is evident the water flowed over it when bathers agitated it.
+The riser or the step above, 10in. to 12in., completes the flight and
+helped to keep the water within proper bounds, giving a total depth of
+6ft. 8in. to the bath, and from 5ft. 9in. to 5ft. 11in. for the water.
+These steps are quite devoid of lead (except, in places, the riser
+of the lower step and at the north-west corner), and it is not clear
+whether they had at any time such a covering, although I am inclined
+to think so, as it evidently went beneath the piers and under the
+central pedestal. At the bottom step, in the north-east corner, was a
+bronze sluice. The frame of this sluice, with an opening of 13in. by
+12in., I found in position when I excavated my way up the drain, but
+I was obliged to remove it in order to force my way into the bath. It
+has not been replaced, but is preserved in the Pump Room, and weighs
+more than 1 cwt. 2 qrs. An overflow was provided, immediately above
+the hatchway, by a grating 15in. wide that was doubtless of bronze
+also, but it had been removed, the stud-holes in the stones alone
+remaining.[16] The extreme surface of the water measured 82ft. 10in.
+by 40ft. 11in. and was a parallelogram, except that the north-western
+angle was cut off by the steps being carried obliquely in three tiers
+from the bottom a length of 7ft. at an angle of 39° with the western
+end. Resting on the platform, formed by these three steps, is a
+quarter circle pedestal,[17] on which stands a large stone 6ft. 8in.
+long and 9in. thick, over-hanging its base, and presenting a concave
+line towards the bath with an _ovolo_ section in its thickness. This
+stone spans a large channel 2ft. 3in. wide, within which is fitted a
+very thick lead pipe, gradually narrowed _horizontally_ and turned
+up under the _ovolo_ concave stone. Through this aperture the mineral
+water was thrown into the bath in a sort of spray, so that it might be
+cooled in its passage. A deposit from the water is incrusted over the
+stone and pipe several inches in thickness, until the petrification
+entirely stopped the flow of water, which was then compelled to flow
+_over_ instead of under the stone.[18] The water was conducted a
+distance of 38ft. in the thickness of the lower pavement (which I
+shall presently describe) of the _Schola_, the stone being removed a
+width of 2ft., the bed being concreted. On this was laid a lead pipe
+which filled the whole orifice, but, unfortunately, a length of 25ft.
+of it has been removed. This conduit takes a diagonal direction, and
+leads direct to the north-west angle of the hall, turning beneath a
+large doorway in the western wall, when it again resumes its original
+direction (the pipe, where perfect, is 1ft. 9in. by 7in. deep), as far
+as the outer surface of the wall of the octagon well. At this point
+the wall of the well is not original work, and the pipe is cut off.
+I have no doubt that it was at one time carried up vertically until
+it reached the level of the surface of the water of the well, which
+was about 2ft. 6in. higher at the least, thus giving a sufficient
+elevation to the "spray" into the bath. Another bronze hatchway, which
+must have been here, has been stolen in mediaeval times, its having
+been less than 2ft. below the bottom of the King's Bath making it
+accessible, whilst the 25ft. length of the lead pipe beneath the
+_schola_ must have been stolen much earlier, and in all probability on
+the destruction of the baths in the sixth century. In addition to the
+arrangement for the supply of mineral water to the baths, which must
+have been capable of affording a flow of water, very nearly, if not
+exceeding, the yield of the spring, there was also another, which I
+have every reason to think was for the delivery of cold water, and
+conveyed in a lead tubular pipe of 2¼in. in diameter. A length of
+25ft. 6in. of this pipe, in its original position, has been found and
+laid bare. It is made with a roll along the top, and burnt, as was
+usual before the invention of "drawn pipes." This pipe is particularly
+interesting as there are also in it two soldered joints at intervals
+of 9ft. in the method of making which we have clearly not improved
+on the work of our Roman predecessors. This pipe starts from the same
+point in the north-west angle of the hall as the other supply, and is
+sunk in the lower pavement of the _schola_, which (wanting the pipe)
+is continued to the centre of the north side of the bath, where
+stands a stone pedestal 3ft. 3in. long, 1ft. 6in. wide, and 2ft. 6in.
+high. This pedestal has small vertical rails, or balusters, at the
+angles and on the shorter sides, and that towards the bath has some
+appearance of having once had a tablet of either bronze or marble
+inserted in it. At the top is a circular hole 3½in. in diameter,
+through which the pipe previously mentioned must have passed. The
+upper portion of this pedestal is sculptured, and much mutilated, and
+appears to me to be the drapery covering the feet of a figure that has
+perished. It is true that the work bears some resemblance to a small
+recumbent figure; but if so it is not worthy of the name of sculpture,
+as it is in the worst taste, and altogether out of keeping with the
+architecture or the other sculpture we have found.[19] There are
+several grooves in the _schola_ for branches of this pipe: 1st. The
+continuation of it to the northern semi-circular bath of 1755. 2nd.
+From the first soldered joint to baths on the north of the Great Bath.
+3rd. Along the western end of the latter to baths on the south, and
+along the _schola_ to the south circular bath of Lucas's. Beneath the
+mutilated sculpture is a second pedestal, or plinth, perfectly plain,
+with the upper surface sunk to a level corresponding with a similar
+indentation on the third step. Within this must have stood a marble on
+bronze sarcophagus, the base of which was 6ft. 9in. long by 2ft. 5in.
+wide. The water flowing through the aperture previously described
+would run into the sarcophagus (I use the word in its modern sense)
+and from it into the bath. This water was not poured in sufficient
+volume to perceptibly cool the bath, but was provided for the
+thirst of the bathers. In the modern baths of Bath there is no such
+provision.
+
+[Footnote 16: The construction of the steps to the baths deserves
+remark (some of the stones being 10ft. long). The depth of the riser
+to the steps that were beneath the water is unusually deep, and the
+treads narrow. This is compensated by the increased buoyancy of a
+human body when immersed, or partially immersed, in water. The steps
+have, on the contrary, a shallower rise and a wider tread when they
+approach the top. The next notable point is the formation of the tread
+of the upper flooded step. This is grooved by a somewhat circular
+sinking, from 4 to 5in. wide, immediately against the riser of the
+topmost step. Everyone frequenting a public bath must have noticed the
+dashing of the water against the wall or upper step, and the nuisance
+created from the breaking of the water against it. The grooving would
+remedy, I believe, this annoyance, as the little waves of water would
+be made to take a curved form before reaching the step; consequently
+the water would fall back into the bath instead of dashing over the
+surrounding platform. And in the ends of every upper step but one, and
+on the steps lower down, have been square sockets, cut in the stone
+and filled up again with pieces of stone. These mark the position of
+balusters to a hand-rail for the use of bathers that were removed some
+time previous to the abandonment of the baths, and the stones were
+inserted. These hand-rails were doubtless of bronze, and therefore of
+value.]
+
+[Footnote 17: A statue of some size doubtless stood on this pedestal.]
+
+[Footnote 18: This deposit must, from the thickness, have taken
+several years to form, and the fact of its being of precisely the
+same character as the present deposit from the mineral spring is an
+evidence of the unchanging nature of the water.]
+
+[Footnote 19: With reference to the sculpture, one piece, of debased
+character, has been found--a Minerva with a breast-plate, helmet, and
+shield in _alto relievo_ within a niche.]
+
+The hall enclosing the bath I have already spoken of as 110ft. 4½in.
+long by 68ft. 5in. wide. It has been completely thrown open since
+this paper was read at the British and Gloucestershire Archæological
+Society, in 1884. These excavations are open to the sky, excepting on
+the east end (over which Abbey Street, at a height of 23ft. is carried
+on a viaduct, which I have erected).[20] The platform, or _schola_,
+surrounding the bath (measuring the original surface of the upper
+floor) is 13ft. 9in. wide on the four sides. This platform was formed
+by a layer of large freestone 9in. to 10in. thick, laid on the level
+of the top step but one, on a solid bed of concrete. Above this was
+another layer of concrete, and possibly on this, when the baths were
+first erected, a mosaic of tesseræ; but that, if it ever was there,
+has all disappeared, and its place has been supplied with paving,
+mostly of freestone also, of inferior thickness to the lower paving.
+Very little of this remains, and what there is is much fractured and
+worn; indeed not only is this paving much worn, but the lower paving
+also where the traffic was the greatest. I have given in the plan
+(_Pl. VIII._) almost every detail of these floors, and shall speak
+of them again further on. The general appearance of the place is
+symmetrical, but there are remarkable variations and inaccuracies
+that point to the fact that the juxta-position of this bath with
+other buildings, of which we have at present no knowledge, must have
+rendered these variations necessary, ultimately interfering with the
+completion, architecturally, of the building.
+
+[Footnote 20: The house over the bath having been purchased by
+the Corporation, the Antiquities Committee (of which Mr. Murch was
+chairman) with a liberal subscription from the Society of Antiquaries,
+the Duke of Cleveland, and many noblemen and gentlemen of Bath and the
+neighbourhood, bore the expense of the removal of the soil from the
+bath and the general opening out of the rains, the arches beneath the
+Poor Law Office and the Viaduct supporting Abbey Street.]
+
+On either side, north and south, are three recesses, or _exedrae_,
+two of which are circular and one (the centre) rectangular. The south
+rectangular one is 17ft. wide by 7ft. deep; the north one is nearly
+a foot wider, and one foot less in depth. Greater variations exist
+in the circular recesses; for, commencing in the western one, on the
+south side, the width is 17ft. 3in., and the depth 7ft. 6in.; the
+eastern one is 14ft. 3in. wide, and 6ft. 9in. deep; the _exedrae
+vis-a-vis_ on the north is 17ft. 3in. wide, and 8ft. 4in. deep; the
+remaining one, to the west, is 17ft. wide, and 7ft. deep. I give these
+dimensions irrespective entirely of the pilasters which are attached
+to the walls on either side the reveil of the recesses, and in the
+rectangular recesses in the enclosing angles also. Piers are now
+standing on the margin of the bath, dividing the north and south
+sides each into seven bays. These piers are built with solid block
+freestone, but as there are continuous vertical joints on either side
+of the central division of each pier, it is clear that an alteration
+was made in the design either previous to its entire completion or
+subsequently.
+
+I will endeavour to describe the bath as originally designed. Along
+the margin of the bath, north and south, stood six piers, equally
+divided (about 14ft. apart), as far as the length of the bath, but
+allowing a lesser distance from the attached pilaster at either end.
+These piers are cut out of a block (in plan, 2ft. 10½in. from east to
+west by 2ft. 8in. from north to south), so as to form a pilaster of
+three inches projection on either face. As the original pilasters on
+the north and south walls do not correspond with these piers, I am led
+to conclude that the _schola_ and _exedrae_, north and south, were
+not vaulted at first, and were the only portion of the hall that was
+roofed, and that the roof was only of timber, supported by an arcade,
+the arches not exceeding 17ft. in height, and that the eaves of the
+roof of about 22ft. in height dipped towards the bath. This was a
+very usual arrangement in the _Atrium_ of a Roman house with the
+_impluvium_ in the centre. A _crypto porticus_ would thus be formed
+on the two longer sides of the bath, but the _schola_ on the east
+and west ends was open to the sky. Practical experience, either on
+the completion of this plan, or previously to its entire execution,
+led to its abandonment. At any rate a roof over the whole was found
+essential to the comforts of the bathers. The piers were accordingly
+strengthened. Pilasters were erected, projecting 2ft. 9m. into the
+bath, with smaller pilasters on the other side projecting on the
+_schola_, 1ft. 4in. by 1ft. 11in. wide; and _vis-a-vis_ to these
+pilasters corresponding ones were affixed to the side walls.
+Unfortunately this brought into prominence the irregularity of the
+size and position of the _exedrae_, and the pilasters were affixed
+correctly with reference to the arcade, as was absolutely necessary,
+but more or less trespassing on the width of the opening of these
+recesses, and notched into the original pilasters.
+
+None of the piers, or pilasters, at present exist to a height
+exceeding 6ft. to 7ft. The base is a rude form of the Attic base;
+and we have found several fragments of the capital, or impost, of the
+smaller pilasters, from, which the arches sprang, but I have not been
+so fortunate as to recognise any of the larger capitals, and but few
+fragments of the cornices, and but one piece that I can identify as
+the frieze 1ft. 6in. deep by 2ft. 4in. long, on which are 5 incised
+letters 6¼in. long S SIL. The _schola_ was then arched in north and
+south, and the bath spanned by an arch. The vaulting that spanned the
+side arcades, and the centre (where the abutment was not sufficient
+for arches formed in the ordinary way of tiles or stone), were built
+of brick boxes, open at the sides, and wedge-shaped, 1ft. long, 4¾in.
+thick, and 7¾in. wide at the wider end, set in the usual mortar, a
+greater or less number of rings of these boxes being used according to
+the span. These arches were made out by an extra quantity of concrete
+on the under side for decoration, and on the upper in the case of the
+great arch, so as to form a roof, the well-known roll and flat Italian
+tiles being embedded in the mortar. Many and large fragments of
+this roof were found lying on the deposit that had partially filled
+the ruins previous to the fall of the roof, and are still carefully
+preserved. A large fragment, 18ft. long by about 3ft. wide, and 1ft.
+9in. thick, that has slipped down, as it were, from the western end,
+in the position in which it was discovered, was formed of solid tiles,
+with an arch of tiles 1ft. 8in. long,[21] the roof having sufficient
+abutment on this side for a solid construction.[22] This arch gives
+the form of the window that lighted the bath on the western end.
+
+[Footnote 21: The arches in the adjoining apartment west of this were
+built of a sort of a tufa.]
+
+[Footnote 22: On the falling of the roof one of the piers was thrust
+out of the perpendicular, the upper half toppling over, and the lower
+would have again returned to its original position had a stone not
+fallen into the vertical joint, catching the pilaster as a wedge.
+The pier is still fixed out of the perpendicular by the stone in the
+joint.]
+
+The vaulting of the side aisles, or rather that over the _schola_,
+was arched from pier to pier longitudinally and transversely, the
+quadrangular spaces being in all probability simply groined; but
+a fragment of box tiles found almost leads one to think that these
+spaces were vaulted by a domical vault, springing either from
+pendentives in the angles of the vaults, more common in later work,
+or from a slight cornice on a level with the apex of the arches. The
+vault, if there was one, over the semi-circular _exedrae_ must have
+been hemispherical. From the number of roofing tiles of local stone,
+shaped into hexagons, found, I think these arcades were roofed in
+with them, placed overlapping each other, giving a very good effect.
+Similar tiles were dug up at Wroxeter, and I have found slates of the
+same shape in the Roman villa I have been excavating for Mr. Chas. I.
+Elton, F.S.A., M.P., at Whitestaunton Manor. The form of these slates
+deserves copying; a roof covered by them is far lighter than that of
+rectangular slabs and more picturesque. The walls on the sides towards
+the hall, and externally, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are
+covered with the usual red plaster, shewing that they were internal
+walls; but from a piece of dentilled, or rather blocked, cornice,
+which fits the curve of one of the _exedrae_, I believe the walls were
+carried up on the north and south above the roofs of the adjoining
+rooms and corridors of the baths, so that they formed a feature in the
+elevation and afforded a broken skyline to the composition. The vault
+over the centre rose considerably above these walls, a portion of the
+centre of which may have been partially open for the emission of steam
+and the admission of light. Some square blocks of lead, that were the
+yotting of bars of metal, rather favour this idea, and suggest that
+these metal bars were a portion of the machinery by which a brazen
+shield (_clipeus_) was suspended, or secured, so that by raising
+or lowering it the temperature of the hall might be regulated as
+described by Vitruvius. In the excavations we found an _ante-fixa_
+that must have fallen from some portion of the roof. It appears to
+be intended for a lion, but it is much broken.
+
+I have prepared a sketch section of the bath (which I hope
+to communicate on a future occasion), transversely and a part
+longitudinally, in order that a description may the more readily be
+understood, adopting, in my restoration, the established rules of
+proportion of Classical architecture, which may, more or less, have
+been strictly adhered to when the baths were built; indeed, in the
+best specimens of Roman work a licence was given to the architect
+as to detail and proportion, that was refused him on the Classical
+revival. The pilasters of these baths spring, as I have said before,
+from an Attic base, of somewhat coarse proportions, 14in. high.[23]
+The attached pilasters that supported the arcade that was carried
+longitudinally along the bath are without a base; they must have been,
+within a few inches, more or less, not lower than 10ft. in height,
+including the impost moulding, of which there are fragments. The
+arches springing from them would be about 14ft. wide. I have not
+been able to find any fragments of the archivolt. The pilasters that
+supported the arches which crossed the _schola_ have bases similar to
+the larger pilasters. I can hardly speak positively of their elevation
+or that of the arches, but I am inclined to think the height of the
+impost moulding was raised, so that the arch, although a smaller span,
+was the same in height as the longitudinal arches.
+
+[Footnote 23: The bases of the columns found, on the contrary, are
+most carefully designed and of most delicate proportions, which appear
+to justify the belief that the bases of the pilasters were never
+completely _worked_, or that they were coated with plaster and
+decorated as in the western bath, now being excavated.]
+
+The great pilasters, fronting the bath, stand on plain pedestals,
+breaking forward into the water, on which rested the Attic base, the
+shaft with Doric (?) capital rising 18ft. above. A complete cornice,
+the architrave (which we have) and frieze, gave an additional height
+of nearly 5ft. This cornice ran over the arcade horizontally, but
+breaking forward the projection of the pilasters about 2ft. 7in. Over
+this cornice, I conclude, were semi-circular openings, of the same
+span as the arch beneath, with an architrave of 5 in. to 6 in. A
+circular vault crossed the bath from pilaster to pilaster, groined
+with the semi-circular arches just mentioned. Light may have been
+admitted divisionally in the centre of this great vault, as I
+previously mentioned, as well, as by the semi-circular arches in the
+"_clear storey_." The extreme height from the floor of the _schola_ to
+the under side of the vaulting may have been as much as 23ft., whilst
+the height of the central vault above the floor of the bath could
+not, I estimate, have been less than 48ft. 2in., exceeding by 5ft.
+the height of the famous Ball Rooms of the Bath Assembly Rooms, and by
+14ft. that of the Grand Pump Room.
+
+Many architectural fragments have been found during the excavations
+of the Great Bath, several portions of columns 2ft. 6in. diameter
+at base, and several sections of Corinthian foliage with the volute
+of a capital, of unusually artistic and powerful work; some smaller
+columns, a fluted shaft, and a Composite capital of debased character;
+but the four most remarkable fragments are pieces carved on both sides
+out of blocks about 1ft. 9in. thick, by 1ft. 6in. high. They are each
+from 2ft. 6in. to 2ft. 9in. long, and are curved, the chord being
+about 1-9/16in., in a length of 2ft. 6in. The first fragment is a
+cornice, or impost, carved on both sides, in three tiers: the upper,
+a _cima_ with a leaf; the middle division, a Greek fret, not quite
+similar on each side the stone, and below is a running ornament. The
+cornice does not project sufficiently to be the cornice of a building,
+and, as it is decorated on either side, it could not have been
+intended for a string-course, as none of the walls are so thin as
+these stones, although I at first thought it might belong to one of
+the semi-circular _exedrae_. The curve is struck with a shorter radius
+than even the smallest recess. I think it is the capping of the back
+of one of the semi-circular stone seats, called by the later Romans
+a _stibadium_. If this formed the seat in the north-western recess,
+there would be ample room behind it (3ft. 9in.) to pass by. The next
+fragment must have been fixed beneath this or a similar capping, and
+is also carved on each side; the convex side having an adaptation of
+the well-known honeysuckle fairly drawn, whilst the convex side of it,
+with the exception of a floriated panelled pilaster in the centre, is
+the work of an accomplished sculptor. On the right of this pilaster,
+slightly recessed to admit of relief, is the naked right thigh and
+leg of a figure that must have stood 1ft. 6in. high. Although only
+a fragment, this is a most charming piece of work, the action and
+anatomy of the limb being perfect. On the left side is a similar
+panel, a headless draped figure, with feet bare, holding a circular
+shield which rests on the thigh, whilst the limb is bent as if
+ascending a rock that is slightly indicated. On the third fragment the
+honeysuckle pattern is on the concave side, whilst the sculpture is
+on the convex, the arc of which corresponds with the last described.
+On this there are two niches only, and the figures are much more
+mutilated. The left figure has a flowing mantle, the only leg
+remaining being bare from the thigh downwards; the foot and the head
+are gone. The figure on the right is fully draped, the head is lost,
+and the right hand much mutilated; a musical instrument, like a
+guitar,[24] or rather a mandolin, rests against the left breast, held
+in position by the left hand. The fourth fragment has the honeysuckle
+on both sides, with the flower well carved on one of them. It is a
+great pity that so little of this superb work is left, and that what
+there is should be so mutilated.[25]
+
+[Footnote 24: Professor Middleton considers this a cornucopia.]
+
+[Footnote 25: A small drawing of these pieces I shall also on a future
+occasion communicate.]
+
+This account of the Great Bath will, I hope, be sufficiently complete
+if I describe the entrances and conclude with a few particulars of the
+pavement (although many discoveries of considerable interest might be
+made, I have no doubt, in the latter), omitting a detailed examination
+as being tedious.
+
+I believe there were five entrances to this bath, two of which
+remain. In the western wall, on the south, is one leading from other
+apartments (a hypocaust, hall and bath), which I shall on a future
+occasion describe. It is 4ft. 3in. wide. Double doors and hinges
+have been inserted in this doorway, and the base and a portion of a
+pilaster cut away most barbarously to receive them. On the north,
+on the same wall, and fronting the northern _schola_, is a doorway
+similar to the last, which has been walled up in Roman times, the wall
+which closed it being covered with the red plaster that covers all
+the work not being faced freestone. A third doorway, similar in every
+respect, was at the eastern end of the northern _schola_, as I infer
+from the lower paving being much worn in that direction. A fourth
+doorway was in the eastern wall to the south, but not south enough
+to face the southern _schola_, and a fifth was between these two. Of
+these three doorways, the first of them is still hidden by soil, and
+the second and third are obliterated with modern walling; a portion
+of the architrave of one was found near, but their position is well
+marked by the footmarks in the stone.
+
+[Plate VIII: Plan of Great Roman Bath, Bath. Discovered 1880-81 and
+measured 1884, by Charles E. Davis, F.S.A.]
+
+I should not omit mentioning the mark of a wooden seat in the northern
+rectangular recess, and the place of a wooden rail for clothes, that
+was let into the pilaster at one end with the _slot_ in a pilaster at
+the other.
+
+In my plan (_Pl. VIII._) I have endeavoured to show the massive lower
+paving and the fragmentary upper pavement. Both are much worn; and,
+where the upper pavement has disappeared against the upper step of the
+bath, especially the step on the western _schola_, it has been worn
+down on the inside to the depth of several inches. The lower pavement
+through the south-western door is worn in holes, and across by the
+angular fountain are similar wearings, marking "a short cut" into the
+northern _schola_; and this is continued in a less degree to the other
+doors,--save the north-western one, where the upper paving in part
+exists, showing that this doorway was closed before the baths were
+allowed to get so shamefully out of repair. This sadly dilapidated
+pavement must have caused considerable inconvenience to the bathers,
+and could only have been put up with by those too poor to incur the
+expenses of repair; the baths therefore were continued to be used by
+less prosperous citizens than those who provided them. Is not this a
+strong argument that the Romans left behind them, when they abandoned
+Britain (A.D. 420), a people almost as great lovers of the baths as
+themselves, with, however, less ability to maintain them; and that
+the residents of Aquæ Sulis daily frequented them during the 150 years
+that succeeded until the city was overthrown by our more immediate
+ancestors, who destroyed before abandoning it to desolation?
+
+The springs flooded the courts and corridors of the Thermæ until the
+washings of the land filled them. Rushes, withies, and trees grew
+beneath the shadow of its ruins. Bathancastra (Akemancastra) was
+founded;[26] the memory of the baths was lost; its architectural
+magnificence was the quarry of the builders, who little dreamt
+that beneath the soil was buried the rich treasure which we in this
+century, and those who have preceded us in the last, have had the
+privilege of laying bare.
+
+[Footnote 26: "The foundation of a monastery by an under-King of the
+Hwiccas [Osric, Nov. 6, A.D. 676,] within its walls, reveals to us
+the springing up of a new life in another of the cities which had been
+wrecked by Ceawlin's inroad, the city of Bath."--_Green's "Making of
+England_," p. 356.
+
+Professor Earle throws some doubt on the authenticity of the record.]
+
+The Romans left behind them in Bath a Palace of Health and Luxury
+unequalled except in Italy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In making some excavations (1885) beneath the Cross Bath, the walls
+of the Roman well were found, and at a considerable depth two altars,
+which are placed for exhibition in the Great Bath. One of these is a
+plain rectangular altar; the other is carved on three sides, having on
+the front face two figures (Æsculapius offering a lamb to Hegiea), on
+another side a serpent coiled round the trunk of a tree, and on the
+third sculptured side a dog with a curly tail (see Professor Sayce and
+Rev. Preb. Scarth).
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HOT MINERAL SPRINGS
+
+OF BATH,
+
+VESTED IN THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOUNDED by the Romans in the First Century.
+
+BATHERS DURING 1889, 104,597.
+
+Daily yield 507,600 gallons at 120° Fah.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These Waters are beneficial in all forms of Gout, Sub-acute, Chronic
+and Muscular Rheumatism--Neuralgias, Sciatica, Lumbago, certain forms
+of Paralysis, Nervous Debility, Diseases of Women, Disorders of the
+Digestive System, Tropical Anoemia, Metallic Poisoning, Eczema, Lepra,
+Psoriasis, and all the Scaly Diseases of the Skin. Some Surgical
+Diseases of the Joints, general Weakness of Limbs after injury, and
+Diseases of the Throat and Air Passages.
+
+Upwards of £40,000 have been lately expended by the Corporation of the
+City to enlarge and perfect the various appliances, rendering them,
+in the words of one of the greatest Hygienic Physicians of the day,
+THE MOST PERFECT IN EUROPE. Thermal Vapour, Douche with Massage by
+doucheurs and doucheuses from Continental Spas, Pulverised and Vapour
+Douche, Spray, Dry and Moist Heat, and Shower, with luxurious Cooling
+Rooms.
+
+BAND DAILY IN THE PUMP ROOM.
+
+LAST RETURN OF THE MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH FOR BATH 17'9 PER 1000.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARGES FOR BATHS.
+
+NEW ROYAL BATHS, ADJOINING THE GRAND HOTEL.
+
+                                 Prices.
+  First Class Deep Bath..         2  6
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower..   3  0
+  First Class Reclining Bath..    2  0
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower..   2  6
+  Dry Douche..                    2  0
+  Attendant's Fee..               0  3
+
+First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) 3s. 6d.,
+Attendant's Fee, 6d.
+
+Attached to these Baths is a
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SWIMMING BATH, TEMP. 82 TO 84 FAHRT.,
+
+Daily supplied with Fresh Mineral Water.
+
+For Ladies' use on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
+
+With use of Private Room for 1 Person, 1s.; 2 Persons, 1s. 6d.; 3
+Persons, 2s.
+
+Public Room, 6d. Bathing Dresses, 2d. Attendant's Fee, 1d.
+
+This Bath is available for Gentlemen on Tuesdays, till 1 p.m.,
+Thursdays, Saturdays, and on Sunday Mornings up to 9.30 a.m., at 1s.
+each Person.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ROYAL BATHS, BATH STREET.
+
+  First Class Deep Bath.      2  0
+    ditto ditto with Douche.  2  6
+  Second Class Deep Bath.     1  6
+    ditto ditto with Douche.  2  0
+  Reclining Bath.             1  6
+     ditto with Douche.       2  0
+  Shower Bath                 1  6
+
+Attendant's Fees. 2d. & 3d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TEPID SWIMMING BATH, FOR GENTLEMEN ONLY.
+
+  With use of Private Room ..  0  9
+  With use of Public Room ..   0  6
+
+No Attendant's Fees. This Bath is closed on Thursdays at 1 p.m.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CROSS BATH, OPEN DAILY (FRIDAYS EXCEPTED), SUNDAY TILL 9 A.M.
+
+  Open Public Bath               0  1
+  Open Public Bath, with Towel   0  2
+
+This Bath is available for Females on Thursdays, under the charge of a
+female attendant. Fee, including bathing dress, 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+KING'S AND QUEEN'S BATHS, STALL STREET.
+
+                                                                    Prices.
+  First Class Deep Bath                                                 2 6
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower                                           3 0
+  First Class Reclining Bath                                            2 0
+  Ditto with Douche, or Shower, or Lumbar Douche, or Douche Ascendante  2 6
+  Ditto with Special Douche                                             3 0
+  Needle Douche (or Douche en Cercle)                                   2 0
+  Ditto with Deep Bath                                                  3 6
+  Vertebral Douche 1s. extra Moist and Dry Heat per hour                2 6
+  Ditto  with Deep Bath                                                 3 6
+  Attendant's Fee                                                       0 3
+
+First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) 3s. Attendant's
+Fee, 6d.
+
+
+GROUND FLOOR.
+
+  First Class Reclining Bath            1 6
+  Ditto with Scottish Douche            2 6
+  Reclining Bath with Massage           1 9
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 6
+  Massage Bath                          1 6
+  Scottish Douche alone                 1 0
+    Attendant's Fee                     0 3
+  Second Class Reclining Baths       6d. & 1s.
+  King's Public Baths                6d. & 1s.
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 1
+
+
+MASSAGE & VAPOUR BATHS, BOUILLON & PULVERISING ROOM.
+
+  Special Medicated Baths               3 6
+  Massage Douche Bath, Aix-les-Bains
+    system (2 doucheurs)                3 6
+  Berthollet with Massage (1 doucheur)  3 0
+  Massage, in Reclining Bath
+    and Douche (1 doucheur)             2 6
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 6
+  Massage Douche Bath (Aix-les-Bains
+    system) 1 doucheur                  2 6
+  Berthollet-Natural Vapour Bath        2 6
+  Bouillon Room, if taken alone         1 0
+  Pulverization for the Nose,
+    Ears, Eyes, Face, or Throat         1 0
+  Sitz Bath (special)                   2 0
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 3
+
+Portable Baths, at a temperature not exceeding 106°, Fahrt., can be
+supplied at private residences, by arrangement. Also Mineral Water in
+Bottles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARRANGEMENTS FOR DRINKING THE WATERS.
+
+The Grand Pump Room is open each Week-day from 8.30 a.m. till 6 p.m.,
+and on Sundays after the Morning service till 2 p.m.
+
+CHARGES--
+
+  Single Glass               2d.
+
+  Per Book of 20 Coupons     1 6
+
+One Coupon must be given up each time of Drinking the Water, at either
+the Grand Pump Room or the Hetling Pump Room.
+
+  Ticket for Drinking the Water for 12 Months, for One Person   £1.
+
+  For a Family                                                  £2.
+
+Tickets for Bathing must in all cases be obtained at the Ticket Office
+adjoining the Grand Hotel, and all baths are booked by the clerk in
+charge; and such baths must be paid for at the time of booking.
+
+All Fees to Attendants are included in the charge paid for Tickets.
+
+Any irregularities or incivility on the part of any of the Attendants
+should at once be reported to the General Manager.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXCAVATIONS OF ROMAN BATHS AT
+BATH***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 13582-8.txt or 13582-8.zip *******
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath, by Charles E. Davis</title>
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath, by
+Charles E. Davis</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath</p>
+<p>Author: Charles E. Davis</p>
+<p>Release Date: October 2, 2004  [eBook #13582]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXCAVATIONS OF ROMAN BATHS AT BATH***</p>
+<br /><br /><h4>E-text prepared by Ted Garvin, William Flis,<br />
+                and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h4><br /><br />
+<hr class="full" />
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:50%;">
+        <a id="platev"
+             name="platev"
+             href="images/platev.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbv.jpg"
+             alt="Plate V. City of Bath. Plan of Roman Baths." />
+             </a>(Plate V.)
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"
+       id="page3"></a>{3}</span>
+
+    <h1>ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE ROMAN BATHS AT BATH.</h1>
+
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4><i>Re-printed from the Transactions of the Bristol and
+    Gloucestershire Archæological Society. Vol. VIII., part
+    I.</i></h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>Leland, on his visit to Bath in the year 1530, with
+    tolerable fulness describes the baths, and after completing his
+    description of the King's Bath goes on to say "Ther goith a
+    sluse out of this Bath and servid in Tymes past with Water
+    derivid out of it 2 places in Bath Priorie usid for Bathes: els
+    voide; for in them be no springes;" and further on he says "The
+    water that goith from the Kinges Bath turnith a Mylle and after
+    goith into Avon above Bath-bridge."</p>
+
+    <p>These two sentences have hitherto been difficult of
+    explanation, but the excavations, which it has been my
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4"
+       id="page4"></a>{4}</span> good fortune to superintend, and
+       the discoveries I have made, have fully explained Leland's
+       meaning, at the same time that I have brought to light the
+       great Roman Bath, which I purpose describing in detail in
+       this paper, writing only of previous excavations and those I
+       have conducted in connection with this work, so far as their
+       description may the more fully render my account perfect of
+       the Great Bath itself. I desire to confine my paper within
+       such limits as the space afforded me in this Journal
+       necessarily imposes.</p>
+
+    <p>Some time during the last century the ruins of a mill wheel
+    were found to the south of the King's Bath. I have in my
+    excavation discovered the <i>mediæval</i> sluice that led to
+    this wheel. Leland speaks of "two places in Bath Priorie used
+    for Bathes els voide."</p>
+
+    <p>In a map of Bath preserved in the Sloane Collection of the
+    British Museum, drawn by William Smith (<i>Rouge Dragon
+    Pursuivant at Arms</i>) a few years previous to
+    1568,<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+       is an open bath immediately to the south of the Transept of
+       the Abbey called "the mild Bathe."<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+       This, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page5"
+       id="page5"></a>{5}</span> or at any rate what I may consider
+       was the "mild bath," I found in my explorations beneath the
+       soil at a situation in York Street, connected with the
+       Hot-water drains, the bath being still provided with a
+       wooden hatch, and of the dimensions of a good sized
+       room.<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+       The other place mentioned by Leland was discovered in 1755,
+       and this discovery led the way to the excavations of a great
+       bath (afterwards called Lucas's Bath), when the eastern wall
+       of the great Hall of the recently found bath was first laid
+       open, although from its position not having been properly
+       noted previous to its being covered up, its situation
+       remained unknown for nearly 130 years.</p>
+
+    <p>In Dr. Sutherland's "<i>Attempts to revive Ancient Medical
+    Doctrines</i>," (page 16), <i>et infra</i>, he says: "In the
+    year of our Lord 1755<a id="footnotetag4"
+       name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+       the old Priory or Abbey house
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page6"
+       id="page6"></a>{6}</span> was pulled down. In clearing away
+       the foundations, stone coffins, bones of various animals,
+       and other things were found. This moved curiosity to search
+       still deeper. Hot mineral waters gushed forth and
+       interrupted the work. The old Roman sewer was at last found;
+       the water was drained off. Foundations of regular buildings
+       were fairly traced." An illustration of these discoveries is
+       given in Gough's "Camden," and a plan of them was published
+       by Dr. Lucas and again by Dr. Sutherland
+       (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>) copied in 1822 by Dr.
+       Spry with discoveries to that date
+       (<a href="#platevi"><i>Pl. VI.</i></a>), and by Mr. Phelps,
+       the latter re-published by the Rev. Preb. Scarth in his
+       <i>Aquæ Solis</i>, 1864. I have, in part, myself and also
+       when assisted by Mr. T. Irvine (the architect, under Sir
+       Gilbert Scott, of the restoration of the Bath Abbey),
+       examined the small portion of these discoveries that are
+       still left <i>in situ</i>. I quote Dr. Sutherland, 1763, p.
+       17, for an account. "Assisted by Mr. Wood, architect," Dr.
+       Lucas examined the ruins as they then appeared. He gives the
+       following description: "Under the foundations of the Abbey
+       house, full 10ft. deep, appear traces of a bath, whose
+       dimensions are 43ft. by 34ft. Within and adjoining to the
+       walls are the remains of twelve pilasters, each measuring
+       3ft. 6in. on the front of the plinth by a projection of 2ft.
+       3in. These pilasters seem to have supported a
+       roof.<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+       This bath stood north and south.
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7"
+       id="page7"></a>{7}</span> To the northward of this room,
+       parted only by a slender wall with an opening of about 10in.
+       in the middle, adjoined a semi-circular bath, measuring from
+       east to west 14ft. 4in., and from the crown of the
+       semi-circle to the partition wall that divides it from the
+       square bath 18ft. 10in. The roof of this seems to have been
+       sustained by four pilasters, one in each angle and two at
+       the springing of the circle. This bath seems to have
+       undergone some alterations, the base of the semi-circle is
+       filled up to about the height of 5ft., upon which two small
+       pilasters were set on either side from the area, between two
+       separate flights of steps into the semi-circular part which
+       seems to be all that was reserved for a bath. In this was
+       placed a stone chair 18in. high and 16in. broad. The two
+       flights of steps were of different dimensions, those to the
+       west were 3ft. 9in. broad, those to the east 4ft. 2in. Each
+       flight consists of steps 6in. thick, and seem to have been
+       worn by use 3½in. out of the square. These flights are
+       divided by a stone partition on a level with the floor.
+       Along this division and along the west side of the area, a
+       rude channel of about 3in. in depth was cut in the stone.
+       The floor of this bath seems to be on a level with that of
+       the square bath. Eastward and westward from the area and
+       stairs of this semi-circular bath stood an elegant room on
+       each side, sustained by four pilasters. Separated by a wall
+       stood the <i>Hypocausta Laconica</i>, or <i>Stoves</i>, to
+       the eastward. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"
+       id="page8"></a>{8}</span> These consisted of two large
+       rooms, each measuring 39ft. by 22ft. Each had a double
+       floor, one of which lay 1ft. 9in. lower than the area round
+       the square bath. On this lower floor stand rows of pillars
+       composed of square bricks of about 1¾in. thick and 9in.
+       square. These pillars sustain a second floor composed of
+       tiles 2ft. square and 2in. thick, over which are laid two
+       layers of firm cement mortar, each about 2in. thick, which
+       compose the upper floor.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a id="platevi"
+             name="platevi"
+             href="images/platevi.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbvi.jpg"
+             alt="Plate VI. Facsimile of Dr. Sprys' plan published 1822 shewing discoveries to that date." />
+        </a>(Plate VI.)
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"To the northward, separated by a wall of 3ft. 11in., stood
+    the other <i>Hypocaustum</i>, with a door of communication. The
+    floor of this is about 18in. higher than the other. These two
+    rooms are set round with square-brick tubes of different
+    lengths, from 16in. to 20in. in length and 6¾in. wide. These
+    flues have two lateral openings of about 2in. square, 5in.
+    asunder. These open into the vacuum between the two floors and
+    rise through the walls. The north wall of the last stove was
+    filled with tubes of a lesser size, placed horizontally and
+    perpendicularly. The stones and bricks between the pillars bear
+    evident marks of fire, while the flues are strongly charged
+    with soot, which plainly points out their uses.</p>
+
+    <p>"Heat was communicated to these flues by means of
+    <i>Praefurnia</i>. In the middle of the northern wall of the
+    second stove, the ruins of one of these furnaces appear. It
+    consists of strong walls of about 16ft. square, with an opening
+    in the centre of about 3ft. wide, which terminates
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page9"
+       id="page9"></a>{9}</span> conically in the north wall of the
+       stove 2 ft. wide where part of the broken arch bears evident
+       marks of fire. About the mouth of the furnace there were
+       scattered pieces of burnt wood, charcoal, &amp;c., evident
+       proofs of their use.</p>
+
+    <p>"On each side of the furnace, adjoining to the wall of the
+    northernmost stove, is a semi-circular chamber of about 10ft.
+    4in. by 9ft. 6in. Their floors are nearly 2ft. 6in. lower than
+    that of the next stove into which they both open. The pavements
+    are tesselated with variegated rows of pebbles and red bricks.
+    To the northward of these there appear ruins of two other
+    square chambers of more ordinary work." Thus far Lucas.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Sutherland goes on to say, "Since the time of his
+    (Lucas's) publication the ground has been further cleared away.
+    There now appears another semi-circular bath to the southward,
+    of the same dimensions exactly with the first. What he calls
+    the Great Bath, with its semi-circular <i>Hypocausta
+    Laconica</i>, &amp;c., forms only one wing of a spacious
+    regular building. From a survey of these, our ruins, we may,
+    with some certainty, determine the nature of these <i>Balnea
+    pensilia</i>.... The Eastern Vapour Baths are now demolishing
+    in order to make way for more modern improvements. Whenever the
+    rubbish that covers the eastern wing of the Roman ruins comes
+    to be removed similar <i>Balnea pensilia</i> will doubtless be
+    found.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"
+       id="page10"></a>{10}</span>
+
+    <p>"From each corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a
+    base of 68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These
+    walls I have traced 6ft. or 8ft. westward under that causeway
+    that leads from the Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we
+    may suppose, they have run a length proportionable to the
+    width, they compose a bath which may indeed be called
+    <i>Great</i>, 96ft. by 68ft.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a id="platevii"
+             name="platevii"
+             href="images/platevii.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbvii.jpg"
+             alt="Plate VII. A Ground Plan of the Antient Roman Bath lately discovered in the City of Bath, Somersetshire, with a Section of the Eastern Wing." />
+        </a>(Plate VII.)
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Adjoining to the inside walls of this central bath, there
+    are bases of pilasters, as in Lucas's. Between the wall and the
+    bath there is a corridor paved with hard blue stone 8in.
+    thick.<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+       From the westernmost side of Lucas's bath a subterranean
+       passage has been traced 24ft., at the end of which was found
+       a leaden cistern, raised about 3ft. above the pavement,
+       constantly overflowing with hot water. From this a channel
+       is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction eastward,
+       conveying the water to Lucas's Bath.... Assisted by Mr.
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"
+       id="page11"></a>{11}</span> Palmer, an ingenious builder, I
+       have ventured to exhibit a complete ground plot of the Roman
+       Baths,<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+       a discovery of no less curiosity than instruction.... This
+       ground plot is exhibited in the plate annexed
+       (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>) as far as the earth is
+       cleared away. The remainder is supposed and drawen out in
+       dotted lines. The plate exhibits also an elevation of the
+       section of the wing discovered, with
+       references."<a id="footnotetag8"
+       name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Sutherland published the plan of the bath with this
+    description having "<i>drawen</i> out in dotted lines" the
+    supposed arrangement of the baths. To make the account of these
+    discoveries of 1755 complete, I must explain that the
+    <i>Hypocausta Laconica</i>, or stoves, to the eastward, which
+    he described as each measuring 39ft. by 22ft., were, I believe,
+    the <i>tepidarium</i> and the <i>caldarium</i>. The two
+    semi-circular recesses, or small rooms, to the north, I should
+    consider were each a <i>sudatorium</i> if the floors had not
+    been 2ft. 6in. lower than the adjoining apartment. In the
+    centre was the stove by which the system was heated (the
+    <i>praefurnium</i>). To the north of these, Dr. Sutherland
+    figures, in dotted lines, three chambers omitted in my plan.
+    Although I believe he had some authority for giving them, I am
+    somewhat at a loss to assign a use to these rooms. They might
+    be <span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"
+       id="page12"></a>{12}</span> stoves, as, if the Romans
+       desired to have a bath artificially heated, this would be
+       the correct position for the brazen vessels, described
+       somewhat unintelligibly by Vitruvius, as three in number. If
+       this was the case, each semi-circular recess just described
+       was a <i>calda lavatio, balneum or labrum</i>. [A similar
+       <i>labrum</i>, but of smaller scale, was discovered at Box,
+       near Bath, last year, and I have discovered on the property
+       of Mr. Charles I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P. (author of "Origins of
+       History") a similar one.] The floor being 2ft. 6in. lower
+       than the adjoining apartment points to this belief. These, I
+       have little doubt, were those artificially heated baths, and
+       were cased either with lead, stone, marble, or small white
+       tesseræ, as at Box. To the south of the <i>tepidarium</i>,
+       Dr. Sutherland gives a precisely similar suggested plan as
+       that to the north, but here again I have not copied him,
+       believing he had not sufficient data. In all probability
+       here was an <i>apodyterium</i> (which might or might not be
+       heated with a <i>hypocaust</i>) where the bathers deposited
+       their clothes. Dr. Sutherland thought that to the east of
+       the discoveries which he described there would be found
+       probably at some future day "similar <i>Balnea
+       pensilia</i>."<a id="footnotetag9"
+       name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+       In opening the Roman drains I found a branch one at this
+       place, which induces me to think that a large cold or
+       swimming bath occupied the eastern wing, the
+       <i>baptisterium</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"
+       id="page13"></a>{13}</span> or <i>frigida lavatio</i>. Still
+       farther eastward are fragments of Roman buildings which I
+       have seen only in a very fragmentary way, as no excavations
+       of any extent have been made. I believe the apartments
+       necessary to complete the system of the modern Turkish bath,
+       or rather the ancient bath, with the requisite waiting rooms
+       and corridors, stood there.</p>
+
+    <p>After these discoveries of the middle of the last century
+    but very partial excavations were made in proximity to the
+    baths, and those that were made were never sunk to a depth
+    sufficient to reach the ruins. The flood of hot water had no
+    drain to carry it off, and was maintained at such a height in
+    the soil that whenever a sinking was made, it was impossible
+    without pumping machinery to sufficiently overcome it. To my
+    discovery of the Roman drain, or rather to Mr. Irvine's, and
+    the excavating, opening, and reconstructing it which followed
+    (under my superintendence, at the charges of the Corporation),
+    enabling me to drain off the hot water from the soil, I owe the
+    ability to reveal what had been hidden since the destruction of
+    the city of Bath in the year A.D. 577.<a id="footnotetag10"
+       name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>
+       The stopping up and destruction of the drain prevented the
+       water from flowing away, so that the buildings
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"
+       id="page14"></a>{14}</span> of the baths were filled with
+       water of a height until it reached the level of the
+       adjoining land, covering, as a guardian, the lead and other
+       valuables. Soil then gravitated into the ruins and thus
+       further assisted in preserving the antiquities, so that they
+       were altogether hidden from the people who re-built the
+       ruined city of Bath, and from those who in successive
+       generations succeeded them. The subterranean "passage traced
+       24ft." from the western side of Lucas's bath, "at the end of
+       which was found a leaden cistern," was not in any way Roman
+       work, but mediæval, and was formed some time after the
+       construction of the Abbey house, as an aqueduct for the hot
+       water with which the soil was saturated. This construction
+       is the only evidence of an early discovery of this eastward
+       wing of the bath, indeed the only evidence of mediæval work
+       of any kind in connection with the baths, except the
+       enclosure of the various springs or wells. The King's Bath,
+       the Cross, and the Lepers' Bath were simply the wells or
+       cisterns of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page15"
+       id="page15"></a>{15}</span> the springs which were bathed in
+       to the damage of the purity of the water, without
+       dressing-rooms of any kind.</p>
+
+    <p>This concludes the particulars of the important discoveries
+    which we possess of the last century, which were then correctly
+    believed to be only portions of still greater
+    baths.<a id="footnotetag11"
+       name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a>
+       In 1799 (or, as I believe, in 1809, the more
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page16"
+       id="page16"></a>{16}</span> correct date) a portion of what
+       has proved to be the north-west semi-circular <i>exedra</i>
+       of the Great Bath was found, and six to nine years later a
+       part of the south-west rectangular <i>exedra</i> of the same
+       bath. The discovery <span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"
+       id="page17"></a>{17}</span> of 1799 (or rather 1809) is
+       shown on the Rev. Prebendary Scarth's map as being the
+       northern apse of a bath on the western end of the great
+       bath, as suggested by Dr. Sutherland's plan and was to
+       correspond with Lucas's
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"
+       id="page18"></a>{18}</span> Bath. The semi-circular
+       <i>exedra</i> discovered subsequently to a deed dated Sept.
+       1808 (therefore in that year or subsequently) is also
+       figured by the Rev. Prebendary Scarth, as on the south end
+       of the same western bath
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page19"
+       id="page19"></a>{19}</span> and a piece of a rectangular
+       <i>exedra</i> as the eastern wall of this western bath and
+       the boundary between it and the Great
+       Bath.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20"
+       id="page20"></a>{20}</span>
+
+    <p>All these fragments I have lately proved to be portions of
+    the great Roman Bath (<i>Plates</i>
+    <a href="#platevii"><i>VII.</i></a> <i>and</i>
+    <a href="#plateviii"><i>VIII.</i></a>), and being within
+    instead of without that building. The Rev. Prebendary Scarth
+    omits altogether to figure the southern rectangular
+    <i>exedra</i>, found at the same time as the last named
+    discovery. He also omits the discoveries made in 1809 (?)
+    beneath the houses at the north-western end of York Street. In
+    1790 very valuable discoveries were made in digging the
+    foundation of the present Pump Room. Many writers have treated
+    of them and expressed opinions as to the character of the work
+    and the meaning of the design, and Mr. Scharf, in
+    <i>Archæologia</i>, Vol. XXXVI., has done ample justice to
+    these most interesting vestiges: They have been described by
+    Pownall, Lysons, Warner, Collins, Scharf, Tite, and Scarth, as
+    being portions of a Temple of the usual type, dedicated to Sul
+    Minerva. Whitaker, in a review of Warner's History of Bath,
+    printed in the <i>Anti-Jacobin</i>, Vol. X., 1801, differs from
+    all these writers, although believing the remains to be a
+    portion of a temple, and thought they were a part of a building
+    of the form of "<i>a rotunda</i>," as the Pantheon. "The
+    <i>Pantheon</i> of Minerva <i>Medica</i>, an agnomen very
+    similar in allusiveness to our prænomen <i>of Sulinis</i>, for
+    Minerva is noticed expressly by Ruius and Victor in their short
+    notes concerning the structures of Rome, as then standing in
+    the Esquiline quarter. The form of a Pantheon is made
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page21"
+       id="page21"></a>{21}</span> out by the multiplicity of
+       niches,... and such, we believe, was our own Temple of
+       Minerva at Bath." It would occupy too much space were I to
+       attempt to add to this paper my views of this discovery, but
+       I may briefly say, that I am satisfied that they were not
+       the remains of a Temple, but a portion of the central
+       Portico and grand Vestibule of the Baths. I have not gone
+       fully into the reasons that induced Whitaker to believe that
+       the discoveries showed that the building was a Rotunda, but
+       it is curious that he should have thought they had a
+       similarity to the Pantheon at Rome, which antiquaries since
+       his time have proved was not 'built for a temple, but that
+       it was an entrance hall or vestibule of the Baths of
+       Agrippa, although it is doubtful if the Rotunda was built at
+       the same time as the Portico, which was, without doubt,
+       erected B.C. 27.</p>
+
+    <p>The grand Roman enclosure of the Hot well
+    (<a href="#platevii"><i>Pl. VII.</i></a><a id="footnotetag12"
+       name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a>)
+       (which I have lately discovered and excavated, beneath the
+       King's Bath, on the south of this principal Portico) is
+       again utilised, and forms a tank for the mineral water, from
+       which are fed the baths and fountains with water, pure as it
+       rises from "depths unknown," and secured from any
+       possibility of contamination in its passage,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page22"
+       id="page22"></a>{22}</span> through the newly discovered
+       water ducts and drains of the Romans.</p>
+
+    <p>In 1871, whilst making some necessary excavation to remedy a
+    leak from the King's Bath that apparently ran beneath Abbey
+    Passage, I found that the hot water, that was reached through
+    layers of mud, Roman tiles, building materials, and mixed soil,
+    was one and the same with the hot water of the Kingston Bath
+    that then occupied the site of the Bath called Lucas's Bath,
+    discovered in 1755; and the levels were the same. I pumped out
+    this water with powerful pumps, emptying by so doing the
+    Kingston Baths. This enabled me to sink to a depth of 20ft.,
+    passing in so doing a flight of four steps at the point (A) on
+    the plan (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>), to the
+    bottom of a bath which was coated with
+    lead.<a id="footnotetag13"
+       name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a>
+       Being compelled by the then owner of the Kingston Baths to
+       discontinue pumping, I was obliged to abandon my work; and
+       having little hope that I should ever be allowed to
+       recommence it, I removed a portion of the lead, which proved
+       to be a thickness of about 30lbs. to the foot, placed on a
+       layer of brick concrete 2in. to 2¼in. thick, and this again
+       on a layer of freestone 12in., or rather a Roman foot
+       11-5/8in. in thickness, which was again bedded on rough
+       stonework, the depth of which I could not ascertain.
+       Fortunately I did not again fill in the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"
+       id="page23"></a>{23}</span> soil, but arched it in, building
+       walls of masonry to keep it in position. The Corporation
+       having obtained possession of the hot water supplying the
+       Kingston Baths, I should rather say, the right to the water
+       that leaked from the King's Springs, I again drained off the
+       water, maintaining it at a low level by a laborious
+       excavation and re-construction of the Roman drain which was
+       conducted at great expense for two or three years. This
+       drain I followed several hundred feet until it reached the
+       great well previously mentioned, making various and
+       important discoveries; but, as I have already read a paper
+       on this subject before the Society of Antiquaries of London,
+       which will shortly be in the press, I will not repeat it
+       here, but avail myself of the space allotted me in the
+       Transactions of this Society for an account of the Great
+       Bath, which I have, in great part, laid bare, soliciting a
+       pardon if the account is somewhat tedious.</p>
+
+    <p>The bath, placed in a great hall 110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft.
+    5in. wide, is about 6ft. 8in. deep. The bottom, 73ft. 2in. by
+    29ft. 6in.<a id="footnotetag14"
+       name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a>
+       is formed as described in the last
+       page.<a id="footnotetag15"
+       name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>The lead in sheets (of about 10ft. by 5ft. square) was
+    turned up at the edges and <i>burnt</i>, not soldered together,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"
+       id="page24"></a>{24}</span> but these joints are in many
+       cases now imperfect. This well secured bottom, or floor,
+       appears to have been placed in position, rather to keep the
+       hot water from ascending into the bath from the springs
+       beneath than to make the bath water-tight. Enclosing the
+       bath all round the four sides are six steps, the sixth
+       landing the bather on the <i>Schola</i>, or platform. The
+       riser of the bottom steps varies in depth from 15in. to
+       11in., with a tread of 14in., the next riser is 14in. with a
+       tread of 11in., as also is the next step and the one
+       following. The step above has a rise of 12in., and a tread
+       of 14in. This step was scarcely covered with water, but it
+       is evident the water flowed over it when bathers agitated
+       it. The riser or the step above, 10in. to 12in., completes
+       the flight and helped to keep the water within proper
+       bounds, giving a total depth of 6ft. 8in. to the bath, and
+       from 5ft. 9in. to 5ft. 11in. for the water. These steps are
+       quite devoid of lead (except, in places, the riser of the
+       lower step and at the north-west corner), and it is not
+       clear whether they had at any time such a covering, although
+       I am inclined to think so, as it evidently went beneath the
+       piers and under the central pedestal. At the bottom step, in
+       the north-east corner, was a bronze sluice. The frame of
+       this sluice, with an opening of 13in. by 12in., I found in
+       position when I excavated my way up the drain, but I was
+       obliged to remove it in order to force my way into the bath.
+       It has not been replaced, but is preserved
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"
+       id="page25"></a>{25}</span> in the Pump Room, and weighs
+       more than 1 cwt. 2 qrs. An overflow was provided,
+       immediately above the hatchway, by a grating 15in. wide that
+       was doubtless of bronze also, but it had been removed, the
+       stud-holes in the stones alone
+       remaining.<a id="footnotetag16"
+       name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a>
+       The extreme surface of the water measured 82ft. 10in. by
+       40ft. 11in. and was a parallelogram, except that the
+       north-western angle was cut off by the
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"
+       id="page26"></a>{26}</span> steps being carried obliquely in
+       three tiers from the bottom a length of 7ft. at an angle of
+       39° with the western end. Resting on the platform, formed by
+       these three steps, is a quarter circle
+       pedestal,<a id="footnotetag17"
+       name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a>
+       on which stands a large stone 6ft. 8in. long and 9in. thick,
+       over-hanging its base, and presenting a concave line towards
+       the bath with an <i>ovolo</i> section in its thickness. This
+       stone spans a large channel 2ft. 3in. wide, within which is
+       fitted a very thick lead pipe, gradually narrowed
+       <i>horizontally</i> and turned up under the <i>ovolo</i>
+       concave stone. Through this aperture the mineral water was
+       thrown into the bath in a sort of spray, so that it might be
+       cooled in its passage. A deposit from the water is incrusted
+       over the stone and pipe several inches in thickness, until
+       the petrification entirely stopped the flow of water, which
+       was then compelled to flow <i>over</i> instead of under the
+       stone.<a id="footnotetag18"
+       name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a>
+       The water was conducted a distance of 38ft. in the thickness
+       of the lower pavement (which I shall presently describe) of
+       the <i>Schola</i>, the stone being removed a width of 2ft.,
+       the bed being concreted. On this was laid a lead pipe which
+       filled the whole orifice, but, unfortunately, a length of
+       25ft. of it has been removed. This conduit takes a
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"
+       id="page27"></a>{27}</span> diagonal direction, and leads
+       direct to the north-west angle of the hall, turning beneath
+       a large doorway in the western wall, when it again resumes
+       its original direction (the pipe, where perfect, is 1ft.
+       9in. by 7in. deep), as far as the outer surface of the wall
+       of the octagon well. At this point the wall of the well is
+       not original work, and the pipe is cut off. I have no doubt
+       that it was at one time carried up vertically until it
+       reached the level of the surface of the water of the well,
+       which was about 2ft. 6in. higher at the least, thus giving a
+       sufficient elevation to the "spray" into the bath. Another
+       bronze hatchway, which must have been here, has been stolen
+       in mediaeval times, its having been less than 2ft. below the
+       bottom of the King's Bath making it accessible, whilst the
+       25ft. length of the lead pipe beneath the <i>schola</i> must
+       have been stolen much earlier, and in all probability on the
+       destruction of the baths in the sixth century. In addition
+       to the arrangement for the supply of mineral water to the
+       baths, which must have been capable of affording a flow of
+       water, very nearly, if not exceeding, the yield of the
+       spring, there was also another, which I have every reason to
+       think was for the delivery of cold water, and conveyed in a
+       lead tubular pipe of 2¼in. in diameter. A length of 25ft.
+       6in. of this pipe, in its original position, has been found
+       and laid bare. It is made with a roll along the top, and
+       burnt, as was usual before the invention of "drawn pipes."
+       This pipe is particularly interesting as
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"
+       id="page28"></a>{28}</span> there are also in it two
+       soldered joints at intervals of 9ft. in the method of making
+       which we have clearly not improved on the work of our Roman
+       predecessors. This pipe starts from the same point in the
+       north-west angle of the hall as the other supply, and is
+       sunk in the lower pavement of the <i>schola</i>, which
+       (wanting the pipe) is continued to the centre of the north
+       side of the bath, where stands a stone pedestal 3ft. 3in.
+       long, 1ft. 6in. wide, and 2ft. 6in. high. This pedestal has
+       small vertical rails, or balusters, at the angles and on the
+       shorter sides, and that towards the bath has some appearance
+       of having once had a tablet of either bronze or marble
+       inserted in it. At the top is a circular hole 3½in. in
+       diameter, through which the pipe previously mentioned must
+       have passed. The upper portion of this pedestal is
+       sculptured, and much mutilated, and appears to me to be the
+       drapery covering the feet of a figure that has perished. It
+       is true that the work bears some resemblance to a small
+       recumbent figure; but if so it is not worthy of the name of
+       sculpture, as it is in the worst taste, and altogether out
+       of keeping with the architecture or the other sculpture we
+       have found.<a id="footnotetag19"
+       name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19"><sup>19</sup></a>
+       There are several grooves in the <i>schola</i> for branches
+       of this pipe: 1st. The continuation of it to the northern
+       semi-circular bath of 1755. 2nd. From the first soldered
+       joint to baths on the north of the Great
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"
+       id="page29"></a>{29}</span> Bath. 3rd. Along the western end
+       of the latter to baths on the south, and along the
+       <i>schola</i> to the south circular bath of Lucas's. Beneath
+       the mutilated sculpture is a second pedestal, or plinth,
+       perfectly plain, with the upper surface sunk to a level
+       corresponding with a similar indentation on the third step.
+       Within this must have stood a marble on bronze sarcophagus,
+       the base of which was 6ft. 9in. long by 2ft. 5in. wide. The
+       water flowing through the aperture previously described
+       would run into the sarcophagus (I use the word in its modern
+       sense) and from it into the bath. This water was not poured
+       in sufficient volume to perceptibly cool the bath, but was
+       provided for the thirst of the bathers. In the modern baths
+       of Bath there is no such provision.</p>
+
+    <p>The hall enclosing the bath I have already spoken of as
+    110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft. 5in. wide. It has been completely
+    thrown open since this paper was read at the British and
+    Gloucestershire Archæological Society, in 1884. These
+    excavations are open to the sky, excepting on the east end
+    (over which Abbey Street, at a height of 23ft. is carried on a
+    viaduct, which I have erected).<a id="footnotetag20"
+       name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20"><sup>20</sup></a>
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"
+       id="page30"></a>{30}</span> The platform, or <i>schola</i>,
+       surrounding the bath (measuring the original surface of the
+       upper floor) is 13ft. 9in. wide on the four sides. This
+       platform was formed by a layer of large freestone 9in. to
+       10in. thick, laid on the level of the top step but one, on a
+       solid bed of concrete. Above this was another layer of
+       concrete, and possibly on this, when the baths were first
+       erected, a mosaic of tesseræ; but that, if it ever was
+       there, has all disappeared, and its place has been supplied
+       with paving, mostly of freestone also, of inferior thickness
+       to the lower paving. Very little of this remains, and what
+       there is is much fractured and worn; indeed not only is this
+       paving much worn, but the lower paving also where the
+       traffic was the greatest. I have given in the plan
+       (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>) almost every
+       detail of these floors, and shall speak of them again
+       further on. The general appearance of the place is
+       symmetrical, but there are remarkable variations and
+       inaccuracies that point to the fact that the juxta-position
+       of this bath with other buildings, of which we have at
+       present no knowledge, must have rendered these variations
+       necessary, ultimately interfering with the completion,
+       architecturally, of the building.</p>
+
+    <p>On either side, north and south, are three recesses, or
+    <i>exedrae</i>, two of which are circular and one (the centre)
+    rectangular. The south rectangular one is 17ft. wide by 7ft.
+    deep; the north one is nearly a foot wider, and one foot less
+    in depth. Greater variations exist in the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"
+       id="page31"></a>{31}</span> circular recesses; for,
+       commencing in the western one, on the south side, the width
+       is 17ft. 3in., and the depth 7ft. 6in.; the eastern one is
+       14ft. 3in. wide, and 6ft. 9in. deep; the <i>exedrae
+       vis-a-vis</i> on the north is 17ft. 3in. wide, and 8ft. 4in.
+       deep; the remaining one, to the west, is 17ft. wide, and
+       7ft. deep. I give these dimensions irrespective entirely of
+       the pilasters which are attached to the walls on either side
+       the reveil of the recesses, and in the rectangular recesses
+       in the enclosing angles also. Piers are now standing on the
+       margin of the bath, dividing the north and south sides each
+       into seven bays. These piers are built with solid block
+       freestone, but as there are continuous vertical joints on
+       either side of the central division of each pier, it is
+       clear that an alteration was made in the design either
+       previous to its entire completion or subsequently.</p>
+
+    <p>I will endeavour to describe the bath as originally
+    designed. Along the margin of the bath, north and south, stood
+    six piers, equally divided (about 14ft. apart), as far as the
+    length of the bath, but allowing a lesser distance from the
+    attached pilaster at either end. These piers are cut out of a
+    block (in plan, 2ft. 10½in. from east to west by 2ft. 8in. from
+    north to south), so as to form a pilaster of three inches
+    projection on either face. As the original pilasters on the
+    north and south walls do not correspond with these piers, I am
+    led to conclude that the <i>schola</i> and <i>exedrae</i>,
+    north and south, were not vaulted
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"
+       id="page32"></a>{32}</span> at first, and were the only
+       portion of the hall that was roofed, and that the roof was
+       only of timber, supported by an arcade, the arches not
+       exceeding 17ft. in height, and that the eaves of the roof of
+       about 22ft. in height dipped towards the bath. This was a
+       very usual arrangement in the <i>Atrium</i> of a Roman house
+       with the <i>impluvium</i> in the centre. A <i>crypto
+       porticus</i> would thus be formed on the two longer sides of
+       the bath, but the <i>schola</i> on the east and west ends
+       was open to the sky. Practical experience, either on the
+       completion of this plan, or previously to its entire
+       execution, led to its abandonment. At any rate a roof over
+       the whole was found essential to the comforts of the
+       bathers. The piers were accordingly strengthened. Pilasters
+       were erected, projecting 2ft. 9m. into the bath, with
+       smaller pilasters on the other side projecting on the
+       <i>schola</i>, 1ft. 4in. by 1ft. 11in. wide; and
+       <i>vis-a-vis</i> to these pilasters corresponding ones were
+       affixed to the side walls. Unfortunately this brought into
+       prominence the irregularity of the size and position of the
+       <i>exedrae</i>, and the pilasters were affixed correctly
+       with reference to the arcade, as was absolutely necessary,
+       but more or less trespassing on the width of the opening of
+       these recesses, and notched into the original pilasters.</p>
+
+    <p>None of the piers, or pilasters, at present exist to a
+    height exceeding 6ft. to 7ft. The base is a rude form of the
+    Attic base; and we have found several fragments of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"
+       id="page33"></a>{33}</span> the capital, or impost, of the
+       smaller pilasters, from, which the arches sprang, but I have
+       not been so fortunate as to recognise any of the larger
+       capitals, and but few fragments of the cornices, and but one
+       piece that I can identify as the frieze 1ft. 6in. deep by
+       2ft. 4in. long, on which are 5 incised letters 6¼in. long S
+       SIL. The <i>schola</i> was then arched in north and south,
+       and the bath spanned by an arch. The vaulting that spanned
+       the side arcades, and the centre (where the abutment was not
+       sufficient for arches formed in the ordinary way of tiles or
+       stone), were built of brick boxes, open at the sides, and
+       wedge-shaped, 1ft. long, 4¾in. thick, and 7¾in. wide at the
+       wider end, set in the usual mortar, a greater or less number
+       of rings of these boxes being used according to the span.
+       These arches were made out by an extra quantity of concrete
+       on the under side for decoration, and on the upper in the
+       case of the great arch, so as to form a roof, the well-known
+       roll and flat Italian tiles being embedded in the mortar.
+       Many and large fragments of this roof were found lying on
+       the deposit that had partially filled the ruins previous to
+       the fall of the roof, and are still carefully preserved. A
+       large fragment, 18ft. long by about 3ft. wide, and 1ft. 9in.
+       thick, that has slipped down, as it were, from the western
+       end, in the position in which it was discovered, was formed
+       of solid tiles, with an arch of tiles 1ft. 8in.
+       long,<a id="footnotetag21"
+       name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21"><sup>21</sup></a>
+       the roof having sufficient
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"
+       id="page34"></a>{34}</span> abutment on this side for a
+       solid construction.<a id="footnotetag22"
+       name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22"><sup>22</sup></a>
+       This arch gives the form of the window that lighted the bath
+       on the western end.</p>
+
+    <p>The vaulting of the side aisles, or rather that over the
+    <i>schola</i>, was arched from pier to pier longitudinally and
+    transversely, the quadrangular spaces being in all probability
+    simply groined; but a fragment of box tiles found almost leads
+    one to think that these spaces were vaulted by a domical vault,
+    springing either from pendentives in the angles of the vaults,
+    more common in later work, or from a slight cornice on a level
+    with the apex of the arches. The vault, if there was one, over
+    the semi-circular <i>exedrae</i> must have been hemispherical.
+    From the number of roofing tiles of local stone, shaped into
+    hexagons, found, I think these arcades were roofed in with
+    them, placed overlapping each other, giving a very good effect.
+    Similar tiles were dug up at Wroxeter, and I have found slates
+    of the same shape in the Roman villa I have been excavating for
+    Mr. Chas. I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P., at Whitestaunton Manor. The
+    form of these slates deserves copying; a roof covered by them
+    is far lighter than that of rectangular slabs and more
+    picturesque. The walls <span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"
+       id="page35"></a>{35}</span> on the sides towards the hall,
+       and externally, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are
+       covered with the usual red plaster, shewing that they were
+       internal walls; but from a piece of dentilled, or rather
+       blocked, cornice, which fits the curve of one of the
+       <i>exedrae</i>, I believe the walls were carried up on the
+       north and south above the roofs of the adjoining rooms and
+       corridors of the baths, so that they formed a feature in the
+       elevation and afforded a broken skyline to the composition.
+       The vault over the centre rose considerably above these
+       walls, a portion of the centre of which may have been
+       partially open for the emission of steam and the admission
+       of light. Some square blocks of lead, that were the yotting
+       of bars of metal, rather favour this idea, and suggest that
+       these metal bars were a portion of the machinery by which a
+       brazen shield (<i>clipeus</i>) was suspended, or secured, so
+       that by raising or lowering it the temperature of the hall
+       might be regulated as described by Vitruvius. In the
+       excavations we found an <i>ante-fixa</i> that must have
+       fallen from some portion of the roof. It appears to be
+       intended for a lion, but it is much broken.</p>
+
+    <p>I have prepared a sketch section of the bath (which I hope
+    to communicate on a future occasion), transversely and a part
+    longitudinally, in order that a description may the more
+    readily be understood, adopting, in my restoration, the
+    established rules of proportion of Classical architecture,
+    which may, more or less, have been strictly
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"
+       id="page36"></a>{36}</span> adhered to when the baths were
+       built; indeed, in the best specimens of Roman work a licence
+       was given to the architect as to detail and proportion, that
+       was refused him on the Classical revival. The pilasters of
+       these baths spring, as I have said before, from an Attic
+       base, of somewhat coarse proportions, 14in.
+       high.<a id="footnotetag23"
+       name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23"><sup>23</sup></a>
+       The attached pilasters that supported the arcade that was
+       carried longitudinally along the bath are without a base;
+       they must have been, within a few inches, more or less, not
+       lower than 10ft. in height, including the impost moulding,
+       of which there are fragments. The arches springing from them
+       would be about 14ft. wide. I have not been able to find any
+       fragments of the archivolt. The pilasters that supported the
+       arches which crossed the <i>schola</i> have bases similar to
+       the larger pilasters. I can hardly speak positively of their
+       elevation or that of the arches, but I am inclined to think
+       the height of the impost moulding was raised, so that the
+       arch, although a smaller span, was the same in height as the
+       longitudinal arches.</p>
+
+    <p>The great pilasters, fronting the bath, stand on plain
+    pedestals, breaking forward into the water, on which
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"
+       id="page37"></a>{37}</span> rested the Attic base, the shaft
+       with Doric (?) capital rising 18ft. above. A complete
+       cornice, the architrave (which we have) and frieze, gave an
+       additional height of nearly 5ft. This cornice ran over the
+       arcade horizontally, but breaking forward the projection of
+       the pilasters about 2ft. 7in. Over this cornice, I conclude,
+       were semi-circular openings, of the same span as the arch
+       beneath, with an architrave of 5 in. to 6 in. A circular
+       vault crossed the bath from pilaster to pilaster, groined
+       with the semi-circular arches just mentioned. Light may have
+       been admitted divisionally in the centre of this great
+       vault, as I previously mentioned, as well, as by the
+       semi-circular arches in the "<i>clear storey</i>." The
+       extreme height from the floor of the <i>schola</i> to the
+       under side of the vaulting may have been as much as 23ft.,
+       whilst the height of the central vault above the floor of
+       the bath could not, I estimate, have been less than 48ft.
+       2in., exceeding by 5ft. the height of the famous Ball Rooms
+       of the Bath Assembly Rooms, and by 14ft. that of the Grand
+       Pump Room.</p>
+
+    <p>Many architectural fragments have been found during the
+    excavations of the Great Bath, several portions of columns 2ft.
+    6in. diameter at base, and several sections of Corinthian
+    foliage with the volute of a capital, of unusually artistic and
+    powerful work; some smaller columns, a fluted shaft, and a
+    Composite capital of debased character; but the four most
+    remarkable fragments <span class="pagenum"><a name="page38"
+       id="page38"></a>{38}</span> are pieces carved on both sides
+       out of blocks about 1ft. 9in. thick, by 1ft. 6in. high. They
+       are each from 2ft. 6in. to 2ft. 9in. long, and are curved,
+       the chord being about 1-9/16in., in a length of 2ft. 6in.
+       The first fragment is a cornice, or impost, carved on both
+       sides, in three tiers: the upper, a <i>cima</i> with a leaf;
+       the middle division, a Greek fret, not quite similar on each
+       side the stone, and below is a running ornament. The cornice
+       does not project sufficiently to be the cornice of a
+       building, and, as it is decorated on either side, it could
+       not have been intended for a string-course, as none of the
+       walls are so thin as these stones, although I at first
+       thought it might belong to one of the semi-circular
+       <i>exedrae</i>. The curve is struck with a shorter radius
+       than even the smallest recess. I think it is the capping of
+       the back of one of the semi-circular stone seats, called by
+       the later Romans a <i>stibadium</i>. If this formed the seat
+       in the north-western recess, there would be ample room
+       behind it (3ft. 9in.) to pass by. The next fragment must
+       have been fixed beneath this or a similar capping, and is
+       also carved on each side; the convex side having an
+       adaptation of the well-known honeysuckle fairly drawn,
+       whilst the convex side of it, with the exception of a
+       floriated panelled pilaster in the centre, is the work of an
+       accomplished sculptor. On the right of this pilaster,
+       slightly recessed to admit of relief, is the naked right
+       thigh and leg of a figure that must have stood 1ft. 6in.
+       high. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"
+       id="page39"></a>{39}</span> Although only a fragment, this
+       is a most charming piece of work, the action and anatomy of
+       the limb being perfect. On the left side is a similar panel,
+       a headless draped figure, with feet bare, holding a circular
+       shield which rests on the thigh, whilst the limb is bent as
+       if ascending a rock that is slightly indicated. On the third
+       fragment the honeysuckle pattern is on the concave side,
+       whilst the sculpture is on the convex, the arc of which
+       corresponds with the last described. On this there are two
+       niches only, and the figures are much more mutilated. The
+       left figure has a flowing mantle, the only leg remaining
+       being bare from the thigh downwards; the foot and the head
+       are gone. The figure on the right is fully draped, the head
+       is lost, and the right hand much mutilated; a musical
+       instrument, like a guitar,<a id="footnotetag24"
+       name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>24</sup></a>
+       or rather a mandolin, rests against the left breast, held in
+       position by the left hand. The fourth fragment has the
+       honeysuckle on both sides, with the flower well carved on
+       one of them. It is a great pity that so little of this
+       superb work is left, and that what there is should be so
+       mutilated.<a id="footnotetag25"
+       name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>25</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>This account of the Great Bath will, I hope, be sufficiently
+    complete if I describe the entrances and
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"
+       id="page40"></a>{40}</span> conclude with a few particulars
+       of the pavement (although many discoveries of considerable
+       interest might be made, I have no doubt, in the latter),
+       omitting a detailed examination as being tedious.</p>
+
+    <p>I believe there were five entrances to this bath, two of
+    which remain. In the western wall, on the south, is one leading
+    from other apartments (a hypocaust, hall and bath), which I
+    shall on a future occasion describe. It is 4ft. 3in. wide.
+    Double doors and hinges have been inserted in this doorway, and
+    the base and a portion of a pilaster cut away most barbarously
+    to receive them. On the north, on the same wall, and fronting
+    the northern <i>schola</i>, is a doorway similar to the last,
+    which has been walled up in Roman times, the wall which closed
+    it being covered with the red plaster that covers all the work
+    not being faced freestone. A third doorway, similar in every
+    respect, was at the eastern end of the northern <i>schola</i>,
+    as I infer from the lower paving being much worn in that
+    direction. A fourth doorway was in the eastern wall to the
+    south, but not south enough to face the southern <i>schola</i>,
+    and a fifth was between these two. Of these three doorways, the
+    first of them is still hidden by soil, and the second and third
+    are obliterated with modern walling; a portion of the
+    architrave of one was found near, but their position is well
+    marked by the footmarks in the stone.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a id="plateviii"
+             name="plateviii"
+             href="images/plateviii.jpg"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/thumbviii.jpg"
+             alt="Plate VIII. Plan of Great Roman Bath, Bath. Discovered 1880-81 and measured 1884, by Charles E. Davis, F.S.A." />
+        </a>(Plate VIII.)
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I should not omit mentioning the mark of a wooden
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"
+       id="page41"></a>{41}</span> seat in the northern rectangular
+       recess, and the place of a wooden rail for clothes, that was
+       let into the pilaster at one end with the <i>slot</i> in a
+       pilaster at the other.</p>
+
+    <p>In my plan (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>) I
+    have endeavoured to show the massive lower paving and the
+    fragmentary upper pavement. Both are much worn; and, where the
+    upper pavement has disappeared against the upper step of the
+    bath, especially the step on the western <i>schola</i>, it has
+    been worn down on the inside to the depth of several inches.
+    The lower pavement through the south-western door is worn in
+    holes, and across by the angular fountain are similar wearings,
+    marking "a short cut" into the northern <i>schola</i>; and this
+    is continued in a less degree to the other doors,&mdash;save
+    the north-western one, where the upper paving in part exists,
+    showing that this doorway was closed before the baths were
+    allowed to get so shamefully out of repair. This sadly
+    dilapidated pavement must have caused considerable
+    inconvenience to the bathers, and could only have been put up
+    with by those too poor to incur the expenses of repair; the
+    baths therefore were continued to be used by less prosperous
+    citizens than those who provided them. Is not this a strong
+    argument that the Romans left behind them, when they abandoned
+    Britain (A.D. 420), a people almost as great lovers of the
+    baths as themselves, with, however, less ability to maintain
+    them; and that the residents of Aquæ Sulis daily frequented
+    them during the 150 years
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"
+       id="page42"></a>{42}</span> that succeeded until the city
+       was overthrown by our more immediate ancestors, who
+       destroyed before abandoning it to desolation?</p>
+
+    <p>The springs flooded the courts and corridors of the Thermæ
+    until the washings of the land filled them. Rushes, withies,
+    and trees grew beneath the shadow of its ruins. Bathancastra
+    (Akemancastra) was founded;<a id="footnotetag26"
+       name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26"><sup>26</sup></a>
+       the memory of the baths was lost; its architectural
+       magnificence was the quarry of the builders, who little
+       dreamt that beneath the soil was buried the rich treasure
+       which we in this century, and those who have preceded us in
+       the last, have had the privilege of laying bare.</p>
+
+    <p>The Romans left behind them in Bath a Palace of Health and
+    Luxury unequalled except in Italy.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>In making some excavations (1885) beneath the Cross Bath,
+    the walls of the Roman well were found, and at a considerable
+    depth two altars, which are placed for
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"
+       id="page43"></a>{43}</span> exhibition in the Great Bath.
+       One of these is a plain rectangular altar; the other is
+       carved on three sides, having on the front face two figures
+       (Æsculapius offering a lamb to Hegiea), on another side a
+       serpent coiled round the trunk of a tree, and on the third
+       sculptured side a dog with a curly tail (see Professor Sayce
+       and Rev. Preb. Scarth).</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote
+                    1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Mr. Peach, in the preface to "the Historic Houses in
+        Bath," page 5, quotes 1572; but this is the date of the
+        completion of Mr. Smith's book, the drawings of which
+        occupied many years.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote
+                    2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Mr. Smith gives a list of "Wonders in England": 1st.
+        "The Baths at ye Citty of Bath are accompted one although
+        yet they are not so wonderfull seeing that ye Sulphur and
+        Brimston in the earth is the cause thereof but this may
+        pass well enough for one."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+                    name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote
+                    3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Evidently the ruin of a portion of the Roman Thermæ,
+        repaired in the 12th or 13th century.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+                    name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote
+                    4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Monday, August 18, 1755, Bath. A most valuable Work of
+        Antiquity has been lately discovered here. Under the
+        foundation of the Abbey House now taking down, in order to
+        be rebuilt by the Duke of Kingston, the workmen discovered
+        the foundations of more ancient buildings, and fell upon
+        some cavities, which gradually led to further discoveries.
+        There are now fairly laid open, the foundations and remains
+        of very august Roman baths and sudatories, constructed upon
+        their elegant plans, with floors suspended upon
+        square-brick pillars, and surrounded with tubulated bricks,
+        for the equal conveyance of heat and vapour. Their
+        dimensions are very large, but not yet fully laid open, and
+        some curious parts of their structure are not yet
+        explained.&mdash;(<i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>.)</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote5"
+                    name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote
+                    5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the library of the Society of Antiquaries is a
+        drawing of this bath with an imaginary restoration.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote6"
+                    name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote
+                    6:</b><a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>A correspondent in the <i>Bath Chronicle, purporting to
+        be Richard Mann</i>, the builder employed under me to
+        excavate the greater portion of the discoveries, but whose
+        services were dispensed with, quotes the above as follows:
+        "Adjoining to the inner walls of the central bath there are
+        bases of Pilasters, as in Lucas's between the walls and the
+        bath. There is a corridor paved with hard blue stone eight
+        inches thick." The full-stop being placed at the word
+        "bath," instead of before the word "between," gives to the
+        quotation a totally different meaning from that conveyed by
+        Dr. Sutherland.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote7"
+                    name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote
+                    7:</b><a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+        <p><i>Fac-simile</i> <a href="#platev"><i>Pl.
+        V.</i></a></p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote8"
+                    name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote
+                    8:</b><a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>In the plate the reference describes the bath to be
+        90ft., but in the text of Sutherland the dimensions are
+        given as 96ft. which agrees with the scale on the plan.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote9"
+                    name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote
+                    9:</b><a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>These baths and adjoining rooms occupied the block
+        between Church Street and York Street, including Kingston
+        Buildings.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote10"
+                    name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote
+                    10:</b><a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"But the old municipal independence seems to have been
+        passing away. The record of the battle in the chronicle of
+        the conquerors connects the three cities (Bath, Gloucester,
+        and Cirencester) with three Kings; and from the Celtic
+        names of these Kings, Conmael, Condidan, or Kyndylan, and
+        Farinmael, we may infer that the Roman town party, which
+        had once been strong enough to raise Aurelius to the throne
+        of Britain, was now driven to bow to the supremacy of
+        native chieftains. It was the forces of these Kings that
+        met Ceawlin at Deorham, a village which lies northward of
+        Bath, on a chain of hill overlooking the Severn valley, and
+        whose defeat threw open the country of the three towns to
+        the West Saxon army."&mdash;<i>Green's "Making of
+        England,"</i> p. 128.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote11"
+                    name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote
+                    11:</b><a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>As there have appeared in local papers considerable
+        discussions as to these baths, I quote from one of the
+        letters the following as being remarkably clear and
+        explanatory:&mdash;</p>
+
+        <p>"In 1755, Dr. Lucas discovered a Roman bath, east of,
+        and immediately adjoining, the Great Bath, which is now
+        attracting so much attention. Lucas's Bath stood north and
+        south&mdash;an important fact to bear in mind, as the great
+        Roman Bath stands east and west&mdash;and measured 43ft. by
+        34ft. But this was not all. 'To the north of this room,' he
+        says, 'parted only by a slender wall, adjoined a
+        semi-circular bath, measuring from east to west, 14ft.
+        4in.' After the publication of Lucas's 'Essay on Waters,'
+        the ground was further cleared away, and there appeared
+        another semi-circular bath to the south, of the same
+        dimensions as that to the north. The extreme length of
+        Lucas's bath&mdash;including the N. and S. Baths, exclusive
+        of the central semi-circular recesses&mdash;would be,
+        roughly speaking 69ft.; and this fact should be carefully
+        borne in mind, as we shall see presently to what use it was
+        turned. Dr. Lucas's discoveries were pushed one stage
+        further by Dr. Sutherland, who in his work entitled
+        'Attempts to revive Ancient Medical Doctrines' (1763)
+        clearly indicates (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>)
+        that he was on the track of another bath, the Great Roman
+        Bath, in fact, with which we are now so familiar. His words
+        are as follows: 'From each, corner of the westernmost side
+        of Lucas's Bath, a base of 68ft., there issues a wall of
+        stone and mortar. These walls I have traced six or eight
+        feet westward under that causeway, which leads from the
+        Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose,
+        they have run a length proportionable to their width, they
+        compose a bath which may indeed be called great, 96ft. by
+        68ft.... From the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath a
+        subterraneous passage has been traced 24ft., at the end of
+        which was found a leaden cistern, raised about 3ft. above
+        the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water. From
+        this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of
+        direction eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath'
+        (pp. 20-21). Thus then in 1763 (1) the north and south
+        walls of the great Roman Bath had been traced 6ft. or 8ft.
+        west of Lucas's Bath. (2) Furthermore, starting from the
+        centre of the west side of Lucas's Bath, a line had been
+        traced to the east steps of the great Roman Bath. These are
+        plain historical facts, open to everyone who will look into
+        the plans of our baths, as given by Sutherland in 1763, and
+        by Prebendary Scarth in his 'Aquæ Solis' in 1864. But our
+        City Architect has been charged with suppressing these
+        facts for his own glorification. Now, Sir, I think no
+        unprejudiced man, who has heard Major Davis's addresses
+        and read his books, can justly bring this charge. If I
+        mistake not, he fairly stated the case in 1880, both in his
+        address before the Society of Antiquaries, and in his
+        lecture at the Bath Literary Institution. He has most
+        certainly concealed nothing in his published works 'The
+        Bathes of Bathe's Ayde' and 'Guide to the Roman Baths.' In
+        the former work he says (p. 81), 'Dr. Sutherland indicates
+        a large bath westward of that which had been discovered in
+        his time, in fact there can be little doubt that the steps
+        at the eastward end of a great bath had then been found;'
+        in the latter, whilst alluding to the published plans of
+        Sutherland, he says (p. 10), 'These plans indicate a large
+        bath westward of that discovered in 1754 (? 1755), in fact
+        the eastward steps of a bath had then been found.' Here
+        then is a full and candid admission of all the facts known
+        about the great Roman Bath in the middle of the last
+        century; and this anyone can see by reference to the map in
+        Prebendary Scarth's 'Aquæ Solis'&mdash;the diagram (copied
+        from Spry) there being almost similar to Sutherland's
+        conjectural plan of the baths, except that the section of
+        Lucas's Bath, correctly represented in Sutherland's map is
+        figured upside-down by Spry and Scarth. It is quite clear
+        what Sutherland knew of the great Roman Bath; it is equally
+        clear that when he proceeded, on the strength of his very
+        limited observations, to draw a conjectural plan of the
+        whole bath, he fell into absolute errors, such as, commonly
+        enough, spring out of hasty generalisations based on scanty
+        data. Thus, he gives the dimensions of the enclosure of the
+        great bath as 96ft. by 68ft.; whereas, as a matter of fact,
+        they are 111ft. by 68ft. How is this discrepancy to be
+        explained? 'A Citizen' in your last weekly issue, says 'The
+        alleged discrepancies in the measurements, which Mr. Davis
+        has used to prove his case, are but the differentiations of
+        the external measurements with the sinuous subterranean
+        windings.' These are indeed brave words, indulged in rather
+        to diminish Major Davis credit than to rescue Sutherland;
+        but a truer explanation of the real discrepancies stares
+        any man in the face who will open Dr. Sutherland's work.
+        There is no occasion to be wise beyond what is written:
+        'When, as we may suppose, they have run a length
+        proportionable to their width, they compose a bath, which
+        may indeed be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.' The fact is,
+        Sutherland supposed that the dimensions of the great Roman
+        Bath would observe the same relative proportions as Lucas's
+        Bath. The room of Lucas's Bath, let it be remembered, was
+        43ft. by 34ft., or rather 30ft. 6in. from the face of the
+        pilasters. In other words, the length was equal to the
+        diagonal of the square of the base. Then, having observed
+        that the base of the room of the great Roman
+        Bath&mdash;formed by the length of Lucas's Bath&mdash;was
+        68ft., Sutherland assumed that its length also would be
+        equal to the diagonal of the square of base, namely 96ft.
+        This patent error, assuming that the unknown would have a
+        relative correspondence with the known quantities, was the
+        fruitful source of many more. (1) The dimensions of the
+        outer rectangular area formed by the room of the great
+        Roman Bath being false, the dimensions of the inner
+        rectangular area formed by the water surface of the bath
+        were necessarily false also. (2) Steps were observed at one
+        end only of the water surface of Lucas's Bath; therefore it
+        was inferred that steps would be found at one end only of
+        the water surface of the great bath, the eastern end as
+        figured in the maps of 1763 and 1864, whereas we now know
+        that steps run all round. (3) The <i>exedrae</i> at the
+        back of the <i>schola</i> having no existence in Lucas's
+        Bath, were omitted from the conjectural plan of the great
+        Roman Bath. (4) Lucas's Bath being a plain hall without
+        piers, Sutherland assumed the same form for the hall of the
+        great Roman Bath, and altogether omitted the arcades that
+        divide it into three aisles. (5) Not to dwell on other
+        errors built on the baseless fabric of conjecture, it is
+        evident that Sutherland imagined a system of baths existed
+        west of the great Roman Bath similar in all respects to
+        that known to exist east of the great Roman Bath. But here,
+        again, theory has been upset by facts. And now is a fitting
+        opportunity to draw attention to what has been actually
+        discovered west of the great Roman Bath, namely, the
+        octagon Roman Well, which I should be disposed to consider
+        Major Davis's greatest discovery, though I observe that
+        hostile critics take no notice of this, possibly because it
+        is beyond the region of dispute. If any one, able to point
+        what he reads, still believes that the great Roman Bath was
+        ever practically opened up in the last century I would
+        refer him to Mr. Moore's able and suggestive paper,
+        entitled 'Organisms from the recently discovered Roman
+        Baths in Bath,' read to the members of the Bath
+        Microscopical Society, in May, 1883. Once more I insist
+        that we must clearly separate what Sutherland knew from
+        what he conjectured. Indeed, Sutherland himself fairly
+        draws the distinctions. On page 21 he says, 'This ground
+        plot is exhibited in the plate annexed, as far as the earth
+        is cleared away. The remainder is supposed, and drawn out
+        in dotted lines.' These dotted lines represent a vast
+        <i>terra incognita</i> covering, practically, the whole of
+        the ground recently opened up. That the existence of the
+        great Roman Bath has been transferred from the region of
+        conjecture to the region of fact we owe entirely to the
+        enthusiasm and unwearied zeal of Major Davis, and no fair
+        mind can deny him the credit of being the practical
+        discoverer of the great Roman Bath. More credit than this
+        he has never claimed; less than this only the churlish and
+        envious will grudge him."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote12"
+                    name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote
+                    12:</b><a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a>
+
+        <p><a href="#platevii">Pl. VII.</a> gives a correct plan of
+        former discoveries as far as I have been able to ascertain,
+        and these I have made up to April 19th, 1884.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote13"
+                    name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote
+                    13:</b><a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The water, on ceasing pumping, rose to a height above
+        the lead of 7ft. 6in.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote14"
+                    name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote
+                    14:</b><a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The dimensions must not be taken to be quite correct in
+        all cases, as there are discrepancies and inaccuracies in
+        the building that prevent measurements being always
+        reliable.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote15"
+                    name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote
+                    15:</b><a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This bath is drawn to a large scale in
+        <a href="#plateviii">Pl. VIII.</a></p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote16"
+                    name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote
+                    16:</b><a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The construction of the steps to the baths deserves
+        remark (some of the stones being 10ft. long). The depth of
+        the riser to the steps that were beneath the water is
+        unusually deep, and the treads narrow. This is compensated
+        by the increased buoyancy of a human body when immersed, or
+        partially immersed, in water. The steps have, on the
+        contrary, a shallower rise and a wider tread when they
+        approach the top. The next notable point is the formation
+        of the tread of the upper flooded step. This is grooved by
+        a somewhat circular sinking, from 4 to 5in. wide,
+        immediately against the riser of the topmost step. Everyone
+        frequenting a public bath must have noticed the dashing of
+        the water against the wall or upper step, and the nuisance
+        created from the breaking of the water against it. The
+        grooving would remedy, I believe, this annoyance, as the
+        little waves of water would be made to take a curved form
+        before reaching the step; consequently the water would fall
+        back into the bath instead of dashing over the surrounding
+        platform. And in the ends of every upper step but one, and
+        on the steps lower down, have been square sockets, cut in
+        the stone and filled up again with pieces of stone. These
+        mark the position of balusters to a hand-rail for the use
+        of bathers that were removed some time previous to the
+        abandonment of the baths, and the stones were inserted.
+        These hand-rails were doubtless of bronze, and therefore of
+        value.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote17"
+                    name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote
+                    17:</b><a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>A statue of some size doubtless stood on this
+        pedestal.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote18"
+                    name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote
+                    18:</b><a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>This deposit must, from the thickness, have taken
+        several years to form, and the fact of its being of
+        precisely the same character as the present deposit from
+        the mineral spring is an evidence of the unchanging nature
+        of the water.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote19"
+                    name="footnote19"></a><b>Footnote
+                    19:</b><a href="#footnotetag19">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>With reference to the sculpture, one piece, of debased
+        character, has been found&mdash;a Minerva with a
+        breast-plate, helmet, and shield in <i>alto relievo</i>
+        within a niche.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote20"
+                    name="footnote20"></a><b>Footnote
+                    20:</b><a href="#footnotetag20">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The house over the bath having been purchased by the
+        Corporation, the Antiquities Committee (of which Mr. Murch
+        was chairman) with a liberal subscription from the Society
+        of Antiquaries, the Duke of Cleveland, and many noblemen
+        and gentlemen of Bath and the neighbourhood, bore the
+        expense of the removal of the soil from the bath and the
+        general opening out of the rains, the arches beneath the
+        Poor Law Office and the Viaduct supporting Abbey
+        Street.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote21"
+                    name="footnote21"></a><b>Footnote
+                    21:</b><a href="#footnotetag21">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The arches in the adjoining apartment west of this were
+        built of a sort of a tufa.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote22"
+                    name="footnote22"></a><b>Footnote
+                    22:</b><a href="#footnotetag22">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>On the falling of the roof one of the piers was thrust
+        out of the perpendicular, the upper half toppling over, and
+        the lower would have again returned to its original
+        position had a stone not fallen into the vertical joint,
+        catching the pilaster as a wedge. The pier is still fixed
+        out of the perpendicular by the stone in the joint.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote23"
+                    name="footnote23"></a><b>Footnote
+                    23:</b><a href="#footnotetag23">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The bases of the columns found, on the contrary, are
+        most carefully designed and of most delicate proportions,
+        which appear to justify the belief that the bases of the
+        pilasters were never completely <i>worked</i>, or that they
+        were coated with plaster and decorated as in the western
+        bath, now being excavated.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote24"
+                    name="footnote24"></a><b>Footnote
+                    24:</b><a href="#footnotetag24">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Professor Middleton considers this a cornucopia.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote25"
+                    name="footnote25"></a><b>Footnote
+                    25:</b><a href="#footnotetag25">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>A small drawing of these pieces I shall also on a future
+        occasion communicate.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote26"
+                    name="footnote26"></a><b>Footnote
+                    26:</b><a href="#footnotetag26">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"The foundation of a monastery by an under-King of the
+        Hwiccas [Osric, Nov. 6, A.D. 676,] within its walls,
+        reveals to us the springing up of a new life in another of
+        the cities which had been wrecked by Ceawlin's inroad, the
+        city of Bath."&mdash;<i>Green's "Making of England</i>," p.
+        356.</p>
+
+        <p>Professor Earle throws some doubt on the authenticity of
+        the record.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <center>
+        Printed at the Herald Office, North Gate, Bath.
+    </center>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page45"
+       id="page45"></a>{45}</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a href="images/49.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/49.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>Hot Mineral Springs</h2>
+
+    <h3>OF BATH,</h3>
+
+    <h4>Vested in the Corporation of the City.</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <center>
+        FOUNDED by the Romans in the First Century.
+    </center>
+
+    <h4>Bathers during 1889, 104,597.</h4>
+
+    <center>
+        <i>Daily yield 507,600 gallons at 120° Fah.</i>
+    </center>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>These Waters are beneficial in all forms of Gout, Sub-acute,
+    Chronic and Muscular Rheumatism&mdash;Neuralgias, Sciatica,
+    Lumbago, certain forms of Paralysis, Nervous Debility, Diseases
+    of Women, Disorders of the Digestive System, Tropical Anoemia,
+    Metallic Poisoning, Eczema, Lepra, Psoriasis, and all the Scaly
+    Diseases of the Skin. Some Surgical Diseases of the Joints,
+    general Weakness of Limbs after injury, and Diseases of the
+    Throat and Air Passages.</p>
+
+    <p>Upwards of £40,000 have been lately expended by the
+    Corporation of the City to enlarge and perfect the various
+    appliances, rendering them, in the words of one of the greatest
+    Hygienic Physicians of the day, THE MOST PERFECT IN EUROPE.
+    Thermal Vapour, Douche with Massage by doucheurs and doucheuses
+    from Continental Spas, Pulverised and Vapour Douche, Spray, Dry
+    and Moist Heat, and Shower, with luxurious Cooling Rooms.</p>
+
+    <center>
+        BAND DAILY IN THE PUMP ROOM.
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        <b>Last Return of the Medical Officer of Health for Bath
+        17'9 per 1000.</b>
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page46"
+       id="page46"></a>{46}</span>
+
+    <h3>CHARGES FOR BATHS.</h3>
+
+    <h4>New Royal Baths, <i>Adjoining the Grand Hotel</i>.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td></td>
+
+            <td>Prices.</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Deep Bath..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Reclining Bath..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Dry Douche..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee..</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher)
+        3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Attendant's Fee, 6<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <p>Attached to these Baths is a</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4><i>SWIMMING BATH, Temp. 82 to 84 Fahrt.,</i></h4>
+
+    <center>
+        Daily supplied with Fresh Mineral Water.
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        For Ladies' use on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        With use of Private Room for 1 Person, 1<i>s.</i>; 2
+        Persons, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; 3 Persons, 2<i>s.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        Public Room, 6<i>d.</i> Bathing Dresses, 2<i>d.</i>
+        Attendant's Fee, 1<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        This Bath is available for Gentlemen on Tuesdays, till 1
+        p.m., Thursdays, Saturdays, and on Sunday Mornings up to
+        9.30 a.m., at 1<i>s.</i> each Person.
+    </center>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>The Royal Baths, Bath Street.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Deep Bath.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>ditto ditto with Douche.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Second Class Deep Bath.</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>ditto ditto with Douche.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Reclining Bath.</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>ditto with Douche.</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Shower Bath</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        Attendant's Fees. 2<i>d.</i> &amp; 3<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h4><i>TEPID SWIMMING BATH, for Gentlemen only.</i></h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>With use of Private Room ..</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>9</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>With use of Public Room ..</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        No Attendant's Fees. This Bath is closed on Thursdays at 1
+        p.m.
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h4><b>Cross Bath</b>, Open Daily (Fridays excepted), Sunday
+    till 9 a.m.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>Open Public Bath</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Open Public Bath, with Towel</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <p>This Bath is available for Females on Thursdays, under the
+    charge of a female attendant. Fee, including bathing dress,
+    2<i>d.</i></p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page47"
+       id="page47"></a>{47}</span>
+
+    <h4>King's and Queen's Baths, Stall Street.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td></td>
+
+            <td align="center">Prices.</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Deep Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Reclining Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Douche, or Shower, or Lumbar Douche, or
+            Douche Ascendante</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Special Douche</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Needle Douche (or Douche en Cercle)</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Deep Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Vertebral Douche 1<i>s.</i> extra Moist and Dry
+            Heat per hour</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Deep Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <center>
+        First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher)
+        3<i>s.</i> Attendant's Fee, 6<i>d.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <center>
+        <i>GROUND FLOOR.</i>
+    </center>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>First Class Reclining Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Ditto with Scottish Douche</td>
+
+            <td align="center">2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Reclining Bath with Massage</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>9</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage Bath</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Scottish Douche alone</td>
+
+            <td align="center">1</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Second Class Reclining Baths</td>
+
+            <td>6<i>d.</i> &amp; 1<i>s.</i></td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>King's Public Baths</td>
+
+            <td>6<i>d.</i> &amp; 1<i>s.</i></td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td align="center">0</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <h4>Massage &amp; Vapour Baths, Bouillon &amp; Pulverising
+    Room.</h4>
+
+    <table summary=""
+           align="center">
+        <tr>
+            <td>Special Medicated Baths</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage Douche Bath, Aix-les-Bains system (2
+            doucheurs)</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Berthollet with Massage (1 doucheur)</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage, in Reclining Bath and Douche (1
+            doucheur)</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Massage Douche Bath (Aix-les-Bains system) 1
+            doucheur</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Berthollet-Natural Vapour Bath</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Bouillon Room, if taken alone</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Pulverization for the Nose, Ears, Eyes, Face, or
+            Throat</td>
+
+            <td>1</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Sitz Bath (special)</td>
+
+            <td>2</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Attendant's Fee</td>
+
+            <td>0</td>
+
+            <td>3</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <p>Portable Baths, at a temperature not exceeding 106°, Fahrt.,
+    can be supplied at private residences, by arrangement. Also
+    Mineral Water in Bottles.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>Arrangements for Drinking the Waters.</h4>
+
+    <center>
+        The Grand Pump Room is open each Week-day from 8.30 a.m.
+        till 6 p.m., and on Sundays after the Morning service till
+        2 p.m.
+    </center>
+
+    <p>CHARGES&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Single Glass 2<i>d.</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Per Book of 20 Coupons 1 6</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>One Coupon must be given up each time of Drinking the Water,
+    at either the Grand Pump Room or the Hetling Pump Room.</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Ticket for Drinking the Water for 12 Months, for One
+            Person £1.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>For a Family £2.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Tickets for Bathing must in all cases be obtained at the
+    Ticket Office adjoining the Grand Hotel, and all baths are
+    booked by the clerk in charge; and such baths must be paid for
+    at the time of booking.</p>
+
+    <p>All Fees to Attendants are included in the charge paid for
+    Tickets.</p>
+
+    <p>Any irregularities or incivility on the part of any of the
+    Attendants should at once be reported to the General
+    Manager.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXCAVATIONS OF ROMAN BATHS AT BATH***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 13582-h.txt or 13582-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath, by
+Charles E. Davis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath
+
+Author: Charles E. Davis
+
+Release Date: October 2, 2004  [eBook #13582]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXCAVATIONS OF ROMAN BATHS AT
+BATH***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Ted Garvin, William Flis, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
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+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+
+
+
+ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE ROMAN BATHS AT BATH.
+
+Re-printed from the _Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire
+Archaeological Society_, Vol. Viii., Part I.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Plate V: City of Bath. Plan of Roman Baths.]
+
+
+
+
+Leland, on his visit to Bath in the year 1530, with tolerable fulness
+describes the baths, and after completing his description of the
+King's Bath goes on to say "Ther goith a sluse out of this Bath and
+servid in Tymes past with Water derivid out of it 2 places in Bath
+Priorie usid for Bathes: els voide; for in them be no springes;" and
+further on he says "The water that goith from the Kinges Bath turnith
+a Mylle and after goith into Avon above Bath-bridge."
+
+These two sentences have hitherto been difficult of explanation, but
+the excavations, which it has been my good fortune to superintend, and
+the discoveries I have made, have fully explained Leland's meaning, at
+the same time that I have brought to light the great Roman Bath, which
+I purpose describing in detail in this paper, writing only of previous
+excavations and those I have conducted in connection with this work,
+so far as their description may the more fully render my account
+perfect of the Great Bath itself. I desire to confine my paper within
+such limits as the space afforded me in this Journal necessarily
+imposes.
+
+Some time during the last century the ruins of a mill wheel were found
+to the south of the King's Bath. I have in my excavation discovered
+the _mediaeval_ sluice that led to this wheel. Leland speaks of "two
+places in Bath Priorie used for Bathes els voide."
+
+In a map of Bath preserved in the Sloane Collection of the British
+Museum, drawn by William Smith (_Rouge Dragon Pursuivant at Arms_)
+a few years previous to 1568,[1] is an open bath immediately to the
+south of the Transept of the Abbey called "the mild Bathe."[2] This,
+or at any rate what I may consider was the "mild bath," I found in my
+explorations beneath the soil at a situation in York Street, connected
+with the Hot-water drains, the bath being still provided with a wooden
+hatch, and of the dimensions of a good sized room.[3] The other place
+mentioned by Leland was discovered in 1755, and this discovery led
+the way to the excavations of a great bath (afterwards called Lucas's
+Bath), when the eastern wall of the great Hall of the recently found
+bath was first laid open, although from its position not having
+been properly noted previous to its being covered up, its situation
+remained unknown for nearly 130 years.
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Peach, in the preface to "the Historic Houses in
+Bath," page 5, quotes 1572; but this is the date of the completion of
+Mr. Smith's book, the drawings of which occupied many years.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Mr. Smith gives a list of "Wonders in England": 1st. "The
+Baths at ye Citty of Bath are accompted one although yet they are not
+so wonderfull seeing that ye Sulphur and Brimston in the earth is the
+cause thereof but this may pass well enough for one."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Evidently the ruin of a portion of the Roman Thermae,
+repaired in the 12th or 13th century.]
+
+In Dr. Sutherland's "_Attempts to revive Ancient Medical Doctrines_,"
+(page 16), _et infra_, he says: "In the year of our Lord 1755[4]
+the old Priory or Abbey house was pulled down. In clearing away the
+foundations, stone coffins, bones of various animals, and other things
+were found. This moved curiosity to search still deeper. Hot mineral
+waters gushed forth and interrupted the work. The old Roman sewer
+was at last found; the water was drained off. Foundations of regular
+buildings were fairly traced." An illustration of these discoveries
+is given in Gough's "Camden," and a plan of them was published by Dr.
+Lucas and again by Dr. Sutherland (_Pl. V._) copied in 1822 by Dr.
+Spry with discoveries to that date (_Pl. VI._), and by Mr. Phelps,
+the latter re-published by the Rev. Preb. Scarth in his _Aquae Solis_,
+1864. I have, in part, myself and also when assisted by Mr. T. Irvine
+(the architect, under Sir Gilbert Scott, of the restoration of the
+Bath Abbey), examined the small portion of these discoveries that
+are still left _in situ_. I quote Dr. Sutherland, 1763, p. 17, for
+an account. "Assisted by Mr. Wood, architect," Dr. Lucas examined
+the ruins as they then appeared. He gives the following description:
+"Under the foundations of the Abbey house, full 10ft. deep, appear
+traces of a bath, whose dimensions are 43ft. by 34ft. Within and
+adjoining to the walls are the remains of twelve pilasters, each
+measuring 3ft. 6in. on the front of the plinth by a projection of
+2ft. 3in. These pilasters seem to have supported a roof.[5] This bath
+stood north and south. To the northward of this room, parted only by
+a slender wall with an opening of about 10in. in the middle, adjoined
+a semi-circular bath, measuring from east to west 14ft. 4in., and
+from the crown of the semi-circle to the partition wall that divides
+it from the square bath 18ft. 10in. The roof of this seems to have
+been sustained by four pilasters, one in each angle and two at the
+springing of the circle. This bath seems to have undergone some
+alterations, the base of the semi-circle is filled up to about the
+height of 5ft., upon which two small pilasters were set on either
+side from the area, between two separate flights of steps into the
+semi-circular part which seems to be all that was reserved for a bath.
+In this was placed a stone chair 18in. high and 16in. broad. The two
+flights of steps were of different dimensions, those to the west were
+3ft. 9in. broad, those to the east 4ft. 2in. Each flight consists of
+steps 6in. thick, and seem to have been worn by use 31/2in. out of the
+square. These flights are divided by a stone partition on a level with
+the floor. Along this division and along the west side of the area, a
+rude channel of about 3in. in depth was cut in the stone. The floor
+of this bath seems to be on a level with that of the square bath.
+Eastward and westward from the area and stairs of this semi-circular
+bath stood an elegant room on each side, sustained by four pilasters.
+Separated by a wall stood the _Hypocausta Laconica_, or _Stoves_, to
+the eastward. These consisted of two large rooms, each measuring 39ft.
+by 22ft. Each had a double floor, one of which lay 1ft. 9in. lower
+than the area round the square bath. On this lower floor stand rows
+of pillars composed of square bricks of about 13/4in. thick and 9in.
+square. These pillars sustain a second floor composed of tiles 2ft.
+square and 2in. thick, over which are laid two layers of firm cement
+mortar, each about 2in. thick, which compose the upper floor.
+
+[Plate VI: Facsimile of Dr. Sprys' plan published 1822 shewing
+discoveries to that date.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Monday, August 18, 1755, Bath. A most valuable Work of
+Antiquity has been lately discovered here. Under the foundation of
+the Abbey House now taking down, in order to be rebuilt by the Duke
+of Kingston, the workmen discovered the foundations of more ancient
+buildings, and fell upon some cavities, which gradually led to further
+discoveries. There are now fairly laid open, the foundations and
+remains of very august Roman baths and sudatories, constructed upon
+their elegant plans, with floors suspended upon square-brick pillars,
+and surrounded with tubulated bricks, for the equal conveyance of
+heat and vapour. Their dimensions are very large, but not yet fully
+laid open, and some curious parts of their structure are not yet
+explained.--(_Gentleman's Magazine_.)]
+
+[Footnote 5: In the library of the Society of Antiquaries is a drawing
+of this bath with an imaginary restoration.]
+
+"To the northward, separated by a wall of 3ft. 11in., stood the other
+_Hypocaustum_, with a door of communication. The floor of this is
+about 18in. higher than the other. These two rooms are set round with
+square-brick tubes of different lengths, from 16in. to 20in. in length
+and 63/4in. wide. These flues have two lateral openings of about 2in.
+square, 5in. asunder. These open into the vacuum between the two
+floors and rise through the walls. The north wall of the last stove
+was filled with tubes of a lesser size, placed horizontally and
+perpendicularly. The stones and bricks between the pillars bear
+evident marks of fire, while the flues are strongly charged with soot,
+which plainly points out their uses.
+
+"Heat was communicated to these flues by means of _Praefurnia_. In
+the middle of the northern wall of the second stove, the ruins of one
+of these furnaces appear. It consists of strong walls of about 16ft.
+square, with an opening in the centre of about 3ft. wide, which
+terminates conically in the north wall of the stove 2 ft. wide where
+part of the broken arch bears evident marks of fire. About the mouth
+of the furnace there were scattered pieces of burnt wood, charcoal,
+&c., evident proofs of their use.
+
+"On each side of the furnace, adjoining to the wall of the
+northernmost stove, is a semi-circular chamber of about 10ft. 4in.
+by 9ft. 6in. Their floors are nearly 2ft. 6in. lower than that of the
+next stove into which they both open. The pavements are tesselated
+with variegated rows of pebbles and red bricks. To the northward of
+these there appear ruins of two other square chambers of more ordinary
+work." Thus far Lucas.
+
+Dr. Sutherland goes on to say, "Since the time of his (Lucas's)
+publication the ground has been further cleared away. There now
+appears another semi-circular bath to the southward, of the same
+dimensions exactly with the first. What he calls the Great Bath, with
+its semi-circular _Hypocausta Laconica_, &c., forms only one wing
+of a spacious regular building. From a survey of these, our ruins,
+we may, with some certainty, determine the nature of these _Balnea
+pensilia_.... The Eastern Vapour Baths are now demolishing in order
+to make way for more modern improvements. Whenever the rubbish that
+covers the eastern wing of the Roman ruins comes to be removed similar
+_Balnea pensilia_ will doubtless be found.
+
+"From each corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a base of
+68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These walls I have
+traced 6ft. or 8ft. westward under that causeway that leads from the
+Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose, they have run
+a length proportionable to the width, they compose a bath which may
+indeed be called _Great_, 96ft. by 68ft.
+
+[Plate VII: A Ground Plan of the Antient Roman Bath lately discovered
+in the City of Bath, Somersetshire, with a Section of the Eastern
+Wing.]
+
+"Adjoining to the inside walls of this central bath, there are bases
+of pilasters, as in Lucas's. Between the wall and the bath there
+is a corridor paved with hard blue stone 8in. thick.[6] From the
+westernmost side of Lucas's bath a subterranean passage has been
+traced 24ft., at the end of which was found a leaden cistern, raised
+about 3ft. above the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water.
+From this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction
+eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath.... Assisted by Mr.
+Palmer, an ingenious builder, I have ventured to exhibit a complete
+ground plot of the Roman Baths,[7] a discovery of no less curiosity
+than instruction.... This ground plot is exhibited in the plate
+annexed (_Pl. V._) as far as the earth is cleared away. The remainder
+is supposed and drawen out in dotted lines. The plate exhibits also an
+elevation of the section of the wing discovered, with references."[8]
+
+[Footnote 6: A correspondent in the _Bath Chronicle, purporting to be
+Richard Mann_, the builder employed under me to excavate the greater
+portion of the discoveries, but whose services were dispensed with,
+quotes the above as follows: "Adjoining to the inner walls of the
+central bath there are bases of Pilasters, as in Lucas's between the
+walls and the bath. There is a corridor paved with hard blue stone
+eight inches thick." The full-stop being placed at the word "bath,"
+instead of before the word "between," gives to the quotation a totally
+different meaning from that conveyed by Dr. Sutherland.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Fac-simile Pl. V._]
+
+[Footnote 8: In the plate the reference describes the bath to be
+90ft., but in the text of Sutherland the dimensions are given as 96ft.
+which agrees with the scale on the plan.]
+
+Dr. Sutherland published the plan of the bath with this description
+having "_drawen_ out in dotted lines" the supposed arrangement of the
+baths. To make the account of these discoveries of 1755 complete,
+I must explain that the _Hypocausta Laconica_, or stoves, to the
+eastward, which he described as each measuring 39ft. by 22ft., were,
+I believe, the _tepidarium_ and the _caldarium_. The two semi-circular
+recesses, or small rooms, to the north, I should consider were each
+a _sudatorium_ if the floors had not been 2ft. 6in. lower than the
+adjoining apartment. In the centre was the stove by which the system
+was heated (the _praefurnium_). To the north of these, Dr. Sutherland
+figures, in dotted lines, three chambers omitted in my plan. Although
+I believe he had some authority for giving them, I am somewhat at a
+loss to assign a use to these rooms. They might be stoves, as, if
+the Romans desired to have a bath artificially heated, this would be
+the correct position for the brazen vessels, described somewhat
+unintelligibly by Vitruvius, as three in number. If this was the case,
+each semi-circular recess just described was a _calda lavatio, balneum
+or labrum_. [A similar _labrum_, but of smaller scale, was discovered
+at Box, near Bath, last year, and I have discovered on the property of
+Mr. Charles I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P. (author of "Origins of History")
+a similar one.] The floor being 2ft. 6in. lower than the adjoining
+apartment points to this belief. These, I have little doubt, were
+those artificially heated baths, and were cased either with lead,
+stone, marble, or small white tesserae, as at Box. To the south of
+the _tepidarium_, Dr. Sutherland gives a precisely similar suggested
+plan as that to the north, but here again I have not copied him,
+believing he had not sufficient data. In all probability here was an
+_apodyterium_ (which might or might not be heated with a _hypocaust_)
+where the bathers deposited their clothes. Dr. Sutherland thought that
+to the east of the discoveries which he described there would be found
+probably at some future day "similar _Balnea pensilia_."[9] In opening
+the Roman drains I found a branch one at this place, which induces
+me to think that a large cold or swimming bath occupied the eastern
+wing, the _baptisterium_ or _frigida lavatio_. Still farther eastward
+are fragments of Roman buildings which I have seen only in a very
+fragmentary way, as no excavations of any extent have been made. I
+believe the apartments necessary to complete the system of the modern
+Turkish bath, or rather the ancient bath, with the requisite waiting
+rooms and corridors, stood there.
+
+[Footnote 9: These baths and adjoining rooms occupied the block
+between Church Street and York Street, including Kingston Buildings.]
+
+After these discoveries of the middle of the last century but very
+partial excavations were made in proximity to the baths, and those
+that were made were never sunk to a depth sufficient to reach the
+ruins. The flood of hot water had no drain to carry it off, and was
+maintained at such a height in the soil that whenever a sinking was
+made, it was impossible without pumping machinery to sufficiently
+overcome it. To my discovery of the Roman drain, or rather to
+Mr. Irvine's, and the excavating, opening, and reconstructing it
+which followed (under my superintendence, at the charges of the
+Corporation), enabling me to drain off the hot water from the soil, I
+owe the ability to reveal what had been hidden since the destruction
+of the city of Bath in the year A.D. 577.[10] The stopping up and
+destruction of the drain prevented the water from flowing away, so
+that the buildings of the baths were filled with water of a height
+until it reached the level of the adjoining land, covering, as a
+guardian, the lead and other valuables. Soil then gravitated into the
+ruins and thus further assisted in preserving the antiquities, so that
+they were altogether hidden from the people who re-built the ruined
+city of Bath, and from those who in successive generations succeeded
+them. The subterranean "passage traced 24ft." from the western side
+of Lucas's bath, "at the end of which was found a leaden cistern,"
+was not in any way Roman work, but mediaeval, and was formed some time
+after the construction of the Abbey house, as an aqueduct for the hot
+water with which the soil was saturated. This construction is the
+only evidence of an early discovery of this eastward wing of the bath,
+indeed the only evidence of mediaeval work of any kind in connection
+with the baths, except the enclosure of the various springs or wells.
+The King's Bath, the Cross, and the Lepers' Bath were simply the wells
+or cisterns of the springs which were bathed in to the damage of the
+purity of the water, without dressing-rooms of any kind.
+
+[Footnote 10: "But the old municipal independence seems to have
+been passing away. The record of the battle in the chronicle of
+the conquerors connects the three cities (Bath, Gloucester, and
+Cirencester) with three Kings; and from the Celtic names of these
+Kings, Conmael, Condidan, or Kyndylan, and Farinmael, we may infer
+that the Roman town party, which had once been strong enough to
+raise Aurelius to the throne of Britain, was now driven to bow to the
+supremacy of native chieftains. It was the forces of these Kings that
+met Ceawlin at Deorham, a village which lies northward of Bath, on a
+chain of hill overlooking the Severn valley, and whose defeat threw
+open the country of the three towns to the West Saxon army."--_Green's
+"Making of England,"_ p. 128.]
+
+This concludes the particulars of the important discoveries which we
+possess of the last century, which were then correctly believed to be
+only portions of still greater baths.[11] In 1799 (or, as I believe,
+in 1809, the more correct date) a portion of what has proved to be the
+north-west semi-circular _exedra_ of the Great Bath was found, and six
+to nine years later a part of the south-west rectangular _exedra_ of
+the same bath. The discovery of 1799 (or rather 1809) is shown on the
+Rev. Prebendary Scarth's map as being the northern apse of a bath on
+the western end of the great bath, as suggested by Dr. Sutherland's
+plan and was to correspond with Lucas's Bath. The semi-circular
+_exedra_ discovered subsequently to a deed dated Sept. 1808 (therefore
+in that year or subsequently) is also figured by the Rev. Prebendary
+Scarth, as on the south end of the same western bath and a piece of a
+rectangular _exedra_ as the eastern wall of this western bath and the
+boundary between it and the Great Bath.
+
+[Footnote 11: As there have appeared in local papers considerable
+discussions as to these baths, I quote from one of the letters the
+following as being remarkably clear and explanatory:--
+
+"In 1755, Dr. Lucas discovered a Roman bath, east of, and immediately
+adjoining, the Great Bath, which is now attracting so much attention.
+Lucas's Bath stood north and south--an important fact to bear in mind,
+as the great Roman Bath stands east and west--and measured 43ft. by
+34ft. But this was not all. 'To the north of this room,' he says,
+'parted only by a slender wall, adjoined a semi-circular bath,
+measuring from east to west, 14ft. 4in.' After the publication of
+Lucas's 'Essay on Waters,' the ground was further cleared away,
+and there appeared another semi-circular bath to the south, of the
+same dimensions as that to the north. The extreme length of Lucas's
+bath--including the N. and S. Baths, exclusive of the central
+semi-circular recesses--would be, roughly speaking 69ft.; and this
+fact should be carefully borne in mind, as we shall see presently to
+what use it was turned. Dr. Lucas's discoveries were pushed one stage
+further by Dr. Sutherland, who in his work entitled 'Attempts to
+revive Ancient Medical Doctrines' (1763) clearly indicates (_Pl. V._)
+that he was on the track of another bath, the Great Roman Bath, in
+fact, with which we are now so familiar. His words are as follows:
+'From each, corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a base
+of 68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These walls I have
+traced six or eight feet westward under that causeway, which leads
+from the Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose,
+they have run a length proportionable to their width, they compose
+a bath which may indeed be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.... From the
+westernmost side of Lucas's Bath a subterraneous passage has been
+traced 24ft., at the end of which was found a leaden cistern, raised
+about 3ft. above the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water.
+From this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction
+eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath' (pp. 20-21). Thus then
+in 1763 (1) the north and south walls of the great Roman Bath had been
+traced 6ft. or 8ft. west of Lucas's Bath. (2) Furthermore, starting
+from the centre of the west side of Lucas's Bath, a line had been
+traced to the east steps of the great Roman Bath. These are plain
+historical facts, open to everyone who will look into the plans of our
+baths, as given by Sutherland in 1763, and by Prebendary Scarth in
+his 'Aquae Solis' in 1864. But our City Architect has been charged with
+suppressing these facts for his own glorification. Now, Sir, I think
+no unprejudiced man, who has heard Major Davis's addresses and read
+his books, can justly bring this charge. If I mistake not, he fairly
+stated the case in 1880, both in his address before the Society of
+Antiquaries, and in his lecture at the Bath Literary Institution.
+He has most certainly concealed nothing in his published works 'The
+Bathes of Bathe's Ayde' and 'Guide to the Roman Baths.' In the former
+work he says (p. 81), 'Dr. Sutherland indicates a large bath westward
+of that which had been discovered in his time, in fact there can be
+little doubt that the steps at the eastward end of a great bath had
+then been found;' in the latter, whilst alluding to the published
+plans of Sutherland, he says (p. 10), 'These plans indicate a large
+bath westward of that discovered in 1754 (? 1755), in fact the
+eastward steps of a bath had then been found.' Here then is a full and
+candid admission of all the facts known about the great Roman Bath in
+the middle of the last century; and this anyone can see by reference
+to the map in Prebendary Scarth's 'Aquae Solis'--the diagram (copied
+from Spry) there being almost similar to Sutherland's conjectural
+plan of the baths, except that the section of Lucas's Bath, correctly
+represented in Sutherland's map is figured upside-down by Spry and
+Scarth. It is quite clear what Sutherland knew of the great Roman
+Bath; it is equally clear that when he proceeded, on the strength of
+his very limited observations, to draw a conjectural plan of the whole
+bath, he fell into absolute errors, such as, commonly enough, spring
+out of hasty generalisations based on scanty data. Thus, he gives
+the dimensions of the enclosure of the great bath as 96ft. by 68ft.;
+whereas, as a matter of fact, they are 111ft. by 68ft. How is this
+discrepancy to be explained? 'A Citizen' in your last weekly issue,
+says 'The alleged discrepancies in the measurements, which Mr. Davis
+has used to prove his case, are but the differentiations of the
+external measurements with the sinuous subterranean windings.' These
+are indeed brave words, indulged in rather to diminish Major Davis
+credit than to rescue Sutherland; but a truer explanation of the
+real discrepancies stares any man in the face who will open Dr.
+Sutherland's work. There is no occasion to be wise beyond what
+is written: 'When, as we may suppose, they have run a length
+proportionable to their width, they compose a bath, which may indeed
+be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.' The fact is, Sutherland supposed that
+the dimensions of the great Roman Bath would observe the same relative
+proportions as Lucas's Bath. The room of Lucas's Bath, let it be
+remembered, was 43ft. by 34ft., or rather 30ft. 6in. from the face of
+the pilasters. In other words, the length was equal to the diagonal
+of the square of the base. Then, having observed that the base of
+the room of the great Roman Bath--formed by the length of Lucas's
+Bath--was 68ft., Sutherland assumed that its length also would be
+equal to the diagonal of the square of base, namely 96ft. This patent
+error, assuming that the unknown would have a relative correspondence
+with the known quantities, was the fruitful source of many more. (1)
+The dimensions of the outer rectangular area formed by the room of the
+great Roman Bath being false, the dimensions of the inner rectangular
+area formed by the water surface of the bath were necessarily false
+also. (2) Steps were observed at one end only of the water surface of
+Lucas's Bath; therefore it was inferred that steps would be found at
+one end only of the water surface of the great bath, the eastern end
+as figured in the maps of 1763 and 1864, whereas we now know that
+steps run all round. (3) The _exedrae_ at the back of the _schola_
+having no existence in Lucas's Bath, were omitted from the conjectural
+plan of the great Roman Bath. (4) Lucas's Bath being a plain hall
+without piers, Sutherland assumed the same form for the hall of the
+great Roman Bath, and altogether omitted the arcades that divide
+it into three aisles. (5) Not to dwell on other errors built on the
+baseless fabric of conjecture, it is evident that Sutherland imagined
+a system of baths existed west of the great Roman Bath similar in
+all respects to that known to exist east of the great Roman Bath.
+But here, again, theory has been upset by facts. And now is a fitting
+opportunity to draw attention to what has been actually discovered
+west of the great Roman Bath, namely, the octagon Roman Well, which
+I should be disposed to consider Major Davis's greatest discovery,
+though I observe that hostile critics take no notice of this, possibly
+because it is beyond the region of dispute. If any one, able to point
+what he reads, still believes that the great Roman Bath was ever
+practically opened up in the last century I would refer him to Mr.
+Moore's able and suggestive paper, entitled 'Organisms from the
+recently discovered Roman Baths in Bath,' read to the members of the
+Bath Microscopical Society, in May, 1883. Once more I insist that we
+must clearly separate what Sutherland knew from what he conjectured.
+Indeed, Sutherland himself fairly draws the distinctions. On page 21
+he says, 'This ground plot is exhibited in the plate annexed, as far
+as the earth is cleared away. The remainder is supposed, and drawn
+out in dotted lines.' These dotted lines represent a vast _terra
+incognita_ covering, practically, the whole of the ground recently
+opened up. That the existence of the great Roman Bath has been
+transferred from the region of conjecture to the region of fact we owe
+entirely to the enthusiasm and unwearied zeal of Major Davis, and no
+fair mind can deny him the credit of being the practical discoverer of
+the great Roman Bath. More credit than this he has never claimed; less
+than this only the churlish and envious will grudge him."]
+
+All these fragments I have lately proved to be portions of the great
+Roman Bath (_Plates VII. and VIII._), and being within instead of
+without that building. The Rev. Prebendary Scarth omits altogether to
+figure the southern rectangular _exedra_, found at the same time as
+the last named discovery. He also omits the discoveries made in 1809
+(?) beneath the houses at the north-western end of York Street. In
+1790 very valuable discoveries were made in digging the foundation of
+the present Pump Room. Many writers have treated of them and expressed
+opinions as to the character of the work and the meaning of the
+design, and Mr. Scharf, in _Archaeologia_, Vol. XXXVI., has done ample
+justice to these most interesting vestiges: They have been described
+by Pownall, Lysons, Warner, Collins, Scharf, Tite, and Scarth,
+as being portions of a Temple of the usual type, dedicated to Sul
+Minerva. Whitaker, in a review of Warner's History of Bath, printed
+in the _Anti-Jacobin_, Vol. X., 1801, differs from all these writers,
+although believing the remains to be a portion of a temple, and
+thought they were a part of a building of the form of "_a rotunda_,"
+as the Pantheon. "The _Pantheon_ of Minerva _Medica_, an agnomen very
+similar in allusiveness to our praenomen _of Sulinis_, for Minerva is
+noticed expressly by Ruius and Victor in their short notes concerning
+the structures of Rome, as then standing in the Esquiline quarter. The
+form of a Pantheon is made out by the multiplicity of niches,... and
+such, we believe, was our own Temple of Minerva at Bath." It would
+occupy too much space were I to attempt to add to this paper my views
+of this discovery, but I may briefly say, that I am satisfied that
+they were not the remains of a Temple, but a portion of the central
+Portico and grand Vestibule of the Baths. I have not gone fully into
+the reasons that induced Whitaker to believe that the discoveries
+showed that the building was a Rotunda, but it is curious that he
+should have thought they had a similarity to the Pantheon at Rome,
+which antiquaries since his time have proved was not 'built for a
+temple, but that it was an entrance hall or vestibule of the Baths of
+Agrippa, although it is doubtful if the Rotunda was built at the same
+time as the Portico, which was, without doubt, erected B.C. 27.
+
+The grand Roman enclosure of the Hot well (_Pl. VII[12]_) (which I
+have lately discovered and excavated, beneath the King's Bath, on the
+south of this principal Portico) is again utilised, and forms a tank
+for the mineral water, from which are fed the baths and fountains
+with water, pure as it rises from "depths unknown," and secured from
+any possibility of contamination in its passage, through the newly
+discovered water ducts and drains of the Romans.
+
+[Footnote 12: Pl. VII. gives a correct plan of former discoveries
+as far as I have been able to ascertain, and these I have made up to
+April 19th, 1884.]
+
+In 1871, whilst making some necessary excavation to remedy a leak from
+the King's Bath that apparently ran beneath Abbey Passage, I found
+that the hot water, that was reached through layers of mud, Roman
+tiles, building materials, and mixed soil, was one and the same with
+the hot water of the Kingston Bath that then occupied the site of the
+Bath called Lucas's Bath, discovered in 1755; and the levels were
+the same. I pumped out this water with powerful pumps, emptying by so
+doing the Kingston Baths. This enabled me to sink to a depth of 20ft.,
+passing in so doing a flight of four steps at the point (A) on the
+plan (_Pl. VIII._), to the bottom of a bath which was coated with
+lead.[13] Being compelled by the then owner of the Kingston Baths
+to discontinue pumping, I was obliged to abandon my work; and having
+little hope that I should ever be allowed to recommence it, I removed
+a portion of the lead, which proved to be a thickness of about 30lbs.
+to the foot, placed on a layer of brick concrete 2in. to 21/4in. thick,
+and this again on a layer of freestone 12in., or rather a Roman foot
+11-5/8in. in thickness, which was again bedded on rough stonework,
+the depth of which I could not ascertain. Fortunately I did not again
+fill in the soil, but arched it in, building walls of masonry to keep
+it in position. The Corporation having obtained possession of the hot
+water supplying the Kingston Baths, I should rather say, the right to
+the water that leaked from the King's Springs, I again drained off
+the water, maintaining it at a low level by a laborious excavation
+and re-construction of the Roman drain which was conducted at great
+expense for two or three years. This drain I followed several hundred
+feet until it reached the great well previously mentioned, making
+various and important discoveries; but, as I have already read a paper
+on this subject before the Society of Antiquaries of London, which
+will shortly be in the press, I will not repeat it here, but avail
+myself of the space allotted me in the Transactions of this Society
+for an account of the Great Bath, which I have, in great part, laid
+bare, soliciting a pardon if the account is somewhat tedious.
+
+[Footnote 13: The water, on ceasing pumping, rose to a height above
+the lead of 7ft. 6in.]
+
+The bath, placed in a great hall 110ft. 41/2in. long by 68ft. 5in. wide,
+is about 6ft. 8in. deep. The bottom, 73ft. 2in. by 29ft. 6in.[14] is
+formed as described in the last page.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: The dimensions must not be taken to be quite correct in
+all cases, as there are discrepancies and inaccuracies in the building
+that prevent measurements being always reliable.]
+
+[Footnote 15: This bath is drawn to a large scale in Pl. VIII.]
+
+The lead in sheets (of about 10ft. by 5ft. square) was turned up at
+the edges and _burnt_, not soldered together, but these joints are in
+many cases now imperfect. This well secured bottom, or floor, appears
+to have been placed in position, rather to keep the hot water from
+ascending into the bath from the springs beneath than to make the
+bath water-tight. Enclosing the bath all round the four sides are six
+steps, the sixth landing the bather on the _Schola_, or platform. The
+riser of the bottom steps varies in depth from 15in. to 11in., with a
+tread of 14in., the next riser is 14in. with a tread of 11in., as also
+is the next step and the one following. The step above has a rise of
+12in., and a tread of 14in. This step was scarcely covered with water,
+but it is evident the water flowed over it when bathers agitated it.
+The riser or the step above, 10in. to 12in., completes the flight and
+helped to keep the water within proper bounds, giving a total depth of
+6ft. 8in. to the bath, and from 5ft. 9in. to 5ft. 11in. for the water.
+These steps are quite devoid of lead (except, in places, the riser
+of the lower step and at the north-west corner), and it is not clear
+whether they had at any time such a covering, although I am inclined
+to think so, as it evidently went beneath the piers and under the
+central pedestal. At the bottom step, in the north-east corner, was a
+bronze sluice. The frame of this sluice, with an opening of 13in. by
+12in., I found in position when I excavated my way up the drain, but
+I was obliged to remove it in order to force my way into the bath. It
+has not been replaced, but is preserved in the Pump Room, and weighs
+more than 1 cwt. 2 qrs. An overflow was provided, immediately above
+the hatchway, by a grating 15in. wide that was doubtless of bronze
+also, but it had been removed, the stud-holes in the stones alone
+remaining.[16] The extreme surface of the water measured 82ft. 10in.
+by 40ft. 11in. and was a parallelogram, except that the north-western
+angle was cut off by the steps being carried obliquely in three tiers
+from the bottom a length of 7ft. at an angle of 39 deg. with the western
+end. Resting on the platform, formed by these three steps, is a
+quarter circle pedestal,[17] on which stands a large stone 6ft. 8in.
+long and 9in. thick, over-hanging its base, and presenting a concave
+line towards the bath with an _ovolo_ section in its thickness. This
+stone spans a large channel 2ft. 3in. wide, within which is fitted a
+very thick lead pipe, gradually narrowed _horizontally_ and turned
+up under the _ovolo_ concave stone. Through this aperture the mineral
+water was thrown into the bath in a sort of spray, so that it might be
+cooled in its passage. A deposit from the water is incrusted over the
+stone and pipe several inches in thickness, until the petrification
+entirely stopped the flow of water, which was then compelled to flow
+_over_ instead of under the stone.[18] The water was conducted a
+distance of 38ft. in the thickness of the lower pavement (which I
+shall presently describe) of the _Schola_, the stone being removed a
+width of 2ft., the bed being concreted. On this was laid a lead pipe
+which filled the whole orifice, but, unfortunately, a length of 25ft.
+of it has been removed. This conduit takes a diagonal direction, and
+leads direct to the north-west angle of the hall, turning beneath a
+large doorway in the western wall, when it again resumes its original
+direction (the pipe, where perfect, is 1ft. 9in. by 7in. deep), as far
+as the outer surface of the wall of the octagon well. At this point
+the wall of the well is not original work, and the pipe is cut off.
+I have no doubt that it was at one time carried up vertically until
+it reached the level of the surface of the water of the well, which
+was about 2ft. 6in. higher at the least, thus giving a sufficient
+elevation to the "spray" into the bath. Another bronze hatchway, which
+must have been here, has been stolen in mediaeval times, its having
+been less than 2ft. below the bottom of the King's Bath making it
+accessible, whilst the 25ft. length of the lead pipe beneath the
+_schola_ must have been stolen much earlier, and in all probability on
+the destruction of the baths in the sixth century. In addition to the
+arrangement for the supply of mineral water to the baths, which must
+have been capable of affording a flow of water, very nearly, if not
+exceeding, the yield of the spring, there was also another, which I
+have every reason to think was for the delivery of cold water, and
+conveyed in a lead tubular pipe of 21/4in. in diameter. A length of
+25ft. 6in. of this pipe, in its original position, has been found and
+laid bare. It is made with a roll along the top, and burnt, as was
+usual before the invention of "drawn pipes." This pipe is particularly
+interesting as there are also in it two soldered joints at intervals
+of 9ft. in the method of making which we have clearly not improved
+on the work of our Roman predecessors. This pipe starts from the same
+point in the north-west angle of the hall as the other supply, and is
+sunk in the lower pavement of the _schola_, which (wanting the pipe)
+is continued to the centre of the north side of the bath, where
+stands a stone pedestal 3ft. 3in. long, 1ft. 6in. wide, and 2ft. 6in.
+high. This pedestal has small vertical rails, or balusters, at the
+angles and on the shorter sides, and that towards the bath has some
+appearance of having once had a tablet of either bronze or marble
+inserted in it. At the top is a circular hole 31/2in. in diameter,
+through which the pipe previously mentioned must have passed. The
+upper portion of this pedestal is sculptured, and much mutilated, and
+appears to me to be the drapery covering the feet of a figure that has
+perished. It is true that the work bears some resemblance to a small
+recumbent figure; but if so it is not worthy of the name of sculpture,
+as it is in the worst taste, and altogether out of keeping with the
+architecture or the other sculpture we have found.[19] There are
+several grooves in the _schola_ for branches of this pipe: 1st. The
+continuation of it to the northern semi-circular bath of 1755. 2nd.
+From the first soldered joint to baths on the north of the Great Bath.
+3rd. Along the western end of the latter to baths on the south, and
+along the _schola_ to the south circular bath of Lucas's. Beneath the
+mutilated sculpture is a second pedestal, or plinth, perfectly plain,
+with the upper surface sunk to a level corresponding with a similar
+indentation on the third step. Within this must have stood a marble on
+bronze sarcophagus, the base of which was 6ft. 9in. long by 2ft. 5in.
+wide. The water flowing through the aperture previously described
+would run into the sarcophagus (I use the word in its modern sense)
+and from it into the bath. This water was not poured in sufficient
+volume to perceptibly cool the bath, but was provided for the
+thirst of the bathers. In the modern baths of Bath there is no such
+provision.
+
+[Footnote 16: The construction of the steps to the baths deserves
+remark (some of the stones being 10ft. long). The depth of the riser
+to the steps that were beneath the water is unusually deep, and the
+treads narrow. This is compensated by the increased buoyancy of a
+human body when immersed, or partially immersed, in water. The steps
+have, on the contrary, a shallower rise and a wider tread when they
+approach the top. The next notable point is the formation of the tread
+of the upper flooded step. This is grooved by a somewhat circular
+sinking, from 4 to 5in. wide, immediately against the riser of the
+topmost step. Everyone frequenting a public bath must have noticed the
+dashing of the water against the wall or upper step, and the nuisance
+created from the breaking of the water against it. The grooving would
+remedy, I believe, this annoyance, as the little waves of water would
+be made to take a curved form before reaching the step; consequently
+the water would fall back into the bath instead of dashing over the
+surrounding platform. And in the ends of every upper step but one, and
+on the steps lower down, have been square sockets, cut in the stone
+and filled up again with pieces of stone. These mark the position of
+balusters to a hand-rail for the use of bathers that were removed some
+time previous to the abandonment of the baths, and the stones were
+inserted. These hand-rails were doubtless of bronze, and therefore of
+value.]
+
+[Footnote 17: A statue of some size doubtless stood on this pedestal.]
+
+[Footnote 18: This deposit must, from the thickness, have taken
+several years to form, and the fact of its being of precisely the
+same character as the present deposit from the mineral spring is an
+evidence of the unchanging nature of the water.]
+
+[Footnote 19: With reference to the sculpture, one piece, of debased
+character, has been found--a Minerva with a breast-plate, helmet, and
+shield in _alto relievo_ within a niche.]
+
+The hall enclosing the bath I have already spoken of as 110ft. 41/2in.
+long by 68ft. 5in. wide. It has been completely thrown open since
+this paper was read at the British and Gloucestershire Archaeological
+Society, in 1884. These excavations are open to the sky, excepting on
+the east end (over which Abbey Street, at a height of 23ft. is carried
+on a viaduct, which I have erected).[20] The platform, or _schola_,
+surrounding the bath (measuring the original surface of the upper
+floor) is 13ft. 9in. wide on the four sides. This platform was formed
+by a layer of large freestone 9in. to 10in. thick, laid on the level
+of the top step but one, on a solid bed of concrete. Above this was
+another layer of concrete, and possibly on this, when the baths were
+first erected, a mosaic of tesserae; but that, if it ever was there,
+has all disappeared, and its place has been supplied with paving,
+mostly of freestone also, of inferior thickness to the lower paving.
+Very little of this remains, and what there is is much fractured and
+worn; indeed not only is this paving much worn, but the lower paving
+also where the traffic was the greatest. I have given in the plan
+(_Pl. VIII._) almost every detail of these floors, and shall speak
+of them again further on. The general appearance of the place is
+symmetrical, but there are remarkable variations and inaccuracies
+that point to the fact that the juxta-position of this bath with
+other buildings, of which we have at present no knowledge, must have
+rendered these variations necessary, ultimately interfering with the
+completion, architecturally, of the building.
+
+[Footnote 20: The house over the bath having been purchased by
+the Corporation, the Antiquities Committee (of which Mr. Murch was
+chairman) with a liberal subscription from the Society of Antiquaries,
+the Duke of Cleveland, and many noblemen and gentlemen of Bath and the
+neighbourhood, bore the expense of the removal of the soil from the
+bath and the general opening out of the rains, the arches beneath the
+Poor Law Office and the Viaduct supporting Abbey Street.]
+
+On either side, north and south, are three recesses, or _exedrae_,
+two of which are circular and one (the centre) rectangular. The south
+rectangular one is 17ft. wide by 7ft. deep; the north one is nearly
+a foot wider, and one foot less in depth. Greater variations exist
+in the circular recesses; for, commencing in the western one, on the
+south side, the width is 17ft. 3in., and the depth 7ft. 6in.; the
+eastern one is 14ft. 3in. wide, and 6ft. 9in. deep; the _exedrae
+vis-a-vis_ on the north is 17ft. 3in. wide, and 8ft. 4in. deep; the
+remaining one, to the west, is 17ft. wide, and 7ft. deep. I give these
+dimensions irrespective entirely of the pilasters which are attached
+to the walls on either side the reveil of the recesses, and in the
+rectangular recesses in the enclosing angles also. Piers are now
+standing on the margin of the bath, dividing the north and south
+sides each into seven bays. These piers are built with solid block
+freestone, but as there are continuous vertical joints on either side
+of the central division of each pier, it is clear that an alteration
+was made in the design either previous to its entire completion or
+subsequently.
+
+I will endeavour to describe the bath as originally designed. Along
+the margin of the bath, north and south, stood six piers, equally
+divided (about 14ft. apart), as far as the length of the bath, but
+allowing a lesser distance from the attached pilaster at either end.
+These piers are cut out of a block (in plan, 2ft. 101/2in. from east to
+west by 2ft. 8in. from north to south), so as to form a pilaster of
+three inches projection on either face. As the original pilasters on
+the north and south walls do not correspond with these piers, I am led
+to conclude that the _schola_ and _exedrae_, north and south, were
+not vaulted at first, and were the only portion of the hall that was
+roofed, and that the roof was only of timber, supported by an arcade,
+the arches not exceeding 17ft. in height, and that the eaves of the
+roof of about 22ft. in height dipped towards the bath. This was a
+very usual arrangement in the _Atrium_ of a Roman house with the
+_impluvium_ in the centre. A _crypto porticus_ would thus be formed
+on the two longer sides of the bath, but the _schola_ on the east
+and west ends was open to the sky. Practical experience, either on
+the completion of this plan, or previously to its entire execution,
+led to its abandonment. At any rate a roof over the whole was found
+essential to the comforts of the bathers. The piers were accordingly
+strengthened. Pilasters were erected, projecting 2ft. 9m. into the
+bath, with smaller pilasters on the other side projecting on the
+_schola_, 1ft. 4in. by 1ft. 11in. wide; and _vis-a-vis_ to these
+pilasters corresponding ones were affixed to the side walls.
+Unfortunately this brought into prominence the irregularity of the
+size and position of the _exedrae_, and the pilasters were affixed
+correctly with reference to the arcade, as was absolutely necessary,
+but more or less trespassing on the width of the opening of these
+recesses, and notched into the original pilasters.
+
+None of the piers, or pilasters, at present exist to a height
+exceeding 6ft. to 7ft. The base is a rude form of the Attic base;
+and we have found several fragments of the capital, or impost, of the
+smaller pilasters, from, which the arches sprang, but I have not been
+so fortunate as to recognise any of the larger capitals, and but few
+fragments of the cornices, and but one piece that I can identify as
+the frieze 1ft. 6in. deep by 2ft. 4in. long, on which are 5 incised
+letters 61/4in. long S SIL. The _schola_ was then arched in north and
+south, and the bath spanned by an arch. The vaulting that spanned the
+side arcades, and the centre (where the abutment was not sufficient
+for arches formed in the ordinary way of tiles or stone), were built
+of brick boxes, open at the sides, and wedge-shaped, 1ft. long, 43/4in.
+thick, and 73/4in. wide at the wider end, set in the usual mortar, a
+greater or less number of rings of these boxes being used according to
+the span. These arches were made out by an extra quantity of concrete
+on the under side for decoration, and on the upper in the case of the
+great arch, so as to form a roof, the well-known roll and flat Italian
+tiles being embedded in the mortar. Many and large fragments of
+this roof were found lying on the deposit that had partially filled
+the ruins previous to the fall of the roof, and are still carefully
+preserved. A large fragment, 18ft. long by about 3ft. wide, and 1ft.
+9in. thick, that has slipped down, as it were, from the western end,
+in the position in which it was discovered, was formed of solid tiles,
+with an arch of tiles 1ft. 8in. long,[21] the roof having sufficient
+abutment on this side for a solid construction.[22] This arch gives
+the form of the window that lighted the bath on the western end.
+
+[Footnote 21: The arches in the adjoining apartment west of this were
+built of a sort of a tufa.]
+
+[Footnote 22: On the falling of the roof one of the piers was thrust
+out of the perpendicular, the upper half toppling over, and the lower
+would have again returned to its original position had a stone not
+fallen into the vertical joint, catching the pilaster as a wedge.
+The pier is still fixed out of the perpendicular by the stone in the
+joint.]
+
+The vaulting of the side aisles, or rather that over the _schola_,
+was arched from pier to pier longitudinally and transversely, the
+quadrangular spaces being in all probability simply groined; but
+a fragment of box tiles found almost leads one to think that these
+spaces were vaulted by a domical vault, springing either from
+pendentives in the angles of the vaults, more common in later work,
+or from a slight cornice on a level with the apex of the arches. The
+vault, if there was one, over the semi-circular _exedrae_ must have
+been hemispherical. From the number of roofing tiles of local stone,
+shaped into hexagons, found, I think these arcades were roofed in
+with them, placed overlapping each other, giving a very good effect.
+Similar tiles were dug up at Wroxeter, and I have found slates of the
+same shape in the Roman villa I have been excavating for Mr. Chas. I.
+Elton, F.S.A., M.P., at Whitestaunton Manor. The form of these slates
+deserves copying; a roof covered by them is far lighter than that of
+rectangular slabs and more picturesque. The walls on the sides towards
+the hall, and externally, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are
+covered with the usual red plaster, shewing that they were internal
+walls; but from a piece of dentilled, or rather blocked, cornice,
+which fits the curve of one of the _exedrae_, I believe the walls were
+carried up on the north and south above the roofs of the adjoining
+rooms and corridors of the baths, so that they formed a feature in the
+elevation and afforded a broken skyline to the composition. The vault
+over the centre rose considerably above these walls, a portion of the
+centre of which may have been partially open for the emission of steam
+and the admission of light. Some square blocks of lead, that were the
+yotting of bars of metal, rather favour this idea, and suggest that
+these metal bars were a portion of the machinery by which a brazen
+shield (_clipeus_) was suspended, or secured, so that by raising
+or lowering it the temperature of the hall might be regulated as
+described by Vitruvius. In the excavations we found an _ante-fixa_
+that must have fallen from some portion of the roof. It appears to
+be intended for a lion, but it is much broken.
+
+I have prepared a sketch section of the bath (which I hope
+to communicate on a future occasion), transversely and a part
+longitudinally, in order that a description may the more readily be
+understood, adopting, in my restoration, the established rules of
+proportion of Classical architecture, which may, more or less, have
+been strictly adhered to when the baths were built; indeed, in the
+best specimens of Roman work a licence was given to the architect
+as to detail and proportion, that was refused him on the Classical
+revival. The pilasters of these baths spring, as I have said before,
+from an Attic base, of somewhat coarse proportions, 14in. high.[23]
+The attached pilasters that supported the arcade that was carried
+longitudinally along the bath are without a base; they must have been,
+within a few inches, more or less, not lower than 10ft. in height,
+including the impost moulding, of which there are fragments. The
+arches springing from them would be about 14ft. wide. I have not
+been able to find any fragments of the archivolt. The pilasters that
+supported the arches which crossed the _schola_ have bases similar to
+the larger pilasters. I can hardly speak positively of their elevation
+or that of the arches, but I am inclined to think the height of the
+impost moulding was raised, so that the arch, although a smaller span,
+was the same in height as the longitudinal arches.
+
+[Footnote 23: The bases of the columns found, on the contrary, are
+most carefully designed and of most delicate proportions, which appear
+to justify the belief that the bases of the pilasters were never
+completely _worked_, or that they were coated with plaster and
+decorated as in the western bath, now being excavated.]
+
+The great pilasters, fronting the bath, stand on plain pedestals,
+breaking forward into the water, on which rested the Attic base, the
+shaft with Doric (?) capital rising 18ft. above. A complete cornice,
+the architrave (which we have) and frieze, gave an additional height
+of nearly 5ft. This cornice ran over the arcade horizontally, but
+breaking forward the projection of the pilasters about 2ft. 7in. Over
+this cornice, I conclude, were semi-circular openings, of the same
+span as the arch beneath, with an architrave of 5 in. to 6 in. A
+circular vault crossed the bath from pilaster to pilaster, groined
+with the semi-circular arches just mentioned. Light may have been
+admitted divisionally in the centre of this great vault, as I
+previously mentioned, as well, as by the semi-circular arches in the
+"_clear storey_." The extreme height from the floor of the _schola_ to
+the under side of the vaulting may have been as much as 23ft., whilst
+the height of the central vault above the floor of the bath could
+not, I estimate, have been less than 48ft. 2in., exceeding by 5ft.
+the height of the famous Ball Rooms of the Bath Assembly Rooms, and by
+14ft. that of the Grand Pump Room.
+
+Many architectural fragments have been found during the excavations
+of the Great Bath, several portions of columns 2ft. 6in. diameter
+at base, and several sections of Corinthian foliage with the volute
+of a capital, of unusually artistic and powerful work; some smaller
+columns, a fluted shaft, and a Composite capital of debased character;
+but the four most remarkable fragments are pieces carved on both sides
+out of blocks about 1ft. 9in. thick, by 1ft. 6in. high. They are each
+from 2ft. 6in. to 2ft. 9in. long, and are curved, the chord being
+about 1-9/16in., in a length of 2ft. 6in. The first fragment is a
+cornice, or impost, carved on both sides, in three tiers: the upper,
+a _cima_ with a leaf; the middle division, a Greek fret, not quite
+similar on each side the stone, and below is a running ornament. The
+cornice does not project sufficiently to be the cornice of a building,
+and, as it is decorated on either side, it could not have been
+intended for a string-course, as none of the walls are so thin as
+these stones, although I at first thought it might belong to one of
+the semi-circular _exedrae_. The curve is struck with a shorter radius
+than even the smallest recess. I think it is the capping of the back
+of one of the semi-circular stone seats, called by the later Romans
+a _stibadium_. If this formed the seat in the north-western recess,
+there would be ample room behind it (3ft. 9in.) to pass by. The next
+fragment must have been fixed beneath this or a similar capping, and
+is also carved on each side; the convex side having an adaptation of
+the well-known honeysuckle fairly drawn, whilst the convex side of it,
+with the exception of a floriated panelled pilaster in the centre, is
+the work of an accomplished sculptor. On the right of this pilaster,
+slightly recessed to admit of relief, is the naked right thigh and
+leg of a figure that must have stood 1ft. 6in. high. Although only
+a fragment, this is a most charming piece of work, the action and
+anatomy of the limb being perfect. On the left side is a similar
+panel, a headless draped figure, with feet bare, holding a circular
+shield which rests on the thigh, whilst the limb is bent as if
+ascending a rock that is slightly indicated. On the third fragment the
+honeysuckle pattern is on the concave side, whilst the sculpture is
+on the convex, the arc of which corresponds with the last described.
+On this there are two niches only, and the figures are much more
+mutilated. The left figure has a flowing mantle, the only leg
+remaining being bare from the thigh downwards; the foot and the head
+are gone. The figure on the right is fully draped, the head is lost,
+and the right hand much mutilated; a musical instrument, like a
+guitar,[24] or rather a mandolin, rests against the left breast, held
+in position by the left hand. The fourth fragment has the honeysuckle
+on both sides, with the flower well carved on one of them. It is a
+great pity that so little of this superb work is left, and that what
+there is should be so mutilated.[25]
+
+[Footnote 24: Professor Middleton considers this a cornucopia.]
+
+[Footnote 25: A small drawing of these pieces I shall also on a future
+occasion communicate.]
+
+This account of the Great Bath will, I hope, be sufficiently complete
+if I describe the entrances and conclude with a few particulars of the
+pavement (although many discoveries of considerable interest might be
+made, I have no doubt, in the latter), omitting a detailed examination
+as being tedious.
+
+I believe there were five entrances to this bath, two of which
+remain. In the western wall, on the south, is one leading from other
+apartments (a hypocaust, hall and bath), which I shall on a future
+occasion describe. It is 4ft. 3in. wide. Double doors and hinges
+have been inserted in this doorway, and the base and a portion of a
+pilaster cut away most barbarously to receive them. On the north,
+on the same wall, and fronting the northern _schola_, is a doorway
+similar to the last, which has been walled up in Roman times, the wall
+which closed it being covered with the red plaster that covers all
+the work not being faced freestone. A third doorway, similar in every
+respect, was at the eastern end of the northern _schola_, as I infer
+from the lower paving being much worn in that direction. A fourth
+doorway was in the eastern wall to the south, but not south enough
+to face the southern _schola_, and a fifth was between these two. Of
+these three doorways, the first of them is still hidden by soil, and
+the second and third are obliterated with modern walling; a portion
+of the architrave of one was found near, but their position is well
+marked by the footmarks in the stone.
+
+[Plate VIII: Plan of Great Roman Bath, Bath. Discovered 1880-81 and
+measured 1884, by Charles E. Davis, F.S.A.]
+
+I should not omit mentioning the mark of a wooden seat in the northern
+rectangular recess, and the place of a wooden rail for clothes, that
+was let into the pilaster at one end with the _slot_ in a pilaster at
+the other.
+
+In my plan (_Pl. VIII._) I have endeavoured to show the massive lower
+paving and the fragmentary upper pavement. Both are much worn; and,
+where the upper pavement has disappeared against the upper step of the
+bath, especially the step on the western _schola_, it has been worn
+down on the inside to the depth of several inches. The lower pavement
+through the south-western door is worn in holes, and across by the
+angular fountain are similar wearings, marking "a short cut" into the
+northern _schola_; and this is continued in a less degree to the other
+doors,--save the north-western one, where the upper paving in part
+exists, showing that this doorway was closed before the baths were
+allowed to get so shamefully out of repair. This sadly dilapidated
+pavement must have caused considerable inconvenience to the bathers,
+and could only have been put up with by those too poor to incur the
+expenses of repair; the baths therefore were continued to be used by
+less prosperous citizens than those who provided them. Is not this a
+strong argument that the Romans left behind them, when they abandoned
+Britain (A.D. 420), a people almost as great lovers of the baths as
+themselves, with, however, less ability to maintain them; and that
+the residents of Aquae Sulis daily frequented them during the 150 years
+that succeeded until the city was overthrown by our more immediate
+ancestors, who destroyed before abandoning it to desolation?
+
+The springs flooded the courts and corridors of the Thermae until the
+washings of the land filled them. Rushes, withies, and trees grew
+beneath the shadow of its ruins. Bathancastra (Akemancastra) was
+founded;[26] the memory of the baths was lost; its architectural
+magnificence was the quarry of the builders, who little dreamt
+that beneath the soil was buried the rich treasure which we in this
+century, and those who have preceded us in the last, have had the
+privilege of laying bare.
+
+[Footnote 26: "The foundation of a monastery by an under-King of the
+Hwiccas [Osric, Nov. 6, A.D. 676,] within its walls, reveals to us
+the springing up of a new life in another of the cities which had been
+wrecked by Ceawlin's inroad, the city of Bath."--_Green's "Making of
+England_," p. 356.
+
+Professor Earle throws some doubt on the authenticity of the record.]
+
+The Romans left behind them in Bath a Palace of Health and Luxury
+unequalled except in Italy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In making some excavations (1885) beneath the Cross Bath, the walls
+of the Roman well were found, and at a considerable depth two altars,
+which are placed for exhibition in the Great Bath. One of these is a
+plain rectangular altar; the other is carved on three sides, having on
+the front face two figures (AEsculapius offering a lamb to Hegiea), on
+another side a serpent coiled round the trunk of a tree, and on the
+third sculptured side a dog with a curly tail (see Professor Sayce and
+Rev. Preb. Scarth).
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HOT MINERAL SPRINGS
+
+OF BATH,
+
+VESTED IN THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOUNDED by the Romans in the First Century.
+
+BATHERS DURING 1889, 104,597.
+
+Daily yield 507,600 gallons at 120 deg. Fah.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These Waters are beneficial in all forms of Gout, Sub-acute, Chronic
+and Muscular Rheumatism--Neuralgias, Sciatica, Lumbago, certain forms
+of Paralysis, Nervous Debility, Diseases of Women, Disorders of the
+Digestive System, Tropical Anoemia, Metallic Poisoning, Eczema, Lepra,
+Psoriasis, and all the Scaly Diseases of the Skin. Some Surgical
+Diseases of the Joints, general Weakness of Limbs after injury, and
+Diseases of the Throat and Air Passages.
+
+Upwards of L40,000 have been lately expended by the Corporation of the
+City to enlarge and perfect the various appliances, rendering them,
+in the words of one of the greatest Hygienic Physicians of the day,
+THE MOST PERFECT IN EUROPE. Thermal Vapour, Douche with Massage by
+doucheurs and doucheuses from Continental Spas, Pulverised and Vapour
+Douche, Spray, Dry and Moist Heat, and Shower, with luxurious Cooling
+Rooms.
+
+BAND DAILY IN THE PUMP ROOM.
+
+LAST RETURN OF THE MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH FOR BATH 17'9 PER 1000.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARGES FOR BATHS.
+
+NEW ROYAL BATHS, ADJOINING THE GRAND HOTEL.
+
+                                 Prices.
+  First Class Deep Bath..         2  6
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower..   3  0
+  First Class Reclining Bath..    2  0
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower..   2  6
+  Dry Douche..                    2  0
+  Attendant's Fee..               0  3
+
+First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) 3s. 6d.,
+Attendant's Fee, 6d.
+
+Attached to these Baths is a
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SWIMMING BATH, TEMP. 82 TO 84 FAHRT.,
+
+Daily supplied with Fresh Mineral Water.
+
+For Ladies' use on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
+
+With use of Private Room for 1 Person, 1s.; 2 Persons, 1s. 6d.; 3
+Persons, 2s.
+
+Public Room, 6d. Bathing Dresses, 2d. Attendant's Fee, 1d.
+
+This Bath is available for Gentlemen on Tuesdays, till 1 p.m.,
+Thursdays, Saturdays, and on Sunday Mornings up to 9.30 a.m., at 1s.
+each Person.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ROYAL BATHS, BATH STREET.
+
+  First Class Deep Bath.      2  0
+    ditto ditto with Douche.  2  6
+  Second Class Deep Bath.     1  6
+    ditto ditto with Douche.  2  0
+  Reclining Bath.             1  6
+     ditto with Douche.       2  0
+  Shower Bath                 1  6
+
+Attendant's Fees. 2d. & 3d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TEPID SWIMMING BATH, FOR GENTLEMEN ONLY.
+
+  With use of Private Room ..  0  9
+  With use of Public Room ..   0  6
+
+No Attendant's Fees. This Bath is closed on Thursdays at 1 p.m.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CROSS BATH, OPEN DAILY (FRIDAYS EXCEPTED), SUNDAY TILL 9 A.M.
+
+  Open Public Bath               0  1
+  Open Public Bath, with Towel   0  2
+
+This Bath is available for Females on Thursdays, under the charge of a
+female attendant. Fee, including bathing dress, 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+KING'S AND QUEEN'S BATHS, STALL STREET.
+
+                                                                    Prices.
+  First Class Deep Bath                                                 2 6
+  Ditto with Douche or Shower                                           3 0
+  First Class Reclining Bath                                            2 0
+  Ditto with Douche, or Shower, or Lumbar Douche, or Douche Ascendante  2 6
+  Ditto with Special Douche                                             3 0
+  Needle Douche (or Douche en Cercle)                                   2 0
+  Ditto with Deep Bath                                                  3 6
+  Vertebral Douche 1s. extra Moist and Dry Heat per hour                2 6
+  Ditto  with Deep Bath                                                 3 6
+  Attendant's Fee                                                       0 3
+
+First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) 3s. Attendant's
+Fee, 6d.
+
+
+GROUND FLOOR.
+
+  First Class Reclining Bath            1 6
+  Ditto with Scottish Douche            2 6
+  Reclining Bath with Massage           1 9
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 6
+  Massage Bath                          1 6
+  Scottish Douche alone                 1 0
+    Attendant's Fee                     0 3
+  Second Class Reclining Baths       6d. & 1s.
+  King's Public Baths                6d. & 1s.
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 1
+
+
+MASSAGE & VAPOUR BATHS, BOUILLON & PULVERISING ROOM.
+
+  Special Medicated Baths               3 6
+  Massage Douche Bath, Aix-les-Bains
+    system (2 doucheurs)                3 6
+  Berthollet with Massage (1 doucheur)  3 0
+  Massage, in Reclining Bath
+    and Douche (1 doucheur)             2 6
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 6
+  Massage Douche Bath (Aix-les-Bains
+    system) 1 doucheur                  2 6
+  Berthollet-Natural Vapour Bath        2 6
+  Bouillon Room, if taken alone         1 0
+  Pulverization for the Nose,
+    Ears, Eyes, Face, or Throat         1 0
+  Sitz Bath (special)                   2 0
+  Attendant's Fee                       0 3
+
+Portable Baths, at a temperature not exceeding 106 deg., Fahrt., can be
+supplied at private residences, by arrangement. Also Mineral Water in
+Bottles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARRANGEMENTS FOR DRINKING THE WATERS.
+
+The Grand Pump Room is open each Week-day from 8.30 a.m. till 6 p.m.,
+and on Sundays after the Morning service till 2 p.m.
+
+CHARGES--
+
+  Single Glass               2d.
+
+  Per Book of 20 Coupons     1 6
+
+One Coupon must be given up each time of Drinking the Water, at either
+the Grand Pump Room or the Hetling Pump Room.
+
+  Ticket for Drinking the Water for 12 Months, for One Person   L1.
+
+  For a Family                                                  L2.
+
+Tickets for Bathing must in all cases be obtained at the Ticket Office
+adjoining the Grand Hotel, and all baths are booked by the clerk in
+charge; and such baths must be paid for at the time of booking.
+
+All Fees to Attendants are included in the charge paid for Tickets.
+
+Any irregularities or incivility on the part of any of the Attendants
+should at once be reported to the General Manager.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXCAVATIONS OF ROMAN BATHS AT
+BATH***
+
+
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