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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13578 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 13578-h.htm or 13578-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/7/13578/13578-h/13578-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/7/13578/13578-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION
+
+VOL. XIII, NO. 361.] SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST
+
+
+[Illustration: THE TALIPOT TREE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOWWORM.]
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+_See the Engravings._
+
+
+A delightful volume, of title almost synonymous with this division of
+the MIRROR, has just been published. It is entitled _The Journal of a
+Naturalist_,[1] with the very appropriate motto of
+
+  ----Plants, trees, and stones, we note,
+  Birds, insects, beasts, and many rural things.
+
+
+The author in his preface, says, "Many years have now passed away since
+we were presented with that very interesting and amusing book, the
+'Natural History of Selborne;' nor do I recollect any publication at
+all resembling it having since appeared."[2] He then acknowledges the
+impression which this book left on his mind; and its having given rise
+to the present work, to which, in our humble opinion, it is a worthy
+companion.
+
+Our "Naturalist" resides in a village upon a very ancient road,
+connecting Bristol and Gloucester, in a limestone district, numbering
+among its picturesque beauties, the broad estuary of the Severn, the
+mountains of Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Brecon, and their peaceful vales
+and cheerful cottages; Thornbury, with its fine cathedral-like church
+and castle, the red cliffs of the Severn, and numberless antiquities
+of our ancestors--as roads, encampments, aggera, watch-hills, coins,
+lances, and other relics of those warlike times. Labour and healthful
+enjoyment reign in this district: for it is neither torn up for its
+mineral wealth, nor are its natural beauties annihilated, or the habits
+of its population corrupted by speculation or avarice. A portrait of
+"a worthy peasant," introduced by our author, reminds us of
+
+  ----A bold peasantry, their country's pride,
+  When once destroyed, can never be supplied.
+
+
+A passage quoted by the late Mr. Canning, in one of his finest speeches;
+and we often contrast this vigorous outline of the people of "merry
+England" with her artificial state of after times. Next are a page or
+two of agricultural chemistry (_analysis of soils_) unfettered with
+technicals; double the space of what may strictly be called rural
+economy, (_grass lands_) succeed; next the culture and history of
+the potato, and some new observations on "_the Teazle_."
+
+Several pages on _trees_ possess great interest, as do those on
+_flowers_.
+
+We regret we have room but for a few heads--the _maple_--the
+_Naturalist's Autumnal Walk_--the _Economy of Animals_, especially
+of _Birds_: we must pass them over to elucidate our engraving of
+
+
+THE GLOWWORM.
+
+That pretty sparkler of our summer evenings, so often made the
+ploughboy's prize, the only brilliant that glitters in the rustic's hat,
+the glowworm, (_lampyris noctiluca_,) is not found in such numbers
+with us, as in many other places, where these signal tapers glimmer upon
+every grassy bank; yet, in some seasons, we have a reasonable sprinkling
+of them. Every body probably knows, that the male glowworm is a winged,
+erratic animal, yet may not have seen him. He has ever been a scarce
+creature to me, meeting perhaps with one or two in a year; and, when
+found, always a subject of admiration. Most creatures have their eyes
+so placed, as to be enabled to see about them; or, as Hook says of the
+house-fly, to be "circumspect animals;" but this male glowworm has a
+contrivance, by which any upward or side vision is prevented. Viewed
+when at rest, no portion of his eyes is visible, but the head is
+margined with a horny band, or plate, being a character of one of the
+genera of the order _coleoptera_, under which the eyes are situate.
+This prevents all upward vision; and blinds, or winkers, are so fixed
+at the sides of his eyes, as greatly to impede the view of all lateral
+objects. _See Figures_. The chief end of this creature in his
+nightly peregrinations is to seek his mate, always beneath him on the
+earth; and hence this apparatus appears designed to facilitate his
+search, confining his view entirely to what is before or below him. The
+first serves to direct his flight, the other presents the object of his
+pursuit: and as we commonly, and with advantage, place our hand over the
+brow, to obstruct the rays of light falling from above, which enables us
+to see clearer an object on the ground, so must the projecting hood of
+this creature converge the visual rays to a point beneath.
+
+Glowworms emit light only for a short period in the year; and I have but
+partially observed it after the middle of July. I have collected many of
+these pretty creatures on a bank before my house, into which they retire
+during the winter, to shine out again when revived by the summer's
+warmth; but in this latter season I have frequently missed certain of
+my little protegés, and have reason to apprehend, that they formed the
+banquet of a toad, that frequented the same situation.
+
+Observing above, that the glowworm does not emit light after the 14th of
+July, I mean thereby that clear, steady light, which has rendered this
+creature so remarkable to all persons; for I have repeatedly noticed,
+deep in the herbage, a faint evanescent light proceeding from these
+creatures, even as late as August and September. This was particularly
+manifested September the 28th, 1826. The evening was warm and dewy, and
+we observed on the house-bank multitudes of these small evanescent
+sparks in the grass. The light displayed was very different from that
+which they exhibit in warm summer months. Instead of the permanent green
+glow, that illumines all the blades of the surrounding herbage, it was a
+pale transient spot, visible for a moment or two, and then so speedily
+hidden, that we were obliged, in order to capture the creature, to
+employ the light of a candle. The number of them, and their actions,
+creeping away from our sight, contrary to that half lifeless dulness
+observed in summer, suggested the idea, that the whole body had availed
+themselves of this warm, moist evening, to migrate to their winter
+station. A single spark or so was to be seen some evenings after this,
+but no such large moving parties were discovered again. If we conclude,
+that the summer light of the glowworm is displayed as a signal taper,
+the appearance of this autumnal light can have no such object in view,
+nor can we rationally assign any use of it to the creature itself,
+unless, indeed, it serves as a point of union in these supposed
+migrations, like the leading call in the flight of night-moving birds.
+The activity and numbers of these insects, in the above-mentioned
+evening, enabled me to observe the frequent presence and disappearance
+of the light of an individual, which did not seem to be the result of
+will, but produced by situation. During the time the insect crawled
+along the ground, or upon the fine grass, the glow was hidden; but on
+its mounting any little blade, or sprig of moss, it turned round and
+presented the luminous caudal spot, which, on its falling or regaining
+its level, was hidden again.
+
+A summary of the peculiarities of the year 1825, very appropriately
+concludes the volume, from which we may be tempted to make future
+extracts.
+
+
+THE TALIPOT TREE,
+
+The first of our Engravings is a species of palm, a native of Ceylon,
+and is one of the most magnificent wonders of the vegetable kingdom. The
+leaf is circular, terminating in the most beautiful rays, and folding up
+into plaits like a fan, which, in figure, it nearly resembles.
+
+This leaf is used in the maritime provinces of Ceylon as a mark of
+distinction, each person being allowed to have a certain number of these
+leaves, folded up as fans, carried with him by his servants; and also in
+the Kandian country, in the shape of a round, flat umbrella on a long
+stick. The talipot leaves are likewise used by the common people to
+shelter themselves from the rain, _one leaf affording sufficient
+shelter for seven or eight persons_. It is also used in making tents.
+
+In 1818, Sir Alexander Johnston gave to Sir Joseph Banks a very fine
+specimen of a tent made of their leaves, large enough to hold a party of
+ten persons at table.
+
+All the books of importance in Pali and Cingalese, relative to the
+religion of Buddhoo, in Ceylon, are written on lamina of these leaves,
+with either a brass or an iron style. There are some of these books in
+Sir A. Johnston's collections, which are supposed to be from 500 to 600
+years old, and which are still very perfect. In the museum of the
+Asiatic Society, there is a complete copy of the Pali book, called the
+_Pansyapanas Iatakah_, written on 1,172 laminae of the finest
+description of this sort of palm leaf. Large as the dimensions of the
+talipot leaf may appear, it is exceeded in size by the _troolie_ of
+Surinam, which extends on the ground, and has frequently been known to
+attain the width of three feet, and the length of thirty.
+
+Our Engraving is copied from the _Gardener's Magazine_, where it is
+reduced from the Transactions of the Asiatic Society.
+
+
+
+THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.
+
+Although the present may be a late hour to dissipate the faith placed in
+signs and tokens, we are persuaded that a more intimate knowledge of
+this insect will not prove uninteresting to our readers.[3]
+
+The name _death watch_ was evidently derived from the importance
+attached to the beatings of the insect, which, by superstitious people,
+were formerly supposed to prognosticate death to some one of the family
+in whose house it was heard. The natural size of the insect is about a
+quarter of an inch in length, of a dark brown colour, spotted, with
+transparent wings under the _vagina_, or sheath, a huge cap or
+helmet on the head, and two _antennae_, or feelers, from beneath
+the eyes.
+
+It is chiefly in the advanced period of spring that these insects
+commence their noise; and which is the call or signal by which they are
+mutually attracted to each other, and may be considered as analogous to
+the call of birds. This noise does not arise from their voice, but from
+the insect beating on hard substances, with the shield or fore part of
+its head. The general number of successive distinct strokes is from 7 to
+9 or 11. These are given in pretty quick succession, and are repeated at
+uncertain intervals; and in old houses, where the insects are numerous,
+they may be heard, if the weather be warm, almost every hour in the day.
+The noise exactly resembles that made by beating moderately hard with
+the finger on a table. Mr. Stackhouse carefully observed its manner of
+beating. He says, the insect raises itself upon its hinder legs, and
+with the body somewhat inclined, beats its head with great force and
+agility against the place on which it stands.
+
+This insect, which is the _real death-watch_ of the vulgar, must
+not be confounded with another minuter insect, which makes a ticking
+noise like a watch; but instead of beating at intervals, it continues
+its noise for a considerable time without intermission. This latter
+belongs to a very different tribe. It is usually found in old wood,
+decayed furniture, neglected books, &c.; and both the male and the
+female have the power of making this ticking noise, in order to attract
+each other. The Rev. Mr. Derham seems to have been the first naturalist
+who examined and described this species; and he says that during the
+month of July, in one particular summer, they scarcely ever ceased to
+beat either in day or night. The eggs are generally hatched about the
+beginning of March: many of them live through the winter; but during
+that time, to avoid the frost, they bury themselves deep in dust.
+
+Mr. T. Carpenter (of whose paper in _Gill's Repository_ we have
+already availed ourselves) tells us that these insects are excellent
+anatomists: in order to render them useful in making some delicate
+dissections for his microscope, Mr. Carpenter placed a few of the
+insects within a pill-box, with the heads of three dead flies. He found
+some time afterwards, that they had cleared the interior of some of the
+eyes completely from all the blood-vessels, leaving the lenses in the
+cornea beautifully transparent.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+BIRDS' NESTS.
+
+
+The structure of the nests of birds affords, perhaps, one of the most
+agreeable lessons in Natural History.
+
+Among the most curious nests of our _English_ birds may be named
+that of the _Wren_, the _long-tailed Titmouse_, the _Thrush_,
+the _Goldfinch_, the _Chaffinch_, the _Magpie_, and the _House
+Sparrow_; to these may also be added the _Swallow's_, the _Martin's_,
+the _Wood Pigeon's_, and the _Wood-Pecker's_. Of the nests of _Rooks_,
+it may be sufficient to observe, that they are often found to the number
+of six, or even more in a cluster. _Crows'_ nests are always
+solitary; they are similar in structure to those of the rook.
+
+Among the nests of Foreign birds, that of the _Taylor Bird_
+deserves especial mention; the bird itself is a diminutive one, being
+little more than three inches long; it is an inhabitant of India. The
+nest is sometimes constructed of two leaves, one of them dead; the
+latter is fixed to the living one as it hangs upon the tree, by sewing
+both together in the manner of a pouch or purse; it is open at the top,
+and the cavity is filled with fine down; and, being suspended from the
+branch, the birds are secure from the depredations of snakes and
+monkeys, to which they might otherwise fall a prey.
+
+In Dr. Latham's collection is a specimen of the taylor bird's nest,
+composed of a single large leaf, of a fibrous rough, texture, about six
+inches long independent of the stalk, five inches and a half in breadth,
+and ending in a point. The sides of this leaf are drawn together so as
+to meet within three-quarters of an inch; within is the nest, about four
+inches deep and two broad, opening at the top; the bottom of the leaf
+is drawn upwards, to assist in the support of it. The interior nest is
+composed of white down, with here and there a feather and a small
+portion of white down intermixed.
+
+Another nest of this bird has also been described as composed of several
+leaves, like those of some kind of hazel sewed together; the inner nest
+formed of dry bents, fibres, and hairs, suspended from a tree. It is,
+therefore, probable that this bird, as well as some others, varies the
+structure of its nest as occasion and the materials may require. These
+singular works are performed by the bird's using his bill instead of a
+needle, and vegetable fibres for thread.
+
+The _Rufous Bee-eater_, or _Merops Rufus_, constructs also a
+very singular nest. This bird is a native of Buenos Ayres; the nest is
+built generally on the naked great branch of a tree, sometimes on the
+windows of houses, a fence, or a projecting beam of a high house or
+other building; it is composed of earth, in the form of a baker's oven,
+and is often built in the short space of two days, both birds being
+engaged in its construction; it is six inches in diameter, and one
+thick; a division is within, beginning at the entrance, and carried
+circularly, so that the eggs are deposited in the inner chamber, on a
+bed of grass. The swallow and other birds often attempt to obtain
+possession of this nest, but are generally repulsed by the owners.
+
+Many of the _Orioles'_ nests are also deserving notice. The
+_black and yellow Oriole_, inhabiting South America, has a pendent
+nest, shaped like an alembic; it is affixed to the extreme branches of
+trees; sometimes, it is said, so many as four hundred nests are found
+hanging on the same tree.
+
+The _Philippine_ and _Pensile Grosbeak_ make also very curious nests.
+
+In concluding this account of the nests of birds, I may notice here the
+nest of the _Hirundo esculenta_, or _Esculent Swallow_, an inhabitant
+of China and the Islands of the Indian Ocean. The nest consists of a
+gelatinous substance, in shape resembling an apple cut down the middle.
+The nests are found in great numbers together, and are by the luxurious
+Asiatics made into broths, and otherwise cooked, and are esteemed one of
+the greatest dainties of the table; they are also occasionally used for
+glue.--_Jennings's Ornithologia_.
+
+
+    [1] We are pleased therefore to commence our Supplementary Sheet
+        with such a volume as the present, which we have reserved for
+        this purpose. The feelings which it must engender in the reader
+        will be doubly grateful in these troublous times of strong
+        political excitement: they enjoin "peace on earth, and goodwill
+        towards men." the Divine antidote to the storms of conflicting
+        interests and passions, and the balm which heals the thorny
+        wounds of the world, that cross every path and tear the finest
+        sympathies of our nature. It adds, moreover, a pleasant variety
+        to the contents of our sheet, and alternates with the
+        vicissitudes of enterprise, in the progress of infant liberty
+        in the New World, as in the Memoirs of the patriot _Miller_;--the
+        daring and recklessness of crime, as in the vivid sketch of
+        _First and Last_;--the picturesque country and ceremonies of
+        Arabia and its religious people, as drawn by _Burckhardt_;--and
+        the architectural embellishment of the Metropolis, as shown in
+        _Britton's Picture of London_.
+
+    [2] In the MIRROR, dated March 1, 1828, we noticed "Gilbert White's
+        Natural History of Selborne, is one of the most delightful
+        household books in our language, and we are surprised at the
+        rarity of such works." The publication of the _Journal of a
+        Naturalist_, early in March, 1829, is "a coincidence."
+
+    [3] Philosophers and wits have written on this subject. Sir Thomas
+        Brown, who wrote a book of _Vulgar Errors_, remarks with great
+        seriousness that the man "who could eradicate this error from the
+        minds of the people, might prevent the fearful passions of the
+        heart, and many cold sweats taking place in grandmothers and
+        nurses"--Swift lets fly the shafts of satire in these lines.--
+
+                                        A woodworm
+          That lies in old wood, like a hare in her form;
+          With teeth, or with claws, it will bite, or will scratch;
+          And chambermaids christen this worm a death-watch;
+          Because, like a watch, it always cries click;
+          Then woe be to those in the house who are sick;
+          For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost
+          If the maggat cries click when it scratches the post.
+
+        Gay, too, in a _pastoral dirge_, says,
+
+                                      The wether's bell,
+          Before the drooping flock, toll'd forth her knell;
+          The solemn deathwatch click'd the hour she died.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+METROPOLITAN IMPROVEMENTS.
+
+_Abridged from the "Introduction" to Britton's Picture of London, 26th
+edition, just published._
+
+
+_The year_ 1825 will ever be memorable in the annals of the
+metropolis; for more novel improvements, changes, and events occurred in
+that one year than during any other corresponding period. _Schemes_
+for the formation of new _Companies_--the vast speculations arising
+out of them, tending to the aggrandizement of a few persons, and to the
+ruin of others, with the utilities of some, and the futilities and
+impositions of many,--may also be said to belong to this year.
+
+Let us, however, take a brief review of the real improvements and useful
+novelties that have been progressing, or have commenced in London since
+that singular and eventful era. Commencing at the court, or west end, we
+will take an imaginary tour to the east, adverting to such new buildings
+as are calculated to arrest the attention of the stranger in our
+progress. Without remarking on the general improvements of the age, we
+shall find enough to engross our attention in the particular objects
+before us. The most noted, or conspicuous of these are:--1. The New
+Palace, with the adjoining Park and Gardens. 2. A Terrace, Street, and
+Public Buildings on the site of Carlton House. 3. Belgrave Square, and
+the adjoining Squares and Streets. 4. The Entrance Lodges and Bridge
+in Hyde Park, with the improvements in the Roads and Walks of the same.
+5. The Regent's Park, with its Terraces, Villas, Public Buildings,
+Zoological Gardens, and Colosseum. 6. The London University. 7. The
+British Museum. 8. The Post Office. 9. London Bridge, and its Vicinity.
+10. St. Katherine's Docks. 11. The New Buildings and Alterations
+connected with the Houses of Parliament, the Ministerial Offices, and
+others, at Charing Cross. All these rank among the novelties and
+embellished features of London; and whilst the design and execution of
+so many public works manifest the increasing taste, or luxury of the
+age, they employ and give encouragement to numerous artists, artisans,
+and tradesmen.
+
+Of _the Royal Palace_, suffice it to remark, in this place, that it
+is a large pile of building,--has been carried on with great rapidity of
+execution,--its whole exterior is stone, many parts of which are adorned
+with sculptured statues, basso-relievo, and other ornaments,--that a
+highly-decorated triumphal arch, composed of fine white, marble, is
+to be raised, at a short distance from the centre of the principal
+front--and that the interior is to be splendidly adorned with marble,
+scagliola, and other rich materials; whilst the galleries, armoury,
+chapel, state-rooms, &c. are to display the most gorgeous ornaments of
+the cabinet-maker, upholsterer, decorative painter, and other artisans.
+
+_The Park_, in front of this palace, which had continued for nearly
+a century in one state of formal, tasteless insipidity, has been laid
+out as a large pleasure-garden, interspersed with lawn, clusters of
+shrubs and flowers, winding walks, varied surface, and a lake, whose
+margin is made to wind with every inequality of surface, spreading
+occasionally into a broad expanse, and then contracting to a narrow arm.
+In the midst of the larger spaces are islands, covered with aquatic
+trees and shrubs.
+
+_The Gardens_, or _Pleasure Grounds_, belonging to the Palace,
+partake of the same character; but are adorned with shrubs, plants, and
+flowers of a more choice description. A large piece of water is likewise
+formed in the midst of these Gardens.
+
+_Belgrave Square, and Vicinity_. Immediately to the west of the
+boundary-wall of the royal gardens is a tract of ground, which, in 1824,
+was open fields, intersected by mud-banks, and partly occupied by a few
+sheds, and inhabited by the lowest characters of society. In 1829, the
+same land, consisting of about 140 acres, is nearly covered with houses
+of the largest size, surrounding spacious squares, or skirting wide and
+handsome streets. Of all the extraordinary works carried into effect by
+London gentlemen and tradesmen, we may fairly adduce this as a
+pre-eminent example. In the space of about four years, the houses
+surrounding one large square, called Belgrave, have been erected, some
+of them finished and occupied, and several others, of nearly equal
+dimensions and value, completed.
+
+The most prominent feature of this district is _Belgrave Square_,
+which includes within the front walls of the houses an area of about ten
+acres, the centre of which, enclosed by lofty and handsome railing, is
+laid out as a pleasure garden. The whole of the houses are large, lofty,
+and spacious, with stuccoed fronts, porches, balustraded balconies;
+and those in the centre of each side are decorated with columns, or
+three-quarter columns, vases on the parapet, &c.
+
+Of _Eaton Square_, one portion only is built at present: as laid
+out, planted, and railed in, it is intended to occupy an area of about
+fourteen acres, and will be bounded by four rows of houses on the north
+side, and the like number on the south side, having the king's private
+road extending east and west through the centre. It measures 600 yards
+long by 120 yards wide, between the houses. At the eastern extremity is
+a new church, built from the designs of Henry Hakewill, Esq.
+
+To the north of this district, at Hyde Park Corner, is a large new
+edifice appropriated to _St. George's Hospital_. It is a commodious
+and handsome building, from the designs of R. Smirke, Esq. Near it, and
+forming an entrance lodge to the Palace Gardens, is a bold, large, and
+highly-decorated archway, built from the designs of Decimus Burton, Esq.
+Opposite is a screen of columns, with three entrance archways, a lodge,
+&c. constituting an architectural entrance to Hyde Park. Three other
+lodges, with gates, by Mr. Burton, form so many other entrances to the
+Park from the east and north--_Apsley House_, the town mansion of
+the Duke of Wellington, at the south-east angle of Hyde Park, is
+rebuilding from the designs of Messrs. B. and C. Wyatt, and will form a
+handsome object at this entrance to the metropolis.
+
+The Earl of Grosvenor has set a most laudable example to our opulent
+nobility, in the new wing to his mansion in Grosvenor Street, as a
+gallery for his valuable pictures. It is a handsome and imposing design,
+and does honour to the architect, Mr Cundy.
+
+The new _Club Houses_ in St. James's Street, especially that near
+the southern end, present imposing fronts; and it may be added, that
+most of the other Club Houses have contributed very much to adorn their
+respective situations, and to impart a strictly architectural character
+to our street buildings.
+
+The site of Carlton House, and its gardens, is occupied by a wide
+street, by a lofty terrace overlooking the Park, by club houses, &c. Two
+of the latter terminate Waterloo Place, and are appropriated to "_the
+United Service_," and "_the Athenaeum_;" the first built from
+the designs of Mr. Nash, and the latter from those of Mr. D. Burton.
+
+From Charing Cross to Exeter 'Change an amazing improvement has
+commenced. All the houses on the north side of the Strand are taking
+down, and others raising, farther back, by which the street will be much
+widened, and the new buildings will assume better faces, if not better
+accommodation, for the tradesmen who occupy them. That museum of sheds,
+stalls, and filth, _Covent Garden_, is also to be cleared and
+cleansed, and respectable ranges of shops and warerooms are to be
+erected.
+
+It is now confidently said, that "_the King's College of London_"
+is to be attached to the eastern side of Somerset House; and that Mr.
+Smirke is commissioned to make a design for the building.
+
+In the _Regent's Park_ a new Terrace and other buildings, are in
+progress; the great Colosseum is nearly finished, and the _Zoological
+Gardens_ have excited unusual popularity. No less than 130,000
+visiters have been admitted to view the gardens and the vivarium within
+the year 1828.
+
+On the east side of the Park is a mass of buildings appropriated to
+_St. Katherine's Hospital_, consisting of a chapel in the centre,
+with a group of dwellings on each side, and a detached mansion for the
+master. South of this is a series of buildings, called _Cumberland
+Terrace_, raised from the designs of Mr. Nash, which is abundantly
+adorned with columns, arches, statues, and basso-relievo.
+
+The _Colosseum_, in the same Park, is a building of great
+dimensions, and novel appropriation, and therefore calculated to excite
+very popular attention. Near this is the _Diorama_, an edifice of
+singular construction, destined for the public display of two pictures.
+A new line of communication from this Park to Pall Mall has been
+completed within the last few years, by a wide and handsome road called
+_Regent Street_.
+
+_London University_--The situation of the first University founded
+in this immense city is most peculiarly favourable, being equally
+removed from the busy and confined part of the metropolis, and from the
+fashionable and idle; whilst it is not inconveniently remote from either
+extremity. The building was commenced on the 30th of April, 1827, when
+the Duke of Sussex laid the first stone, in the presence of a large
+concourse of noblemen and gentlemen. The design is by William Wilkins,
+Esq., R.A., who has evinced in the principal elevation and general
+character of the edifice considerable taste and science. When completed,
+it is intended to consist of a central part, and two wings projecting at
+right angles from the extremities of the former. The first portion only
+of this is at present finished. It extends from north to south 430 feet,
+with a depth, from east to west, including the two semicircular
+theatres, of about 200 feet. The elevation is at once classical and
+chaste, having a bold and rich portico in the centre, elevated on a
+plinth, to the height of the first story (19 feet,) and is approached
+by numerous steps, which are arranged to produce a fine effect. Twelve
+Corinthian columns support a flattened pediment, in the tympanum of
+which is to be a composition in basso-relievo, analogous to science and
+literature. Behind this pediment is a cupola, finished by a lantern
+light, in imitation of a peripteral temple, crowning and ornamenting a
+grand octagonal vestibule, or saloon. North of this is the museum of
+natural history, 118 feet by 50, and 23 feet in height, opening to
+the museum of anatomy, which latter communicates with two rooms for
+professors, and to one of the large theatres, or lecture-rooms. East of
+the vestibule is a large hall, and to the south is the great library,
+corresponding in size, &c. with the museum of natural history; the
+small library; rooms for the librarian, for apparatus, and also another
+large theatre. The ground-floor consists of rooms for lectures, the
+Professor's offices, laboratory, museum, a spacious cloister 213 feet
+by 24; rooms for the anatomical school, &c. In the basement are other
+apartments for the anatomical schools, for the chemical laboratory,
+the students' common room, kitchen, stewards' room, refreshment rooms,
+housekeeper's room, vaults, &c.
+
+At the _British Museum_ a new room, to contain the late king's
+library, has been built and fitted up from the designs of Mr. R. Smirke.
+It is the largest apartment in this country, its measurement being 300
+feet in length, by 30 feet in width, and 30 feet high,
+
+The _St. Katherine's Docks_, recently formed near the Tower, will
+increase this species of accommodation, and be a great improvement to a
+district where reform and alteration are much required. By a statement
+published by the Committee in October, 1828, it appears that "the first
+stone was laid 3rd of May, 1827," and that a grand ceremony was exhibited
+on the 25th of October, 1828, of opening the Docks. On that occasion,
+nine vessels, of from 516 to 343 tons burden, entered the docks to load
+and discharge their freights. Above 1,200 houses, warehouses, &c. were
+purchased and taken down, to make room for the new works. Accommodation
+is provided for the stowage of 210,000 tons of merchandize; and, from
+the improved construction of the warehouses, these goods will be always
+housed under cover. The fixed capital for completing this great
+commercial undertaking is 1,352,752_l_.
+
+_A Collier Dock_, on a large scale, has been projected to be
+excavated and formed in the Isle of Dogs, near Blackwall for which
+Mr. George Rennie has made plans and estimates.
+
+The _New London Bridge_, now nearly completed, is a work of great
+magnitude, science, and novelty. Its erection, in our times, and
+following the recent finishing of the bridges of Waterloo and Southwark,
+is a memorable event in the annals of London.
+
+The projected _Tunnel under the Thames_ is not only a novel object
+in this part of London, but, should it ever be accomplished, it will be
+a wonderful triumph of human talents over seeming impossibilities.
+
+Although so many useful and even important improvements have been
+recently effected in the metropolis, there are yet many things left
+undone that ought to be done, and others proceeding in a manner that
+will neither be creditable nor beneficial. The widening and opening of
+_New Streets_ from Pall Mall to the British Museum; from that
+national repository to Waterloo Bridge, skirting the two theatres;--from
+the Strand to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and thence to Holborn; and again
+to Covent Garden;--from Charing Cross to Somerset House;--from Oxford
+Road to Bloomsbury Square and Holborn;--from Blackfriars' Bridge to
+Clerkenwell, removing and clearing away that nuisance in a public
+thoroughfare, Fleet Market;--from Moorfields to the Bank, and thence
+obliquely to Southwark Bridge;--widening and opening the area around
+St. Paul's Cathedral,--are all calculated to be very beneficial to
+the public. Other essential alterations are still required; and the
+legislature, as well as all public-spirited individuals, should
+co-operate to promote them. The formation of open, respectable quays,
+terraces, and streets, on the banks of our fine river, is an event
+greatly to be desired.
+
+The vastly-increasing population of London, has occasioned a great
+augmentation of _Churches_ and _Chapels_, both for congregations
+of the establishment, and for dissenters. In consequence of urgent, and
+argumentative appeals by some truly pious and benevolent Christians, the
+legislature has granted a large sum for the purpose of aiding parochial
+committees, to build new churches or enlarge their old ones.
+
+The _New Post Office_, in St. Martin's-le-Grand, is fast
+approaching conclusion, and will constitute one of the most imposing
+public buildings of the city. Preparatory to the re-erection of the
+whole of the _Blue Coat School_, or _Christ's Hospital_, in
+Newgate Street, a spacious and handsome Hall has been erected, from the
+designs of Mr. Shaw.
+
+A _new Chapel_, of novel design, being of an amphitheatrical form,
+has been recently completed, from the designs of _W. Brooks_,
+architect. It is seated near the Catholic Chapel, in Finsbury Circus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FIRST AND LAST CRIME.
+
+[_Blackwood's Magazine_ for the current month contains a sketchy
+article under this title, which displays much of the breadth and vigour
+of one of Maga's contributors. Our extract is in the form of the
+confession of a reckless, daring spirit, who being imprisoned for
+murder, commits suicide. The early developement of his bad passions is
+admirably drawn, and altogether this is one of the most powerfully
+written papers that we have lately met with.]
+
+
+I was the youngest child of three; but before I had attained my tenth
+year, I was an only one. I had always been the favourite of both my
+parents, and now I was their idol. They hung upon my existence, as a
+shipwrecked mariner clings to the last floating fragment of the gallant
+bark that bore him; they lived, but while they held by me, in the rough
+tossings of the ocean of life. I was not slow to discover my value in
+their estimation, or to exercise, in its fullest extent, the capricious
+tyranny of conscious power. Almost the earliest impression which my
+ripening mind received, was a regal immunity from error--I could _do
+no wrong_.
+
+My education was not neglected. Alas! the only use I have ever made of
+what I acquired, has been to gild my vices when acted, or refine upon
+the manner of acting them while in contemplation. I look back, at this
+moment, to the period of my life I am describing, as prosperous men
+recall the day-spring of their fortunes. _They_, from the proud
+eminence on which they stand, trace, step by step, in retrospective
+view, the paths by which they ascended; and _I_, looking through
+the dark vista of my by-gone years, behold the fatal series of crimes
+and follies that stained their progress, stretching to my boyhood. The
+gay and frolic _irregularities_, as they were gently termed, of
+that untamed age, were the turbid source of the waters of misery in
+which I am now engulphed, I was a lawless planet, running at will; and
+the orbit I described laid waste more than one fair region of peace and
+happiness.
+
+My father had a brother, his elder by many years; a man of stern and
+rigid character, as I then considered him; but, as I would now call him,
+of upright, firm, and honourable principle. He loved my father, but did
+not love his weakness; and the display of it, in his indulgence towards
+me, was the cause of many a serious, if not sometimes angry, debate
+between them. Well do I remember (for it rankled like poison in my
+swelling heart) a declaration he once made in my presence. It was a
+fine autumnal evening, and he was seated with my father and mother in
+a balcony, which opened from the library-window upon a spacious lawn.
+I entered the room, and advanced towards them, unconscious, of course,
+that their conversation had been about me; but my uncle looking at me
+with a severe expression of countenance, and at the same time addressing
+his brother, exclaimed, "Well, James, neither you nor I may live to see
+it; but if the grace of God, or his own better reflection, as he grows
+older, do not work a change in this young squire, a duel, Jack Ketch,
+or a razor, will work his exit some day or other."
+
+My father smiled--I saw my mother wipe away a tear--at that moment
+I could have struck my uncle dead. I muttered a few words--I knew not
+what, and left the room. Boy as I was, (for I had barely completed
+my seventeenth year,) I felt all the vindictive passions of manhood
+kindling within me. It seemed as if a sentence had been passed upon
+me, the more terrible, because a secret voice whispered to me, it was
+prophetic! _That impression never forsook me!_
+
+I questioned my father haughtily, a few days afterwards, as to the
+reasons of his brother for thus speaking of me; and I even dared to
+insinuate, that, had he felt what a father should, he would have
+resented the indignity. He answered me (I write it with shame and
+contrition) most mildly, most affectionately. The gentle being--I see
+him now, as he tenderly took my hand--apologized to me--to me! who ought
+to have stood trembling in _his_ presence! I followed up my blow.
+With cold, but subtle malignity. I played off my revenge towards my
+uncle, through the idolatry of my father's love towards myself. I
+barbarously gave him a choice of misery; for I disdainfully replied,
+that he must henceforth determine, whether he would lose a brother or
+a son, as _I_ had determined to remain no longer under his roof,
+unless I had the assurance that I should never again see my uncle there.
+He looked at me. My God! what a look it was! so full of meek sorrow
+and appalling obedience! Without uttering a word, he sat down to his
+writing-table. The tears fell upon his paper; but they did not blot out
+a few bitter words addressed to his brother, which severed for ever in
+this world two noble hearts; cast, indeed, in different moulds, but
+which kindred blood had cemented, in the close bonds of fraternal love,
+for more than forty years.
+
+This was my _first_ revenge. But was I satisfied? No!
+
+It was only a few months afterwards, that chance threw in my way a
+daughter of my uncle's. I met her at the house of a common friend, who
+knew and deplored the unhappy schism which prevailed between the two
+brothers. He was equally attached to both, and I believe pleased himself
+with the idea, that an occasional intercourse between the younger
+branches of the families, might, some day or other, bring about a
+reconciliation between the heads. My cousin Harriet was a year older
+than myself. She was in her nineteenth, I in my eighteenth year. I loved
+her. Yes; the _first_ feeling that glowed within my bosom was that
+of love. She was beautiful--fascinating--accomplished--amiable--and
+I loved her. It was not long before I was satisfied. I had kindled a
+reciprocal passion in her breast. The mute eloquence of her look and
+manner was only the harbinger of that same thrilling eloquence, which
+fell from her tongue when I won the declaration of her affection.
+
+Her father knew we met at this friend's house; but whether he was told,
+or whether he penetrated, the secret of our attachment, I never learned.
+I only know, that, at the very moment when separation was madness, his
+mandate went forth, prohibiting all farther intercourse between us, and
+that it was obeyed. Not by me; for I was incapable of submission: but by
+my gentle Harriet, who thought _herself_ incapable of disobeying.
+We met no more where we had been wont to meet; and my young heart's
+spring of happiness seemed for ever withered.
+
+But here again, I began to reflect, my path was crossed--my hopes were
+blighted--by my uncle. I heard, too, that his tongue had been free with
+my name; that the blistering censure of his austere virtue had fallen
+upon my actions. I writhed under the contumely. My wounded spirit was
+insatiate for vengeance. I meditated, deeply, how I could inflict it, so
+as to strike the blow where he was most vulnerable. I did not brood long
+over my dark purpose. The love I still bore his daughter, was _now_
+mingled with the hatred I bore towards himself; and I exulted in the
+thought, that I should perhaps be able to gratify, at one and the same
+moment, two of the fiercest passions of my nature--lust and revenge!
+
+I SUCCEEDED!
+
+In these two words let me shroud a tale of horror. Harriet was my
+victim! Ask not how. _I_ triumphed! _She_ fell! An angel might
+have fallen as she did, and lost no purity. But her stainless heart was
+too proud in virtue to palter and equivocate with circumstances. She
+never rose from what she deemed her bridal bed. And ere twenty summers
+had fanned her cheek, the grave-worm banqueted upon its loveliness.
+
+This was my _first_ crime. The recollection of it is engraven upon
+my memory by an awful catastrophe. The night wind that sung _her_
+funeral dirge, howled with dismal fury through the burning ruins of my
+paternal mansion. Yes! that very night, as if it were in mercy to them,
+my father and my mother both perished in the flames which reduced
+the house itself to cinders. They were seen at the windows of their
+bedchamber, shrieking for aid; but before any could be procured, the
+flooring gave way, and they sunk at once into the yawning furnace that
+roared beneath. Their remains, when afterwards dug out, were a few
+shovelsfull of blackened ashes; except my father's right hand, which was
+found clasped in that of my mother, and both unconsumed. I followed
+these sad relics to the sepulchre. But with the tears I shed, there was
+blended a feeble consolation at the thought they had died before they
+knew the fate of Harriet; and a frightful joy, that another pang was
+added to the wretchedness of my uncle.
+
+I can well remember what a feeling of loneliness and desolation now took
+possession of me. Time, however, rolled on; and I grew callous, if not
+reconciled. I could not disguise from myself that the more select
+circles of society were closed against me; or, if I found my way into
+them, some blushing whisper was quickly circulated, which created a
+solitude around me.
+
+It was during this period, and while I was squandering thousands to
+achieve the conquest of shadows, that I succeeded in fixing an intimacy
+with a family equal to my own in station, and superior to it in fortune.
+The eldest daughter was an heiress of large expectations, and my
+proposals of marriage were favourably received. I might almost say that
+Matilda was mine; when one day I received a letter from her father,
+peremptorily forbidding my visits. I was thunderstruck. I hastened to
+the house, and demanded an explanation. It was given in few words. _I
+was referred to my uncle for any information I required_.
+
+This blow struck me down. I had run through my patrimonial estate; but
+hoped, by my marriage with Matilda, to repair my shattered fortune.
+Three weeks after it was known that the match was broken off, I was
+a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench! I breathed no curses upon
+the cause of this sudden reverse of fortune, but--I swore revenge, in
+silence; and I kept my oath. I languished away six months, a captive
+debtor; and then, taking the benefit of the act, I walked forth a
+beggar, to prey upon the world at large! I had studied, during that
+time, in an admirable school, where I found professors in every art by
+which fools are gulled, and knaves foiled with their own weapons. I was
+an apt scholar, and returned to the bosom of society, an adept in the
+science of _polished depredation_. Translate this into the language
+of the Old Bailey, and I became a swindler by profession. Like the
+eagle, however, I was a bird of prey that soared into the highest
+regions, and rarely stooped to strike the meaner tribes of my species. I
+had not lost, with the trappings of my birth, the manners and address of
+the sphere in which I had moved; and these were now my stock in trade
+for carrying on my new vocation.
+
+Among the children of misfortune with whom I associated in prison, was
+Charles Fitzroy; a bankrupt in every thing but exhaustless invention,
+and unconquerable perseverance. Give him the free use of his limbs, and
+with matchless dexterity he would make the contributions of the morning
+furnish out the riotous expenses of the evening. It was his boast, that
+he would breakfast with an empty pocket, and dine with a purse that
+should defray the carouse of a dozen friends. And I have known him
+fulfil his boast, with a heart as light, too, as became a man who thus
+made the credulous fools of the world his bankers.
+
+I was needy, desperate, and an outcast; and I linked my destiny with
+Fitzroy's. He had my confidence; such confidence as confederates in
+knavery can bestow. When he obtained his liberty, which he did shortly
+after my own was accomplished, he introduced me to his companions; men
+who, like himself, lived by plundering the unwary, and who looked up to
+him as their _Magnus Apollo_. I was soon initiated in all their
+mysteries; and played my part to admiration at the gaming-table, on the
+race course, and in the ring.
+
+Fitzroy was master of the secret that festered near my heart; the
+increased and increasing hatred towards my uncle. I regarded him as
+my evil genius; for not only had he thwarted me in two of the dearest
+objects of my life; but his prediction of my boyhood had clung to me
+like a poisoned garment. I could not shake it off; and now, more than
+ever, it seemed accomplishing itself with rapid strides. It made me mad
+when I reflected upon the polluted channels through which _my_
+precarious means flowed, and thought of the luxurious enjoyments which
+_his_ opulence commanded. It was true, I had dashed his cup with
+bitterness; but it was no less true, that it still flowed with sweets,
+while mine was brimming with gall. Fitzroy would often talk to me upon
+this subject, and devise schemes for a successful inroad upon his purse.
+At length a plan was matured between us, in which I could not appear,
+but which Fitzroy, and a picked few of our associates, undertook to
+execute.
+
+My uncle had always been passionately fond of the course, and prided
+himself upon his stud of racers. He betted largely, and was generally
+fortunate, probably because he selected his men with a wary eye.
+The race course, then, was the arena chosen for the enterprise; but
+admirable as were the projected plans, and skilfully as they were
+executed, such was his luck, or so profound were his calculations, that
+they failed _five_ successive seasons. Fitzroy, however, was one of
+those men who, when satisfied that what they engage in ought to succeed,
+according to the means employed, only derive fresh vigour from every
+fresh defeat. He played his game a _sixth_ time, and won. The same
+day that saw my uncle rise with thousands, saw him seek his pillow at
+night, a frantic beggar! He was too proud a man, too honourable, I will
+add, not to throw down his last guinea, in satisfaction of such demands.
+He never suspected villany in the business. He paid his losses,
+therefore; and in less than a week afterwards, an inquest sat upon his
+body, which was found at the bottom of his own fish pond.
+
+I had my share of this infernal plunder; but so ravenous had been
+my appetite for revenge, that not one pang of remorse disturbed the
+riotous enjoyments in which it was lavished. On the contrary, the very
+consciousness that it _was_ my uncle's money I squandered, gave a
+zest to every excess, and seemed to appease the gnawing passions which
+had so long tormented me. In two or three years, however, boundless
+extravagance, and the gaming-table, stripped me of my last shilling.
+It was in one of the frenzied moments of this profligate reverse of
+fortune, that I committed the crime for which, if to-morrow dawned
+upon me, I should be publicly arraigned.
+
+Fitzroy had been fortunate the whole night. I had thrown with constant
+bad luck. He had pocketed some hundreds; I had lost more than I could
+pay. I asked him for a temporary loan of fifty pounds, to make good what
+I owed, and stake the small remaining sum for the chance of retrieving
+all. He refused me. It was the first time he had ever done so. But he
+not _only_ refused me, he taunted me with sarcastic reproofs for my
+folly, and muttered something about the uselessness of assisting a man
+who, if he had thousands, would scatter them like dust. He should have
+chosen a fitter moment to exhort me, than when I was galled by my
+losses, and by his denial of my request. I was heated with wine too; and
+half mad with despair, half mad with drink, I sprang upon him, tore him
+to the earth, and before the by-standers could interfere to separate us,
+I had buried a knife, which I snatched from a table near me, up to the
+handle in his heart! He screamed--convulsively grappled me by the
+throat---and expired! His death-gripe was so fierce and powerful, that I
+believe had we been alone, his murderer would have been found strangled
+by his side. It was with difficulty that the horror-struck witnesses of
+this bloody scene could force open his clenched hands time enough to let
+me breathe.
+
+I have done! I remember, as if it were but yesterday, the silent
+response which my heart made, when my uncle pronounced that withering
+sentence on me. "No!" was my indignant exclamation; "I may deserve a
+hundred public deaths; but if I know myself, I would never undergo
+one!--NOR WILL I." When that which I have written shall be read--other
+hopes and fears--other punishments, perchance, than man can awaken or
+inflict--will await me. My _first_ crime--my _first_ revenge,
+and my _last_, I have recorded; my _last_ crime others must
+tell, when they speak of the murderer and SUICIDE,
+
+  JAMES MORLEY.
+
+There is little doubt that scarcely a moment intervened between his
+writing his name, and placing the pistol to his heart; for when he was
+discovered, the pen was lying on the paper, as if it had been laid down
+only for an instant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REGAL TABLET.
+
+(_Concluded from page 166._)
+
+
+CHARLES II.
+
+restored 29th May, 1669, ended 6th Feb. 1685.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Alexander VII.,            1655.
+Clement IX.,               1667.
+Clement X.,                1670.
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip IV.,                1620.
+Charles II.,               1665.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Alonzo VI.,                1656.
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+
+_Denmark_
+
+Frederic III.,             1648.
+Christian V.,              1670.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JAMES II.
+
+began his reign 6th Feb. 1685, abdicated 13th Feb. 1689.
+
+Contemporaries all as in the last reign.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WILLIAM AND MARY
+
+began their reign 13th Feb. 1689, ended 8th March, 1702.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+Alexander VIII.,           1689.
+Innocent XII.,             1691.
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Charles II.,               1665.
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Christian V.,              1670.
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+Charles XII.,              1697.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANNE
+
+began her reign 8th March, 1702, ended 1st Aug. 1714.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+Joseph I.,                 1705.
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+John V.,                   1706.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XII.               1697.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Illustrious House of Brunswick.
+
+GEORGE I.
+
+began his reign 1st Aug. 1714, ended 11th June, 1727.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+Innocent XIII.,            1721.
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Peter I.,                  1724.
+Catherine I.,              1725.
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+John V.,                   1706.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XII.               1697.
+Ulrica,                    1718.
+Frederic,                  1720.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE II.
+
+began his reign 11th June, 1727, ended 25th Oct. 1760.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+Clement XII.,              1730.
+Benedict XIV.,             1740.
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+Charles VII.,              1740.
+Francis I.,                1745.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+Anne.,                     1730.
+John V.,                   1740.
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+Ferdinand,                 1746.
+Charles III.,              1759.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+John V.,                   1706.
+Joseph,                    1750.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+Christian VI.              1730.
+Frederic V.,               1746.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Frederic,                  1720.
+Adolphus,                  1751.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William, I,       1713.
+Frederic II.,              1740.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE III.
+
+began his reign 25th Oct. 1760, ended 29th Jan. 1820.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+Clement XIV.,              1769.
+Pius VI.,                  1775.
+Pius VII.,                 1800.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Francis I.,                1745.
+Joseph II.,                1765.
+Francis II.,               1792.[4]
+
+_Austria_.
+
+Francis I.,                1806.
+
+_Turkey_.
+
+Mustapha III.,             1757.
+Achmed,                    1774.
+Selim III.,                1789.
+Mahamud VI.,               1808.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Joseph,                    1750.
+Mary and Peter III.,       1777.
+Mary (alone),              1786.
+John,                      1816.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+Peter III.,                1762.
+Catharine II.,             1762.
+Paul I.,                   1796.
+Alexander,                 1801.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic the Great,         1740.
+Frederic William II.,       1786.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XV.,                  1715.
+Louis XVI.,                 1774.
+Louis XVII.                 1793.
+Bonaparte,                  1799.
+Louis XVIII.,               1814.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Charles III.,               1759.
+Charles IV.,                1788.
+Ferdinand VII.,             1808.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic V.,                1746.
+Christian VII.,             1766.
+Matilda,                    1772.
+Frederic VI.                1808.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Adolphus Frederic,          1751.
+Gustavus III.,              1771.
+Gustavus IV.,               1792.
+Charles XIII.,              1809.
+Charles XIV., (Bernadotte), 1818.
+
+_Holland_.
+
+William V. (Stadtholder),   1757.
+William, Prince of Orange,  1815.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William III.,      1797.
+
+_Poland_.
+
+Stanislaus II.              1764.
+
+_Naples and Sicily_.
+
+Frederic IV.                1759.
+Joseph Napoleon,            1806.
+Joachim Napoleon,           1809.
+King of Naples restored,    1815.
+
+_Etruria_.
+
+Francis,                    1730.
+Leopold,                    1765.
+Ferdinand III.,             1790.
+Louis I.,                   1801.
+Louis II.                   1802.
+
+_Sardinia_.
+
+Charles Emanuel III.        1730.
+Victor Amadeus,             1773.
+Emanuel V.,                 1802.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE IV.
+
+ascended 29th Jan. 1820, whom GOD preserve.
+
+Contemporaries at the commencement of his reign the same as at the death
+of his late majesty.
+
+JACOBUS.
+
+    [4] Francis II. of Germany abdicated 1806, and took the title of
+        Emperor of Austria.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR,
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MOUNT ARAFAT, AND THE PILGRIMAGE
+TO MEKKA.
+
+
+Every traditionary and topographical particular of this hallowed spot,
+and the picturesque ceremonies by which it is consecrated, must be
+acceptable to the Christian reader; and this conviction has induced us
+to abridge the following from that portion of _Burckhardt's Travels_
+which describes the _Hadj_, or _pilgrimage_ to Mekka.
+
+At sunrise on the 9th of Zul Hadj, every pilgrim issued from his tent,
+to walk over the plains, and take a view of the busy crowds assembled
+there. Long streets of tents, fitted up as bazars, furnished all kinds
+of provisions. The Syrian and Egyptian cavalry were exercised by their
+chiefs early in the morning, while thousands of camels were seen feeding
+upon the dry shrubs of the plain all round the camp. I walked to Mount
+Arafat, to enjoy from its summit a more distinct view of the whole.
+This granite hill, which is also called _Djebel er' Rahme_, or the
+Mountain of Mercy, rises on the north-east side of the plain, close to
+the mountains which encompass it, but separated from them by a rocky
+valley; it is about a mile, or a mile and a half in circuit; its sides
+are sloping, and its summit is nearly two hundred feet above the level
+of the plain. On the eastern side broad stone steps lead up to the top,
+and a broad unpaved path, on the western, over rude masses of granite,
+with which its declivity is covered. After mounting about forty steps,
+we find a spot a little on the left, called Modaa Seydna Adam, or the
+place of prayer of our Lord Adam, where, it is related, that the father
+of mankind used to stand while praying; for here it was, according to
+Mohammedan tradition, that the angel Gabriel first instructed Adam how
+to adore his Creator. A marble slab, bearing an inscription in modern
+characters, is fixed in the side of the mountain. On reaching about the
+sixtieth step, we come to a small paved platform to our right, on a
+level spot of the hill, where the preacher stands who admonishes the
+pilgrims on the afternoon of this day, as I shall hereafter mention.
+Thus high, the steps are so broad and easy that a horse or camel may
+ascend; but higher up they become more steep and uneven. On the summit,
+the place is shown where Mohammed used to take his station during the
+Hadj; a small chapel formerly stood over it; but this was destroyed by
+the Wahabys: here the pilgrims usually pray two rikats, in salutation
+of Arafat. The steps and the summit are covered with handkerchiefs to
+receive their pious gifts, and each family of the Mekkawys or Bedouins
+of the tribe of Koreysh, in whose territory Arafat lies, has its
+particular spot assigned to it for this purpose. The summit commands a
+very extensive and singular prospect. I brought my compass to take a
+circle of bearings; but the crowd was so great that I could not use it.
+Towards the western extremity of the plain are seen Bir Bazan and the
+Aalameyn; somewhat nearer, southwards, the mosque called Djama Nimre,
+or Djama Seydna Ibrahim; and on the south-east, a small house where the
+Sherif used to lodge during the pilgrimage. From thence an elevated
+rocky ground in the plain extends towards Arafat. On the eastern side
+of the mountain, and close to its foot, are the ruins of a small mosque,
+built on rocky ground, called Djama el Szakhrat, where Mohammed was
+accustomed to pray, and where the pilgrims make four prostrations in
+memory of the prophet. Several large reservoirs lined with stone are
+dispersed over the plain; two or three are close to the foot of Arafat,
+and there are some near the house of the Sherifs: they are filled from
+the same fine aqueduct which supplies Mekka, and the head of which is
+about one hour and a half distant, in the eastern mountains. The canal
+is left open here for the convenience of pilgrims, and is conducted
+round the three sides of the mountains, passing by Modaa Seydna Adam.[5]
+
+From the summit of Arafat, I counted about three thousand tents
+dispersed over the plain, of which two-thirds belonged to the two Hadj
+caravans, and to the suite and soldiers of Mohammed Aly; the rest to the
+Arabs of the Sherif, the Bedouin hadjys, and the people of Mekka and
+Djidda. These assembled multitudes were for the greater number, like
+myself, without tents. The two caravans were encamped without much
+order, each party of pilgrims or soldiers having pitched its tents in
+large circles or _dowars_, in the midst of which many of their
+camels were reposing. The plain contained, dispersed in different parts,
+from twenty to twenty-five thousand camels, twelve thousand of which
+belonged to the Syrian Hadj, and from five to six thousand to the
+Egyptian; besides about three thousand, purchased by Mohammed Aly from
+the Bedouins in the Syrian Deserts, and brought to Mekka with the Hadj,
+to convey the pilgrims to this place, previously to being used for the
+transport of army-provisions to Tayf.
+
+The Syrian Hadj was encamped on the south and south-west side of the
+mountain; the Egyptian on the south-east. Around the house of the
+Sherif, Yahya himself was encamped with his Bedouin troops, and in its
+neighbourhood were all the Hedjaz people. Here it was that the two Yemen
+caravans used formerly to take their station. Mohammed Aly, and Soleyman
+Pasha of Damascus, as well as several of their officers, had very
+handsome tents; but the most magnificent of all was that of the wife of
+Mohammed Aly, the mother of Tousoun Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha, who had
+lately arrived from Cairo for the Hadj, with a truly royal equipage,
+five hundred camels being necessary to transport her baggage from Djidda
+to Mekka. Her tent was in fact an encampment consisting of a dozen tents
+of different sizes, inhabited by her women; the whole enclosed by a wall
+of linen cloth, eight hundred paces in circuit, the single entrance to
+which was guarded by eunuchs in splendid dresses. Around this enclosure
+were pitched the tents of the men who formed her numerous suite. The
+beautiful embroidery on the exterior of this linen palace, with the
+various colours displayed in every part of it, constituted an object
+which reminded me of some descriptions in the Arabian Tales of the
+Thousand and One Nights. Among the rich equipages of the other hadjys,
+or of the Mekka people, none were so conspicuous as that belonging
+to the family of Djeylany, the merchant, whose tents, pitched in a
+semicircle, rivalled in beauty those of the two pashas, and far exceeded
+those of Sherif Yahya. In other parts of the East, a merchant would
+as soon think of buying a rope for his own neck, as of displaying his
+wealth in the presence of a pasha; but Djeylany has not yet laid aside
+the customs which the Mekkawys learned under their old government,
+particularly that of Sherif Ghaleb, who seldom exercised extortion upon
+single individuals; and they now rely on the promises of Mohammed Aly,
+that he will respect their property.
+
+During the whole morning, there were repeated discharges of the
+artillery which both pashas had brought with them. A few pilgrims
+had taken up their quarters on Djebel Arafat itself, where some small
+cavern, or impending block of granite, afforded them shelter from the
+sun. It is a belief generally entertained in the East, and strengthened
+by many boasting hadjys on their return home, that all the pilgrims, on
+this day, encamp upon Mount Arafat; and that the mountain possesses the
+miraculous property of expansion, so as to admit an indefinite number of
+the faithful upon its summit. The law ordains that the _wakfe_, or
+position of the Hadj, should be on Djebel Arafat; but it wisely provides
+against any impossibility, by declaring that the plain in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the mountain may be regarded as comprised under the
+term "mountain," or Djebel Arafat.
+
+I estimated the number of persons assembled here at about seventy
+thousand. The camp was from three to four miles long, and between one
+and two in breadth. There is, perhaps, no spot on earth where, in so
+small a place, such a diversity of languages are heard; I reckoned about
+forty, and I have no doubt that there were many more. It appeared to me
+as if I were here placed in a holy temple of travellers only; and never
+did I at any time feel a more ardent wish to be able to penetrate once
+into the inmost recesses of the countries of many of those persons
+whom I now saw before me, fondly imagining that I might have no more
+difficulty in reaching their homes, than what they had experienced in
+their journey to this spot.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The time of Aszer (or about three o'clock, P.M.) approached, when that
+ceremony of the Hadj takes place, for which the whole assembly had come
+hither. The pilgrims now pressed forward towards the mountain of Arafat,
+and covered its sides from top to bottom. At the precise time of Aszer,
+the preacher took his stand upon the platform on the mountain, and began
+to address the multitude. This sermon, which lasts till sun-set,
+constitutes the holy ceremony of the Hadj called Khotbet el Wakfe; and
+no pilgrim, although he may have visited all the holy places of Mekka,
+is entitled to the name of hadjy, unless he has been present on this
+occasion. As Aszer approached, therefore, all the tents were struck,
+every thing was packed up, the caravans began to load, and the pilgrims
+belonging to them mounted their camels, and crowded round the mountain,
+to be within sight of the preacher, which is sufficient, as the greater
+part of the multitude is necessarily too distant to hear him. The two
+pashas, with their whole cavalry drawn up in two squadrons behind them,
+took their post in the rear of the deep lines of camels of the hadjys,
+to which those of the people of the Hedjaz were also joined; and here
+they waited in solemn and respectful silence the conclusion of the
+sermon. Further removed from the preacher, was the Sherif Yahya, with
+his small body of soldiers, distinguished by several green standards
+carried before him. The two Mahmals, or holy camels, which carry on
+their back the high structure that serves as the banner of their
+respective caravans, made way with difficulty through the ranks of
+camels that encircled the southern and eastern sides of the hill,
+opposite to the preacher, and took their station, surrounded by their
+guards, directly under the platform in front of him.[6]
+
+The preacher, or Khatyb, who is usually the Kadhy of Mekka, was mounted
+upon a finely caparisoned camel, which had been led up the steps; it
+being traditionally said that Mohammed was always seated when he here
+addressed his followers, a practice in which he was imitated by all
+the Khalifes who came to the Hadj, and who from hence addressed their
+subjects in person. The Turkish gentleman of Constantinople, however,
+unused to camel-riding, could not keep his seat so well as the hardy
+Bedouin prophet; and the camel becoming unruly, he was soon obliged to
+alight from it. He read his sermon from a book in Arabic, which he held
+in his hands. At intervals of every four or five minutes he paused, and
+stretched forth his arms to implore blessings from above; while the
+assembled multitudes around and before him waved the skirts of their
+ihrams over their heads, and rent the air with shouts of "Lebeyk,
+Allahuma Lebeyk," (i.e. Here we are, at thy commands, O God!) During
+the wavings of the ihrams, the side of the mountain, thickly crowded
+as it was by the people in their white garments, had the appearance
+of a cataract of water; while the green umbrellas, with which several
+thousand hadjys, sitting on their camels below, were provided, bore some
+resemblance to a verdant plain.--During his sermon, which lasted almost
+three hours, the Kadhy was seen constantly to wipe his eyes with a
+handkerchief; for the law enjoins the Khatyb or preacher to be moved
+with feeling and compunction; and adds that, whenever tears appear on
+his face, it is a sign that the Almighty enlightens him, and is ready
+to listen to his prayers.
+
+At length the sun began to descend behind the western mountains; upon
+which the Kadhy, having shut his book, received a last greeting of
+"Lebeyk;" and the crowds rushed down the mountain, in order to quit
+Arafat. It is thought meritorious to accelerate the pace on this
+occasion; and many persons make it a complete race, called by the Arabs,
+_Ad' dafa min Arafat_. In former times, when the strength of the
+Syrian and Egyptian caravans happened to be nearly balanced, bloody
+affrays took place here almost every year between them, each party
+endeavouring to outrun and to carry its _mahmal_ in advance of the
+other. The same happened when the _mahmals_ approached the platform
+at the commencement of the sermon; and two hundred lives have on some
+occasions been lost in supporting what was thought the honour of the
+respective caravans. At present the power of Mohammed Aly preponderates,
+and the Syrian hadjys display great humility. The united caravans and
+the whole mass of pilgrims now moved forward over the plain; every
+tent had been previously packed up, to be ready for the occasion. The
+pilgrims pressed through the Aalameyn, which they must repass on their
+return; and night came on before they reached the defile called El
+Mazoumeyn. Innumerable torches were now lighted, twenty-four being
+carried before each pasha; and the sparks of fire from them flew far
+over the plain. There were continual discharges of artillery; the
+soldiers fired their muskets; the martial bands of both the pashas
+played; sky-rockets were thrown as well by the pashas' officers, as
+by many private pilgrims; while the Hadj passed at a quick pace in
+the greatest disorder, amidst a deafening clamour, through the pass of
+Mazoumeyn, leading towards Mezdelfe, where all alighted, after a two
+hours' march. No order was observed here in encamping; and every one lay
+down on the spot that first presented itself, no tents being pitched
+except those of the pashas and their suites; before which was an
+illumination of lamps in the form of high arches, which continued to
+blaze the whole night, while the firing of the artillery was kept up
+without intermission.
+
+    [5] At the close of the sixteenth century, according to Kotobeddyn,
+        the whole plain of Arafat was cultivated.
+
+    [6] The Mahmal (an exact representation of which is given by D'Ohsson)
+        is a high, hollow, wooden frame, in the form of a cone, with a
+        pyramidal top, covered with a fine silk brocade adorned with
+        ostrich feathers, and having a small book of prayers and charms
+        placed in the midst of it, wrapped up in a piece of silk. (My
+        description is taken from the Egyptian Mahmal.) When on the road,
+        it serves as a holy banner to the caravan; and on the return of
+        the Egyptian caravan, the book of prayers is exposed in the mosque
+        El Hassaneyn, at Cairo, where men and women of the lower classes
+        go to kiss it and obtain a blessing by rubbing their foreheads
+        upon it. No copy of the Koran, nor any thing but the book of
+        prayers, is placed in the Cairo Mahmal. I believe the custom to
+        have arisen in the battle-banner of the Bedouins, called Merkeb
+        and Otfe, which I have mentioned in my remarks on the Bedouins,
+        and which resemble the Mahmal, inasmuch as they are high wooden
+        frames placed upon camels.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS
+
+_From the Memoirs of General Miller, Second Edition._
+
+
+In the Pampas, where a scarcity of food is unknown to the poorest, that
+calculating avarice which, in its fears for to-morrow, would look with
+apathy on the wants of the stranger, can have but a limited sway. Kind
+offices are, therefore more freely and disinterestedly conferred than
+in less abundant regions. In addition to this, the dearth of society
+in a thinly-sprinkled population renders the presence of a traveller
+on their isolated _haciendas_ a source of gratification. If his
+appearance afford no ground for mistrust, and if his manners are not
+disagreeable, his being a stranger is a sufficient passport to a kind
+and hearty welcome. Whether he be rich or poor is not a subject of
+inquiry, and makes no difference in the reception.
+
+The South Americans are gay, and fond of dancing, music, and singing.
+There are few, whether wealthy or otherwise, who are not proficients in
+one or other of these accomplishments. In the warmer latitudes, people
+carry on not only their usual occupations, but their amusements, chiefly
+in the open air; and as singing constitutes one of the principal sources
+of the latter, the continued exercise of the voice harmonizes and
+strengthens it. Perhaps no opera, in Europe, could afford, to a natural
+and unsophisticated ear, so rich a treat as that which may be enjoyed in
+Cuzco, Arequipa, and other cities, where the ancient Peruvian airs are
+sung in the rich and melodious tones of the natives.
+
+The South Americans possess great intellectual quickness, and a
+retentive memory. The following may be cited as an extraordinary
+instance of the latter faculty. An old man, a native of La Pax, in Upper
+Peru, and of unmixed Indian blood, who kept an inn at Curicavi, between
+Valparaiso and Santiago, could repeat nearly the whole of Robertson's
+"History of Charles the Fifth," and was better acquainted with the
+History of England than most Englishmen. He spoke of Queen Boadicea, and
+was as familiar with the history of the civil wars between the houses
+of York and Lancaster as if they had occurred in his country, and in
+his own times. He had been brought up by the Jesuits. He had made two
+voyages to Canton, and was known by the name of "the emperor of China,"
+in consequence frequently of amusing his guests with long stories about
+the _celestial empire_.
+
+The Peruvians have great natural talents for painting and sculpture.
+They generally produce striking likenesses, but being uninstructed in
+the principles of these arts, their pictures have no other merit. There
+is, however, a female figure, done in 1711, by a native of Quito, which
+is considered as one of the finest paintings in a very good collection
+belonging to Mynheer Vandermarlin, of Brussels.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORATORIOS.
+
+
+The first oratorio performed in London, was at the Lincoln's Inn Fields
+Theatre, in 1732. On June 10, in the same year, the serenata of _Acis
+and Galatea_ was performed at the Italian Opera House, in English, by
+Italian performers, with scenery representing a rural prospect, with
+rocks, groves, fountains, and grottoes; amongst which were disposed a
+chorus of nymphs and shepherds, with dresses and "every other decoration
+suited to the subject."--_Companion to the Theatres_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13578 ***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, No. 361, Supplementary Issue (1829), by Various</title>
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13578 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 13, No. 361, Supplementary Issue (1829), by Various</h1>
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>[pg 177]</span>
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XIII, NO. 361 (1829)]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+<h3>
+	THE NATURALIST
+</h3>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/361-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/361-1.png"
+alt="The Talipot Tree. The Glowworm." /></a>
+</div>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/361-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/361-2.png"
+alt="The Deathwatch Magnified." /></a>
+</div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>[pg 178]</span>
+</p>
+<h2>
+	THE NATURALIST.
+</h2>
+<center>
+<i>See the Engravings.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+A delightful volume, of title almost synonymous with this division of
+the MIRROR, has just been published. It is entitled <i>The Journal of a
+Naturalist</i>,<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> with the very appropriate motto of
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  &mdash;&mdash;Plants, trees, and stones, we note,</p>
+           <p>  Birds, insects, beasts, and many rural things.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+The author in his preface, says, "Many years have now passed away since
+we were presented with that very interesting and amusing book, the
+'Natural History of Selborne;' nor do I recollect any publication at
+all resembling it having since appeared."<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> He then acknowledges the
+impression which this book left on his mind; and its having given rise
+to the present work, to which, in our humble opinion, it is a worthy
+companion.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our "Naturalist" resides in a village upon a very ancient road,
+connecting Bristol and Gloucester, in a limestone district, numbering
+among its picturesque beauties, the broad estuary of the Severn, the
+mountains of Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Brecon, and their peaceful vales
+and cheerful cottages; Thornbury, with its fine cathedral-like church
+and castle, the red cliffs of the Severn, and numberless antiquities
+of our ancestors&mdash;as roads, encampments, aggera, watch-hills, coins,
+lances, and other relics of those warlike times. Labour and healthful
+enjoyment reign in this district: for it is neither torn up for its
+mineral wealth, nor are its natural beauties annihilated, or the habits
+of its population corrupted by speculation or avarice. A portrait of
+"a worthy peasant," introduced by our author, reminds us of
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  &mdash;&mdash;A bold peasantry, their country's pride,</p>
+           <p>  When once destroyed, can never be supplied.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+A passage quoted by the late Mr. Canning, in one of his finest speeches;
+and we often contrast this vigorous outline of the people of "merry
+England" with her artificial state of after times. Next are a page or
+two of agricultural chemistry (<i>analysis of soils</i>) unfettered with
+technicals; double the space of what may strictly be called rural
+economy, (<i>grass lands</i>) succeed; next the culture and history of
+the potato, and some new observations on "<i>the Teazle</i>."
+</p>
+<p>
+Several pages on <i>trees</i> possess great interest, as do those on
+<i>flowers</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+We regret we have room but for a few heads&mdash;the <i>maple</i>&mdash;the
+<i>Naturalist's Autumnal Walk</i>&mdash;the <i>Economy of Animals</i>, especially
+of <i>Birds</i>: we must pass them over to elucidate our engraving of
+</p>
+<h3>
+	THE GLOWWORM.
+</h3>
+<p>
+That pretty sparkler of our summer evenings, so often made the
+ploughboy's prize, the only brilliant that glitters in the rustic's hat,
+the glowworm, (<i>lampyris noctiluca</i>,) is not found in such numbers
+with us, as in many other places, where these signal tapers glimmer upon
+every grassy bank; yet, in some seasons, we have a reasonable sprinkling
+of them. Every body probably knows, that the male glowworm is a winged,
+erratic animal, yet may not have seen him. He has ever been a scarce
+creature to me, meeting perhaps with one or two in a year; and, when
+found, always a subject of admiration. Most creatures have their eyes
+so placed, as to be enabled to see about them; or, as Hook says of the
+house-fly, to be "circumspect animals;" but this male glowworm has a
+contrivance, by which any upward or side vision is prevented. Viewed
+when at rest, no portion of his eyes is visible, but the head is
+margined with a horny band, or plate, being a character of one of the
+genera of the order <i>coleoptera</i>, under which the eyes are situate.
+This prevents all upward vision; and blinds, or winkers, are so fixed
+at the sides of his eyes, as greatly to impede the view of all lateral
+objects. <i>See Figures</i>. The chief end of this creature in his
+nightly peregrinations is to seek his mate, always beneath him on the
+earth; and hence this apparatus appears designed to facilitate his
+search, confining his view entirely to what is before or below him. The
+first serves to direct his flight, the other presents the object of his
+pursuit: and as we commonly, and with advantage, place our hand over the
+brow, to obstruct the rays of light falling from above, which enables us
+to see clearer an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>[pg 179]</span>
+object on the ground, so must the projecting hood of
+this creature converge the visual rays to a point beneath.
+</p>
+<p>
+Glowworms emit light only for a short period in the year; and I have but
+partially observed it after the middle of July. I have collected many of
+these pretty creatures on a bank before my house, into which they retire
+during the winter, to shine out again when revived by the summer's
+warmth; but in this latter season I have frequently missed certain of
+my little protegés, and have reason to apprehend, that they formed the
+banquet of a toad, that frequented the same situation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Observing above, that the glowworm does not emit light after the 14th of
+July, I mean thereby that clear, steady light, which has rendered this
+creature so remarkable to all persons; for I have repeatedly noticed,
+deep in the herbage, a faint evanescent light proceeding from these
+creatures, even as late as August and September. This was particularly
+manifested September the 28th, 1826. The evening was warm and dewy, and
+we observed on the house-bank multitudes of these small evanescent
+sparks in the grass. The light displayed was very different from that
+which they exhibit in warm summer months. Instead of the permanent green
+glow, that illumines all the blades of the surrounding herbage, it was a
+pale transient spot, visible for a moment or two, and then so speedily
+hidden, that we were obliged, in order to capture the creature, to
+employ the light of a candle. The number of them, and their actions,
+creeping away from our sight, contrary to that half lifeless dulness
+observed in summer, suggested the idea, that the whole body had availed
+themselves of this warm, moist evening, to migrate to their winter
+station. A single spark or so was to be seen some evenings after this,
+but no such large moving parties were discovered again. If we conclude,
+that the summer light of the glowworm is displayed as a signal taper,
+the appearance of this autumnal light can have no such object in view,
+nor can we rationally assign any use of it to the creature itself,
+unless, indeed, it serves as a point of union in these supposed
+migrations, like the leading call in the flight of night-moving birds.
+The activity and numbers of these insects, in the above-mentioned
+evening, enabled me to observe the frequent presence and disappearance
+of the light of an individual, which did not seem to be the result of
+will, but produced by situation. During the time the insect crawled
+along the ground, or upon the fine grass, the glow was hidden; but on
+its mounting any little blade, or sprig of moss, it turned round and
+presented the luminous caudal spot, which, on its falling or regaining
+its level, was hidden again.
+</p>
+<p>
+A summary of the peculiarities of the year 1825, very appropriately
+concludes the volume, from which we may be tempted to make future
+extracts.
+</p>
+<h3>
+	THE TALIPOT TREE,
+</h3>
+<p>
+The first of our Engravings is a species of palm, a native of Ceylon,
+and is one of the most magnificent wonders of the vegetable kingdom. The
+leaf is circular, terminating in the most beautiful rays, and folding up
+into plaits like a fan, which, in figure, it nearly resembles.
+</p>
+<p>
+This leaf is used in the maritime provinces of Ceylon as a mark of
+distinction, each person being allowed to have a certain number of these
+leaves, folded up as fans, carried with him by his servants; and also in
+the Kandian country, in the shape of a round, flat umbrella on a long
+stick. The talipot leaves are likewise used by the common people to
+shelter themselves from the rain, <i>one leaf affording sufficient
+shelter for seven or eight persons</i>. It is also used in making tents.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1818, Sir Alexander Johnston gave to Sir Joseph Banks a very fine
+specimen of a tent made of their leaves, large enough to hold a party of
+ten persons at table.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the books of importance in Pali and Cingalese, relative to the
+religion of Buddhoo, in Ceylon, are written on lamina of these leaves,
+with either a brass or an iron style. There are some of these books in
+Sir A. Johnston's collections, which are supposed to be from 500 to 600
+years old, and which are still very perfect. In the museum of the
+Asiatic Society, there is a complete copy of the Pali book, called the
+<i>Pansyapanas Iatakah</i>, written on 1,172 laminae of the finest
+description of this sort of palm leaf. Large as the dimensions of the
+talipot leaf may appear, it is exceeded in size by the <i>troolie</i> of
+Surinam, which extends on the ground, and has frequently been known to
+attain the width of three feet, and the length of thirty.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our Engraving is copied from the <i>Gardener's Magazine</i>, where it is
+reduced from the Transactions of the Asiatic Society.
+</p>
+<h3>
+	THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Although the present may be a late hour to dissipate the faith placed in
+signs and tokens, we are persuaded that a more intimate knowledge of
+this insect will not prove uninteresting to our readers.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>[pg 180]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The name <i>death watch</i> was evidently derived from the importance
+attached to the beatings of the insect, which, by superstitious people,
+were formerly supposed to prognosticate death to some one of the family
+in whose house it was heard. The natural size of the insect is about a
+quarter of an inch in length, of a dark brown colour, spotted, with
+transparent wings under the <i>vagina</i>, or sheath, a huge cap or
+helmet on the head, and two <i>antennae</i>, or feelers, from beneath
+the eyes.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is chiefly in the advanced period of spring that these insects
+commence their noise; and which is the call or signal by which they are
+mutually attracted to each other, and may be considered as analogous to
+the call of birds. This noise does not arise from their voice, but from
+the insect beating on hard substances, with the shield or fore part of
+its head. The general number of successive distinct strokes is from 7 to
+9 or 11. These are given in pretty quick succession, and are repeated at
+uncertain intervals; and in old houses, where the insects are numerous,
+they may be heard, if the weather be warm, almost every hour in the day.
+The noise exactly resembles that made by beating moderately hard with
+the finger on a table. Mr. Stackhouse carefully observed its manner of
+beating. He says, the insect raises itself upon its hinder legs, and
+with the body somewhat inclined, beats its head with great force and
+agility against the place on which it stands.
+</p>
+<p>
+This insect, which is the <i>real death-watch</i> of the vulgar, must
+not be confounded with another minuter insect, which makes a ticking
+noise like a watch; but instead of beating at intervals, it continues
+its noise for a considerable time without intermission. This latter
+belongs to a very different tribe. It is usually found in old wood,
+decayed furniture, neglected books, &amp;c.; and both the male and the
+female have the power of making this ticking noise, in order to attract
+each other. The Rev. Mr. Derham seems to have been the first naturalist
+who examined and described this species; and he says that during the
+month of July, in one particular summer, they scarcely ever ceased to
+beat either in day or night. The eggs are generally hatched about the
+beginning of March: many of them live through the winter; but during
+that time, to avoid the frost, they bury themselves deep in dust.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. T. Carpenter (of whose paper in <i>Gill's Repository</i> we have
+already availed ourselves) tells us that these insects are excellent
+anatomists: in order to render them useful in making some delicate
+dissections for his microscope, Mr. Carpenter placed a few of the
+insects within a pill-box, with the heads of three dead flies. He found
+some time afterwards, that they had cleared the interior of some of the
+eyes completely from all the blood-vessels, leaving the lenses in the
+cornea beautifully transparent.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	BIRDS' NESTS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+The structure of the nests of birds affords, perhaps, one of the most
+agreeable lessons in Natural History.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the most curious nests of our <i>English</i> birds may be named
+that of the <i>Wren</i>, the <i>long-tailed Titmouse</i>, the <i>Thrush</i>,
+the <i>Goldfinch</i>, the <i>Chaffinch</i>, the <i>Magpie</i>, and the <i>House
+Sparrow</i>; to these may also be added the <i>Swallow's</i>, the <i>Martin's</i>,
+the <i>Wood Pigeon's</i>, and the <i>Wood-Pecker's</i>. Of the nests of <i>Rooks</i>,
+it may be sufficient to observe, that they are often found to the number
+of six, or even more in a cluster. <i>Crows'</i> nests are always
+solitary; they are similar in structure to those of the rook.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the nests of Foreign birds, that of the <i>Taylor Bird</i>
+deserves especial mention; the bird itself is a diminutive one, being
+little more than three inches long; it is an inhabitant of India. The
+nest is sometimes constructed of two leaves, one of them dead; the
+latter is fixed to the living one as it hangs upon the tree, by sewing
+both together in the manner of a pouch or purse; it is open at the top,
+and the cavity is filled with fine down; and, being suspended from the
+branch, the birds are secure from the depredations of snakes and
+monkeys, to which they might otherwise fall a prey.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Dr. Latham's collection is a specimen of the taylor bird's nest,
+composed of a single large leaf, of a fibrous rough, texture, about six
+inches long independent of the stalk, five inches and a half in breadth,
+and ending in a point. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>[pg 181]</span>
+sides of this leaf are drawn together so as
+to meet within three-quarters of an inch; within is the nest, about four
+inches deep and two broad, opening at the top; the bottom of the leaf
+is drawn upwards, to assist in the support of it. The interior nest is
+composed of white down, with here and there a feather and a small
+portion of white down intermixed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another nest of this bird has also been described as composed of several
+leaves, like those of some kind of hazel sewed together; the inner nest
+formed of dry bents, fibres, and hairs, suspended from a tree. It is,
+therefore, probable that this bird, as well as some others, varies the
+structure of its nest as occasion and the materials may require. These
+singular works are performed by the bird's using his bill instead of a
+needle, and vegetable fibres for thread.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>Rufous Bee-eater</i>, or <i>Merops Rufus</i>, constructs also a
+very singular nest. This bird is a native of Buenos Ayres; the nest is
+built generally on the naked great branch of a tree, sometimes on the
+windows of houses, a fence, or a projecting beam of a high house or
+other building; it is composed of earth, in the form of a baker's oven,
+and is often built in the short space of two days, both birds being
+engaged in its construction; it is six inches in diameter, and one
+thick; a division is within, beginning at the entrance, and carried
+circularly, so that the eggs are deposited in the inner chamber, on a
+bed of grass. The swallow and other birds often attempt to obtain
+possession of this nest, but are generally repulsed by the owners.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many of the <i>Orioles'</i> nests are also deserving notice. The
+<i>black and yellow Oriole</i>, inhabiting South America, has a pendent
+nest, shaped like an alembic; it is affixed to the extreme branches of
+trees; sometimes, it is said, so many as four hundred nests are found
+hanging on the same tree.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>Philippine</i> and <i>Pensile Grosbeak</i> make also very curious nests.
+</p>
+<p>
+In concluding this account of the nests of birds, I may notice here the
+nest of the <i>Hirundo esculenta</i>, or <i>Esculent Swallow</i>, an inhabitant
+of China and the Islands of the Indian Ocean. The nest consists of a
+gelatinous substance, in shape resembling an apple cut down the middle.
+The nests are found in great numbers together, and are by the luxurious
+Asiatics made into broths, and otherwise cooked, and are esteemed one of
+the greatest dainties of the table; they are also occasionally used for
+glue.&mdash;<i>Jennings's Ornithologia</i>.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	FINE ARTS
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	METROPOLITAN IMPROVEMENTS.
+</h3>
+<center>
+<i>Abridged from the "Introduction" to Britton's Picture of London, 26th
+edition, just published.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>The year</i> 1825 will ever be memorable in the annals of the
+metropolis; for more novel improvements, changes, and events occurred in
+that one year than during any other corresponding period. <i>Schemes</i>
+for the formation of new <i>Companies</i>&mdash;the vast speculations arising
+out of them, tending to the aggrandizement of a few persons, and to the
+ruin of others, with the utilities of some, and the futilities and
+impositions of many,&mdash;may also be said to belong to this year.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us, however, take a brief review of the real improvements and useful
+novelties that have been progressing, or have commenced in London since
+that singular and eventful era. Commencing at the court, or west end, we
+will take an imaginary tour to the east, adverting to such new buildings
+as are calculated to arrest the attention of the stranger in our
+progress. Without remarking on the general improvements of the age, we
+shall find enough to engross our attention in the particular objects
+before us. The most noted, or conspicuous of these are:&mdash;1. The New
+Palace, with the adjoining Park and Gardens. 2. A Terrace, Street, and
+Public Buildings on the site of Carlton House. 3. Belgrave Square, and
+the adjoining Squares and Streets. 4. The Entrance Lodges and Bridge
+in Hyde Park, with the improvements in the Roads and Walks of the same.
+5. The Regent's Park, with its Terraces, Villas, Public Buildings,
+Zoological Gardens, and Colosseum. 6. The London University. 7. The
+British Museum. 8. The Post Office. 9. London Bridge, and its Vicinity.
+10. St. Katherine's Docks. 11. The New Buildings and Alterations
+connected with the Houses of Parliament, the Ministerial Offices, and
+others, at Charing Cross. All these rank among the novelties and
+embellished features of London; and whilst the design and execution of
+so many public works manifest the increasing taste, or luxury of the
+age, they employ and give encouragement to numerous artists, artisans,
+and tradesmen.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of <i>the Royal Palace</i>, suffice it to remark, in this place, that it
+is a large pile of building,&mdash;has been carried on with great rapidity of
+execution,&mdash;its whole exterior is stone, many parts of which are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>[pg 182]</span>
+adorned
+with sculptured statues, basso-relievo, and other ornaments,&mdash;that a
+highly-decorated triumphal arch, composed of fine white, marble, is
+to be raised, at a short distance from the centre of the principal
+front&mdash;and that the interior is to be splendidly adorned with marble,
+scagliola, and other rich materials; whilst the galleries, armoury,
+chapel, state-rooms, &amp;c. are to display the most gorgeous ornaments of
+the cabinet-maker, upholsterer, decorative painter, and other artisans.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Park</i>, in front of this palace, which had continued for nearly
+a century in one state of formal, tasteless insipidity, has been laid
+out as a large pleasure-garden, interspersed with lawn, clusters of
+shrubs and flowers, winding walks, varied surface, and a lake, whose
+margin is made to wind with every inequality of surface, spreading
+occasionally into a broad expanse, and then contracting to a narrow arm.
+In the midst of the larger spaces are islands, covered with aquatic
+trees and shrubs.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Gardens</i>, or <i>Pleasure Grounds</i>, belonging to the Palace,
+partake of the same character; but are adorned with shrubs, plants, and
+flowers of a more choice description. A large piece of water is likewise
+formed in the midst of these Gardens.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Belgrave Square, and Vicinity</i>. Immediately to the west of the
+boundary-wall of the royal gardens is a tract of ground, which, in 1824,
+was open fields, intersected by mud-banks, and partly occupied by a few
+sheds, and inhabited by the lowest characters of society. In 1829, the
+same land, consisting of about 140 acres, is nearly covered with houses
+of the largest size, surrounding spacious squares, or skirting wide and
+handsome streets. Of all the extraordinary works carried into effect by
+London gentlemen and tradesmen, we may fairly adduce this as a
+pre-eminent example. In the space of about four years, the houses
+surrounding one large square, called Belgrave, have been erected, some
+of them finished and occupied, and several others, of nearly equal
+dimensions and value, completed.
+</p>
+<p>
+The most prominent feature of this district is <i>Belgrave Square</i>,
+which includes within the front walls of the houses an area of about ten
+acres, the centre of which, enclosed by lofty and handsome railing, is
+laid out as a pleasure garden. The whole of the houses are large, lofty,
+and spacious, with stuccoed fronts, porches, balustraded balconies;
+and those in the centre of each side are decorated with columns, or
+three-quarter columns, vases on the parapet, &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of <i>Eaton Square</i>, one portion only is built at present: as laid
+out, planted, and railed in, it is intended to occupy an area of about
+fourteen acres, and will be bounded by four rows of houses on the north
+side, and the like number on the south side, having the king's private
+road extending east and west through the centre. It measures 600 yards
+long by 120 yards wide, between the houses. At the eastern extremity is
+a new church, built from the designs of Henry Hakewill, Esq.
+</p>
+<p>
+To the north of this district, at Hyde Park Corner, is a large new
+edifice appropriated to <i>St. George's Hospital</i>. It is a commodious
+and handsome building, from the designs of R. Smirke, Esq. Near it, and
+forming an entrance lodge to the Palace Gardens, is a bold, large, and
+highly-decorated archway, built from the designs of Decimus Burton, Esq.
+Opposite is a screen of columns, with three entrance archways, a lodge,
+&amp;c. constituting an architectural entrance to Hyde Park. Three other
+lodges, with gates, by Mr. Burton, form so many other entrances to the
+Park from the east and north&mdash;<i>Apsley House</i>, the town mansion of
+the Duke of Wellington, at the south-east angle of Hyde Park, is
+rebuilding from the designs of Messrs. B. and C. Wyatt, and will form a
+handsome object at this entrance to the metropolis.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Earl of Grosvenor has set a most laudable example to our opulent
+nobility, in the new wing to his mansion in Grosvenor Street, as a
+gallery for his valuable pictures. It is a handsome and imposing design,
+and does honour to the architect, Mr Cundy.
+</p>
+<p>
+The new <i>Club Houses</i> in St. James's Street, especially that near
+the southern end, present imposing fronts; and it may be added, that
+most of the other Club Houses have contributed very much to adorn their
+respective situations, and to impart a strictly architectural character
+to our street buildings.
+</p>
+<p>
+The site of Carlton House, and its gardens, is occupied by a wide
+street, by a lofty terrace overlooking the Park, by club houses, &amp;c. Two
+of the latter terminate Waterloo Place, and are appropriated to "<i>the
+United Service</i>," and "<i>the Athenaeum</i>;" the first built from
+the designs of Mr. Nash, and the latter from those of Mr. D. Burton.
+</p>
+<p>
+From Charing Cross to Exeter 'Change an amazing improvement has
+commenced. All the houses on the north side of the Strand are taking
+down, and others raising, farther back, by which the street will be much
+widened, and the new buildings will assume better faces, if not better
+accommodation, for the tradesmen
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>[pg 183]</span>
+who occupy them. That museum of sheds,
+stalls, and filth, <i>Covent Garden</i>, is also to be cleared and
+cleansed, and respectable ranges of shops and warerooms are to be
+erected.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is now confidently said, that "<i>the King's College of London</i>"
+is to be attached to the eastern side of Somerset House; and that Mr.
+Smirke is commissioned to make a design for the building.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the <i>Regent's Park</i> a new Terrace and other buildings, are in
+progress; the great Colosseum is nearly finished, and the <i>Zoological
+Gardens</i> have excited unusual popularity. No less than 130,000
+visiters have been admitted to view the gardens and the vivarium within
+the year 1828.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the east side of the Park is a mass of buildings appropriated to
+<i>St. Katherine's Hospital</i>, consisting of a chapel in the centre,
+with a group of dwellings on each side, and a detached mansion for the
+master. South of this is a series of buildings, called <i>Cumberland
+Terrace</i>, raised from the designs of Mr. Nash, which is abundantly
+adorned with columns, arches, statues, and basso-relievo.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>Colosseum</i>, in the same Park, is a building of great
+dimensions, and novel appropriation, and therefore calculated to excite
+very popular attention. Near this is the <i>Diorama</i>, an edifice of
+singular construction, destined for the public display of two pictures.
+A new line of communication from this Park to Pall Mall has been
+completed within the last few years, by a wide and handsome road called
+<i>Regent Street</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>London University</i>&mdash;The situation of the first University founded
+in this immense city is most peculiarly favourable, being equally
+removed from the busy and confined part of the metropolis, and from the
+fashionable and idle; whilst it is not inconveniently remote from either
+extremity. The building was commenced on the 30th of April, 1827, when
+the Duke of Sussex laid the first stone, in the presence of a large
+concourse of noblemen and gentlemen. The design is by William Wilkins,
+Esq., R.A., who has evinced in the principal elevation and general
+character of the edifice considerable taste and science. When completed,
+it is intended to consist of a central part, and two wings projecting at
+right angles from the extremities of the former. The first portion only
+of this is at present finished. It extends from north to south 430 feet,
+with a depth, from east to west, including the two semicircular
+theatres, of about 200 feet. The elevation is at once classical and
+chaste, having a bold and rich portico in the centre, elevated on a
+plinth, to the height of the first story (19 feet,) and is approached
+by numerous steps, which are arranged to produce a fine effect. Twelve
+Corinthian columns support a flattened pediment, in the tympanum of
+which is to be a composition in basso-relievo, analogous to science and
+literature. Behind this pediment is a cupola, finished by a lantern
+light, in imitation of a peripteral temple, crowning and ornamenting a
+grand octagonal vestibule, or saloon. North of this is the museum of
+natural history, 118 feet by 50, and 23 feet in height, opening to
+the museum of anatomy, which latter communicates with two rooms for
+professors, and to one of the large theatres, or lecture-rooms. East of
+the vestibule is a large hall, and to the south is the great library,
+corresponding in size, &amp;c. with the museum of natural history; the
+small library; rooms for the librarian, for apparatus, and also another
+large theatre. The ground-floor consists of rooms for lectures, the
+Professor's offices, laboratory, museum, a spacious cloister 213 feet
+by 24; rooms for the anatomical school, &amp;c. In the basement are other
+apartments for the anatomical schools, for the chemical laboratory,
+the students' common room, kitchen, stewards' room, refreshment rooms,
+housekeeper's room, vaults, &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the <i>British Museum</i> a new room, to contain the late king's
+library, has been built and fitted up from the designs of Mr. R. Smirke.
+It is the largest apartment in this country, its measurement being 300
+feet in length, by 30 feet in width, and 30 feet high,
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>St. Katherine's Docks</i>, recently formed near the Tower, will
+increase this species of accommodation, and be a great improvement to a
+district where reform and alteration are much required. By a statement
+published by the Committee in October, 1828, it appears that "the first
+stone was laid 3rd of May, 1827," and that a grand ceremony was exhibited
+on the 25th of October, 1828, of opening the Docks. On that occasion,
+nine vessels, of from 516 to 343 tons burden, entered the docks to load
+and discharge their freights. Above 1,200 houses, warehouses, &amp;c. were
+purchased and taken down, to make room for the new works. Accommodation
+is provided for the stowage of 210,000 tons of merchandize; and, from
+the improved construction of the warehouses, these goods will be always
+housed under cover. The fixed capital for completing this great
+commercial undertaking is 1,352,752<i>l</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>A Collier Dock</i>, on a large scale, has been projected to be
+excavated and formed in the Isle of Dogs, near Blackwall
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>[pg 184]</span>
+for which
+Mr. George Rennie has made plans and estimates.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>New London Bridge</i>, now nearly completed, is a work of great
+magnitude, science, and novelty. Its erection, in our times, and
+following the recent finishing of the bridges of Waterloo and Southwark,
+is a memorable event in the annals of London.
+</p>
+<p>
+The projected <i>Tunnel under the Thames</i> is not only a novel object
+in this part of London, but, should it ever be accomplished, it will be
+a wonderful triumph of human talents over seeming impossibilities.
+</p>
+<p>
+Although so many useful and even important improvements have been
+recently effected in the metropolis, there are yet many things left
+undone that ought to be done, and others proceeding in a manner that
+will neither be creditable nor beneficial. The widening and opening of
+<i>New Streets</i> from Pall Mall to the British Museum; from that
+national repository to Waterloo Bridge, skirting the two theatres;&mdash;from
+the Strand to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and thence to Holborn; and again
+to Covent Garden;&mdash;from Charing Cross to Somerset House;&mdash;from Oxford
+Road to Bloomsbury Square and Holborn;&mdash;from Blackfriars' Bridge to
+Clerkenwell, removing and clearing away that nuisance in a public
+thoroughfare, Fleet Market;&mdash;from Moorfields to the Bank, and thence
+obliquely to Southwark Bridge;&mdash;widening and opening the area around
+St. Paul's Cathedral,&mdash;are all calculated to be very beneficial to
+the public. Other essential alterations are still required; and the
+legislature, as well as all public-spirited individuals, should
+co-operate to promote them. The formation of open, respectable quays,
+terraces, and streets, on the banks of our fine river, is an event
+greatly to be desired.
+</p>
+<p>
+The vastly-increasing population of London, has occasioned a great
+augmentation of <i>Churches</i> and <i>Chapels</i>, both for congregations
+of the establishment, and for dissenters. In consequence of urgent, and
+argumentative appeals by some truly pious and benevolent Christians, the
+legislature has granted a large sum for the purpose of aiding parochial
+committees, to build new churches or enlarge their old ones.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>New Post Office</i>, in St. Martin's-le-Grand, is fast
+approaching conclusion, and will constitute one of the most imposing
+public buildings of the city. Preparatory to the re-erection of the
+whole of the <i>Blue Coat School</i>, or <i>Christ's Hospital</i>, in
+Newgate Street, a spacious and handsome Hall has been erected, from the
+designs of Mr. Shaw.
+</p>
+<p>
+A <i>new Chapel</i>, of novel design, being of an amphitheatrical form,
+has been recently completed, from the designs of <i>W. Brooks</i>,
+architect. It is seated near the Catholic Chapel, in Finsbury Circus.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+THE FIRST AND LAST CRIME.
+</h3>
+<p>
+[<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i> for the current month contains a sketchy
+article under this title, which displays much of the breadth and vigour
+of one of Maga's contributors. Our extract is in the form of the
+confession of a reckless, daring spirit, who being imprisoned for
+murder, commits suicide. The early developement of his bad passions is
+admirably drawn, and altogether this is one of the most powerfully
+written papers that we have lately met with.]
+</p>
+<p>
+I was the youngest child of three; but before I had attained my tenth
+year, I was an only one. I had always been the favourite of both my
+parents, and now I was their idol. They hung upon my existence, as a
+shipwrecked mariner clings to the last floating fragment of the gallant
+bark that bore him; they lived, but while they held by me, in the rough
+tossings of the ocean of life. I was not slow to discover my value in
+their estimation, or to exercise, in its fullest extent, the capricious
+tyranny of conscious power. Almost the earliest impression which my
+ripening mind received, was a regal immunity from error&mdash;I could <i>do
+no wrong</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+My education was not neglected. Alas! the only use I have ever made of
+what I acquired, has been to gild my vices when acted, or refine upon
+the manner of acting them while in contemplation. I look back, at this
+moment, to the period of my life I am describing, as prosperous men
+recall the day-spring of their fortunes. <i>They</i>, from the proud
+eminence on which they stand, trace, step by step, in retrospective
+view, the paths by which they ascended; and <i>I</i>, looking through
+the dark vista of my by-gone years, behold the fatal series of crimes
+and follies that stained their progress, stretching to my boyhood. The
+gay and frolic <i>irregularities</i>, as they were gently termed, of
+that untamed age, were the turbid source of the waters of misery in
+which I am now engulphed, I was a lawless planet, running at will; and
+the orbit I described laid waste more than one fair region of peace and
+happiness.
+</p>
+<p>
+My father had a brother, his elder by
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>[pg 185]</span>
+many years; a man of stern and
+rigid character, as I then considered him; but, as I would now call him,
+of upright, firm, and honourable principle. He loved my father, but did
+not love his weakness; and the display of it, in his indulgence towards
+me, was the cause of many a serious, if not sometimes angry, debate
+between them. Well do I remember (for it rankled like poison in my
+swelling heart) a declaration he once made in my presence. It was a
+fine autumnal evening, and he was seated with my father and mother in
+a balcony, which opened from the library-window upon a spacious lawn.
+I entered the room, and advanced towards them, unconscious, of course,
+that their conversation had been about me; but my uncle looking at me
+with a severe expression of countenance, and at the same time addressing
+his brother, exclaimed, "Well, James, neither you nor I may live to see
+it; but if the grace of God, or his own better reflection, as he grows
+older, do not work a change in this young squire, a duel, Jack Ketch,
+or a razor, will work his exit some day or other."
+</p>
+<p>
+My father smiled&mdash;I saw my mother wipe away a tear&mdash;at that moment
+I could have struck my uncle dead. I muttered a few words&mdash;I knew not
+what, and left the room. Boy as I was, (for I had barely completed
+my seventeenth year,) I felt all the vindictive passions of manhood
+kindling within me. It seemed as if a sentence had been passed upon
+me, the more terrible, because a secret voice whispered to me, it was
+prophetic! <i>That impression never forsook me!</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+I questioned my father haughtily, a few days afterwards, as to the
+reasons of his brother for thus speaking of me; and I even dared to
+insinuate, that, had he felt what a father should, he would have
+resented the indignity. He answered me (I write it with shame and
+contrition) most mildly, most affectionately. The gentle being&mdash;I see
+him now, as he tenderly took my hand&mdash;apologized to me&mdash;to me! who ought
+to have stood trembling in <i>his</i> presence! I followed up my blow.
+With cold, but subtle malignity. I played off my revenge towards my
+uncle, through the idolatry of my father's love towards myself. I
+barbarously gave him a choice of misery; for I disdainfully replied,
+that he must henceforth determine, whether he would lose a brother or
+a son, as <i>I</i> had determined to remain no longer under his roof,
+unless I had the assurance that I should never again see my uncle there.
+He looked at me. My God! what a look it was! so full of meek sorrow
+and appalling obedience! Without uttering a word, he sat down to his
+writing-table. The tears fell upon his paper; but they did not blot out
+a few bitter words addressed to his brother, which severed for ever in
+this world two noble hearts; cast, indeed, in different moulds, but
+which kindred blood had cemented, in the close bonds of fraternal love,
+for more than forty years.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was my <i>first</i> revenge. But was I satisfied? No!
+</p>
+<p>
+It was only a few months afterwards, that chance threw in my way a
+daughter of my uncle's. I met her at the house of a common friend, who
+knew and deplored the unhappy schism which prevailed between the two
+brothers. He was equally attached to both, and I believe pleased himself
+with the idea, that an occasional intercourse between the younger
+branches of the families, might, some day or other, bring about a
+reconciliation between the heads. My cousin Harriet was a year older
+than myself. She was in her nineteenth, I in my eighteenth year. I loved
+her. Yes; the <i>first</i> feeling that glowed within my bosom was that
+of love. She was beautiful&mdash;fascinating&mdash;accomplished&mdash;amiable&mdash;and
+I loved her. It was not long before I was satisfied. I had kindled a
+reciprocal passion in her breast. The mute eloquence of her look and
+manner was only the harbinger of that same thrilling eloquence, which
+fell from her tongue when I won the declaration of her affection.
+</p>
+<p>
+Her father knew we met at this friend's house; but whether he was told,
+or whether he penetrated, the secret of our attachment, I never learned.
+I only know, that, at the very moment when separation was madness, his
+mandate went forth, prohibiting all farther intercourse between us, and
+that it was obeyed. Not by me; for I was incapable of submission: but by
+my gentle Harriet, who thought <i>herself</i> incapable of disobeying.
+We met no more where we had been wont to meet; and my young heart's
+spring of happiness seemed for ever withered.
+</p>
+<p>
+But here again, I began to reflect, my path was crossed&mdash;my hopes were
+blighted&mdash;by my uncle. I heard, too, that his tongue had been free with
+my name; that the blistering censure of his austere virtue had fallen
+upon my actions. I writhed under the contumely. My wounded spirit was
+insatiate for vengeance. I meditated, deeply, how I could inflict it, so
+as to strike the blow where he was most vulnerable. I did not brood long
+over my dark purpose. The love I still bore his daughter, was <i>now</i>
+mingled with the hatred I bore towards himself;
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>[pg 186]</span>
+and I exulted in the
+thought, that I should perhaps be able to gratify, at one and the same
+moment, two of the fiercest passions of my nature&mdash;lust and revenge!
+</p>
+<p>
+I SUCCEEDED!
+</p>
+<p>
+In these two words let me shroud a tale of horror. Harriet was my
+victim! Ask not how. <i>I</i> triumphed! <i>She</i> fell! An angel might
+have fallen as she did, and lost no purity. But her stainless heart was
+too proud in virtue to palter and equivocate with circumstances. She
+never rose from what she deemed her bridal bed. And ere twenty summers
+had fanned her cheek, the grave-worm banqueted upon its loveliness.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was my <i>first</i> crime. The recollection of it is engraven upon
+my memory by an awful catastrophe. The night wind that sung <i>her</i>
+funeral dirge, howled with dismal fury through the burning ruins of my
+paternal mansion. Yes! that very night, as if it were in mercy to them,
+my father and my mother both perished in the flames which reduced
+the house itself to cinders. They were seen at the windows of their
+bedchamber, shrieking for aid; but before any could be procured, the
+flooring gave way, and they sunk at once into the yawning furnace that
+roared beneath. Their remains, when afterwards dug out, were a few
+shovelsfull of blackened ashes; except my father's right hand, which was
+found clasped in that of my mother, and both unconsumed. I followed
+these sad relics to the sepulchre. But with the tears I shed, there was
+blended a feeble consolation at the thought they had died before they
+knew the fate of Harriet; and a frightful joy, that another pang was
+added to the wretchedness of my uncle.
+</p>
+<p>
+I can well remember what a feeling of loneliness and desolation now took
+possession of me. Time, however, rolled on; and I grew callous, if not
+reconciled. I could not disguise from myself that the more select
+circles of society were closed against me; or, if I found my way into
+them, some blushing whisper was quickly circulated, which created a
+solitude around me.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was during this period, and while I was squandering thousands to
+achieve the conquest of shadows, that I succeeded in fixing an intimacy
+with a family equal to my own in station, and superior to it in fortune.
+The eldest daughter was an heiress of large expectations, and my
+proposals of marriage were favourably received. I might almost say that
+Matilda was mine; when one day I received a letter from her father,
+peremptorily forbidding my visits. I was thunderstruck. I hastened to
+the house, and demanded an explanation. It was given in few words. <i>I
+was referred to my uncle for any information I required</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This blow struck me down. I had run through my patrimonial estate; but
+hoped, by my marriage with Matilda, to repair my shattered fortune.
+Three weeks after it was known that the match was broken off, I was
+a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench! I breathed no curses upon
+the cause of this sudden reverse of fortune, but&mdash;I swore revenge, in
+silence; and I kept my oath. I languished away six months, a captive
+debtor; and then, taking the benefit of the act, I walked forth a
+beggar, to prey upon the world at large! I had studied, during that
+time, in an admirable school, where I found professors in every art by
+which fools are gulled, and knaves foiled with their own weapons. I was
+an apt scholar, and returned to the bosom of society, an adept in the
+science of <i>polished depredation</i>. Translate this into the language
+of the Old Bailey, and I became a swindler by profession. Like the
+eagle, however, I was a bird of prey that soared into the highest
+regions, and rarely stooped to strike the meaner tribes of my species. I
+had not lost, with the trappings of my birth, the manners and address of
+the sphere in which I had moved; and these were now my stock in trade
+for carrying on my new vocation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the children of misfortune with whom I associated in prison, was
+Charles Fitzroy; a bankrupt in every thing but exhaustless invention,
+and unconquerable perseverance. Give him the free use of his limbs, and
+with matchless dexterity he would make the contributions of the morning
+furnish out the riotous expenses of the evening. It was his boast, that
+he would breakfast with an empty pocket, and dine with a purse that
+should defray the carouse of a dozen friends. And I have known him
+fulfil his boast, with a heart as light, too, as became a man who thus
+made the credulous fools of the world his bankers.
+</p>
+<p>
+I was needy, desperate, and an outcast; and I linked my destiny with
+Fitzroy's. He had my confidence; such confidence as confederates in
+knavery can bestow. When he obtained his liberty, which he did shortly
+after my own was accomplished, he introduced me to his companions; men
+who, like himself, lived by plundering the unwary, and who looked up to
+him as their <i>Magnus Apollo</i>. I was soon initiated in all their
+mysteries; and played my part to admiration at the gaming-table, on the
+race course, and in the ring.
+</p>
+<p>
+Fitzroy was master of the secret that
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>[pg 187]</span>
+festered near my heart; the
+increased and increasing hatred towards my uncle. I regarded him as
+my evil genius; for not only had he thwarted me in two of the dearest
+objects of my life; but his prediction of my boyhood had clung to me
+like a poisoned garment. I could not shake it off; and now, more than
+ever, it seemed accomplishing itself with rapid strides. It made me mad
+when I reflected upon the polluted channels through which <i>my</i>
+precarious means flowed, and thought of the luxurious enjoyments which
+<i>his</i> opulence commanded. It was true, I had dashed his cup with
+bitterness; but it was no less true, that it still flowed with sweets,
+while mine was brimming with gall. Fitzroy would often talk to me upon
+this subject, and devise schemes for a successful inroad upon his purse.
+At length a plan was matured between us, in which I could not appear,
+but which Fitzroy, and a picked few of our associates, undertook to
+execute.
+</p>
+<p>
+My uncle had always been passionately fond of the course, and prided
+himself upon his stud of racers. He betted largely, and was generally
+fortunate, probably because he selected his men with a wary eye.
+The race course, then, was the arena chosen for the enterprise; but
+admirable as were the projected plans, and skilfully as they were
+executed, such was his luck, or so profound were his calculations, that
+they failed <i>five</i> successive seasons. Fitzroy, however, was one of
+those men who, when satisfied that what they engage in ought to succeed,
+according to the means employed, only derive fresh vigour from every
+fresh defeat. He played his game a <i>sixth</i> time, and won. The same
+day that saw my uncle rise with thousands, saw him seek his pillow at
+night, a frantic beggar! He was too proud a man, too honourable, I will
+add, not to throw down his last guinea, in satisfaction of such demands.
+He never suspected villany in the business. He paid his losses,
+therefore; and in less than a week afterwards, an inquest sat upon his
+body, which was found at the bottom of his own fish pond.
+</p>
+<p>
+I had my share of this infernal plunder; but so ravenous had been
+my appetite for revenge, that not one pang of remorse disturbed the
+riotous enjoyments in which it was lavished. On the contrary, the very
+consciousness that it <i>was</i> my uncle's money I squandered, gave a
+zest to every excess, and seemed to appease the gnawing passions which
+had so long tormented me. In two or three years, however, boundless
+extravagance, and the gaming-table, stripped me of my last shilling.
+It was in one of the frenzied moments of this profligate reverse of
+fortune, that I committed the crime for which, if to-morrow dawned
+upon me, I should be publicly arraigned.
+</p>
+<p>
+Fitzroy had been fortunate the whole night. I had thrown with constant
+bad luck. He had pocketed some hundreds; I had lost more than I could
+pay. I asked him for a temporary loan of fifty pounds, to make good what
+I owed, and stake the small remaining sum for the chance of retrieving
+all. He refused me. It was the first time he had ever done so. But he
+not <i>only</i> refused me, he taunted me with sarcastic reproofs for my
+folly, and muttered something about the uselessness of assisting a man
+who, if he had thousands, would scatter them like dust. He should have
+chosen a fitter moment to exhort me, than when I was galled by my
+losses, and by his denial of my request. I was heated with wine too; and
+half mad with despair, half mad with drink, I sprang upon him, tore him
+to the earth, and before the by-standers could interfere to separate us,
+I had buried a knife, which I snatched from a table near me, up to the
+handle in his heart! He screamed&mdash;convulsively grappled me by the
+throat&mdash;-and expired! His death-gripe was so fierce and powerful, that I
+believe had we been alone, his murderer would have been found strangled
+by his side. It was with difficulty that the horror-struck witnesses of
+this bloody scene could force open his clenched hands time enough to let
+me breathe.
+</p>
+<p>
+I have done! I remember, as if it were but yesterday, the silent
+response which my heart made, when my uncle pronounced that withering
+sentence on me. "No!" was my indignant exclamation; "I may deserve a
+hundred public deaths; but if I know myself, I would never undergo
+one!&mdash;NOR WILL I." When that which I have written shall be read&mdash;other
+hopes and fears&mdash;other punishments, perchance, than man can awaken or
+inflict&mdash;will await me. My <i>first</i> crime&mdash;my <i>first</i> revenge,
+and my <i>last</i>, I have recorded; my <i>last</i> crime others must
+tell, when they speak of the murderer and SUICIDE,
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">  JAMES MORLEY.</p>
+<p>
+There is little doubt that scarcely a moment intervened between his
+writing his name, and placing the pistol to his heart; for when he was
+discovered, the pen was lying on the paper, as if it had been laid down
+only for an instant.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>[pg 188]</span>
+</p>
+<h2>
+	RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	REGAL TABLET.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>Concluded from page 166.</i>)
+</center>
+<br />
+<center>
+	CHARLES II.
+<br />
+restored 29th May, 1669, ended 6th Feb. 1685.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Alexander VII.,            1655.<br />
+Clement IX.,               1667.<br />
+Clement X.,                1670.<br />
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperor of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leopold I.,                1658.<br />
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip IV.,                1620.<br />
+Charles II.,               1665.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Alonzo VI.,                1656.<br />
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic III.,             1648.<br />
+Christian V.,              1670.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+JAMES II.
+<br />
+began his reign 6th Feb. 1685, abdicated 13th Feb. 1689.
+</center>
+<p>
+Contemporaries all as in the last reign.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+WILLIAM AND MARY
+<br />
+began their reign 13th Feb. 1689, ended 8th March, 1702.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Innocent XI.,              1676.<br />
+Alexander VIII.,           1689.<br />
+Innocent XII.,             1691.<br />
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperor of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles II.,               1665.<br />
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Christian V.,              1670.<br />
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XI.,               1660.<br />
+Charles XII.,              1697.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+ANNE
+<br />
+began her reign 8th March, 1702, ended 1st Aug. 1714.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperors of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leopold I.,                1658.<br />
+Joseph I.,                 1705.<br />
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Pedro II.,                 1683.<br />
+John V.,                   1706.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XII.               1697.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic I.,               1701.<br />
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+The Illustrious House of Brunswick.
+</center>
+<br />
+<center>
+GEORGE I.
+<br />
+began his reign 1st Aug. 1714, ended 11th June, 1727.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clement XI.,               1700.<br />
+Innocent XIII.,            1721.<br />
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperor of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Russia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Peter I.,                  1724.<br />
+Catherine I.,              1725.<br />
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.<br />
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+John V.,                   1706.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XII.               1697.<br />
+Ulrica,                    1718.<br />
+Frederic,                  1720.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+GEORGE II.
+<br />
+began his reign 11th June, 1727, ended 25th Oct. 1760.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.<br />
+Clement XII.,              1730.<br />
+Benedict XIV.,             1740.<br />
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperors of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles VI.,               1711.<br />
+Charles VII.,              1740.<br />
+Francis I.,                1745.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Russia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Peter II.,                 1727.<br />
+Anne.,                     1730.<br />
+John V.,                   1740.<br />
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip V.,                 1700.<br />
+Ferdinand,                 1746.<br />
+Charles III.,              1759.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+John V.,                   1706.<br />
+Joseph,                    1750.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.,              1699.<br />
+Christian VI.              1730.<br />
+Frederic V.,               1746.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic,                  1720.<br />
+Adolphus,                  1751.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic William, I,       1713.<br />
+Frederic II.,              1740.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+GEORGE III.
+<br />
+began his reign 25th Oct. 1760, ended 29th Jan. 1820.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clement XIII.,             1758.<br />
+Clement XIV.,              1769.<br />
+Pius VI.,                  1775.<br />
+Pius VII.,                 1800.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperors of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Francis I.,                1745.<br />
+Joseph II.,                1765.<br />
+Francis II.,               1792.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Austria</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Francis I.,                1806.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Turkey</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mustapha III.,             1757.<br />
+Achmed,                    1774.<br />
+Selim III.,                1789.<br />
+Mahamud VI.,               1808.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Joseph,                    1750.<br />
+Mary and Peter III.,       1777.<br />
+Mary (alone),              1786.<br />
+John,                      1816.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Russia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Elizabeth,                 1741.<br />
+Peter III.,                1762.<br />
+Catharine II.,             1762.<br />
+Paul I.,                   1796.<br />
+Alexander,                 1801.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic the Great,         1740.<br />
+Frederic William II.,       1786.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>[pg 189]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XV.,                  1715.<br />
+Louis XVI.,                 1774.<br />
+Louis XVII.                 1793.<br />
+Bonaparte,                  1799.<br />
+Louis XVIII.,               1814.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles III.,               1759.<br />
+Charles IV.,                1788.<br />
+Ferdinand VII.,             1808.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic V.,                1746.<br />
+Christian VII.,             1766.<br />
+Matilda,                    1772.<br />
+Frederic VI.                1808.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Adolphus Frederic,          1751.<br />
+Gustavus III.,              1771.<br />
+Gustavus IV.,               1792.<br />
+Charles XIII.,              1809.<br />
+Charles XIV., (Bernadotte), 1818.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Holland</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+William V. (Stadtholder),   1757.<br />
+William, Prince of Orange,  1815.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic William III.,      1797.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Poland</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Stanislaus II.              1764.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Naples and Sicily</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.                1759.<br />
+Joseph Napoleon,            1806.<br />
+Joachim Napoleon,           1809.<br />
+King of Naples restored,    1815.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Etruria</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Francis,                    1730.<br />
+Leopold,                    1765.<br />
+Ferdinand III.,             1790.<br />
+Louis I.,                   1801.<br />
+Louis II.                   1802.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sardinia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles Emanuel III.        1730.<br />
+Victor Amadeus,             1773.<br />
+Emanuel V.,                 1802.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+GEORGE IV.
+<br />
+ascended 29th Jan. 1820, whom GOD preserve.
+</center>
+<p>
+Contemporaries at the commencement of his reign the same as at the death
+of his late majesty.
+</p>
+<h4>
+JACOBUS.
+</h4>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE SELECTOR,
+<br />
+AND
+<br />
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+<br />
+<i>NEW WORKS</i>.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+MOUNT ARAFAT, AND THE PILGRIMAGE
+TO MEKKA.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Every traditionary and topographical particular of this hallowed spot,
+and the picturesque ceremonies by which it is consecrated, must be
+acceptable to the Christian reader; and this conviction has induced us
+to abridge the following from that portion of <i>Burckhardt's Travels</i>
+which describes the <i>Hadj</i>, or <i>pilgrimage</i> to Mekka.
+</p>
+<p>
+At sunrise on the 9th of Zul Hadj, every pilgrim issued from his tent,
+to walk over the plains, and take a view of the busy crowds assembled
+there. Long streets of tents, fitted up as bazars, furnished all kinds
+of provisions. The Syrian and Egyptian cavalry were exercised by their
+chiefs early in the morning, while thousands of camels were seen feeding
+upon the dry shrubs of the plain all round the camp. I walked to Mount
+Arafat, to enjoy from its summit a more distinct view of the whole.
+This granite hill, which is also called <i>Djebel er' Rahme</i>, or the
+Mountain of Mercy, rises on the north-east side of the plain, close to
+the mountains which encompass it, but separated from them by a rocky
+valley; it is about a mile, or a mile and a half in circuit; its sides
+are sloping, and its summit is nearly two hundred feet above the level
+of the plain. On the eastern side broad stone steps lead up to the top,
+and a broad unpaved path, on the western, over rude masses of granite,
+with which its declivity is covered. After mounting about forty steps,
+we find a spot a little on the left, called Modaa Seydna Adam, or the
+place of prayer of our Lord Adam, where, it is related, that the father
+of mankind used to stand while praying; for here it was, according to
+Mohammedan tradition, that the angel Gabriel first instructed Adam how
+to adore his Creator. A marble slab, bearing an inscription in modern
+characters, is fixed in the side of the mountain. On reaching about the
+sixtieth step, we come to a small paved platform to our right, on a
+level spot of the hill, where the preacher stands who admonishes the
+pilgrims on the afternoon of this day, as I shall hereafter mention.
+Thus high, the steps are so broad and easy that a horse or camel may
+ascend; but higher up they become more steep and uneven. On the summit,
+the place is shown where Mohammed used to take his station during the
+Hadj; a small chapel formerly stood over it; but this was destroyed by
+the Wahabys: here the pilgrims usually pray two rikats, in salutation
+of Arafat. The steps and the summit are covered with handkerchiefs to
+receive their pious gifts, and each family of the Mekkawys or Bedouins
+of the tribe of Koreysh, in whose territory Arafat lies, has its
+particular spot assigned to it for this purpose. The summit commands a
+very extensive and singular prospect. I brought my compass to take a
+circle of bearings; but the crowd was so great that I could not use it.
+Towards the western extremity of the plain are seen Bir Bazan and the
+Aalameyn; somewhat nearer, southwards, the mosque called Djama Nimre,
+or Djama Seydna Ibrahim; and on the south-east, a small house where the
+Sherif used to lodge during the pilgrimage. From thence an elevated
+rocky ground in the plain extends towards Arafat. On the eastern side
+of the mountain, and close to its foot, are the ruins of a small mosque,
+built on rocky ground, called Djama el Szakhrat, where Mohammed was
+accustomed to pray, and where the pilgrims make four prostrations in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>[pg 190]</span>
+memory of the prophet. Several large reservoirs lined with stone are
+dispersed over the plain; two or three are close to the foot of Arafat,
+and there are some near the house of the Sherifs: they are filled from
+the same fine aqueduct which supplies Mekka, and the head of which is
+about one hour and a half distant, in the eastern mountains. The canal
+is left open here for the convenience of pilgrims, and is conducted
+round the three sides of the mountains, passing by Modaa Seydna Adam.<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+From the summit of Arafat, I counted about three thousand tents
+dispersed over the plain, of which two-thirds belonged to the two Hadj
+caravans, and to the suite and soldiers of Mohammed Aly; the rest to the
+Arabs of the Sherif, the Bedouin hadjys, and the people of Mekka and
+Djidda. These assembled multitudes were for the greater number, like
+myself, without tents. The two caravans were encamped without much
+order, each party of pilgrims or soldiers having pitched its tents in
+large circles or <i>dowars</i>, in the midst of which many of their
+camels were reposing. The plain contained, dispersed in different parts,
+from twenty to twenty-five thousand camels, twelve thousand of which
+belonged to the Syrian Hadj, and from five to six thousand to the
+Egyptian; besides about three thousand, purchased by Mohammed Aly from
+the Bedouins in the Syrian Deserts, and brought to Mekka with the Hadj,
+to convey the pilgrims to this place, previously to being used for the
+transport of army-provisions to Tayf.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Syrian Hadj was encamped on the south and south-west side of the
+mountain; the Egyptian on the south-east. Around the house of the
+Sherif, Yahya himself was encamped with his Bedouin troops, and in its
+neighbourhood were all the Hedjaz people. Here it was that the two Yemen
+caravans used formerly to take their station. Mohammed Aly, and Soleyman
+Pasha of Damascus, as well as several of their officers, had very
+handsome tents; but the most magnificent of all was that of the wife of
+Mohammed Aly, the mother of Tousoun Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha, who had
+lately arrived from Cairo for the Hadj, with a truly royal equipage,
+five hundred camels being necessary to transport her baggage from Djidda
+to Mekka. Her tent was in fact an encampment consisting of a dozen tents
+of different sizes, inhabited by her women; the whole enclosed by a wall
+of linen cloth, eight hundred paces in circuit, the single entrance to
+which was guarded by eunuchs in splendid dresses. Around this enclosure
+were pitched the tents of the men who formed her numerous suite. The
+beautiful embroidery on the exterior of this linen palace, with the
+various colours displayed in every part of it, constituted an object
+which reminded me of some descriptions in the Arabian Tales of the
+Thousand and One Nights. Among the rich equipages of the other hadjys,
+or of the Mekka people, none were so conspicuous as that belonging
+to the family of Djeylany, the merchant, whose tents, pitched in a
+semicircle, rivalled in beauty those of the two pashas, and far exceeded
+those of Sherif Yahya. In other parts of the East, a merchant would
+as soon think of buying a rope for his own neck, as of displaying his
+wealth in the presence of a pasha; but Djeylany has not yet laid aside
+the customs which the Mekkawys learned under their old government,
+particularly that of Sherif Ghaleb, who seldom exercised extortion upon
+single individuals; and they now rely on the promises of Mohammed Aly,
+that he will respect their property.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the whole morning, there were repeated discharges of the
+artillery which both pashas had brought with them. A few pilgrims
+had taken up their quarters on Djebel Arafat itself, where some small
+cavern, or impending block of granite, afforded them shelter from the
+sun. It is a belief generally entertained in the East, and strengthened
+by many boasting hadjys on their return home, that all the pilgrims, on
+this day, encamp upon Mount Arafat; and that the mountain possesses the
+miraculous property of expansion, so as to admit an indefinite number of
+the faithful upon its summit. The law ordains that the <i>wakfe</i>, or
+position of the Hadj, should be on Djebel Arafat; but it wisely provides
+against any impossibility, by declaring that the plain in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the mountain may be regarded as comprised under the
+term "mountain," or Djebel Arafat.
+</p>
+<p>
+I estimated the number of persons assembled here at about seventy
+thousand. The camp was from three to four miles long, and between one
+and two in breadth. There is, perhaps, no spot on earth where, in so
+small a place, such a diversity of languages are heard; I reckoned about
+forty, and I have no doubt that there were many more. It appeared to me
+as if I were here placed in a holy temple of travellers only; and never
+did I at any time feel a more ardent wish to be able to penetrate once
+into the inmost recesses of the countries of many of those persons
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>[pg 191]</span>
+whom I now saw before me, fondly imagining that I might have no more
+difficulty in reaching their homes, than what they had experienced in
+their journey to this spot.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<p>
+The time of Aszer (or about three o'clock, P.M.) approached, when that
+ceremony of the Hadj takes place, for which the whole assembly had come
+hither. The pilgrims now pressed forward towards the mountain of Arafat,
+and covered its sides from top to bottom. At the precise time of Aszer,
+the preacher took his stand upon the platform on the mountain, and began
+to address the multitude. This sermon, which lasts till sun-set,
+constitutes the holy ceremony of the Hadj called Khotbet el Wakfe; and
+no pilgrim, although he may have visited all the holy places of Mekka,
+is entitled to the name of hadjy, unless he has been present on this
+occasion. As Aszer approached, therefore, all the tents were struck,
+every thing was packed up, the caravans began to load, and the pilgrims
+belonging to them mounted their camels, and crowded round the mountain,
+to be within sight of the preacher, which is sufficient, as the greater
+part of the multitude is necessarily too distant to hear him. The two
+pashas, with their whole cavalry drawn up in two squadrons behind them,
+took their post in the rear of the deep lines of camels of the hadjys,
+to which those of the people of the Hedjaz were also joined; and here
+they waited in solemn and respectful silence the conclusion of the
+sermon. Further removed from the preacher, was the Sherif Yahya, with
+his small body of soldiers, distinguished by several green standards
+carried before him. The two Mahmals, or holy camels, which carry on
+their back the high structure that serves as the banner of their
+respective caravans, made way with difficulty through the ranks of
+camels that encircled the southern and eastern sides of the hill,
+opposite to the preacher, and took their station, surrounded by their
+guards, directly under the platform in front of him.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The preacher, or Khatyb, who is usually the Kadhy of Mekka, was mounted
+upon a finely caparisoned camel, which had been led up the steps; it
+being traditionally said that Mohammed was always seated when he here
+addressed his followers, a practice in which he was imitated by all
+the Khalifes who came to the Hadj, and who from hence addressed their
+subjects in person. The Turkish gentleman of Constantinople, however,
+unused to camel-riding, could not keep his seat so well as the hardy
+Bedouin prophet; and the camel becoming unruly, he was soon obliged to
+alight from it. He read his sermon from a book in Arabic, which he held
+in his hands. At intervals of every four or five minutes he paused, and
+stretched forth his arms to implore blessings from above; while the
+assembled multitudes around and before him waved the skirts of their
+ihrams over their heads, and rent the air with shouts of "Lebeyk,
+Allahuma Lebeyk," (i.e. Here we are, at thy commands, O God!) During
+the wavings of the ihrams, the side of the mountain, thickly crowded
+as it was by the people in their white garments, had the appearance
+of a cataract of water; while the green umbrellas, with which several
+thousand hadjys, sitting on their camels below, were provided, bore some
+resemblance to a verdant plain.&mdash;During his sermon, which lasted almost
+three hours, the Kadhy was seen constantly to wipe his eyes with a
+handkerchief; for the law enjoins the Khatyb or preacher to be moved
+with feeling and compunction; and adds that, whenever tears appear on
+his face, it is a sign that the Almighty enlightens him, and is ready
+to listen to his prayers.
+</p>
+<p>
+At length the sun began to descend behind the western mountains; upon
+which the Kadhy, having shut his book, received a last greeting of
+"Lebeyk;" and the crowds rushed down the mountain, in order to quit
+Arafat. It is thought meritorious to accelerate the pace on this
+occasion; and many persons make it a complete race, called by the Arabs,
+<i>Ad' dafa min Arafat</i>. In former times, when the strength of the
+Syrian and Egyptian caravans happened to be nearly balanced, bloody
+affrays took place here almost every year between them, each party
+endeavouring to outrun and to carry its <i>mahmal</i> in advance of the
+other. The same happened when the <i>mahmals</i> approached the platform
+at the commencement of the sermon; and two hundred
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>[pg 192]</span>
+lives have on some
+occasions been lost in supporting what was thought the honour of the
+respective caravans. At present the power of Mohammed Aly preponderates,
+and the Syrian hadjys display great humility. The united caravans and
+the whole mass of pilgrims now moved forward over the plain; every
+tent had been previously packed up, to be ready for the occasion. The
+pilgrims pressed through the Aalameyn, which they must repass on their
+return; and night came on before they reached the defile called El
+Mazoumeyn. Innumerable torches were now lighted, twenty-four being
+carried before each pasha; and the sparks of fire from them flew far
+over the plain. There were continual discharges of artillery; the
+soldiers fired their muskets; the martial bands of both the pashas
+played; sky-rockets were thrown as well by the pashas' officers, as
+by many private pilgrims; while the Hadj passed at a quick pace in
+the greatest disorder, amidst a deafening clamour, through the pass of
+Mazoumeyn, leading towards Mezdelfe, where all alighted, after a two
+hours' march. No order was observed here in encamping; and every one lay
+down on the spot that first presented itself, no tents being pitched
+except those of the pashas and their suites; before which was an
+illumination of lamps in the form of high arches, which continued to
+blaze the whole night, while the firing of the artillery was kept up
+without intermission.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS
+</h3>
+<center>
+<i>From the Memoirs of General Miller, Second Edition.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+In the Pampas, where a scarcity of food is unknown to the poorest, that
+calculating avarice which, in its fears for to-morrow, would look with
+apathy on the wants of the stranger, can have but a limited sway. Kind
+offices are, therefore more freely and disinterestedly conferred than
+in less abundant regions. In addition to this, the dearth of society
+in a thinly-sprinkled population renders the presence of a traveller
+on their isolated <i>haciendas</i> a source of gratification. If his
+appearance afford no ground for mistrust, and if his manners are not
+disagreeable, his being a stranger is a sufficient passport to a kind
+and hearty welcome. Whether he be rich or poor is not a subject of
+inquiry, and makes no difference in the reception.
+</p>
+<p>
+The South Americans are gay, and fond of dancing, music, and singing.
+There are few, whether wealthy or otherwise, who are not proficients in
+one or other of these accomplishments. In the warmer latitudes, people
+carry on not only their usual occupations, but their amusements, chiefly
+in the open air; and as singing constitutes one of the principal sources
+of the latter, the continued exercise of the voice harmonizes and
+strengthens it. Perhaps no opera, in Europe, could afford, to a natural
+and unsophisticated ear, so rich a treat as that which may be enjoyed in
+Cuzco, Arequipa, and other cities, where the ancient Peruvian airs are
+sung in the rich and melodious tones of the natives.
+</p>
+<p>
+The South Americans possess great intellectual quickness, and a
+retentive memory. The following may be cited as an extraordinary
+instance of the latter faculty. An old man, a native of La Pax, in Upper
+Peru, and of unmixed Indian blood, who kept an inn at Curicavi, between
+Valparaiso and Santiago, could repeat nearly the whole of Robertson's
+"History of Charles the Fifth," and was better acquainted with the
+History of England than most Englishmen. He spoke of Queen Boadicea, and
+was as familiar with the history of the civil wars between the houses
+of York and Lancaster as if they had occurred in his country, and in
+his own times. He had been brought up by the Jesuits. He had made two
+voyages to Canton, and was known by the name of "the emperor of China,"
+in consequence frequently of amusing his guests with long stories about
+the <i>celestial empire</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Peruvians have great natural talents for painting and sculpture.
+They generally produce striking likenesses, but being uninstructed in
+the principles of these arts, their pictures have no other merit. There
+is, however, a female figure, done in 1711, by a native of Quito, which
+is considered as one of the finest paintings in a very good collection
+belonging to Mynheer Vandermarlin, of Brussels.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	ORATORIOS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+The first oratorio performed in London, was at the Lincoln's Inn Fields
+Theatre, in 1732. On June 10, in the same year, the serenata of <i>Acis
+and Galatea</i> was performed at the Italian Opera House, in English, by
+Italian performers, with scenery representing a rural prospect, with
+rocks, groves, fountains, and grottoes; amongst which were disposed a
+chorus of nymphs and shepherds, with dresses and "every other decoration
+suited to the subject."&mdash;<i>Companion to the Theatres</i>.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and
+by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>
+We are pleased therefore to commence our Supplementary Sheet
+with such a volume as the present, which we have reserved for
+this purpose. The feelings which it must engender in the reader
+will be doubly grateful in these troublous times of strong
+political excitement: they enjoin "peace on earth, and goodwill
+towards men." the Divine antidote to the storms of conflicting
+interests and passions, and the balm which heals the thorny
+wounds of the world, that cross every path and tear the finest
+sympathies of our nature. It adds, moreover, a pleasant variety
+to the contents of our sheet, and alternates with the
+vicissitudes of enterprise, in the progress of infant liberty
+in the New World, as in the Memoirs of the patriot <i>Miller</i>;&mdash;the
+daring and recklessness of crime, as in the vivid sketch of
+<i>First and Last</i>;&mdash;the picturesque country and ceremonies of
+Arabia and its religious people, as drawn by <i>Burckhardt</i>;&mdash;and
+the architectural embellishment of the Metropolis, as shown in
+<i>Britton's Picture of London</i>.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>
+In the MIRROR, dated March 1, 1828, we noticed "Gilbert White's
+Natural History of Selborne, is one of the most delightful
+household books in our language, and we are surprised at the
+rarity of such works." The publication of the <i>Journal of a
+Naturalist</i>, early in March, 1829, is "a coincidence."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<b>Footnote 3</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Philosophers and wits have written on this subject. Sir Thomas
+Brown, who wrote a book of <i>Vulgar Errors</i>, remarks with great
+seriousness that the man "who could eradicate this error from the
+minds of the people, might prevent the fearful passions of the
+heart, and many cold sweats taking place in grandmothers and
+nurses"&mdash;Swift lets fly the shafts of satire in these lines.&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">                                        A woodworm</p>
+<p>          That lies in old wood, like a hare in her form;</p>
+<p>          With teeth, or with claws, it will bite, or will scratch;</p>
+<p>          And chambermaids christen this worm a death-watch;</p>
+<p>          Because, like a watch, it always cries click;</p>
+<p>          Then woe be to those in the house who are sick;</p>
+<p>          For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost</p>
+<p>          If the maggat cries click when it scratches the post.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+        Gay, too, in a <i>pastoral dirge</i>, says,
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">                                      The wether's bell,</p>
+<p>          Before the drooping flock, toll'd forth her knell;</p>
+<p>          The solemn deathwatch click'd the hour she died.</p>
+</div></div>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<b>Footnote 4</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Francis II. of Germany abdicated 1806, and took the title of
+Emperor of Austria.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<b>Footnote 5</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>
+At the close of the sixteenth century, according to Kotobeddyn,
+the whole plain of Arafat was cultivated.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<b>Footnote 6</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<!-- Footnotes -->
+<p>
+The Mahmal (an exact representation of which is given by D'Ohsson)
+is a high, hollow, wooden frame, in the form of a cone, with a
+pyramidal top, covered with a fine silk brocade adorned with
+ostrich feathers, and having a small book of prayers and charms
+placed in the midst of it, wrapped up in a piece of silk. (My
+description is taken from the Egyptian Mahmal.) When on the road,
+it serves as a holy banner to the caravan; and on the return of
+the Egyptian caravan, the book of prayers is exposed in the mosque
+El Hassaneyn, at Cairo, where men and women of the lower classes
+go to kiss it and obtain a blessing by rubbing their foreheads
+upon it. No copy of the Koran, nor any thing but the book of
+prayers, is placed in the Cairo Mahmal. I believe the custom to
+have arisen in the battle-banner of the Bedouins, called Merkeb
+and Otfe, which I have mentioned in my remarks on the Bedouins,
+and which resemble the Mahmal, inasmuch as they are high wooden
+frames placed upon camels.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13578 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13578 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13578)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 13, No. 361, Supplementary Issue (1829), by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, No.
+361, Supplementary Issue (1829)
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: October 2, 2004  [eBook #13578]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, NO. 361, SUPPLEMENTARY ISSUE (1829)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 13578-h.htm or 13578-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/7/13578/13578-h/13578-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/7/13578/13578-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION
+
+VOL. XIII, NO. 361.] SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST
+
+
+[Illustration: THE TALIPOT TREE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOWWORM.]
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+_See the Engravings._
+
+
+A delightful volume, of title almost synonymous with this division of
+the MIRROR, has just been published. It is entitled _The Journal of a
+Naturalist_,[1] with the very appropriate motto of
+
+  ----Plants, trees, and stones, we note,
+  Birds, insects, beasts, and many rural things.
+
+
+The author in his preface, says, "Many years have now passed away since
+we were presented with that very interesting and amusing book, the
+'Natural History of Selborne;' nor do I recollect any publication at
+all resembling it having since appeared."[2] He then acknowledges the
+impression which this book left on his mind; and its having given rise
+to the present work, to which, in our humble opinion, it is a worthy
+companion.
+
+Our "Naturalist" resides in a village upon a very ancient road,
+connecting Bristol and Gloucester, in a limestone district, numbering
+among its picturesque beauties, the broad estuary of the Severn, the
+mountains of Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Brecon, and their peaceful vales
+and cheerful cottages; Thornbury, with its fine cathedral-like church
+and castle, the red cliffs of the Severn, and numberless antiquities
+of our ancestors--as roads, encampments, aggera, watch-hills, coins,
+lances, and other relics of those warlike times. Labour and healthful
+enjoyment reign in this district: for it is neither torn up for its
+mineral wealth, nor are its natural beauties annihilated, or the habits
+of its population corrupted by speculation or avarice. A portrait of
+"a worthy peasant," introduced by our author, reminds us of
+
+  ----A bold peasantry, their country's pride,
+  When once destroyed, can never be supplied.
+
+
+A passage quoted by the late Mr. Canning, in one of his finest speeches;
+and we often contrast this vigorous outline of the people of "merry
+England" with her artificial state of after times. Next are a page or
+two of agricultural chemistry (_analysis of soils_) unfettered with
+technicals; double the space of what may strictly be called rural
+economy, (_grass lands_) succeed; next the culture and history of
+the potato, and some new observations on "_the Teazle_."
+
+Several pages on _trees_ possess great interest, as do those on
+_flowers_.
+
+We regret we have room but for a few heads--the _maple_--the
+_Naturalist's Autumnal Walk_--the _Economy of Animals_, especially
+of _Birds_: we must pass them over to elucidate our engraving of
+
+
+THE GLOWWORM.
+
+That pretty sparkler of our summer evenings, so often made the
+ploughboy's prize, the only brilliant that glitters in the rustic's hat,
+the glowworm, (_lampyris noctiluca_,) is not found in such numbers
+with us, as in many other places, where these signal tapers glimmer upon
+every grassy bank; yet, in some seasons, we have a reasonable sprinkling
+of them. Every body probably knows, that the male glowworm is a winged,
+erratic animal, yet may not have seen him. He has ever been a scarce
+creature to me, meeting perhaps with one or two in a year; and, when
+found, always a subject of admiration. Most creatures have their eyes
+so placed, as to be enabled to see about them; or, as Hook says of the
+house-fly, to be "circumspect animals;" but this male glowworm has a
+contrivance, by which any upward or side vision is prevented. Viewed
+when at rest, no portion of his eyes is visible, but the head is
+margined with a horny band, or plate, being a character of one of the
+genera of the order _coleoptera_, under which the eyes are situate.
+This prevents all upward vision; and blinds, or winkers, are so fixed
+at the sides of his eyes, as greatly to impede the view of all lateral
+objects. _See Figures_. The chief end of this creature in his
+nightly peregrinations is to seek his mate, always beneath him on the
+earth; and hence this apparatus appears designed to facilitate his
+search, confining his view entirely to what is before or below him. The
+first serves to direct his flight, the other presents the object of his
+pursuit: and as we commonly, and with advantage, place our hand over the
+brow, to obstruct the rays of light falling from above, which enables us
+to see clearer an object on the ground, so must the projecting hood of
+this creature converge the visual rays to a point beneath.
+
+Glowworms emit light only for a short period in the year; and I have but
+partially observed it after the middle of July. I have collected many of
+these pretty creatures on a bank before my house, into which they retire
+during the winter, to shine out again when revived by the summer's
+warmth; but in this latter season I have frequently missed certain of
+my little protegés, and have reason to apprehend, that they formed the
+banquet of a toad, that frequented the same situation.
+
+Observing above, that the glowworm does not emit light after the 14th of
+July, I mean thereby that clear, steady light, which has rendered this
+creature so remarkable to all persons; for I have repeatedly noticed,
+deep in the herbage, a faint evanescent light proceeding from these
+creatures, even as late as August and September. This was particularly
+manifested September the 28th, 1826. The evening was warm and dewy, and
+we observed on the house-bank multitudes of these small evanescent
+sparks in the grass. The light displayed was very different from that
+which they exhibit in warm summer months. Instead of the permanent green
+glow, that illumines all the blades of the surrounding herbage, it was a
+pale transient spot, visible for a moment or two, and then so speedily
+hidden, that we were obliged, in order to capture the creature, to
+employ the light of a candle. The number of them, and their actions,
+creeping away from our sight, contrary to that half lifeless dulness
+observed in summer, suggested the idea, that the whole body had availed
+themselves of this warm, moist evening, to migrate to their winter
+station. A single spark or so was to be seen some evenings after this,
+but no such large moving parties were discovered again. If we conclude,
+that the summer light of the glowworm is displayed as a signal taper,
+the appearance of this autumnal light can have no such object in view,
+nor can we rationally assign any use of it to the creature itself,
+unless, indeed, it serves as a point of union in these supposed
+migrations, like the leading call in the flight of night-moving birds.
+The activity and numbers of these insects, in the above-mentioned
+evening, enabled me to observe the frequent presence and disappearance
+of the light of an individual, which did not seem to be the result of
+will, but produced by situation. During the time the insect crawled
+along the ground, or upon the fine grass, the glow was hidden; but on
+its mounting any little blade, or sprig of moss, it turned round and
+presented the luminous caudal spot, which, on its falling or regaining
+its level, was hidden again.
+
+A summary of the peculiarities of the year 1825, very appropriately
+concludes the volume, from which we may be tempted to make future
+extracts.
+
+
+THE TALIPOT TREE,
+
+The first of our Engravings is a species of palm, a native of Ceylon,
+and is one of the most magnificent wonders of the vegetable kingdom. The
+leaf is circular, terminating in the most beautiful rays, and folding up
+into plaits like a fan, which, in figure, it nearly resembles.
+
+This leaf is used in the maritime provinces of Ceylon as a mark of
+distinction, each person being allowed to have a certain number of these
+leaves, folded up as fans, carried with him by his servants; and also in
+the Kandian country, in the shape of a round, flat umbrella on a long
+stick. The talipot leaves are likewise used by the common people to
+shelter themselves from the rain, _one leaf affording sufficient
+shelter for seven or eight persons_. It is also used in making tents.
+
+In 1818, Sir Alexander Johnston gave to Sir Joseph Banks a very fine
+specimen of a tent made of their leaves, large enough to hold a party of
+ten persons at table.
+
+All the books of importance in Pali and Cingalese, relative to the
+religion of Buddhoo, in Ceylon, are written on lamina of these leaves,
+with either a brass or an iron style. There are some of these books in
+Sir A. Johnston's collections, which are supposed to be from 500 to 600
+years old, and which are still very perfect. In the museum of the
+Asiatic Society, there is a complete copy of the Pali book, called the
+_Pansyapanas Iatakah_, written on 1,172 laminae of the finest
+description of this sort of palm leaf. Large as the dimensions of the
+talipot leaf may appear, it is exceeded in size by the _troolie_ of
+Surinam, which extends on the ground, and has frequently been known to
+attain the width of three feet, and the length of thirty.
+
+Our Engraving is copied from the _Gardener's Magazine_, where it is
+reduced from the Transactions of the Asiatic Society.
+
+
+
+THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.
+
+Although the present may be a late hour to dissipate the faith placed in
+signs and tokens, we are persuaded that a more intimate knowledge of
+this insect will not prove uninteresting to our readers.[3]
+
+The name _death watch_ was evidently derived from the importance
+attached to the beatings of the insect, which, by superstitious people,
+were formerly supposed to prognosticate death to some one of the family
+in whose house it was heard. The natural size of the insect is about a
+quarter of an inch in length, of a dark brown colour, spotted, with
+transparent wings under the _vagina_, or sheath, a huge cap or
+helmet on the head, and two _antennae_, or feelers, from beneath
+the eyes.
+
+It is chiefly in the advanced period of spring that these insects
+commence their noise; and which is the call or signal by which they are
+mutually attracted to each other, and may be considered as analogous to
+the call of birds. This noise does not arise from their voice, but from
+the insect beating on hard substances, with the shield or fore part of
+its head. The general number of successive distinct strokes is from 7 to
+9 or 11. These are given in pretty quick succession, and are repeated at
+uncertain intervals; and in old houses, where the insects are numerous,
+they may be heard, if the weather be warm, almost every hour in the day.
+The noise exactly resembles that made by beating moderately hard with
+the finger on a table. Mr. Stackhouse carefully observed its manner of
+beating. He says, the insect raises itself upon its hinder legs, and
+with the body somewhat inclined, beats its head with great force and
+agility against the place on which it stands.
+
+This insect, which is the _real death-watch_ of the vulgar, must
+not be confounded with another minuter insect, which makes a ticking
+noise like a watch; but instead of beating at intervals, it continues
+its noise for a considerable time without intermission. This latter
+belongs to a very different tribe. It is usually found in old wood,
+decayed furniture, neglected books, &c.; and both the male and the
+female have the power of making this ticking noise, in order to attract
+each other. The Rev. Mr. Derham seems to have been the first naturalist
+who examined and described this species; and he says that during the
+month of July, in one particular summer, they scarcely ever ceased to
+beat either in day or night. The eggs are generally hatched about the
+beginning of March: many of them live through the winter; but during
+that time, to avoid the frost, they bury themselves deep in dust.
+
+Mr. T. Carpenter (of whose paper in _Gill's Repository_ we have
+already availed ourselves) tells us that these insects are excellent
+anatomists: in order to render them useful in making some delicate
+dissections for his microscope, Mr. Carpenter placed a few of the
+insects within a pill-box, with the heads of three dead flies. He found
+some time afterwards, that they had cleared the interior of some of the
+eyes completely from all the blood-vessels, leaving the lenses in the
+cornea beautifully transparent.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+BIRDS' NESTS.
+
+
+The structure of the nests of birds affords, perhaps, one of the most
+agreeable lessons in Natural History.
+
+Among the most curious nests of our _English_ birds may be named
+that of the _Wren_, the _long-tailed Titmouse_, the _Thrush_,
+the _Goldfinch_, the _Chaffinch_, the _Magpie_, and the _House
+Sparrow_; to these may also be added the _Swallow's_, the _Martin's_,
+the _Wood Pigeon's_, and the _Wood-Pecker's_. Of the nests of _Rooks_,
+it may be sufficient to observe, that they are often found to the number
+of six, or even more in a cluster. _Crows'_ nests are always
+solitary; they are similar in structure to those of the rook.
+
+Among the nests of Foreign birds, that of the _Taylor Bird_
+deserves especial mention; the bird itself is a diminutive one, being
+little more than three inches long; it is an inhabitant of India. The
+nest is sometimes constructed of two leaves, one of them dead; the
+latter is fixed to the living one as it hangs upon the tree, by sewing
+both together in the manner of a pouch or purse; it is open at the top,
+and the cavity is filled with fine down; and, being suspended from the
+branch, the birds are secure from the depredations of snakes and
+monkeys, to which they might otherwise fall a prey.
+
+In Dr. Latham's collection is a specimen of the taylor bird's nest,
+composed of a single large leaf, of a fibrous rough, texture, about six
+inches long independent of the stalk, five inches and a half in breadth,
+and ending in a point. The sides of this leaf are drawn together so as
+to meet within three-quarters of an inch; within is the nest, about four
+inches deep and two broad, opening at the top; the bottom of the leaf
+is drawn upwards, to assist in the support of it. The interior nest is
+composed of white down, with here and there a feather and a small
+portion of white down intermixed.
+
+Another nest of this bird has also been described as composed of several
+leaves, like those of some kind of hazel sewed together; the inner nest
+formed of dry bents, fibres, and hairs, suspended from a tree. It is,
+therefore, probable that this bird, as well as some others, varies the
+structure of its nest as occasion and the materials may require. These
+singular works are performed by the bird's using his bill instead of a
+needle, and vegetable fibres for thread.
+
+The _Rufous Bee-eater_, or _Merops Rufus_, constructs also a
+very singular nest. This bird is a native of Buenos Ayres; the nest is
+built generally on the naked great branch of a tree, sometimes on the
+windows of houses, a fence, or a projecting beam of a high house or
+other building; it is composed of earth, in the form of a baker's oven,
+and is often built in the short space of two days, both birds being
+engaged in its construction; it is six inches in diameter, and one
+thick; a division is within, beginning at the entrance, and carried
+circularly, so that the eggs are deposited in the inner chamber, on a
+bed of grass. The swallow and other birds often attempt to obtain
+possession of this nest, but are generally repulsed by the owners.
+
+Many of the _Orioles'_ nests are also deserving notice. The
+_black and yellow Oriole_, inhabiting South America, has a pendent
+nest, shaped like an alembic; it is affixed to the extreme branches of
+trees; sometimes, it is said, so many as four hundred nests are found
+hanging on the same tree.
+
+The _Philippine_ and _Pensile Grosbeak_ make also very curious nests.
+
+In concluding this account of the nests of birds, I may notice here the
+nest of the _Hirundo esculenta_, or _Esculent Swallow_, an inhabitant
+of China and the Islands of the Indian Ocean. The nest consists of a
+gelatinous substance, in shape resembling an apple cut down the middle.
+The nests are found in great numbers together, and are by the luxurious
+Asiatics made into broths, and otherwise cooked, and are esteemed one of
+the greatest dainties of the table; they are also occasionally used for
+glue.--_Jennings's Ornithologia_.
+
+
+    [1] We are pleased therefore to commence our Supplementary Sheet
+        with such a volume as the present, which we have reserved for
+        this purpose. The feelings which it must engender in the reader
+        will be doubly grateful in these troublous times of strong
+        political excitement: they enjoin "peace on earth, and goodwill
+        towards men." the Divine antidote to the storms of conflicting
+        interests and passions, and the balm which heals the thorny
+        wounds of the world, that cross every path and tear the finest
+        sympathies of our nature. It adds, moreover, a pleasant variety
+        to the contents of our sheet, and alternates with the
+        vicissitudes of enterprise, in the progress of infant liberty
+        in the New World, as in the Memoirs of the patriot _Miller_;--the
+        daring and recklessness of crime, as in the vivid sketch of
+        _First and Last_;--the picturesque country and ceremonies of
+        Arabia and its religious people, as drawn by _Burckhardt_;--and
+        the architectural embellishment of the Metropolis, as shown in
+        _Britton's Picture of London_.
+
+    [2] In the MIRROR, dated March 1, 1828, we noticed "Gilbert White's
+        Natural History of Selborne, is one of the most delightful
+        household books in our language, and we are surprised at the
+        rarity of such works." The publication of the _Journal of a
+        Naturalist_, early in March, 1829, is "a coincidence."
+
+    [3] Philosophers and wits have written on this subject. Sir Thomas
+        Brown, who wrote a book of _Vulgar Errors_, remarks with great
+        seriousness that the man "who could eradicate this error from the
+        minds of the people, might prevent the fearful passions of the
+        heart, and many cold sweats taking place in grandmothers and
+        nurses"--Swift lets fly the shafts of satire in these lines.--
+
+                                        A woodworm
+          That lies in old wood, like a hare in her form;
+          With teeth, or with claws, it will bite, or will scratch;
+          And chambermaids christen this worm a death-watch;
+          Because, like a watch, it always cries click;
+          Then woe be to those in the house who are sick;
+          For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost
+          If the maggat cries click when it scratches the post.
+
+        Gay, too, in a _pastoral dirge_, says,
+
+                                      The wether's bell,
+          Before the drooping flock, toll'd forth her knell;
+          The solemn deathwatch click'd the hour she died.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+METROPOLITAN IMPROVEMENTS.
+
+_Abridged from the "Introduction" to Britton's Picture of London, 26th
+edition, just published._
+
+
+_The year_ 1825 will ever be memorable in the annals of the
+metropolis; for more novel improvements, changes, and events occurred in
+that one year than during any other corresponding period. _Schemes_
+for the formation of new _Companies_--the vast speculations arising
+out of them, tending to the aggrandizement of a few persons, and to the
+ruin of others, with the utilities of some, and the futilities and
+impositions of many,--may also be said to belong to this year.
+
+Let us, however, take a brief review of the real improvements and useful
+novelties that have been progressing, or have commenced in London since
+that singular and eventful era. Commencing at the court, or west end, we
+will take an imaginary tour to the east, adverting to such new buildings
+as are calculated to arrest the attention of the stranger in our
+progress. Without remarking on the general improvements of the age, we
+shall find enough to engross our attention in the particular objects
+before us. The most noted, or conspicuous of these are:--1. The New
+Palace, with the adjoining Park and Gardens. 2. A Terrace, Street, and
+Public Buildings on the site of Carlton House. 3. Belgrave Square, and
+the adjoining Squares and Streets. 4. The Entrance Lodges and Bridge
+in Hyde Park, with the improvements in the Roads and Walks of the same.
+5. The Regent's Park, with its Terraces, Villas, Public Buildings,
+Zoological Gardens, and Colosseum. 6. The London University. 7. The
+British Museum. 8. The Post Office. 9. London Bridge, and its Vicinity.
+10. St. Katherine's Docks. 11. The New Buildings and Alterations
+connected with the Houses of Parliament, the Ministerial Offices, and
+others, at Charing Cross. All these rank among the novelties and
+embellished features of London; and whilst the design and execution of
+so many public works manifest the increasing taste, or luxury of the
+age, they employ and give encouragement to numerous artists, artisans,
+and tradesmen.
+
+Of _the Royal Palace_, suffice it to remark, in this place, that it
+is a large pile of building,--has been carried on with great rapidity of
+execution,--its whole exterior is stone, many parts of which are adorned
+with sculptured statues, basso-relievo, and other ornaments,--that a
+highly-decorated triumphal arch, composed of fine white, marble, is
+to be raised, at a short distance from the centre of the principal
+front--and that the interior is to be splendidly adorned with marble,
+scagliola, and other rich materials; whilst the galleries, armoury,
+chapel, state-rooms, &c. are to display the most gorgeous ornaments of
+the cabinet-maker, upholsterer, decorative painter, and other artisans.
+
+_The Park_, in front of this palace, which had continued for nearly
+a century in one state of formal, tasteless insipidity, has been laid
+out as a large pleasure-garden, interspersed with lawn, clusters of
+shrubs and flowers, winding walks, varied surface, and a lake, whose
+margin is made to wind with every inequality of surface, spreading
+occasionally into a broad expanse, and then contracting to a narrow arm.
+In the midst of the larger spaces are islands, covered with aquatic
+trees and shrubs.
+
+_The Gardens_, or _Pleasure Grounds_, belonging to the Palace,
+partake of the same character; but are adorned with shrubs, plants, and
+flowers of a more choice description. A large piece of water is likewise
+formed in the midst of these Gardens.
+
+_Belgrave Square, and Vicinity_. Immediately to the west of the
+boundary-wall of the royal gardens is a tract of ground, which, in 1824,
+was open fields, intersected by mud-banks, and partly occupied by a few
+sheds, and inhabited by the lowest characters of society. In 1829, the
+same land, consisting of about 140 acres, is nearly covered with houses
+of the largest size, surrounding spacious squares, or skirting wide and
+handsome streets. Of all the extraordinary works carried into effect by
+London gentlemen and tradesmen, we may fairly adduce this as a
+pre-eminent example. In the space of about four years, the houses
+surrounding one large square, called Belgrave, have been erected, some
+of them finished and occupied, and several others, of nearly equal
+dimensions and value, completed.
+
+The most prominent feature of this district is _Belgrave Square_,
+which includes within the front walls of the houses an area of about ten
+acres, the centre of which, enclosed by lofty and handsome railing, is
+laid out as a pleasure garden. The whole of the houses are large, lofty,
+and spacious, with stuccoed fronts, porches, balustraded balconies;
+and those in the centre of each side are decorated with columns, or
+three-quarter columns, vases on the parapet, &c.
+
+Of _Eaton Square_, one portion only is built at present: as laid
+out, planted, and railed in, it is intended to occupy an area of about
+fourteen acres, and will be bounded by four rows of houses on the north
+side, and the like number on the south side, having the king's private
+road extending east and west through the centre. It measures 600 yards
+long by 120 yards wide, between the houses. At the eastern extremity is
+a new church, built from the designs of Henry Hakewill, Esq.
+
+To the north of this district, at Hyde Park Corner, is a large new
+edifice appropriated to _St. George's Hospital_. It is a commodious
+and handsome building, from the designs of R. Smirke, Esq. Near it, and
+forming an entrance lodge to the Palace Gardens, is a bold, large, and
+highly-decorated archway, built from the designs of Decimus Burton, Esq.
+Opposite is a screen of columns, with three entrance archways, a lodge,
+&c. constituting an architectural entrance to Hyde Park. Three other
+lodges, with gates, by Mr. Burton, form so many other entrances to the
+Park from the east and north--_Apsley House_, the town mansion of
+the Duke of Wellington, at the south-east angle of Hyde Park, is
+rebuilding from the designs of Messrs. B. and C. Wyatt, and will form a
+handsome object at this entrance to the metropolis.
+
+The Earl of Grosvenor has set a most laudable example to our opulent
+nobility, in the new wing to his mansion in Grosvenor Street, as a
+gallery for his valuable pictures. It is a handsome and imposing design,
+and does honour to the architect, Mr Cundy.
+
+The new _Club Houses_ in St. James's Street, especially that near
+the southern end, present imposing fronts; and it may be added, that
+most of the other Club Houses have contributed very much to adorn their
+respective situations, and to impart a strictly architectural character
+to our street buildings.
+
+The site of Carlton House, and its gardens, is occupied by a wide
+street, by a lofty terrace overlooking the Park, by club houses, &c. Two
+of the latter terminate Waterloo Place, and are appropriated to "_the
+United Service_," and "_the Athenaeum_;" the first built from
+the designs of Mr. Nash, and the latter from those of Mr. D. Burton.
+
+From Charing Cross to Exeter 'Change an amazing improvement has
+commenced. All the houses on the north side of the Strand are taking
+down, and others raising, farther back, by which the street will be much
+widened, and the new buildings will assume better faces, if not better
+accommodation, for the tradesmen who occupy them. That museum of sheds,
+stalls, and filth, _Covent Garden_, is also to be cleared and
+cleansed, and respectable ranges of shops and warerooms are to be
+erected.
+
+It is now confidently said, that "_the King's College of London_"
+is to be attached to the eastern side of Somerset House; and that Mr.
+Smirke is commissioned to make a design for the building.
+
+In the _Regent's Park_ a new Terrace and other buildings, are in
+progress; the great Colosseum is nearly finished, and the _Zoological
+Gardens_ have excited unusual popularity. No less than 130,000
+visiters have been admitted to view the gardens and the vivarium within
+the year 1828.
+
+On the east side of the Park is a mass of buildings appropriated to
+_St. Katherine's Hospital_, consisting of a chapel in the centre,
+with a group of dwellings on each side, and a detached mansion for the
+master. South of this is a series of buildings, called _Cumberland
+Terrace_, raised from the designs of Mr. Nash, which is abundantly
+adorned with columns, arches, statues, and basso-relievo.
+
+The _Colosseum_, in the same Park, is a building of great
+dimensions, and novel appropriation, and therefore calculated to excite
+very popular attention. Near this is the _Diorama_, an edifice of
+singular construction, destined for the public display of two pictures.
+A new line of communication from this Park to Pall Mall has been
+completed within the last few years, by a wide and handsome road called
+_Regent Street_.
+
+_London University_--The situation of the first University founded
+in this immense city is most peculiarly favourable, being equally
+removed from the busy and confined part of the metropolis, and from the
+fashionable and idle; whilst it is not inconveniently remote from either
+extremity. The building was commenced on the 30th of April, 1827, when
+the Duke of Sussex laid the first stone, in the presence of a large
+concourse of noblemen and gentlemen. The design is by William Wilkins,
+Esq., R.A., who has evinced in the principal elevation and general
+character of the edifice considerable taste and science. When completed,
+it is intended to consist of a central part, and two wings projecting at
+right angles from the extremities of the former. The first portion only
+of this is at present finished. It extends from north to south 430 feet,
+with a depth, from east to west, including the two semicircular
+theatres, of about 200 feet. The elevation is at once classical and
+chaste, having a bold and rich portico in the centre, elevated on a
+plinth, to the height of the first story (19 feet,) and is approached
+by numerous steps, which are arranged to produce a fine effect. Twelve
+Corinthian columns support a flattened pediment, in the tympanum of
+which is to be a composition in basso-relievo, analogous to science and
+literature. Behind this pediment is a cupola, finished by a lantern
+light, in imitation of a peripteral temple, crowning and ornamenting a
+grand octagonal vestibule, or saloon. North of this is the museum of
+natural history, 118 feet by 50, and 23 feet in height, opening to
+the museum of anatomy, which latter communicates with two rooms for
+professors, and to one of the large theatres, or lecture-rooms. East of
+the vestibule is a large hall, and to the south is the great library,
+corresponding in size, &c. with the museum of natural history; the
+small library; rooms for the librarian, for apparatus, and also another
+large theatre. The ground-floor consists of rooms for lectures, the
+Professor's offices, laboratory, museum, a spacious cloister 213 feet
+by 24; rooms for the anatomical school, &c. In the basement are other
+apartments for the anatomical schools, for the chemical laboratory,
+the students' common room, kitchen, stewards' room, refreshment rooms,
+housekeeper's room, vaults, &c.
+
+At the _British Museum_ a new room, to contain the late king's
+library, has been built and fitted up from the designs of Mr. R. Smirke.
+It is the largest apartment in this country, its measurement being 300
+feet in length, by 30 feet in width, and 30 feet high,
+
+The _St. Katherine's Docks_, recently formed near the Tower, will
+increase this species of accommodation, and be a great improvement to a
+district where reform and alteration are much required. By a statement
+published by the Committee in October, 1828, it appears that "the first
+stone was laid 3rd of May, 1827," and that a grand ceremony was exhibited
+on the 25th of October, 1828, of opening the Docks. On that occasion,
+nine vessels, of from 516 to 343 tons burden, entered the docks to load
+and discharge their freights. Above 1,200 houses, warehouses, &c. were
+purchased and taken down, to make room for the new works. Accommodation
+is provided for the stowage of 210,000 tons of merchandize; and, from
+the improved construction of the warehouses, these goods will be always
+housed under cover. The fixed capital for completing this great
+commercial undertaking is 1,352,752_l_.
+
+_A Collier Dock_, on a large scale, has been projected to be
+excavated and formed in the Isle of Dogs, near Blackwall for which
+Mr. George Rennie has made plans and estimates.
+
+The _New London Bridge_, now nearly completed, is a work of great
+magnitude, science, and novelty. Its erection, in our times, and
+following the recent finishing of the bridges of Waterloo and Southwark,
+is a memorable event in the annals of London.
+
+The projected _Tunnel under the Thames_ is not only a novel object
+in this part of London, but, should it ever be accomplished, it will be
+a wonderful triumph of human talents over seeming impossibilities.
+
+Although so many useful and even important improvements have been
+recently effected in the metropolis, there are yet many things left
+undone that ought to be done, and others proceeding in a manner that
+will neither be creditable nor beneficial. The widening and opening of
+_New Streets_ from Pall Mall to the British Museum; from that
+national repository to Waterloo Bridge, skirting the two theatres;--from
+the Strand to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and thence to Holborn; and again
+to Covent Garden;--from Charing Cross to Somerset House;--from Oxford
+Road to Bloomsbury Square and Holborn;--from Blackfriars' Bridge to
+Clerkenwell, removing and clearing away that nuisance in a public
+thoroughfare, Fleet Market;--from Moorfields to the Bank, and thence
+obliquely to Southwark Bridge;--widening and opening the area around
+St. Paul's Cathedral,--are all calculated to be very beneficial to
+the public. Other essential alterations are still required; and the
+legislature, as well as all public-spirited individuals, should
+co-operate to promote them. The formation of open, respectable quays,
+terraces, and streets, on the banks of our fine river, is an event
+greatly to be desired.
+
+The vastly-increasing population of London, has occasioned a great
+augmentation of _Churches_ and _Chapels_, both for congregations
+of the establishment, and for dissenters. In consequence of urgent, and
+argumentative appeals by some truly pious and benevolent Christians, the
+legislature has granted a large sum for the purpose of aiding parochial
+committees, to build new churches or enlarge their old ones.
+
+The _New Post Office_, in St. Martin's-le-Grand, is fast
+approaching conclusion, and will constitute one of the most imposing
+public buildings of the city. Preparatory to the re-erection of the
+whole of the _Blue Coat School_, or _Christ's Hospital_, in
+Newgate Street, a spacious and handsome Hall has been erected, from the
+designs of Mr. Shaw.
+
+A _new Chapel_, of novel design, being of an amphitheatrical form,
+has been recently completed, from the designs of _W. Brooks_,
+architect. It is seated near the Catholic Chapel, in Finsbury Circus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FIRST AND LAST CRIME.
+
+[_Blackwood's Magazine_ for the current month contains a sketchy
+article under this title, which displays much of the breadth and vigour
+of one of Maga's contributors. Our extract is in the form of the
+confession of a reckless, daring spirit, who being imprisoned for
+murder, commits suicide. The early developement of his bad passions is
+admirably drawn, and altogether this is one of the most powerfully
+written papers that we have lately met with.]
+
+
+I was the youngest child of three; but before I had attained my tenth
+year, I was an only one. I had always been the favourite of both my
+parents, and now I was their idol. They hung upon my existence, as a
+shipwrecked mariner clings to the last floating fragment of the gallant
+bark that bore him; they lived, but while they held by me, in the rough
+tossings of the ocean of life. I was not slow to discover my value in
+their estimation, or to exercise, in its fullest extent, the capricious
+tyranny of conscious power. Almost the earliest impression which my
+ripening mind received, was a regal immunity from error--I could _do
+no wrong_.
+
+My education was not neglected. Alas! the only use I have ever made of
+what I acquired, has been to gild my vices when acted, or refine upon
+the manner of acting them while in contemplation. I look back, at this
+moment, to the period of my life I am describing, as prosperous men
+recall the day-spring of their fortunes. _They_, from the proud
+eminence on which they stand, trace, step by step, in retrospective
+view, the paths by which they ascended; and _I_, looking through
+the dark vista of my by-gone years, behold the fatal series of crimes
+and follies that stained their progress, stretching to my boyhood. The
+gay and frolic _irregularities_, as they were gently termed, of
+that untamed age, were the turbid source of the waters of misery in
+which I am now engulphed, I was a lawless planet, running at will; and
+the orbit I described laid waste more than one fair region of peace and
+happiness.
+
+My father had a brother, his elder by many years; a man of stern and
+rigid character, as I then considered him; but, as I would now call him,
+of upright, firm, and honourable principle. He loved my father, but did
+not love his weakness; and the display of it, in his indulgence towards
+me, was the cause of many a serious, if not sometimes angry, debate
+between them. Well do I remember (for it rankled like poison in my
+swelling heart) a declaration he once made in my presence. It was a
+fine autumnal evening, and he was seated with my father and mother in
+a balcony, which opened from the library-window upon a spacious lawn.
+I entered the room, and advanced towards them, unconscious, of course,
+that their conversation had been about me; but my uncle looking at me
+with a severe expression of countenance, and at the same time addressing
+his brother, exclaimed, "Well, James, neither you nor I may live to see
+it; but if the grace of God, or his own better reflection, as he grows
+older, do not work a change in this young squire, a duel, Jack Ketch,
+or a razor, will work his exit some day or other."
+
+My father smiled--I saw my mother wipe away a tear--at that moment
+I could have struck my uncle dead. I muttered a few words--I knew not
+what, and left the room. Boy as I was, (for I had barely completed
+my seventeenth year,) I felt all the vindictive passions of manhood
+kindling within me. It seemed as if a sentence had been passed upon
+me, the more terrible, because a secret voice whispered to me, it was
+prophetic! _That impression never forsook me!_
+
+I questioned my father haughtily, a few days afterwards, as to the
+reasons of his brother for thus speaking of me; and I even dared to
+insinuate, that, had he felt what a father should, he would have
+resented the indignity. He answered me (I write it with shame and
+contrition) most mildly, most affectionately. The gentle being--I see
+him now, as he tenderly took my hand--apologized to me--to me! who ought
+to have stood trembling in _his_ presence! I followed up my blow.
+With cold, but subtle malignity. I played off my revenge towards my
+uncle, through the idolatry of my father's love towards myself. I
+barbarously gave him a choice of misery; for I disdainfully replied,
+that he must henceforth determine, whether he would lose a brother or
+a son, as _I_ had determined to remain no longer under his roof,
+unless I had the assurance that I should never again see my uncle there.
+He looked at me. My God! what a look it was! so full of meek sorrow
+and appalling obedience! Without uttering a word, he sat down to his
+writing-table. The tears fell upon his paper; but they did not blot out
+a few bitter words addressed to his brother, which severed for ever in
+this world two noble hearts; cast, indeed, in different moulds, but
+which kindred blood had cemented, in the close bonds of fraternal love,
+for more than forty years.
+
+This was my _first_ revenge. But was I satisfied? No!
+
+It was only a few months afterwards, that chance threw in my way a
+daughter of my uncle's. I met her at the house of a common friend, who
+knew and deplored the unhappy schism which prevailed between the two
+brothers. He was equally attached to both, and I believe pleased himself
+with the idea, that an occasional intercourse between the younger
+branches of the families, might, some day or other, bring about a
+reconciliation between the heads. My cousin Harriet was a year older
+than myself. She was in her nineteenth, I in my eighteenth year. I loved
+her. Yes; the _first_ feeling that glowed within my bosom was that
+of love. She was beautiful--fascinating--accomplished--amiable--and
+I loved her. It was not long before I was satisfied. I had kindled a
+reciprocal passion in her breast. The mute eloquence of her look and
+manner was only the harbinger of that same thrilling eloquence, which
+fell from her tongue when I won the declaration of her affection.
+
+Her father knew we met at this friend's house; but whether he was told,
+or whether he penetrated, the secret of our attachment, I never learned.
+I only know, that, at the very moment when separation was madness, his
+mandate went forth, prohibiting all farther intercourse between us, and
+that it was obeyed. Not by me; for I was incapable of submission: but by
+my gentle Harriet, who thought _herself_ incapable of disobeying.
+We met no more where we had been wont to meet; and my young heart's
+spring of happiness seemed for ever withered.
+
+But here again, I began to reflect, my path was crossed--my hopes were
+blighted--by my uncle. I heard, too, that his tongue had been free with
+my name; that the blistering censure of his austere virtue had fallen
+upon my actions. I writhed under the contumely. My wounded spirit was
+insatiate for vengeance. I meditated, deeply, how I could inflict it, so
+as to strike the blow where he was most vulnerable. I did not brood long
+over my dark purpose. The love I still bore his daughter, was _now_
+mingled with the hatred I bore towards himself; and I exulted in the
+thought, that I should perhaps be able to gratify, at one and the same
+moment, two of the fiercest passions of my nature--lust and revenge!
+
+I SUCCEEDED!
+
+In these two words let me shroud a tale of horror. Harriet was my
+victim! Ask not how. _I_ triumphed! _She_ fell! An angel might
+have fallen as she did, and lost no purity. But her stainless heart was
+too proud in virtue to palter and equivocate with circumstances. She
+never rose from what she deemed her bridal bed. And ere twenty summers
+had fanned her cheek, the grave-worm banqueted upon its loveliness.
+
+This was my _first_ crime. The recollection of it is engraven upon
+my memory by an awful catastrophe. The night wind that sung _her_
+funeral dirge, howled with dismal fury through the burning ruins of my
+paternal mansion. Yes! that very night, as if it were in mercy to them,
+my father and my mother both perished in the flames which reduced
+the house itself to cinders. They were seen at the windows of their
+bedchamber, shrieking for aid; but before any could be procured, the
+flooring gave way, and they sunk at once into the yawning furnace that
+roared beneath. Their remains, when afterwards dug out, were a few
+shovelsfull of blackened ashes; except my father's right hand, which was
+found clasped in that of my mother, and both unconsumed. I followed
+these sad relics to the sepulchre. But with the tears I shed, there was
+blended a feeble consolation at the thought they had died before they
+knew the fate of Harriet; and a frightful joy, that another pang was
+added to the wretchedness of my uncle.
+
+I can well remember what a feeling of loneliness and desolation now took
+possession of me. Time, however, rolled on; and I grew callous, if not
+reconciled. I could not disguise from myself that the more select
+circles of society were closed against me; or, if I found my way into
+them, some blushing whisper was quickly circulated, which created a
+solitude around me.
+
+It was during this period, and while I was squandering thousands to
+achieve the conquest of shadows, that I succeeded in fixing an intimacy
+with a family equal to my own in station, and superior to it in fortune.
+The eldest daughter was an heiress of large expectations, and my
+proposals of marriage were favourably received. I might almost say that
+Matilda was mine; when one day I received a letter from her father,
+peremptorily forbidding my visits. I was thunderstruck. I hastened to
+the house, and demanded an explanation. It was given in few words. _I
+was referred to my uncle for any information I required_.
+
+This blow struck me down. I had run through my patrimonial estate; but
+hoped, by my marriage with Matilda, to repair my shattered fortune.
+Three weeks after it was known that the match was broken off, I was
+a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench! I breathed no curses upon
+the cause of this sudden reverse of fortune, but--I swore revenge, in
+silence; and I kept my oath. I languished away six months, a captive
+debtor; and then, taking the benefit of the act, I walked forth a
+beggar, to prey upon the world at large! I had studied, during that
+time, in an admirable school, where I found professors in every art by
+which fools are gulled, and knaves foiled with their own weapons. I was
+an apt scholar, and returned to the bosom of society, an adept in the
+science of _polished depredation_. Translate this into the language
+of the Old Bailey, and I became a swindler by profession. Like the
+eagle, however, I was a bird of prey that soared into the highest
+regions, and rarely stooped to strike the meaner tribes of my species. I
+had not lost, with the trappings of my birth, the manners and address of
+the sphere in which I had moved; and these were now my stock in trade
+for carrying on my new vocation.
+
+Among the children of misfortune with whom I associated in prison, was
+Charles Fitzroy; a bankrupt in every thing but exhaustless invention,
+and unconquerable perseverance. Give him the free use of his limbs, and
+with matchless dexterity he would make the contributions of the morning
+furnish out the riotous expenses of the evening. It was his boast, that
+he would breakfast with an empty pocket, and dine with a purse that
+should defray the carouse of a dozen friends. And I have known him
+fulfil his boast, with a heart as light, too, as became a man who thus
+made the credulous fools of the world his bankers.
+
+I was needy, desperate, and an outcast; and I linked my destiny with
+Fitzroy's. He had my confidence; such confidence as confederates in
+knavery can bestow. When he obtained his liberty, which he did shortly
+after my own was accomplished, he introduced me to his companions; men
+who, like himself, lived by plundering the unwary, and who looked up to
+him as their _Magnus Apollo_. I was soon initiated in all their
+mysteries; and played my part to admiration at the gaming-table, on the
+race course, and in the ring.
+
+Fitzroy was master of the secret that festered near my heart; the
+increased and increasing hatred towards my uncle. I regarded him as
+my evil genius; for not only had he thwarted me in two of the dearest
+objects of my life; but his prediction of my boyhood had clung to me
+like a poisoned garment. I could not shake it off; and now, more than
+ever, it seemed accomplishing itself with rapid strides. It made me mad
+when I reflected upon the polluted channels through which _my_
+precarious means flowed, and thought of the luxurious enjoyments which
+_his_ opulence commanded. It was true, I had dashed his cup with
+bitterness; but it was no less true, that it still flowed with sweets,
+while mine was brimming with gall. Fitzroy would often talk to me upon
+this subject, and devise schemes for a successful inroad upon his purse.
+At length a plan was matured between us, in which I could not appear,
+but which Fitzroy, and a picked few of our associates, undertook to
+execute.
+
+My uncle had always been passionately fond of the course, and prided
+himself upon his stud of racers. He betted largely, and was generally
+fortunate, probably because he selected his men with a wary eye.
+The race course, then, was the arena chosen for the enterprise; but
+admirable as were the projected plans, and skilfully as they were
+executed, such was his luck, or so profound were his calculations, that
+they failed _five_ successive seasons. Fitzroy, however, was one of
+those men who, when satisfied that what they engage in ought to succeed,
+according to the means employed, only derive fresh vigour from every
+fresh defeat. He played his game a _sixth_ time, and won. The same
+day that saw my uncle rise with thousands, saw him seek his pillow at
+night, a frantic beggar! He was too proud a man, too honourable, I will
+add, not to throw down his last guinea, in satisfaction of such demands.
+He never suspected villany in the business. He paid his losses,
+therefore; and in less than a week afterwards, an inquest sat upon his
+body, which was found at the bottom of his own fish pond.
+
+I had my share of this infernal plunder; but so ravenous had been
+my appetite for revenge, that not one pang of remorse disturbed the
+riotous enjoyments in which it was lavished. On the contrary, the very
+consciousness that it _was_ my uncle's money I squandered, gave a
+zest to every excess, and seemed to appease the gnawing passions which
+had so long tormented me. In two or three years, however, boundless
+extravagance, and the gaming-table, stripped me of my last shilling.
+It was in one of the frenzied moments of this profligate reverse of
+fortune, that I committed the crime for which, if to-morrow dawned
+upon me, I should be publicly arraigned.
+
+Fitzroy had been fortunate the whole night. I had thrown with constant
+bad luck. He had pocketed some hundreds; I had lost more than I could
+pay. I asked him for a temporary loan of fifty pounds, to make good what
+I owed, and stake the small remaining sum for the chance of retrieving
+all. He refused me. It was the first time he had ever done so. But he
+not _only_ refused me, he taunted me with sarcastic reproofs for my
+folly, and muttered something about the uselessness of assisting a man
+who, if he had thousands, would scatter them like dust. He should have
+chosen a fitter moment to exhort me, than when I was galled by my
+losses, and by his denial of my request. I was heated with wine too; and
+half mad with despair, half mad with drink, I sprang upon him, tore him
+to the earth, and before the by-standers could interfere to separate us,
+I had buried a knife, which I snatched from a table near me, up to the
+handle in his heart! He screamed--convulsively grappled me by the
+throat---and expired! His death-gripe was so fierce and powerful, that I
+believe had we been alone, his murderer would have been found strangled
+by his side. It was with difficulty that the horror-struck witnesses of
+this bloody scene could force open his clenched hands time enough to let
+me breathe.
+
+I have done! I remember, as if it were but yesterday, the silent
+response which my heart made, when my uncle pronounced that withering
+sentence on me. "No!" was my indignant exclamation; "I may deserve a
+hundred public deaths; but if I know myself, I would never undergo
+one!--NOR WILL I." When that which I have written shall be read--other
+hopes and fears--other punishments, perchance, than man can awaken or
+inflict--will await me. My _first_ crime--my _first_ revenge,
+and my _last_, I have recorded; my _last_ crime others must
+tell, when they speak of the murderer and SUICIDE,
+
+  JAMES MORLEY.
+
+There is little doubt that scarcely a moment intervened between his
+writing his name, and placing the pistol to his heart; for when he was
+discovered, the pen was lying on the paper, as if it had been laid down
+only for an instant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REGAL TABLET.
+
+(_Concluded from page 166._)
+
+
+CHARLES II.
+
+restored 29th May, 1669, ended 6th Feb. 1685.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Alexander VII.,            1655.
+Clement IX.,               1667.
+Clement X.,                1670.
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip IV.,                1620.
+Charles II.,               1665.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Alonzo VI.,                1656.
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+
+_Denmark_
+
+Frederic III.,             1648.
+Christian V.,              1670.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JAMES II.
+
+began his reign 6th Feb. 1685, abdicated 13th Feb. 1689.
+
+Contemporaries all as in the last reign.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WILLIAM AND MARY
+
+began their reign 13th Feb. 1689, ended 8th March, 1702.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+Alexander VIII.,           1689.
+Innocent XII.,             1691.
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Charles II.,               1665.
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Christian V.,              1670.
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+Charles XII.,              1697.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANNE
+
+began her reign 8th March, 1702, ended 1st Aug. 1714.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+Joseph I.,                 1705.
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+John V.,                   1706.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XII.               1697.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Illustrious House of Brunswick.
+
+GEORGE I.
+
+began his reign 1st Aug. 1714, ended 11th June, 1727.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+Innocent XIII.,            1721.
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Peter I.,                  1724.
+Catherine I.,              1725.
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+John V.,                   1706.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XII.               1697.
+Ulrica,                    1718.
+Frederic,                  1720.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE II.
+
+began his reign 11th June, 1727, ended 25th Oct. 1760.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+Clement XII.,              1730.
+Benedict XIV.,             1740.
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+Charles VII.,              1740.
+Francis I.,                1745.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+Anne.,                     1730.
+John V.,                   1740.
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+Ferdinand,                 1746.
+Charles III.,              1759.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+John V.,                   1706.
+Joseph,                    1750.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+Christian VI.              1730.
+Frederic V.,               1746.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Frederic,                  1720.
+Adolphus,                  1751.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William, I,       1713.
+Frederic II.,              1740.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE III.
+
+began his reign 25th Oct. 1760, ended 29th Jan. 1820.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+Clement XIV.,              1769.
+Pius VI.,                  1775.
+Pius VII.,                 1800.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Francis I.,                1745.
+Joseph II.,                1765.
+Francis II.,               1792.[4]
+
+_Austria_.
+
+Francis I.,                1806.
+
+_Turkey_.
+
+Mustapha III.,             1757.
+Achmed,                    1774.
+Selim III.,                1789.
+Mahamud VI.,               1808.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Joseph,                    1750.
+Mary and Peter III.,       1777.
+Mary (alone),              1786.
+John,                      1816.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+Peter III.,                1762.
+Catharine II.,             1762.
+Paul I.,                   1796.
+Alexander,                 1801.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic the Great,         1740.
+Frederic William II.,       1786.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XV.,                  1715.
+Louis XVI.,                 1774.
+Louis XVII.                 1793.
+Bonaparte,                  1799.
+Louis XVIII.,               1814.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Charles III.,               1759.
+Charles IV.,                1788.
+Ferdinand VII.,             1808.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic V.,                1746.
+Christian VII.,             1766.
+Matilda,                    1772.
+Frederic VI.                1808.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Adolphus Frederic,          1751.
+Gustavus III.,              1771.
+Gustavus IV.,               1792.
+Charles XIII.,              1809.
+Charles XIV., (Bernadotte), 1818.
+
+_Holland_.
+
+William V. (Stadtholder),   1757.
+William, Prince of Orange,  1815.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William III.,      1797.
+
+_Poland_.
+
+Stanislaus II.              1764.
+
+_Naples and Sicily_.
+
+Frederic IV.                1759.
+Joseph Napoleon,            1806.
+Joachim Napoleon,           1809.
+King of Naples restored,    1815.
+
+_Etruria_.
+
+Francis,                    1730.
+Leopold,                    1765.
+Ferdinand III.,             1790.
+Louis I.,                   1801.
+Louis II.                   1802.
+
+_Sardinia_.
+
+Charles Emanuel III.        1730.
+Victor Amadeus,             1773.
+Emanuel V.,                 1802.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE IV.
+
+ascended 29th Jan. 1820, whom GOD preserve.
+
+Contemporaries at the commencement of his reign the same as at the death
+of his late majesty.
+
+JACOBUS.
+
+    [4] Francis II. of Germany abdicated 1806, and took the title of
+        Emperor of Austria.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR,
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MOUNT ARAFAT, AND THE PILGRIMAGE
+TO MEKKA.
+
+
+Every traditionary and topographical particular of this hallowed spot,
+and the picturesque ceremonies by which it is consecrated, must be
+acceptable to the Christian reader; and this conviction has induced us
+to abridge the following from that portion of _Burckhardt's Travels_
+which describes the _Hadj_, or _pilgrimage_ to Mekka.
+
+At sunrise on the 9th of Zul Hadj, every pilgrim issued from his tent,
+to walk over the plains, and take a view of the busy crowds assembled
+there. Long streets of tents, fitted up as bazars, furnished all kinds
+of provisions. The Syrian and Egyptian cavalry were exercised by their
+chiefs early in the morning, while thousands of camels were seen feeding
+upon the dry shrubs of the plain all round the camp. I walked to Mount
+Arafat, to enjoy from its summit a more distinct view of the whole.
+This granite hill, which is also called _Djebel er' Rahme_, or the
+Mountain of Mercy, rises on the north-east side of the plain, close to
+the mountains which encompass it, but separated from them by a rocky
+valley; it is about a mile, or a mile and a half in circuit; its sides
+are sloping, and its summit is nearly two hundred feet above the level
+of the plain. On the eastern side broad stone steps lead up to the top,
+and a broad unpaved path, on the western, over rude masses of granite,
+with which its declivity is covered. After mounting about forty steps,
+we find a spot a little on the left, called Modaa Seydna Adam, or the
+place of prayer of our Lord Adam, where, it is related, that the father
+of mankind used to stand while praying; for here it was, according to
+Mohammedan tradition, that the angel Gabriel first instructed Adam how
+to adore his Creator. A marble slab, bearing an inscription in modern
+characters, is fixed in the side of the mountain. On reaching about the
+sixtieth step, we come to a small paved platform to our right, on a
+level spot of the hill, where the preacher stands who admonishes the
+pilgrims on the afternoon of this day, as I shall hereafter mention.
+Thus high, the steps are so broad and easy that a horse or camel may
+ascend; but higher up they become more steep and uneven. On the summit,
+the place is shown where Mohammed used to take his station during the
+Hadj; a small chapel formerly stood over it; but this was destroyed by
+the Wahabys: here the pilgrims usually pray two rikats, in salutation
+of Arafat. The steps and the summit are covered with handkerchiefs to
+receive their pious gifts, and each family of the Mekkawys or Bedouins
+of the tribe of Koreysh, in whose territory Arafat lies, has its
+particular spot assigned to it for this purpose. The summit commands a
+very extensive and singular prospect. I brought my compass to take a
+circle of bearings; but the crowd was so great that I could not use it.
+Towards the western extremity of the plain are seen Bir Bazan and the
+Aalameyn; somewhat nearer, southwards, the mosque called Djama Nimre,
+or Djama Seydna Ibrahim; and on the south-east, a small house where the
+Sherif used to lodge during the pilgrimage. From thence an elevated
+rocky ground in the plain extends towards Arafat. On the eastern side
+of the mountain, and close to its foot, are the ruins of a small mosque,
+built on rocky ground, called Djama el Szakhrat, where Mohammed was
+accustomed to pray, and where the pilgrims make four prostrations in
+memory of the prophet. Several large reservoirs lined with stone are
+dispersed over the plain; two or three are close to the foot of Arafat,
+and there are some near the house of the Sherifs: they are filled from
+the same fine aqueduct which supplies Mekka, and the head of which is
+about one hour and a half distant, in the eastern mountains. The canal
+is left open here for the convenience of pilgrims, and is conducted
+round the three sides of the mountains, passing by Modaa Seydna Adam.[5]
+
+From the summit of Arafat, I counted about three thousand tents
+dispersed over the plain, of which two-thirds belonged to the two Hadj
+caravans, and to the suite and soldiers of Mohammed Aly; the rest to the
+Arabs of the Sherif, the Bedouin hadjys, and the people of Mekka and
+Djidda. These assembled multitudes were for the greater number, like
+myself, without tents. The two caravans were encamped without much
+order, each party of pilgrims or soldiers having pitched its tents in
+large circles or _dowars_, in the midst of which many of their
+camels were reposing. The plain contained, dispersed in different parts,
+from twenty to twenty-five thousand camels, twelve thousand of which
+belonged to the Syrian Hadj, and from five to six thousand to the
+Egyptian; besides about three thousand, purchased by Mohammed Aly from
+the Bedouins in the Syrian Deserts, and brought to Mekka with the Hadj,
+to convey the pilgrims to this place, previously to being used for the
+transport of army-provisions to Tayf.
+
+The Syrian Hadj was encamped on the south and south-west side of the
+mountain; the Egyptian on the south-east. Around the house of the
+Sherif, Yahya himself was encamped with his Bedouin troops, and in its
+neighbourhood were all the Hedjaz people. Here it was that the two Yemen
+caravans used formerly to take their station. Mohammed Aly, and Soleyman
+Pasha of Damascus, as well as several of their officers, had very
+handsome tents; but the most magnificent of all was that of the wife of
+Mohammed Aly, the mother of Tousoun Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha, who had
+lately arrived from Cairo for the Hadj, with a truly royal equipage,
+five hundred camels being necessary to transport her baggage from Djidda
+to Mekka. Her tent was in fact an encampment consisting of a dozen tents
+of different sizes, inhabited by her women; the whole enclosed by a wall
+of linen cloth, eight hundred paces in circuit, the single entrance to
+which was guarded by eunuchs in splendid dresses. Around this enclosure
+were pitched the tents of the men who formed her numerous suite. The
+beautiful embroidery on the exterior of this linen palace, with the
+various colours displayed in every part of it, constituted an object
+which reminded me of some descriptions in the Arabian Tales of the
+Thousand and One Nights. Among the rich equipages of the other hadjys,
+or of the Mekka people, none were so conspicuous as that belonging
+to the family of Djeylany, the merchant, whose tents, pitched in a
+semicircle, rivalled in beauty those of the two pashas, and far exceeded
+those of Sherif Yahya. In other parts of the East, a merchant would
+as soon think of buying a rope for his own neck, as of displaying his
+wealth in the presence of a pasha; but Djeylany has not yet laid aside
+the customs which the Mekkawys learned under their old government,
+particularly that of Sherif Ghaleb, who seldom exercised extortion upon
+single individuals; and they now rely on the promises of Mohammed Aly,
+that he will respect their property.
+
+During the whole morning, there were repeated discharges of the
+artillery which both pashas had brought with them. A few pilgrims
+had taken up their quarters on Djebel Arafat itself, where some small
+cavern, or impending block of granite, afforded them shelter from the
+sun. It is a belief generally entertained in the East, and strengthened
+by many boasting hadjys on their return home, that all the pilgrims, on
+this day, encamp upon Mount Arafat; and that the mountain possesses the
+miraculous property of expansion, so as to admit an indefinite number of
+the faithful upon its summit. The law ordains that the _wakfe_, or
+position of the Hadj, should be on Djebel Arafat; but it wisely provides
+against any impossibility, by declaring that the plain in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the mountain may be regarded as comprised under the
+term "mountain," or Djebel Arafat.
+
+I estimated the number of persons assembled here at about seventy
+thousand. The camp was from three to four miles long, and between one
+and two in breadth. There is, perhaps, no spot on earth where, in so
+small a place, such a diversity of languages are heard; I reckoned about
+forty, and I have no doubt that there were many more. It appeared to me
+as if I were here placed in a holy temple of travellers only; and never
+did I at any time feel a more ardent wish to be able to penetrate once
+into the inmost recesses of the countries of many of those persons
+whom I now saw before me, fondly imagining that I might have no more
+difficulty in reaching their homes, than what they had experienced in
+their journey to this spot.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The time of Aszer (or about three o'clock, P.M.) approached, when that
+ceremony of the Hadj takes place, for which the whole assembly had come
+hither. The pilgrims now pressed forward towards the mountain of Arafat,
+and covered its sides from top to bottom. At the precise time of Aszer,
+the preacher took his stand upon the platform on the mountain, and began
+to address the multitude. This sermon, which lasts till sun-set,
+constitutes the holy ceremony of the Hadj called Khotbet el Wakfe; and
+no pilgrim, although he may have visited all the holy places of Mekka,
+is entitled to the name of hadjy, unless he has been present on this
+occasion. As Aszer approached, therefore, all the tents were struck,
+every thing was packed up, the caravans began to load, and the pilgrims
+belonging to them mounted their camels, and crowded round the mountain,
+to be within sight of the preacher, which is sufficient, as the greater
+part of the multitude is necessarily too distant to hear him. The two
+pashas, with their whole cavalry drawn up in two squadrons behind them,
+took their post in the rear of the deep lines of camels of the hadjys,
+to which those of the people of the Hedjaz were also joined; and here
+they waited in solemn and respectful silence the conclusion of the
+sermon. Further removed from the preacher, was the Sherif Yahya, with
+his small body of soldiers, distinguished by several green standards
+carried before him. The two Mahmals, or holy camels, which carry on
+their back the high structure that serves as the banner of their
+respective caravans, made way with difficulty through the ranks of
+camels that encircled the southern and eastern sides of the hill,
+opposite to the preacher, and took their station, surrounded by their
+guards, directly under the platform in front of him.[6]
+
+The preacher, or Khatyb, who is usually the Kadhy of Mekka, was mounted
+upon a finely caparisoned camel, which had been led up the steps; it
+being traditionally said that Mohammed was always seated when he here
+addressed his followers, a practice in which he was imitated by all
+the Khalifes who came to the Hadj, and who from hence addressed their
+subjects in person. The Turkish gentleman of Constantinople, however,
+unused to camel-riding, could not keep his seat so well as the hardy
+Bedouin prophet; and the camel becoming unruly, he was soon obliged to
+alight from it. He read his sermon from a book in Arabic, which he held
+in his hands. At intervals of every four or five minutes he paused, and
+stretched forth his arms to implore blessings from above; while the
+assembled multitudes around and before him waved the skirts of their
+ihrams over their heads, and rent the air with shouts of "Lebeyk,
+Allahuma Lebeyk," (i.e. Here we are, at thy commands, O God!) During
+the wavings of the ihrams, the side of the mountain, thickly crowded
+as it was by the people in their white garments, had the appearance
+of a cataract of water; while the green umbrellas, with which several
+thousand hadjys, sitting on their camels below, were provided, bore some
+resemblance to a verdant plain.--During his sermon, which lasted almost
+three hours, the Kadhy was seen constantly to wipe his eyes with a
+handkerchief; for the law enjoins the Khatyb or preacher to be moved
+with feeling and compunction; and adds that, whenever tears appear on
+his face, it is a sign that the Almighty enlightens him, and is ready
+to listen to his prayers.
+
+At length the sun began to descend behind the western mountains; upon
+which the Kadhy, having shut his book, received a last greeting of
+"Lebeyk;" and the crowds rushed down the mountain, in order to quit
+Arafat. It is thought meritorious to accelerate the pace on this
+occasion; and many persons make it a complete race, called by the Arabs,
+_Ad' dafa min Arafat_. In former times, when the strength of the
+Syrian and Egyptian caravans happened to be nearly balanced, bloody
+affrays took place here almost every year between them, each party
+endeavouring to outrun and to carry its _mahmal_ in advance of the
+other. The same happened when the _mahmals_ approached the platform
+at the commencement of the sermon; and two hundred lives have on some
+occasions been lost in supporting what was thought the honour of the
+respective caravans. At present the power of Mohammed Aly preponderates,
+and the Syrian hadjys display great humility. The united caravans and
+the whole mass of pilgrims now moved forward over the plain; every
+tent had been previously packed up, to be ready for the occasion. The
+pilgrims pressed through the Aalameyn, which they must repass on their
+return; and night came on before they reached the defile called El
+Mazoumeyn. Innumerable torches were now lighted, twenty-four being
+carried before each pasha; and the sparks of fire from them flew far
+over the plain. There were continual discharges of artillery; the
+soldiers fired their muskets; the martial bands of both the pashas
+played; sky-rockets were thrown as well by the pashas' officers, as
+by many private pilgrims; while the Hadj passed at a quick pace in
+the greatest disorder, amidst a deafening clamour, through the pass of
+Mazoumeyn, leading towards Mezdelfe, where all alighted, after a two
+hours' march. No order was observed here in encamping; and every one lay
+down on the spot that first presented itself, no tents being pitched
+except those of the pashas and their suites; before which was an
+illumination of lamps in the form of high arches, which continued to
+blaze the whole night, while the firing of the artillery was kept up
+without intermission.
+
+    [5] At the close of the sixteenth century, according to Kotobeddyn,
+        the whole plain of Arafat was cultivated.
+
+    [6] The Mahmal (an exact representation of which is given by D'Ohsson)
+        is a high, hollow, wooden frame, in the form of a cone, with a
+        pyramidal top, covered with a fine silk brocade adorned with
+        ostrich feathers, and having a small book of prayers and charms
+        placed in the midst of it, wrapped up in a piece of silk. (My
+        description is taken from the Egyptian Mahmal.) When on the road,
+        it serves as a holy banner to the caravan; and on the return of
+        the Egyptian caravan, the book of prayers is exposed in the mosque
+        El Hassaneyn, at Cairo, where men and women of the lower classes
+        go to kiss it and obtain a blessing by rubbing their foreheads
+        upon it. No copy of the Koran, nor any thing but the book of
+        prayers, is placed in the Cairo Mahmal. I believe the custom to
+        have arisen in the battle-banner of the Bedouins, called Merkeb
+        and Otfe, which I have mentioned in my remarks on the Bedouins,
+        and which resemble the Mahmal, inasmuch as they are high wooden
+        frames placed upon camels.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS
+
+_From the Memoirs of General Miller, Second Edition._
+
+
+In the Pampas, where a scarcity of food is unknown to the poorest, that
+calculating avarice which, in its fears for to-morrow, would look with
+apathy on the wants of the stranger, can have but a limited sway. Kind
+offices are, therefore more freely and disinterestedly conferred than
+in less abundant regions. In addition to this, the dearth of society
+in a thinly-sprinkled population renders the presence of a traveller
+on their isolated _haciendas_ a source of gratification. If his
+appearance afford no ground for mistrust, and if his manners are not
+disagreeable, his being a stranger is a sufficient passport to a kind
+and hearty welcome. Whether he be rich or poor is not a subject of
+inquiry, and makes no difference in the reception.
+
+The South Americans are gay, and fond of dancing, music, and singing.
+There are few, whether wealthy or otherwise, who are not proficients in
+one or other of these accomplishments. In the warmer latitudes, people
+carry on not only their usual occupations, but their amusements, chiefly
+in the open air; and as singing constitutes one of the principal sources
+of the latter, the continued exercise of the voice harmonizes and
+strengthens it. Perhaps no opera, in Europe, could afford, to a natural
+and unsophisticated ear, so rich a treat as that which may be enjoyed in
+Cuzco, Arequipa, and other cities, where the ancient Peruvian airs are
+sung in the rich and melodious tones of the natives.
+
+The South Americans possess great intellectual quickness, and a
+retentive memory. The following may be cited as an extraordinary
+instance of the latter faculty. An old man, a native of La Pax, in Upper
+Peru, and of unmixed Indian blood, who kept an inn at Curicavi, between
+Valparaiso and Santiago, could repeat nearly the whole of Robertson's
+"History of Charles the Fifth," and was better acquainted with the
+History of England than most Englishmen. He spoke of Queen Boadicea, and
+was as familiar with the history of the civil wars between the houses
+of York and Lancaster as if they had occurred in his country, and in
+his own times. He had been brought up by the Jesuits. He had made two
+voyages to Canton, and was known by the name of "the emperor of China,"
+in consequence frequently of amusing his guests with long stories about
+the _celestial empire_.
+
+The Peruvians have great natural talents for painting and sculpture.
+They generally produce striking likenesses, but being uninstructed in
+the principles of these arts, their pictures have no other merit. There
+is, however, a female figure, done in 1711, by a native of Quito, which
+is considered as one of the finest paintings in a very good collection
+belonging to Mynheer Vandermarlin, of Brussels.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORATORIOS.
+
+
+The first oratorio performed in London, was at the Lincoln's Inn Fields
+Theatre, in 1732. On June 10, in the same year, the serenata of _Acis
+and Galatea_ was performed at the Italian Opera House, in English, by
+Italian performers, with scenery representing a rural prospect, with
+rocks, groves, fountains, and grottoes; amongst which were disposed a
+chorus of nymphs and shepherds, with dresses and "every other decoration
+suited to the subject."--_Companion to the Theatres_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, NO. 361, SUPPLEMENTARY ISSUE (1829)***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 13578-8.txt or 13578-8.zip *******
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 13, No. 361, Supplementary Issue (1829), by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, No. 361, Supplementary Issue (1829)</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: October 2, 2004  [eBook #13578]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, NO. 361, SUPPLEMENTARY ISSUE (1829)***</p>
+<br /><br /><h4>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia,<br />
+                and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h4><br /><br />
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>[pg 177]</span>
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XIII, NO. 361 (1829)]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+<h3>
+	THE NATURALIST
+</h3>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/361-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/361-1.png"
+alt="The Talipot Tree. The Glowworm." /></a>
+</div>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/361-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/361-2.png"
+alt="The Deathwatch Magnified." /></a>
+</div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>[pg 178]</span>
+</p>
+<h2>
+	THE NATURALIST.
+</h2>
+<center>
+<i>See the Engravings.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+A delightful volume, of title almost synonymous with this division of
+the MIRROR, has just been published. It is entitled <i>The Journal of a
+Naturalist</i>,<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> with the very appropriate motto of
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  &mdash;&mdash;Plants, trees, and stones, we note,</p>
+           <p>  Birds, insects, beasts, and many rural things.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+The author in his preface, says, "Many years have now passed away since
+we were presented with that very interesting and amusing book, the
+'Natural History of Selborne;' nor do I recollect any publication at
+all resembling it having since appeared."<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> He then acknowledges the
+impression which this book left on his mind; and its having given rise
+to the present work, to which, in our humble opinion, it is a worthy
+companion.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our "Naturalist" resides in a village upon a very ancient road,
+connecting Bristol and Gloucester, in a limestone district, numbering
+among its picturesque beauties, the broad estuary of the Severn, the
+mountains of Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Brecon, and their peaceful vales
+and cheerful cottages; Thornbury, with its fine cathedral-like church
+and castle, the red cliffs of the Severn, and numberless antiquities
+of our ancestors&mdash;as roads, encampments, aggera, watch-hills, coins,
+lances, and other relics of those warlike times. Labour and healthful
+enjoyment reign in this district: for it is neither torn up for its
+mineral wealth, nor are its natural beauties annihilated, or the habits
+of its population corrupted by speculation or avarice. A portrait of
+"a worthy peasant," introduced by our author, reminds us of
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  &mdash;&mdash;A bold peasantry, their country's pride,</p>
+           <p>  When once destroyed, can never be supplied.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+A passage quoted by the late Mr. Canning, in one of his finest speeches;
+and we often contrast this vigorous outline of the people of "merry
+England" with her artificial state of after times. Next are a page or
+two of agricultural chemistry (<i>analysis of soils</i>) unfettered with
+technicals; double the space of what may strictly be called rural
+economy, (<i>grass lands</i>) succeed; next the culture and history of
+the potato, and some new observations on "<i>the Teazle</i>."
+</p>
+<p>
+Several pages on <i>trees</i> possess great interest, as do those on
+<i>flowers</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+We regret we have room but for a few heads&mdash;the <i>maple</i>&mdash;the
+<i>Naturalist's Autumnal Walk</i>&mdash;the <i>Economy of Animals</i>, especially
+of <i>Birds</i>: we must pass them over to elucidate our engraving of
+</p>
+<h3>
+	THE GLOWWORM.
+</h3>
+<p>
+That pretty sparkler of our summer evenings, so often made the
+ploughboy's prize, the only brilliant that glitters in the rustic's hat,
+the glowworm, (<i>lampyris noctiluca</i>,) is not found in such numbers
+with us, as in many other places, where these signal tapers glimmer upon
+every grassy bank; yet, in some seasons, we have a reasonable sprinkling
+of them. Every body probably knows, that the male glowworm is a winged,
+erratic animal, yet may not have seen him. He has ever been a scarce
+creature to me, meeting perhaps with one or two in a year; and, when
+found, always a subject of admiration. Most creatures have their eyes
+so placed, as to be enabled to see about them; or, as Hook says of the
+house-fly, to be "circumspect animals;" but this male glowworm has a
+contrivance, by which any upward or side vision is prevented. Viewed
+when at rest, no portion of his eyes is visible, but the head is
+margined with a horny band, or plate, being a character of one of the
+genera of the order <i>coleoptera</i>, under which the eyes are situate.
+This prevents all upward vision; and blinds, or winkers, are so fixed
+at the sides of his eyes, as greatly to impede the view of all lateral
+objects. <i>See Figures</i>. The chief end of this creature in his
+nightly peregrinations is to seek his mate, always beneath him on the
+earth; and hence this apparatus appears designed to facilitate his
+search, confining his view entirely to what is before or below him. The
+first serves to direct his flight, the other presents the object of his
+pursuit: and as we commonly, and with advantage, place our hand over the
+brow, to obstruct the rays of light falling from above, which enables us
+to see clearer an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>[pg 179]</span>
+object on the ground, so must the projecting hood of
+this creature converge the visual rays to a point beneath.
+</p>
+<p>
+Glowworms emit light only for a short period in the year; and I have but
+partially observed it after the middle of July. I have collected many of
+these pretty creatures on a bank before my house, into which they retire
+during the winter, to shine out again when revived by the summer's
+warmth; but in this latter season I have frequently missed certain of
+my little protegés, and have reason to apprehend, that they formed the
+banquet of a toad, that frequented the same situation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Observing above, that the glowworm does not emit light after the 14th of
+July, I mean thereby that clear, steady light, which has rendered this
+creature so remarkable to all persons; for I have repeatedly noticed,
+deep in the herbage, a faint evanescent light proceeding from these
+creatures, even as late as August and September. This was particularly
+manifested September the 28th, 1826. The evening was warm and dewy, and
+we observed on the house-bank multitudes of these small evanescent
+sparks in the grass. The light displayed was very different from that
+which they exhibit in warm summer months. Instead of the permanent green
+glow, that illumines all the blades of the surrounding herbage, it was a
+pale transient spot, visible for a moment or two, and then so speedily
+hidden, that we were obliged, in order to capture the creature, to
+employ the light of a candle. The number of them, and their actions,
+creeping away from our sight, contrary to that half lifeless dulness
+observed in summer, suggested the idea, that the whole body had availed
+themselves of this warm, moist evening, to migrate to their winter
+station. A single spark or so was to be seen some evenings after this,
+but no such large moving parties were discovered again. If we conclude,
+that the summer light of the glowworm is displayed as a signal taper,
+the appearance of this autumnal light can have no such object in view,
+nor can we rationally assign any use of it to the creature itself,
+unless, indeed, it serves as a point of union in these supposed
+migrations, like the leading call in the flight of night-moving birds.
+The activity and numbers of these insects, in the above-mentioned
+evening, enabled me to observe the frequent presence and disappearance
+of the light of an individual, which did not seem to be the result of
+will, but produced by situation. During the time the insect crawled
+along the ground, or upon the fine grass, the glow was hidden; but on
+its mounting any little blade, or sprig of moss, it turned round and
+presented the luminous caudal spot, which, on its falling or regaining
+its level, was hidden again.
+</p>
+<p>
+A summary of the peculiarities of the year 1825, very appropriately
+concludes the volume, from which we may be tempted to make future
+extracts.
+</p>
+<h3>
+	THE TALIPOT TREE,
+</h3>
+<p>
+The first of our Engravings is a species of palm, a native of Ceylon,
+and is one of the most magnificent wonders of the vegetable kingdom. The
+leaf is circular, terminating in the most beautiful rays, and folding up
+into plaits like a fan, which, in figure, it nearly resembles.
+</p>
+<p>
+This leaf is used in the maritime provinces of Ceylon as a mark of
+distinction, each person being allowed to have a certain number of these
+leaves, folded up as fans, carried with him by his servants; and also in
+the Kandian country, in the shape of a round, flat umbrella on a long
+stick. The talipot leaves are likewise used by the common people to
+shelter themselves from the rain, <i>one leaf affording sufficient
+shelter for seven or eight persons</i>. It is also used in making tents.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1818, Sir Alexander Johnston gave to Sir Joseph Banks a very fine
+specimen of a tent made of their leaves, large enough to hold a party of
+ten persons at table.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the books of importance in Pali and Cingalese, relative to the
+religion of Buddhoo, in Ceylon, are written on lamina of these leaves,
+with either a brass or an iron style. There are some of these books in
+Sir A. Johnston's collections, which are supposed to be from 500 to 600
+years old, and which are still very perfect. In the museum of the
+Asiatic Society, there is a complete copy of the Pali book, called the
+<i>Pansyapanas Iatakah</i>, written on 1,172 laminae of the finest
+description of this sort of palm leaf. Large as the dimensions of the
+talipot leaf may appear, it is exceeded in size by the <i>troolie</i> of
+Surinam, which extends on the ground, and has frequently been known to
+attain the width of three feet, and the length of thirty.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our Engraving is copied from the <i>Gardener's Magazine</i>, where it is
+reduced from the Transactions of the Asiatic Society.
+</p>
+<h3>
+	THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Although the present may be a late hour to dissipate the faith placed in
+signs and tokens, we are persuaded that a more intimate knowledge of
+this insect will not prove uninteresting to our readers.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>[pg 180]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The name <i>death watch</i> was evidently derived from the importance
+attached to the beatings of the insect, which, by superstitious people,
+were formerly supposed to prognosticate death to some one of the family
+in whose house it was heard. The natural size of the insect is about a
+quarter of an inch in length, of a dark brown colour, spotted, with
+transparent wings under the <i>vagina</i>, or sheath, a huge cap or
+helmet on the head, and two <i>antennae</i>, or feelers, from beneath
+the eyes.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is chiefly in the advanced period of spring that these insects
+commence their noise; and which is the call or signal by which they are
+mutually attracted to each other, and may be considered as analogous to
+the call of birds. This noise does not arise from their voice, but from
+the insect beating on hard substances, with the shield or fore part of
+its head. The general number of successive distinct strokes is from 7 to
+9 or 11. These are given in pretty quick succession, and are repeated at
+uncertain intervals; and in old houses, where the insects are numerous,
+they may be heard, if the weather be warm, almost every hour in the day.
+The noise exactly resembles that made by beating moderately hard with
+the finger on a table. Mr. Stackhouse carefully observed its manner of
+beating. He says, the insect raises itself upon its hinder legs, and
+with the body somewhat inclined, beats its head with great force and
+agility against the place on which it stands.
+</p>
+<p>
+This insect, which is the <i>real death-watch</i> of the vulgar, must
+not be confounded with another minuter insect, which makes a ticking
+noise like a watch; but instead of beating at intervals, it continues
+its noise for a considerable time without intermission. This latter
+belongs to a very different tribe. It is usually found in old wood,
+decayed furniture, neglected books, &amp;c.; and both the male and the
+female have the power of making this ticking noise, in order to attract
+each other. The Rev. Mr. Derham seems to have been the first naturalist
+who examined and described this species; and he says that during the
+month of July, in one particular summer, they scarcely ever ceased to
+beat either in day or night. The eggs are generally hatched about the
+beginning of March: many of them live through the winter; but during
+that time, to avoid the frost, they bury themselves deep in dust.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. T. Carpenter (of whose paper in <i>Gill's Repository</i> we have
+already availed ourselves) tells us that these insects are excellent
+anatomists: in order to render them useful in making some delicate
+dissections for his microscope, Mr. Carpenter placed a few of the
+insects within a pill-box, with the heads of three dead flies. He found
+some time afterwards, that they had cleared the interior of some of the
+eyes completely from all the blood-vessels, leaving the lenses in the
+cornea beautifully transparent.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	BIRDS' NESTS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+The structure of the nests of birds affords, perhaps, one of the most
+agreeable lessons in Natural History.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the most curious nests of our <i>English</i> birds may be named
+that of the <i>Wren</i>, the <i>long-tailed Titmouse</i>, the <i>Thrush</i>,
+the <i>Goldfinch</i>, the <i>Chaffinch</i>, the <i>Magpie</i>, and the <i>House
+Sparrow</i>; to these may also be added the <i>Swallow's</i>, the <i>Martin's</i>,
+the <i>Wood Pigeon's</i>, and the <i>Wood-Pecker's</i>. Of the nests of <i>Rooks</i>,
+it may be sufficient to observe, that they are often found to the number
+of six, or even more in a cluster. <i>Crows'</i> nests are always
+solitary; they are similar in structure to those of the rook.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the nests of Foreign birds, that of the <i>Taylor Bird</i>
+deserves especial mention; the bird itself is a diminutive one, being
+little more than three inches long; it is an inhabitant of India. The
+nest is sometimes constructed of two leaves, one of them dead; the
+latter is fixed to the living one as it hangs upon the tree, by sewing
+both together in the manner of a pouch or purse; it is open at the top,
+and the cavity is filled with fine down; and, being suspended from the
+branch, the birds are secure from the depredations of snakes and
+monkeys, to which they might otherwise fall a prey.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Dr. Latham's collection is a specimen of the taylor bird's nest,
+composed of a single large leaf, of a fibrous rough, texture, about six
+inches long independent of the stalk, five inches and a half in breadth,
+and ending in a point. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>[pg 181]</span>
+sides of this leaf are drawn together so as
+to meet within three-quarters of an inch; within is the nest, about four
+inches deep and two broad, opening at the top; the bottom of the leaf
+is drawn upwards, to assist in the support of it. The interior nest is
+composed of white down, with here and there a feather and a small
+portion of white down intermixed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another nest of this bird has also been described as composed of several
+leaves, like those of some kind of hazel sewed together; the inner nest
+formed of dry bents, fibres, and hairs, suspended from a tree. It is,
+therefore, probable that this bird, as well as some others, varies the
+structure of its nest as occasion and the materials may require. These
+singular works are performed by the bird's using his bill instead of a
+needle, and vegetable fibres for thread.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>Rufous Bee-eater</i>, or <i>Merops Rufus</i>, constructs also a
+very singular nest. This bird is a native of Buenos Ayres; the nest is
+built generally on the naked great branch of a tree, sometimes on the
+windows of houses, a fence, or a projecting beam of a high house or
+other building; it is composed of earth, in the form of a baker's oven,
+and is often built in the short space of two days, both birds being
+engaged in its construction; it is six inches in diameter, and one
+thick; a division is within, beginning at the entrance, and carried
+circularly, so that the eggs are deposited in the inner chamber, on a
+bed of grass. The swallow and other birds often attempt to obtain
+possession of this nest, but are generally repulsed by the owners.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many of the <i>Orioles'</i> nests are also deserving notice. The
+<i>black and yellow Oriole</i>, inhabiting South America, has a pendent
+nest, shaped like an alembic; it is affixed to the extreme branches of
+trees; sometimes, it is said, so many as four hundred nests are found
+hanging on the same tree.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>Philippine</i> and <i>Pensile Grosbeak</i> make also very curious nests.
+</p>
+<p>
+In concluding this account of the nests of birds, I may notice here the
+nest of the <i>Hirundo esculenta</i>, or <i>Esculent Swallow</i>, an inhabitant
+of China and the Islands of the Indian Ocean. The nest consists of a
+gelatinous substance, in shape resembling an apple cut down the middle.
+The nests are found in great numbers together, and are by the luxurious
+Asiatics made into broths, and otherwise cooked, and are esteemed one of
+the greatest dainties of the table; they are also occasionally used for
+glue.&mdash;<i>Jennings's Ornithologia</i>.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	FINE ARTS
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	METROPOLITAN IMPROVEMENTS.
+</h3>
+<center>
+<i>Abridged from the "Introduction" to Britton's Picture of London, 26th
+edition, just published.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>The year</i> 1825 will ever be memorable in the annals of the
+metropolis; for more novel improvements, changes, and events occurred in
+that one year than during any other corresponding period. <i>Schemes</i>
+for the formation of new <i>Companies</i>&mdash;the vast speculations arising
+out of them, tending to the aggrandizement of a few persons, and to the
+ruin of others, with the utilities of some, and the futilities and
+impositions of many,&mdash;may also be said to belong to this year.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us, however, take a brief review of the real improvements and useful
+novelties that have been progressing, or have commenced in London since
+that singular and eventful era. Commencing at the court, or west end, we
+will take an imaginary tour to the east, adverting to such new buildings
+as are calculated to arrest the attention of the stranger in our
+progress. Without remarking on the general improvements of the age, we
+shall find enough to engross our attention in the particular objects
+before us. The most noted, or conspicuous of these are:&mdash;1. The New
+Palace, with the adjoining Park and Gardens. 2. A Terrace, Street, and
+Public Buildings on the site of Carlton House. 3. Belgrave Square, and
+the adjoining Squares and Streets. 4. The Entrance Lodges and Bridge
+in Hyde Park, with the improvements in the Roads and Walks of the same.
+5. The Regent's Park, with its Terraces, Villas, Public Buildings,
+Zoological Gardens, and Colosseum. 6. The London University. 7. The
+British Museum. 8. The Post Office. 9. London Bridge, and its Vicinity.
+10. St. Katherine's Docks. 11. The New Buildings and Alterations
+connected with the Houses of Parliament, the Ministerial Offices, and
+others, at Charing Cross. All these rank among the novelties and
+embellished features of London; and whilst the design and execution of
+so many public works manifest the increasing taste, or luxury of the
+age, they employ and give encouragement to numerous artists, artisans,
+and tradesmen.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of <i>the Royal Palace</i>, suffice it to remark, in this place, that it
+is a large pile of building,&mdash;has been carried on with great rapidity of
+execution,&mdash;its whole exterior is stone, many parts of which are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>[pg 182]</span>
+adorned
+with sculptured statues, basso-relievo, and other ornaments,&mdash;that a
+highly-decorated triumphal arch, composed of fine white, marble, is
+to be raised, at a short distance from the centre of the principal
+front&mdash;and that the interior is to be splendidly adorned with marble,
+scagliola, and other rich materials; whilst the galleries, armoury,
+chapel, state-rooms, &amp;c. are to display the most gorgeous ornaments of
+the cabinet-maker, upholsterer, decorative painter, and other artisans.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Park</i>, in front of this palace, which had continued for nearly
+a century in one state of formal, tasteless insipidity, has been laid
+out as a large pleasure-garden, interspersed with lawn, clusters of
+shrubs and flowers, winding walks, varied surface, and a lake, whose
+margin is made to wind with every inequality of surface, spreading
+occasionally into a broad expanse, and then contracting to a narrow arm.
+In the midst of the larger spaces are islands, covered with aquatic
+trees and shrubs.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Gardens</i>, or <i>Pleasure Grounds</i>, belonging to the Palace,
+partake of the same character; but are adorned with shrubs, plants, and
+flowers of a more choice description. A large piece of water is likewise
+formed in the midst of these Gardens.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Belgrave Square, and Vicinity</i>. Immediately to the west of the
+boundary-wall of the royal gardens is a tract of ground, which, in 1824,
+was open fields, intersected by mud-banks, and partly occupied by a few
+sheds, and inhabited by the lowest characters of society. In 1829, the
+same land, consisting of about 140 acres, is nearly covered with houses
+of the largest size, surrounding spacious squares, or skirting wide and
+handsome streets. Of all the extraordinary works carried into effect by
+London gentlemen and tradesmen, we may fairly adduce this as a
+pre-eminent example. In the space of about four years, the houses
+surrounding one large square, called Belgrave, have been erected, some
+of them finished and occupied, and several others, of nearly equal
+dimensions and value, completed.
+</p>
+<p>
+The most prominent feature of this district is <i>Belgrave Square</i>,
+which includes within the front walls of the houses an area of about ten
+acres, the centre of which, enclosed by lofty and handsome railing, is
+laid out as a pleasure garden. The whole of the houses are large, lofty,
+and spacious, with stuccoed fronts, porches, balustraded balconies;
+and those in the centre of each side are decorated with columns, or
+three-quarter columns, vases on the parapet, &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of <i>Eaton Square</i>, one portion only is built at present: as laid
+out, planted, and railed in, it is intended to occupy an area of about
+fourteen acres, and will be bounded by four rows of houses on the north
+side, and the like number on the south side, having the king's private
+road extending east and west through the centre. It measures 600 yards
+long by 120 yards wide, between the houses. At the eastern extremity is
+a new church, built from the designs of Henry Hakewill, Esq.
+</p>
+<p>
+To the north of this district, at Hyde Park Corner, is a large new
+edifice appropriated to <i>St. George's Hospital</i>. It is a commodious
+and handsome building, from the designs of R. Smirke, Esq. Near it, and
+forming an entrance lodge to the Palace Gardens, is a bold, large, and
+highly-decorated archway, built from the designs of Decimus Burton, Esq.
+Opposite is a screen of columns, with three entrance archways, a lodge,
+&amp;c. constituting an architectural entrance to Hyde Park. Three other
+lodges, with gates, by Mr. Burton, form so many other entrances to the
+Park from the east and north&mdash;<i>Apsley House</i>, the town mansion of
+the Duke of Wellington, at the south-east angle of Hyde Park, is
+rebuilding from the designs of Messrs. B. and C. Wyatt, and will form a
+handsome object at this entrance to the metropolis.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Earl of Grosvenor has set a most laudable example to our opulent
+nobility, in the new wing to his mansion in Grosvenor Street, as a
+gallery for his valuable pictures. It is a handsome and imposing design,
+and does honour to the architect, Mr Cundy.
+</p>
+<p>
+The new <i>Club Houses</i> in St. James's Street, especially that near
+the southern end, present imposing fronts; and it may be added, that
+most of the other Club Houses have contributed very much to adorn their
+respective situations, and to impart a strictly architectural character
+to our street buildings.
+</p>
+<p>
+The site of Carlton House, and its gardens, is occupied by a wide
+street, by a lofty terrace overlooking the Park, by club houses, &amp;c. Two
+of the latter terminate Waterloo Place, and are appropriated to "<i>the
+United Service</i>," and "<i>the Athenaeum</i>;" the first built from
+the designs of Mr. Nash, and the latter from those of Mr. D. Burton.
+</p>
+<p>
+From Charing Cross to Exeter 'Change an amazing improvement has
+commenced. All the houses on the north side of the Strand are taking
+down, and others raising, farther back, by which the street will be much
+widened, and the new buildings will assume better faces, if not better
+accommodation, for the tradesmen
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>[pg 183]</span>
+who occupy them. That museum of sheds,
+stalls, and filth, <i>Covent Garden</i>, is also to be cleared and
+cleansed, and respectable ranges of shops and warerooms are to be
+erected.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is now confidently said, that "<i>the King's College of London</i>"
+is to be attached to the eastern side of Somerset House; and that Mr.
+Smirke is commissioned to make a design for the building.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the <i>Regent's Park</i> a new Terrace and other buildings, are in
+progress; the great Colosseum is nearly finished, and the <i>Zoological
+Gardens</i> have excited unusual popularity. No less than 130,000
+visiters have been admitted to view the gardens and the vivarium within
+the year 1828.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the east side of the Park is a mass of buildings appropriated to
+<i>St. Katherine's Hospital</i>, consisting of a chapel in the centre,
+with a group of dwellings on each side, and a detached mansion for the
+master. South of this is a series of buildings, called <i>Cumberland
+Terrace</i>, raised from the designs of Mr. Nash, which is abundantly
+adorned with columns, arches, statues, and basso-relievo.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>Colosseum</i>, in the same Park, is a building of great
+dimensions, and novel appropriation, and therefore calculated to excite
+very popular attention. Near this is the <i>Diorama</i>, an edifice of
+singular construction, destined for the public display of two pictures.
+A new line of communication from this Park to Pall Mall has been
+completed within the last few years, by a wide and handsome road called
+<i>Regent Street</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>London University</i>&mdash;The situation of the first University founded
+in this immense city is most peculiarly favourable, being equally
+removed from the busy and confined part of the metropolis, and from the
+fashionable and idle; whilst it is not inconveniently remote from either
+extremity. The building was commenced on the 30th of April, 1827, when
+the Duke of Sussex laid the first stone, in the presence of a large
+concourse of noblemen and gentlemen. The design is by William Wilkins,
+Esq., R.A., who has evinced in the principal elevation and general
+character of the edifice considerable taste and science. When completed,
+it is intended to consist of a central part, and two wings projecting at
+right angles from the extremities of the former. The first portion only
+of this is at present finished. It extends from north to south 430 feet,
+with a depth, from east to west, including the two semicircular
+theatres, of about 200 feet. The elevation is at once classical and
+chaste, having a bold and rich portico in the centre, elevated on a
+plinth, to the height of the first story (19 feet,) and is approached
+by numerous steps, which are arranged to produce a fine effect. Twelve
+Corinthian columns support a flattened pediment, in the tympanum of
+which is to be a composition in basso-relievo, analogous to science and
+literature. Behind this pediment is a cupola, finished by a lantern
+light, in imitation of a peripteral temple, crowning and ornamenting a
+grand octagonal vestibule, or saloon. North of this is the museum of
+natural history, 118 feet by 50, and 23 feet in height, opening to
+the museum of anatomy, which latter communicates with two rooms for
+professors, and to one of the large theatres, or lecture-rooms. East of
+the vestibule is a large hall, and to the south is the great library,
+corresponding in size, &amp;c. with the museum of natural history; the
+small library; rooms for the librarian, for apparatus, and also another
+large theatre. The ground-floor consists of rooms for lectures, the
+Professor's offices, laboratory, museum, a spacious cloister 213 feet
+by 24; rooms for the anatomical school, &amp;c. In the basement are other
+apartments for the anatomical schools, for the chemical laboratory,
+the students' common room, kitchen, stewards' room, refreshment rooms,
+housekeeper's room, vaults, &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the <i>British Museum</i> a new room, to contain the late king's
+library, has been built and fitted up from the designs of Mr. R. Smirke.
+It is the largest apartment in this country, its measurement being 300
+feet in length, by 30 feet in width, and 30 feet high,
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>St. Katherine's Docks</i>, recently formed near the Tower, will
+increase this species of accommodation, and be a great improvement to a
+district where reform and alteration are much required. By a statement
+published by the Committee in October, 1828, it appears that "the first
+stone was laid 3rd of May, 1827," and that a grand ceremony was exhibited
+on the 25th of October, 1828, of opening the Docks. On that occasion,
+nine vessels, of from 516 to 343 tons burden, entered the docks to load
+and discharge their freights. Above 1,200 houses, warehouses, &amp;c. were
+purchased and taken down, to make room for the new works. Accommodation
+is provided for the stowage of 210,000 tons of merchandize; and, from
+the improved construction of the warehouses, these goods will be always
+housed under cover. The fixed capital for completing this great
+commercial undertaking is 1,352,752<i>l</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>A Collier Dock</i>, on a large scale, has been projected to be
+excavated and formed in the Isle of Dogs, near Blackwall
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>[pg 184]</span>
+for which
+Mr. George Rennie has made plans and estimates.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>New London Bridge</i>, now nearly completed, is a work of great
+magnitude, science, and novelty. Its erection, in our times, and
+following the recent finishing of the bridges of Waterloo and Southwark,
+is a memorable event in the annals of London.
+</p>
+<p>
+The projected <i>Tunnel under the Thames</i> is not only a novel object
+in this part of London, but, should it ever be accomplished, it will be
+a wonderful triumph of human talents over seeming impossibilities.
+</p>
+<p>
+Although so many useful and even important improvements have been
+recently effected in the metropolis, there are yet many things left
+undone that ought to be done, and others proceeding in a manner that
+will neither be creditable nor beneficial. The widening and opening of
+<i>New Streets</i> from Pall Mall to the British Museum; from that
+national repository to Waterloo Bridge, skirting the two theatres;&mdash;from
+the Strand to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and thence to Holborn; and again
+to Covent Garden;&mdash;from Charing Cross to Somerset House;&mdash;from Oxford
+Road to Bloomsbury Square and Holborn;&mdash;from Blackfriars' Bridge to
+Clerkenwell, removing and clearing away that nuisance in a public
+thoroughfare, Fleet Market;&mdash;from Moorfields to the Bank, and thence
+obliquely to Southwark Bridge;&mdash;widening and opening the area around
+St. Paul's Cathedral,&mdash;are all calculated to be very beneficial to
+the public. Other essential alterations are still required; and the
+legislature, as well as all public-spirited individuals, should
+co-operate to promote them. The formation of open, respectable quays,
+terraces, and streets, on the banks of our fine river, is an event
+greatly to be desired.
+</p>
+<p>
+The vastly-increasing population of London, has occasioned a great
+augmentation of <i>Churches</i> and <i>Chapels</i>, both for congregations
+of the establishment, and for dissenters. In consequence of urgent, and
+argumentative appeals by some truly pious and benevolent Christians, the
+legislature has granted a large sum for the purpose of aiding parochial
+committees, to build new churches or enlarge their old ones.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <i>New Post Office</i>, in St. Martin's-le-Grand, is fast
+approaching conclusion, and will constitute one of the most imposing
+public buildings of the city. Preparatory to the re-erection of the
+whole of the <i>Blue Coat School</i>, or <i>Christ's Hospital</i>, in
+Newgate Street, a spacious and handsome Hall has been erected, from the
+designs of Mr. Shaw.
+</p>
+<p>
+A <i>new Chapel</i>, of novel design, being of an amphitheatrical form,
+has been recently completed, from the designs of <i>W. Brooks</i>,
+architect. It is seated near the Catholic Chapel, in Finsbury Circus.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+THE FIRST AND LAST CRIME.
+</h3>
+<p>
+[<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i> for the current month contains a sketchy
+article under this title, which displays much of the breadth and vigour
+of one of Maga's contributors. Our extract is in the form of the
+confession of a reckless, daring spirit, who being imprisoned for
+murder, commits suicide. The early developement of his bad passions is
+admirably drawn, and altogether this is one of the most powerfully
+written papers that we have lately met with.]
+</p>
+<p>
+I was the youngest child of three; but before I had attained my tenth
+year, I was an only one. I had always been the favourite of both my
+parents, and now I was their idol. They hung upon my existence, as a
+shipwrecked mariner clings to the last floating fragment of the gallant
+bark that bore him; they lived, but while they held by me, in the rough
+tossings of the ocean of life. I was not slow to discover my value in
+their estimation, or to exercise, in its fullest extent, the capricious
+tyranny of conscious power. Almost the earliest impression which my
+ripening mind received, was a regal immunity from error&mdash;I could <i>do
+no wrong</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+My education was not neglected. Alas! the only use I have ever made of
+what I acquired, has been to gild my vices when acted, or refine upon
+the manner of acting them while in contemplation. I look back, at this
+moment, to the period of my life I am describing, as prosperous men
+recall the day-spring of their fortunes. <i>They</i>, from the proud
+eminence on which they stand, trace, step by step, in retrospective
+view, the paths by which they ascended; and <i>I</i>, looking through
+the dark vista of my by-gone years, behold the fatal series of crimes
+and follies that stained their progress, stretching to my boyhood. The
+gay and frolic <i>irregularities</i>, as they were gently termed, of
+that untamed age, were the turbid source of the waters of misery in
+which I am now engulphed, I was a lawless planet, running at will; and
+the orbit I described laid waste more than one fair region of peace and
+happiness.
+</p>
+<p>
+My father had a brother, his elder by
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>[pg 185]</span>
+many years; a man of stern and
+rigid character, as I then considered him; but, as I would now call him,
+of upright, firm, and honourable principle. He loved my father, but did
+not love his weakness; and the display of it, in his indulgence towards
+me, was the cause of many a serious, if not sometimes angry, debate
+between them. Well do I remember (for it rankled like poison in my
+swelling heart) a declaration he once made in my presence. It was a
+fine autumnal evening, and he was seated with my father and mother in
+a balcony, which opened from the library-window upon a spacious lawn.
+I entered the room, and advanced towards them, unconscious, of course,
+that their conversation had been about me; but my uncle looking at me
+with a severe expression of countenance, and at the same time addressing
+his brother, exclaimed, "Well, James, neither you nor I may live to see
+it; but if the grace of God, or his own better reflection, as he grows
+older, do not work a change in this young squire, a duel, Jack Ketch,
+or a razor, will work his exit some day or other."
+</p>
+<p>
+My father smiled&mdash;I saw my mother wipe away a tear&mdash;at that moment
+I could have struck my uncle dead. I muttered a few words&mdash;I knew not
+what, and left the room. Boy as I was, (for I had barely completed
+my seventeenth year,) I felt all the vindictive passions of manhood
+kindling within me. It seemed as if a sentence had been passed upon
+me, the more terrible, because a secret voice whispered to me, it was
+prophetic! <i>That impression never forsook me!</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+I questioned my father haughtily, a few days afterwards, as to the
+reasons of his brother for thus speaking of me; and I even dared to
+insinuate, that, had he felt what a father should, he would have
+resented the indignity. He answered me (I write it with shame and
+contrition) most mildly, most affectionately. The gentle being&mdash;I see
+him now, as he tenderly took my hand&mdash;apologized to me&mdash;to me! who ought
+to have stood trembling in <i>his</i> presence! I followed up my blow.
+With cold, but subtle malignity. I played off my revenge towards my
+uncle, through the idolatry of my father's love towards myself. I
+barbarously gave him a choice of misery; for I disdainfully replied,
+that he must henceforth determine, whether he would lose a brother or
+a son, as <i>I</i> had determined to remain no longer under his roof,
+unless I had the assurance that I should never again see my uncle there.
+He looked at me. My God! what a look it was! so full of meek sorrow
+and appalling obedience! Without uttering a word, he sat down to his
+writing-table. The tears fell upon his paper; but they did not blot out
+a few bitter words addressed to his brother, which severed for ever in
+this world two noble hearts; cast, indeed, in different moulds, but
+which kindred blood had cemented, in the close bonds of fraternal love,
+for more than forty years.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was my <i>first</i> revenge. But was I satisfied? No!
+</p>
+<p>
+It was only a few months afterwards, that chance threw in my way a
+daughter of my uncle's. I met her at the house of a common friend, who
+knew and deplored the unhappy schism which prevailed between the two
+brothers. He was equally attached to both, and I believe pleased himself
+with the idea, that an occasional intercourse between the younger
+branches of the families, might, some day or other, bring about a
+reconciliation between the heads. My cousin Harriet was a year older
+than myself. She was in her nineteenth, I in my eighteenth year. I loved
+her. Yes; the <i>first</i> feeling that glowed within my bosom was that
+of love. She was beautiful&mdash;fascinating&mdash;accomplished&mdash;amiable&mdash;and
+I loved her. It was not long before I was satisfied. I had kindled a
+reciprocal passion in her breast. The mute eloquence of her look and
+manner was only the harbinger of that same thrilling eloquence, which
+fell from her tongue when I won the declaration of her affection.
+</p>
+<p>
+Her father knew we met at this friend's house; but whether he was told,
+or whether he penetrated, the secret of our attachment, I never learned.
+I only know, that, at the very moment when separation was madness, his
+mandate went forth, prohibiting all farther intercourse between us, and
+that it was obeyed. Not by me; for I was incapable of submission: but by
+my gentle Harriet, who thought <i>herself</i> incapable of disobeying.
+We met no more where we had been wont to meet; and my young heart's
+spring of happiness seemed for ever withered.
+</p>
+<p>
+But here again, I began to reflect, my path was crossed&mdash;my hopes were
+blighted&mdash;by my uncle. I heard, too, that his tongue had been free with
+my name; that the blistering censure of his austere virtue had fallen
+upon my actions. I writhed under the contumely. My wounded spirit was
+insatiate for vengeance. I meditated, deeply, how I could inflict it, so
+as to strike the blow where he was most vulnerable. I did not brood long
+over my dark purpose. The love I still bore his daughter, was <i>now</i>
+mingled with the hatred I bore towards himself;
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>[pg 186]</span>
+and I exulted in the
+thought, that I should perhaps be able to gratify, at one and the same
+moment, two of the fiercest passions of my nature&mdash;lust and revenge!
+</p>
+<p>
+I SUCCEEDED!
+</p>
+<p>
+In these two words let me shroud a tale of horror. Harriet was my
+victim! Ask not how. <i>I</i> triumphed! <i>She</i> fell! An angel might
+have fallen as she did, and lost no purity. But her stainless heart was
+too proud in virtue to palter and equivocate with circumstances. She
+never rose from what she deemed her bridal bed. And ere twenty summers
+had fanned her cheek, the grave-worm banqueted upon its loveliness.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was my <i>first</i> crime. The recollection of it is engraven upon
+my memory by an awful catastrophe. The night wind that sung <i>her</i>
+funeral dirge, howled with dismal fury through the burning ruins of my
+paternal mansion. Yes! that very night, as if it were in mercy to them,
+my father and my mother both perished in the flames which reduced
+the house itself to cinders. They were seen at the windows of their
+bedchamber, shrieking for aid; but before any could be procured, the
+flooring gave way, and they sunk at once into the yawning furnace that
+roared beneath. Their remains, when afterwards dug out, were a few
+shovelsfull of blackened ashes; except my father's right hand, which was
+found clasped in that of my mother, and both unconsumed. I followed
+these sad relics to the sepulchre. But with the tears I shed, there was
+blended a feeble consolation at the thought they had died before they
+knew the fate of Harriet; and a frightful joy, that another pang was
+added to the wretchedness of my uncle.
+</p>
+<p>
+I can well remember what a feeling of loneliness and desolation now took
+possession of me. Time, however, rolled on; and I grew callous, if not
+reconciled. I could not disguise from myself that the more select
+circles of society were closed against me; or, if I found my way into
+them, some blushing whisper was quickly circulated, which created a
+solitude around me.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was during this period, and while I was squandering thousands to
+achieve the conquest of shadows, that I succeeded in fixing an intimacy
+with a family equal to my own in station, and superior to it in fortune.
+The eldest daughter was an heiress of large expectations, and my
+proposals of marriage were favourably received. I might almost say that
+Matilda was mine; when one day I received a letter from her father,
+peremptorily forbidding my visits. I was thunderstruck. I hastened to
+the house, and demanded an explanation. It was given in few words. <i>I
+was referred to my uncle for any information I required</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This blow struck me down. I had run through my patrimonial estate; but
+hoped, by my marriage with Matilda, to repair my shattered fortune.
+Three weeks after it was known that the match was broken off, I was
+a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench! I breathed no curses upon
+the cause of this sudden reverse of fortune, but&mdash;I swore revenge, in
+silence; and I kept my oath. I languished away six months, a captive
+debtor; and then, taking the benefit of the act, I walked forth a
+beggar, to prey upon the world at large! I had studied, during that
+time, in an admirable school, where I found professors in every art by
+which fools are gulled, and knaves foiled with their own weapons. I was
+an apt scholar, and returned to the bosom of society, an adept in the
+science of <i>polished depredation</i>. Translate this into the language
+of the Old Bailey, and I became a swindler by profession. Like the
+eagle, however, I was a bird of prey that soared into the highest
+regions, and rarely stooped to strike the meaner tribes of my species. I
+had not lost, with the trappings of my birth, the manners and address of
+the sphere in which I had moved; and these were now my stock in trade
+for carrying on my new vocation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the children of misfortune with whom I associated in prison, was
+Charles Fitzroy; a bankrupt in every thing but exhaustless invention,
+and unconquerable perseverance. Give him the free use of his limbs, and
+with matchless dexterity he would make the contributions of the morning
+furnish out the riotous expenses of the evening. It was his boast, that
+he would breakfast with an empty pocket, and dine with a purse that
+should defray the carouse of a dozen friends. And I have known him
+fulfil his boast, with a heart as light, too, as became a man who thus
+made the credulous fools of the world his bankers.
+</p>
+<p>
+I was needy, desperate, and an outcast; and I linked my destiny with
+Fitzroy's. He had my confidence; such confidence as confederates in
+knavery can bestow. When he obtained his liberty, which he did shortly
+after my own was accomplished, he introduced me to his companions; men
+who, like himself, lived by plundering the unwary, and who looked up to
+him as their <i>Magnus Apollo</i>. I was soon initiated in all their
+mysteries; and played my part to admiration at the gaming-table, on the
+race course, and in the ring.
+</p>
+<p>
+Fitzroy was master of the secret that
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>[pg 187]</span>
+festered near my heart; the
+increased and increasing hatred towards my uncle. I regarded him as
+my evil genius; for not only had he thwarted me in two of the dearest
+objects of my life; but his prediction of my boyhood had clung to me
+like a poisoned garment. I could not shake it off; and now, more than
+ever, it seemed accomplishing itself with rapid strides. It made me mad
+when I reflected upon the polluted channels through which <i>my</i>
+precarious means flowed, and thought of the luxurious enjoyments which
+<i>his</i> opulence commanded. It was true, I had dashed his cup with
+bitterness; but it was no less true, that it still flowed with sweets,
+while mine was brimming with gall. Fitzroy would often talk to me upon
+this subject, and devise schemes for a successful inroad upon his purse.
+At length a plan was matured between us, in which I could not appear,
+but which Fitzroy, and a picked few of our associates, undertook to
+execute.
+</p>
+<p>
+My uncle had always been passionately fond of the course, and prided
+himself upon his stud of racers. He betted largely, and was generally
+fortunate, probably because he selected his men with a wary eye.
+The race course, then, was the arena chosen for the enterprise; but
+admirable as were the projected plans, and skilfully as they were
+executed, such was his luck, or so profound were his calculations, that
+they failed <i>five</i> successive seasons. Fitzroy, however, was one of
+those men who, when satisfied that what they engage in ought to succeed,
+according to the means employed, only derive fresh vigour from every
+fresh defeat. He played his game a <i>sixth</i> time, and won. The same
+day that saw my uncle rise with thousands, saw him seek his pillow at
+night, a frantic beggar! He was too proud a man, too honourable, I will
+add, not to throw down his last guinea, in satisfaction of such demands.
+He never suspected villany in the business. He paid his losses,
+therefore; and in less than a week afterwards, an inquest sat upon his
+body, which was found at the bottom of his own fish pond.
+</p>
+<p>
+I had my share of this infernal plunder; but so ravenous had been
+my appetite for revenge, that not one pang of remorse disturbed the
+riotous enjoyments in which it was lavished. On the contrary, the very
+consciousness that it <i>was</i> my uncle's money I squandered, gave a
+zest to every excess, and seemed to appease the gnawing passions which
+had so long tormented me. In two or three years, however, boundless
+extravagance, and the gaming-table, stripped me of my last shilling.
+It was in one of the frenzied moments of this profligate reverse of
+fortune, that I committed the crime for which, if to-morrow dawned
+upon me, I should be publicly arraigned.
+</p>
+<p>
+Fitzroy had been fortunate the whole night. I had thrown with constant
+bad luck. He had pocketed some hundreds; I had lost more than I could
+pay. I asked him for a temporary loan of fifty pounds, to make good what
+I owed, and stake the small remaining sum for the chance of retrieving
+all. He refused me. It was the first time he had ever done so. But he
+not <i>only</i> refused me, he taunted me with sarcastic reproofs for my
+folly, and muttered something about the uselessness of assisting a man
+who, if he had thousands, would scatter them like dust. He should have
+chosen a fitter moment to exhort me, than when I was galled by my
+losses, and by his denial of my request. I was heated with wine too; and
+half mad with despair, half mad with drink, I sprang upon him, tore him
+to the earth, and before the by-standers could interfere to separate us,
+I had buried a knife, which I snatched from a table near me, up to the
+handle in his heart! He screamed&mdash;convulsively grappled me by the
+throat&mdash;-and expired! His death-gripe was so fierce and powerful, that I
+believe had we been alone, his murderer would have been found strangled
+by his side. It was with difficulty that the horror-struck witnesses of
+this bloody scene could force open his clenched hands time enough to let
+me breathe.
+</p>
+<p>
+I have done! I remember, as if it were but yesterday, the silent
+response which my heart made, when my uncle pronounced that withering
+sentence on me. "No!" was my indignant exclamation; "I may deserve a
+hundred public deaths; but if I know myself, I would never undergo
+one!&mdash;NOR WILL I." When that which I have written shall be read&mdash;other
+hopes and fears&mdash;other punishments, perchance, than man can awaken or
+inflict&mdash;will await me. My <i>first</i> crime&mdash;my <i>first</i> revenge,
+and my <i>last</i>, I have recorded; my <i>last</i> crime others must
+tell, when they speak of the murderer and SUICIDE,
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">  JAMES MORLEY.</p>
+<p>
+There is little doubt that scarcely a moment intervened between his
+writing his name, and placing the pistol to his heart; for when he was
+discovered, the pen was lying on the paper, as if it had been laid down
+only for an instant.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>[pg 188]</span>
+</p>
+<h2>
+	RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	REGAL TABLET.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>Concluded from page 166.</i>)
+</center>
+<br />
+<center>
+	CHARLES II.
+<br />
+restored 29th May, 1669, ended 6th Feb. 1685.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Alexander VII.,            1655.<br />
+Clement IX.,               1667.<br />
+Clement X.,                1670.<br />
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperor of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leopold I.,                1658.<br />
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip IV.,                1620.<br />
+Charles II.,               1665.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Alonzo VI.,                1656.<br />
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic III.,             1648.<br />
+Christian V.,              1670.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+JAMES II.
+<br />
+began his reign 6th Feb. 1685, abdicated 13th Feb. 1689.
+</center>
+<p>
+Contemporaries all as in the last reign.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+WILLIAM AND MARY
+<br />
+began their reign 13th Feb. 1689, ended 8th March, 1702.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Innocent XI.,              1676.<br />
+Alexander VIII.,           1689.<br />
+Innocent XII.,             1691.<br />
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperor of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles II.,               1665.<br />
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Christian V.,              1670.<br />
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XI.,               1660.<br />
+Charles XII.,              1697.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+ANNE
+<br />
+began her reign 8th March, 1702, ended 1st Aug. 1714.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperors of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leopold I.,                1658.<br />
+Joseph I.,                 1705.<br />
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Pedro II.,                 1683.<br />
+John V.,                   1706.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XII.               1697.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic I.,               1701.<br />
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+The Illustrious House of Brunswick.
+</center>
+<br />
+<center>
+GEORGE I.
+<br />
+began his reign 1st Aug. 1714, ended 11th June, 1727.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clement XI.,               1700.<br />
+Innocent XIII.,            1721.<br />
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperor of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Russia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Peter I.,                  1724.<br />
+Catherine I.,              1725.<br />
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XIV.,                1643.<br />
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+John V.,                   1706.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles XII.               1697.<br />
+Ulrica,                    1718.<br />
+Frederic,                  1720.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+GEORGE II.
+<br />
+began his reign 11th June, 1727, ended 25th Oct. 1760.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.<br />
+Clement XII.,              1730.<br />
+Benedict XIV.,             1740.<br />
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperors of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles VI.,               1711.<br />
+Charles VII.,              1740.<br />
+Francis I.,                1745.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Russia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Peter II.,                 1727.<br />
+Anne.,                     1730.<br />
+John V.,                   1740.<br />
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Philip V.,                 1700.<br />
+Ferdinand,                 1746.<br />
+Charles III.,              1759.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+John V.,                   1706.<br />
+Joseph,                    1750.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.,              1699.<br />
+Christian VI.              1730.<br />
+Frederic V.,               1746.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic,                  1720.<br />
+Adolphus,                  1751.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic William, I,       1713.<br />
+Frederic II.,              1740.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+GEORGE III.
+<br />
+began his reign 25th Oct. 1760, ended 29th Jan. 1820.
+</center>
+<p>
+<i>Popes</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Clement XIII.,             1758.<br />
+Clement XIV.,              1769.<br />
+Pius VI.,                  1775.<br />
+Pius VII.,                 1800.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Emperors of Germany</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Francis I.,                1745.<br />
+Joseph II.,                1765.<br />
+Francis II.,               1792.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Austria</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Francis I.,                1806.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Turkey</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mustapha III.,             1757.<br />
+Achmed,                    1774.<br />
+Selim III.,                1789.<br />
+Mahamud VI.,               1808.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Portugal</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Joseph,                    1750.<br />
+Mary and Peter III.,       1777.<br />
+Mary (alone),              1786.<br />
+John,                      1816.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Russia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Elizabeth,                 1741.<br />
+Peter III.,                1762.<br />
+Catharine II.,             1762.<br />
+Paul I.,                   1796.<br />
+Alexander,                 1801.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic the Great,         1740.<br />
+Frederic William II.,       1786.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>[pg 189]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>France</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Louis XV.,                  1715.<br />
+Louis XVI.,                 1774.<br />
+Louis XVII.                 1793.<br />
+Bonaparte,                  1799.<br />
+Louis XVIII.,               1814.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Spain</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles III.,               1759.<br />
+Charles IV.,                1788.<br />
+Ferdinand VII.,             1808.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Denmark</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic V.,                1746.<br />
+Christian VII.,             1766.<br />
+Matilda,                    1772.<br />
+Frederic VI.                1808.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sweden</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Adolphus Frederic,          1751.<br />
+Gustavus III.,              1771.<br />
+Gustavus IV.,               1792.<br />
+Charles XIII.,              1809.<br />
+Charles XIV., (Bernadotte), 1818.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Holland</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+William V. (Stadtholder),   1757.<br />
+William, Prince of Orange,  1815.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Prussia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic William III.,      1797.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Poland</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Stanislaus II.              1764.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Naples and Sicily</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Frederic IV.                1759.<br />
+Joseph Napoleon,            1806.<br />
+Joachim Napoleon,           1809.<br />
+King of Naples restored,    1815.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Etruria</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Francis,                    1730.<br />
+Leopold,                    1765.<br />
+Ferdinand III.,             1790.<br />
+Louis I.,                   1801.<br />
+Louis II.                   1802.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Sardinia</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles Emanuel III.        1730.<br />
+Victor Amadeus,             1773.<br />
+Emanuel V.,                 1802.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+GEORGE IV.
+<br />
+ascended 29th Jan. 1820, whom GOD preserve.
+</center>
+<p>
+Contemporaries at the commencement of his reign the same as at the death
+of his late majesty.
+</p>
+<h4>
+JACOBUS.
+</h4>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE SELECTOR,
+<br />
+AND
+<br />
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+<br />
+<i>NEW WORKS</i>.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+MOUNT ARAFAT, AND THE PILGRIMAGE
+TO MEKKA.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Every traditionary and topographical particular of this hallowed spot,
+and the picturesque ceremonies by which it is consecrated, must be
+acceptable to the Christian reader; and this conviction has induced us
+to abridge the following from that portion of <i>Burckhardt's Travels</i>
+which describes the <i>Hadj</i>, or <i>pilgrimage</i> to Mekka.
+</p>
+<p>
+At sunrise on the 9th of Zul Hadj, every pilgrim issued from his tent,
+to walk over the plains, and take a view of the busy crowds assembled
+there. Long streets of tents, fitted up as bazars, furnished all kinds
+of provisions. The Syrian and Egyptian cavalry were exercised by their
+chiefs early in the morning, while thousands of camels were seen feeding
+upon the dry shrubs of the plain all round the camp. I walked to Mount
+Arafat, to enjoy from its summit a more distinct view of the whole.
+This granite hill, which is also called <i>Djebel er' Rahme</i>, or the
+Mountain of Mercy, rises on the north-east side of the plain, close to
+the mountains which encompass it, but separated from them by a rocky
+valley; it is about a mile, or a mile and a half in circuit; its sides
+are sloping, and its summit is nearly two hundred feet above the level
+of the plain. On the eastern side broad stone steps lead up to the top,
+and a broad unpaved path, on the western, over rude masses of granite,
+with which its declivity is covered. After mounting about forty steps,
+we find a spot a little on the left, called Modaa Seydna Adam, or the
+place of prayer of our Lord Adam, where, it is related, that the father
+of mankind used to stand while praying; for here it was, according to
+Mohammedan tradition, that the angel Gabriel first instructed Adam how
+to adore his Creator. A marble slab, bearing an inscription in modern
+characters, is fixed in the side of the mountain. On reaching about the
+sixtieth step, we come to a small paved platform to our right, on a
+level spot of the hill, where the preacher stands who admonishes the
+pilgrims on the afternoon of this day, as I shall hereafter mention.
+Thus high, the steps are so broad and easy that a horse or camel may
+ascend; but higher up they become more steep and uneven. On the summit,
+the place is shown where Mohammed used to take his station during the
+Hadj; a small chapel formerly stood over it; but this was destroyed by
+the Wahabys: here the pilgrims usually pray two rikats, in salutation
+of Arafat. The steps and the summit are covered with handkerchiefs to
+receive their pious gifts, and each family of the Mekkawys or Bedouins
+of the tribe of Koreysh, in whose territory Arafat lies, has its
+particular spot assigned to it for this purpose. The summit commands a
+very extensive and singular prospect. I brought my compass to take a
+circle of bearings; but the crowd was so great that I could not use it.
+Towards the western extremity of the plain are seen Bir Bazan and the
+Aalameyn; somewhat nearer, southwards, the mosque called Djama Nimre,
+or Djama Seydna Ibrahim; and on the south-east, a small house where the
+Sherif used to lodge during the pilgrimage. From thence an elevated
+rocky ground in the plain extends towards Arafat. On the eastern side
+of the mountain, and close to its foot, are the ruins of a small mosque,
+built on rocky ground, called Djama el Szakhrat, where Mohammed was
+accustomed to pray, and where the pilgrims make four prostrations in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>[pg 190]</span>
+memory of the prophet. Several large reservoirs lined with stone are
+dispersed over the plain; two or three are close to the foot of Arafat,
+and there are some near the house of the Sherifs: they are filled from
+the same fine aqueduct which supplies Mekka, and the head of which is
+about one hour and a half distant, in the eastern mountains. The canal
+is left open here for the convenience of pilgrims, and is conducted
+round the three sides of the mountains, passing by Modaa Seydna Adam.<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+From the summit of Arafat, I counted about three thousand tents
+dispersed over the plain, of which two-thirds belonged to the two Hadj
+caravans, and to the suite and soldiers of Mohammed Aly; the rest to the
+Arabs of the Sherif, the Bedouin hadjys, and the people of Mekka and
+Djidda. These assembled multitudes were for the greater number, like
+myself, without tents. The two caravans were encamped without much
+order, each party of pilgrims or soldiers having pitched its tents in
+large circles or <i>dowars</i>, in the midst of which many of their
+camels were reposing. The plain contained, dispersed in different parts,
+from twenty to twenty-five thousand camels, twelve thousand of which
+belonged to the Syrian Hadj, and from five to six thousand to the
+Egyptian; besides about three thousand, purchased by Mohammed Aly from
+the Bedouins in the Syrian Deserts, and brought to Mekka with the Hadj,
+to convey the pilgrims to this place, previously to being used for the
+transport of army-provisions to Tayf.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Syrian Hadj was encamped on the south and south-west side of the
+mountain; the Egyptian on the south-east. Around the house of the
+Sherif, Yahya himself was encamped with his Bedouin troops, and in its
+neighbourhood were all the Hedjaz people. Here it was that the two Yemen
+caravans used formerly to take their station. Mohammed Aly, and Soleyman
+Pasha of Damascus, as well as several of their officers, had very
+handsome tents; but the most magnificent of all was that of the wife of
+Mohammed Aly, the mother of Tousoun Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha, who had
+lately arrived from Cairo for the Hadj, with a truly royal equipage,
+five hundred camels being necessary to transport her baggage from Djidda
+to Mekka. Her tent was in fact an encampment consisting of a dozen tents
+of different sizes, inhabited by her women; the whole enclosed by a wall
+of linen cloth, eight hundred paces in circuit, the single entrance to
+which was guarded by eunuchs in splendid dresses. Around this enclosure
+were pitched the tents of the men who formed her numerous suite. The
+beautiful embroidery on the exterior of this linen palace, with the
+various colours displayed in every part of it, constituted an object
+which reminded me of some descriptions in the Arabian Tales of the
+Thousand and One Nights. Among the rich equipages of the other hadjys,
+or of the Mekka people, none were so conspicuous as that belonging
+to the family of Djeylany, the merchant, whose tents, pitched in a
+semicircle, rivalled in beauty those of the two pashas, and far exceeded
+those of Sherif Yahya. In other parts of the East, a merchant would
+as soon think of buying a rope for his own neck, as of displaying his
+wealth in the presence of a pasha; but Djeylany has not yet laid aside
+the customs which the Mekkawys learned under their old government,
+particularly that of Sherif Ghaleb, who seldom exercised extortion upon
+single individuals; and they now rely on the promises of Mohammed Aly,
+that he will respect their property.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the whole morning, there were repeated discharges of the
+artillery which both pashas had brought with them. A few pilgrims
+had taken up their quarters on Djebel Arafat itself, where some small
+cavern, or impending block of granite, afforded them shelter from the
+sun. It is a belief generally entertained in the East, and strengthened
+by many boasting hadjys on their return home, that all the pilgrims, on
+this day, encamp upon Mount Arafat; and that the mountain possesses the
+miraculous property of expansion, so as to admit an indefinite number of
+the faithful upon its summit. The law ordains that the <i>wakfe</i>, or
+position of the Hadj, should be on Djebel Arafat; but it wisely provides
+against any impossibility, by declaring that the plain in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the mountain may be regarded as comprised under the
+term "mountain," or Djebel Arafat.
+</p>
+<p>
+I estimated the number of persons assembled here at about seventy
+thousand. The camp was from three to four miles long, and between one
+and two in breadth. There is, perhaps, no spot on earth where, in so
+small a place, such a diversity of languages are heard; I reckoned about
+forty, and I have no doubt that there were many more. It appeared to me
+as if I were here placed in a holy temple of travellers only; and never
+did I at any time feel a more ardent wish to be able to penetrate once
+into the inmost recesses of the countries of many of those persons
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>[pg 191]</span>
+whom I now saw before me, fondly imagining that I might have no more
+difficulty in reaching their homes, than what they had experienced in
+their journey to this spot.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<p>
+The time of Aszer (or about three o'clock, P.M.) approached, when that
+ceremony of the Hadj takes place, for which the whole assembly had come
+hither. The pilgrims now pressed forward towards the mountain of Arafat,
+and covered its sides from top to bottom. At the precise time of Aszer,
+the preacher took his stand upon the platform on the mountain, and began
+to address the multitude. This sermon, which lasts till sun-set,
+constitutes the holy ceremony of the Hadj called Khotbet el Wakfe; and
+no pilgrim, although he may have visited all the holy places of Mekka,
+is entitled to the name of hadjy, unless he has been present on this
+occasion. As Aszer approached, therefore, all the tents were struck,
+every thing was packed up, the caravans began to load, and the pilgrims
+belonging to them mounted their camels, and crowded round the mountain,
+to be within sight of the preacher, which is sufficient, as the greater
+part of the multitude is necessarily too distant to hear him. The two
+pashas, with their whole cavalry drawn up in two squadrons behind them,
+took their post in the rear of the deep lines of camels of the hadjys,
+to which those of the people of the Hedjaz were also joined; and here
+they waited in solemn and respectful silence the conclusion of the
+sermon. Further removed from the preacher, was the Sherif Yahya, with
+his small body of soldiers, distinguished by several green standards
+carried before him. The two Mahmals, or holy camels, which carry on
+their back the high structure that serves as the banner of their
+respective caravans, made way with difficulty through the ranks of
+camels that encircled the southern and eastern sides of the hill,
+opposite to the preacher, and took their station, surrounded by their
+guards, directly under the platform in front of him.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The preacher, or Khatyb, who is usually the Kadhy of Mekka, was mounted
+upon a finely caparisoned camel, which had been led up the steps; it
+being traditionally said that Mohammed was always seated when he here
+addressed his followers, a practice in which he was imitated by all
+the Khalifes who came to the Hadj, and who from hence addressed their
+subjects in person. The Turkish gentleman of Constantinople, however,
+unused to camel-riding, could not keep his seat so well as the hardy
+Bedouin prophet; and the camel becoming unruly, he was soon obliged to
+alight from it. He read his sermon from a book in Arabic, which he held
+in his hands. At intervals of every four or five minutes he paused, and
+stretched forth his arms to implore blessings from above; while the
+assembled multitudes around and before him waved the skirts of their
+ihrams over their heads, and rent the air with shouts of "Lebeyk,
+Allahuma Lebeyk," (i.e. Here we are, at thy commands, O God!) During
+the wavings of the ihrams, the side of the mountain, thickly crowded
+as it was by the people in their white garments, had the appearance
+of a cataract of water; while the green umbrellas, with which several
+thousand hadjys, sitting on their camels below, were provided, bore some
+resemblance to a verdant plain.&mdash;During his sermon, which lasted almost
+three hours, the Kadhy was seen constantly to wipe his eyes with a
+handkerchief; for the law enjoins the Khatyb or preacher to be moved
+with feeling and compunction; and adds that, whenever tears appear on
+his face, it is a sign that the Almighty enlightens him, and is ready
+to listen to his prayers.
+</p>
+<p>
+At length the sun began to descend behind the western mountains; upon
+which the Kadhy, having shut his book, received a last greeting of
+"Lebeyk;" and the crowds rushed down the mountain, in order to quit
+Arafat. It is thought meritorious to accelerate the pace on this
+occasion; and many persons make it a complete race, called by the Arabs,
+<i>Ad' dafa min Arafat</i>. In former times, when the strength of the
+Syrian and Egyptian caravans happened to be nearly balanced, bloody
+affrays took place here almost every year between them, each party
+endeavouring to outrun and to carry its <i>mahmal</i> in advance of the
+other. The same happened when the <i>mahmals</i> approached the platform
+at the commencement of the sermon; and two hundred
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>[pg 192]</span>
+lives have on some
+occasions been lost in supporting what was thought the honour of the
+respective caravans. At present the power of Mohammed Aly preponderates,
+and the Syrian hadjys display great humility. The united caravans and
+the whole mass of pilgrims now moved forward over the plain; every
+tent had been previously packed up, to be ready for the occasion. The
+pilgrims pressed through the Aalameyn, which they must repass on their
+return; and night came on before they reached the defile called El
+Mazoumeyn. Innumerable torches were now lighted, twenty-four being
+carried before each pasha; and the sparks of fire from them flew far
+over the plain. There were continual discharges of artillery; the
+soldiers fired their muskets; the martial bands of both the pashas
+played; sky-rockets were thrown as well by the pashas' officers, as
+by many private pilgrims; while the Hadj passed at a quick pace in
+the greatest disorder, amidst a deafening clamour, through the pass of
+Mazoumeyn, leading towards Mezdelfe, where all alighted, after a two
+hours' march. No order was observed here in encamping; and every one lay
+down on the spot that first presented itself, no tents being pitched
+except those of the pashas and their suites; before which was an
+illumination of lamps in the form of high arches, which continued to
+blaze the whole night, while the firing of the artillery was kept up
+without intermission.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS
+</h3>
+<center>
+<i>From the Memoirs of General Miller, Second Edition.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+In the Pampas, where a scarcity of food is unknown to the poorest, that
+calculating avarice which, in its fears for to-morrow, would look with
+apathy on the wants of the stranger, can have but a limited sway. Kind
+offices are, therefore more freely and disinterestedly conferred than
+in less abundant regions. In addition to this, the dearth of society
+in a thinly-sprinkled population renders the presence of a traveller
+on their isolated <i>haciendas</i> a source of gratification. If his
+appearance afford no ground for mistrust, and if his manners are not
+disagreeable, his being a stranger is a sufficient passport to a kind
+and hearty welcome. Whether he be rich or poor is not a subject of
+inquiry, and makes no difference in the reception.
+</p>
+<p>
+The South Americans are gay, and fond of dancing, music, and singing.
+There are few, whether wealthy or otherwise, who are not proficients in
+one or other of these accomplishments. In the warmer latitudes, people
+carry on not only their usual occupations, but their amusements, chiefly
+in the open air; and as singing constitutes one of the principal sources
+of the latter, the continued exercise of the voice harmonizes and
+strengthens it. Perhaps no opera, in Europe, could afford, to a natural
+and unsophisticated ear, so rich a treat as that which may be enjoyed in
+Cuzco, Arequipa, and other cities, where the ancient Peruvian airs are
+sung in the rich and melodious tones of the natives.
+</p>
+<p>
+The South Americans possess great intellectual quickness, and a
+retentive memory. The following may be cited as an extraordinary
+instance of the latter faculty. An old man, a native of La Pax, in Upper
+Peru, and of unmixed Indian blood, who kept an inn at Curicavi, between
+Valparaiso and Santiago, could repeat nearly the whole of Robertson's
+"History of Charles the Fifth," and was better acquainted with the
+History of England than most Englishmen. He spoke of Queen Boadicea, and
+was as familiar with the history of the civil wars between the houses
+of York and Lancaster as if they had occurred in his country, and in
+his own times. He had been brought up by the Jesuits. He had made two
+voyages to Canton, and was known by the name of "the emperor of China,"
+in consequence frequently of amusing his guests with long stories about
+the <i>celestial empire</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Peruvians have great natural talents for painting and sculpture.
+They generally produce striking likenesses, but being uninstructed in
+the principles of these arts, their pictures have no other merit. There
+is, however, a female figure, done in 1711, by a native of Quito, which
+is considered as one of the finest paintings in a very good collection
+belonging to Mynheer Vandermarlin, of Brussels.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	ORATORIOS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+The first oratorio performed in London, was at the Lincoln's Inn Fields
+Theatre, in 1732. On June 10, in the same year, the serenata of <i>Acis
+and Galatea</i> was performed at the Italian Opera House, in English, by
+Italian performers, with scenery representing a rural prospect, with
+rocks, groves, fountains, and grottoes; amongst which were disposed a
+chorus of nymphs and shepherds, with dresses and "every other decoration
+suited to the subject."&mdash;<i>Companion to the Theatres</i>.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and
+by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>
+We are pleased therefore to commence our Supplementary Sheet
+with such a volume as the present, which we have reserved for
+this purpose. The feelings which it must engender in the reader
+will be doubly grateful in these troublous times of strong
+political excitement: they enjoin "peace on earth, and goodwill
+towards men." the Divine antidote to the storms of conflicting
+interests and passions, and the balm which heals the thorny
+wounds of the world, that cross every path and tear the finest
+sympathies of our nature. It adds, moreover, a pleasant variety
+to the contents of our sheet, and alternates with the
+vicissitudes of enterprise, in the progress of infant liberty
+in the New World, as in the Memoirs of the patriot <i>Miller</i>;&mdash;the
+daring and recklessness of crime, as in the vivid sketch of
+<i>First and Last</i>;&mdash;the picturesque country and ceremonies of
+Arabia and its religious people, as drawn by <i>Burckhardt</i>;&mdash;and
+the architectural embellishment of the Metropolis, as shown in
+<i>Britton's Picture of London</i>.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>
+In the MIRROR, dated March 1, 1828, we noticed "Gilbert White's
+Natural History of Selborne, is one of the most delightful
+household books in our language, and we are surprised at the
+rarity of such works." The publication of the <i>Journal of a
+Naturalist</i>, early in March, 1829, is "a coincidence."
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<b>Footnote 3</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Philosophers and wits have written on this subject. Sir Thomas
+Brown, who wrote a book of <i>Vulgar Errors</i>, remarks with great
+seriousness that the man "who could eradicate this error from the
+minds of the people, might prevent the fearful passions of the
+heart, and many cold sweats taking place in grandmothers and
+nurses"&mdash;Swift lets fly the shafts of satire in these lines.&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">                                        A woodworm</p>
+<p>          That lies in old wood, like a hare in her form;</p>
+<p>          With teeth, or with claws, it will bite, or will scratch;</p>
+<p>          And chambermaids christen this worm a death-watch;</p>
+<p>          Because, like a watch, it always cries click;</p>
+<p>          Then woe be to those in the house who are sick;</p>
+<p>          For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost</p>
+<p>          If the maggat cries click when it scratches the post.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+        Gay, too, in a <i>pastoral dirge</i>, says,
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">                                      The wether's bell,</p>
+<p>          Before the drooping flock, toll'd forth her knell;</p>
+<p>          The solemn deathwatch click'd the hour she died.</p>
+</div></div>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<b>Footnote 4</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Francis II. of Germany abdicated 1806, and took the title of
+Emperor of Austria.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<b>Footnote 5</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>
+At the close of the sixteenth century, according to Kotobeddyn,
+the whole plain of Arafat was cultivated.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<b>Footnote 6</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<!-- Footnotes -->
+<p>
+The Mahmal (an exact representation of which is given by D'Ohsson)
+is a high, hollow, wooden frame, in the form of a cone, with a
+pyramidal top, covered with a fine silk brocade adorned with
+ostrich feathers, and having a small book of prayers and charms
+placed in the midst of it, wrapped up in a piece of silk. (My
+description is taken from the Egyptian Mahmal.) When on the road,
+it serves as a holy banner to the caravan; and on the return of
+the Egyptian caravan, the book of prayers is exposed in the mosque
+El Hassaneyn, at Cairo, where men and women of the lower classes
+go to kiss it and obtain a blessing by rubbing their foreheads
+upon it. No copy of the Koran, nor any thing but the book of
+prayers, is placed in the Cairo Mahmal. I believe the custom to
+have arisen in the battle-banner of the Bedouins, called Merkeb
+and Otfe, which I have mentioned in my remarks on the Bedouins,
+and which resemble the Mahmal, inasmuch as they are high wooden
+frames placed upon camels.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, NO. 361, SUPPLEMENTARY ISSUE (1829)***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 13578-h.txt or 13578-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/5/7/13578">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/5/7/13578</a></p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 13, No. 361, Supplementary Issue (1829), by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, No.
+361, Supplementary Issue (1829)
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: October 2, 2004  [eBook #13578]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, NO. 361, SUPPLEMENTARY ISSUE (1829)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 13578-h.htm or 13578-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/7/13578/13578-h/13578-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/7/13578/13578-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION
+
+VOL. XIII, NO. 361.] SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST
+
+
+[Illustration: THE TALIPOT TREE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOWWORM.]
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+_See the Engravings._
+
+
+A delightful volume, of title almost synonymous with this division of
+the MIRROR, has just been published. It is entitled _The Journal of a
+Naturalist_,[1] with the very appropriate motto of
+
+  ----Plants, trees, and stones, we note,
+  Birds, insects, beasts, and many rural things.
+
+
+The author in his preface, says, "Many years have now passed away since
+we were presented with that very interesting and amusing book, the
+'Natural History of Selborne;' nor do I recollect any publication at
+all resembling it having since appeared."[2] He then acknowledges the
+impression which this book left on his mind; and its having given rise
+to the present work, to which, in our humble opinion, it is a worthy
+companion.
+
+Our "Naturalist" resides in a village upon a very ancient road,
+connecting Bristol and Gloucester, in a limestone district, numbering
+among its picturesque beauties, the broad estuary of the Severn, the
+mountains of Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Brecon, and their peaceful vales
+and cheerful cottages; Thornbury, with its fine cathedral-like church
+and castle, the red cliffs of the Severn, and numberless antiquities
+of our ancestors--as roads, encampments, aggera, watch-hills, coins,
+lances, and other relics of those warlike times. Labour and healthful
+enjoyment reign in this district: for it is neither torn up for its
+mineral wealth, nor are its natural beauties annihilated, or the habits
+of its population corrupted by speculation or avarice. A portrait of
+"a worthy peasant," introduced by our author, reminds us of
+
+  ----A bold peasantry, their country's pride,
+  When once destroyed, can never be supplied.
+
+
+A passage quoted by the late Mr. Canning, in one of his finest speeches;
+and we often contrast this vigorous outline of the people of "merry
+England" with her artificial state of after times. Next are a page or
+two of agricultural chemistry (_analysis of soils_) unfettered with
+technicals; double the space of what may strictly be called rural
+economy, (_grass lands_) succeed; next the culture and history of
+the potato, and some new observations on "_the Teazle_."
+
+Several pages on _trees_ possess great interest, as do those on
+_flowers_.
+
+We regret we have room but for a few heads--the _maple_--the
+_Naturalist's Autumnal Walk_--the _Economy of Animals_, especially
+of _Birds_: we must pass them over to elucidate our engraving of
+
+
+THE GLOWWORM.
+
+That pretty sparkler of our summer evenings, so often made the
+ploughboy's prize, the only brilliant that glitters in the rustic's hat,
+the glowworm, (_lampyris noctiluca_,) is not found in such numbers
+with us, as in many other places, where these signal tapers glimmer upon
+every grassy bank; yet, in some seasons, we have a reasonable sprinkling
+of them. Every body probably knows, that the male glowworm is a winged,
+erratic animal, yet may not have seen him. He has ever been a scarce
+creature to me, meeting perhaps with one or two in a year; and, when
+found, always a subject of admiration. Most creatures have their eyes
+so placed, as to be enabled to see about them; or, as Hook says of the
+house-fly, to be "circumspect animals;" but this male glowworm has a
+contrivance, by which any upward or side vision is prevented. Viewed
+when at rest, no portion of his eyes is visible, but the head is
+margined with a horny band, or plate, being a character of one of the
+genera of the order _coleoptera_, under which the eyes are situate.
+This prevents all upward vision; and blinds, or winkers, are so fixed
+at the sides of his eyes, as greatly to impede the view of all lateral
+objects. _See Figures_. The chief end of this creature in his
+nightly peregrinations is to seek his mate, always beneath him on the
+earth; and hence this apparatus appears designed to facilitate his
+search, confining his view entirely to what is before or below him. The
+first serves to direct his flight, the other presents the object of his
+pursuit: and as we commonly, and with advantage, place our hand over the
+brow, to obstruct the rays of light falling from above, which enables us
+to see clearer an object on the ground, so must the projecting hood of
+this creature converge the visual rays to a point beneath.
+
+Glowworms emit light only for a short period in the year; and I have but
+partially observed it after the middle of July. I have collected many of
+these pretty creatures on a bank before my house, into which they retire
+during the winter, to shine out again when revived by the summer's
+warmth; but in this latter season I have frequently missed certain of
+my little proteges, and have reason to apprehend, that they formed the
+banquet of a toad, that frequented the same situation.
+
+Observing above, that the glowworm does not emit light after the 14th of
+July, I mean thereby that clear, steady light, which has rendered this
+creature so remarkable to all persons; for I have repeatedly noticed,
+deep in the herbage, a faint evanescent light proceeding from these
+creatures, even as late as August and September. This was particularly
+manifested September the 28th, 1826. The evening was warm and dewy, and
+we observed on the house-bank multitudes of these small evanescent
+sparks in the grass. The light displayed was very different from that
+which they exhibit in warm summer months. Instead of the permanent green
+glow, that illumines all the blades of the surrounding herbage, it was a
+pale transient spot, visible for a moment or two, and then so speedily
+hidden, that we were obliged, in order to capture the creature, to
+employ the light of a candle. The number of them, and their actions,
+creeping away from our sight, contrary to that half lifeless dulness
+observed in summer, suggested the idea, that the whole body had availed
+themselves of this warm, moist evening, to migrate to their winter
+station. A single spark or so was to be seen some evenings after this,
+but no such large moving parties were discovered again. If we conclude,
+that the summer light of the glowworm is displayed as a signal taper,
+the appearance of this autumnal light can have no such object in view,
+nor can we rationally assign any use of it to the creature itself,
+unless, indeed, it serves as a point of union in these supposed
+migrations, like the leading call in the flight of night-moving birds.
+The activity and numbers of these insects, in the above-mentioned
+evening, enabled me to observe the frequent presence and disappearance
+of the light of an individual, which did not seem to be the result of
+will, but produced by situation. During the time the insect crawled
+along the ground, or upon the fine grass, the glow was hidden; but on
+its mounting any little blade, or sprig of moss, it turned round and
+presented the luminous caudal spot, which, on its falling or regaining
+its level, was hidden again.
+
+A summary of the peculiarities of the year 1825, very appropriately
+concludes the volume, from which we may be tempted to make future
+extracts.
+
+
+THE TALIPOT TREE,
+
+The first of our Engravings is a species of palm, a native of Ceylon,
+and is one of the most magnificent wonders of the vegetable kingdom. The
+leaf is circular, terminating in the most beautiful rays, and folding up
+into plaits like a fan, which, in figure, it nearly resembles.
+
+This leaf is used in the maritime provinces of Ceylon as a mark of
+distinction, each person being allowed to have a certain number of these
+leaves, folded up as fans, carried with him by his servants; and also in
+the Kandian country, in the shape of a round, flat umbrella on a long
+stick. The talipot leaves are likewise used by the common people to
+shelter themselves from the rain, _one leaf affording sufficient
+shelter for seven or eight persons_. It is also used in making tents.
+
+In 1818, Sir Alexander Johnston gave to Sir Joseph Banks a very fine
+specimen of a tent made of their leaves, large enough to hold a party of
+ten persons at table.
+
+All the books of importance in Pali and Cingalese, relative to the
+religion of Buddhoo, in Ceylon, are written on lamina of these leaves,
+with either a brass or an iron style. There are some of these books in
+Sir A. Johnston's collections, which are supposed to be from 500 to 600
+years old, and which are still very perfect. In the museum of the
+Asiatic Society, there is a complete copy of the Pali book, called the
+_Pansyapanas Iatakah_, written on 1,172 laminae of the finest
+description of this sort of palm leaf. Large as the dimensions of the
+talipot leaf may appear, it is exceeded in size by the _troolie_ of
+Surinam, which extends on the ground, and has frequently been known to
+attain the width of three feet, and the length of thirty.
+
+Our Engraving is copied from the _Gardener's Magazine_, where it is
+reduced from the Transactions of the Asiatic Society.
+
+
+
+THE DEATHWATCH MAGNIFIED.
+
+Although the present may be a late hour to dissipate the faith placed in
+signs and tokens, we are persuaded that a more intimate knowledge of
+this insect will not prove uninteresting to our readers.[3]
+
+The name _death watch_ was evidently derived from the importance
+attached to the beatings of the insect, which, by superstitious people,
+were formerly supposed to prognosticate death to some one of the family
+in whose house it was heard. The natural size of the insect is about a
+quarter of an inch in length, of a dark brown colour, spotted, with
+transparent wings under the _vagina_, or sheath, a huge cap or
+helmet on the head, and two _antennae_, or feelers, from beneath
+the eyes.
+
+It is chiefly in the advanced period of spring that these insects
+commence their noise; and which is the call or signal by which they are
+mutually attracted to each other, and may be considered as analogous to
+the call of birds. This noise does not arise from their voice, but from
+the insect beating on hard substances, with the shield or fore part of
+its head. The general number of successive distinct strokes is from 7 to
+9 or 11. These are given in pretty quick succession, and are repeated at
+uncertain intervals; and in old houses, where the insects are numerous,
+they may be heard, if the weather be warm, almost every hour in the day.
+The noise exactly resembles that made by beating moderately hard with
+the finger on a table. Mr. Stackhouse carefully observed its manner of
+beating. He says, the insect raises itself upon its hinder legs, and
+with the body somewhat inclined, beats its head with great force and
+agility against the place on which it stands.
+
+This insect, which is the _real death-watch_ of the vulgar, must
+not be confounded with another minuter insect, which makes a ticking
+noise like a watch; but instead of beating at intervals, it continues
+its noise for a considerable time without intermission. This latter
+belongs to a very different tribe. It is usually found in old wood,
+decayed furniture, neglected books, &c.; and both the male and the
+female have the power of making this ticking noise, in order to attract
+each other. The Rev. Mr. Derham seems to have been the first naturalist
+who examined and described this species; and he says that during the
+month of July, in one particular summer, they scarcely ever ceased to
+beat either in day or night. The eggs are generally hatched about the
+beginning of March: many of them live through the winter; but during
+that time, to avoid the frost, they bury themselves deep in dust.
+
+Mr. T. Carpenter (of whose paper in _Gill's Repository_ we have
+already availed ourselves) tells us that these insects are excellent
+anatomists: in order to render them useful in making some delicate
+dissections for his microscope, Mr. Carpenter placed a few of the
+insects within a pill-box, with the heads of three dead flies. He found
+some time afterwards, that they had cleared the interior of some of the
+eyes completely from all the blood-vessels, leaving the lenses in the
+cornea beautifully transparent.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+BIRDS' NESTS.
+
+
+The structure of the nests of birds affords, perhaps, one of the most
+agreeable lessons in Natural History.
+
+Among the most curious nests of our _English_ birds may be named
+that of the _Wren_, the _long-tailed Titmouse_, the _Thrush_,
+the _Goldfinch_, the _Chaffinch_, the _Magpie_, and the _House
+Sparrow_; to these may also be added the _Swallow's_, the _Martin's_,
+the _Wood Pigeon's_, and the _Wood-Pecker's_. Of the nests of _Rooks_,
+it may be sufficient to observe, that they are often found to the number
+of six, or even more in a cluster. _Crows'_ nests are always
+solitary; they are similar in structure to those of the rook.
+
+Among the nests of Foreign birds, that of the _Taylor Bird_
+deserves especial mention; the bird itself is a diminutive one, being
+little more than three inches long; it is an inhabitant of India. The
+nest is sometimes constructed of two leaves, one of them dead; the
+latter is fixed to the living one as it hangs upon the tree, by sewing
+both together in the manner of a pouch or purse; it is open at the top,
+and the cavity is filled with fine down; and, being suspended from the
+branch, the birds are secure from the depredations of snakes and
+monkeys, to which they might otherwise fall a prey.
+
+In Dr. Latham's collection is a specimen of the taylor bird's nest,
+composed of a single large leaf, of a fibrous rough, texture, about six
+inches long independent of the stalk, five inches and a half in breadth,
+and ending in a point. The sides of this leaf are drawn together so as
+to meet within three-quarters of an inch; within is the nest, about four
+inches deep and two broad, opening at the top; the bottom of the leaf
+is drawn upwards, to assist in the support of it. The interior nest is
+composed of white down, with here and there a feather and a small
+portion of white down intermixed.
+
+Another nest of this bird has also been described as composed of several
+leaves, like those of some kind of hazel sewed together; the inner nest
+formed of dry bents, fibres, and hairs, suspended from a tree. It is,
+therefore, probable that this bird, as well as some others, varies the
+structure of its nest as occasion and the materials may require. These
+singular works are performed by the bird's using his bill instead of a
+needle, and vegetable fibres for thread.
+
+The _Rufous Bee-eater_, or _Merops Rufus_, constructs also a
+very singular nest. This bird is a native of Buenos Ayres; the nest is
+built generally on the naked great branch of a tree, sometimes on the
+windows of houses, a fence, or a projecting beam of a high house or
+other building; it is composed of earth, in the form of a baker's oven,
+and is often built in the short space of two days, both birds being
+engaged in its construction; it is six inches in diameter, and one
+thick; a division is within, beginning at the entrance, and carried
+circularly, so that the eggs are deposited in the inner chamber, on a
+bed of grass. The swallow and other birds often attempt to obtain
+possession of this nest, but are generally repulsed by the owners.
+
+Many of the _Orioles'_ nests are also deserving notice. The
+_black and yellow Oriole_, inhabiting South America, has a pendent
+nest, shaped like an alembic; it is affixed to the extreme branches of
+trees; sometimes, it is said, so many as four hundred nests are found
+hanging on the same tree.
+
+The _Philippine_ and _Pensile Grosbeak_ make also very curious nests.
+
+In concluding this account of the nests of birds, I may notice here the
+nest of the _Hirundo esculenta_, or _Esculent Swallow_, an inhabitant
+of China and the Islands of the Indian Ocean. The nest consists of a
+gelatinous substance, in shape resembling an apple cut down the middle.
+The nests are found in great numbers together, and are by the luxurious
+Asiatics made into broths, and otherwise cooked, and are esteemed one of
+the greatest dainties of the table; they are also occasionally used for
+glue.--_Jennings's Ornithologia_.
+
+
+    [1] We are pleased therefore to commence our Supplementary Sheet
+        with such a volume as the present, which we have reserved for
+        this purpose. The feelings which it must engender in the reader
+        will be doubly grateful in these troublous times of strong
+        political excitement: they enjoin "peace on earth, and goodwill
+        towards men." the Divine antidote to the storms of conflicting
+        interests and passions, and the balm which heals the thorny
+        wounds of the world, that cross every path and tear the finest
+        sympathies of our nature. It adds, moreover, a pleasant variety
+        to the contents of our sheet, and alternates with the
+        vicissitudes of enterprise, in the progress of infant liberty
+        in the New World, as in the Memoirs of the patriot _Miller_;--the
+        daring and recklessness of crime, as in the vivid sketch of
+        _First and Last_;--the picturesque country and ceremonies of
+        Arabia and its religious people, as drawn by _Burckhardt_;--and
+        the architectural embellishment of the Metropolis, as shown in
+        _Britton's Picture of London_.
+
+    [2] In the MIRROR, dated March 1, 1828, we noticed "Gilbert White's
+        Natural History of Selborne, is one of the most delightful
+        household books in our language, and we are surprised at the
+        rarity of such works." The publication of the _Journal of a
+        Naturalist_, early in March, 1829, is "a coincidence."
+
+    [3] Philosophers and wits have written on this subject. Sir Thomas
+        Brown, who wrote a book of _Vulgar Errors_, remarks with great
+        seriousness that the man "who could eradicate this error from the
+        minds of the people, might prevent the fearful passions of the
+        heart, and many cold sweats taking place in grandmothers and
+        nurses"--Swift lets fly the shafts of satire in these lines.--
+
+                                        A woodworm
+          That lies in old wood, like a hare in her form;
+          With teeth, or with claws, it will bite, or will scratch;
+          And chambermaids christen this worm a death-watch;
+          Because, like a watch, it always cries click;
+          Then woe be to those in the house who are sick;
+          For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost
+          If the maggat cries click when it scratches the post.
+
+        Gay, too, in a _pastoral dirge_, says,
+
+                                      The wether's bell,
+          Before the drooping flock, toll'd forth her knell;
+          The solemn deathwatch click'd the hour she died.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+METROPOLITAN IMPROVEMENTS.
+
+_Abridged from the "Introduction" to Britton's Picture of London, 26th
+edition, just published._
+
+
+_The year_ 1825 will ever be memorable in the annals of the
+metropolis; for more novel improvements, changes, and events occurred in
+that one year than during any other corresponding period. _Schemes_
+for the formation of new _Companies_--the vast speculations arising
+out of them, tending to the aggrandizement of a few persons, and to the
+ruin of others, with the utilities of some, and the futilities and
+impositions of many,--may also be said to belong to this year.
+
+Let us, however, take a brief review of the real improvements and useful
+novelties that have been progressing, or have commenced in London since
+that singular and eventful era. Commencing at the court, or west end, we
+will take an imaginary tour to the east, adverting to such new buildings
+as are calculated to arrest the attention of the stranger in our
+progress. Without remarking on the general improvements of the age, we
+shall find enough to engross our attention in the particular objects
+before us. The most noted, or conspicuous of these are:--1. The New
+Palace, with the adjoining Park and Gardens. 2. A Terrace, Street, and
+Public Buildings on the site of Carlton House. 3. Belgrave Square, and
+the adjoining Squares and Streets. 4. The Entrance Lodges and Bridge
+in Hyde Park, with the improvements in the Roads and Walks of the same.
+5. The Regent's Park, with its Terraces, Villas, Public Buildings,
+Zoological Gardens, and Colosseum. 6. The London University. 7. The
+British Museum. 8. The Post Office. 9. London Bridge, and its Vicinity.
+10. St. Katherine's Docks. 11. The New Buildings and Alterations
+connected with the Houses of Parliament, the Ministerial Offices, and
+others, at Charing Cross. All these rank among the novelties and
+embellished features of London; and whilst the design and execution of
+so many public works manifest the increasing taste, or luxury of the
+age, they employ and give encouragement to numerous artists, artisans,
+and tradesmen.
+
+Of _the Royal Palace_, suffice it to remark, in this place, that it
+is a large pile of building,--has been carried on with great rapidity of
+execution,--its whole exterior is stone, many parts of which are adorned
+with sculptured statues, basso-relievo, and other ornaments,--that a
+highly-decorated triumphal arch, composed of fine white, marble, is
+to be raised, at a short distance from the centre of the principal
+front--and that the interior is to be splendidly adorned with marble,
+scagliola, and other rich materials; whilst the galleries, armoury,
+chapel, state-rooms, &c. are to display the most gorgeous ornaments of
+the cabinet-maker, upholsterer, decorative painter, and other artisans.
+
+_The Park_, in front of this palace, which had continued for nearly
+a century in one state of formal, tasteless insipidity, has been laid
+out as a large pleasure-garden, interspersed with lawn, clusters of
+shrubs and flowers, winding walks, varied surface, and a lake, whose
+margin is made to wind with every inequality of surface, spreading
+occasionally into a broad expanse, and then contracting to a narrow arm.
+In the midst of the larger spaces are islands, covered with aquatic
+trees and shrubs.
+
+_The Gardens_, or _Pleasure Grounds_, belonging to the Palace,
+partake of the same character; but are adorned with shrubs, plants, and
+flowers of a more choice description. A large piece of water is likewise
+formed in the midst of these Gardens.
+
+_Belgrave Square, and Vicinity_. Immediately to the west of the
+boundary-wall of the royal gardens is a tract of ground, which, in 1824,
+was open fields, intersected by mud-banks, and partly occupied by a few
+sheds, and inhabited by the lowest characters of society. In 1829, the
+same land, consisting of about 140 acres, is nearly covered with houses
+of the largest size, surrounding spacious squares, or skirting wide and
+handsome streets. Of all the extraordinary works carried into effect by
+London gentlemen and tradesmen, we may fairly adduce this as a
+pre-eminent example. In the space of about four years, the houses
+surrounding one large square, called Belgrave, have been erected, some
+of them finished and occupied, and several others, of nearly equal
+dimensions and value, completed.
+
+The most prominent feature of this district is _Belgrave Square_,
+which includes within the front walls of the houses an area of about ten
+acres, the centre of which, enclosed by lofty and handsome railing, is
+laid out as a pleasure garden. The whole of the houses are large, lofty,
+and spacious, with stuccoed fronts, porches, balustraded balconies;
+and those in the centre of each side are decorated with columns, or
+three-quarter columns, vases on the parapet, &c.
+
+Of _Eaton Square_, one portion only is built at present: as laid
+out, planted, and railed in, it is intended to occupy an area of about
+fourteen acres, and will be bounded by four rows of houses on the north
+side, and the like number on the south side, having the king's private
+road extending east and west through the centre. It measures 600 yards
+long by 120 yards wide, between the houses. At the eastern extremity is
+a new church, built from the designs of Henry Hakewill, Esq.
+
+To the north of this district, at Hyde Park Corner, is a large new
+edifice appropriated to _St. George's Hospital_. It is a commodious
+and handsome building, from the designs of R. Smirke, Esq. Near it, and
+forming an entrance lodge to the Palace Gardens, is a bold, large, and
+highly-decorated archway, built from the designs of Decimus Burton, Esq.
+Opposite is a screen of columns, with three entrance archways, a lodge,
+&c. constituting an architectural entrance to Hyde Park. Three other
+lodges, with gates, by Mr. Burton, form so many other entrances to the
+Park from the east and north--_Apsley House_, the town mansion of
+the Duke of Wellington, at the south-east angle of Hyde Park, is
+rebuilding from the designs of Messrs. B. and C. Wyatt, and will form a
+handsome object at this entrance to the metropolis.
+
+The Earl of Grosvenor has set a most laudable example to our opulent
+nobility, in the new wing to his mansion in Grosvenor Street, as a
+gallery for his valuable pictures. It is a handsome and imposing design,
+and does honour to the architect, Mr Cundy.
+
+The new _Club Houses_ in St. James's Street, especially that near
+the southern end, present imposing fronts; and it may be added, that
+most of the other Club Houses have contributed very much to adorn their
+respective situations, and to impart a strictly architectural character
+to our street buildings.
+
+The site of Carlton House, and its gardens, is occupied by a wide
+street, by a lofty terrace overlooking the Park, by club houses, &c. Two
+of the latter terminate Waterloo Place, and are appropriated to "_the
+United Service_," and "_the Athenaeum_;" the first built from
+the designs of Mr. Nash, and the latter from those of Mr. D. Burton.
+
+From Charing Cross to Exeter 'Change an amazing improvement has
+commenced. All the houses on the north side of the Strand are taking
+down, and others raising, farther back, by which the street will be much
+widened, and the new buildings will assume better faces, if not better
+accommodation, for the tradesmen who occupy them. That museum of sheds,
+stalls, and filth, _Covent Garden_, is also to be cleared and
+cleansed, and respectable ranges of shops and warerooms are to be
+erected.
+
+It is now confidently said, that "_the King's College of London_"
+is to be attached to the eastern side of Somerset House; and that Mr.
+Smirke is commissioned to make a design for the building.
+
+In the _Regent's Park_ a new Terrace and other buildings, are in
+progress; the great Colosseum is nearly finished, and the _Zoological
+Gardens_ have excited unusual popularity. No less than 130,000
+visiters have been admitted to view the gardens and the vivarium within
+the year 1828.
+
+On the east side of the Park is a mass of buildings appropriated to
+_St. Katherine's Hospital_, consisting of a chapel in the centre,
+with a group of dwellings on each side, and a detached mansion for the
+master. South of this is a series of buildings, called _Cumberland
+Terrace_, raised from the designs of Mr. Nash, which is abundantly
+adorned with columns, arches, statues, and basso-relievo.
+
+The _Colosseum_, in the same Park, is a building of great
+dimensions, and novel appropriation, and therefore calculated to excite
+very popular attention. Near this is the _Diorama_, an edifice of
+singular construction, destined for the public display of two pictures.
+A new line of communication from this Park to Pall Mall has been
+completed within the last few years, by a wide and handsome road called
+_Regent Street_.
+
+_London University_--The situation of the first University founded
+in this immense city is most peculiarly favourable, being equally
+removed from the busy and confined part of the metropolis, and from the
+fashionable and idle; whilst it is not inconveniently remote from either
+extremity. The building was commenced on the 30th of April, 1827, when
+the Duke of Sussex laid the first stone, in the presence of a large
+concourse of noblemen and gentlemen. The design is by William Wilkins,
+Esq., R.A., who has evinced in the principal elevation and general
+character of the edifice considerable taste and science. When completed,
+it is intended to consist of a central part, and two wings projecting at
+right angles from the extremities of the former. The first portion only
+of this is at present finished. It extends from north to south 430 feet,
+with a depth, from east to west, including the two semicircular
+theatres, of about 200 feet. The elevation is at once classical and
+chaste, having a bold and rich portico in the centre, elevated on a
+plinth, to the height of the first story (19 feet,) and is approached
+by numerous steps, which are arranged to produce a fine effect. Twelve
+Corinthian columns support a flattened pediment, in the tympanum of
+which is to be a composition in basso-relievo, analogous to science and
+literature. Behind this pediment is a cupola, finished by a lantern
+light, in imitation of a peripteral temple, crowning and ornamenting a
+grand octagonal vestibule, or saloon. North of this is the museum of
+natural history, 118 feet by 50, and 23 feet in height, opening to
+the museum of anatomy, which latter communicates with two rooms for
+professors, and to one of the large theatres, or lecture-rooms. East of
+the vestibule is a large hall, and to the south is the great library,
+corresponding in size, &c. with the museum of natural history; the
+small library; rooms for the librarian, for apparatus, and also another
+large theatre. The ground-floor consists of rooms for lectures, the
+Professor's offices, laboratory, museum, a spacious cloister 213 feet
+by 24; rooms for the anatomical school, &c. In the basement are other
+apartments for the anatomical schools, for the chemical laboratory,
+the students' common room, kitchen, stewards' room, refreshment rooms,
+housekeeper's room, vaults, &c.
+
+At the _British Museum_ a new room, to contain the late king's
+library, has been built and fitted up from the designs of Mr. R. Smirke.
+It is the largest apartment in this country, its measurement being 300
+feet in length, by 30 feet in width, and 30 feet high,
+
+The _St. Katherine's Docks_, recently formed near the Tower, will
+increase this species of accommodation, and be a great improvement to a
+district where reform and alteration are much required. By a statement
+published by the Committee in October, 1828, it appears that "the first
+stone was laid 3rd of May, 1827," and that a grand ceremony was exhibited
+on the 25th of October, 1828, of opening the Docks. On that occasion,
+nine vessels, of from 516 to 343 tons burden, entered the docks to load
+and discharge their freights. Above 1,200 houses, warehouses, &c. were
+purchased and taken down, to make room for the new works. Accommodation
+is provided for the stowage of 210,000 tons of merchandize; and, from
+the improved construction of the warehouses, these goods will be always
+housed under cover. The fixed capital for completing this great
+commercial undertaking is 1,352,752_l_.
+
+_A Collier Dock_, on a large scale, has been projected to be
+excavated and formed in the Isle of Dogs, near Blackwall for which
+Mr. George Rennie has made plans and estimates.
+
+The _New London Bridge_, now nearly completed, is a work of great
+magnitude, science, and novelty. Its erection, in our times, and
+following the recent finishing of the bridges of Waterloo and Southwark,
+is a memorable event in the annals of London.
+
+The projected _Tunnel under the Thames_ is not only a novel object
+in this part of London, but, should it ever be accomplished, it will be
+a wonderful triumph of human talents over seeming impossibilities.
+
+Although so many useful and even important improvements have been
+recently effected in the metropolis, there are yet many things left
+undone that ought to be done, and others proceeding in a manner that
+will neither be creditable nor beneficial. The widening and opening of
+_New Streets_ from Pall Mall to the British Museum; from that
+national repository to Waterloo Bridge, skirting the two theatres;--from
+the Strand to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and thence to Holborn; and again
+to Covent Garden;--from Charing Cross to Somerset House;--from Oxford
+Road to Bloomsbury Square and Holborn;--from Blackfriars' Bridge to
+Clerkenwell, removing and clearing away that nuisance in a public
+thoroughfare, Fleet Market;--from Moorfields to the Bank, and thence
+obliquely to Southwark Bridge;--widening and opening the area around
+St. Paul's Cathedral,--are all calculated to be very beneficial to
+the public. Other essential alterations are still required; and the
+legislature, as well as all public-spirited individuals, should
+co-operate to promote them. The formation of open, respectable quays,
+terraces, and streets, on the banks of our fine river, is an event
+greatly to be desired.
+
+The vastly-increasing population of London, has occasioned a great
+augmentation of _Churches_ and _Chapels_, both for congregations
+of the establishment, and for dissenters. In consequence of urgent, and
+argumentative appeals by some truly pious and benevolent Christians, the
+legislature has granted a large sum for the purpose of aiding parochial
+committees, to build new churches or enlarge their old ones.
+
+The _New Post Office_, in St. Martin's-le-Grand, is fast
+approaching conclusion, and will constitute one of the most imposing
+public buildings of the city. Preparatory to the re-erection of the
+whole of the _Blue Coat School_, or _Christ's Hospital_, in
+Newgate Street, a spacious and handsome Hall has been erected, from the
+designs of Mr. Shaw.
+
+A _new Chapel_, of novel design, being of an amphitheatrical form,
+has been recently completed, from the designs of _W. Brooks_,
+architect. It is seated near the Catholic Chapel, in Finsbury Circus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE FIRST AND LAST CRIME.
+
+[_Blackwood's Magazine_ for the current month contains a sketchy
+article under this title, which displays much of the breadth and vigour
+of one of Maga's contributors. Our extract is in the form of the
+confession of a reckless, daring spirit, who being imprisoned for
+murder, commits suicide. The early developement of his bad passions is
+admirably drawn, and altogether this is one of the most powerfully
+written papers that we have lately met with.]
+
+
+I was the youngest child of three; but before I had attained my tenth
+year, I was an only one. I had always been the favourite of both my
+parents, and now I was their idol. They hung upon my existence, as a
+shipwrecked mariner clings to the last floating fragment of the gallant
+bark that bore him; they lived, but while they held by me, in the rough
+tossings of the ocean of life. I was not slow to discover my value in
+their estimation, or to exercise, in its fullest extent, the capricious
+tyranny of conscious power. Almost the earliest impression which my
+ripening mind received, was a regal immunity from error--I could _do
+no wrong_.
+
+My education was not neglected. Alas! the only use I have ever made of
+what I acquired, has been to gild my vices when acted, or refine upon
+the manner of acting them while in contemplation. I look back, at this
+moment, to the period of my life I am describing, as prosperous men
+recall the day-spring of their fortunes. _They_, from the proud
+eminence on which they stand, trace, step by step, in retrospective
+view, the paths by which they ascended; and _I_, looking through
+the dark vista of my by-gone years, behold the fatal series of crimes
+and follies that stained their progress, stretching to my boyhood. The
+gay and frolic _irregularities_, as they were gently termed, of
+that untamed age, were the turbid source of the waters of misery in
+which I am now engulphed, I was a lawless planet, running at will; and
+the orbit I described laid waste more than one fair region of peace and
+happiness.
+
+My father had a brother, his elder by many years; a man of stern and
+rigid character, as I then considered him; but, as I would now call him,
+of upright, firm, and honourable principle. He loved my father, but did
+not love his weakness; and the display of it, in his indulgence towards
+me, was the cause of many a serious, if not sometimes angry, debate
+between them. Well do I remember (for it rankled like poison in my
+swelling heart) a declaration he once made in my presence. It was a
+fine autumnal evening, and he was seated with my father and mother in
+a balcony, which opened from the library-window upon a spacious lawn.
+I entered the room, and advanced towards them, unconscious, of course,
+that their conversation had been about me; but my uncle looking at me
+with a severe expression of countenance, and at the same time addressing
+his brother, exclaimed, "Well, James, neither you nor I may live to see
+it; but if the grace of God, or his own better reflection, as he grows
+older, do not work a change in this young squire, a duel, Jack Ketch,
+or a razor, will work his exit some day or other."
+
+My father smiled--I saw my mother wipe away a tear--at that moment
+I could have struck my uncle dead. I muttered a few words--I knew not
+what, and left the room. Boy as I was, (for I had barely completed
+my seventeenth year,) I felt all the vindictive passions of manhood
+kindling within me. It seemed as if a sentence had been passed upon
+me, the more terrible, because a secret voice whispered to me, it was
+prophetic! _That impression never forsook me!_
+
+I questioned my father haughtily, a few days afterwards, as to the
+reasons of his brother for thus speaking of me; and I even dared to
+insinuate, that, had he felt what a father should, he would have
+resented the indignity. He answered me (I write it with shame and
+contrition) most mildly, most affectionately. The gentle being--I see
+him now, as he tenderly took my hand--apologized to me--to me! who ought
+to have stood trembling in _his_ presence! I followed up my blow.
+With cold, but subtle malignity. I played off my revenge towards my
+uncle, through the idolatry of my father's love towards myself. I
+barbarously gave him a choice of misery; for I disdainfully replied,
+that he must henceforth determine, whether he would lose a brother or
+a son, as _I_ had determined to remain no longer under his roof,
+unless I had the assurance that I should never again see my uncle there.
+He looked at me. My God! what a look it was! so full of meek sorrow
+and appalling obedience! Without uttering a word, he sat down to his
+writing-table. The tears fell upon his paper; but they did not blot out
+a few bitter words addressed to his brother, which severed for ever in
+this world two noble hearts; cast, indeed, in different moulds, but
+which kindred blood had cemented, in the close bonds of fraternal love,
+for more than forty years.
+
+This was my _first_ revenge. But was I satisfied? No!
+
+It was only a few months afterwards, that chance threw in my way a
+daughter of my uncle's. I met her at the house of a common friend, who
+knew and deplored the unhappy schism which prevailed between the two
+brothers. He was equally attached to both, and I believe pleased himself
+with the idea, that an occasional intercourse between the younger
+branches of the families, might, some day or other, bring about a
+reconciliation between the heads. My cousin Harriet was a year older
+than myself. She was in her nineteenth, I in my eighteenth year. I loved
+her. Yes; the _first_ feeling that glowed within my bosom was that
+of love. She was beautiful--fascinating--accomplished--amiable--and
+I loved her. It was not long before I was satisfied. I had kindled a
+reciprocal passion in her breast. The mute eloquence of her look and
+manner was only the harbinger of that same thrilling eloquence, which
+fell from her tongue when I won the declaration of her affection.
+
+Her father knew we met at this friend's house; but whether he was told,
+or whether he penetrated, the secret of our attachment, I never learned.
+I only know, that, at the very moment when separation was madness, his
+mandate went forth, prohibiting all farther intercourse between us, and
+that it was obeyed. Not by me; for I was incapable of submission: but by
+my gentle Harriet, who thought _herself_ incapable of disobeying.
+We met no more where we had been wont to meet; and my young heart's
+spring of happiness seemed for ever withered.
+
+But here again, I began to reflect, my path was crossed--my hopes were
+blighted--by my uncle. I heard, too, that his tongue had been free with
+my name; that the blistering censure of his austere virtue had fallen
+upon my actions. I writhed under the contumely. My wounded spirit was
+insatiate for vengeance. I meditated, deeply, how I could inflict it, so
+as to strike the blow where he was most vulnerable. I did not brood long
+over my dark purpose. The love I still bore his daughter, was _now_
+mingled with the hatred I bore towards himself; and I exulted in the
+thought, that I should perhaps be able to gratify, at one and the same
+moment, two of the fiercest passions of my nature--lust and revenge!
+
+I SUCCEEDED!
+
+In these two words let me shroud a tale of horror. Harriet was my
+victim! Ask not how. _I_ triumphed! _She_ fell! An angel might
+have fallen as she did, and lost no purity. But her stainless heart was
+too proud in virtue to palter and equivocate with circumstances. She
+never rose from what she deemed her bridal bed. And ere twenty summers
+had fanned her cheek, the grave-worm banqueted upon its loveliness.
+
+This was my _first_ crime. The recollection of it is engraven upon
+my memory by an awful catastrophe. The night wind that sung _her_
+funeral dirge, howled with dismal fury through the burning ruins of my
+paternal mansion. Yes! that very night, as if it were in mercy to them,
+my father and my mother both perished in the flames which reduced
+the house itself to cinders. They were seen at the windows of their
+bedchamber, shrieking for aid; but before any could be procured, the
+flooring gave way, and they sunk at once into the yawning furnace that
+roared beneath. Their remains, when afterwards dug out, were a few
+shovelsfull of blackened ashes; except my father's right hand, which was
+found clasped in that of my mother, and both unconsumed. I followed
+these sad relics to the sepulchre. But with the tears I shed, there was
+blended a feeble consolation at the thought they had died before they
+knew the fate of Harriet; and a frightful joy, that another pang was
+added to the wretchedness of my uncle.
+
+I can well remember what a feeling of loneliness and desolation now took
+possession of me. Time, however, rolled on; and I grew callous, if not
+reconciled. I could not disguise from myself that the more select
+circles of society were closed against me; or, if I found my way into
+them, some blushing whisper was quickly circulated, which created a
+solitude around me.
+
+It was during this period, and while I was squandering thousands to
+achieve the conquest of shadows, that I succeeded in fixing an intimacy
+with a family equal to my own in station, and superior to it in fortune.
+The eldest daughter was an heiress of large expectations, and my
+proposals of marriage were favourably received. I might almost say that
+Matilda was mine; when one day I received a letter from her father,
+peremptorily forbidding my visits. I was thunderstruck. I hastened to
+the house, and demanded an explanation. It was given in few words. _I
+was referred to my uncle for any information I required_.
+
+This blow struck me down. I had run through my patrimonial estate; but
+hoped, by my marriage with Matilda, to repair my shattered fortune.
+Three weeks after it was known that the match was broken off, I was
+a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench! I breathed no curses upon
+the cause of this sudden reverse of fortune, but--I swore revenge, in
+silence; and I kept my oath. I languished away six months, a captive
+debtor; and then, taking the benefit of the act, I walked forth a
+beggar, to prey upon the world at large! I had studied, during that
+time, in an admirable school, where I found professors in every art by
+which fools are gulled, and knaves foiled with their own weapons. I was
+an apt scholar, and returned to the bosom of society, an adept in the
+science of _polished depredation_. Translate this into the language
+of the Old Bailey, and I became a swindler by profession. Like the
+eagle, however, I was a bird of prey that soared into the highest
+regions, and rarely stooped to strike the meaner tribes of my species. I
+had not lost, with the trappings of my birth, the manners and address of
+the sphere in which I had moved; and these were now my stock in trade
+for carrying on my new vocation.
+
+Among the children of misfortune with whom I associated in prison, was
+Charles Fitzroy; a bankrupt in every thing but exhaustless invention,
+and unconquerable perseverance. Give him the free use of his limbs, and
+with matchless dexterity he would make the contributions of the morning
+furnish out the riotous expenses of the evening. It was his boast, that
+he would breakfast with an empty pocket, and dine with a purse that
+should defray the carouse of a dozen friends. And I have known him
+fulfil his boast, with a heart as light, too, as became a man who thus
+made the credulous fools of the world his bankers.
+
+I was needy, desperate, and an outcast; and I linked my destiny with
+Fitzroy's. He had my confidence; such confidence as confederates in
+knavery can bestow. When he obtained his liberty, which he did shortly
+after my own was accomplished, he introduced me to his companions; men
+who, like himself, lived by plundering the unwary, and who looked up to
+him as their _Magnus Apollo_. I was soon initiated in all their
+mysteries; and played my part to admiration at the gaming-table, on the
+race course, and in the ring.
+
+Fitzroy was master of the secret that festered near my heart; the
+increased and increasing hatred towards my uncle. I regarded him as
+my evil genius; for not only had he thwarted me in two of the dearest
+objects of my life; but his prediction of my boyhood had clung to me
+like a poisoned garment. I could not shake it off; and now, more than
+ever, it seemed accomplishing itself with rapid strides. It made me mad
+when I reflected upon the polluted channels through which _my_
+precarious means flowed, and thought of the luxurious enjoyments which
+_his_ opulence commanded. It was true, I had dashed his cup with
+bitterness; but it was no less true, that it still flowed with sweets,
+while mine was brimming with gall. Fitzroy would often talk to me upon
+this subject, and devise schemes for a successful inroad upon his purse.
+At length a plan was matured between us, in which I could not appear,
+but which Fitzroy, and a picked few of our associates, undertook to
+execute.
+
+My uncle had always been passionately fond of the course, and prided
+himself upon his stud of racers. He betted largely, and was generally
+fortunate, probably because he selected his men with a wary eye.
+The race course, then, was the arena chosen for the enterprise; but
+admirable as were the projected plans, and skilfully as they were
+executed, such was his luck, or so profound were his calculations, that
+they failed _five_ successive seasons. Fitzroy, however, was one of
+those men who, when satisfied that what they engage in ought to succeed,
+according to the means employed, only derive fresh vigour from every
+fresh defeat. He played his game a _sixth_ time, and won. The same
+day that saw my uncle rise with thousands, saw him seek his pillow at
+night, a frantic beggar! He was too proud a man, too honourable, I will
+add, not to throw down his last guinea, in satisfaction of such demands.
+He never suspected villany in the business. He paid his losses,
+therefore; and in less than a week afterwards, an inquest sat upon his
+body, which was found at the bottom of his own fish pond.
+
+I had my share of this infernal plunder; but so ravenous had been
+my appetite for revenge, that not one pang of remorse disturbed the
+riotous enjoyments in which it was lavished. On the contrary, the very
+consciousness that it _was_ my uncle's money I squandered, gave a
+zest to every excess, and seemed to appease the gnawing passions which
+had so long tormented me. In two or three years, however, boundless
+extravagance, and the gaming-table, stripped me of my last shilling.
+It was in one of the frenzied moments of this profligate reverse of
+fortune, that I committed the crime for which, if to-morrow dawned
+upon me, I should be publicly arraigned.
+
+Fitzroy had been fortunate the whole night. I had thrown with constant
+bad luck. He had pocketed some hundreds; I had lost more than I could
+pay. I asked him for a temporary loan of fifty pounds, to make good what
+I owed, and stake the small remaining sum for the chance of retrieving
+all. He refused me. It was the first time he had ever done so. But he
+not _only_ refused me, he taunted me with sarcastic reproofs for my
+folly, and muttered something about the uselessness of assisting a man
+who, if he had thousands, would scatter them like dust. He should have
+chosen a fitter moment to exhort me, than when I was galled by my
+losses, and by his denial of my request. I was heated with wine too; and
+half mad with despair, half mad with drink, I sprang upon him, tore him
+to the earth, and before the by-standers could interfere to separate us,
+I had buried a knife, which I snatched from a table near me, up to the
+handle in his heart! He screamed--convulsively grappled me by the
+throat---and expired! His death-gripe was so fierce and powerful, that I
+believe had we been alone, his murderer would have been found strangled
+by his side. It was with difficulty that the horror-struck witnesses of
+this bloody scene could force open his clenched hands time enough to let
+me breathe.
+
+I have done! I remember, as if it were but yesterday, the silent
+response which my heart made, when my uncle pronounced that withering
+sentence on me. "No!" was my indignant exclamation; "I may deserve a
+hundred public deaths; but if I know myself, I would never undergo
+one!--NOR WILL I." When that which I have written shall be read--other
+hopes and fears--other punishments, perchance, than man can awaken or
+inflict--will await me. My _first_ crime--my _first_ revenge,
+and my _last_, I have recorded; my _last_ crime others must
+tell, when they speak of the murderer and SUICIDE,
+
+  JAMES MORLEY.
+
+There is little doubt that scarcely a moment intervened between his
+writing his name, and placing the pistol to his heart; for when he was
+discovered, the pen was lying on the paper, as if it had been laid down
+only for an instant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REGAL TABLET.
+
+(_Concluded from page 166._)
+
+
+CHARLES II.
+
+restored 29th May, 1669, ended 6th Feb. 1685.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Alexander VII.,            1655.
+Clement IX.,               1667.
+Clement X.,                1670.
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip IV.,                1620.
+Charles II.,               1665.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Alonzo VI.,                1656.
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+
+_Denmark_
+
+Frederic III.,             1648.
+Christian V.,              1670.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JAMES II.
+
+began his reign 6th Feb. 1685, abdicated 13th Feb. 1689.
+
+Contemporaries all as in the last reign.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WILLIAM AND MARY
+
+began their reign 13th Feb. 1689, ended 8th March, 1702.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Innocent XI.,              1676.
+Alexander VIII.,           1689.
+Innocent XII.,             1691.
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Charles II.,               1665.
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Christian V.,              1670.
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XI.,               1660.
+Charles XII.,              1697.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANNE
+
+began her reign 8th March, 1702, ended 1st Aug. 1714.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Leopold I.,                1658.
+Joseph I.,                 1705.
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Pedro II.,                 1683.
+John V.,                   1706.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XII.               1697.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic I.,               1701.
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Illustrious House of Brunswick.
+
+GEORGE I.
+
+began his reign 1st Aug. 1714, ended 11th June, 1727.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XI.,               1700.
+Innocent XIII.,            1721.
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+
+_Emperor of Germany_.
+
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Peter I.,                  1724.
+Catherine I.,              1725.
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XIV.,                1643.
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+John V.,                   1706.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Charles XII.               1697.
+Ulrica,                    1718.
+Frederic,                  1720.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William I.,       1713.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE II.
+
+began his reign 11th June, 1727, ended 25th Oct. 1760.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Benedict XIII.,            1723.
+Clement XII.,              1730.
+Benedict XIV.,             1740.
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Charles VI.,               1711.
+Charles VII.,              1740.
+Francis I.,                1745.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Peter II.,                 1727.
+Anne.,                     1730.
+John V.,                   1740.
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XV.,                 1715.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Philip V.,                 1700.
+Ferdinand,                 1746.
+Charles III.,              1759.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+John V.,                   1706.
+Joseph,                    1750.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic IV.,              1699.
+Christian VI.              1730.
+Frederic V.,               1746.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Frederic,                  1720.
+Adolphus,                  1751.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William, I,       1713.
+Frederic II.,              1740.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE III.
+
+began his reign 25th Oct. 1760, ended 29th Jan. 1820.
+
+_Popes_.
+
+Clement XIII.,             1758.
+Clement XIV.,              1769.
+Pius VI.,                  1775.
+Pius VII.,                 1800.
+
+_Emperors of Germany_.
+
+Francis I.,                1745.
+Joseph II.,                1765.
+Francis II.,               1792.[4]
+
+_Austria_.
+
+Francis I.,                1806.
+
+_Turkey_.
+
+Mustapha III.,             1757.
+Achmed,                    1774.
+Selim III.,                1789.
+Mahamud VI.,               1808.
+
+_Portugal_.
+
+Joseph,                    1750.
+Mary and Peter III.,       1777.
+Mary (alone),              1786.
+John,                      1816.
+
+_Russia_.
+
+Elizabeth,                 1741.
+Peter III.,                1762.
+Catharine II.,             1762.
+Paul I.,                   1796.
+Alexander,                 1801.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic the Great,         1740.
+Frederic William II.,       1786.
+
+_France_.
+
+Louis XV.,                  1715.
+Louis XVI.,                 1774.
+Louis XVII.                 1793.
+Bonaparte,                  1799.
+Louis XVIII.,               1814.
+
+_Spain_.
+
+Charles III.,               1759.
+Charles IV.,                1788.
+Ferdinand VII.,             1808.
+
+_Denmark_.
+
+Frederic V.,                1746.
+Christian VII.,             1766.
+Matilda,                    1772.
+Frederic VI.                1808.
+
+_Sweden_.
+
+Adolphus Frederic,          1751.
+Gustavus III.,              1771.
+Gustavus IV.,               1792.
+Charles XIII.,              1809.
+Charles XIV., (Bernadotte), 1818.
+
+_Holland_.
+
+William V. (Stadtholder),   1757.
+William, Prince of Orange,  1815.
+
+_Prussia_.
+
+Frederic William III.,      1797.
+
+_Poland_.
+
+Stanislaus II.              1764.
+
+_Naples and Sicily_.
+
+Frederic IV.                1759.
+Joseph Napoleon,            1806.
+Joachim Napoleon,           1809.
+King of Naples restored,    1815.
+
+_Etruria_.
+
+Francis,                    1730.
+Leopold,                    1765.
+Ferdinand III.,             1790.
+Louis I.,                   1801.
+Louis II.                   1802.
+
+_Sardinia_.
+
+Charles Emanuel III.        1730.
+Victor Amadeus,             1773.
+Emanuel V.,                 1802.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GEORGE IV.
+
+ascended 29th Jan. 1820, whom GOD preserve.
+
+Contemporaries at the commencement of his reign the same as at the death
+of his late majesty.
+
+JACOBUS.
+
+    [4] Francis II. of Germany abdicated 1806, and took the title of
+        Emperor of Austria.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR,
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MOUNT ARAFAT, AND THE PILGRIMAGE
+TO MEKKA.
+
+
+Every traditionary and topographical particular of this hallowed spot,
+and the picturesque ceremonies by which it is consecrated, must be
+acceptable to the Christian reader; and this conviction has induced us
+to abridge the following from that portion of _Burckhardt's Travels_
+which describes the _Hadj_, or _pilgrimage_ to Mekka.
+
+At sunrise on the 9th of Zul Hadj, every pilgrim issued from his tent,
+to walk over the plains, and take a view of the busy crowds assembled
+there. Long streets of tents, fitted up as bazars, furnished all kinds
+of provisions. The Syrian and Egyptian cavalry were exercised by their
+chiefs early in the morning, while thousands of camels were seen feeding
+upon the dry shrubs of the plain all round the camp. I walked to Mount
+Arafat, to enjoy from its summit a more distinct view of the whole.
+This granite hill, which is also called _Djebel er' Rahme_, or the
+Mountain of Mercy, rises on the north-east side of the plain, close to
+the mountains which encompass it, but separated from them by a rocky
+valley; it is about a mile, or a mile and a half in circuit; its sides
+are sloping, and its summit is nearly two hundred feet above the level
+of the plain. On the eastern side broad stone steps lead up to the top,
+and a broad unpaved path, on the western, over rude masses of granite,
+with which its declivity is covered. After mounting about forty steps,
+we find a spot a little on the left, called Modaa Seydna Adam, or the
+place of prayer of our Lord Adam, where, it is related, that the father
+of mankind used to stand while praying; for here it was, according to
+Mohammedan tradition, that the angel Gabriel first instructed Adam how
+to adore his Creator. A marble slab, bearing an inscription in modern
+characters, is fixed in the side of the mountain. On reaching about the
+sixtieth step, we come to a small paved platform to our right, on a
+level spot of the hill, where the preacher stands who admonishes the
+pilgrims on the afternoon of this day, as I shall hereafter mention.
+Thus high, the steps are so broad and easy that a horse or camel may
+ascend; but higher up they become more steep and uneven. On the summit,
+the place is shown where Mohammed used to take his station during the
+Hadj; a small chapel formerly stood over it; but this was destroyed by
+the Wahabys: here the pilgrims usually pray two rikats, in salutation
+of Arafat. The steps and the summit are covered with handkerchiefs to
+receive their pious gifts, and each family of the Mekkawys or Bedouins
+of the tribe of Koreysh, in whose territory Arafat lies, has its
+particular spot assigned to it for this purpose. The summit commands a
+very extensive and singular prospect. I brought my compass to take a
+circle of bearings; but the crowd was so great that I could not use it.
+Towards the western extremity of the plain are seen Bir Bazan and the
+Aalameyn; somewhat nearer, southwards, the mosque called Djama Nimre,
+or Djama Seydna Ibrahim; and on the south-east, a small house where the
+Sherif used to lodge during the pilgrimage. From thence an elevated
+rocky ground in the plain extends towards Arafat. On the eastern side
+of the mountain, and close to its foot, are the ruins of a small mosque,
+built on rocky ground, called Djama el Szakhrat, where Mohammed was
+accustomed to pray, and where the pilgrims make four prostrations in
+memory of the prophet. Several large reservoirs lined with stone are
+dispersed over the plain; two or three are close to the foot of Arafat,
+and there are some near the house of the Sherifs: they are filled from
+the same fine aqueduct which supplies Mekka, and the head of which is
+about one hour and a half distant, in the eastern mountains. The canal
+is left open here for the convenience of pilgrims, and is conducted
+round the three sides of the mountains, passing by Modaa Seydna Adam.[5]
+
+From the summit of Arafat, I counted about three thousand tents
+dispersed over the plain, of which two-thirds belonged to the two Hadj
+caravans, and to the suite and soldiers of Mohammed Aly; the rest to the
+Arabs of the Sherif, the Bedouin hadjys, and the people of Mekka and
+Djidda. These assembled multitudes were for the greater number, like
+myself, without tents. The two caravans were encamped without much
+order, each party of pilgrims or soldiers having pitched its tents in
+large circles or _dowars_, in the midst of which many of their
+camels were reposing. The plain contained, dispersed in different parts,
+from twenty to twenty-five thousand camels, twelve thousand of which
+belonged to the Syrian Hadj, and from five to six thousand to the
+Egyptian; besides about three thousand, purchased by Mohammed Aly from
+the Bedouins in the Syrian Deserts, and brought to Mekka with the Hadj,
+to convey the pilgrims to this place, previously to being used for the
+transport of army-provisions to Tayf.
+
+The Syrian Hadj was encamped on the south and south-west side of the
+mountain; the Egyptian on the south-east. Around the house of the
+Sherif, Yahya himself was encamped with his Bedouin troops, and in its
+neighbourhood were all the Hedjaz people. Here it was that the two Yemen
+caravans used formerly to take their station. Mohammed Aly, and Soleyman
+Pasha of Damascus, as well as several of their officers, had very
+handsome tents; but the most magnificent of all was that of the wife of
+Mohammed Aly, the mother of Tousoun Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha, who had
+lately arrived from Cairo for the Hadj, with a truly royal equipage,
+five hundred camels being necessary to transport her baggage from Djidda
+to Mekka. Her tent was in fact an encampment consisting of a dozen tents
+of different sizes, inhabited by her women; the whole enclosed by a wall
+of linen cloth, eight hundred paces in circuit, the single entrance to
+which was guarded by eunuchs in splendid dresses. Around this enclosure
+were pitched the tents of the men who formed her numerous suite. The
+beautiful embroidery on the exterior of this linen palace, with the
+various colours displayed in every part of it, constituted an object
+which reminded me of some descriptions in the Arabian Tales of the
+Thousand and One Nights. Among the rich equipages of the other hadjys,
+or of the Mekka people, none were so conspicuous as that belonging
+to the family of Djeylany, the merchant, whose tents, pitched in a
+semicircle, rivalled in beauty those of the two pashas, and far exceeded
+those of Sherif Yahya. In other parts of the East, a merchant would
+as soon think of buying a rope for his own neck, as of displaying his
+wealth in the presence of a pasha; but Djeylany has not yet laid aside
+the customs which the Mekkawys learned under their old government,
+particularly that of Sherif Ghaleb, who seldom exercised extortion upon
+single individuals; and they now rely on the promises of Mohammed Aly,
+that he will respect their property.
+
+During the whole morning, there were repeated discharges of the
+artillery which both pashas had brought with them. A few pilgrims
+had taken up their quarters on Djebel Arafat itself, where some small
+cavern, or impending block of granite, afforded them shelter from the
+sun. It is a belief generally entertained in the East, and strengthened
+by many boasting hadjys on their return home, that all the pilgrims, on
+this day, encamp upon Mount Arafat; and that the mountain possesses the
+miraculous property of expansion, so as to admit an indefinite number of
+the faithful upon its summit. The law ordains that the _wakfe_, or
+position of the Hadj, should be on Djebel Arafat; but it wisely provides
+against any impossibility, by declaring that the plain in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the mountain may be regarded as comprised under the
+term "mountain," or Djebel Arafat.
+
+I estimated the number of persons assembled here at about seventy
+thousand. The camp was from three to four miles long, and between one
+and two in breadth. There is, perhaps, no spot on earth where, in so
+small a place, such a diversity of languages are heard; I reckoned about
+forty, and I have no doubt that there were many more. It appeared to me
+as if I were here placed in a holy temple of travellers only; and never
+did I at any time feel a more ardent wish to be able to penetrate once
+into the inmost recesses of the countries of many of those persons
+whom I now saw before me, fondly imagining that I might have no more
+difficulty in reaching their homes, than what they had experienced in
+their journey to this spot.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The time of Aszer (or about three o'clock, P.M.) approached, when that
+ceremony of the Hadj takes place, for which the whole assembly had come
+hither. The pilgrims now pressed forward towards the mountain of Arafat,
+and covered its sides from top to bottom. At the precise time of Aszer,
+the preacher took his stand upon the platform on the mountain, and began
+to address the multitude. This sermon, which lasts till sun-set,
+constitutes the holy ceremony of the Hadj called Khotbet el Wakfe; and
+no pilgrim, although he may have visited all the holy places of Mekka,
+is entitled to the name of hadjy, unless he has been present on this
+occasion. As Aszer approached, therefore, all the tents were struck,
+every thing was packed up, the caravans began to load, and the pilgrims
+belonging to them mounted their camels, and crowded round the mountain,
+to be within sight of the preacher, which is sufficient, as the greater
+part of the multitude is necessarily too distant to hear him. The two
+pashas, with their whole cavalry drawn up in two squadrons behind them,
+took their post in the rear of the deep lines of camels of the hadjys,
+to which those of the people of the Hedjaz were also joined; and here
+they waited in solemn and respectful silence the conclusion of the
+sermon. Further removed from the preacher, was the Sherif Yahya, with
+his small body of soldiers, distinguished by several green standards
+carried before him. The two Mahmals, or holy camels, which carry on
+their back the high structure that serves as the banner of their
+respective caravans, made way with difficulty through the ranks of
+camels that encircled the southern and eastern sides of the hill,
+opposite to the preacher, and took their station, surrounded by their
+guards, directly under the platform in front of him.[6]
+
+The preacher, or Khatyb, who is usually the Kadhy of Mekka, was mounted
+upon a finely caparisoned camel, which had been led up the steps; it
+being traditionally said that Mohammed was always seated when he here
+addressed his followers, a practice in which he was imitated by all
+the Khalifes who came to the Hadj, and who from hence addressed their
+subjects in person. The Turkish gentleman of Constantinople, however,
+unused to camel-riding, could not keep his seat so well as the hardy
+Bedouin prophet; and the camel becoming unruly, he was soon obliged to
+alight from it. He read his sermon from a book in Arabic, which he held
+in his hands. At intervals of every four or five minutes he paused, and
+stretched forth his arms to implore blessings from above; while the
+assembled multitudes around and before him waved the skirts of their
+ihrams over their heads, and rent the air with shouts of "Lebeyk,
+Allahuma Lebeyk," (i.e. Here we are, at thy commands, O God!) During
+the wavings of the ihrams, the side of the mountain, thickly crowded
+as it was by the people in their white garments, had the appearance
+of a cataract of water; while the green umbrellas, with which several
+thousand hadjys, sitting on their camels below, were provided, bore some
+resemblance to a verdant plain.--During his sermon, which lasted almost
+three hours, the Kadhy was seen constantly to wipe his eyes with a
+handkerchief; for the law enjoins the Khatyb or preacher to be moved
+with feeling and compunction; and adds that, whenever tears appear on
+his face, it is a sign that the Almighty enlightens him, and is ready
+to listen to his prayers.
+
+At length the sun began to descend behind the western mountains; upon
+which the Kadhy, having shut his book, received a last greeting of
+"Lebeyk;" and the crowds rushed down the mountain, in order to quit
+Arafat. It is thought meritorious to accelerate the pace on this
+occasion; and many persons make it a complete race, called by the Arabs,
+_Ad' dafa min Arafat_. In former times, when the strength of the
+Syrian and Egyptian caravans happened to be nearly balanced, bloody
+affrays took place here almost every year between them, each party
+endeavouring to outrun and to carry its _mahmal_ in advance of the
+other. The same happened when the _mahmals_ approached the platform
+at the commencement of the sermon; and two hundred lives have on some
+occasions been lost in supporting what was thought the honour of the
+respective caravans. At present the power of Mohammed Aly preponderates,
+and the Syrian hadjys display great humility. The united caravans and
+the whole mass of pilgrims now moved forward over the plain; every
+tent had been previously packed up, to be ready for the occasion. The
+pilgrims pressed through the Aalameyn, which they must repass on their
+return; and night came on before they reached the defile called El
+Mazoumeyn. Innumerable torches were now lighted, twenty-four being
+carried before each pasha; and the sparks of fire from them flew far
+over the plain. There were continual discharges of artillery; the
+soldiers fired their muskets; the martial bands of both the pashas
+played; sky-rockets were thrown as well by the pashas' officers, as
+by many private pilgrims; while the Hadj passed at a quick pace in
+the greatest disorder, amidst a deafening clamour, through the pass of
+Mazoumeyn, leading towards Mezdelfe, where all alighted, after a two
+hours' march. No order was observed here in encamping; and every one lay
+down on the spot that first presented itself, no tents being pitched
+except those of the pashas and their suites; before which was an
+illumination of lamps in the form of high arches, which continued to
+blaze the whole night, while the firing of the artillery was kept up
+without intermission.
+
+    [5] At the close of the sixteenth century, according to Kotobeddyn,
+        the whole plain of Arafat was cultivated.
+
+    [6] The Mahmal (an exact representation of which is given by D'Ohsson)
+        is a high, hollow, wooden frame, in the form of a cone, with a
+        pyramidal top, covered with a fine silk brocade adorned with
+        ostrich feathers, and having a small book of prayers and charms
+        placed in the midst of it, wrapped up in a piece of silk. (My
+        description is taken from the Egyptian Mahmal.) When on the road,
+        it serves as a holy banner to the caravan; and on the return of
+        the Egyptian caravan, the book of prayers is exposed in the mosque
+        El Hassaneyn, at Cairo, where men and women of the lower classes
+        go to kiss it and obtain a blessing by rubbing their foreheads
+        upon it. No copy of the Koran, nor any thing but the book of
+        prayers, is placed in the Cairo Mahmal. I believe the custom to
+        have arisen in the battle-banner of the Bedouins, called Merkeb
+        and Otfe, which I have mentioned in my remarks on the Bedouins,
+        and which resemble the Mahmal, inasmuch as they are high wooden
+        frames placed upon camels.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS
+
+_From the Memoirs of General Miller, Second Edition._
+
+
+In the Pampas, where a scarcity of food is unknown to the poorest, that
+calculating avarice which, in its fears for to-morrow, would look with
+apathy on the wants of the stranger, can have but a limited sway. Kind
+offices are, therefore more freely and disinterestedly conferred than
+in less abundant regions. In addition to this, the dearth of society
+in a thinly-sprinkled population renders the presence of a traveller
+on their isolated _haciendas_ a source of gratification. If his
+appearance afford no ground for mistrust, and if his manners are not
+disagreeable, his being a stranger is a sufficient passport to a kind
+and hearty welcome. Whether he be rich or poor is not a subject of
+inquiry, and makes no difference in the reception.
+
+The South Americans are gay, and fond of dancing, music, and singing.
+There are few, whether wealthy or otherwise, who are not proficients in
+one or other of these accomplishments. In the warmer latitudes, people
+carry on not only their usual occupations, but their amusements, chiefly
+in the open air; and as singing constitutes one of the principal sources
+of the latter, the continued exercise of the voice harmonizes and
+strengthens it. Perhaps no opera, in Europe, could afford, to a natural
+and unsophisticated ear, so rich a treat as that which may be enjoyed in
+Cuzco, Arequipa, and other cities, where the ancient Peruvian airs are
+sung in the rich and melodious tones of the natives.
+
+The South Americans possess great intellectual quickness, and a
+retentive memory. The following may be cited as an extraordinary
+instance of the latter faculty. An old man, a native of La Pax, in Upper
+Peru, and of unmixed Indian blood, who kept an inn at Curicavi, between
+Valparaiso and Santiago, could repeat nearly the whole of Robertson's
+"History of Charles the Fifth," and was better acquainted with the
+History of England than most Englishmen. He spoke of Queen Boadicea, and
+was as familiar with the history of the civil wars between the houses
+of York and Lancaster as if they had occurred in his country, and in
+his own times. He had been brought up by the Jesuits. He had made two
+voyages to Canton, and was known by the name of "the emperor of China,"
+in consequence frequently of amusing his guests with long stories about
+the _celestial empire_.
+
+The Peruvians have great natural talents for painting and sculpture.
+They generally produce striking likenesses, but being uninstructed in
+the principles of these arts, their pictures have no other merit. There
+is, however, a female figure, done in 1711, by a native of Quito, which
+is considered as one of the finest paintings in a very good collection
+belonging to Mynheer Vandermarlin, of Brussels.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORATORIOS.
+
+
+The first oratorio performed in London, was at the Lincoln's Inn Fields
+Theatre, in 1732. On June 10, in the same year, the serenata of _Acis
+and Galatea_ was performed at the Italian Opera House, in English, by
+Italian performers, with scenery representing a rural prospect, with
+rocks, groves, fountains, and grottoes; amongst which were disposed a
+chorus of nymphs and shepherds, with dresses and "every other decoration
+suited to the subject."--_Companion to the Theatres_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, NO. 361, SUPPLEMENTARY ISSUE (1829)***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 13578.txt or 13578.zip *******
+
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