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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/13362-0.txt b/13362-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46c609d --- /dev/null +++ b/13362-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2003 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13362 *** + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 38.] SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{113} + +CONTENTS + +NOTES:-- + Meaning of Delighted as used by Shakspeare, by S. Hickson + Authors of "The Rolliad," by Lord Braybrooke + Notes on Milton + Derivation of Easter, by J. Sansom + Folk Lore--Passages of Death, by Dr. Guest--Divination + at Marriages + Francis Lenton the Poet, by Dr. Rimbault + Minor Notes:--Lilburn or Prynne--Peep of Day--Martinet-- + Guy's Porridge Pot +QUERIES:-- + Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding, by John Miland + Stukeley's "Stonehenge," by Henry Cunliffe + Athelstane's Form of Donation--Meaning of "Somagia," + by J. Sansom + Minor Queries:--Charade--"Smoke Money"--"Rapido + contrarius orbi"--Lord Richard Christophilus-- + Fiz gigs--Specimens of Erica in Bloom--Michael + Scott the Wizard--Stone Chalices +REPLIES:-- + Ulrich von Hutten and the "Epistolæ Obscurorum + Virorum," by S.W. Singer + Caxton's Printing-office, by J.G. Nichols + The New Temple + Strangers in the House of Commons + Replies to Minor Queries:--Morganatic Marriage-- + Umbrellas--Bands--Scarf--Jewish Music--North + Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Men are but + Children" &c.--Ventriloquism--Cromwell's Estates + --Magor--Vincent Gookin--All-to brake +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, Sales, &c. + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted + Notices to Correspondents + Advertisements + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "DELIGHTED," AS SOMETIMES USED BY SHAKSPEARE. + +I wish to call attention to the peculiar use of a word, or rather to a +peculiar word, in Shakspeare, which I do not recollect to have met with +in any other writer. I say a "peculiar word," because, although the verb +_To delight_ is well known, and of general use, the word, the same in +form, to which I refer, is not only of different meaning, but, as I +conceive, of distinct derivation the non-recognition of which has led to +a misconception of the meaning of one of the finest passages in +Shakspeare. The first passage in which it occurs, that I shall quote, is +the well known one from _Measure for Measure_: + + "Ay, but to die, and go we know not where; + To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot, + This sensible warm motion to become + A kneaded clod; and the _delighted_ spirit + To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside + In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice; + To be imprison'd in the viewless winds + And blown with restless violence round about + The pendant world." Act iii. Sc. 1. + +Now, if we examine the construction of this passage, we shall find that +it appears to have been the object of the writer to separate, and place +in juxtaposition with each other, the conditions of the body and the +spirit, each being imagined under circumstances to excite repulsion or +terror in a sentient being. The mind sees the former lying in "cold +obstruction," rotting, changed from a "sensible warm motion" to a +"kneaded clod," every circumstance leaving the impression of dull, dead +weight, deprived of force and motion. The spirit, on the other hand, is +imagined under circumstances that give the most vivid picture +conceivable of utter powerlessness: + + "Imprison'd in the viewless winds, + And blown with restless violence round about + The pendant world." + +To call the spirit here "delighted," in our sense of the term, would be +absurd; and no explanation of the passage in this sense, however +ingenious, is intelligible. That it is intended to represent the spirit +simply as _lightened_, made light, relieved from the weight of matter, I +am convinced, and this is my view of the meaning of the word in the +present instance. + +_Delight_ is naturally formed by the participle _de_ and _light_, to +make light, in the same way as "debase," to make base, "defile," to make +foul. The analogy is not quite so perfect in such words as "define," +"defile" (file), "deliver," "depart," &c.; yet they all may be +considered of the same class. The last of these is used with us only in +the sense of _to go away_; in Shakspeare's time (and Shakspeare so uses +it) it meant also _to part_, or _part with_. A correspondent of Mr. +Knight's suggests {114} for the word _delight_ in this passage, also, a +new derivation; using _de_ as a negation, and _light (lux), delighted_, +removed from the regions of light. This is impossible; if we look at the +context we shall see that it not only contemplated no such thing, but +that it is distinctly opposed to it. + +I am less inclined to entertain any doubt of the view I have taken being +correct, from the confirmation it receives in another passage of +Shakspeare, which runs as follows: + + "If virtue no _delighted_ beauty lack, + Your son-in-law shows far more fair than black." + +_Othello_, Act i. Sc. 3. + +Passing by the cool impertinence of one editor, who asserts that +Shakspeare frequently used the past for the present participle, and the +almost equally cool correction of another, who places the explanatory +note "*delightful" at the bottom of the page, I will merely remark that +the two latest editors of Shakspeare, having apparently nothing to say +on the subject, have very wisely said nothing. Yet, as we understand the +term "delighted," the passage surely needs explanation. We cannot +suppose that Shakspeare used epithets so weakening as "delighting" or +"delightful." The meaning of the passage would appear to be this: If +virtue be not wanting in beauty--such beauty as can belong to virtue, +not physical, but of a higher kind, and freed from all material +elements--then your son-in-law, black though he is, shows far more fair +than black, possessing, in fact, this _abstract_ kind of beauty to that +degree that his colour is forgotten. In short, "delighted" here seems to +mean, _lightened_ of all that is gross or unessential. + +There is yet another instance in Cymbeline, which seems to bear a +similar construction: + + "Whom best I love, I cross: to make my gifts + The more delay'd, _delighted_." + +Act v. Sc. 4. + +That is, "the _more_ delighted;" the longer held back, the better worth +having; lightened of whatever might detract from their value, that is, +refined or purified. In making the remark here, that "delighted" refers +not to the recipient nor to the giver, but to the gifts, I pass by the +nonsense that the greatest master of the English language did not heed +the distinction between the past and the present participles, as not +worth a second thought. + +The word appears to have had a distinct value of its own, and is not to +be explained by any other single word. If this be so, it could hardly +have been coined by Shakspeare. Though, possibly, it may never have been +much used, perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to furnish +other instances from other writers. + +SAMUEL HICKSON. + +St. John's Wood. + + * * * * * + +AUTHORS OF "THE ROLLIAD." + +The subjoined list of the authors of _The Rolliad_, though less complete +than I could have wished, is, I believe, substantially correct, and may, +therefore, be acceptable to your readers. The names were transcribed by +me from a copy of the ninth edition of _The Rolliad_ (1791), still in +the library at Sunninghill Park, in which they had been recorded on the +first page of the respective papers. + +There seems to be no doubt that they were originally communicated by Mr. +George Ellis, who has always been considered as one of the most talented +contributors to _The Rolliad_. He also resided for many years at +Sunninghill, and was in habits of intimacy with the owners of the Park. +Your correspondent C. (Vol. ii., p. 43.) may remark that Lord John +Townshend's name occurs only twice in my list; but his Lordship may have +written some of the papers which are not in the Sunninghill volume, as +they appeared only in the editions of the work printed subsequently to +1791, and are designated as _Political Miscellanies_. + +_Names of the Authors of the Rolliad_. + +Dedication to Kenyon Dr. Laurence. +Family of the Rollos Tickell, &c. +Extract from Dedication General Fitzpatrick. +Criticisms from the No. +_Rolliad_ George Ellis 1 & 2. +---- Dr. Laurence 3. +---- Richardson 4. +---- General Fitzpatrick 5. +---- Dr. Laurence 6, 7, 8. +---- General Fitzpatrick 9. +---- Richardson 10 & 11. +---- General Fitzpatrick 12. +Criticisms not in the + original, but probably + written by Dr. Laurence 13 & 14. +Criticisms, &c. Part. ii. George Ellis 1 & 2. +---- Richardson 3 & 4. +---- General Fitzpatrick 5. +Criticisms, not in the +original Mr. Reid 6. +---- Dr. Laurence 7. + +_Political Eclogues_. + +Rose Dr. Laurence. +The Liars General Fitzpatrick. +Margaret Nicholson Mr. Adair. +Charles Jenkinson George Ellis. +Jekyl Lord John Townshend. + +_Probationary Odes_. + +All the Preliminaries Mr. Tickell. +Irregular Ode Mr. Tickell No. 1. +Ode to the New Year George Ellis 2. +Ode Rev. H. Bate Dudley 3. +---- Richardson 4. +Duan John Ellis 5. {115} +Ossianade Unknown 6. +Irregular Ode Unknown 7. +Ode to the Attorney- + General Mr. Brummell 8. +Laureate Ode Mr. Tickell 9. +New Year's Ode Mr. Pearce 10. +Ode by M.A. Taylor Mr. Boscawen 11. +---- by Major Scott Lord John Towns- + hend 12. +---- Irregular(Dundas) Never known to the + Club 13. +---- by Warton Bishop of Ossory + (Hon. William + Beresford) 14. +---- Pindaric General Fitzpatrick 15. +---- Irregular Dr. Laurence 16. +---- Prettyman General Burgoyne 17. +---- Graham Mr. Reid 18. +Letter, &c. and Mount- + morres Richardson 19. +Birthday Ode George Ellis 20. +Pindaric Ode Unmarked 21. +Real Birthday Ode T. Warton 22. +Remaining prose Richardson. + +I am not certain whether Mr. Adair, to whom "Margaret Nicholson," one of +the happiest of the Political Eclogues, is attributed, is the present +Sir Robert Adair. If so, as the only survivor amongst his literary +colleagues, he might furnish some interesting particulars respecting the +remarkable work to which I have called your attention. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, July, 1850. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON MILTON. + +(Continued from Vol. ii., p. 53.) + +_Il Penseroso._ + +On l. 8 (G.):-- + + "Fantastic swarms of dreams there hover'd, + Green, red, and yellow, tawney, black, and blue; + They make no noise, but right resemble may + Th' unnumber'd moats that in the sun-beams play." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + +Cælia, in Beaumont and Fletcher's _Humorous Lieutenant_, says,-- + + "My maidenhead to a mote in the sun, he's jealous." + +Act iv. Sc. 8. + +On l. 35. (G.) Mr. Warton might have found a happier illustration of his +argument in Ben Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_, Act i. Sc. 3.:-- + + "Too conceal such real ornaments as these, and shadow + their glory, as a milliner's wife does her wrought + stomacher, with a smoaky lawn, or a _black cyprus_." + +--Whalley's edit. vol. i. p. 33. + +On l. 39. (G.) The origin of this uncommon use of the word "commerce" is +from Donne:-- + + "If this commerce 'twixt heaven and earth were not + embarred." + +--_Poems_, p. 249. Ed. 4to. 1633. + +On l. 43. (G.):-- + + "That sallow-faced, sad, stooping nymph, whose eye + Still on the ground is fixed steadfastly." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas_ + +On l. 52. (G.):-- + + "Mounted aloft on Contemplation's wings." + +_G. Wither_, P. 1. vol. i. Ed. 1633. + +Drummond has given "golden wings" to Fame. + +On l. 88. (G.):-- + + Hermes Trismegistus. + +On l. 100. (G.):-- + + "Tyrants' bloody gests + Of Thebes, Mycenæ, or proud Ilion." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + + * * * * * + +_Arcades._ + +On l. 23. (G.):-- + + "And without respect of odds, + Vye renown with Demy-gods." + +_Wither's Mistresse of Philarete_, Sig. E. 5. Ed. 1633. + +On l. 27. (G.):-- + + "But yet, whate'er he do or can devise, + Disguised glory shineth in his eyes." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + +On l. 46. (G.):-- + + "An eastern wind commix'd with _noisome airs_, + Shall _blast the plants_ and the _young sapplings_." + +_Span. Trag. Old Plays_, vol. iii. p. 222. + +On l. 65. (G.) Compare Drunmond--speech of Endymion before Charles:-- + + "To tell by me, their herald, coming things, + And what each Fate to her stern distaff sings," &c. + +On l. 84. (M.):-- + + "And with his beams enamel'd every greene." + +_Fairfax's Tasso_, b. i. st. 35. + +On l. 97. (G.):-- + + "Those brooks with lilies bravely deck't." + +_Drayton_, 1447. + +On l. 106. (G.):-- + + "Pan entertains, this coming night, + His paramour, the Syrinx bright." + +_Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess_, Act i. + +J.F.M. + + * * * * * + +DERIVATION OF EASTER. + +Southey, in his _Book of the Church_, derives our word _Easter_ from a +_Saxon_ source:-- + + "The worship," he says, "of the goddess _Eostre_ or _Eastre_, + which may probably be traced to the Astarte of the Phoenicians, + is retained among us in the word _Easter_; her annual festival + having been superseded by that sacred day." + +Should he not rather have given a _British_ origin to the name of our +Christian holy day? Southey acknowledges that the "heathenism which the +{116} Saxons introduced, bears no [very little?] affinity either to that +of the Britons or the Romans;" yet it is certain that the Britons +worshipped Baal and _Ashtaroth_, a relic of whose worship appears to be +still retained in Cornwall to this day. The Druids, as Southey tells us, +"made the people pass through the fire in honour of Baal." But the +_festival_ in honour of Baal appears to have been in the _autumn_: for + + "They made the people," he informs us, "at the beginning of + _winter_, extinguish all their fires on one day and kindle them + again from the sacred fire of the Druids, which would make the + house fortunate for the ensuing year; and, if any man came who + had not paid his yearly dues, [Easter offerings, &c., date back + as far as this!] they refused to give him a spark, neither durst + any of his neighbours relieve him, nor might he himself procure + fire by any other means, so that he and his family were deprived + of it till he had discharged the uttermost of his debt." + +The Druidical fires kindled in the _spring_ of the year, on the other +hand, would appear to be those in honour of _Ashtaroth_, or _Astarte_, +from whom the _British Christians_ may naturally enough have derived the +name of _Easter_ for their corresponding season. We might go even +further than this, and say that the young ladies who are reported still +to take the chief part in keeping up the Druidical festivities in +Cornwall, very happily represent the ancient _Estal_ (or _Vestal_) +virgins. + + "In times of Paganism," says O'Halloran, "we find in _Ireland_ + females devoted to celibacy. There was in Tara a royal + foundation of this kind, wherein none were admitted but virgins + of the noblest blood. It was called Cluain-Feart, or the place + of retirement till death," &c ... "The duty of these virgins was + to keep up the fires of Bel, or the sun, and of Sambain, or the + moon, which customs they borrowed from their Phoenician + ancestors. They both [i.e. the Irish and the Phoenicians] adored + Bel, or the sun, the moon, and the stars. The 'house of + _Rimmon_' which the Phoenicians worshipped in, like our temples + of Fleachta in Meath, was sacred to the _moon_. The word + '_Rimmon_' has by no means been understood by the different + commentators; and yet, by recurring to the Irish (a branch of + the Phoenician) it becomes very intelligible; for '_Re_' is + Irish for the moon, and '_Muadh_' signifies an _image_, and the + compound word '_Reamhan_,' signifies _prognosticating by the + appearance of the moon_. It appears by the life of our great S. + Columba, that the Druid temples were here decorated with figures + of the sun, the moon, and stars. The Phoenicians, under the name + of _Bel-Samen_, adored the Supreme; and it is pretty remarkable, + that to this very day, to wish a friend every happiness this + life can afford, we say in Irish, 'The blessings of _Samen_ and + _Bel_ be with you!' that is, of the seasons; Bel signifying the + sun, and Samhain the moon." + +--(See O'Halloran's _Hist. of Ireland_, vol. i. P. 47.) + +J. SANSOM. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Presages of Death_.--The Note by Mr. C. FORBES (Vol. ii., p. 84.) on +"High Spirits considered a Presage of impending Calamity or Death," +reminded me of a collection of authorities I once made, for academical +purposes, of a somewhat analogous bearing,--I mean the ancient belief in +the existence of a power of prophecy at that period which immediately +precedes dissolution. + +The most ancient, as well as the most striking instance, is recorded in +the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis:-- + + "And Jacob called his sons and said, Gather yourselves together + _that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last + days_.... And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, + he gathered up his feet into his bed, and yielded up the ghost, + and was gathered unto his people." + +Homer affords two instances of a similar kind: thus, Patroclus +prophesies the death of Hector (Il. [Greek: p] 852.)[1]:-- + + [Greek: "Ou thaen oud autos daeron beae alla toi aedae + Agchi parestaeke Thanatos kai Moira krataiae, + Chersi dament Achilaeos amnmonos Aiakidao."][2] + +Again, Hector in his turn prophesies the death of Achilles by the hand +of Paris (Il. [Greek: ch.] 358.):-- + + [Greek: "Phrazeo nun, mae toi ti theon maenima genomai + Aemati to ote ken se Pharis kai phoibus Apollon, + Esthlon eont, olesosin eni Skaiaesi pulaesin."][3] + +This was not merely a poetical fancy, or a superstitious faith of the +ignorant, for we find it laid down as a great physical truth by the +greatest of the Greek philosophers, the divine Socrates:-- + + [Greek: "To de dae meta touto epithumo humin chraesmodaesai, o + katapsaephisamenoi mou kai gar eimi aedae entautha en o malist + anthropoi chraesmodousin hotan mellosin apothaneisthai."][4] + +In Xenophon, also, the same idea is expressed, and, if possible, in +language still more definite and precise:--{117} + + [Greek: "Hae de tou anthropou psuchae tote daepou theiotatae + kataphainetai, kai tote ti ton mellonton proora."][5] + +Diodorus Siculus, again, has produced great authorities on this +subject:-- + + [Greek: "Puthagoras ho Samios, kai tines heteroi ton palaion + phusikon, apephaenanto tas psuchas ton anthropon uparchein + athanatous, akolouthos de to dogmati touto kai progignoskein + autas ta mellonta, kath hon an kairon en tae teleutae ton apo + tou somatos chorismon poiontai."][6] + +From the ancient writers I yet wish to add one more authority; and I do +so especially, because the doctrine of the Stagirite is therein +recorded. Sextus Empiricus writes,-- + + [Greek: "Hae psuchae, phaesin Aristotelaes, promanteuetai kai + proagoreuei ta mellonta--en to kata thanaton chorizesthai ton + somaton."][7] + +Without encroaching further upon the space of this periodical by +multiplying evidence corroborative of the same fact, I will content +myself by drawing the attention of the reader to our own great poet and +philosopher, Shakspeare, whose subtle genius and intuitive knowledge of +human nature render his opinions on all such subjects of peculiar value. +Thus in _Richard II_., Act ii. sc. 1., the dying Gaunt, alluding to his +nephew, the young and self-willed king, exclaims,-- + + "Methinks I am a prophet new inspired; + And thus, expiring, do foretel of him." + +Again, in _Henry IV., Part I._, Act v. sc. 4., the brave Percy, when in +the agonies of death, conveys the same idea in the following words:-- + + "O, I could prophesy, + But that the earthy and cold hand of death + Lies on my tongue." + +Reckoning, therefore, from the time of Jacob, this belief, whether with +or without foundation, has been maintained upwards of 3500 years. It was +grounded on the assumed fact, that the soul became divine in the same +ratio as its connection with the body was loosened or destroyed. In +sleep, the unity is weakened but not ended: hence, in sleep, the +material being dead, the immaterial, or divine principle, wanders +unguided, like a gentle breeze over the unconscious strings of an Æolian +harp; and according to the health or disease of the body are pleasing +visions or horrid phantoms (_ægri somnia_, as Horace) present to the +mind of the sleeper. Before death, the soul, or immaterial principle, +is, as it were, on the confines of two worlds, and may possess at the +same moment a power which is both prospective and retrospective. At that +time its connection with the body being merely nominal, it partakes of +that perfectly pure, ethereal, and exalted nature (_quod multo magis +faciet post mortem quum omnino corpore excesserit_) which is designed +for it hereafter. + +As the question is an interesting one, I conclude by asking, through the +medium of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," if a belief in this power of prophesy +before death be known to exist at the present day? + +AUGUSTUS GUEST. + +London, July 8. + +[Footnote 1: For the assistance of the general reader, I have introduced +hasty translations of the several passages quoted.] + +[Footnote 2: (And I moreover tell you, and do you meditate well upon it, +that) you yourself are not destined to live long, for even now death is +drawing nigh unto you, and a violent fate awaits you,--about to be slain +in fight by the hands of Achilles, the irreproachable son of Oacus.] + +[Footnote 3: Consider now whether I may not be to you the cause of +divine anger, in that day when Paris and Phoebus Apollo shall slay you, +albeit so mighty, at the Scaean gate.] + +[Footnote 4: Wherefore I have an earnest desire to prophesy to you who +have condemned me; for I am already arrived at that stage of my +existence in which, especially, men utter prophetic sayings, that is, +when they are about to die.] + +[Footnote 5: That time, indeed, the soul of man appears to be in a +manner divine, for to a certain extent it foresees things which are +about to happen.] + +[Footnote 6: Pythagoras the Samian, and some others of the ancient +philosophers, showed that the souls of men were immortal, and that, when +they were on the point of separating from the body, they possessed a +knowledge of futurity.] + +[Footnote 7: The soul, says Aristotle, when on the point of taking its +departure from the body, foretells and prophesies things about to +happen.] + + * * * * * + +_Divination at Marriages_.--The following practices are very prevalent +at marriages in these districts; and as I do not find them noticed by +Brand in the last edition of his _Popular Antiquities_, they may perhaps +be thought worthy a place in the "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +1. Put a wedding ring into the _posset_, and after serving it out, the +unmarried person whose cup contains the ring will be the first of the +company to be married. + +2. Make a common flat cake of flour, water, currants, &c., and put +therein a wedding ring and a sixpence. When the company is about to +retire on the wedding-day, the cake must be broken and distributed +amongst the unmarried females. She who gets the ring in her portion of +the cake will shortly be married, and the one who gets the sixpence will +die an old maid. + +T.T.W. + +Burnley, July 9. 1850. + + * * * * * + +FRANCIS LENTON THE POET. + +In a MS. obituary of the seventeenth century, preserved at Staunton +Hall, Leicestershire, I found the following:-- + + "May 12. 1642. This day died Francis Lenton, of Lincoln's Inn, + Gent." + +This entry undoubtedly relates to the author of three very rare poetical +tracts: 1. _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_, 1629; 2. _The Innes of +Court_, 1634; 3. _Great Brittain's Beauties_, 1638. In the dedication to +Sir Julius Cæsar, prefixed to the first-named work, the writer speaks of +having "once belonged to the _Innes of Court_," and says he was "no +usuall poetizer, but, to barre idlenesse, imployed that little talent +the Muses conferr'd upon him in this little tract." Sir Egerton Brydges +supposed the copy of _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_ preserved in the +library of Sion College to be _unique_; but this is not the case, as the +writer knows of _two_ others,--one at Staunton Hall, and another at +Tixall Priory in Staffordshire. It has been reprinted by Mr. {118} +Halliwell at the end of a volume containing _The Marriage of Wit and +Wisdom_, published by the Shakspeare Society. In his prefatory remarks +that gentleman says, + + "Besides his printed works, Lenton wrote the _Poetical History + of Queene Hester_, with the translation of the 83rd Psalm, + reflecting upon the present times. MS. dated 1649." + +This date must be incorrect, if our entry in the Staunton obituary +relates to the same person; and there is every reason to suppose that it +does. The _autograph_ MS. of Lenton occurred in Heber's sale (Part xi. +No. 724.), and is thus described: + + _Hadassiah_, or the _History of Queen Hester_, sung in a sacred + and serious poeme, and divided into ten chapters, by F. Lenton, + the Queen's Majesties Poet, 1638. + +This is undoubtedly the _correct_ date, as it is in the handwriting of +the author. Query. What is the meaning of Lenton's title, "the Queen's +Majesties Poet"? + +Edward F. Rimbault. + + * * * * * + +Minor Notes. + +_Lilburn or Prynne?_--I am anxious to suggest in "Notes and Queries" +whether a character in the Second Canto of Part iii. of _Hudibras_ (line +421), beginning, + + "To match this saint, there was another, + As busy and perverse a brother, + An haberdasher of small wares, + In politics and state affairs," + +Has not been wrongly given by Dr. Grey to Lilburn, and whether Prynne is +not rather the person described. Dr. Grey admits in his note that the +application of the passage to Lilburn involves an anachronism, Lilburn +having died in 1657, and this passage being a description of one among + + "The quacks of government who sate" + +to consult for the Restoration, when they saw ruin impending. + +CH. + +_Peep of Day._--Jacob Grimm, in his _Deutsche Mythologie_, p. 428., ed. +1., remarks that the ideas of light and sound are sometimes confounded; +and in support of his observation he quotes passages of Danish and +German poets in which the sun and moon are said to _pipe_ (pfeifen). In +further illustration of this usage, he also cites the words "the sun +began to peep," from a Scotch ballad in Scott's _Border Minstrelsy_, +vol. ii. p. 430. In p. 431. he explains the words "par son l'aube," +which occur in old French poets, by "per sonitum auroræ;" and compares +the English expression, "the peep of day." + +The Latin _pipio_ or _pipo_, whence the Italian _pipare_, and the French +_pépier_, is the ultimate origin of the verb _to peep_; which, in old +English, bore the sense of chirping, and is so used in the authorised +version of Isaiah, viii. 19., x. 14. Halliwell, in his _Archaic +Dictionary_, explains "peep" as "a flock of chickens," but cites no +example. _To peep_, however, in the sense of taking a rapid look at +anything through a small aperture, is an old use of the word, as is +proved by the expression _Peeping_ Tom of Coventry. As so used, it +corresponds with the German _gucken_. Mr. Richardson remarks that this +meaning was probably suggested by the young chick looking out of the +half-broken shell. It is quite certain that the "peep of day" has +nothing to do with sound; but expresses the first appearance of the sun, +as he just looks over the eastern hills. + +L. + +_Martinet._--Will the following passage throw any light on the origin of +the word _Martinet_? + + Une discipline, devenue encore plus exacte, avait mis dans + l'armée un nouvel ordre. Il n'y avait point encore d'inspecteurs + de cavalerie et d'infanterie, comme nous en avons vu depuis, + mais deux hommes uniques chacun dans leur genre en fesaient les + fonctions. _Martinet mettait alors l'infanterie sur le pied de + discipline où elle est aujourd'hui._ Le Chevalier de _Fourilles_ + fesait la même change dans la cavalerie. Il y avait un an que + _Martinet_ avait mis la baionnette en usage dans quelque + régimens, &c.--Voltaire, _Siècle de Louis XIV._ c. 10. + +C. Forbes. + +July 2. + +_Guy's Porridge Pot._--In the porter's lodge at Warwick Castle are +preserved some enormous pieces of armour, which, _according to +tradition_, were worn by the famous champion "Guy, Earl of Warwick;" and +in addition (with other marvellous curiosities) is also exhibited Guy's +porridge pot, of bell metal, said to weigh 300 lbs., and to contain 120 +gallons. There is also a flesh-fork to ring it. + +Mr. Nichols, in his _History of Leicestershire_, Part ii. vol. iii., +remarks, + + "A turnpike road from Ashby to Whitwick, passes through Talbot + Lane. Of this lane and the famous large pot at Warwick Castle, + we have an old traditionary couplet: + + "'There's nothing left of Talbot's name, + But Talbot's Pot and Talbot's Lane.' + + "Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, died in 1439. His eldest + daughter, Margaret, was married to John Talbot Earl of + Shrewsbury, by whom she had one son, John Viscount Lisle, from + whom the Dudleys descended, Viscount Lisle and Earl of Warwick." + +It would therefore appear that neither the armour nor the pot belonged +to the "noble Guy"--the armour being comparatively of modern +manufacture, and the pot, it appears, descended from the Talbots to the +Warwick family: which pot is generally filled with punch on the birth of +a male heir to that noble family. + +W. Reader. + + * * * * *{119} + + +QUERIES. + +NICHOLAS FERRAR OF LITTLE GIDDING. + +Dr. Peckard, in his Preface to the _Life of Nicholas Ferrar of Little +Gidding_, says the memoir he published was edited or compiled by him +from "the original MS. still in my possession" (p. xi.); and in the +Appendix adds, that "Mr. John Ferrar," the elder brother of Nicholas, +was the author of it (p. 279.). + +How he compiled or edited "the original MS." he states with much candour +in his Preface (p. xv.): + + "The editor's intention," in altering the narrative, "was to + give what is not observed in the original, a regular series of + facts; and through the whole a sort of evenness and simplicity + of stile equally free from meanness and affectation. In short, + to make the old and the new, as far as he could, uniform; that + he might not appear to have sewed a piece of new cloth to an old + garment, and made its condition worse by his endeavours to mend + it." + +Again, at page 308., he says, + + "There is an antient MS. in folio, giving an account of Mr. N. + Ferrar, which at length, from Gidding, came into the hands of + Mr. Ed. Ferrar of Huntingdon, and is now in the possession of + the editor. Mr. Peck had the use of this MS. as appears by + several marginal notes in his handwriting; from this and some + loose and unconnected papers of Mr. Peck.... the editor, as well + as he was able, has made out the foregoing memoirs." + +Can any of your numerous correspondents inform me if this "antient MS." +is still in existence, and in whose possession? + +Peckard was related to the Ferrars, and was Master of Magdalen Coll., +Cambridge. + +In "A Catalogue of MSS. (once) at Gidding," Peckard, p. 306., the third +article is "Lives, Characters, Histories, and Tales for moral and +religious Instruction, in five volumes folio, neatly bound and gilt, by +Mary Collet." This work, with five others, "undoubtedly were all written +by N. Ferrar, Sen.," says Dr. Peckard; and in the Memoir, at page 191., +he gives a list of these "short histories," ninety-eight in number, +"which are still remaining in my possession;" and adds further, at p. +194., + + "These lives, characters, and moral essays would, I think, fill + two or three volumes in 8vo., but _they are written in so + minute_ a character, that I cannot form any conjecture to be + depended upon." + +I have been thus particular in describing these "histories", because the +subjects of them are identical with those in Fuller's _Holy and Profane +State_, the first edition of which was published at Cambridge, in 1642. +"The characters I have conformed," says Fuller in his Preface, "to the +then standing laws of the realm (a twelvemonth ago were they sent to the +press), since which time the wisdom of the King and state hath" altered +many things. Nicholas Ferrar died December 2, 1637, and the Query I wish +to ask is, Did Fuller compose them (for that he was really the author of +them can hardly be doubted) at the suggestion and for the benefit of the +community at Gidding, some years before he published them; and is it +possible to ascertain and determine if the MS. is in the handwriting of +Ferrar or Fuller? + +Is there any print or view in existence of the "Nunnery," at Little +Gidding? + +In the _Life of Dr. Thomas Fuller_, published anonymously in 1661, it is +stated, that at his funeral a customary sermon was preached by Dr. +Hardy, Dean of Rochester, "which hath not yet (though it is hoped and +much desired may) passe the presse," p. 63. + +Query. Was this sermon ever published? and secondly, who was the author +of the _Life_ from which the above passage is quoted? + +John Miland. + + * * * * * + +STUKELEY'S "STONEHENGE." + +May I request a space in your periodical for the following Queries, +drawn from Dr. Stukeley's _Stonehenge and Abury_, p. 31.? + + 1st. "But eternally to be lamented is the loss of that tablet of + tin, which was found at this place (Stonehenge) in the time of + King Henry VIII., inscribed with many letters, but in so strange + a character that neither Sir Thomas Elliott, a learned + antiquary, nor Mr. Lilly, master of St. Paul's school, could + make any thing out of it. Mr. Sammes may be right, who judges it + to have been _Punic_. I imagine if we call it Irish we shall not + err much. No doubt but what it was a memorial of the founders, + wrote by the Druids and had it been preserved till now, would + have been an invaluable curiosity." + +Can you or any of your contributors give me any further information +about this inscription? + +2. The Doctor continues, + + "To make the reader some amends for such a loss I have given a + specimen of supposed Druid writing, out of Lambecius' account of + the Emperor's library at Vienna. 'Tis wrote on a very thin plate + of gold with a sharp-pointed instrument. It was in an urn found + at Vienna, rolled up in several cases of other metal, together + with funeral exuviæ. It was thought by the curious, one of those + epistles which the Celtic people were wont to send to their + friends in the other world. The reader may divert himself with + trying to explain it." + +Has this inscription ever been explained, and how? Stukeley's book is by +no means a rare one; therefore I have not trusted myself to copy the +inscription: and such as feel disposed to help me in my difficulty would +doubtless prefer seeing the Doctor's own illustration at p. 31. + +Henry Cunliffe. + +Hyde Park Street.{120} + +ATHELSTANE'S FORM OF DONATION.--MEANING OF "SOMAGIA." + +Tristram Risdon, in his quaint _Survey of the Co. of Devon_, after +mentioning the foundation of the church of High Bickington by King +Athelstane, + + "Who," he says, "gave to God and it one hide of land, as + appeareth by the donation, a copy whereof, for the antiquity + thereof, I will here insert: 'Iche Athelstane king, grome of + this home, geve and graunt to the preist of this chirch, one + yoke of mye land frelith to holde, woode in my holt house to + buyld, bitt grass for all hys beasts, fuel for hys hearth, + pannage for hys sowe and piggs, world without end,'"-- + +adds presently afterwards, that + + "Sir John Willington gave _Weeksland_ in this tything, unto + Robert Tolla, _cum 40 somagia annuatim capiend in Buckenholt_ + (so be the words of the grant) in the time of K. Edw. I." + +The Willingtons were lords of the manor of Umberleigh, where +Athelstane's palace stood, with its chapel dedicated to the Holy +Trinity, formerly rich in ancient monuments, and having a chantry near +to it. Some of the monuments from this chapel are still preserved in the +neighbouring church of Atherington. + +My Queries upon this Note are: + +1. Whence did Risdon derive his copy of King Athelstane's form of +donation? 2. What is the precise meaning of the word _Somagia_? + +In _Ducange_ (ed. Par. 1726, tom. vi. col. 589.) I find: + + "_Somegia_. Præstatio, ut videtur _ex summis_, v. gr. bladi, + frumenti. Charta Philippi Reg. Franc. an. 1210. Idem etiam + Savaricus detinet sibi census suos, et venditiones, et quosdam + reditus, qui _Somegiæ_ vocantur, et avenam, et _captagia_ + hominum et foeminarum suarum, qui reditus cum una Somegiarum in + festo B. Remigii persolverentur; deinde secunda Somegia in + vicesima die Natalis Domini, et tertia in Octabis Resurrectionis + Dominicæ, ei similiter persolventur; caponum etiam suorum in + crastino Natalis Domini percipiet solutionem: unaquæque vero + somegiarum quatuor denarios bonæ monetæ valet." + +Ducange refers also to some kindred words; but, instead of clearing up +my difficulty in the word _somagia_, he presents me with another in +_captagia_, the meaning of which I do not clearly understand. Perhaps +some of your more learned contributors will obligingly help me to the +true import of these words? + +J. Sansom. + + * * * * * + +Minor Queries. + +_Charade_.--Can any one tell who is the author of the following charade? +No doubt, the lines are well known to many of your readers, although I +have never seen them in print. It has been said that Dr. Robinson, a +physician, wrote them. It strikes me that the real author, whoever he +be, richly deserves to be named in "Notes and Queries." + + "Me, the contented man desires, + The poor man has, the rich requires; + The miser gives, the spendthrift saves, + And all must carry to their graves." + +It can scarcely be necessary to add that the answer is, _nothing_. + +Alfred Gatty. + +July 1. 1850. + + +"_Smoke Money_."--Under this name is collected every year at Battle, in +Sussex, by the Constable, one penny from every householder, and paid to +the Lord of the Manor. What is its origin and meaning? + +B. + +"_Rapido contrarius orbi_."--What divine of the seventeenth century +adopted these words as his motto? They are part of a line in one of +Owen's epigrams. + +N.B. + +_Lord Richard Christophilus_.--Can any of your readers give any account +of Lord Richard Christophilus, a Turk converted to Christianity, to +whom, immediately after the Restoration, in July, 1660, the Privy +Council appointed a pension of 50l. a-year, and an additional allowance +of 2l. a-week. + +CH. + +_Fiz-gigs_.--In those excellent poems, Sandys's _Paraphrases on Job and +other Books of the Bible_, there is a word of a most destructive +character to the effect. Speaking of leviathan, he asks, + + "Canst thou with _fiz-gigs_ pierce him to the quick?" + +It may be an ignorant question, but I do not know what fiz-gigs are. + +C.B. + +_Specimens of Erica in Bloom_.--Can any of your correspondents oblige me +by the information where I can procure specimens in bloom of the +following plants, viz. Erica crescenta, Erica paperina, E. purpurea, E. +flammea, and at what season they come into blossom in England? If +specimens are not procurable without much expense and trouble, can you +supply me with the name of a work in which these plants are figured? + +E.S. + +Dover. + +_Michael Scott, the Wizard_.--What works by Michael Scott, the reputed +wizard, (Sir Walter's _Deus ex Machina_ in _The Lay of the Last +Minstrel_), have been printed? + +X.Y.A. + +_Stone Chalices_.--Can any of the readers of "Notes and Queries" inform +me whether the use of _stone chalices_ was authorised by the ancient +constitutions of the Church; and, if so, at what period, and where the +said constitutions were enacted? + +X.Y.A. + + * * * * *{121} + + +REPLIES. + +ULRICH VON HUTTEN AND THE "EPISTOLÆ OBSCURORUM VIRONUM." + +(Vol. ii., p. 55.) + +I have never seen the article in the _Quarterly Review_ to which your +correspondent H.B.C. alludes: he will probably find it by reference to +the index, which is not just now within my reach. The neat London +edition, 1710, of the _Epistolæ_ was given by Michael Mattaire. There +are several subsequent reimpressions, but none worth notice except that +by Henr. Guil. Rotermund, Hanover, 1827, 8vo.; and again, with +improvements, "cum nova præfatione, nec non illustratione historica +circa originem earum, atque notitia de vita et scriptis virorum in +Epistolis occurentium aucta," 1830, both in 8vo. + +The best edition, however, is that given by Dr. Ernst Münch, Leipsic, +1827, 8vo., with the following title: + + "Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum aliaque Ævi Decimi sexti Monimenta + Rarissima. Die Briefe der Finsterlinge an Magister Ortuinus von + Deventer, nebst andern sehr seltenen Beiträgen zur + Literatur-Sitten-und-Kirchengeschichte des xvi'n Jahrhunderts." + +This contains many important additions, and a copious historical +introduction. Both the editors write in German. + +That this admirable satire produced an immense effect at the period of +its publication, there can be no doubt; but that it has ever been +thoroughly understood and relished among us may be doubted. Mr. Hallam, +in his _Literature of Europe_, vol. i., seems to have been disgusted +with the monkish dog-Latin and bald jokes, not recollecting that this +was a necessary and essential part of the design. Nor is it strange that +Steele, who was perhaps not very well acquainted with the history of +literature, should have misconceived the nature of the publication, when +we learn from an epistle of Sir Thomas More to Erasmus, that some of the +stupid theologasters themselves, who were held up to ridicule, received +it with approbation as a serious work: + + "_Epist. Obs. Viror_. operæ pretium est videre quantopere + placeant omnibus, et doctis joco, et indoctis serio, qui dum + ridemus, putant rideri stylum tantum, quem illi non defendunt, + sed gravitate sententiarum dicunt compensatum, et latere sub + rudi vagina pulcherrimum gladium. Utinam fuisset inditus libello + alius titulus! Profecto intra centum annos homines studio + stupidi non sensissent nasum, quamquam rhinocerotico + longiorem."[8] + +Erasmus evidently enjoyed the witty contrivance, though he affects to +disapprove it as an anonymous libel. Simler, in his life of Bullinger, +relates that on the first reading Erasmus fell into such a fit of +laughter as to burst an abscess in his face with which he was at that +time troubled, and which prevented the necessity of a surgical +operation. + +The literary history of the _Epistolæ_ and the _Dialogue_ is involved in +obscurity. That Ulrich von Hutten had a large share in their concoction +there can be no doubt; and that he was assisted by Crotus Rubianus and +Hermann von Busch, if not by others, seems highly probable. The +authorship of _Lamentationes Obscurorum Virorum_ is a paradox which has +not yet been solved. They are a parody, but a poor one, of the +_Epistolæ_, and in the second edition are attributed to Ortuinus +Gratius. If they are by him, he must have been a dull dog indeed; but by +some it has been thought that they are the work of a Reuchlinist, to +mystify the monks of Cologne, and render them still more ridiculous; +yet, as the Pope's bull against the _Epistolæ_, and Erasmus's +disapproving letter, find a prominent place, and some other +well-grounded inculpations occur, it appears to me that some +slender-witted advocate of the enemies of learning has here shown his +want of skill in handling the weapons of the adversary. + +How much Sir Thomas More was pleased with the writings of Hutten we may +gather from the opening of a letter which Erasmus addressed to Hutten, +giving an interesting account of his illustrious friend, in August, +1519: + + "Quod Thomæ Mori ingenium sic deamas, ac penè dixerim deperis, + nimirum scriptis illius inflammatus, quibus (ut verè scribis) + nihil esse potest neque doctius neque festivius; istue mibi + crede, clarissime Huttene tibi cum multis commune est, cum Moro + mutuum etiam. Nam is vicissim adeò scriptorum tuorum genio + delectatur, ut ipse tibi plopemodum invideam." + +The Dialogue (Mire Festivus), which in the edition of 1710 occurs +between the first and second parts of the _Epistolæ_, bears especial +marks of Hutten's manner, and is doubtless by him. The interlocutors are +three of the illustrious obscure, Magisters Ortuinus, Lupoldus, and +Gingolphus, and the first act of the comedy consists in their +observations upon the promoters of learning, Reuchlin, Erasmus, and +Faber Stapulensis, who afterwards make their appearance, and the +discussion becomes general, but no impression can be made upon the +stupid and prejudiced monks. The theme is, of course, the inutility of +the new learning, Hebrew and Greek and correct Latinity. One short +passage seems to me admirable:{122} + + "_M. Ging_. Et Sanctus Ambrosius, Sanctus Augustinus, et alii + omnes zelossimi doctores non sciebant ipsi bene tot, sicut iste + Ribaldi? _M. Ort_. Ipsi deberent interponere suis. _M. Lup_. Non + bene indigemus de suo Græco. _M. Ging_. Videtur eis, qui sciunt + dicere _tou, tou, logos, monsotiros, legoim, taff, hagiotatos_, + quod ipse sciunt plus quam Deus. _M. Ort_. Magister noster + Lupolde, creditis, quod Deus curat multum de iste Græco? _M. + Lup_. Certe non, Magister noster Ortuine, ego credo, quod Deus + non curat multum." + +Ranke, in his _History of the Reformation_, has very justly estimated +the merits and character of these remarkable productions: + + "We must not look for the delicate apprehension and tact, which + can only be formed in a highly polished state of society, nor + for the indignation of insulted morality expressed by the + ancients: it is altogether a caricature, not of finished + individual portraits, but of a single type;--a clownish sensual + German priest, his intellect narrowed by stupid wonder and + fanatical hatred, who relates with silly _naïveté_ and gossiping + confidence the various absurd and scandalous situations into + which he falls. These letters are not the work of a high + poetical genius, but they have truth, coarse strong features of + resemblance, and vivid colouring." + +Ranke mentions another satire, which appeared in March, 1520, directed +against John Eck, the opponent of Luther, the latter being regarded in +the light of a successor of Reuchlin, under the title of _Abgehobelte +Eck_, or _Eccius dedolatus_, "which, for fantastic invention, striking +and crushing truth, and Aristophanic wit, far exceeded the _Literæ Obsc. +V._, which it somewhat resembled." I have not yet been able to meet with +this; but such high praise, from so judicious a critic, makes me very +desirous to see and peruse it. + +S.W. Singer. + +Mickleham, July 3. 1850. + +[Footnote 8: "Ubi primum exissent _Ep. Ob. V._ miro Monachorum applausu +exceptæ sunt apud Britannos a Franciscanis ac Dominicanis, qui sibi +persuadebant, eas in Reuchlini contumeliam, et Monachorum favorem, serio +proditus: quamque quidam egregie doctus, sed nasutissimus, fingeret se +nonnihil offendi stylo, consulati sunt hominem."--_Erasm. Epist._ 979.] + +_Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum_.--Your Querist H.B.C. (Vol. ii., pp. +55-57.) will find, in the 53rd vol. _Edinb. Rev._ p. 180., a long +article on these celebrated letters, containing much of the information +required. It is worthy of remark, that in page 195. we are told + + "In 1710 there was printed in London the _most elegant_ edition + that has ever appeared of these letters, which the editor, Mich. + Mattaire, gravely represents as the productions of their + ostensible authors." + +Now this edition, though neat, has no claim to be termed most elegant, +which is hardly to be reconciled with what the reviewer says in a note, +p. 210., "that the text of this ed. of 1710 is of no authority, and +swarms with typographical blunders." + +The work on its first appearance produced great excitement, and was +condemned by Pope Leo X. See _Dict. des Livres Condamnés, &c._, par +Peignot, tom. ii. p. 218. + +Many amusing anecdotes and notices are to be found in Bayle's _Dict_. +See particularly sub nomine Erasmus. Burton, in his _Anatomy of Mel._ +pt. i. sec. 2. Mem 3 sub 6. citing Jovius in Elogiis, says, + + "Hostratus cucullatus adeo graviter ob Reuchlini librum qui + inscribitur, Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum dolore simul et pudore + sauciatus, et scipsum interfecerit." + +See also _Nouv. Diction. Historique_ in the account of Gratius, O. + +There is also a good article on these letters in a very excellent work +entitled _Analectabiblion_, or _Extraits Critique de divers Livres +rares, &c., tiréz du Cabinet du Marq. D. R. (oure)_. Paris, 1836. 2 +tomes 8vo. + +F.R.A. + +_Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum_.--The article inquired for by H.B.C. (Vol. +ii, p. 55) is probably one in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. liii. p. +180., attributed to Sir William Hamilton, the distinguished Professor of +Logic in the university of Edinburgh. + +CH. + + * * * * * + +CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE. + +(Vol. ii., p. 99.) + +Mr. Rimbault is wrong in giving to Abbot Milling the honour of being the +patron of Caxton, which is due to Abbot Esteney. Mr. C. Knight in his +_Life of Caxton_, which appropriately formed the first work of his +series of _Weekly Volumes_, has the following remarks upon the passage +from Stow, quoted by Mr. Rimbault: + + "The careful historians of London here committed one error; John + Islip did not become abbot of Westminster till 1500. John + Esteney was made abbot in 1474, and remained such until his + death in 1498. His predecessor was Thomas Milling. In Dugdale's + _Monasticon_ we find, speaking of Esteney, 'It was in this + abbot's time, and not in that of Milling, or in that of Abbot + Islip, that Caxton exercised the art of printing at + Westminster.'"--p. 140. #/ + +I have no work at hand to which I can refer for the date of Milling's +death, but if 1492 be correct, perhaps he may have been promoted to a +bishoprick. + +With reference to Mr. Rimbault's remark, that Caxton first mentions the +place of his printing in 1477, so that he must have printed some time +without informing us where, I may be allowed to observe that it seems +highly probable he printed, and indeed learned the art, at Cologne. At +the end of the third book of his translation of the _Recuyell of the +Historyes of Troye_, Caxton says: + + "Thus end I this book which I have translated after mine author, + as nigh as God hath given me cunning, to whom be given the laud + and praises ... I have practised and learned, at my great charge + and dispense, to ordain this said book in print, after the + manner and form as you may here see."{123} + +And on the title-page he informs us: + + "Whyche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in + 1468, and ended in the holy cyte of Colen, 19 Sept. 1471." + +This may refer to the translation only; but as Caxton was both +translator and printer, it does not seem unreasonable to regard it as +indicating when his entire labour upon the work was brought to a close. +I might support the view that Caxton printed at Cologne by other +arguments which would make the matter tolerably certain (see _Life of +Caxton_, p. 125., &c.); but as the excellent little work to which I am +indebted for these particulars is so well known, and so easily +accessible, I should not be justified in occupying more of your space, +and I will therefore conclude with noting that the parochial library at +Shipdham, in Norfolk, is said to contain books printed by Caxton and +other early printers. Perhaps some one of your correspondents would +record, for the general benefit, of what they consist. + +Arun. + +Dr. Rimbault has evidently not seen a short article on Caxton's printing +at Westminster, which I inserted in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for +April, 1846, nor the reference made to it in the magazine for June last, +p. 630., or he would have admitted that his objections to Dr. Dibdin's +conjectures on this point had been already stated; moreover, I think he +would have seen that the difficulty had been actually cleared up. In +truth, the popular misapprehension on this subject has not been +occasioned by any obscurity in the colophons of the great printer, or in +the survey of Stow, but merely by the erroneous constricted sense into +which the word abbey has passed in this country. Caxton himself tells us +he printed his books in "th' abbay of Westminstre," but he does not say +in the church of the abbey. Stow distinctly says it was in the almonry +of the abbey; and the handbill Dr. Rimbault refers to confirms that +fact. The almonry was not merely "within the precincts of the abbey," it +was actually a part of the abbey. Dr. Rimbault aims at the conclusion +that "the old chapel of St. Anne was doubtless the place where the first +printing-office was erected in England." But why so? Did not the chapel +continue a chapel until the Reformation, if not later? And Caxton would +no more set up his press in a chapel than in the abbey-church itself. +Stow says it was erected in the almonry. The almonry was one of the +courts of the abbey, (situated directly west of the abbey-church, and +not east, as Dr. Dibdin surmised); it contained a chapel dedicated to +St. Anne, and latterly an almshouse erected by the Lady Margaret. The +latter probably replaced other offices or lodgings of greater antiquity, +connected with the duties of the almoner, or the reception and relief of +the poor; and there need be no doubt that it was one of these buildings +that the Abbot of Westminster placed at the disposal of our +proto-typographer. There was nothing very extraordinary in his so doing +if we view the circumstance in its true light; for the _scriptoria_ of +the monasteries had ever been the principal manufactories of books. A +single press was now to do the work of many pens. The experiment was +successful; "after which time," as Stow goes on to say, "the like was +practised in the Abbeys of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, St. Alban's, +and other monasteries." The monks became printers instead of scribes; +but they would not ordinarily convert their churches or chapels into +printing-houses. The workmen, it is true, term the meetings held for +consultation on their common interests or pleasures, their _chapels_; +and whether this may have arisen from any particular instance in which a +chapel was converted into a printing-house, I cannot say. In order to +ascertain the origin of this term these Queries may be proposed:--Is it +peculiar to printers and to this country? Or is it used also in other +trades and on the Continent? + +John Gough Nichols. + + * * * * * + +THE NEW TEMPLE. + +Although I am unable to give a satisfactory reply to Mr. Foss's +inquiries, such information as I have is freely at his service. It may, +at all events, serve as a finger-post to the road. + +My survey gives a most minute extent, of 35 preceptories, 23 "cameræ" of +the Hospitallers, 13 preceptories formerly commandries of the Templars, +74 limbs, and 70 granges, impropriations, &c., and, among them all, not +a single one of the valuation of the New Temple itself. _Reprises_ of +that establishment are entered, but no _receipts_. + +The former are as follows: + + "In emendationem et sustentationem ecclesie Novi Templi, London, + et in vino, cera, et oleo, et ornamentis ejusdem ... x m. + + "In uno fratri [_sic_] Capellano et octo Capellanis secularibus, + deservientibus ecclesiam quondam Templariorum apud London, + vocatam Novum Templum, prout ordinatum est per totum consilium + totius regni, pro animabus fundatorum dicti Novi Templi et alia + [_sic_] possessionum alibi ... lv m. + + "Videlicet, frati Capellano, pro se et ecclesia, xv m., et + cuilibet Capellano, v m., ubi solebant esse, tempore + Templariorum, unus Prior ecclesie et xij Capellani seculares. + + "Item in diversis pensionibus solvendis diversis personis per + annum, tam in Curia domini Regis, quam Justiciariis Clericis, + Officiariis, et aliis ministris, in diversis Curiis suis, ac + etiam aliis familiaribus magnatum, tam pro terris tenementis, + redditibus, et libertatibus hospitalis, quam Templariorum, et + maxime pro terris Templariorum manutenendis, videlicet, + Baronibus in Scaccario domini Regis Domino Roberto de Sadyngton, + militi, Capitali baroni de Scaccario, xl." &c. &c.{124} + +enumerating pensions to the judges, clerks, &c., in all the courts, to +the amount of above 60l. per annum. To + + "Magnatibus, secretariis, et familiaribus domini Regis et + aliorum;" + +the pensions enumerated amount to about 440_l._ per annum. + +Then, to the treasurer, barons, clerks, &c., of the Exchequer (140 +persons): + + "Bis in anno, videlicet, tempore yemali, pilliola furrata + pellura minuti varii et bogeti, et quedam non furrata; et + tempore estivali totidem pilliola lineata de sindone, et quedam + non lineata, unicuique de Curia Scaccarii predicti, tam + minoribus quam majoribus, secundum gradus, statum, et officium + personarum predictarum, que expense se extendunt annuatim ad ... + x ii." + + "Item sunt alie expense facte in Curiis Regis annuatim pro + officio generalis procuratoris in diversis Curiis Regis, que de + necessitate fieri oportet, pro brevibus Regis, et Cartis + impetendis, et aliis, negociis in eisdem Curiis expediendis, que + ad minus ascendunt per annum, prout evidencius apparet, per + compotum et memoranda dicti fratris de Scaccario qui per + capitulum ad illud officium oneratur ... lx m." + + "Item in donis dandis in Curiis domini Regis et aliorum magnatum + _pro favore habendo_ et pro placitis defendendis, et expensis + parlialmentorum, ad minus bis per annum ... cc m." + +I have made these extracts somewhat more at length than may, perhaps, be +to the point in question, because they contain much that is highly +interesting as to the apparently questionable mode in which the +Hospitallers obtained the protection of the courts (and probably they +were not singular in their proceedings); annual pensions to judges, +besides other largesses, and much of this "pro favore habendo," +contrasts painfully with the "spotless purity of the ermine" which +dignifies our present age. + +In the "extent" we have occasionally a grange held rent free for life by +a judge. Chief Justice Geffrey de Scrop so held that of Penhull in +Northumberland. + +Putting all these facts together, and bearing in mind that, throughout +this elaborate "extent," there are neither profits nor rent entered, as +for the Temple itself, so that it seems to have then been neither in the +possession nor occupation of the Hospitallers, is it not possible that +they had alienated it to the lawyers, as a discharge for these heavy +annual incumbrances,--_prospectively_, perhaps, because by the entry of +these charges among the "reprise," the life interests, at all events, +were still paid; or perhaps the alienation was itself made to them "pro +favore habendo" in some transaction that the Hospitallers wished to have +carried by the Courts; or it may have been made as a _bonâ fide_ bribe +for future protection. At all events, when we see such extensive +payments made annually to the lawyers, their ultimate possession of the +fee simple is no unnatural result. But, as I am altogether ignorant of +the history of the New Temple, I must refrain from suggestions, giving +the simple facts as I find them, and leaving the rest to the learning +and investigation of your correspondent. + +L.B.L. + + * * * * * + +STRANGERS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 17. 83.) + +Mr. Ross is right in saying that "no alteration has taken place in the +_practice_ of the House of Commons with respect to the admission of +strangers." The practice was at variance with the old sessional order: +it is consistent with the new standing order of 1845. I do not +understand how any one can read these words of the new standing order, +"that the sergeant-at-arms ... do take into his custody any stranger +whom he may see ... in any part of the house or gallery appropriated to +the members of the House: and also any stranger _who, having been +admitted into any other part of the house or gallery_," &c., and say +that the House of Commons does not now recognise the presence of +strangers; nor can I understand how Mr. Ross can doubt that the old +sessional order absolutely prohibited their presence. It did not keep +them out certainly, for they were admitted in the teeth of it; but so +long as that sessional order was in force, prohibition to strangers was +the theory. + +Mr. Ross refers to publication of speeches. Publication is still +prohibited in theory. Mr. Ross perhaps is not aware that the prohibition +of publication of speeches rests on a foundation independent of the old +sessional order against the presence of strangers,--on a series of +resolutions declaring publication to be a breach of the privileges of +Parliament, to be found in the Journals of 1642, 1694, 1695, 1697, 1703, +1722, and 1724. + +We unfortunately cannot settle in your columns whether, as Mr. Ross +asserts, "if a member in debate should inadvertently allude to the +possibility of his observations being heard by a stranger, the Speaker +would immediately call him to order;" but my strong belief is, that he +would not: and I hope, if there are any members of the House of Commons +who have time to read "Notes and Queries," that one of them may be +induced to take a suitable opportunity of obtaining the Speaker's +judgment. + +"Yet at other times," Mr. Ross goes on to say, "the right honourable +gentlemen will listen complacently to discussions arising out of the +complaints of members that strangers will not publish to the world all +that they hear pass in debate." If this be so, I suppose the Speaker +sees nothing disorderly in a complaint, that what has been spoken in +Parliament has _not_ been published: but I read frequently in my +newspaper that the Speaker interrupts {125} members who speak of +speeches having been published. "This is one of the inconsistencies," +Mr. Ross proceeds, "resulting from the determination of the House not +expressly to recognise the presence of strangers." Inconsistency there +certainly is,--the inconsistency of making publication a breach of +privilege, and allowing it to go on daily. + +As strangers may be admitted into the House to hear debates, and not +allowed to publish what they hear, so they may he admitted, subject to +exclusion at certain times, or when the House chooses. And this is the +case. The House, of course, retains the power of excluding them at any +moment. They are always made to withdraw before the House goes to a +division. This is a matter of practice, founded probably on some +supposed reasons of convenience. Again, on any member desiring strangers +to be excluded, the Speaker desires them to withdraw, without allowing +any discussion. + +I have only to notice one other observation of Mr. Ross's, which is the +following: + + "When I speak of strangers being admitted, it must not be + supposed that this was done by order of the House. No, + everything relating to the admission of strangers to, and their + accommodation in the House of Commons, is effected by some + mysterious agency, for which no one is directly responsible. Mr. + Barry has built galleries for strangers in the new house; but if + the matter were made a subject of inquiry, it probably would + puzzle him to state under what authority he has acted." + +I do not think there is anything mysterious as regards admission. I am +fond of hearing the debates, and my parliamentary friends are very kind +to me. Sometimes I content myself with an order from a member, which +takes me into the hinder seats of the non-reporting strangers' gallery; +sometimes, when I know beforehand of an interesting debate, I get one of +my friends to put my name on the "Speaker's list," and I then take my +seat on one of the two front rows of the strangers' gallery; sometimes, +again, I go down on the chance, while the House is sitting; and if I am +fortunate enough to find any one of any friends there, he generally +brings me, in a few moments, an order from the Sergeant-at-arms, which +takes me also to the front row of the strangers' gallery. Some benches +under the strangers' gallery are reserved for peers, ambassadors, and +peers' eldest sons. The Speaker and the Sergeant-at-arms give permission +generally to foreigners, and sometimes to some other persons, to sit in +these benches. I do not know which officer of the House of Commons +superintends the admission of reporters. Ladies are admitted to the +Black Hole assigned to them, by orders from the Sergeant-at-arms. I have +no doubt that the Speaker and Sergeant-at-arms are responsible to the +House for everything relating to the admission of strangers, and without +taking upon myself to say what is the authority under which Mr. Barry +has acted, I have no doubt that, in building galleries for strangers in +the new house, he has done what is consistent not only with the long +established practice, but, under the new order of 1845, with the theory +of the House of Commons. + +As regards the passage quoted by Mr. Jackson from the _Edinburgh +Review_, the reviewer would probably allow that he had overlooked the +new standing order of 1845; and Mr. Jackson will perceive that the +recognition of the presence of strangers does not legalise the +publication of speeches. The supposed difficulty in the way of +legalising publication is, that the House of Commons would then make +itself morally responsible for the publication of any libellous matter +in speeches. I do not see the force of this difficulty. But the +expediency of the existing rule is not a proper subject for discussion +in your columns. + +CH. + +Whatever the present practice of the House of Commons with respect to +strangers may be, it does not seem probable that it will soon undergo +alteration. In the session of 1849 a Select Committee, composed of +fifteen members, and including the leading men of all parties, was +appointed "to consider the present practice of this House in respect of +the exclusion of strangers." The following is the Report of the +Committee _in extenso_ (_Parl. Pap._, No. 498. Sess. 1849): + + "That the existing usage of excluding strangers during a + division, and upon the notice by an individual Member that + strangers are present, has prevailed from a very early period of + parliamentary history; that the instances in which the power of + an individual Member to exclude has been exercised have been + very rare: and that it is the unanimous opinion of your + committee, that there is no sufficient ground for making any + alteration in the existing practice with regard to the admission + or exclusion of strangers." + +This Report confirms the statement of Mr. Ross (p. 83., _antè_), that +within his experience of thirty-one years no change has been made in the +present rule of the House upon this matter, which, it would seem, dates +very far back. The Speaker was the only witness examined before the +Committee, and his evidence is not printed. + +Arun. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Morganatic Marriage_ (Vol. ii., p. 72.).--According to M., Ducange has +connected this expression with _morgingab_; but I have looked in vain +for such connection in my edition of the _Glossary_ (Paris, 1733). The +truth most probably is, that _morganatic_, in the phrase "matrimonium ad +morganaticam," {126} was akin to the Gothic _maurgjan_, signifying, "to +procrastinate," "to bring to an end," "to shorten," "to limit." This +application of the word would naturally rise out of the restrictions +imposed upon the wife and children of a morganatic marriage. + +C.H. + +_Umbrellas_ (Vol. i., p. 415. 436.; ii. 25.).--In Swift's description of +a city shower (_Tatler_, No. 238., October 17. 1710), umbrellas are +mentioned as in common use by women: + + "Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down, + Threatening with deluge the devoted town; + To shops, in crowds, the daggled females fly, + Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy; + The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach, + Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach; + The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides, + While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides." + +H.B.C. + +U.U. Club, July 2. + +_Bands_ (Vol. ii., pp. 23. 76.)--_Scarf_.--I was glad to read Arun's +explanation of the origin of the bands now worn by the clergy; which, +however, seems merely to amount to their being an adoption of a Genevan +portion of clerical costume. That they are the descendants of the ruff, +there can be no doubt, just as wrist-bands have more recently succeeded +to ruffles. + +I cannot resist mentioning that an ingenious friend suggested to me, +that the broad, stiff, laid-down collar, alluded to in the former part +of Arun's communication, possibly gave rise to the modern band in the +following manner:--When the scarf, still in use, was drawn over the +shoulders and hung down in front, that part of the broad collar which +was left visible, being divided up the middle, presented a shape and +appearance exactly like our common bands. Hence, it was imagined, this +small separate article of dress might have originated. + +Is it Butler, Swift, or who, that says, + + "A Chrysostom to smoothe his band in"? + +Whenever this was written, it must have referred to our modern bands. + +Who amongst the clergy are _entitled_ to wear a scarf? Is it the badge +of a chaplain only? or what circumstances justify its being worn? + +Alfred Gatty. + +July 1. 1850. + +_Bands_ (Vol. ii., p. 76.).--An early example of the collar, approaching +to the form of our modern bands, may be seen in the portrait of Cardinal +Beatoun, who was assassinated in 1546. The original is in Holyrood +Palace, and an engraving in Mr. Lodge's _Portraits_. The artist is +unknown, but from the age of the face one may infer that it was painted +about 1540. + +C.H. + +_Jewish Music_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--See a host of authorities on the +subject of Hebrew music and musical instruments in Winer's +_Realwörterbuch_ vol. ii., pp. 120. _seq._, 3d edit. There is a good +abstract respecting them in Jahn's _Hebrew Antiquities_, sect. 92-96. + +C.H. + +_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--In +illustration of, not in answer to, Mr. Sansom's inquiry, I beg to offer +the following statement. During a long series of years an average of +about 150 corpses has been annually deposited in Ecclesfield churchyard, +which has rendered it an extremely crowded cemetery. But, +notwithstanding these frequent interments, my late sexton told me that +he remembered when there was scarcely one grave to the north of the +church, it being popularly considered that only suicides, unbaptised +persons, and still-born children ought to be buried there. However, when +a vicar died about twenty-seven years ago, unlike his predecessors, who +had generally been buried in the chancel, he was laid in a tomb on the +north side of the churchyard, adjoining the vicarage. From this time +forward the situation lost all its evil reputation amongst the richer +inhabitants of the parish, who have almost entirely occupied it with +family vaults. + +Whether the prejudice against the north side of our churchyard arose +from an idea that it was unconsecrated, I cannot tell but I suspect +that, from inherited dislike, the poor are still indisposed towards it. +When the women of the village have to come to the vicarage after +nightfall, they generally manage to bring a companion, and hurry past +the gloomy end of the north transept as if they knew + + "that close behind + Some frightful fiend did tread." + +I cannot help fancying that the objection is attributable to a notion +that evil spirits haunt the spot in which, possibly from very early +times, such interments took place as my sexton described. As a +suggestion towards a full solution of this popular superstition, I would +ask whether persons who formerly underwent ecclesiastical +excommunication were customarily buried on the north side of +churchyards? + +Alfred Gatty. + +Ecclesfield, June 28. 1850. + +I can only give from recollection a statement of a tradition, that when +Jesus Christ died he turned his head towards the south; and so, ever +since, the south side of a church has the pre-eminence. There generally +is the bishop's throne, and the south aisle of ancient basilicas was +appropriated to men. Simple observation shows that the supposed sanctity +extends to the churchyard,--for there the tombstones lie thickest. + +I find that my source of information for the {127} tradition was +Cockerell's last lecture on Architecture, _Athenæum_ for 1843, p. 187. +col. 3. + +A.J.H. + +"_Men are but Children_," &c.--R.G. (Vol. ii., p. 22.) will find the +line about which he inquires in Dryden's _All for Love; or, The World +well Lost_, Act iv. Sc. 1. + + Dolabella (_loq._): + "Men are but children of a larger growth, + Our appetites as apt to change as theirs, + And full as craving too, and full as vain." + +J.R.M. + +King's College, London, July 12. 1850. + +_Ventriloquism_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--Mr. SANSOM will find some curious +information touching the words [Hebrew: 'or], [Greek: eggastrimuthos], +&c., in Dr. Maitland's recent _Illustrations and Enquiries relating to +Mesmerism_, pp. 55. 81. The Lexicons of Drs. Lee and Gesenius may also +be consulted, under the word [Hebrew: 'or]. The former of these +lexicographers would rank the Pythian priestess with "our modern +conjurers." + +C.H. + +St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. + +_Cromwell's Estates--Magor_ (Vol. i., p. 277. 389.).--As the South Wales +line is now open as far as Chepstow, it may not be uninteresting to V. +to know, that it diverges from the coast between Chepstow and Newport, +in order to pass Bishopston and _Magor_, the last of which he rightly +placed in Monmouthshire. + +SELEUCUS. + +_Vincent Gookin_ (Vol. i., pp. 385. 473. 492.; Vol. ii. p. 44.) is +described in a _Narrative of the late Parliament_ (Cromwell's +Parliament, d. 1656), in the _Harleian Miscellany_, as + + "One of the letters of land in Ireland, receiving three hundred + pounds per annum." + +He and three other Irish members, Colonel Jephson, Ralph King, and Bice, +are classed together in this tract, which is hostile to Cromwell, as + + "Persons not thought meet to be in command, though they much + desire it, and are of such poor principles and so unfit to make + rulers of as they would not have been set with the dogs of the + flock, if the army and others who once pretended to be honest + had kept close to their former good and honest principles." + +Vincent Gookin voted for the clause in the "Petition and Advice" giving +the title of "King" to Cromwell. + +CH. + +_All-to brake_ (Vol. i., p. 395.).--The interpretation given is +incorrect. "All-to" is very commonly used by early writers for +"altogether:" e.g., "all-to behacked," Calfhill's _Answer to Martiall's +Treatise of the Cross_, Parker Society's edition, p. 3.; "all-to +becrossed," _ibid._ p. 91.; "all-to bebatted," _ibid._ p. 133., &c. &c. +The Parker Society reprints will supply innumerable examples of the use +of the expression. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +The two of Mr. Hunter's _Critical and Historical Tracts_, which we have +had the opportunity of examining, justify to the fullest the +expectations we had formed of them. The first, _Agincourt; a +Contribution towards an authentic List of the Commanders of the English +Host, in King Henry the Fifth's Expedition, in the Third Year of his +Reign_, Mr. Hunter describes as "an instalment," we venture to add "a +very valuable instalment," from evidence which has been buried for +centuries in the unknown masses of national records, towards a complete +list of the English Commanders who served with the King in that +expedition, with, in most cases, the number of the retinue which each +Commander undertook to bring into the field, and, in some instances, +notices of events happening to the contingents. The value of a work +based upon such materials, our historical readers will instantly +recognise. The lovers of our poetry will regard with equal interest, and +peruse with equal satisfaction, Mr. Hunter's brochure entitled _Milton; +a Sheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and Annotators_, and admit +that he has bound up the new biographical illustrations and critical +comments, which he has gathered in that pleasant field of literary +inquiry, the life and writings of Milton, into a goodly and a pleasant +sheaf. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will commence on Monday, the 29th of this month, +a three days' Sale of Greek Roman, and English Coins, English and +Foreign Medals, Cabinets, &c., the property of a Gentleman leaving +England. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.) + +_Odd Volumes._ + +MOULTRIE'S POEMS. Vol. I. + +Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +C.J.S. _The Inscription from the brass in Chinnor Church, Oxon, is_ +Mouns. Esmoun de Malyns fitz Mouns. Reynald de Malyns Chr. et Isabelle +sa femme gisoient icy Dieu de ses ailmes eit mercy, _being in memory of +Esmond de Malyns and his wife. The father_, Renald de Malyns, _was +interred in the same church._ + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._ + +Errata. In No. 37., p. 98., col. 2., 1. 16., for "1625" read "1695"; p. +101., l. 31., "Inchi_g_uin" should be "Inchi_q_uin"; p. 106., col. 2., +1. 26. should be-- + + "And disappoints the Queen, poor little Chuck." {128} + + * * * * * + +COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR +OF THE +TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER. + +JOHN BRUCE, esq., Treas. S.A. +J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A. +PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A. +WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A. +THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A. +SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H. +JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A. +HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A. +SAMUEL SHEPERD, Esq., F.S.A. +WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A. + +The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast mouldering +into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds will effect a +perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it right to fix any limit +to the subscription, they themselves have opened the list with a +contribution from each of them of Five Shillings; but they will be ready +to receive any amount, more or less, which those who value poetry and +honour Chaucer may be kind enough to remit to them. + +Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, Ellesmere, +and Shaftesbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon, Pres. Soc. Antiq., The +Lords Braybrooke and Londesborough, and many other noblemen and +gentlemen. + +Subscriptions are received by all the members of the Committee, and at +the Union Bank, Pall Mall East. Post-Office orders may be made payable +at the Charing Cross Office, to William Richard Drake, Esq., the +Treasurer, 46. Parliament Street, or William J. Thoms, Esq., Hon. Sec., +25. Holy-Well Street, Millbank. + + * * * * * + +Now Ready, in demy 8vo., with Portraits, price 12s. + +SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CORPS OF +GENTLEMEN AT ARMS. + +By JAMES BUNCE CURLING, Clerk of the Checque. + +"Mr. Curling has succeeded in producing a book of much lively and +curious historic interest."--_Naval and Military Gazette_. + +"The author has made the most of his subject, introducing anecdotes of +the members of the corps from its first institution."--_Atlas_. + +RICHARD BENTLEY, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty. + + * * * * * + +TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND +AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, + +(The HORTICULTURAL PART edited by PROF. LINDLEY) + +Of Saturday, July 6. contains Articles on + +Agricultural Society of England, Prof. Way's lecture on water +Agriculture of Lancaster +Annuals, English names of +Ash, to propagate +Balsams +Bee, remedy for sting of +Botanical names +Butter, rancid +Calendar, Horticultural +Calendar, Agricultural +Carts, Cumberland +Cattle, to feed +Clover crops +College, agricultural +Cropping, table of +Cuckoo, note of +Diseases of plants +Drainage reports +Evergreens, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning +Farming in Norfolk, high +Farming, Mr. Mechi's, by Mr. Wilkins +Farming, rule of thumb, by Mr. Wilkins +Fruit trees, to root prune +Gardeners' Benevolent Institution, by Mr. Wheeler +Gardening, villa and suburban +Grapes in pots +Guano frauds +Highland Patriotic Society +Kew, Victoria Regia at +Peel, Sir R., death of +Pike, voracity of, by Mr. Lovell +Plants, diseases of +Plants, names of +Potato disease +Reviews, miscellaneous +Rhododendrons, on Himalayas, by Mr. Munro, Belfast +Root pruning +Rosa Manettii, by Mr. Paul +Royal Botanic Society, report of the Exhibition for July +Seeding, thin, by Mr. Mechi +Slough Carnation show +Slough Pink show +Statice armeria, by Mr. Forman +Swans, food of +Thin seeding, by Mr. Mechi +Timber felling +Toads' skins, by Prof. Henslow +Transplanting evergreens, by Mr. Glendinning +Trees, to root prune +Trees, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning +Villa and suburban gardening +Vine, to summer prune, by Mr. Levell +Viper, the, by Mr. Chaytor +Water, Prof. Way's lecture on + +THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition +to the above, the Covent-garden, Mark-lane, and Smithfield prices, with +returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, and Seed Markets, and a _complete +Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the transactions of the +week_. + +Order of Any Newsvender.--OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper +Wellington-street, Covent-garden, London. + + * * * * * + +Now Ready, in small 8vo., price 3s. 6d., + +ANONYMOUS POEMS. + +"The elegant version of Greek epigrams contained in this volume shows +the scholarship as well as the taste of the writer."--_Britannia_. + +"Many of the pieces have a very classical air, and all are marked with +an unusual degree of elegance and power."--_Guardian_. + +RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington-street. + + * * * * * + +In Crown 8vo., elegantly bound in gilt cloth, price 7_s_. 6d. + +MEMORIALS OF THE CASTLE OF EDINBURGH. + +By JAMES GRANT; author of "Memoirs of Kirkaldy of Grange," "The Romance +of War," "The Scottish Cavalier," &c. 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One +object of the present work is to furnish new contributions to the +History of our National Folk-Lore; and especially some of the more +striking Illustrations of the subject to be found in the Writings of +Jacob Grimm and other Continental Antiquaries. + +Communications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable Customs and +Popular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are earnestly solicited, and +will be thankfully acknowledged by the Editor. They may be addressed to +the care of Mr. BELL, Office of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth. + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS, +F.S.A. + +"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is treated +with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss +has brought to light many points previously unknown, corrected many +errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to conduct it +successfully through all the intricacies of a difficult investigation, +and such taste and judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion +requires, the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to +his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a philosophical +history."--_Gent. Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, July 20. 1850. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, +July 20, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13362 *** diff --git a/13362-h/13362-h.htm b/13362-h/13362-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5020643 --- /dev/null +++ b/13362-h/13362-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2315 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content= +"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st March 2004), see www.w3.org" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= +"text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>Notes And Queries, Issue 38.</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.adverts {width: 100%; height: 5px; color: black;} + html>body hr.adverts {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; + text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 6em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 8em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 10em;} + .poem .caesura {vertical-align: -200%;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; + font-size: 8pt;} + + p.author {text-align: right;} + --> + /*]]>*/ +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13362 ***</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name= +"page113"></a>{113}</span> +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3> +<hr class="full" /> +<table summary="masthead" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td align="left" width="25%"><b>No. 38.</b></td> +<td align="center" width="50%"><b>SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1850</b></td> +<td align="right" width="25%"><b>Price Threepence.<br /> +Stamped Edition 4d.</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +<table summary="^Contents" align="center"> +<tr> +<td align="left">NOTES:—</td> +<td align="right">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Meaning of Delighted as used by Shakspeare, by S. +Hickson</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Authors of "The Rolliad," by Lord Braybrooke</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notes on Milton</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Derivation of Easter, by J. Sansom</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Folk Lore—Passages of Death, by Dr. +Guest—Divination at Marriages</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Francis Lenton the Poet, by Dr. Rimbault</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page117">117</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Notes:—Lilburn or Prynne—Peep of +Day— Martinet—Guy's Porridge Pot</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">QUERIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding, by John +Miland</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Stukeley's "Stonehenge," by Henry Cunliffe</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Athelstane's Form of Donation—Meaning of +"Somagia," by J. Sansom</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Queries:—Charade—"Smoke +Money"—"Rapido contrarius orbi"—Lord Richard +Christophilus— Fiz gigs—Specimens of Erica in +Bloom—Michael Scott the Wizard—Stone Chalices</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">REPLIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ulrich von Hutten and the "Epistolæ +Obscurorum Virorum," by S.W. Singer</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Caxton's Printing-office, by J.G. Nichols</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">The New Temple</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Strangers in the House of Commons</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Replies to Minor Queries:—Morganatic +Marriage— Umbrellas—Bands—Scarf—Jewish +Music—North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated—"Men are +but Children" &c.—Ventriloquism—Cromwell's Estates +—Magor—Vincent Gookin—All-to brake</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">MISCELLANEOUS:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, Sales, +&c.</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Books and Odd Volumes Wanted</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notices to Correspondents</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Advertisements</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page128">128</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>NOTES.</h2> +<h3>WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "DELIGHTED," AS SOMETIMES USED BY +SHAKSPEARE.</h3> +<p>I wish to call attention to the peculiar use of a word, or +rather to a peculiar word, in Shakspeare, which I do not recollect +to have met with in any other writer. I say a "peculiar word," +because, although the verb <i>To delight</i> is well known, and of +general use, the word, the same in form, to which I refer, is not +only of different meaning, but, as I conceive, of distinct +derivation the non-recognition of which has led to a misconception +of the meaning of one of the finest passages in Shakspeare. The +first passage in which it occurs, that I shall quote, is the well +known one from <i>Measure for Measure</i>:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Ay, but to die, and go we know not where;</p> +<p>To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot,</p> +<p>This sensible warm motion to become</p> +<p>A kneaded clod; and the <i>delighted</i> spirit</p> +<p>To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside</p> +<p>In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice;</p> +<p>To be imprison'd in the viewless winds</p> +<p>And blown with restless violence round about</p> +<p>The pendant world." Act iii. Sc. 1.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Now, if we examine the construction of this passage, we shall +find that it appears to have been the object of the writer to +separate, and place in juxtaposition with each other, the +conditions of the body and the spirit, each being imagined under +circumstances to excite repulsion or terror in a sentient being. +The mind sees the former lying in "cold obstruction," rotting, +changed from a "sensible warm motion" to a "kneaded clod," every +circumstance leaving the impression of dull, dead weight, deprived +of force and motion. The spirit, on the other hand, is imagined +under circumstances that give the most vivid picture conceivable of +utter powerlessness:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2">"Imprison'd in the viewless winds,</p> +<p>And blown with restless violence round about</p> +<p>The pendant world."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>To call the spirit here "delighted," in our sense of the term, +would be absurd; and no explanation of the passage in this sense, +however ingenious, is intelligible. That it is intended to +represent the spirit simply as <i>lightened</i>, made light, +relieved from the weight of matter, I am convinced, and this is my +view of the meaning of the word in the present instance.</p> +<p><i>Delight</i> is naturally formed by the participle <i>de</i> +and <i>light</i>, to make light, in the same way as "debase," to +make base, "defile," to make foul. The analogy is not quite so +perfect in such words as "define," "defile" (file), "deliver," +"depart," &c.; yet they all may be considered of the same +class. The last of these is used with us only in the sense of <i>to +go away</i>; in Shakspeare's time (and Shakspeare so uses it) it +meant also <i>to part</i>, or <i>part with</i>. A correspondent of +Mr. Knight's suggests <span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id= +"page114"></a>{114}</span> for the word <i>delight</i> in this +passage, also, a new derivation; using <i>de</i> as a negation, and +<i>light (lux), delighted</i>, removed from the regions of light. +This is impossible; if we look at the context we shall see that it +not only contemplated no such thing, but that it is distinctly +opposed to it.</p> +<p>I am less inclined to entertain any doubt of the view I have +taken being correct, from the confirmation it receives in another +passage of Shakspeare, which runs as follows:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"If virtue no <i>delighted</i> beauty lack,</p> +<p>Your son-in-law shows far more fair than black."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Othello</i>, Act i. Sc. 3.</p> +<p>Passing by the cool impertinence of one editor, who asserts that +Shakspeare frequently used the past for the present participle, and +the almost equally cool correction of another, who places the +explanatory note "*delightful" at the bottom of the page, I will +merely remark that the two latest editors of Shakspeare, having +apparently nothing to say on the subject, have very wisely said +nothing. Yet, as we understand the term "delighted," the passage +surely needs explanation. We cannot suppose that Shakspeare used +epithets so weakening as "delighting" or "delightful." The meaning +of the passage would appear to be this: If virtue be not wanting in +beauty—such beauty as can belong to virtue, not physical, but +of a higher kind, and freed from all material elements—then +your son-in-law, black though he is, shows far more fair than +black, possessing, in fact, this <i>abstract</i> kind of beauty to +that degree that his colour is forgotten. In short, "delighted" +here seems to mean, <i>lightened</i> of all that is gross or +unessential.</p> +<p>There is yet another instance in Cymbeline, which seems to bear +a similar construction:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Whom best I love, I cross: to make my gifts</p> +<p>The more delay'd, <i>delighted</i>."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Act v. Sc. 4.</p> +<p>That is, "the <i>more</i> delighted;" the longer held back, the +better worth having; lightened of whatever might detract from their +value, that is, refined or purified. In making the remark here, +that "delighted" refers not to the recipient nor to the giver, but +to the gifts, I pass by the nonsense that the greatest master of +the English language did not heed the distinction between the past +and the present participles, as not worth a second thought.</p> +<p>The word appears to have had a distinct value of its own, and is +not to be explained by any other single word. If this be so, it +could hardly have been coined by Shakspeare. Though, possibly, it +may never have been much used, perhaps some of your correspondents +may be able to furnish other instances from other writers.</p> +<p class="author">SAMUEL HICKSON.</p> +<p>St. John's Wood.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>AUTHORS OF "THE ROLLIAD."</h3> +<p>The subjoined list of the authors of <i>The Rolliad</i>, though +less complete than I could have wished, is, I believe, +substantially correct, and may, therefore, be acceptable to your +readers. The names were transcribed by me from a copy of the ninth +edition of <i>The Rolliad</i> (1791), still in the library at +Sunninghill Park, in which they had been recorded on the first page +of the respective papers.</p> +<p>There seems to be no doubt that they were originally +communicated by Mr. George Ellis, who has always been considered as +one of the most talented contributors to <i>The Rolliad</i>. He +also resided for many years at Sunninghill, and was in habits of +intimacy with the owners of the Park. Your correspondent C. (Vol. +ii., p. 43.) may remark that Lord John Townshend's name occurs only +twice in my list; but his Lordship may have written some of the +papers which are not in the Sunninghill volume, as they appeared +only in the editions of the work printed subsequently to 1791, and +are designated as <i>Political Miscellanies</i>.</p> +<table summary="Authors list" align="center"> +<tr> +<td align="left"><i>Names of the Authors of the Rolliad</i>.</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Dedication to Kenyon</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Family of the Rollos</td> +<td align="left">Tickell, &c.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Extract from Dedication</td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms from the <i>Rolliad</i></td> +<td></td> +<td align="left">No.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">1 & 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">6, 7, 8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">9.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">10 & 11.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms not in the original, but probably +written by</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">13 & 14.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms, &c. Part. ii.</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">1 & 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">3 & 4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms, not in the original</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Reid</td> +<td align="left">6.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left"><i>Political Eclogues</i>.</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Rose</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">The Liars</td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Margaret Nicholson</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Adair.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Charles Jenkinson</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Jekyl</td> +<td align="left">Lord John Townshend.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left"><i>Probationary Odes</i>.</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">All the Preliminaries</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Tickell.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Irregular Ode</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Tickell</td> +<td align="left">No. 1.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode to the New Year</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode</td> +<td align="left">Rev. H. Bate Dudley</td> +<td align="left">3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Duan</td> +<td align="left">John Ellis</td> +<td align="left">5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ossianade</td> +<td align="left">Unknown</td> +<td align="left">6.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Irregular Ode</td> +<td align="left">Unknown</td> +<td align="left">7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode to the Attorney- General</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Brummell</td> +<td align="left">8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Laureate Ode</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Tickell</td> +<td align="left">9.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">New Year's Ode</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Pearce</td> +<td align="left">10.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode by M.A. Taylor</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Boscawen</td> +<td align="left">11.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— by Major Scott</td> +<td align="left">Lord John Townshend</td> +<td align="left">12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Irregular(Dundas)</td> +<td align="left">Never known to the Club</td> +<td align="left">13.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— by Warton</td> +<td align="left">Bishop of Ossory (Hon. William Beresford)</td> +<td align="left">14.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Pindaric</td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">15.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Irregular</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Prettyman</td> +<td align="left">General Burgoyne</td> +<td align="left">17.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Graham</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Reid</td> +<td align="left">18.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Letter, &c. and Mountmorres</td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">19.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Birthday Ode</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Pindaric Ode</td> +<td align="left">Unmarked</td> +<td align="left">21.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Real Birthday Ode</td> +<td align="left">T. Warton</td> +<td align="left">22.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Remaining prose</td> +<td align="left">Richardson.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id= +"page115"></a>{115}</span> +<p>I am not certain whether Mr. Adair, to whom "Margaret +Nicholson," one of the happiest of the Political Eclogues, is +attributed, is the present Sir Robert Adair. If so, as the only +survivor amongst his literary colleagues, he might furnish some +interesting particulars respecting the remarkable work to which I +have called your attention.</p> +<p class="author">BRAYBROOKE.</p> +<p>Audley End, July, 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>NOTES ON MILTON.</h3> +<h4>(Continued from Vol. ii., p. 53.)</h4> +<p><i>Il Penseroso.</i></p> +<p>On l. 8 (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Fantastic swarms of dreams there hover'd,</p> +<p>Green, red, and yellow, tawney, black, and blue;</p> +<p>They make no noise, but right resemble may</p> +<p>Th' unnumber'd moats that in the sun-beams play."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas.</i></p> +<p>Cælia, in Beaumont and Fletcher's <i>Humorous +Lieutenant</i>, says,—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"My maidenhead to a mote in the sun, he's jealous."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Act iv. Sc. 8.</p> +<p>On l. 35. (G.) Mr. Warton might have found a happier +illustration of his argument in Ben Jonson's <i>Every Man in his +Humour</i>, Act i. Sc. 3.:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Too conceal such real ornaments as these, and shadow</p> +<p>their glory, as a milliner's wife does her wrought</p> +<p>stomacher, with a smoaky lawn, or a <i>black cyprus</i>."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>—Whalley's edit. vol. i. p. 33.</p> +<p>On l. 39. (G.) The origin of this uncommon use of the word +"commerce" is from Donne:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"If this commerce 'twixt heaven and earth were not</p> +<p>embarred."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>—<i>Poems</i>, p. 249. Ed. 4to. 1633.</p> +<p>On l. 43. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"That sallow-faced, sad, stooping nymph, whose eye</p> +<p>Still on the ground is fixed steadfastly."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas</i></p> +<p>On l. 52. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Mounted aloft on Contemplation's wings."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>G. Wither</i>, P. 1. vol. i. Ed. 1633.</p> +<p>Drummond has given "golden wings" to Fame.</p> +<p>On l. 88. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Hermes Trismegistus.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>On l. 100. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Tyrants' bloody gests</p> +<p>Of Thebes, Mycenæ, or proud Ilion."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas.</i></p> +<hr /> +<p><i>Arcades.</i></p> +<p>On l. 23. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And without respect of odds,</p> +<p>Vye renown with Demy-gods."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Wither's Mistresse of Philarete</i>, Sig. E. 5. Ed. 1633.</p> +<p>On l. 27. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"But yet, whate'er he do or can devise,</p> +<p>Disguised glory shineth in his eyes."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas.</i></p> +<p>On l. 46. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"An eastern wind commix'd with <i>noisome airs</i>,</p> +<p>Shall <i>blast the plants</i> and the <i>young +sapplings</i>."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Span. Trag. Old Plays</i>, vol. iii. p. 222.</p> +<p>On l. 65. (G.) Compare Drunmond—speech of Endymion before +Charles:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"To tell by me, their herald, coming things,</p> +<p>And what each Fate to her stern distaff sings," &c.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>On l. 84. (M.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And with his beams enamel'd every greene."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Fairfax's Tasso</i>, b. i. st. 35.</p> +<p>On l. 97. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Those brooks with lilies bravely deck't."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Drayton</i>, 1447.</p> +<p>On l. 106. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Pan entertains, this coming night,</p> +<p>His paramour, the Syrinx bright."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess</i>, Act i.</p> +<p class="author">J.F.M.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>DERIVATION OF EASTER.</h3> +<p>Southey, in his <i>Book of the Church</i>, derives our word +<i>Easter</i> from a <i>Saxon</i> source:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The worship," he says, "of the goddess <i>Eostre</i> or +<i>Eastre</i>, which may probably be traced to the Astarte of the +Phoenicians, is retained among us in the word <i>Easter</i>; her +annual festival having been superseded by that sacred day."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Should he not rather have given a <i>British</i> origin to the +name of our Christian holy day? Southey acknowledges that the +"heathenism which the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id= +"page116"></a>{116}</span> Saxons introduced, bears no [very +little?] affinity either to that of the Britons or the Romans;" yet +it is certain that the Britons worshipped Baal and +<i>Ashtaroth</i>, a relic of whose worship appears to be still +retained in Cornwall to this day. The Druids, as Southey tells us, +"made the people pass through the fire in honour of Baal." But the +<i>festival</i> in honour of Baal appears to have been in the +<i>autumn</i>: for</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"They made the people," he informs us, "at the beginning of +<i>winter</i>, extinguish all their fires on one day and kindle +them again from the sacred fire of the Druids, which would make the +house fortunate for the ensuing year; and, if any man came who had +not paid his yearly dues, [Easter offerings, &c., date back as +far as this!] they refused to give him a spark, neither durst any +of his neighbours relieve him, nor might he himself procure fire by +any other means, so that he and his family were deprived of it till +he had discharged the uttermost of his debt."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Druidical fires kindled in the <i>spring</i> of the year, on +the other hand, would appear to be those in honour of +<i>Ashtaroth</i>, or <i>Astarte</i>, from whom the <i>British +Christians</i> may naturally enough have derived the name of +<i>Easter</i> for their corresponding season. We might go even +further than this, and say that the young ladies who are reported +still to take the chief part in keeping up the Druidical +festivities in Cornwall, very happily represent the ancient +<i>Estal</i> (or <i>Vestal</i>) virgins.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In times of Paganism," says O'Halloran, "we find in +<i>Ireland</i> females devoted to celibacy. There was in Tara a +royal foundation of this kind, wherein none were admitted but +virgins of the noblest blood. It was called Cluain-Feart, or the +place of retirement till death," &c ... "The duty of these +virgins was to keep up the fires of Bel, or the sun, and of +Sambain, or the moon, which customs they borrowed from their +Phoenician ancestors. They both [<i>i.e.</i> the Irish and the +Phoenicians] adored Bel, or the sun, the moon, and the stars. The +'house of <i>Rimmon</i>' which the Phoenicians worshipped in, like +our temples of Fleachta in Meath, was sacred to the <i>moon</i>. +The word '<i>Rimmon</i>' has by no means been understood by the +different commentators; and yet, by recurring to the Irish (a +branch of the Phoenician) it becomes very intelligible; for +'<i>Re</i>' is Irish for the moon, and '<i>Muadh</i>' signifies an +<i>image</i>, and the compound word '<i>Reamhan</i>,' signifies +<i>prognosticating by the appearance of the moon</i>. It appears by +the life of our great S. Columba, that the Druid temples were here +decorated with figures of the sun, the moon, and stars. The +Phoenicians, under the name of <i>Bel-Samen</i>, adored the +Supreme; and it is pretty remarkable, that to this very day, to +wish a friend every happiness this life can afford, we say in +Irish, 'The blessings of <i>Samen</i> and <i>Bel</i> be with you!' +that is, of the seasons; Bel signifying the sun, and Samhain the +moon."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>—(See O'Halloran's <i>Hist. of Ireland</i>, vol. i. P. +47.)</p> +<p class="author">J. SANSOM.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> +<p><i>Presages of Death</i>.—The Note by Mr. C. FORBES (Vol. +ii., p. 84.) on "High Spirits considered a Presage of impending +Calamity or Death," reminded me of a collection of authorities I +once made, for academical purposes, of a somewhat analogous +bearing,—I mean the ancient belief in the existence of a +power of prophecy at that period which immediately precedes +dissolution.</p> +<p>The most ancient, as well as the most striking instance, is +recorded in the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"And Jacob called his sons and said, Gather yourselves together +<i>that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last +days</i>.... And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, +he gathered up his feet into his bed, and yielded up the ghost, and +was gathered unto his people."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Homer affords two instances of a similar kind: thus, Patroclus +prophesies the death of Hector (Il. [Greek: p] 852.)<a id= +"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= +"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>[Greek: "Ou thaen oud autos daeron beae alla toi aedae</p> +<p>Agchi parestaeke Thanatos kai Moira krataiae,</p> +<p>Chersi dament Achilaeos amnmonos Aiakidao."]<a id="footnotetag2" +name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Again, Hector in his turn prophesies the death of Achilles by +the hand of Paris (Il. [Greek: ch.] 358.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>[Greek: "Phrazeo nun, mae toi ti theon maenima genomai</p> +<p>Aemati to ote ken se Pharis kai phoibus Apollon,</p> +<p>Esthlon eont, olesosin eni Skaiaesi pulaesin."]<a id= +"footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href= +"#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>This was not merely a poetical fancy, or a superstitious faith +of the ignorant, for we find it laid down as a great physical truth +by the greatest of the Greek philosophers, the divine +Socrates:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "To de dae meta touto epithumo humin chraesmodaesai, o +katapsaephisamenoi mou kai gar eimi aedae entautha en o malist +anthropoi chraesmodousin hotan mellosin apothaneisthai."]<a id= +"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href= +"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>In Xenophon, also, the same idea is expressed, and, if possible, +in language still more definite and precise:—</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id= +"page117"></a>{117}</span> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "Hae de tou anthropou psuchae tote daepou theiotatae +kataphainetai, kai tote ti ton mellonton proora."]<a id= +"footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href= +"#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Diodorus Siculus, again, has produced great authorities on this +subject:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "Puthagoras ho Samios, kai tines heteroi ton palaion +phusikon, apephaenanto tas psuchas ton anthropon uparchein +athanatous, akolouthos de to dogmati touto kai progignoskein autas +ta mellonta, kath hon an kairon en tae teleutae ton apo tou somatos +chorismon poiontai."]<a id="footnotetag6" name= +"footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>From the ancient writers I yet wish to add one more authority; +and I do so especially, because the doctrine of the Stagirite is +therein recorded. Sextus Empiricus writes,—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "Hae psuchae, phaesin Aristotelaes, promanteuetai kai +proagoreuei ta mellonta—en to kata thanaton chorizesthai ton +somaton."]<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href= +"#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Without encroaching further upon the space of this periodical by +multiplying evidence corroborative of the same fact, I will content +myself by drawing the attention of the reader to our own great poet +and philosopher, Shakspeare, whose subtle genius and intuitive +knowledge of human nature render his opinions on all such subjects +of peculiar value. Thus in <i>Richard II</i>., Act ii. sc. 1., the +dying Gaunt, alluding to his nephew, the young and self-willed +king, exclaims,—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Methinks I am a prophet new inspired;</p> +<p>And thus, expiring, do foretel of him."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Again, in <i>Henry IV., Part I.</i>, Act v. sc. 4., the brave +Percy, when in the agonies of death, conveys the same idea in the +following words:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i10">"O, I could prophesy,</p> +<p>But that the earthy and cold hand of death</p> +<p>Lies on my tongue."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Reckoning, therefore, from the time of Jacob, this belief, +whether with or without foundation, has been maintained upwards of +3500 years. It was grounded on the assumed fact, that the soul +became divine in the same ratio as its connection with the body was +loosened or destroyed. In sleep, the unity is weakened but not +ended: hence, in sleep, the material being dead, the immaterial, or +divine principle, wanders unguided, like a gentle breeze over the +unconscious strings of an Æolian harp; and according to the +health or disease of the body are pleasing visions or horrid +phantoms (<i>ægri somnia</i>, as Horace) present to the mind +of the sleeper. Before death, the soul, or immaterial principle, +is, as it were, on the confines of two worlds, and may possess at +the same moment a power which is both prospective and +retrospective. At that time its connection with the body being +merely nominal, it partakes of that perfectly pure, ethereal, and +exalted nature (<i>quod multo magis faciet post mortem quum omnino +corpore excesserit</i>) which is designed for it hereafter.</p> +<p>As the question is an interesting one, I conclude by asking, +through the medium of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," if a belief in this +power of prophesy before death be known to exist at the present +day?</p> +<p class="author">AUGUSTUS GUEST.</p> +<p>London, July 8.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name= +"footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +<p>For the assistance of the general reader, I have introduced +hasty translations of the several passages quoted.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name= +"footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +<p>(And I moreover tell you, and do you meditate well upon it, +that) you yourself are not destined to live long, for even now +death is drawing nigh unto you, and a violent fate awaits +you,—about to be slain in fight by the hands of Achilles, the +irreproachable son of Oacus.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name= +"footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +<p>Consider now whether I may not be to you the cause of divine +anger, in that day when Paris and Phoebus Apollo shall slay you, +albeit so mighty, at the Scaean gate.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name= +"footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +<p>Wherefore I have an earnest desire to prophesy to you who have +condemned me; for I am already arrived at that stage of my +existence in which, especially, men utter prophetic sayings, that +is, when they are about to die.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name= +"footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag5">(return)</a> +<p>That time, indeed, the soul of man appears to be in a manner +divine, for to a certain extent it foresees things which are about +to happen.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name= +"footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag6">(return)</a> +<p>Pythagoras the Samian, and some others of the ancient +philosophers, showed that the souls of men were immortal, and that, +when they were on the point of separating from the body, they +possessed a knowledge of futurity.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name= +"footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag7">(return)</a> +<p>The soul, says Aristotle, when on the point of taking its +departure from the body, foretells and prophesies things about to +happen.</p> +</blockquote> +<hr /> +<p><i>Divination at Marriages</i>.—The following practices +are very prevalent at marriages in these districts; and as I do not +find them noticed by Brand in the last edition of his <i>Popular +Antiquities</i>, they may perhaps be thought worthy a place in the +"NOTES AND QUERIES."</p> +<p>1. Put a wedding ring into the <i>posset</i>, and after serving +it out, the unmarried person whose cup contains the ring will be +the first of the company to be married.</p> +<p>2. Make a common flat cake of flour, water, currants, &c., +and put therein a wedding ring and a sixpence. When the company is +about to retire on the wedding-day, the cake must be broken and +distributed amongst the unmarried females. She who gets the ring in +her portion of the cake will shortly be married, and the one who +gets the sixpence will die an old maid.</p> +<p class="author">T.T.W.</p> +<p>Burnley, July 9. 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FRANCIS LENTON THE POET.</h3> +<p>In a MS. obituary of the seventeenth century, preserved at +Staunton Hall, Leicestershire, I found the following:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"May 12. 1642. This day died Francis Lenton, of Lincoln's Inn, +Gent."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This entry undoubtedly relates to the author of three very rare +poetical tracts: 1. <i>The Young Gallant's Whirligigg</i>, 1629; 2. +<i>The Innes of Court</i>, 1634; 3. <i>Great Brittain's +Beauties</i>, 1638. In the dedication to Sir Julius Cæsar, +prefixed to the first-named work, the writer speaks of having "once +belonged to the <i>Innes of Court</i>," and says he was "no usuall +poetizer, but, to barre idlenesse, imployed that little talent the +Muses conferr'd upon him in this little tract." Sir Egerton Brydges +supposed the copy of <i>The Young Gallant's Whirligigg</i> +preserved in the library of Sion College to be <i>unique</i>; but +this is not the case, as the writer knows of <i>two</i> +others,—one at Staunton Hall, and another at Tixall Priory in +Staffordshire. It has been reprinted by Mr. <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>{118}</span> Halliwell +at the end of a volume containing <i>The Marriage of Wit and +Wisdom</i>, published by the Shakspeare Society. In his prefatory +remarks that gentleman says,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Besides his printed works, Lenton wrote the <i>Poetical History +of Queene Hester</i>, with the translation of the 83rd Psalm, +reflecting upon the present times. MS. dated 1649."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This date must be incorrect, if our entry in the Staunton +obituary relates to the same person; and there is every reason to +suppose that it does. The <i>autograph</i> MS. of Lenton occurred +in Heber's sale (Part xi. No. 724.), and is thus described:</p> +<blockquote> +<p><i>Hadassiah</i>, or the <i>History of Queen Hester</i>, sung in +a sacred and serious poeme, and divided into ten chapters, by F. +Lenton, the Queen's Majesties Poet, 1638.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This is undoubtedly the <i>correct</i> date, as it is in the +handwriting of the author. Query. What is the meaning of Lenton's +title, "the Queen's Majesties Poet"?</p> +<p class="author">Edward F. Rimbault.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>Minor Notes.</h3> +<p><i>Lilburn or Prynne?</i>—I am anxious to suggest in +"Notes and Queries" whether a character in the Second Canto of Part +iii. of <i>Hudibras</i> (line 421), beginning,</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"To match this saint, there was another,</p> +<p>As busy and perverse a brother,</p> +<p>An haberdasher of small wares,</p> +<p>In politics and state affairs,"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Has not been wrongly given by Dr. Grey to Lilburn, and whether +Prynne is not rather the person described. Dr. Grey admits in his +note that the application of the passage to Lilburn involves an +anachronism, Lilburn having died in 1657, and this passage being a +description of one among</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"The quacks of government who sate"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>to consult for the Restoration, when they saw ruin +impending.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p><i>Peep of Day.</i>—Jacob Grimm, in his <i>Deutsche +Mythologie</i>, p. 428., ed. 1., remarks that the ideas of light +and sound are sometimes confounded; and in support of his +observation he quotes passages of Danish and German poets in which +the sun and moon are said to <i>pipe</i> (pfeifen). In further +illustration of this usage, he also cites the words "the sun began +to peep," from a Scotch ballad in Scott's <i>Border Minstrelsy</i>, +vol. ii. p. 430. In p. 431. he explains the words "par son l'aube," +which occur in old French poets, by "per sonitum auroræ;" and +compares the English expression, "the peep of day."</p> +<p>The Latin <i>pipio</i> or <i>pipo</i>, whence the Italian +<i>pipare</i>, and the French <i>pépier</i>, is the ultimate +origin of the verb <i>to peep</i>; which, in old English, bore the +sense of chirping, and is so used in the authorised version of +Isaiah, viii. 19., x. 14. Halliwell, in his <i>Archaic +Dictionary</i>, explains "peep" as "a flock of chickens," but cites +no example. <i>To peep</i>, however, in the sense of taking a rapid +look at anything through a small aperture, is an old use of the +word, as is proved by the expression <i>Peeping</i> Tom of +Coventry. As so used, it corresponds with the German <i>gucken</i>. +Mr. Richardson remarks that this meaning was probably suggested by +the young chick looking out of the half-broken shell. It is quite +certain that the "peep of day" has nothing to do with sound; but +expresses the first appearance of the sun, as he just looks over +the eastern hills.</p> +<p class="author">L.</p> +<p><i>Martinet.</i>—Will the following passage throw any +light on the origin of the word <i>Martinet</i>?</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Une discipline, devenue encore plus exacte, avait mis dans +l'armée un nouvel ordre. Il n'y avait point encore +d'inspecteurs de cavalerie et d'infanterie, comme nous en avons vu +depuis, mais deux hommes uniques chacun dans leur genre en fesaient +les fonctions. <i>Martinet mettait alors l'infanterie sur le pied +de discipline où elle est aujourd'hui.</i> Le Chevalier de +<i>Fourilles</i> fesait la même change dans la cavalerie. Il +y avait un an que <i>Martinet</i> avait mis la baionnette en usage +dans quelque régimens, &c.—Voltaire, +<i>Siècle de Louis XIV.</i> c. 10.</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">C. Forbes.</p> +<p>July 2.</p> +<p><i>Guy's Porridge Pot.</i>—In the porter's lodge at +Warwick Castle are preserved some enormous pieces of armour, which, +<i>according to tradition</i>, were worn by the famous champion +"Guy, Earl of Warwick;" and in addition (with other marvellous +curiosities) is also exhibited Guy's porridge pot, of bell metal, +said to weigh 300 lbs., and to contain 120 gallons. There is also a +flesh-fork to ring it.</p> +<p>Mr. Nichols, in his <i>History of Leicestershire</i>, Part ii. +vol. iii., remarks,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"A turnpike road from Ashby to Whitwick, passes through Talbot +Lane. Of this lane and the famous large pot at Warwick Castle, we +have an old traditionary couplet:</p> +</blockquote> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"'There's nothing left of Talbot's name,</p> +<p>But Talbot's Pot and Talbot's Lane.'</p> +</div> +</div> +<blockquote> +<p>"Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, died in 1439. His eldest +daughter, Margaret, was married to John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, +by whom she had one son, John Viscount Lisle, from whom the Dudleys +descended, Viscount Lisle and Earl of Warwick."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It would therefore appear that neither the armour nor the pot +belonged to the "noble Guy"—the armour being comparatively of +modern manufacture, and the pot, it appears, descended from the +Talbots to the Warwick family: which pot is generally filled with +punch on the birth of a male heir to that noble family.</p> +<p class="author">W. Reader.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id= +"page119"></a>{119}</span> +<h2>Queries.</h2> +<h3>NICHOLAS FERRAR OF LITTLE GIDDING.</h3> +<p>Dr. Peckard, in his Preface to the <i>Life of Nicholas Ferrar of +Little Gidding</i>, says the memoir he published was edited or +compiled by him from "the original MS. still in my possession" (p. +xi.); and in the Appendix adds, that "Mr. John Ferrar," the elder +brother of Nicholas, was the author of it (p. 279.).</p> +<p>How he compiled or edited "the original MS." he states with much +candour in his Preface (p. xv.):</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The editor's intention," in altering the narrative, "was to +give what is not observed in the original, a regular series of +facts; and through the whole a sort of evenness and simplicity of +stile equally free from meanness and affectation. In short, to make +the old and the new, as far as he could, uniform; that he might not +appear to have sewed a piece of new cloth to an old garment, and +made its condition worse by his endeavours to mend it."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Again, at page 308., he says,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"There is an antient MS. in folio, giving an account of Mr. N. +Ferrar, which at length, from Gidding, came into the hands of Mr. +Ed. Ferrar of Huntingdon, and is now in the possession of the +editor. Mr. Peck had the use of this MS. as appears by several +marginal notes in his handwriting; from this and some loose and +unconnected papers of Mr. Peck.... the editor, as well as he was +able, has made out the foregoing memoirs."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Can any of your numerous correspondents inform me if this +"antient MS." is still in existence, and in whose possession?</p> +<p>Peckard was related to the Ferrars, and was Master of Magdalen +Coll., Cambridge.</p> +<p>In "A Catalogue of MSS. (once) at Gidding," Peckard, p. 306., +the third article is "Lives, Characters, Histories, and Tales for +moral and religious Instruction, in five volumes folio, neatly +bound and gilt, by Mary Collet." This work, with five others, +"undoubtedly were all written by N. Ferrar, Sen.," says Dr. +Peckard; and in the Memoir, at page 191., he gives a list of these +"short histories," ninety-eight in number, "which are still +remaining in my possession;" and adds further, at p. 194.,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"These lives, characters, and moral essays would, I think, fill +two or three volumes in 8vo., but <i>they are written in so +minute</i> a character, that I cannot form any conjecture to be +depended upon."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I have been thus particular in describing these "histories", +because the subjects of them are identical with those in Fuller's +<i>Holy and Profane State</i>, the first edition of which was +published at Cambridge, in 1642. "The characters I have conformed," +says Fuller in his Preface, "to the then standing laws of the realm +(a twelvemonth ago were they sent to the press), since which time +the wisdom of the King and state hath" altered many things. +Nicholas Ferrar died December 2, 1637, and the Query I wish to ask +is, Did Fuller compose them (for that he was really the author of +them can hardly be doubted) at the suggestion and for the benefit +of the community at Gidding, some years before he published them; +and is it possible to ascertain and determine if the MS. is in the +handwriting of Ferrar or Fuller?</p> +<p>Is there any print or view in existence of the "Nunnery," at +Little Gidding?</p> +<p>In the <i>Life of Dr. Thomas Fuller</i>, published anonymously +in 1661, it is stated, that at his funeral a customary sermon was +preached by Dr. Hardy, Dean of Rochester, "which hath not yet +(though it is hoped and much desired may) passe the presse," p. +63.</p> +<p>Query. Was this sermon ever published? and secondly, who was the +author of the <i>Life</i> from which the above passage is +quoted?</p> +<p class="author">John Miland.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>STUKELEY'S "STONEHENGE."</h3> +<p>May I request a space in your periodical for the following +Queries, drawn from Dr. Stukeley's <i>Stonehenge and Abury</i>, p. +31.?</p> +<blockquote> +<p>1st. "But eternally to be lamented is the loss of that tablet of +tin, which was found at this place (Stonehenge) in the time of King +Henry VIII., inscribed with many letters, but in so strange a +character that neither Sir Thomas Elliott, a learned antiquary, nor +Mr. Lilly, master of St. Paul's school, could make any thing out of +it. Mr. Sammes may be right, who judges it to have been +<i>Punic</i>. I imagine if we call it Irish we shall not err much. +No doubt but what it was a memorial of the founders, wrote by the +Druids and had it been preserved till now, would have been an +invaluable curiosity."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Can you or any of your contributors give me any further +information about this inscription?</p> +<p>2. The Doctor continues,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"To make the reader some amends for such a loss I have given a +specimen of supposed Druid writing, out of Lambecius' account of +the Emperor's library at Vienna. 'Tis wrote on a very thin plate of +gold with a sharp-pointed instrument. It was in an urn found at +Vienna, rolled up in several cases of other metal, together with +funeral exuviæ. It was thought by the curious, one of those +epistles which the Celtic people were wont to send to their friends +in the other world. The reader may divert himself with trying to +explain it."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Has this inscription ever been explained, and how? Stukeley's +book is by no means a rare one; therefore I have not trusted myself +to copy the inscription: and such as feel disposed to help me in my +difficulty would doubtless prefer seeing the Doctor's own +illustration at p. 31.</p> +<p class="author">Henry Cunliffe.</p> +<p>Hyde Park Street.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id= +"page120"></a>{120}</span> +<h3>ATHELSTANE'S FORM OF DONATION.—MEANING OF "SOMAGIA."</h3> +<p>Tristram Risdon, in his quaint <i>Survey of the Co. of +Devon</i>, after mentioning the foundation of the church of High +Bickington by King Athelstane,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Who," he says, "gave to God and it one hide of land, as +appeareth by the donation, a copy whereof, for the antiquity +thereof, I will here insert: 'Iche Athelstane king, grome of this +home, geve and graunt to the preist of this chirch, one yoke of mye +land frelith to holde, woode in my holt house to buyld, bitt grass +for all hys beasts, fuel for hys hearth, pannage for hys sowe and +piggs, world without end,'"—</p> +</blockquote> +<p>adds presently afterwards, that</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Sir John Willington gave <i>Weeksland</i> in this tything, unto +Robert Tolla, <i>cum 40 somagia annuatim capiend in Buckenholt</i> +(so be the words of the grant) in the time of K. Edw. I."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Willingtons were lords of the manor of Umberleigh, where +Athelstane's palace stood, with its chapel dedicated to the Holy +Trinity, formerly rich in ancient monuments, and having a chantry +near to it. Some of the monuments from this chapel are still +preserved in the neighbouring church of Atherington.</p> +<p>My Queries upon this Note are:</p> +<p>1. Whence did Risdon derive his copy of King Athelstane's form +of donation? 2. What is the precise meaning of the word +<i>Somagia</i>?</p> +<p>In <i>Ducange</i> (ed. Par. 1726, tom. vi. col. 589.) I +find:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Somegia</i>. Præstatio, ut videtur <i>ex summis</i>, +v. gr. bladi, frumenti. Charta Philippi Reg. Franc. an. 1210. Idem +etiam Savaricus detinet sibi census suos, et venditiones, et +quosdam reditus, qui <i>Somegiæ</i> vocantur, et avenam, et +<i>captagia</i> hominum et foeminarum suarum, qui reditus cum una +Somegiarum in festo B. Remigii persolverentur; deinde secunda +Somegia in vicesima die Natalis Domini, et tertia in Octabis +Resurrectionis Dominicæ, ei similiter persolventur; caponum +etiam suorum in crastino Natalis Domini percipiet solutionem: +unaquæque vero somegiarum quatuor denarios bonæ +monetæ valet."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Ducange refers also to some kindred words; but, instead of +clearing up my difficulty in the word <i>somagia</i>, he presents +me with another in <i>captagia</i>, the meaning of which I do not +clearly understand. Perhaps some of your more learned contributors +will obligingly help me to the true import of these words?</p> +<p class="author">J. Sansom.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>Minor Queries.</h3> +<p><i>Charade</i>.—Can any one tell who is the author of the +following charade? No doubt, the lines are well known to many of +your readers, although I have never seen them in print. It has been +said that Dr. Robinson, a physician, wrote them. It strikes me that +the real author, whoever he be, richly deserves to be named in +"Notes and Queries."</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Me, the contented man desires,</p> +<p>The poor man has, the rich requires;</p> +<p>The miser gives, the spendthrift saves,</p> +<p>And all must carry to their graves."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>It can scarcely be necessary to add that the answer is, +<i>nothing</i>.</p> +<p class="author">Alfred Gatty.</p> +<p>July 1. 1850.</p> +<p>"<i>Smoke Money</i>."—Under this name is collected every +year at Battle, in Sussex, by the Constable, one penny from every +householder, and paid to the Lord of the Manor. What is its origin +and meaning?</p> +<p class="author">B.</p> +<p>"<i>Rapido contrarius orbi</i>."—What divine of the +seventeenth century adopted these words as his motto? They are part +of a line in one of Owen's epigrams.</p> +<p class="author">N.B.</p> +<p><i>Lord Richard Christophilus</i>.—Can any of your readers +give any account of Lord Richard Christophilus, a Turk converted to +Christianity, to whom, immediately after the Restoration, in July, +1660, the Privy Council appointed a pension of 50<i>l.</i> a-year, +and an additional allowance of 2<i>l.</i> a-week.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p><i>Fiz-gigs</i>.—In those excellent poems, Sandys's +<i>Paraphrases on Job and other Books of the Bible</i>, there is a +word of a most destructive character to the effect. Speaking of +leviathan, he asks,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Canst thou with <i>fiz-gigs</i> pierce him to the quick?"</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It may be an ignorant question, but I do not know what fiz-gigs +are.</p> +<p class="author">C.B.</p> +<p><i>Specimens of Erica in Bloom</i>.—Can any of your +correspondents oblige me by the information where I can procure +specimens in bloom of the following plants, viz. Erica crescenta, +Erica paperina, E. purpurea, E. flammea, and at what season they +come into blossom in England? If specimens are not procurable +without much expense and trouble, can you supply me with the name +of a work in which these plants are figured?</p> +<p class="author">E.S.</p> +<p>Dover.</p> +<p><i>Michael Scott, the Wizard</i>.—What works by Michael +Scott, the reputed wizard, (Sir Walter's <i>Deus ex Machina</i> in +<i>The Lay of the Last Minstrel</i>), have been printed?</p> +<p class="author">X.Y.A.</p> +<p><i>Stone Chalices</i>.—Can any of the readers of "Notes +and Queries" inform me whether the use of <i>stone chalices</i> was +authorised by the ancient constitutions of the Church; and, if so, +at what period, and where the said constitutions were enacted?</p> +<p class="author">X.Y.A.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id= +"page121"></a>{121}</span> +<h2>Replies.</h2> +<h3>ULRICH VON HUTTEN AND THE "EPISTOLÆ OBSCURORUM +VIRONUM."</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., p. 55.)</h4> +<p>I have never seen the article in the <i>Quarterly Review</i> to +which your correspondent H.B.C. alludes: he will probably find it +by reference to the index, which is not just now within my reach. +The neat London edition, 1710, of the <i>Epistolæ</i> was +given by Michael Mattaire. There are several subsequent +reimpressions, but none worth notice except that by Henr. Guil. +Rotermund, Hanover, 1827, 8vo.; and again, with improvements, "cum +nova præfatione, nec non illustratione historica circa +originem earum, atque notitia de vita et scriptis virorum in +Epistolis occurentium aucta," 1830, both in 8vo.</p> +<p>The best edition, however, is that given by Dr. Ernst +Münch, Leipsic, 1827, 8vo., with the following title:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum aliaque Ævi Decimi +sexti Monimenta Rarissima. Die Briefe der Finsterlinge an Magister +Ortuinus von Deventer, nebst andern sehr seltenen Beiträgen +zur Literatur-Sitten-und-Kirchengeschichte des xvi'n +Jahrhunderts."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This contains many important additions, and a copious historical +introduction. Both the editors write in German.</p> +<p>That this admirable satire produced an immense effect at the +period of its publication, there can be no doubt; but that it has +ever been thoroughly understood and relished among us may be +doubted. Mr. Hallam, in his <i>Literature of Europe</i>, vol. i., +seems to have been disgusted with the monkish dog-Latin and bald +jokes, not recollecting that this was a necessary and essential +part of the design. Nor is it strange that Steele, who was perhaps +not very well acquainted with the history of literature, should +have misconceived the nature of the publication, when we learn from +an epistle of Sir Thomas More to Erasmus, that some of the stupid +theologasters themselves, who were held up to ridicule, received it +with approbation as a serious work:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Epist. Obs. Viror</i>. operæ pretium est videre +quantopere placeant omnibus, et doctis joco, et indoctis serio, qui +dum ridemus, putant rideri stylum tantum, quem illi non defendunt, +sed gravitate sententiarum dicunt compensatum, et latere sub rudi +vagina pulcherrimum gladium. Utinam fuisset inditus libello alius +titulus! Profecto intra centum annos homines studio stupidi non +sensissent nasum, quamquam rhinocerotico longiorem."<a id= +"footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href= +"#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Erasmus evidently enjoyed the witty contrivance, though he +affects to disapprove it as an anonymous libel. Simler, in his life +of Bullinger, relates that on the first reading Erasmus fell into +such a fit of laughter as to burst an abscess in his face with +which he was at that time troubled, and which prevented the +necessity of a surgical operation.</p> +<p>The literary history of the <i>Epistolæ</i> and the +<i>Dialogue</i> is involved in obscurity. That Ulrich von Hutten +had a large share in their concoction there can be no doubt; and +that he was assisted by Crotus Rubianus and Hermann von Busch, if +not by others, seems highly probable. The authorship of +<i>Lamentationes Obscurorum Virorum</i> is a paradox which has not +yet been solved. They are a parody, but a poor one, of the +<i>Epistolæ</i>, and in the second edition are attributed to +Ortuinus Gratius. If they are by him, he must have been a dull dog +indeed; but by some it has been thought that they are the work of a +Reuchlinist, to mystify the monks of Cologne, and render them still +more ridiculous; yet, as the Pope's bull against the +<i>Epistolæ</i>, and Erasmus's disapproving letter, find a +prominent place, and some other well-grounded inculpations occur, +it appears to me that some slender-witted advocate of the enemies +of learning has here shown his want of skill in handling the +weapons of the adversary.</p> +<p>How much Sir Thomas More was pleased with the writings of Hutten +we may gather from the opening of a letter which Erasmus addressed +to Hutten, giving an interesting account of his illustrious friend, +in August, 1519:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Quod Thomæ Mori ingenium sic deamas, ac penè +dixerim deperis, nimirum scriptis illius inflammatus, quibus (ut +verè scribis) nihil esse potest neque doctius neque +festivius; istue mibi crede, clarissime Huttene tibi cum multis +commune est, cum Moro mutuum etiam. Nam is vicissim adeò +scriptorum tuorum genio delectatur, ut ipse tibi plopemodum +invideam."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Dialogue (Mire Festivus), which in the edition of 1710 +occurs between the first and second parts of the +<i>Epistolæ</i>, bears especial marks of Hutten's manner, and +is doubtless by him. The interlocutors are three of the illustrious +obscure, Magisters Ortuinus, Lupoldus, and Gingolphus, and the +first act of the comedy consists in their observations upon the +promoters of learning, Reuchlin, Erasmus, and Faber Stapulensis, +who afterwards make their appearance, and the discussion becomes +general, but no impression can be made upon the stupid and +prejudiced monks. The theme is, of course, the inutility of the new +learning, Hebrew and Greek and correct Latinity. One short passage +seems to me admirable:</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id= +"page122"></a>{122}</span> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>M. Ging</i>. Et Sanctus Ambrosius, Sanctus Augustinus, et +alii omnes zelossimi doctores non sciebant ipsi bene tot, sicut +iste Ribaldi? <i>M. Ort</i>. Ipsi deberent interponere suis. <i>M. +Lup</i>. Non bene indigemus de suo Græco. <i>M. Ging</i>. +Videtur eis, qui sciunt dicere <i>tou, tou, logos, monsotiros, +legoim, taff, hagiotatos</i>, quod ipse sciunt plus quam Deus. +<i>M. Ort</i>. Magister noster Lupolde, creditis, quod Deus curat +multum de iste Græco? <i>M. Lup</i>. Certe non, Magister +noster Ortuine, ego credo, quod Deus non curat multum."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Ranke, in his <i>History of the Reformation</i>, has very justly +estimated the merits and character of these remarkable +productions:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"We must not look for the delicate apprehension and tact, which +can only be formed in a highly polished state of society, nor for +the indignation of insulted morality expressed by the ancients: it +is altogether a caricature, not of finished individual portraits, +but of a single type;—a clownish sensual German priest, his +intellect narrowed by stupid wonder and fanatical hatred, who +relates with silly <i>naïveté</i> and gossiping +confidence the various absurd and scandalous situations into which +he falls. These letters are not the work of a high poetical genius, +but they have truth, coarse strong features of resemblance, and +vivid colouring."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Ranke mentions another satire, which appeared in March, 1520, +directed against John Eck, the opponent of Luther, the latter being +regarded in the light of a successor of Reuchlin, under the title +of <i>Abgehobelte Eck</i>, or <i>Eccius dedolatus</i>, "which, for +fantastic invention, striking and crushing truth, and Aristophanic +wit, far exceeded the <i>Literæ Obsc. V.</i>, which it +somewhat resembled." I have not yet been able to meet with this; +but such high praise, from so judicious a critic, makes me very +desirous to see and peruse it.</p> +<p class="author">S.W. Singer.</p> +<p>Mickleham, July 3. 1850.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name= +"footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag8">(return)</a> +<p>"Ubi primum exissent <i>Ep. Ob. V.</i> miro Monachorum applausu +exceptæ sunt apud Britannos a Franciscanis ac Dominicanis, +qui sibi persuadebant, eas in Reuchlini contumeliam, et Monachorum +favorem, serio proditus: quamque quidam egregie doctus, sed +nasutissimus, fingeret se nonnihil offendi stylo, consulati sunt +hominem."—<i>Erasm. Epist.</i> 979.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum</i>.—Your Querist +H.B.C. (Vol. ii., pp. 55-57.) will find, in the 53rd vol. <i>Edinb. +Rev.</i> p. 180., a long article on these celebrated letters, +containing much of the information required. It is worthy of +remark, that in page 195. we are told</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In 1710 there was printed in London the <i>most elegant</i> +edition that has ever appeared of these letters, which the editor, +Mich. Mattaire, gravely represents as the productions of their +ostensible authors."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Now this edition, though neat, has no claim to be termed most +elegant, which is hardly to be reconciled with what the reviewer +says in a note, p. 210., "that the text of this ed. of 1710 is of +no authority, and swarms with typographical blunders."</p> +<p>The work on its first appearance produced great excitement, and +was condemned by Pope Leo X. See <i>Dict. des Livres +Condamnés, &c.</i>, par Peignot, tom. ii. p. 218.</p> +<p>Many amusing anecdotes and notices are to be found in Bayle's +<i>Dict</i>. See particularly sub nomine Erasmus. Burton, in his +<i>Anatomy of Mel.</i> pt. i. sec. 2. Mem 3 sub 6. citing Jovius in +Elogiis, says,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Hostratus cucullatus adeo graviter ob Reuchlini librum qui +inscribitur, Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum dolore simul et +pudore sauciatus, et scipsum interfecerit."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>See also <i>Nouv. Diction. Historique</i> in the account of +Gratius, O.</p> +<p>There is also a good article on these letters in a very +excellent work entitled <i>Analectabiblion</i>, or <i>Extraits +Critique de divers Livres rares, &c., tiréz du Cabinet +du Marq. D. R. (oure)</i>. Paris, 1836. 2 tomes 8vo.</p> +<p class="author">F.R.A.</p> +<p><i>Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum</i>.—The article +inquired for by H.B.C. (Vol. ii, p. 55) is probably one in the +<i>Edinburgh Review</i>, vol. liii. p. 180., attributed to Sir +William Hamilton, the distinguished Professor of Logic in the +university of Edinburgh.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE.</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., p. 99.)</h4> +<p>Mr. Rimbault is wrong in giving to Abbot Milling the honour of +being the patron of Caxton, which is due to Abbot Esteney. Mr. C. +Knight in his <i>Life of Caxton</i>, which appropriately formed the +first work of his series of <i>Weekly Volumes</i>, has the +following remarks upon the passage from Stow, quoted by Mr. +Rimbault:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The careful historians of London here committed one error; John +Islip did not become abbot of Westminster till 1500. John Esteney +was made abbot in 1474, and remained such until his death in 1498. +His predecessor was Thomas Milling. In Dugdale's <i>Monasticon</i> +we find, speaking of Esteney, 'It was in this abbot's time, and not +in that of Milling, or in that of Abbot Islip, that Caxton +exercised the art of printing at Westminster.'"—p. 140.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I have no work at hand to which I can refer for the date of +Milling's death, but if 1492 be correct, perhaps he may have been +promoted to a bishoprick.</p> +<p>With reference to Mr. Rimbault's remark, that Caxton first +mentions the place of his printing in 1477, so that he must have +printed some time without informing us where, I may be allowed to +observe that it seems highly probable he printed, and indeed +learned the art, at Cologne. At the end of the third book of his +translation of the <i>Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye</i>, +Caxton says:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Thus end I this book which I have translated after mine author, +as nigh as God hath given me cunning, to whom be given the laud and +praises ... I have practised and learned, at my great charge and +dispense, to ordain this said book in print, after the manner and +form as you may here see."</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id= +"page123"></a>{123}</span> +<p>And on the title-page he informs us:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Whyche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in +1468, and ended in the holy cyte of Colen, 19 Sept. 1471."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This may refer to the translation only; but as Caxton was both +translator and printer, it does not seem unreasonable to regard it +as indicating when his entire labour upon the work was brought to a +close. I might support the view that Caxton printed at Cologne by +other arguments which would make the matter tolerably certain (see +<i>Life of Caxton</i>, p. 125., &c.); but as the excellent +little work to which I am indebted for these particulars is so well +known, and so easily accessible, I should not be justified in +occupying more of your space, and I will therefore conclude with +noting that the parochial library at Shipdham, in Norfolk, is said +to contain books printed by Caxton and other early printers. +Perhaps some one of your correspondents would record, for the +general benefit, of what they consist.</p> +<p class="author">Arun.</p> +<p>Dr. Rimbault has evidently not seen a short article on Caxton's +printing at Westminster, which I inserted in the <i>Gentleman's +Magazine</i> for April, 1846, nor the reference made to it in the +magazine for June last, p. 630., or he would have admitted that his +objections to Dr. Dibdin's conjectures on this point had been +already stated; moreover, I think he would have seen that the +difficulty had been actually cleared up. In truth, the popular +misapprehension on this subject has not been occasioned by any +obscurity in the colophons of the great printer, or in the survey +of Stow, but merely by the erroneous constricted sense into which +the word abbey has passed in this country. Caxton himself tells us +he printed his books in "th' abbay of Westminstre," but he does not +say in the church of the abbey. Stow distinctly says it was in the +almonry of the abbey; and the handbill Dr. Rimbault refers to +confirms that fact. The almonry was not merely "within the +precincts of the abbey," it was actually a part of the abbey. Dr. +Rimbault aims at the conclusion that "the old chapel of St. Anne +was doubtless the place where the first printing-office was erected +in England." But why so? Did not the chapel continue a chapel until +the Reformation, if not later? And Caxton would no more set up his +press in a chapel than in the abbey-church itself. Stow says it was +erected in the almonry. The almonry was one of the courts of the +abbey, (situated directly west of the abbey-church, and not east, +as Dr. Dibdin surmised); it contained a chapel dedicated to St. +Anne, and latterly an almshouse erected by the Lady Margaret. The +latter probably replaced other offices or lodgings of greater +antiquity, connected with the duties of the almoner, or the +reception and relief of the poor; and there need be no doubt that +it was one of these buildings that the Abbot of Westminster placed +at the disposal of our proto-typographer. There was nothing very +extraordinary in his so doing if we view the circumstance in its +true light; for the <i>scriptoria</i> of the monasteries had ever +been the principal manufactories of books. A single press was now +to do the work of many pens. The experiment was successful; "after +which time," as Stow goes on to say, "the like was practised in the +Abbeys of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, St. Alban's, and other +monasteries." The monks became printers instead of scribes; but +they would not ordinarily convert their churches or chapels into +printing-houses. The workmen, it is true, term the meetings held +for consultation on their common interests or pleasures, their +<i>chapels</i>; and whether this may have arisen from any +particular instance in which a chapel was converted into a +printing-house, I cannot say. In order to ascertain the origin of +this term these Queries may be proposed:—Is it peculiar to +printers and to this country? Or is it used also in other trades +and on the Continent?</p> +<p class="author">John Gough Nichols.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE NEW TEMPLE.</h3> +<p>Although I am unable to give a satisfactory reply to Mr. Foss's +inquiries, such information as I have is freely at his service. It +may, at all events, serve as a finger-post to the road.</p> +<p>My survey gives a most minute extent, of 35 preceptories, 23 +"cameræ" of the Hospitallers, 13 preceptories formerly +commandries of the Templars, 74 limbs, and 70 granges, +impropriations, &c., and, among them all, not a single one of +the valuation of the New Temple itself. <i>Reprises</i> of that +establishment are entered, but no <i>receipts</i>.</p> +<p>The former are as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In emendationem et sustentationem ecclesie Novi Templi, London, +et in vino, cera, et oleo, et ornamentis ejusdem ... x m.</p> +<p>"In uno fratri [<i>sic</i>] Capellano et octo Capellanis +secularibus, deservientibus ecclesiam quondam Templariorum apud +London, vocatam Novum Templum, prout ordinatum est per totum +consilium totius regni, pro animabus fundatorum dicti Novi Templi +et alia [<i>sic</i>] possessionum alibi ... lv m.</p> +<p>"Videlicet, frati Capellano, pro se et ecclesia, xv m., et +cuilibet Capellano, v m., ubi solebant esse, tempore Templariorum, +unus Prior ecclesie et xij Capellani seculares.</p> +<p>"Item in diversis pensionibus solvendis diversis personis per +annum, tam in Curia domini Regis, quam Justiciariis Clericis, +Officiariis, et aliis ministris, in diversis Curiis suis, ac etiam +aliis familiaribus magnatum, tam pro terris tenementis, redditibus, +et libertatibus hospitalis, quam Templariorum, et maxime pro terris +Templariorum manutenendis, videlicet, Baronibus in Scaccario domini +Regis Domino Roberto de Sadyngton, militi, Capitali baroni de +Scaccario, xl." &c. &c.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id= +"page124"></a>{124}</span> +<p>enumerating pensions to the judges, clerks, &c., in all the +courts, to the amount of above 60<i>l.</i> per annum. To</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Magnatibus, secretariis, et familiaribus domini Regis et +aliorum;"</p> +</blockquote> +<p>the pensions enumerated amount to about 440<i>l.</i> per +annum.</p> +<p>Then, to the treasurer, barons, clerks, &c., of the +Exchequer (140 persons):</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Bis in anno, videlicet, tempore yemali, pilliola furrata +pellura minuti varii et bogeti, et quedam non furrata; et tempore +estivali totidem pilliola lineata de sindone, et quedam non +lineata, unicuique de Curia Scaccarii predicti, tam minoribus quam +majoribus, secundum gradus, statum, et officium personarum +predictarum, que expense se extendunt annuatim ad ... x ii."</p> +<p>"Item sunt alie expense facte in Curiis Regis annuatim pro +officio generalis procuratoris in diversis Curiis Regis, que de +necessitate fieri oportet, pro brevibus Regis, et Cartis +impetendis, et aliis, negociis in eisdem Curiis expediendis, que ad +minus ascendunt per annum, prout evidencius apparet, per compotum +et memoranda dicti fratris de Scaccario qui per capitulum ad illud +officium oneratur ... lx m."</p> +<p>"Item in donis dandis in Curiis domini Regis et aliorum magnatum +<i>pro favore habendo</i> et pro placitis defendendis, et expensis +parlialmentorum, ad minus bis per annum ... cc m."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I have made these extracts somewhat more at length than may, +perhaps, be to the point in question, because they contain much +that is highly interesting as to the apparently questionable mode +in which the Hospitallers obtained the protection of the courts +(and probably they were not singular in their proceedings); annual +pensions to judges, besides other largesses, and much of this "pro +favore habendo," contrasts painfully with the "spotless purity of +the ermine" which dignifies our present age.</p> +<p>In the "extent" we have occasionally a grange held rent free for +life by a judge. Chief Justice Geffrey de Scrop so held that of +Penhull in Northumberland.</p> +<p>Putting all these facts together, and bearing in mind that, +throughout this elaborate "extent," there are neither profits nor +rent entered, as for the Temple itself, so that it seems to have +then been neither in the possession nor occupation of the +Hospitallers, is it not possible that they had alienated it to the +lawyers, as a discharge for these heavy annual +incumbrances,—<i>prospectively</i>, perhaps, because by the +entry of these charges among the "reprise," the life interests, at +all events, were still paid; or perhaps the alienation was itself +made to them "pro favore habendo" in some transaction that the +Hospitallers wished to have carried by the Courts; or it may have +been made as a <i>bonâ fide</i> bribe for future protection. +At all events, when we see such extensive payments made annually to +the lawyers, their ultimate possession of the fee simple is no +unnatural result. But, as I am altogether ignorant of the history +of the New Temple, I must refrain from suggestions, giving the +simple facts as I find them, and leaving the rest to the learning +and investigation of your correspondent.</p> +<p class="author">L.B.L.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>STRANGERS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., pp. 17. 83.)</h4> +<p>Mr. Ross is right in saying that "no alteration has taken place +in the <i>practice</i> of the House of Commons with respect to the +admission of strangers." The practice was at variance with the old +sessional order: it is consistent with the new standing order of +1845. I do not understand how any one can read these words of the +new standing order, "that the sergeant-at-arms ... do take into his +custody any stranger whom he may see ... in any part of the house +or gallery appropriated to the members of the House: and also any +stranger <i>who, having been admitted into any other part of the +house or gallery</i>," &c., and say that the House of Commons +does not now recognise the presence of strangers; nor can I +understand how Mr. Ross can doubt that the old sessional order +absolutely prohibited their presence. It did not keep them out +certainly, for they were admitted in the teeth of it; but so long +as that sessional order was in force, prohibition to strangers was +the theory.</p> +<p>Mr. Ross refers to publication of speeches. Publication is still +prohibited in theory. Mr. Ross perhaps is not aware that the +prohibition of publication of speeches rests on a foundation +independent of the old sessional order against the presence of +strangers,—on a series of resolutions declaring publication +to be a breach of the privileges of Parliament, to be found in the +Journals of 1642, 1694, 1695, 1697, 1703, 1722, and 1724.</p> +<p>We unfortunately cannot settle in your columns whether, as Mr. +Ross asserts, "if a member in debate should inadvertently allude to +the possibility of his observations being heard by a stranger, the +Speaker would immediately call him to order;" but my strong belief +is, that he would not: and I hope, if there are any members of the +House of Commons who have time to read "Notes and Queries," that +one of them may be induced to take a suitable opportunity of +obtaining the Speaker's judgment.</p> +<p>"Yet at other times," Mr. Ross goes on to say, "the right +honourable gentlemen will listen complacently to discussions +arising out of the complaints of members that strangers will not +publish to the world all that they hear pass in debate." If this be +so, I suppose the Speaker sees nothing disorderly in a complaint, +that what has been spoken in Parliament has <i>not</i> been +published: but I read frequently in my newspaper that the Speaker +interrupts <span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id= +"page125"></a>{125}</span> members who speak of speeches having +been published. "This is one of the inconsistencies," Mr. Ross +proceeds, "resulting from the determination of the House not +expressly to recognise the presence of strangers." Inconsistency +there certainly is,—the inconsistency of making publication a +breach of privilege, and allowing it to go on daily.</p> +<p>As strangers may be admitted into the House to hear debates, and +not allowed to publish what they hear, so they may he admitted, +subject to exclusion at certain times, or when the House chooses. +And this is the case. The House, of course, retains the power of +excluding them at any moment. They are always made to withdraw +before the House goes to a division. This is a matter of practice, +founded probably on some supposed reasons of convenience. Again, on +any member desiring strangers to be excluded, the Speaker desires +them to withdraw, without allowing any discussion.</p> +<p>I have only to notice one other observation of Mr. Ross's, which +is the following:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"When I speak of strangers being admitted, it must not be +supposed that this was done by order of the House. No, everything +relating to the admission of strangers to, and their accommodation +in the House of Commons, is effected by some mysterious agency, for +which no one is directly responsible. Mr. Barry has built galleries +for strangers in the new house; but if the matter were made a +subject of inquiry, it probably would puzzle him to state under +what authority he has acted."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I do not think there is anything mysterious as regards +admission. I am fond of hearing the debates, and my parliamentary +friends are very kind to me. Sometimes I content myself with an +order from a member, which takes me into the hinder seats of the +non-reporting strangers' gallery; sometimes, when I know beforehand +of an interesting debate, I get one of my friends to put my name on +the "Speaker's list," and I then take my seat on one of the two +front rows of the strangers' gallery; sometimes, again, I go down +on the chance, while the House is sitting; and if I am fortunate +enough to find any one of any friends there, he generally brings +me, in a few moments, an order from the Sergeant-at-arms, which +takes me also to the front row of the strangers' gallery. Some +benches under the strangers' gallery are reserved for peers, +ambassadors, and peers' eldest sons. The Speaker and the +Sergeant-at-arms give permission generally to foreigners, and +sometimes to some other persons, to sit in these benches. I do not +know which officer of the House of Commons superintends the +admission of reporters. Ladies are admitted to the Black Hole +assigned to them, by orders from the Sergeant-at-arms. I have no +doubt that the Speaker and Sergeant-at-arms are responsible to the +House for everything relating to the admission of strangers, and +without taking upon myself to say what is the authority under which +Mr. Barry has acted, I have no doubt that, in building galleries +for strangers in the new house, he has done what is consistent not +only with the long established practice, but, under the new order +of 1845, with the theory of the House of Commons.</p> +<p>As regards the passage quoted by Mr. Jackson from the +<i>Edinburgh Review</i>, the reviewer would probably allow that he +had overlooked the new standing order of 1845; and Mr. Jackson will +perceive that the recognition of the presence of strangers does not +legalise the publication of speeches. The supposed difficulty in +the way of legalising publication is, that the House of Commons +would then make itself morally responsible for the publication of +any libellous matter in speeches. I do not see the force of this +difficulty. But the expediency of the existing rule is not a proper +subject for discussion in your columns.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p>Whatever the present practice of the House of Commons with +respect to strangers may be, it does not seem probable that it will +soon undergo alteration. In the session of 1849 a Select Committee, +composed of fifteen members, and including the leading men of all +parties, was appointed "to consider the present practice of this +House in respect of the exclusion of strangers." The following is +the Report of the Committee <i>in extenso</i> (<i>Parl. Pap.</i>, +No. 498. Sess. 1849):</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"That the existing usage of excluding strangers during a +division, and upon the notice by an individual Member that +strangers are present, has prevailed from a very early period of +parliamentary history; that the instances in which the power of an +individual Member to exclude has been exercised have been very +rare: and that it is the unanimous opinion of your committee, that +there is no sufficient ground for making any alteration in the +existing practice with regard to the admission or exclusion of +strangers."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This Report confirms the statement of Mr. Ross (p. 83., +<i>antè</i>), that within his experience of thirty-one years +no change has been made in the present rule of the House upon this +matter, which, it would seem, dates very far back. The Speaker was +the only witness examined before the Committee, and his evidence is +not printed.</p> +<p class="author">Arun.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.</h3> +<p><i>Morganatic Marriage</i> (Vol. ii., p. 72.).—According +to M., Ducange has connected this expression with <i>morgingab</i>; +but I have looked in vain for such connection in my edition of the +<i>Glossary</i> (Paris, 1733). The truth most probably is, that +<i>morganatic</i>, in the phrase "matrimonium ad morganaticam," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id= +"page126"></a>{126}</span> was akin to the Gothic <i>maurgjan</i>, +signifying, "to procrastinate," "to bring to an end," "to shorten," +"to limit." This application of the word would naturally rise out +of the restrictions imposed upon the wife and children of a +morganatic marriage.</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p><i>Umbrellas</i> (Vol. i., p. 415. 436.; ii. 25.).—In +Swift's description of a city shower (<i>Tatler</i>, No. 238., +October 17. 1710), umbrellas are mentioned as in common use by +women:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down,</p> +<p>Threatening with deluge the devoted town;</p> +<p>To shops, in crowds, the daggled females fly,</p> +<p>Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy;</p> +<p>The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach,</p> +<p>Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach;</p> +<p>The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides,</p> +<p>While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">H.B.C.</p> +<p>U.U. Club, July 2.</p> +<p><i>Bands</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 23. 76.)—<i>Scarf</i>.—I +was glad to read Arun's explanation of the origin of the bands now +worn by the clergy; which, however, seems merely to amount to their +being an adoption of a Genevan portion of clerical costume. That +they are the descendants of the ruff, there can be no doubt, just +as wrist-bands have more recently succeeded to ruffles.</p> +<p>I cannot resist mentioning that an ingenious friend suggested to +me, that the broad, stiff, laid-down collar, alluded to in the +former part of Arun's communication, possibly gave rise to the +modern band in the following manner:—When the scarf, still in +use, was drawn over the shoulders and hung down in front, that part +of the broad collar which was left visible, being divided up the +middle, presented a shape and appearance exactly like our common +bands. Hence, it was imagined, this small separate article of dress +might have originated.</p> +<p>Is it Butler, Swift, or who, that says,</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"A Chrysostom to smoothe his band in"?</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Whenever this was written, it must have referred to our modern +bands.</p> +<p>Who amongst the clergy are <i>entitled</i> to wear a scarf? Is +it the badge of a chaplain only? or what circumstances justify its +being worn?</p> +<p class="author">Alfred Gatty.</p> +<p>July 1. 1850.</p> +<p><i>Bands</i> (Vol. ii., p. 76.).—An early example of the +collar, approaching to the form of our modern bands, may be seen in +the portrait of Cardinal Beatoun, who was assassinated in 1546. The +original is in Holyrood Palace, and an engraving in Mr. Lodge's +<i>Portraits</i>. The artist is unknown, but from the age of the +face one may infer that it was painted about 1540.</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p><i>Jewish Music</i> (Vol. ii., p. 88.).—See a host of +authorities on the subject of Hebrew music and musical instruments +in Winer's <i>Realwörterbuch</i> vol. ii., pp. 120. +<i>seq.</i>, 3d edit. There is a good abstract respecting them in +Jahn's <i>Hebrew Antiquities</i>, sect. 92-96.</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p><i>North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated</i> (Vol. ii., p. +55.).—In illustration of, not in answer to, Mr. Sansom's +inquiry, I beg to offer the following statement. During a long +series of years an average of about 150 corpses has been annually +deposited in Ecclesfield churchyard, which has rendered it an +extremely crowded cemetery. But, notwithstanding these frequent +interments, my late sexton told me that he remembered when there +was scarcely one grave to the north of the church, it being +popularly considered that only suicides, unbaptised persons, and +still-born children ought to be buried there. However, when a vicar +died about twenty-seven years ago, unlike his predecessors, who had +generally been buried in the chancel, he was laid in a tomb on the +north side of the churchyard, adjoining the vicarage. From this +time forward the situation lost all its evil reputation amongst the +richer inhabitants of the parish, who have almost entirely occupied +it with family vaults.</p> +<p>Whether the prejudice against the north side of our churchyard +arose from an idea that it was unconsecrated, I cannot tell but I +suspect that, from inherited dislike, the poor are still indisposed +towards it. When the women of the village have to come to the +vicarage after nightfall, they generally manage to bring a +companion, and hurry past the gloomy end of the north transept as +if they knew</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"that close behind</p> +<p>Some frightful fiend did tread."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>I cannot help fancying that the objection is attributable to a +notion that evil spirits haunt the spot in which, possibly from +very early times, such interments took place as my sexton +described. As a suggestion towards a full solution of this popular +superstition, I would ask whether persons who formerly underwent +ecclesiastical excommunication were customarily buried on the north +side of churchyards?</p> +<p class="author">Alfred Gatty.</p> +<p>Ecclesfield, June 28. 1850.</p> +<p>I can only give from recollection a statement of a tradition, +that when Jesus Christ died he turned his head towards the south; +and so, ever since, the south side of a church has the +pre-eminence. There generally is the bishop's throne, and the south +aisle of ancient basilicas was appropriated to men. Simple +observation shows that the supposed sanctity extends to the +churchyard,—for there the tombstones lie thickest.</p> +<p>I find that my source of information for the <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>{127}</span> tradition +was Cockerell's last lecture on Architecture, <i>Athenæum</i> +for 1843, p. 187. col. 3.</p> +<p class="author">A.J.H.</p> +<p>"<i>Men are but Children</i>," &c.—R.G. (Vol. ii., p. +22.) will find the line about which he inquires in Dryden's <i>All +for Love; or, The World well Lost</i>, Act iv. Sc. 1.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Dolabella (<i>loq.</i>):</p> +<p>"Men are but children of a larger growth,</p> +<p>Our appetites as apt to change as theirs,</p> +<p>And full as craving too, and full as vain."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">J.R.M.</p> +<p>King's College, London, July 12. 1850.</p> +<p><i>Ventriloquism</i> (Vol. ii., p. 88.).—Mr. SANSOM will +find some curious information touching the words [Hebrew: 'or], +[Greek: eggastrimuthos], &c., in Dr. Maitland's recent +<i>Illustrations and Enquiries relating to Mesmerism</i>, pp. 55. +81. The Lexicons of Drs. Lee and Gesenius may also be consulted, +under the word [Hebrew: 'or]. The former of these lexicographers +would rank the Pythian priestess with "our modern conjurers."</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p>St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.</p> +<p><i>Cromwell's Estates—Magor</i> (Vol. i., p. 277. +389.).—As the South Wales line is now open as far as +Chepstow, it may not be uninteresting to V. to know, that it +diverges from the coast between Chepstow and Newport, in order to +pass Bishopston and <i>Magor</i>, the last of which he rightly +placed in Monmouthshire.</p> +<p class="author">SELEUCUS.</p> +<p><i>Vincent Gookin</i> (Vol. i., pp. 385. 473. 492.; Vol. ii. p. +44.) is described in a <i>Narrative of the late Parliament</i> +(Cromwell's Parliament, d. 1656), in the <i>Harleian +Miscellany</i>, as</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"One of the letters of land in Ireland, receiving three hundred +pounds per annum."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He and three other Irish members, Colonel Jephson, Ralph King, +and Bice, are classed together in this tract, which is hostile to +Cromwell, as</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Persons not thought meet to be in command, though they much +desire it, and are of such poor principles and so unfit to make +rulers of as they would not have been set with the dogs of the +flock, if the army and others who once pretended to be honest had +kept close to their former good and honest principles."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Vincent Gookin voted for the clause in the "Petition and Advice" +giving the title of "King" to Cromwell.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p><i>All-to brake</i> (Vol. i., p. 395.).—The interpretation +given is incorrect. "All-to" is very commonly used by early writers +for "altogether:" <i>e.g.</i>, "all-to behacked," Calfhill's +<i>Answer to Martiall's Treatise of the Cross</i>, Parker Society's +edition, p. 3.; "all-to becrossed," <i>ibid.</i> p. 91.; "all-to +bebatted," <i>ibid.</i> p. 133., &c. &c. The Parker Society +reprints will supply innumerable examples of the use of the +expression.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>MISCELLANEOUS.</h2> +<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.</h3> +<p>The two of Mr. Hunter's <i>Critical and Historical Tracts</i>, +which we have had the opportunity of examining, justify to the +fullest the expectations we had formed of them. The first, +<i>Agincourt; a Contribution towards an authentic List of the +Commanders of the English Host, in King Henry the Fifth's +Expedition, in the Third Year of his Reign</i>, Mr. Hunter +describes as "an instalment," we venture to add "a very valuable +instalment," from evidence which has been buried for centuries in +the unknown masses of national records, towards a complete list of +the English Commanders who served with the King in that expedition, +with, in most cases, the number of the retinue which each Commander +undertook to bring into the field, and, in some instances, notices +of events happening to the contingents. The value of a work based +upon such materials, our historical readers will instantly +recognise. The lovers of our poetry will regard with equal +interest, and peruse with equal satisfaction, Mr. Hunter's brochure +entitled <i>Milton; a Sheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and +Annotators</i>, and admit that he has bound up the new biographical +illustrations and critical comments, which he has gathered in that +pleasant field of literary inquiry, the life and writings of +Milton, into a goodly and a pleasant sheaf.</p> +<p>Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will commence on Monday, the 29th of +this month, a three days' Sale of Greek Roman, and English Coins, +English and Foreign Medals, Cabinets, &c., the property of a +Gentleman leaving England.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES</h3> +<h4>WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h4> +<h4>(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.)</h4> +<p><i>Odd Volumes.</i></p> +<p>MOULTRIE'S POEMS. Vol. I.</p> +<p>Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage +free</i>, to be sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," +186. Fleet Street.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.</h3> +<p>C.J.S. <i>The Inscription from the brass in Chinnor Church, +Oxon, is</i> Mouns. Esmoun de Malyns fitz Mouns. Reynald de Malyns +Chr. et Isabelle sa femme gisoient icy Dieu de ses ailmes eit +mercy, <i>being in memory of Esmond de Malyns and his wife. The +father</i>, Renald de Malyns, <i>was interred in the same +church.</i></p> +<p>VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, <i>with Title-page and +very copious Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, +and may be had, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen.</i></p> +<p>Errata. In No. 37., p. 98., col. 2., 1. 16., for "1625" read +"1695"; p. 101., l. 31., "Inchi<i>g</i>uin" should be +"Inchi<i>q</i>uin"; p. 106., col. 2., 1. 26. should be—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And disappoints the Queen, poor little Chuck."</p> +</div> +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id= +"page128"></a>{128}</span> +<hr class="adverts" /> +<h3>COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR OF THE TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER.</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>JOHN BRUCE, esq., Treas. S.A.</p> +<p>J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A.</p> +<p>PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H.</p> +<p>JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>SAMUEL SHEPERD, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast +mouldering into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds +will effect a perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it +right to fix any limit to the subscription, they themselves have +opened the list with a contribution from each of them of Five +Shillings; but they will be ready to receive any amount, more or +less, which those who value poetry and honour Chaucer may be kind +enough to remit to them.</p> +<p>Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, +Ellesmere, and Shaftesbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon, Pres. +Soc. Antiq., The Lords Braybrooke and Londesborough, and many other +noblemen and gentlemen.</p> +<p>Subscriptions are received by all the members of the Committee, +and at the Union Bank, Pall Mall East. Post-Office orders may be +made payable at the Charing Cross Office, to William Richard Drake, +Esq., the Treasurer, 46. Parliament Street, or William J. Thoms, +Esq., Hon. Sec., 25. Holy-Well Street, Millbank.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Now Ready, in demy 8vo., with Portraits, price 12<i>s.</i></p> +<p>SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CORPS OF GENTLEMEN AT ARMS.</p> +<p>By JAMES BUNCE CURLING, Clerk of the Checque.</p> +<p>"Mr. Curling has succeeded in producing a book of much lively +and curious historic interest."—<i>Naval and Military +Gazette</i>.</p> +<p>"The author has made the most of his subject, introducing +anecdotes of the members of the corps from its first +institution."—<i>Atlas</i>.</p> +<p>RICHARD BENTLEY, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.</p> +<hr /> +<p>TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND +AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,</p> +<p>(The HORTICULTURAL PART edited by PROF. LINDLEY)</p> +<p>Of Saturday, July 6. contains Articles on</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Agricultural Society of England, Prof. Way's lecture on +water</p> +<p>Agriculture of Lancaster</p> +<p>Annuals, English names of</p> +<p>Ash, to propagate</p> +<p>Balsams</p> +<p>Bee, remedy for sting of</p> +<p>Botanical names</p> +<p>Butter, rancid</p> +<p>Calendar, Horticultural</p> +<p>Calendar, Agricultural</p> +<p>Carts, Cumberland</p> +<p>Cattle, to feed</p> +<p>Clover crops</p> +<p>College, agricultural</p> +<p>Cropping, table of</p> +<p>Cuckoo, note of</p> +<p>Diseases of plants</p> +<p>Drainage reports</p> +<p>Evergreens, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning</p> +<p>Farming in Norfolk, high</p> +<p>Farming, Mr. Mechi's, by Mr. Wilkins</p> +<p>Farming, rule of thumb, by Mr. Wilkins</p> +<p>Fruit trees, to root prune</p> +<p>Gardeners' Benevolent Institution, by Mr. Wheeler</p> +<p>Gardening, villa and suburban</p> +<p>Grapes in pots</p> +<p>Guano frauds</p> +<p>Highland Patriotic Society</p> +<p>Kew, Victoria Regia at</p> +<p>Peel, Sir R., death of</p> +<p>Pike, voracity of, by Mr. Lovell</p> +<p>Plants, diseases of</p> +<p>Plants, names of</p> +<p>Potato disease</p> +<p>Reviews, miscellaneous</p> +<p>Rhododendrons, on Himalayas, by Mr. Munro, Belfast</p> +<p>Root pruning</p> +<p>Rosa Manettii, by Mr. Paul</p> +<p>Royal Botanic Society, report of the Exhibition for July</p> +<p>Seeding, thin, by Mr. Mechi</p> +<p>Slough Carnation show</p> +<p>Slough Pink show</p> +<p>Statice armeria, by Mr. Forman</p> +<p>Swans, food of</p> +<p>Thin seeding, by Mr. Mechi</p> +<p>Timber felling</p> +<p>Toads' skins, by Prof. Henslow</p> +<p>Transplanting evergreens, by Mr. Glendinning</p> +<p>Trees, to root prune</p> +<p>Trees, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning</p> +<p>Villa and suburban gardening</p> +<p>Vine, to summer prune, by Mr. Levell</p> +<p>Viper, the, by Mr. Chaytor</p> +<p>Water, Prof. Way's lecture on</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in +addition to the above, the Covent-garden, Mark-lane, and Smithfield +prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, and Seed Markets, +and a <i>complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the +transactions of the week</i>.</p> +<p>Order of Any Newsvender.—OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. +Upper Wellington-street, Covent-garden, London.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Now Ready, in small 8vo., price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>,</p> +<p>ANONYMOUS POEMS.</p> +<p>"The elegant version of Greek epigrams contained in this volume +shows the scholarship as well as the taste of the +writer."—<i>Britannia</i>.</p> +<p>"Many of the pieces have a very classical air, and all are +marked with an unusual degree of elegance and +power."—<i>Guardian</i>.</p> +<p>RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington-street.</p> +<hr /> +<p>In Crown 8vo., elegantly bound in gilt cloth, price 7<i>s</i>. +6<i>d.</i></p> +<p>MEMORIALS OF THE CASTLE OF EDINBURGH.</p> +<p>By JAMES GRANT; author of "Memoirs of Kirkaldy of Grange," "The +Romance of War," "The Scottish Cavalier," &c. With Twelve +Illustrations, engraved on Wood by BRANSTON.</p> +<p>"Of the different books of this nature that have fallen, in our +way, we do not remember one that has equalled Mr. +Grant's."—<i>Spectator</i>.</p> +<p>"Mr. Grant's very interesting history of the Castle of +Edinburgh—a work equally distinguished by research, accuracy, +and pictorial interest."—<i>Alison's Essays</i>.</p> +<p>"We have been much amused with this little book, which abounds +in pleasant and interesting episodes, and we recommend it as an +excellent specimen of local +history."—<i>Athenæum</i>.</p> +<p>WILLIAM BLACKWOOD and Sons, Edinburgh And London.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Preparing for publication, in 2 vols. small 8vo.</p> +<p>THE FOLK-LORE Of ENGLAND.</p> +<p>By WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society, +Editor of "Early Prose Romances," "Lays and Legends of all +Nations," &c. One object of the present work is to furnish new +contributions to the History of our National Folk-Lore; and +especially some of the more striking Illustrations of the subject +to be found in the Writings of Jacob Grimm and other Continental +Antiquaries.</p> +<p>Communications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable +Customs and Popular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are +earnestly solicited, and will be thankfully acknowledged by the +Editor. They may be addressed to the care of Mr. BELL, Office of +"NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> +<p>THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD +FOSS, F.S.A.</p> +<p>"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is +treated with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in +which Mr. Foss has brought to light many points previously unknown, +corrected many errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his +subject as to conduct it successfully through all the intricacies +of a difficult investigation, and such taste and judgment as will +enable him to quit, when occasion requires, the dry details of a +professional inquiry, and to impart to his work, as he proceeds, +the grace and dignity of a philosophical history."—<i>Gent. +Mag.</i></p> +<p>London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at +No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City +of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, +in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, +Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, July +20. 1850.</p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13362 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8eff67 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #13362 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13362) diff --git a/old/13362-8.txt b/old/13362-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4386de --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13362-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2395 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, July 20, +1850, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, July 20, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 3, 2004 [EBook #13362] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 38.] SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{113} + +CONTENTS + +NOTES:-- + Meaning of Delighted as used by Shakspeare, by S. Hickson + Authors of "The Rolliad," by Lord Braybrooke + Notes on Milton + Derivation of Easter, by J. Sansom + Folk Lore--Passages of Death, by Dr. Guest--Divination + at Marriages + Francis Lenton the Poet, by Dr. Rimbault + Minor Notes:--Lilburn or Prynne--Peep of Day--Martinet-- + Guy's Porridge Pot +QUERIES:-- + Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding, by John Miland + Stukeley's "Stonehenge," by Henry Cunliffe + Athelstane's Form of Donation--Meaning of "Somagia," + by J. Sansom + Minor Queries:--Charade--"Smoke Money"--"Rapido + contrarius orbi"--Lord Richard Christophilus-- + Fiz gigs--Specimens of Erica in Bloom--Michael + Scott the Wizard--Stone Chalices +REPLIES:-- + Ulrich von Hutten and the "Epistolæ Obscurorum + Virorum," by S.W. Singer + Caxton's Printing-office, by J.G. Nichols + The New Temple + Strangers in the House of Commons + Replies to Minor Queries:--Morganatic Marriage-- + Umbrellas--Bands--Scarf--Jewish Music--North + Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Men are but + Children" &c.--Ventriloquism--Cromwell's Estates + --Magor--Vincent Gookin--All-to brake +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, Sales, &c. + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted + Notices to Correspondents + Advertisements + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "DELIGHTED," AS SOMETIMES USED BY SHAKSPEARE. + +I wish to call attention to the peculiar use of a word, or rather to a +peculiar word, in Shakspeare, which I do not recollect to have met with +in any other writer. I say a "peculiar word," because, although the verb +_To delight_ is well known, and of general use, the word, the same in +form, to which I refer, is not only of different meaning, but, as I +conceive, of distinct derivation the non-recognition of which has led to +a misconception of the meaning of one of the finest passages in +Shakspeare. The first passage in which it occurs, that I shall quote, is +the well known one from _Measure for Measure_: + + "Ay, but to die, and go we know not where; + To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot, + This sensible warm motion to become + A kneaded clod; and the _delighted_ spirit + To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside + In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice; + To be imprison'd in the viewless winds + And blown with restless violence round about + The pendant world." Act iii. Sc. 1. + +Now, if we examine the construction of this passage, we shall find that +it appears to have been the object of the writer to separate, and place +in juxtaposition with each other, the conditions of the body and the +spirit, each being imagined under circumstances to excite repulsion or +terror in a sentient being. The mind sees the former lying in "cold +obstruction," rotting, changed from a "sensible warm motion" to a +"kneaded clod," every circumstance leaving the impression of dull, dead +weight, deprived of force and motion. The spirit, on the other hand, is +imagined under circumstances that give the most vivid picture +conceivable of utter powerlessness: + + "Imprison'd in the viewless winds, + And blown with restless violence round about + The pendant world." + +To call the spirit here "delighted," in our sense of the term, would be +absurd; and no explanation of the passage in this sense, however +ingenious, is intelligible. That it is intended to represent the spirit +simply as _lightened_, made light, relieved from the weight of matter, I +am convinced, and this is my view of the meaning of the word in the +present instance. + +_Delight_ is naturally formed by the participle _de_ and _light_, to +make light, in the same way as "debase," to make base, "defile," to make +foul. The analogy is not quite so perfect in such words as "define," +"defile" (file), "deliver," "depart," &c.; yet they all may be +considered of the same class. The last of these is used with us only in +the sense of _to go away_; in Shakspeare's time (and Shakspeare so uses +it) it meant also _to part_, or _part with_. A correspondent of Mr. +Knight's suggests {114} for the word _delight_ in this passage, also, a +new derivation; using _de_ as a negation, and _light (lux), delighted_, +removed from the regions of light. This is impossible; if we look at the +context we shall see that it not only contemplated no such thing, but +that it is distinctly opposed to it. + +I am less inclined to entertain any doubt of the view I have taken being +correct, from the confirmation it receives in another passage of +Shakspeare, which runs as follows: + + "If virtue no _delighted_ beauty lack, + Your son-in-law shows far more fair than black." + +_Othello_, Act i. Sc. 3. + +Passing by the cool impertinence of one editor, who asserts that +Shakspeare frequently used the past for the present participle, and the +almost equally cool correction of another, who places the explanatory +note "*delightful" at the bottom of the page, I will merely remark that +the two latest editors of Shakspeare, having apparently nothing to say +on the subject, have very wisely said nothing. Yet, as we understand the +term "delighted," the passage surely needs explanation. We cannot +suppose that Shakspeare used epithets so weakening as "delighting" or +"delightful." The meaning of the passage would appear to be this: If +virtue be not wanting in beauty--such beauty as can belong to virtue, +not physical, but of a higher kind, and freed from all material +elements--then your son-in-law, black though he is, shows far more fair +than black, possessing, in fact, this _abstract_ kind of beauty to that +degree that his colour is forgotten. In short, "delighted" here seems to +mean, _lightened_ of all that is gross or unessential. + +There is yet another instance in Cymbeline, which seems to bear a +similar construction: + + "Whom best I love, I cross: to make my gifts + The more delay'd, _delighted_." + +Act v. Sc. 4. + +That is, "the _more_ delighted;" the longer held back, the better worth +having; lightened of whatever might detract from their value, that is, +refined or purified. In making the remark here, that "delighted" refers +not to the recipient nor to the giver, but to the gifts, I pass by the +nonsense that the greatest master of the English language did not heed +the distinction between the past and the present participles, as not +worth a second thought. + +The word appears to have had a distinct value of its own, and is not to +be explained by any other single word. If this be so, it could hardly +have been coined by Shakspeare. Though, possibly, it may never have been +much used, perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to furnish +other instances from other writers. + +SAMUEL HICKSON. + +St. John's Wood. + + * * * * * + +AUTHORS OF "THE ROLLIAD." + +The subjoined list of the authors of _The Rolliad_, though less complete +than I could have wished, is, I believe, substantially correct, and may, +therefore, be acceptable to your readers. The names were transcribed by +me from a copy of the ninth edition of _The Rolliad_ (1791), still in +the library at Sunninghill Park, in which they had been recorded on the +first page of the respective papers. + +There seems to be no doubt that they were originally communicated by Mr. +George Ellis, who has always been considered as one of the most talented +contributors to _The Rolliad_. He also resided for many years at +Sunninghill, and was in habits of intimacy with the owners of the Park. +Your correspondent C. (Vol. ii., p. 43.) may remark that Lord John +Townshend's name occurs only twice in my list; but his Lordship may have +written some of the papers which are not in the Sunninghill volume, as +they appeared only in the editions of the work printed subsequently to +1791, and are designated as _Political Miscellanies_. + +_Names of the Authors of the Rolliad_. + +Dedication to Kenyon Dr. Laurence. +Family of the Rollos Tickell, &c. +Extract from Dedication General Fitzpatrick. +Criticisms from the No. +_Rolliad_ George Ellis 1 & 2. +---- Dr. Laurence 3. +---- Richardson 4. +---- General Fitzpatrick 5. +---- Dr. Laurence 6, 7, 8. +---- General Fitzpatrick 9. +---- Richardson 10 & 11. +---- General Fitzpatrick 12. +Criticisms not in the + original, but probably + written by Dr. Laurence 13 & 14. +Criticisms, &c. Part. ii. George Ellis 1 & 2. +---- Richardson 3 & 4. +---- General Fitzpatrick 5. +Criticisms, not in the +original Mr. Reid 6. +---- Dr. Laurence 7. + +_Political Eclogues_. + +Rose Dr. Laurence. +The Liars General Fitzpatrick. +Margaret Nicholson Mr. Adair. +Charles Jenkinson George Ellis. +Jekyl Lord John Townshend. + +_Probationary Odes_. + +All the Preliminaries Mr. Tickell. +Irregular Ode Mr. Tickell No. 1. +Ode to the New Year George Ellis 2. +Ode Rev. H. Bate Dudley 3. +---- Richardson 4. +Duan John Ellis 5. {115} +Ossianade Unknown 6. +Irregular Ode Unknown 7. +Ode to the Attorney- + General Mr. Brummell 8. +Laureate Ode Mr. Tickell 9. +New Year's Ode Mr. Pearce 10. +Ode by M.A. Taylor Mr. Boscawen 11. +---- by Major Scott Lord John Towns- + hend 12. +---- Irregular(Dundas) Never known to the + Club 13. +---- by Warton Bishop of Ossory + (Hon. William + Beresford) 14. +---- Pindaric General Fitzpatrick 15. +---- Irregular Dr. Laurence 16. +---- Prettyman General Burgoyne 17. +---- Graham Mr. Reid 18. +Letter, &c. and Mount- + morres Richardson 19. +Birthday Ode George Ellis 20. +Pindaric Ode Unmarked 21. +Real Birthday Ode T. Warton 22. +Remaining prose Richardson. + +I am not certain whether Mr. Adair, to whom "Margaret Nicholson," one of +the happiest of the Political Eclogues, is attributed, is the present +Sir Robert Adair. If so, as the only survivor amongst his literary +colleagues, he might furnish some interesting particulars respecting the +remarkable work to which I have called your attention. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, July, 1850. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON MILTON. + +(Continued from Vol. ii., p. 53.) + +_Il Penseroso._ + +On l. 8 (G.):-- + + "Fantastic swarms of dreams there hover'd, + Green, red, and yellow, tawney, black, and blue; + They make no noise, but right resemble may + Th' unnumber'd moats that in the sun-beams play." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + +Cælia, in Beaumont and Fletcher's _Humorous Lieutenant_, says,-- + + "My maidenhead to a mote in the sun, he's jealous." + +Act iv. Sc. 8. + +On l. 35. (G.) Mr. Warton might have found a happier illustration of his +argument in Ben Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_, Act i. Sc. 3.:-- + + "Too conceal such real ornaments as these, and shadow + their glory, as a milliner's wife does her wrought + stomacher, with a smoaky lawn, or a _black cyprus_." + +--Whalley's edit. vol. i. p. 33. + +On l. 39. (G.) The origin of this uncommon use of the word "commerce" is +from Donne:-- + + "If this commerce 'twixt heaven and earth were not + embarred." + +--_Poems_, p. 249. Ed. 4to. 1633. + +On l. 43. (G.):-- + + "That sallow-faced, sad, stooping nymph, whose eye + Still on the ground is fixed steadfastly." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas_ + +On l. 52. (G.):-- + + "Mounted aloft on Contemplation's wings." + +_G. Wither_, P. 1. vol. i. Ed. 1633. + +Drummond has given "golden wings" to Fame. + +On l. 88. (G.):-- + + Hermes Trismegistus. + +On l. 100. (G.):-- + + "Tyrants' bloody gests + Of Thebes, Mycenæ, or proud Ilion." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + + * * * * * + +_Arcades._ + +On l. 23. (G.):-- + + "And without respect of odds, + Vye renown with Demy-gods." + +_Wither's Mistresse of Philarete_, Sig. E. 5. Ed. 1633. + +On l. 27. (G.):-- + + "But yet, whate'er he do or can devise, + Disguised glory shineth in his eyes." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + +On l. 46. (G.):-- + + "An eastern wind commix'd with _noisome airs_, + Shall _blast the plants_ and the _young sapplings_." + +_Span. Trag. Old Plays_, vol. iii. p. 222. + +On l. 65. (G.) Compare Drunmond--speech of Endymion before Charles:-- + + "To tell by me, their herald, coming things, + And what each Fate to her stern distaff sings," &c. + +On l. 84. (M.):-- + + "And with his beams enamel'd every greene." + +_Fairfax's Tasso_, b. i. st. 35. + +On l. 97. (G.):-- + + "Those brooks with lilies bravely deck't." + +_Drayton_, 1447. + +On l. 106. (G.):-- + + "Pan entertains, this coming night, + His paramour, the Syrinx bright." + +_Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess_, Act i. + +J.F.M. + + * * * * * + +DERIVATION OF EASTER. + +Southey, in his _Book of the Church_, derives our word _Easter_ from a +_Saxon_ source:-- + + "The worship," he says, "of the goddess _Eostre_ or _Eastre_, + which may probably be traced to the Astarte of the Phoenicians, + is retained among us in the word _Easter_; her annual festival + having been superseded by that sacred day." + +Should he not rather have given a _British_ origin to the name of our +Christian holy day? Southey acknowledges that the "heathenism which the +{116} Saxons introduced, bears no [very little?] affinity either to that +of the Britons or the Romans;" yet it is certain that the Britons +worshipped Baal and _Ashtaroth_, a relic of whose worship appears to be +still retained in Cornwall to this day. The Druids, as Southey tells us, +"made the people pass through the fire in honour of Baal." But the +_festival_ in honour of Baal appears to have been in the _autumn_: for + + "They made the people," he informs us, "at the beginning of + _winter_, extinguish all their fires on one day and kindle them + again from the sacred fire of the Druids, which would make the + house fortunate for the ensuing year; and, if any man came who + had not paid his yearly dues, [Easter offerings, &c., date back + as far as this!] they refused to give him a spark, neither durst + any of his neighbours relieve him, nor might he himself procure + fire by any other means, so that he and his family were deprived + of it till he had discharged the uttermost of his debt." + +The Druidical fires kindled in the _spring_ of the year, on the other +hand, would appear to be those in honour of _Ashtaroth_, or _Astarte_, +from whom the _British Christians_ may naturally enough have derived the +name of _Easter_ for their corresponding season. We might go even +further than this, and say that the young ladies who are reported still +to take the chief part in keeping up the Druidical festivities in +Cornwall, very happily represent the ancient _Estal_ (or _Vestal_) +virgins. + + "In times of Paganism," says O'Halloran, "we find in _Ireland_ + females devoted to celibacy. There was in Tara a royal + foundation of this kind, wherein none were admitted but virgins + of the noblest blood. It was called Cluain-Feart, or the place + of retirement till death," &c ... "The duty of these virgins was + to keep up the fires of Bel, or the sun, and of Sambain, or the + moon, which customs they borrowed from their Phoenician + ancestors. They both [i.e. the Irish and the Phoenicians] adored + Bel, or the sun, the moon, and the stars. The 'house of + _Rimmon_' which the Phoenicians worshipped in, like our temples + of Fleachta in Meath, was sacred to the _moon_. The word + '_Rimmon_' has by no means been understood by the different + commentators; and yet, by recurring to the Irish (a branch of + the Phoenician) it becomes very intelligible; for '_Re_' is + Irish for the moon, and '_Muadh_' signifies an _image_, and the + compound word '_Reamhan_,' signifies _prognosticating by the + appearance of the moon_. It appears by the life of our great S. + Columba, that the Druid temples were here decorated with figures + of the sun, the moon, and stars. The Phoenicians, under the name + of _Bel-Samen_, adored the Supreme; and it is pretty remarkable, + that to this very day, to wish a friend every happiness this + life can afford, we say in Irish, 'The blessings of _Samen_ and + _Bel_ be with you!' that is, of the seasons; Bel signifying the + sun, and Samhain the moon." + +--(See O'Halloran's _Hist. of Ireland_, vol. i. P. 47.) + +J. SANSOM. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Presages of Death_.--The Note by Mr. C. FORBES (Vol. ii., p. 84.) on +"High Spirits considered a Presage of impending Calamity or Death," +reminded me of a collection of authorities I once made, for academical +purposes, of a somewhat analogous bearing,--I mean the ancient belief in +the existence of a power of prophecy at that period which immediately +precedes dissolution. + +The most ancient, as well as the most striking instance, is recorded in +the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis:-- + + "And Jacob called his sons and said, Gather yourselves together + _that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last + days_.... And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, + he gathered up his feet into his bed, and yielded up the ghost, + and was gathered unto his people." + +Homer affords two instances of a similar kind: thus, Patroclus +prophesies the death of Hector (Il. [Greek: p] 852.)[1]:-- + + [Greek: "Ou thaen oud autos daeron beae alla toi aedae + Agchi parestaeke Thanatos kai Moira krataiae, + Chersi dament Achilaeos amnmonos Aiakidao."][2] + +Again, Hector in his turn prophesies the death of Achilles by the hand +of Paris (Il. [Greek: ch.] 358.):-- + + [Greek: "Phrazeo nun, mae toi ti theon maenima genomai + Aemati to ote ken se Pharis kai phoibus Apollon, + Esthlon eont, olesosin eni Skaiaesi pulaesin."][3] + +This was not merely a poetical fancy, or a superstitious faith of the +ignorant, for we find it laid down as a great physical truth by the +greatest of the Greek philosophers, the divine Socrates:-- + + [Greek: "To de dae meta touto epithumo humin chraesmodaesai, o + katapsaephisamenoi mou kai gar eimi aedae entautha en o malist + anthropoi chraesmodousin hotan mellosin apothaneisthai."][4] + +In Xenophon, also, the same idea is expressed, and, if possible, in +language still more definite and precise:--{117} + + [Greek: "Hae de tou anthropou psuchae tote daepou theiotatae + kataphainetai, kai tote ti ton mellonton proora."][5] + +Diodorus Siculus, again, has produced great authorities on this +subject:-- + + [Greek: "Puthagoras ho Samios, kai tines heteroi ton palaion + phusikon, apephaenanto tas psuchas ton anthropon uparchein + athanatous, akolouthos de to dogmati touto kai progignoskein + autas ta mellonta, kath hon an kairon en tae teleutae ton apo + tou somatos chorismon poiontai."][6] + +From the ancient writers I yet wish to add one more authority; and I do +so especially, because the doctrine of the Stagirite is therein +recorded. Sextus Empiricus writes,-- + + [Greek: "Hae psuchae, phaesin Aristotelaes, promanteuetai kai + proagoreuei ta mellonta--en to kata thanaton chorizesthai ton + somaton."][7] + +Without encroaching further upon the space of this periodical by +multiplying evidence corroborative of the same fact, I will content +myself by drawing the attention of the reader to our own great poet and +philosopher, Shakspeare, whose subtle genius and intuitive knowledge of +human nature render his opinions on all such subjects of peculiar value. +Thus in _Richard II_., Act ii. sc. 1., the dying Gaunt, alluding to his +nephew, the young and self-willed king, exclaims,-- + + "Methinks I am a prophet new inspired; + And thus, expiring, do foretel of him." + +Again, in _Henry IV., Part I._, Act v. sc. 4., the brave Percy, when in +the agonies of death, conveys the same idea in the following words:-- + + "O, I could prophesy, + But that the earthy and cold hand of death + Lies on my tongue." + +Reckoning, therefore, from the time of Jacob, this belief, whether with +or without foundation, has been maintained upwards of 3500 years. It was +grounded on the assumed fact, that the soul became divine in the same +ratio as its connection with the body was loosened or destroyed. In +sleep, the unity is weakened but not ended: hence, in sleep, the +material being dead, the immaterial, or divine principle, wanders +unguided, like a gentle breeze over the unconscious strings of an Æolian +harp; and according to the health or disease of the body are pleasing +visions or horrid phantoms (_ægri somnia_, as Horace) present to the +mind of the sleeper. Before death, the soul, or immaterial principle, +is, as it were, on the confines of two worlds, and may possess at the +same moment a power which is both prospective and retrospective. At that +time its connection with the body being merely nominal, it partakes of +that perfectly pure, ethereal, and exalted nature (_quod multo magis +faciet post mortem quum omnino corpore excesserit_) which is designed +for it hereafter. + +As the question is an interesting one, I conclude by asking, through the +medium of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," if a belief in this power of prophesy +before death be known to exist at the present day? + +AUGUSTUS GUEST. + +London, July 8. + +[Footnote 1: For the assistance of the general reader, I have introduced +hasty translations of the several passages quoted.] + +[Footnote 2: (And I moreover tell you, and do you meditate well upon it, +that) you yourself are not destined to live long, for even now death is +drawing nigh unto you, and a violent fate awaits you,--about to be slain +in fight by the hands of Achilles, the irreproachable son of Oacus.] + +[Footnote 3: Consider now whether I may not be to you the cause of +divine anger, in that day when Paris and Phoebus Apollo shall slay you, +albeit so mighty, at the Scaean gate.] + +[Footnote 4: Wherefore I have an earnest desire to prophesy to you who +have condemned me; for I am already arrived at that stage of my +existence in which, especially, men utter prophetic sayings, that is, +when they are about to die.] + +[Footnote 5: That time, indeed, the soul of man appears to be in a +manner divine, for to a certain extent it foresees things which are +about to happen.] + +[Footnote 6: Pythagoras the Samian, and some others of the ancient +philosophers, showed that the souls of men were immortal, and that, when +they were on the point of separating from the body, they possessed a +knowledge of futurity.] + +[Footnote 7: The soul, says Aristotle, when on the point of taking its +departure from the body, foretells and prophesies things about to +happen.] + + * * * * * + +_Divination at Marriages_.--The following practices are very prevalent +at marriages in these districts; and as I do not find them noticed by +Brand in the last edition of his _Popular Antiquities_, they may perhaps +be thought worthy a place in the "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +1. Put a wedding ring into the _posset_, and after serving it out, the +unmarried person whose cup contains the ring will be the first of the +company to be married. + +2. Make a common flat cake of flour, water, currants, &c., and put +therein a wedding ring and a sixpence. When the company is about to +retire on the wedding-day, the cake must be broken and distributed +amongst the unmarried females. She who gets the ring in her portion of +the cake will shortly be married, and the one who gets the sixpence will +die an old maid. + +T.T.W. + +Burnley, July 9. 1850. + + * * * * * + +FRANCIS LENTON THE POET. + +In a MS. obituary of the seventeenth century, preserved at Staunton +Hall, Leicestershire, I found the following:-- + + "May 12. 1642. This day died Francis Lenton, of Lincoln's Inn, + Gent." + +This entry undoubtedly relates to the author of three very rare poetical +tracts: 1. _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_, 1629; 2. _The Innes of +Court_, 1634; 3. _Great Brittain's Beauties_, 1638. In the dedication to +Sir Julius Cæsar, prefixed to the first-named work, the writer speaks of +having "once belonged to the _Innes of Court_," and says he was "no +usuall poetizer, but, to barre idlenesse, imployed that little talent +the Muses conferr'd upon him in this little tract." Sir Egerton Brydges +supposed the copy of _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_ preserved in the +library of Sion College to be _unique_; but this is not the case, as the +writer knows of _two_ others,--one at Staunton Hall, and another at +Tixall Priory in Staffordshire. It has been reprinted by Mr. {118} +Halliwell at the end of a volume containing _The Marriage of Wit and +Wisdom_, published by the Shakspeare Society. In his prefatory remarks +that gentleman says, + + "Besides his printed works, Lenton wrote the _Poetical History + of Queene Hester_, with the translation of the 83rd Psalm, + reflecting upon the present times. MS. dated 1649." + +This date must be incorrect, if our entry in the Staunton obituary +relates to the same person; and there is every reason to suppose that it +does. The _autograph_ MS. of Lenton occurred in Heber's sale (Part xi. +No. 724.), and is thus described: + + _Hadassiah_, or the _History of Queen Hester_, sung in a sacred + and serious poeme, and divided into ten chapters, by F. Lenton, + the Queen's Majesties Poet, 1638. + +This is undoubtedly the _correct_ date, as it is in the handwriting of +the author. Query. What is the meaning of Lenton's title, "the Queen's +Majesties Poet"? + +Edward F. Rimbault. + + * * * * * + +Minor Notes. + +_Lilburn or Prynne?_--I am anxious to suggest in "Notes and Queries" +whether a character in the Second Canto of Part iii. of _Hudibras_ (line +421), beginning, + + "To match this saint, there was another, + As busy and perverse a brother, + An haberdasher of small wares, + In politics and state affairs," + +Has not been wrongly given by Dr. Grey to Lilburn, and whether Prynne is +not rather the person described. Dr. Grey admits in his note that the +application of the passage to Lilburn involves an anachronism, Lilburn +having died in 1657, and this passage being a description of one among + + "The quacks of government who sate" + +to consult for the Restoration, when they saw ruin impending. + +CH. + +_Peep of Day._--Jacob Grimm, in his _Deutsche Mythologie_, p. 428., ed. +1., remarks that the ideas of light and sound are sometimes confounded; +and in support of his observation he quotes passages of Danish and +German poets in which the sun and moon are said to _pipe_ (pfeifen). In +further illustration of this usage, he also cites the words "the sun +began to peep," from a Scotch ballad in Scott's _Border Minstrelsy_, +vol. ii. p. 430. In p. 431. he explains the words "par son l'aube," +which occur in old French poets, by "per sonitum auroræ;" and compares +the English expression, "the peep of day." + +The Latin _pipio_ or _pipo_, whence the Italian _pipare_, and the French +_pépier_, is the ultimate origin of the verb _to peep_; which, in old +English, bore the sense of chirping, and is so used in the authorised +version of Isaiah, viii. 19., x. 14. Halliwell, in his _Archaic +Dictionary_, explains "peep" as "a flock of chickens," but cites no +example. _To peep_, however, in the sense of taking a rapid look at +anything through a small aperture, is an old use of the word, as is +proved by the expression _Peeping_ Tom of Coventry. As so used, it +corresponds with the German _gucken_. Mr. Richardson remarks that this +meaning was probably suggested by the young chick looking out of the +half-broken shell. It is quite certain that the "peep of day" has +nothing to do with sound; but expresses the first appearance of the sun, +as he just looks over the eastern hills. + +L. + +_Martinet._--Will the following passage throw any light on the origin of +the word _Martinet_? + + Une discipline, devenue encore plus exacte, avait mis dans + l'armée un nouvel ordre. Il n'y avait point encore d'inspecteurs + de cavalerie et d'infanterie, comme nous en avons vu depuis, + mais deux hommes uniques chacun dans leur genre en fesaient les + fonctions. _Martinet mettait alors l'infanterie sur le pied de + discipline où elle est aujourd'hui._ Le Chevalier de _Fourilles_ + fesait la même change dans la cavalerie. Il y avait un an que + _Martinet_ avait mis la baionnette en usage dans quelque + régimens, &c.--Voltaire, _Siècle de Louis XIV._ c. 10. + +C. Forbes. + +July 2. + +_Guy's Porridge Pot._--In the porter's lodge at Warwick Castle are +preserved some enormous pieces of armour, which, _according to +tradition_, were worn by the famous champion "Guy, Earl of Warwick;" and +in addition (with other marvellous curiosities) is also exhibited Guy's +porridge pot, of bell metal, said to weigh 300 lbs., and to contain 120 +gallons. There is also a flesh-fork to ring it. + +Mr. Nichols, in his _History of Leicestershire_, Part ii. vol. iii., +remarks, + + "A turnpike road from Ashby to Whitwick, passes through Talbot + Lane. Of this lane and the famous large pot at Warwick Castle, + we have an old traditionary couplet: + + "'There's nothing left of Talbot's name, + But Talbot's Pot and Talbot's Lane.' + + "Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, died in 1439. His eldest + daughter, Margaret, was married to John Talbot Earl of + Shrewsbury, by whom she had one son, John Viscount Lisle, from + whom the Dudleys descended, Viscount Lisle and Earl of Warwick." + +It would therefore appear that neither the armour nor the pot belonged +to the "noble Guy"--the armour being comparatively of modern +manufacture, and the pot, it appears, descended from the Talbots to the +Warwick family: which pot is generally filled with punch on the birth of +a male heir to that noble family. + +W. Reader. + + * * * * *{119} + + +QUERIES. + +NICHOLAS FERRAR OF LITTLE GIDDING. + +Dr. Peckard, in his Preface to the _Life of Nicholas Ferrar of Little +Gidding_, says the memoir he published was edited or compiled by him +from "the original MS. still in my possession" (p. xi.); and in the +Appendix adds, that "Mr. John Ferrar," the elder brother of Nicholas, +was the author of it (p. 279.). + +How he compiled or edited "the original MS." he states with much candour +in his Preface (p. xv.): + + "The editor's intention," in altering the narrative, "was to + give what is not observed in the original, a regular series of + facts; and through the whole a sort of evenness and simplicity + of stile equally free from meanness and affectation. In short, + to make the old and the new, as far as he could, uniform; that + he might not appear to have sewed a piece of new cloth to an old + garment, and made its condition worse by his endeavours to mend + it." + +Again, at page 308., he says, + + "There is an antient MS. in folio, giving an account of Mr. N. + Ferrar, which at length, from Gidding, came into the hands of + Mr. Ed. Ferrar of Huntingdon, and is now in the possession of + the editor. Mr. Peck had the use of this MS. as appears by + several marginal notes in his handwriting; from this and some + loose and unconnected papers of Mr. Peck.... the editor, as well + as he was able, has made out the foregoing memoirs." + +Can any of your numerous correspondents inform me if this "antient MS." +is still in existence, and in whose possession? + +Peckard was related to the Ferrars, and was Master of Magdalen Coll., +Cambridge. + +In "A Catalogue of MSS. (once) at Gidding," Peckard, p. 306., the third +article is "Lives, Characters, Histories, and Tales for moral and +religious Instruction, in five volumes folio, neatly bound and gilt, by +Mary Collet." This work, with five others, "undoubtedly were all written +by N. Ferrar, Sen.," says Dr. Peckard; and in the Memoir, at page 191., +he gives a list of these "short histories," ninety-eight in number, +"which are still remaining in my possession;" and adds further, at p. +194., + + "These lives, characters, and moral essays would, I think, fill + two or three volumes in 8vo., but _they are written in so + minute_ a character, that I cannot form any conjecture to be + depended upon." + +I have been thus particular in describing these "histories", because the +subjects of them are identical with those in Fuller's _Holy and Profane +State_, the first edition of which was published at Cambridge, in 1642. +"The characters I have conformed," says Fuller in his Preface, "to the +then standing laws of the realm (a twelvemonth ago were they sent to the +press), since which time the wisdom of the King and state hath" altered +many things. Nicholas Ferrar died December 2, 1637, and the Query I wish +to ask is, Did Fuller compose them (for that he was really the author of +them can hardly be doubted) at the suggestion and for the benefit of the +community at Gidding, some years before he published them; and is it +possible to ascertain and determine if the MS. is in the handwriting of +Ferrar or Fuller? + +Is there any print or view in existence of the "Nunnery," at Little +Gidding? + +In the _Life of Dr. Thomas Fuller_, published anonymously in 1661, it is +stated, that at his funeral a customary sermon was preached by Dr. +Hardy, Dean of Rochester, "which hath not yet (though it is hoped and +much desired may) passe the presse," p. 63. + +Query. Was this sermon ever published? and secondly, who was the author +of the _Life_ from which the above passage is quoted? + +John Miland. + + * * * * * + +STUKELEY'S "STONEHENGE." + +May I request a space in your periodical for the following Queries, +drawn from Dr. Stukeley's _Stonehenge and Abury_, p. 31.? + + 1st. "But eternally to be lamented is the loss of that tablet of + tin, which was found at this place (Stonehenge) in the time of + King Henry VIII., inscribed with many letters, but in so strange + a character that neither Sir Thomas Elliott, a learned + antiquary, nor Mr. Lilly, master of St. Paul's school, could + make any thing out of it. Mr. Sammes may be right, who judges it + to have been _Punic_. I imagine if we call it Irish we shall not + err much. No doubt but what it was a memorial of the founders, + wrote by the Druids and had it been preserved till now, would + have been an invaluable curiosity." + +Can you or any of your contributors give me any further information +about this inscription? + +2. The Doctor continues, + + "To make the reader some amends for such a loss I have given a + specimen of supposed Druid writing, out of Lambecius' account of + the Emperor's library at Vienna. 'Tis wrote on a very thin plate + of gold with a sharp-pointed instrument. It was in an urn found + at Vienna, rolled up in several cases of other metal, together + with funeral exuviæ. It was thought by the curious, one of those + epistles which the Celtic people were wont to send to their + friends in the other world. The reader may divert himself with + trying to explain it." + +Has this inscription ever been explained, and how? Stukeley's book is by +no means a rare one; therefore I have not trusted myself to copy the +inscription: and such as feel disposed to help me in my difficulty would +doubtless prefer seeing the Doctor's own illustration at p. 31. + +Henry Cunliffe. + +Hyde Park Street.{120} + +ATHELSTANE'S FORM OF DONATION.--MEANING OF "SOMAGIA." + +Tristram Risdon, in his quaint _Survey of the Co. of Devon_, after +mentioning the foundation of the church of High Bickington by King +Athelstane, + + "Who," he says, "gave to God and it one hide of land, as + appeareth by the donation, a copy whereof, for the antiquity + thereof, I will here insert: 'Iche Athelstane king, grome of + this home, geve and graunt to the preist of this chirch, one + yoke of mye land frelith to holde, woode in my holt house to + buyld, bitt grass for all hys beasts, fuel for hys hearth, + pannage for hys sowe and piggs, world without end,'"-- + +adds presently afterwards, that + + "Sir John Willington gave _Weeksland_ in this tything, unto + Robert Tolla, _cum 40 somagia annuatim capiend in Buckenholt_ + (so be the words of the grant) in the time of K. Edw. I." + +The Willingtons were lords of the manor of Umberleigh, where +Athelstane's palace stood, with its chapel dedicated to the Holy +Trinity, formerly rich in ancient monuments, and having a chantry near +to it. Some of the monuments from this chapel are still preserved in the +neighbouring church of Atherington. + +My Queries upon this Note are: + +1. Whence did Risdon derive his copy of King Athelstane's form of +donation? 2. What is the precise meaning of the word _Somagia_? + +In _Ducange_ (ed. Par. 1726, tom. vi. col. 589.) I find: + + "_Somegia_. Præstatio, ut videtur _ex summis_, v. gr. bladi, + frumenti. Charta Philippi Reg. Franc. an. 1210. Idem etiam + Savaricus detinet sibi census suos, et venditiones, et quosdam + reditus, qui _Somegiæ_ vocantur, et avenam, et _captagia_ + hominum et foeminarum suarum, qui reditus cum una Somegiarum in + festo B. Remigii persolverentur; deinde secunda Somegia in + vicesima die Natalis Domini, et tertia in Octabis Resurrectionis + Dominicæ, ei similiter persolventur; caponum etiam suorum in + crastino Natalis Domini percipiet solutionem: unaquæque vero + somegiarum quatuor denarios bonæ monetæ valet." + +Ducange refers also to some kindred words; but, instead of clearing up +my difficulty in the word _somagia_, he presents me with another in +_captagia_, the meaning of which I do not clearly understand. Perhaps +some of your more learned contributors will obligingly help me to the +true import of these words? + +J. Sansom. + + * * * * * + +Minor Queries. + +_Charade_.--Can any one tell who is the author of the following charade? +No doubt, the lines are well known to many of your readers, although I +have never seen them in print. It has been said that Dr. Robinson, a +physician, wrote them. It strikes me that the real author, whoever he +be, richly deserves to be named in "Notes and Queries." + + "Me, the contented man desires, + The poor man has, the rich requires; + The miser gives, the spendthrift saves, + And all must carry to their graves." + +It can scarcely be necessary to add that the answer is, _nothing_. + +Alfred Gatty. + +July 1. 1850. + + +"_Smoke Money_."--Under this name is collected every year at Battle, in +Sussex, by the Constable, one penny from every householder, and paid to +the Lord of the Manor. What is its origin and meaning? + +B. + +"_Rapido contrarius orbi_."--What divine of the seventeenth century +adopted these words as his motto? They are part of a line in one of +Owen's epigrams. + +N.B. + +_Lord Richard Christophilus_.--Can any of your readers give any account +of Lord Richard Christophilus, a Turk converted to Christianity, to +whom, immediately after the Restoration, in July, 1660, the Privy +Council appointed a pension of 50l. a-year, and an additional allowance +of 2l. a-week. + +CH. + +_Fiz-gigs_.--In those excellent poems, Sandys's _Paraphrases on Job and +other Books of the Bible_, there is a word of a most destructive +character to the effect. Speaking of leviathan, he asks, + + "Canst thou with _fiz-gigs_ pierce him to the quick?" + +It may be an ignorant question, but I do not know what fiz-gigs are. + +C.B. + +_Specimens of Erica in Bloom_.--Can any of your correspondents oblige me +by the information where I can procure specimens in bloom of the +following plants, viz. Erica crescenta, Erica paperina, E. purpurea, E. +flammea, and at what season they come into blossom in England? If +specimens are not procurable without much expense and trouble, can you +supply me with the name of a work in which these plants are figured? + +E.S. + +Dover. + +_Michael Scott, the Wizard_.--What works by Michael Scott, the reputed +wizard, (Sir Walter's _Deus ex Machina_ in _The Lay of the Last +Minstrel_), have been printed? + +X.Y.A. + +_Stone Chalices_.--Can any of the readers of "Notes and Queries" inform +me whether the use of _stone chalices_ was authorised by the ancient +constitutions of the Church; and, if so, at what period, and where the +said constitutions were enacted? + +X.Y.A. + + * * * * *{121} + + +REPLIES. + +ULRICH VON HUTTEN AND THE "EPISTOLÆ OBSCURORUM VIRONUM." + +(Vol. ii., p. 55.) + +I have never seen the article in the _Quarterly Review_ to which your +correspondent H.B.C. alludes: he will probably find it by reference to +the index, which is not just now within my reach. The neat London +edition, 1710, of the _Epistolæ_ was given by Michael Mattaire. There +are several subsequent reimpressions, but none worth notice except that +by Henr. Guil. Rotermund, Hanover, 1827, 8vo.; and again, with +improvements, "cum nova præfatione, nec non illustratione historica +circa originem earum, atque notitia de vita et scriptis virorum in +Epistolis occurentium aucta," 1830, both in 8vo. + +The best edition, however, is that given by Dr. Ernst Münch, Leipsic, +1827, 8vo., with the following title: + + "Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum aliaque Ævi Decimi sexti Monimenta + Rarissima. Die Briefe der Finsterlinge an Magister Ortuinus von + Deventer, nebst andern sehr seltenen Beiträgen zur + Literatur-Sitten-und-Kirchengeschichte des xvi'n Jahrhunderts." + +This contains many important additions, and a copious historical +introduction. Both the editors write in German. + +That this admirable satire produced an immense effect at the period of +its publication, there can be no doubt; but that it has ever been +thoroughly understood and relished among us may be doubted. Mr. Hallam, +in his _Literature of Europe_, vol. i., seems to have been disgusted +with the monkish dog-Latin and bald jokes, not recollecting that this +was a necessary and essential part of the design. Nor is it strange that +Steele, who was perhaps not very well acquainted with the history of +literature, should have misconceived the nature of the publication, when +we learn from an epistle of Sir Thomas More to Erasmus, that some of the +stupid theologasters themselves, who were held up to ridicule, received +it with approbation as a serious work: + + "_Epist. Obs. Viror_. operæ pretium est videre quantopere + placeant omnibus, et doctis joco, et indoctis serio, qui dum + ridemus, putant rideri stylum tantum, quem illi non defendunt, + sed gravitate sententiarum dicunt compensatum, et latere sub + rudi vagina pulcherrimum gladium. Utinam fuisset inditus libello + alius titulus! Profecto intra centum annos homines studio + stupidi non sensissent nasum, quamquam rhinocerotico + longiorem."[8] + +Erasmus evidently enjoyed the witty contrivance, though he affects to +disapprove it as an anonymous libel. Simler, in his life of Bullinger, +relates that on the first reading Erasmus fell into such a fit of +laughter as to burst an abscess in his face with which he was at that +time troubled, and which prevented the necessity of a surgical +operation. + +The literary history of the _Epistolæ_ and the _Dialogue_ is involved in +obscurity. That Ulrich von Hutten had a large share in their concoction +there can be no doubt; and that he was assisted by Crotus Rubianus and +Hermann von Busch, if not by others, seems highly probable. The +authorship of _Lamentationes Obscurorum Virorum_ is a paradox which has +not yet been solved. They are a parody, but a poor one, of the +_Epistolæ_, and in the second edition are attributed to Ortuinus +Gratius. If they are by him, he must have been a dull dog indeed; but by +some it has been thought that they are the work of a Reuchlinist, to +mystify the monks of Cologne, and render them still more ridiculous; +yet, as the Pope's bull against the _Epistolæ_, and Erasmus's +disapproving letter, find a prominent place, and some other +well-grounded inculpations occur, it appears to me that some +slender-witted advocate of the enemies of learning has here shown his +want of skill in handling the weapons of the adversary. + +How much Sir Thomas More was pleased with the writings of Hutten we may +gather from the opening of a letter which Erasmus addressed to Hutten, +giving an interesting account of his illustrious friend, in August, +1519: + + "Quod Thomæ Mori ingenium sic deamas, ac penè dixerim deperis, + nimirum scriptis illius inflammatus, quibus (ut verè scribis) + nihil esse potest neque doctius neque festivius; istue mibi + crede, clarissime Huttene tibi cum multis commune est, cum Moro + mutuum etiam. Nam is vicissim adeò scriptorum tuorum genio + delectatur, ut ipse tibi plopemodum invideam." + +The Dialogue (Mire Festivus), which in the edition of 1710 occurs +between the first and second parts of the _Epistolæ_, bears especial +marks of Hutten's manner, and is doubtless by him. The interlocutors are +three of the illustrious obscure, Magisters Ortuinus, Lupoldus, and +Gingolphus, and the first act of the comedy consists in their +observations upon the promoters of learning, Reuchlin, Erasmus, and +Faber Stapulensis, who afterwards make their appearance, and the +discussion becomes general, but no impression can be made upon the +stupid and prejudiced monks. The theme is, of course, the inutility of +the new learning, Hebrew and Greek and correct Latinity. One short +passage seems to me admirable:{122} + + "_M. Ging_. Et Sanctus Ambrosius, Sanctus Augustinus, et alii + omnes zelossimi doctores non sciebant ipsi bene tot, sicut iste + Ribaldi? _M. Ort_. Ipsi deberent interponere suis. _M. Lup_. Non + bene indigemus de suo Græco. _M. Ging_. Videtur eis, qui sciunt + dicere _tou, tou, logos, monsotiros, legoim, taff, hagiotatos_, + quod ipse sciunt plus quam Deus. _M. Ort_. Magister noster + Lupolde, creditis, quod Deus curat multum de iste Græco? _M. + Lup_. Certe non, Magister noster Ortuine, ego credo, quod Deus + non curat multum." + +Ranke, in his _History of the Reformation_, has very justly estimated +the merits and character of these remarkable productions: + + "We must not look for the delicate apprehension and tact, which + can only be formed in a highly polished state of society, nor + for the indignation of insulted morality expressed by the + ancients: it is altogether a caricature, not of finished + individual portraits, but of a single type;--a clownish sensual + German priest, his intellect narrowed by stupid wonder and + fanatical hatred, who relates with silly _naïveté_ and gossiping + confidence the various absurd and scandalous situations into + which he falls. These letters are not the work of a high + poetical genius, but they have truth, coarse strong features of + resemblance, and vivid colouring." + +Ranke mentions another satire, which appeared in March, 1520, directed +against John Eck, the opponent of Luther, the latter being regarded in +the light of a successor of Reuchlin, under the title of _Abgehobelte +Eck_, or _Eccius dedolatus_, "which, for fantastic invention, striking +and crushing truth, and Aristophanic wit, far exceeded the _Literæ Obsc. +V._, which it somewhat resembled." I have not yet been able to meet with +this; but such high praise, from so judicious a critic, makes me very +desirous to see and peruse it. + +S.W. Singer. + +Mickleham, July 3. 1850. + +[Footnote 8: "Ubi primum exissent _Ep. Ob. V._ miro Monachorum applausu +exceptæ sunt apud Britannos a Franciscanis ac Dominicanis, qui sibi +persuadebant, eas in Reuchlini contumeliam, et Monachorum favorem, serio +proditus: quamque quidam egregie doctus, sed nasutissimus, fingeret se +nonnihil offendi stylo, consulati sunt hominem."--_Erasm. Epist._ 979.] + +_Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum_.--Your Querist H.B.C. (Vol. ii., pp. +55-57.) will find, in the 53rd vol. _Edinb. Rev._ p. 180., a long +article on these celebrated letters, containing much of the information +required. It is worthy of remark, that in page 195. we are told + + "In 1710 there was printed in London the _most elegant_ edition + that has ever appeared of these letters, which the editor, Mich. + Mattaire, gravely represents as the productions of their + ostensible authors." + +Now this edition, though neat, has no claim to be termed most elegant, +which is hardly to be reconciled with what the reviewer says in a note, +p. 210., "that the text of this ed. of 1710 is of no authority, and +swarms with typographical blunders." + +The work on its first appearance produced great excitement, and was +condemned by Pope Leo X. See _Dict. des Livres Condamnés, &c._, par +Peignot, tom. ii. p. 218. + +Many amusing anecdotes and notices are to be found in Bayle's _Dict_. +See particularly sub nomine Erasmus. Burton, in his _Anatomy of Mel._ +pt. i. sec. 2. Mem 3 sub 6. citing Jovius in Elogiis, says, + + "Hostratus cucullatus adeo graviter ob Reuchlini librum qui + inscribitur, Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum dolore simul et pudore + sauciatus, et scipsum interfecerit." + +See also _Nouv. Diction. Historique_ in the account of Gratius, O. + +There is also a good article on these letters in a very excellent work +entitled _Analectabiblion_, or _Extraits Critique de divers Livres +rares, &c., tiréz du Cabinet du Marq. D. R. (oure)_. Paris, 1836. 2 +tomes 8vo. + +F.R.A. + +_Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum_.--The article inquired for by H.B.C. (Vol. +ii, p. 55) is probably one in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. liii. p. +180., attributed to Sir William Hamilton, the distinguished Professor of +Logic in the university of Edinburgh. + +CH. + + * * * * * + +CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE. + +(Vol. ii., p. 99.) + +Mr. Rimbault is wrong in giving to Abbot Milling the honour of being the +patron of Caxton, which is due to Abbot Esteney. Mr. C. Knight in his +_Life of Caxton_, which appropriately formed the first work of his +series of _Weekly Volumes_, has the following remarks upon the passage +from Stow, quoted by Mr. Rimbault: + + "The careful historians of London here committed one error; John + Islip did not become abbot of Westminster till 1500. John + Esteney was made abbot in 1474, and remained such until his + death in 1498. His predecessor was Thomas Milling. In Dugdale's + _Monasticon_ we find, speaking of Esteney, 'It was in this + abbot's time, and not in that of Milling, or in that of Abbot + Islip, that Caxton exercised the art of printing at + Westminster.'"--p. 140. #/ + +I have no work at hand to which I can refer for the date of Milling's +death, but if 1492 be correct, perhaps he may have been promoted to a +bishoprick. + +With reference to Mr. Rimbault's remark, that Caxton first mentions the +place of his printing in 1477, so that he must have printed some time +without informing us where, I may be allowed to observe that it seems +highly probable he printed, and indeed learned the art, at Cologne. At +the end of the third book of his translation of the _Recuyell of the +Historyes of Troye_, Caxton says: + + "Thus end I this book which I have translated after mine author, + as nigh as God hath given me cunning, to whom be given the laud + and praises ... I have practised and learned, at my great charge + and dispense, to ordain this said book in print, after the + manner and form as you may here see."{123} + +And on the title-page he informs us: + + "Whyche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in + 1468, and ended in the holy cyte of Colen, 19 Sept. 1471." + +This may refer to the translation only; but as Caxton was both +translator and printer, it does not seem unreasonable to regard it as +indicating when his entire labour upon the work was brought to a close. +I might support the view that Caxton printed at Cologne by other +arguments which would make the matter tolerably certain (see _Life of +Caxton_, p. 125., &c.); but as the excellent little work to which I am +indebted for these particulars is so well known, and so easily +accessible, I should not be justified in occupying more of your space, +and I will therefore conclude with noting that the parochial library at +Shipdham, in Norfolk, is said to contain books printed by Caxton and +other early printers. Perhaps some one of your correspondents would +record, for the general benefit, of what they consist. + +Arun. + +Dr. Rimbault has evidently not seen a short article on Caxton's printing +at Westminster, which I inserted in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for +April, 1846, nor the reference made to it in the magazine for June last, +p. 630., or he would have admitted that his objections to Dr. Dibdin's +conjectures on this point had been already stated; moreover, I think he +would have seen that the difficulty had been actually cleared up. In +truth, the popular misapprehension on this subject has not been +occasioned by any obscurity in the colophons of the great printer, or in +the survey of Stow, but merely by the erroneous constricted sense into +which the word abbey has passed in this country. Caxton himself tells us +he printed his books in "th' abbay of Westminstre," but he does not say +in the church of the abbey. Stow distinctly says it was in the almonry +of the abbey; and the handbill Dr. Rimbault refers to confirms that +fact. The almonry was not merely "within the precincts of the abbey," it +was actually a part of the abbey. Dr. Rimbault aims at the conclusion +that "the old chapel of St. Anne was doubtless the place where the first +printing-office was erected in England." But why so? Did not the chapel +continue a chapel until the Reformation, if not later? And Caxton would +no more set up his press in a chapel than in the abbey-church itself. +Stow says it was erected in the almonry. The almonry was one of the +courts of the abbey, (situated directly west of the abbey-church, and +not east, as Dr. Dibdin surmised); it contained a chapel dedicated to +St. Anne, and latterly an almshouse erected by the Lady Margaret. The +latter probably replaced other offices or lodgings of greater antiquity, +connected with the duties of the almoner, or the reception and relief of +the poor; and there need be no doubt that it was one of these buildings +that the Abbot of Westminster placed at the disposal of our +proto-typographer. There was nothing very extraordinary in his so doing +if we view the circumstance in its true light; for the _scriptoria_ of +the monasteries had ever been the principal manufactories of books. A +single press was now to do the work of many pens. The experiment was +successful; "after which time," as Stow goes on to say, "the like was +practised in the Abbeys of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, St. Alban's, +and other monasteries." The monks became printers instead of scribes; +but they would not ordinarily convert their churches or chapels into +printing-houses. The workmen, it is true, term the meetings held for +consultation on their common interests or pleasures, their _chapels_; +and whether this may have arisen from any particular instance in which a +chapel was converted into a printing-house, I cannot say. In order to +ascertain the origin of this term these Queries may be proposed:--Is it +peculiar to printers and to this country? Or is it used also in other +trades and on the Continent? + +John Gough Nichols. + + * * * * * + +THE NEW TEMPLE. + +Although I am unable to give a satisfactory reply to Mr. Foss's +inquiries, such information as I have is freely at his service. It may, +at all events, serve as a finger-post to the road. + +My survey gives a most minute extent, of 35 preceptories, 23 "cameræ" of +the Hospitallers, 13 preceptories formerly commandries of the Templars, +74 limbs, and 70 granges, impropriations, &c., and, among them all, not +a single one of the valuation of the New Temple itself. _Reprises_ of +that establishment are entered, but no _receipts_. + +The former are as follows: + + "In emendationem et sustentationem ecclesie Novi Templi, London, + et in vino, cera, et oleo, et ornamentis ejusdem ... x m. + + "In uno fratri [_sic_] Capellano et octo Capellanis secularibus, + deservientibus ecclesiam quondam Templariorum apud London, + vocatam Novum Templum, prout ordinatum est per totum consilium + totius regni, pro animabus fundatorum dicti Novi Templi et alia + [_sic_] possessionum alibi ... lv m. + + "Videlicet, frati Capellano, pro se et ecclesia, xv m., et + cuilibet Capellano, v m., ubi solebant esse, tempore + Templariorum, unus Prior ecclesie et xij Capellani seculares. + + "Item in diversis pensionibus solvendis diversis personis per + annum, tam in Curia domini Regis, quam Justiciariis Clericis, + Officiariis, et aliis ministris, in diversis Curiis suis, ac + etiam aliis familiaribus magnatum, tam pro terris tenementis, + redditibus, et libertatibus hospitalis, quam Templariorum, et + maxime pro terris Templariorum manutenendis, videlicet, + Baronibus in Scaccario domini Regis Domino Roberto de Sadyngton, + militi, Capitali baroni de Scaccario, xl." &c. &c.{124} + +enumerating pensions to the judges, clerks, &c., in all the courts, to +the amount of above 60l. per annum. To + + "Magnatibus, secretariis, et familiaribus domini Regis et + aliorum;" + +the pensions enumerated amount to about 440_l._ per annum. + +Then, to the treasurer, barons, clerks, &c., of the Exchequer (140 +persons): + + "Bis in anno, videlicet, tempore yemali, pilliola furrata + pellura minuti varii et bogeti, et quedam non furrata; et + tempore estivali totidem pilliola lineata de sindone, et quedam + non lineata, unicuique de Curia Scaccarii predicti, tam + minoribus quam majoribus, secundum gradus, statum, et officium + personarum predictarum, que expense se extendunt annuatim ad ... + x ii." + + "Item sunt alie expense facte in Curiis Regis annuatim pro + officio generalis procuratoris in diversis Curiis Regis, que de + necessitate fieri oportet, pro brevibus Regis, et Cartis + impetendis, et aliis, negociis in eisdem Curiis expediendis, que + ad minus ascendunt per annum, prout evidencius apparet, per + compotum et memoranda dicti fratris de Scaccario qui per + capitulum ad illud officium oneratur ... lx m." + + "Item in donis dandis in Curiis domini Regis et aliorum magnatum + _pro favore habendo_ et pro placitis defendendis, et expensis + parlialmentorum, ad minus bis per annum ... cc m." + +I have made these extracts somewhat more at length than may, perhaps, be +to the point in question, because they contain much that is highly +interesting as to the apparently questionable mode in which the +Hospitallers obtained the protection of the courts (and probably they +were not singular in their proceedings); annual pensions to judges, +besides other largesses, and much of this "pro favore habendo," +contrasts painfully with the "spotless purity of the ermine" which +dignifies our present age. + +In the "extent" we have occasionally a grange held rent free for life by +a judge. Chief Justice Geffrey de Scrop so held that of Penhull in +Northumberland. + +Putting all these facts together, and bearing in mind that, throughout +this elaborate "extent," there are neither profits nor rent entered, as +for the Temple itself, so that it seems to have then been neither in the +possession nor occupation of the Hospitallers, is it not possible that +they had alienated it to the lawyers, as a discharge for these heavy +annual incumbrances,--_prospectively_, perhaps, because by the entry of +these charges among the "reprise," the life interests, at all events, +were still paid; or perhaps the alienation was itself made to them "pro +favore habendo" in some transaction that the Hospitallers wished to have +carried by the Courts; or it may have been made as a _bonâ fide_ bribe +for future protection. At all events, when we see such extensive +payments made annually to the lawyers, their ultimate possession of the +fee simple is no unnatural result. But, as I am altogether ignorant of +the history of the New Temple, I must refrain from suggestions, giving +the simple facts as I find them, and leaving the rest to the learning +and investigation of your correspondent. + +L.B.L. + + * * * * * + +STRANGERS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 17. 83.) + +Mr. Ross is right in saying that "no alteration has taken place in the +_practice_ of the House of Commons with respect to the admission of +strangers." The practice was at variance with the old sessional order: +it is consistent with the new standing order of 1845. I do not +understand how any one can read these words of the new standing order, +"that the sergeant-at-arms ... do take into his custody any stranger +whom he may see ... in any part of the house or gallery appropriated to +the members of the House: and also any stranger _who, having been +admitted into any other part of the house or gallery_," &c., and say +that the House of Commons does not now recognise the presence of +strangers; nor can I understand how Mr. Ross can doubt that the old +sessional order absolutely prohibited their presence. It did not keep +them out certainly, for they were admitted in the teeth of it; but so +long as that sessional order was in force, prohibition to strangers was +the theory. + +Mr. Ross refers to publication of speeches. Publication is still +prohibited in theory. Mr. Ross perhaps is not aware that the prohibition +of publication of speeches rests on a foundation independent of the old +sessional order against the presence of strangers,--on a series of +resolutions declaring publication to be a breach of the privileges of +Parliament, to be found in the Journals of 1642, 1694, 1695, 1697, 1703, +1722, and 1724. + +We unfortunately cannot settle in your columns whether, as Mr. Ross +asserts, "if a member in debate should inadvertently allude to the +possibility of his observations being heard by a stranger, the Speaker +would immediately call him to order;" but my strong belief is, that he +would not: and I hope, if there are any members of the House of Commons +who have time to read "Notes and Queries," that one of them may be +induced to take a suitable opportunity of obtaining the Speaker's +judgment. + +"Yet at other times," Mr. Ross goes on to say, "the right honourable +gentlemen will listen complacently to discussions arising out of the +complaints of members that strangers will not publish to the world all +that they hear pass in debate." If this be so, I suppose the Speaker +sees nothing disorderly in a complaint, that what has been spoken in +Parliament has _not_ been published: but I read frequently in my +newspaper that the Speaker interrupts {125} members who speak of +speeches having been published. "This is one of the inconsistencies," +Mr. Ross proceeds, "resulting from the determination of the House not +expressly to recognise the presence of strangers." Inconsistency there +certainly is,--the inconsistency of making publication a breach of +privilege, and allowing it to go on daily. + +As strangers may be admitted into the House to hear debates, and not +allowed to publish what they hear, so they may he admitted, subject to +exclusion at certain times, or when the House chooses. And this is the +case. The House, of course, retains the power of excluding them at any +moment. They are always made to withdraw before the House goes to a +division. This is a matter of practice, founded probably on some +supposed reasons of convenience. Again, on any member desiring strangers +to be excluded, the Speaker desires them to withdraw, without allowing +any discussion. + +I have only to notice one other observation of Mr. Ross's, which is the +following: + + "When I speak of strangers being admitted, it must not be + supposed that this was done by order of the House. No, + everything relating to the admission of strangers to, and their + accommodation in the House of Commons, is effected by some + mysterious agency, for which no one is directly responsible. Mr. + Barry has built galleries for strangers in the new house; but if + the matter were made a subject of inquiry, it probably would + puzzle him to state under what authority he has acted." + +I do not think there is anything mysterious as regards admission. I am +fond of hearing the debates, and my parliamentary friends are very kind +to me. Sometimes I content myself with an order from a member, which +takes me into the hinder seats of the non-reporting strangers' gallery; +sometimes, when I know beforehand of an interesting debate, I get one of +my friends to put my name on the "Speaker's list," and I then take my +seat on one of the two front rows of the strangers' gallery; sometimes, +again, I go down on the chance, while the House is sitting; and if I am +fortunate enough to find any one of any friends there, he generally +brings me, in a few moments, an order from the Sergeant-at-arms, which +takes me also to the front row of the strangers' gallery. Some benches +under the strangers' gallery are reserved for peers, ambassadors, and +peers' eldest sons. The Speaker and the Sergeant-at-arms give permission +generally to foreigners, and sometimes to some other persons, to sit in +these benches. I do not know which officer of the House of Commons +superintends the admission of reporters. Ladies are admitted to the +Black Hole assigned to them, by orders from the Sergeant-at-arms. I have +no doubt that the Speaker and Sergeant-at-arms are responsible to the +House for everything relating to the admission of strangers, and without +taking upon myself to say what is the authority under which Mr. Barry +has acted, I have no doubt that, in building galleries for strangers in +the new house, he has done what is consistent not only with the long +established practice, but, under the new order of 1845, with the theory +of the House of Commons. + +As regards the passage quoted by Mr. Jackson from the _Edinburgh +Review_, the reviewer would probably allow that he had overlooked the +new standing order of 1845; and Mr. Jackson will perceive that the +recognition of the presence of strangers does not legalise the +publication of speeches. The supposed difficulty in the way of +legalising publication is, that the House of Commons would then make +itself morally responsible for the publication of any libellous matter +in speeches. I do not see the force of this difficulty. But the +expediency of the existing rule is not a proper subject for discussion +in your columns. + +CH. + +Whatever the present practice of the House of Commons with respect to +strangers may be, it does not seem probable that it will soon undergo +alteration. In the session of 1849 a Select Committee, composed of +fifteen members, and including the leading men of all parties, was +appointed "to consider the present practice of this House in respect of +the exclusion of strangers." The following is the Report of the +Committee _in extenso_ (_Parl. Pap._, No. 498. Sess. 1849): + + "That the existing usage of excluding strangers during a + division, and upon the notice by an individual Member that + strangers are present, has prevailed from a very early period of + parliamentary history; that the instances in which the power of + an individual Member to exclude has been exercised have been + very rare: and that it is the unanimous opinion of your + committee, that there is no sufficient ground for making any + alteration in the existing practice with regard to the admission + or exclusion of strangers." + +This Report confirms the statement of Mr. Ross (p. 83., _antè_), that +within his experience of thirty-one years no change has been made in the +present rule of the House upon this matter, which, it would seem, dates +very far back. The Speaker was the only witness examined before the +Committee, and his evidence is not printed. + +Arun. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Morganatic Marriage_ (Vol. ii., p. 72.).--According to M., Ducange has +connected this expression with _morgingab_; but I have looked in vain +for such connection in my edition of the _Glossary_ (Paris, 1733). The +truth most probably is, that _morganatic_, in the phrase "matrimonium ad +morganaticam," {126} was akin to the Gothic _maurgjan_, signifying, "to +procrastinate," "to bring to an end," "to shorten," "to limit." This +application of the word would naturally rise out of the restrictions +imposed upon the wife and children of a morganatic marriage. + +C.H. + +_Umbrellas_ (Vol. i., p. 415. 436.; ii. 25.).--In Swift's description of +a city shower (_Tatler_, No. 238., October 17. 1710), umbrellas are +mentioned as in common use by women: + + "Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down, + Threatening with deluge the devoted town; + To shops, in crowds, the daggled females fly, + Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy; + The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach, + Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach; + The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides, + While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides." + +H.B.C. + +U.U. Club, July 2. + +_Bands_ (Vol. ii., pp. 23. 76.)--_Scarf_.--I was glad to read Arun's +explanation of the origin of the bands now worn by the clergy; which, +however, seems merely to amount to their being an adoption of a Genevan +portion of clerical costume. That they are the descendants of the ruff, +there can be no doubt, just as wrist-bands have more recently succeeded +to ruffles. + +I cannot resist mentioning that an ingenious friend suggested to me, +that the broad, stiff, laid-down collar, alluded to in the former part +of Arun's communication, possibly gave rise to the modern band in the +following manner:--When the scarf, still in use, was drawn over the +shoulders and hung down in front, that part of the broad collar which +was left visible, being divided up the middle, presented a shape and +appearance exactly like our common bands. Hence, it was imagined, this +small separate article of dress might have originated. + +Is it Butler, Swift, or who, that says, + + "A Chrysostom to smoothe his band in"? + +Whenever this was written, it must have referred to our modern bands. + +Who amongst the clergy are _entitled_ to wear a scarf? Is it the badge +of a chaplain only? or what circumstances justify its being worn? + +Alfred Gatty. + +July 1. 1850. + +_Bands_ (Vol. ii., p. 76.).--An early example of the collar, approaching +to the form of our modern bands, may be seen in the portrait of Cardinal +Beatoun, who was assassinated in 1546. The original is in Holyrood +Palace, and an engraving in Mr. Lodge's _Portraits_. The artist is +unknown, but from the age of the face one may infer that it was painted +about 1540. + +C.H. + +_Jewish Music_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--See a host of authorities on the +subject of Hebrew music and musical instruments in Winer's +_Realwörterbuch_ vol. ii., pp. 120. _seq._, 3d edit. There is a good +abstract respecting them in Jahn's _Hebrew Antiquities_, sect. 92-96. + +C.H. + +_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--In +illustration of, not in answer to, Mr. Sansom's inquiry, I beg to offer +the following statement. During a long series of years an average of +about 150 corpses has been annually deposited in Ecclesfield churchyard, +which has rendered it an extremely crowded cemetery. But, +notwithstanding these frequent interments, my late sexton told me that +he remembered when there was scarcely one grave to the north of the +church, it being popularly considered that only suicides, unbaptised +persons, and still-born children ought to be buried there. However, when +a vicar died about twenty-seven years ago, unlike his predecessors, who +had generally been buried in the chancel, he was laid in a tomb on the +north side of the churchyard, adjoining the vicarage. From this time +forward the situation lost all its evil reputation amongst the richer +inhabitants of the parish, who have almost entirely occupied it with +family vaults. + +Whether the prejudice against the north side of our churchyard arose +from an idea that it was unconsecrated, I cannot tell but I suspect +that, from inherited dislike, the poor are still indisposed towards it. +When the women of the village have to come to the vicarage after +nightfall, they generally manage to bring a companion, and hurry past +the gloomy end of the north transept as if they knew + + "that close behind + Some frightful fiend did tread." + +I cannot help fancying that the objection is attributable to a notion +that evil spirits haunt the spot in which, possibly from very early +times, such interments took place as my sexton described. As a +suggestion towards a full solution of this popular superstition, I would +ask whether persons who formerly underwent ecclesiastical +excommunication were customarily buried on the north side of +churchyards? + +Alfred Gatty. + +Ecclesfield, June 28. 1850. + +I can only give from recollection a statement of a tradition, that when +Jesus Christ died he turned his head towards the south; and so, ever +since, the south side of a church has the pre-eminence. There generally +is the bishop's throne, and the south aisle of ancient basilicas was +appropriated to men. Simple observation shows that the supposed sanctity +extends to the churchyard,--for there the tombstones lie thickest. + +I find that my source of information for the {127} tradition was +Cockerell's last lecture on Architecture, _Athenæum_ for 1843, p. 187. +col. 3. + +A.J.H. + +"_Men are but Children_," &c.--R.G. (Vol. ii., p. 22.) will find the +line about which he inquires in Dryden's _All for Love; or, The World +well Lost_, Act iv. Sc. 1. + + Dolabella (_loq._): + "Men are but children of a larger growth, + Our appetites as apt to change as theirs, + And full as craving too, and full as vain." + +J.R.M. + +King's College, London, July 12. 1850. + +_Ventriloquism_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--Mr. SANSOM will find some curious +information touching the words [Hebrew: 'or], [Greek: eggastrimuthos], +&c., in Dr. Maitland's recent _Illustrations and Enquiries relating to +Mesmerism_, pp. 55. 81. The Lexicons of Drs. Lee and Gesenius may also +be consulted, under the word [Hebrew: 'or]. The former of these +lexicographers would rank the Pythian priestess with "our modern +conjurers." + +C.H. + +St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. + +_Cromwell's Estates--Magor_ (Vol. i., p. 277. 389.).--As the South Wales +line is now open as far as Chepstow, it may not be uninteresting to V. +to know, that it diverges from the coast between Chepstow and Newport, +in order to pass Bishopston and _Magor_, the last of which he rightly +placed in Monmouthshire. + +SELEUCUS. + +_Vincent Gookin_ (Vol. i., pp. 385. 473. 492.; Vol. ii. p. 44.) is +described in a _Narrative of the late Parliament_ (Cromwell's +Parliament, d. 1656), in the _Harleian Miscellany_, as + + "One of the letters of land in Ireland, receiving three hundred + pounds per annum." + +He and three other Irish members, Colonel Jephson, Ralph King, and Bice, +are classed together in this tract, which is hostile to Cromwell, as + + "Persons not thought meet to be in command, though they much + desire it, and are of such poor principles and so unfit to make + rulers of as they would not have been set with the dogs of the + flock, if the army and others who once pretended to be honest + had kept close to their former good and honest principles." + +Vincent Gookin voted for the clause in the "Petition and Advice" giving +the title of "King" to Cromwell. + +CH. + +_All-to brake_ (Vol. i., p. 395.).--The interpretation given is +incorrect. "All-to" is very commonly used by early writers for +"altogether:" e.g., "all-to behacked," Calfhill's _Answer to Martiall's +Treatise of the Cross_, Parker Society's edition, p. 3.; "all-to +becrossed," _ibid._ p. 91.; "all-to bebatted," _ibid._ p. 133., &c. &c. +The Parker Society reprints will supply innumerable examples of the use +of the expression. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +The two of Mr. Hunter's _Critical and Historical Tracts_, which we have +had the opportunity of examining, justify to the fullest the +expectations we had formed of them. The first, _Agincourt; a +Contribution towards an authentic List of the Commanders of the English +Host, in King Henry the Fifth's Expedition, in the Third Year of his +Reign_, Mr. Hunter describes as "an instalment," we venture to add "a +very valuable instalment," from evidence which has been buried for +centuries in the unknown masses of national records, towards a complete +list of the English Commanders who served with the King in that +expedition, with, in most cases, the number of the retinue which each +Commander undertook to bring into the field, and, in some instances, +notices of events happening to the contingents. The value of a work +based upon such materials, our historical readers will instantly +recognise. The lovers of our poetry will regard with equal interest, and +peruse with equal satisfaction, Mr. Hunter's brochure entitled _Milton; +a Sheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and Annotators_, and admit +that he has bound up the new biographical illustrations and critical +comments, which he has gathered in that pleasant field of literary +inquiry, the life and writings of Milton, into a goodly and a pleasant +sheaf. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will commence on Monday, the 29th of this month, +a three days' Sale of Greek Roman, and English Coins, English and +Foreign Medals, Cabinets, &c., the property of a Gentleman leaving +England. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.) + +_Odd Volumes._ + +MOULTRIE'S POEMS. Vol. I. + +Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +C.J.S. _The Inscription from the brass in Chinnor Church, Oxon, is_ +Mouns. Esmoun de Malyns fitz Mouns. Reynald de Malyns Chr. et Isabelle +sa femme gisoient icy Dieu de ses ailmes eit mercy, _being in memory of +Esmond de Malyns and his wife. The father_, Renald de Malyns, _was +interred in the same church._ + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._ + +Errata. In No. 37., p. 98., col. 2., 1. 16., for "1625" read "1695"; p. +101., l. 31., "Inchi_g_uin" should be "Inchi_q_uin"; p. 106., col. 2., +1. 26. should be-- + + "And disappoints the Queen, poor little Chuck." {128} + + * * * * * + +COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR +OF THE +TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER. + +JOHN BRUCE, esq., Treas. S.A. +J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A. +PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A. +WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A. +THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A. +SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H. +JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A. +HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A. +SAMUEL SHEPERD, Esq., F.S.A. +WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A. + +The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast mouldering +into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds will effect a +perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it right to fix any limit +to the subscription, they themselves have opened the list with a +contribution from each of them of Five Shillings; but they will be ready +to receive any amount, more or less, which those who value poetry and +honour Chaucer may be kind enough to remit to them. + +Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, Ellesmere, +and Shaftesbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon, Pres. Soc. 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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND +AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, + +(The HORTICULTURAL PART edited by PROF. 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With Twelve Illustrations, +engraved on Wood by BRANSTON. + +"Of the different books of this nature that have fallen, in our way, we +do not remember one that has equalled Mr. Grant's."--_Spectator_. + +"Mr. Grant's very interesting history of the Castle of Edinburgh--a work +equally distinguished by research, accuracy, and pictorial +interest."--_Alison's Essays_. + +"We have been much amused with this little book, which abounds in +pleasant and interesting episodes, and we recommend it as an excellent +specimen of local history."--_Athenæum_. + +WILLIAM BLACKWOOD and Sons, Edinburgh And London. + + * * * * * + +Preparing for publication, in 2 vols. small 8vo. + +THE FOLK-LORE Of ENGLAND. + +By WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society, Editor of +"Early Prose Romances," "Lays and Legends of all Nations," &c. One +object of the present work is to furnish new contributions to the +History of our National Folk-Lore; and especially some of the more +striking Illustrations of the subject to be found in the Writings of +Jacob Grimm and other Continental Antiquaries. + +Communications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable Customs and +Popular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are earnestly solicited, and +will be thankfully acknowledged by the Editor. They may be addressed to +the care of Mr. BELL, Office of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth. + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS, +F.S.A. + +"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is treated +with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss +has brought to light many points previously unknown, corrected many +errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to conduct it +successfully through all the intricacies of a difficult investigation, +and such taste and judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion +requires, the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to +his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a philosophical +history."--_Gent. Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, July 20. 1850. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, +July 20, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, *** + +***** This file should be named 13362-8.txt or 13362-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/3/6/13362/ + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, July 20, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 3, 2004 [EBook #13362] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals + + + + + + +</pre> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name= +"page113"></a>{113}</span> +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3> +<hr class="full" /> +<table summary="masthead" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td align="left" width="25%"><b>No. 38.</b></td> +<td align="center" width="50%"><b>SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1850</b></td> +<td align="right" width="25%"><b>Price Threepence.<br /> +Stamped Edition 4d.</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +<table summary="^Contents" align="center"> +<tr> +<td align="left">NOTES:—</td> +<td align="right">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Meaning of Delighted as used by Shakspeare, by S. +Hickson</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Authors of "The Rolliad," by Lord Braybrooke</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notes on Milton</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Derivation of Easter, by J. Sansom</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Folk Lore—Passages of Death, by Dr. +Guest—Divination at Marriages</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Francis Lenton the Poet, by Dr. Rimbault</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page117">117</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Notes:—Lilburn or Prynne—Peep of +Day— Martinet—Guy's Porridge Pot</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">QUERIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding, by John +Miland</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Stukeley's "Stonehenge," by Henry Cunliffe</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Athelstane's Form of Donation—Meaning of +"Somagia," by J. Sansom</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Queries:—Charade—"Smoke +Money"—"Rapido contrarius orbi"—Lord Richard +Christophilus— Fiz gigs—Specimens of Erica in +Bloom—Michael Scott the Wizard—Stone Chalices</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">REPLIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ulrich von Hutten and the "Epistolæ +Obscurorum Virorum," by S.W. Singer</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Caxton's Printing-office, by J.G. Nichols</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">The New Temple</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Strangers in the House of Commons</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Replies to Minor Queries:—Morganatic +Marriage— Umbrellas—Bands—Scarf—Jewish +Music—North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated—"Men are +but Children" &c.—Ventriloquism—Cromwell's Estates +—Magor—Vincent Gookin—All-to brake</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">MISCELLANEOUS:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, Sales, +&c.</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Books and Odd Volumes Wanted</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notices to Correspondents</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Advertisements</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page128">128</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>NOTES.</h2> +<h3>WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "DELIGHTED," AS SOMETIMES USED BY +SHAKSPEARE.</h3> +<p>I wish to call attention to the peculiar use of a word, or +rather to a peculiar word, in Shakspeare, which I do not recollect +to have met with in any other writer. I say a "peculiar word," +because, although the verb <i>To delight</i> is well known, and of +general use, the word, the same in form, to which I refer, is not +only of different meaning, but, as I conceive, of distinct +derivation the non-recognition of which has led to a misconception +of the meaning of one of the finest passages in Shakspeare. The +first passage in which it occurs, that I shall quote, is the well +known one from <i>Measure for Measure</i>:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Ay, but to die, and go we know not where;</p> +<p>To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot,</p> +<p>This sensible warm motion to become</p> +<p>A kneaded clod; and the <i>delighted</i> spirit</p> +<p>To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside</p> +<p>In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice;</p> +<p>To be imprison'd in the viewless winds</p> +<p>And blown with restless violence round about</p> +<p>The pendant world." Act iii. Sc. 1.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Now, if we examine the construction of this passage, we shall +find that it appears to have been the object of the writer to +separate, and place in juxtaposition with each other, the +conditions of the body and the spirit, each being imagined under +circumstances to excite repulsion or terror in a sentient being. +The mind sees the former lying in "cold obstruction," rotting, +changed from a "sensible warm motion" to a "kneaded clod," every +circumstance leaving the impression of dull, dead weight, deprived +of force and motion. The spirit, on the other hand, is imagined +under circumstances that give the most vivid picture conceivable of +utter powerlessness:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2">"Imprison'd in the viewless winds,</p> +<p>And blown with restless violence round about</p> +<p>The pendant world."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>To call the spirit here "delighted," in our sense of the term, +would be absurd; and no explanation of the passage in this sense, +however ingenious, is intelligible. That it is intended to +represent the spirit simply as <i>lightened</i>, made light, +relieved from the weight of matter, I am convinced, and this is my +view of the meaning of the word in the present instance.</p> +<p><i>Delight</i> is naturally formed by the participle <i>de</i> +and <i>light</i>, to make light, in the same way as "debase," to +make base, "defile," to make foul. The analogy is not quite so +perfect in such words as "define," "defile" (file), "deliver," +"depart," &c.; yet they all may be considered of the same +class. The last of these is used with us only in the sense of <i>to +go away</i>; in Shakspeare's time (and Shakspeare so uses it) it +meant also <i>to part</i>, or <i>part with</i>. A correspondent of +Mr. Knight's suggests <span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id= +"page114"></a>{114}</span> for the word <i>delight</i> in this +passage, also, a new derivation; using <i>de</i> as a negation, and +<i>light (lux), delighted</i>, removed from the regions of light. +This is impossible; if we look at the context we shall see that it +not only contemplated no such thing, but that it is distinctly +opposed to it.</p> +<p>I am less inclined to entertain any doubt of the view I have +taken being correct, from the confirmation it receives in another +passage of Shakspeare, which runs as follows:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"If virtue no <i>delighted</i> beauty lack,</p> +<p>Your son-in-law shows far more fair than black."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Othello</i>, Act i. Sc. 3.</p> +<p>Passing by the cool impertinence of one editor, who asserts that +Shakspeare frequently used the past for the present participle, and +the almost equally cool correction of another, who places the +explanatory note "*delightful" at the bottom of the page, I will +merely remark that the two latest editors of Shakspeare, having +apparently nothing to say on the subject, have very wisely said +nothing. Yet, as we understand the term "delighted," the passage +surely needs explanation. We cannot suppose that Shakspeare used +epithets so weakening as "delighting" or "delightful." The meaning +of the passage would appear to be this: If virtue be not wanting in +beauty—such beauty as can belong to virtue, not physical, but +of a higher kind, and freed from all material elements—then +your son-in-law, black though he is, shows far more fair than +black, possessing, in fact, this <i>abstract</i> kind of beauty to +that degree that his colour is forgotten. In short, "delighted" +here seems to mean, <i>lightened</i> of all that is gross or +unessential.</p> +<p>There is yet another instance in Cymbeline, which seems to bear +a similar construction:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Whom best I love, I cross: to make my gifts</p> +<p>The more delay'd, <i>delighted</i>."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Act v. Sc. 4.</p> +<p>That is, "the <i>more</i> delighted;" the longer held back, the +better worth having; lightened of whatever might detract from their +value, that is, refined or purified. In making the remark here, +that "delighted" refers not to the recipient nor to the giver, but +to the gifts, I pass by the nonsense that the greatest master of +the English language did not heed the distinction between the past +and the present participles, as not worth a second thought.</p> +<p>The word appears to have had a distinct value of its own, and is +not to be explained by any other single word. If this be so, it +could hardly have been coined by Shakspeare. Though, possibly, it +may never have been much used, perhaps some of your correspondents +may be able to furnish other instances from other writers.</p> +<p class="author">SAMUEL HICKSON.</p> +<p>St. John's Wood.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>AUTHORS OF "THE ROLLIAD."</h3> +<p>The subjoined list of the authors of <i>The Rolliad</i>, though +less complete than I could have wished, is, I believe, +substantially correct, and may, therefore, be acceptable to your +readers. The names were transcribed by me from a copy of the ninth +edition of <i>The Rolliad</i> (1791), still in the library at +Sunninghill Park, in which they had been recorded on the first page +of the respective papers.</p> +<p>There seems to be no doubt that they were originally +communicated by Mr. George Ellis, who has always been considered as +one of the most talented contributors to <i>The Rolliad</i>. He +also resided for many years at Sunninghill, and was in habits of +intimacy with the owners of the Park. Your correspondent C. (Vol. +ii., p. 43.) may remark that Lord John Townshend's name occurs only +twice in my list; but his Lordship may have written some of the +papers which are not in the Sunninghill volume, as they appeared +only in the editions of the work printed subsequently to 1791, and +are designated as <i>Political Miscellanies</i>.</p> +<table summary="Authors list" align="center"> +<tr> +<td align="left"><i>Names of the Authors of the Rolliad</i>.</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Dedication to Kenyon</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Family of the Rollos</td> +<td align="left">Tickell, &c.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Extract from Dedication</td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms from the <i>Rolliad</i></td> +<td></td> +<td align="left">No.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">1 & 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">6, 7, 8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">9.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">10 & 11.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms not in the original, but probably +written by</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">13 & 14.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms, &c. Part. ii.</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">1 & 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">3 & 4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Criticisms, not in the original</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Reid</td> +<td align="left">6.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left"><i>Political Eclogues</i>.</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Rose</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">The Liars</td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Margaret Nicholson</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Adair.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Charles Jenkinson</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Jekyl</td> +<td align="left">Lord John Townshend.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left"><i>Probationary Odes</i>.</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">All the Preliminaries</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Tickell.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Irregular Ode</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Tickell</td> +<td align="left">No. 1.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode to the New Year</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode</td> +<td align="left">Rev. H. Bate Dudley</td> +<td align="left">3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Duan</td> +<td align="left">John Ellis</td> +<td align="left">5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ossianade</td> +<td align="left">Unknown</td> +<td align="left">6.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Irregular Ode</td> +<td align="left">Unknown</td> +<td align="left">7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode to the Attorney- General</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Brummell</td> +<td align="left">8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Laureate Ode</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Tickell</td> +<td align="left">9.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">New Year's Ode</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Pearce</td> +<td align="left">10.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Ode by M.A. Taylor</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Boscawen</td> +<td align="left">11.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— by Major Scott</td> +<td align="left">Lord John Townshend</td> +<td align="left">12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Irregular(Dundas)</td> +<td align="left">Never known to the Club</td> +<td align="left">13.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— by Warton</td> +<td align="left">Bishop of Ossory (Hon. William Beresford)</td> +<td align="left">14.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Pindaric</td> +<td align="left">General Fitzpatrick</td> +<td align="left">15.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Irregular</td> +<td align="left">Dr. Laurence</td> +<td align="left">16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Prettyman</td> +<td align="left">General Burgoyne</td> +<td align="left">17.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">—— Graham</td> +<td align="left">Mr. Reid</td> +<td align="left">18.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Letter, &c. and Mountmorres</td> +<td align="left">Richardson</td> +<td align="left">19.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Birthday Ode</td> +<td align="left">George Ellis</td> +<td align="left">20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Pindaric Ode</td> +<td align="left">Unmarked</td> +<td align="left">21.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Real Birthday Ode</td> +<td align="left">T. Warton</td> +<td align="left">22.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Remaining prose</td> +<td align="left">Richardson.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id= +"page115"></a>{115}</span> +<p>I am not certain whether Mr. Adair, to whom "Margaret +Nicholson," one of the happiest of the Political Eclogues, is +attributed, is the present Sir Robert Adair. If so, as the only +survivor amongst his literary colleagues, he might furnish some +interesting particulars respecting the remarkable work to which I +have called your attention.</p> +<p class="author">BRAYBROOKE.</p> +<p>Audley End, July, 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>NOTES ON MILTON.</h3> +<h4>(Continued from Vol. ii., p. 53.)</h4> +<p><i>Il Penseroso.</i></p> +<p>On l. 8 (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Fantastic swarms of dreams there hover'd,</p> +<p>Green, red, and yellow, tawney, black, and blue;</p> +<p>They make no noise, but right resemble may</p> +<p>Th' unnumber'd moats that in the sun-beams play."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas.</i></p> +<p>Cælia, in Beaumont and Fletcher's <i>Humorous +Lieutenant</i>, says,—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"My maidenhead to a mote in the sun, he's jealous."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Act iv. Sc. 8.</p> +<p>On l. 35. (G.) Mr. Warton might have found a happier +illustration of his argument in Ben Jonson's <i>Every Man in his +Humour</i>, Act i. Sc. 3.:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Too conceal such real ornaments as these, and shadow</p> +<p>their glory, as a milliner's wife does her wrought</p> +<p>stomacher, with a smoaky lawn, or a <i>black cyprus</i>."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>—Whalley's edit. vol. i. p. 33.</p> +<p>On l. 39. (G.) The origin of this uncommon use of the word +"commerce" is from Donne:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"If this commerce 'twixt heaven and earth were not</p> +<p>embarred."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>—<i>Poems</i>, p. 249. Ed. 4to. 1633.</p> +<p>On l. 43. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"That sallow-faced, sad, stooping nymph, whose eye</p> +<p>Still on the ground is fixed steadfastly."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas</i></p> +<p>On l. 52. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Mounted aloft on Contemplation's wings."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>G. Wither</i>, P. 1. vol. i. Ed. 1633.</p> +<p>Drummond has given "golden wings" to Fame.</p> +<p>On l. 88. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Hermes Trismegistus.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>On l. 100. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Tyrants' bloody gests</p> +<p>Of Thebes, Mycenæ, or proud Ilion."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas.</i></p> +<hr /> +<p><i>Arcades.</i></p> +<p>On l. 23. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And without respect of odds,</p> +<p>Vye renown with Demy-gods."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Wither's Mistresse of Philarete</i>, Sig. E. 5. Ed. 1633.</p> +<p>On l. 27. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"But yet, whate'er he do or can devise,</p> +<p>Disguised glory shineth in his eyes."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Sylvester's Du Bartas.</i></p> +<p>On l. 46. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"An eastern wind commix'd with <i>noisome airs</i>,</p> +<p>Shall <i>blast the plants</i> and the <i>young +sapplings</i>."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Span. Trag. Old Plays</i>, vol. iii. p. 222.</p> +<p>On l. 65. (G.) Compare Drunmond—speech of Endymion before +Charles:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"To tell by me, their herald, coming things,</p> +<p>And what each Fate to her stern distaff sings," &c.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>On l. 84. (M.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And with his beams enamel'd every greene."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Fairfax's Tasso</i>, b. i. st. 35.</p> +<p>On l. 97. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Those brooks with lilies bravely deck't."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Drayton</i>, 1447.</p> +<p>On l. 106. (G.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Pan entertains, this coming night,</p> +<p>His paramour, the Syrinx bright."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess</i>, Act i.</p> +<p class="author">J.F.M.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>DERIVATION OF EASTER.</h3> +<p>Southey, in his <i>Book of the Church</i>, derives our word +<i>Easter</i> from a <i>Saxon</i> source:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The worship," he says, "of the goddess <i>Eostre</i> or +<i>Eastre</i>, which may probably be traced to the Astarte of the +Phoenicians, is retained among us in the word <i>Easter</i>; her +annual festival having been superseded by that sacred day."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Should he not rather have given a <i>British</i> origin to the +name of our Christian holy day? Southey acknowledges that the +"heathenism which the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id= +"page116"></a>{116}</span> Saxons introduced, bears no [very +little?] affinity either to that of the Britons or the Romans;" yet +it is certain that the Britons worshipped Baal and +<i>Ashtaroth</i>, a relic of whose worship appears to be still +retained in Cornwall to this day. The Druids, as Southey tells us, +"made the people pass through the fire in honour of Baal." But the +<i>festival</i> in honour of Baal appears to have been in the +<i>autumn</i>: for</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"They made the people," he informs us, "at the beginning of +<i>winter</i>, extinguish all their fires on one day and kindle +them again from the sacred fire of the Druids, which would make the +house fortunate for the ensuing year; and, if any man came who had +not paid his yearly dues, [Easter offerings, &c., date back as +far as this!] they refused to give him a spark, neither durst any +of his neighbours relieve him, nor might he himself procure fire by +any other means, so that he and his family were deprived of it till +he had discharged the uttermost of his debt."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Druidical fires kindled in the <i>spring</i> of the year, on +the other hand, would appear to be those in honour of +<i>Ashtaroth</i>, or <i>Astarte</i>, from whom the <i>British +Christians</i> may naturally enough have derived the name of +<i>Easter</i> for their corresponding season. We might go even +further than this, and say that the young ladies who are reported +still to take the chief part in keeping up the Druidical +festivities in Cornwall, very happily represent the ancient +<i>Estal</i> (or <i>Vestal</i>) virgins.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In times of Paganism," says O'Halloran, "we find in +<i>Ireland</i> females devoted to celibacy. There was in Tara a +royal foundation of this kind, wherein none were admitted but +virgins of the noblest blood. It was called Cluain-Feart, or the +place of retirement till death," &c ... "The duty of these +virgins was to keep up the fires of Bel, or the sun, and of +Sambain, or the moon, which customs they borrowed from their +Phoenician ancestors. They both [<i>i.e.</i> the Irish and the +Phoenicians] adored Bel, or the sun, the moon, and the stars. The +'house of <i>Rimmon</i>' which the Phoenicians worshipped in, like +our temples of Fleachta in Meath, was sacred to the <i>moon</i>. +The word '<i>Rimmon</i>' has by no means been understood by the +different commentators; and yet, by recurring to the Irish (a +branch of the Phoenician) it becomes very intelligible; for +'<i>Re</i>' is Irish for the moon, and '<i>Muadh</i>' signifies an +<i>image</i>, and the compound word '<i>Reamhan</i>,' signifies +<i>prognosticating by the appearance of the moon</i>. It appears by +the life of our great S. Columba, that the Druid temples were here +decorated with figures of the sun, the moon, and stars. The +Phoenicians, under the name of <i>Bel-Samen</i>, adored the +Supreme; and it is pretty remarkable, that to this very day, to +wish a friend every happiness this life can afford, we say in +Irish, 'The blessings of <i>Samen</i> and <i>Bel</i> be with you!' +that is, of the seasons; Bel signifying the sun, and Samhain the +moon."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>—(See O'Halloran's <i>Hist. of Ireland</i>, vol. i. P. +47.)</p> +<p class="author">J. SANSOM.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> +<p><i>Presages of Death</i>.—The Note by Mr. C. FORBES (Vol. +ii., p. 84.) on "High Spirits considered a Presage of impending +Calamity or Death," reminded me of a collection of authorities I +once made, for academical purposes, of a somewhat analogous +bearing,—I mean the ancient belief in the existence of a +power of prophecy at that period which immediately precedes +dissolution.</p> +<p>The most ancient, as well as the most striking instance, is +recorded in the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"And Jacob called his sons and said, Gather yourselves together +<i>that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last +days</i>.... And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, +he gathered up his feet into his bed, and yielded up the ghost, and +was gathered unto his people."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Homer affords two instances of a similar kind: thus, Patroclus +prophesies the death of Hector (Il. [Greek: p] 852.)<a id= +"footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= +"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>[Greek: "Ou thaen oud autos daeron beae alla toi aedae</p> +<p>Agchi parestaeke Thanatos kai Moira krataiae,</p> +<p>Chersi dament Achilaeos amnmonos Aiakidao."]<a id="footnotetag2" +name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Again, Hector in his turn prophesies the death of Achilles by +the hand of Paris (Il. [Greek: ch.] 358.):—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>[Greek: "Phrazeo nun, mae toi ti theon maenima genomai</p> +<p>Aemati to ote ken se Pharis kai phoibus Apollon,</p> +<p>Esthlon eont, olesosin eni Skaiaesi pulaesin."]<a id= +"footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href= +"#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>This was not merely a poetical fancy, or a superstitious faith +of the ignorant, for we find it laid down as a great physical truth +by the greatest of the Greek philosophers, the divine +Socrates:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "To de dae meta touto epithumo humin chraesmodaesai, o +katapsaephisamenoi mou kai gar eimi aedae entautha en o malist +anthropoi chraesmodousin hotan mellosin apothaneisthai."]<a id= +"footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href= +"#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>In Xenophon, also, the same idea is expressed, and, if possible, +in language still more definite and precise:—</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id= +"page117"></a>{117}</span> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "Hae de tou anthropou psuchae tote daepou theiotatae +kataphainetai, kai tote ti ton mellonton proora."]<a id= +"footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href= +"#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Diodorus Siculus, again, has produced great authorities on this +subject:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "Puthagoras ho Samios, kai tines heteroi ton palaion +phusikon, apephaenanto tas psuchas ton anthropon uparchein +athanatous, akolouthos de to dogmati touto kai progignoskein autas +ta mellonta, kath hon an kairon en tae teleutae ton apo tou somatos +chorismon poiontai."]<a id="footnotetag6" name= +"footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>From the ancient writers I yet wish to add one more authority; +and I do so especially, because the doctrine of the Stagirite is +therein recorded. Sextus Empiricus writes,—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>[Greek: "Hae psuchae, phaesin Aristotelaes, promanteuetai kai +proagoreuei ta mellonta—en to kata thanaton chorizesthai ton +somaton."]<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href= +"#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Without encroaching further upon the space of this periodical by +multiplying evidence corroborative of the same fact, I will content +myself by drawing the attention of the reader to our own great poet +and philosopher, Shakspeare, whose subtle genius and intuitive +knowledge of human nature render his opinions on all such subjects +of peculiar value. Thus in <i>Richard II</i>., Act ii. sc. 1., the +dying Gaunt, alluding to his nephew, the young and self-willed +king, exclaims,—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Methinks I am a prophet new inspired;</p> +<p>And thus, expiring, do foretel of him."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Again, in <i>Henry IV., Part I.</i>, Act v. sc. 4., the brave +Percy, when in the agonies of death, conveys the same idea in the +following words:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i10">"O, I could prophesy,</p> +<p>But that the earthy and cold hand of death</p> +<p>Lies on my tongue."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Reckoning, therefore, from the time of Jacob, this belief, +whether with or without foundation, has been maintained upwards of +3500 years. It was grounded on the assumed fact, that the soul +became divine in the same ratio as its connection with the body was +loosened or destroyed. In sleep, the unity is weakened but not +ended: hence, in sleep, the material being dead, the immaterial, or +divine principle, wanders unguided, like a gentle breeze over the +unconscious strings of an Æolian harp; and according to the +health or disease of the body are pleasing visions or horrid +phantoms (<i>ægri somnia</i>, as Horace) present to the mind +of the sleeper. Before death, the soul, or immaterial principle, +is, as it were, on the confines of two worlds, and may possess at +the same moment a power which is both prospective and +retrospective. At that time its connection with the body being +merely nominal, it partakes of that perfectly pure, ethereal, and +exalted nature (<i>quod multo magis faciet post mortem quum omnino +corpore excesserit</i>) which is designed for it hereafter.</p> +<p>As the question is an interesting one, I conclude by asking, +through the medium of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," if a belief in this +power of prophesy before death be known to exist at the present +day?</p> +<p class="author">AUGUSTUS GUEST.</p> +<p>London, July 8.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name= +"footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +<p>For the assistance of the general reader, I have introduced +hasty translations of the several passages quoted.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name= +"footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +<p>(And I moreover tell you, and do you meditate well upon it, +that) you yourself are not destined to live long, for even now +death is drawing nigh unto you, and a violent fate awaits +you,—about to be slain in fight by the hands of Achilles, the +irreproachable son of Oacus.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name= +"footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +<p>Consider now whether I may not be to you the cause of divine +anger, in that day when Paris and Phoebus Apollo shall slay you, +albeit so mighty, at the Scaean gate.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name= +"footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +<p>Wherefore I have an earnest desire to prophesy to you who have +condemned me; for I am already arrived at that stage of my +existence in which, especially, men utter prophetic sayings, that +is, when they are about to die.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name= +"footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag5">(return)</a> +<p>That time, indeed, the soul of man appears to be in a manner +divine, for to a certain extent it foresees things which are about +to happen.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name= +"footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag6">(return)</a> +<p>Pythagoras the Samian, and some others of the ancient +philosophers, showed that the souls of men were immortal, and that, +when they were on the point of separating from the body, they +possessed a knowledge of futurity.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name= +"footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag7">(return)</a> +<p>The soul, says Aristotle, when on the point of taking its +departure from the body, foretells and prophesies things about to +happen.</p> +</blockquote> +<hr /> +<p><i>Divination at Marriages</i>.—The following practices +are very prevalent at marriages in these districts; and as I do not +find them noticed by Brand in the last edition of his <i>Popular +Antiquities</i>, they may perhaps be thought worthy a place in the +"NOTES AND QUERIES."</p> +<p>1. Put a wedding ring into the <i>posset</i>, and after serving +it out, the unmarried person whose cup contains the ring will be +the first of the company to be married.</p> +<p>2. Make a common flat cake of flour, water, currants, &c., +and put therein a wedding ring and a sixpence. When the company is +about to retire on the wedding-day, the cake must be broken and +distributed amongst the unmarried females. She who gets the ring in +her portion of the cake will shortly be married, and the one who +gets the sixpence will die an old maid.</p> +<p class="author">T.T.W.</p> +<p>Burnley, July 9. 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FRANCIS LENTON THE POET.</h3> +<p>In a MS. obituary of the seventeenth century, preserved at +Staunton Hall, Leicestershire, I found the following:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"May 12. 1642. This day died Francis Lenton, of Lincoln's Inn, +Gent."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This entry undoubtedly relates to the author of three very rare +poetical tracts: 1. <i>The Young Gallant's Whirligigg</i>, 1629; 2. +<i>The Innes of Court</i>, 1634; 3. <i>Great Brittain's +Beauties</i>, 1638. In the dedication to Sir Julius Cæsar, +prefixed to the first-named work, the writer speaks of having "once +belonged to the <i>Innes of Court</i>," and says he was "no usuall +poetizer, but, to barre idlenesse, imployed that little talent the +Muses conferr'd upon him in this little tract." Sir Egerton Brydges +supposed the copy of <i>The Young Gallant's Whirligigg</i> +preserved in the library of Sion College to be <i>unique</i>; but +this is not the case, as the writer knows of <i>two</i> +others,—one at Staunton Hall, and another at Tixall Priory in +Staffordshire. It has been reprinted by Mr. <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>{118}</span> Halliwell +at the end of a volume containing <i>The Marriage of Wit and +Wisdom</i>, published by the Shakspeare Society. In his prefatory +remarks that gentleman says,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Besides his printed works, Lenton wrote the <i>Poetical History +of Queene Hester</i>, with the translation of the 83rd Psalm, +reflecting upon the present times. MS. dated 1649."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This date must be incorrect, if our entry in the Staunton +obituary relates to the same person; and there is every reason to +suppose that it does. The <i>autograph</i> MS. of Lenton occurred +in Heber's sale (Part xi. No. 724.), and is thus described:</p> +<blockquote> +<p><i>Hadassiah</i>, or the <i>History of Queen Hester</i>, sung in +a sacred and serious poeme, and divided into ten chapters, by F. +Lenton, the Queen's Majesties Poet, 1638.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This is undoubtedly the <i>correct</i> date, as it is in the +handwriting of the author. Query. What is the meaning of Lenton's +title, "the Queen's Majesties Poet"?</p> +<p class="author">Edward F. Rimbault.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>Minor Notes.</h3> +<p><i>Lilburn or Prynne?</i>—I am anxious to suggest in +"Notes and Queries" whether a character in the Second Canto of Part +iii. of <i>Hudibras</i> (line 421), beginning,</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"To match this saint, there was another,</p> +<p>As busy and perverse a brother,</p> +<p>An haberdasher of small wares,</p> +<p>In politics and state affairs,"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Has not been wrongly given by Dr. Grey to Lilburn, and whether +Prynne is not rather the person described. Dr. Grey admits in his +note that the application of the passage to Lilburn involves an +anachronism, Lilburn having died in 1657, and this passage being a +description of one among</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"The quacks of government who sate"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>to consult for the Restoration, when they saw ruin +impending.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p><i>Peep of Day.</i>—Jacob Grimm, in his <i>Deutsche +Mythologie</i>, p. 428., ed. 1., remarks that the ideas of light +and sound are sometimes confounded; and in support of his +observation he quotes passages of Danish and German poets in which +the sun and moon are said to <i>pipe</i> (pfeifen). In further +illustration of this usage, he also cites the words "the sun began +to peep," from a Scotch ballad in Scott's <i>Border Minstrelsy</i>, +vol. ii. p. 430. In p. 431. he explains the words "par son l'aube," +which occur in old French poets, by "per sonitum auroræ;" and +compares the English expression, "the peep of day."</p> +<p>The Latin <i>pipio</i> or <i>pipo</i>, whence the Italian +<i>pipare</i>, and the French <i>pépier</i>, is the ultimate +origin of the verb <i>to peep</i>; which, in old English, bore the +sense of chirping, and is so used in the authorised version of +Isaiah, viii. 19., x. 14. Halliwell, in his <i>Archaic +Dictionary</i>, explains "peep" as "a flock of chickens," but cites +no example. <i>To peep</i>, however, in the sense of taking a rapid +look at anything through a small aperture, is an old use of the +word, as is proved by the expression <i>Peeping</i> Tom of +Coventry. As so used, it corresponds with the German <i>gucken</i>. +Mr. Richardson remarks that this meaning was probably suggested by +the young chick looking out of the half-broken shell. It is quite +certain that the "peep of day" has nothing to do with sound; but +expresses the first appearance of the sun, as he just looks over +the eastern hills.</p> +<p class="author">L.</p> +<p><i>Martinet.</i>—Will the following passage throw any +light on the origin of the word <i>Martinet</i>?</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Une discipline, devenue encore plus exacte, avait mis dans +l'armée un nouvel ordre. Il n'y avait point encore +d'inspecteurs de cavalerie et d'infanterie, comme nous en avons vu +depuis, mais deux hommes uniques chacun dans leur genre en fesaient +les fonctions. <i>Martinet mettait alors l'infanterie sur le pied +de discipline où elle est aujourd'hui.</i> Le Chevalier de +<i>Fourilles</i> fesait la même change dans la cavalerie. Il +y avait un an que <i>Martinet</i> avait mis la baionnette en usage +dans quelque régimens, &c.—Voltaire, +<i>Siècle de Louis XIV.</i> c. 10.</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">C. Forbes.</p> +<p>July 2.</p> +<p><i>Guy's Porridge Pot.</i>—In the porter's lodge at +Warwick Castle are preserved some enormous pieces of armour, which, +<i>according to tradition</i>, were worn by the famous champion +"Guy, Earl of Warwick;" and in addition (with other marvellous +curiosities) is also exhibited Guy's porridge pot, of bell metal, +said to weigh 300 lbs., and to contain 120 gallons. There is also a +flesh-fork to ring it.</p> +<p>Mr. Nichols, in his <i>History of Leicestershire</i>, Part ii. +vol. iii., remarks,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"A turnpike road from Ashby to Whitwick, passes through Talbot +Lane. Of this lane and the famous large pot at Warwick Castle, we +have an old traditionary couplet:</p> +</blockquote> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"'There's nothing left of Talbot's name,</p> +<p>But Talbot's Pot and Talbot's Lane.'</p> +</div> +</div> +<blockquote> +<p>"Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, died in 1439. His eldest +daughter, Margaret, was married to John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, +by whom she had one son, John Viscount Lisle, from whom the Dudleys +descended, Viscount Lisle and Earl of Warwick."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It would therefore appear that neither the armour nor the pot +belonged to the "noble Guy"—the armour being comparatively of +modern manufacture, and the pot, it appears, descended from the +Talbots to the Warwick family: which pot is generally filled with +punch on the birth of a male heir to that noble family.</p> +<p class="author">W. Reader.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id= +"page119"></a>{119}</span> +<h2>Queries.</h2> +<h3>NICHOLAS FERRAR OF LITTLE GIDDING.</h3> +<p>Dr. Peckard, in his Preface to the <i>Life of Nicholas Ferrar of +Little Gidding</i>, says the memoir he published was edited or +compiled by him from "the original MS. still in my possession" (p. +xi.); and in the Appendix adds, that "Mr. John Ferrar," the elder +brother of Nicholas, was the author of it (p. 279.).</p> +<p>How he compiled or edited "the original MS." he states with much +candour in his Preface (p. xv.):</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The editor's intention," in altering the narrative, "was to +give what is not observed in the original, a regular series of +facts; and through the whole a sort of evenness and simplicity of +stile equally free from meanness and affectation. In short, to make +the old and the new, as far as he could, uniform; that he might not +appear to have sewed a piece of new cloth to an old garment, and +made its condition worse by his endeavours to mend it."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Again, at page 308., he says,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"There is an antient MS. in folio, giving an account of Mr. N. +Ferrar, which at length, from Gidding, came into the hands of Mr. +Ed. Ferrar of Huntingdon, and is now in the possession of the +editor. Mr. Peck had the use of this MS. as appears by several +marginal notes in his handwriting; from this and some loose and +unconnected papers of Mr. Peck.... the editor, as well as he was +able, has made out the foregoing memoirs."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Can any of your numerous correspondents inform me if this +"antient MS." is still in existence, and in whose possession?</p> +<p>Peckard was related to the Ferrars, and was Master of Magdalen +Coll., Cambridge.</p> +<p>In "A Catalogue of MSS. (once) at Gidding," Peckard, p. 306., +the third article is "Lives, Characters, Histories, and Tales for +moral and religious Instruction, in five volumes folio, neatly +bound and gilt, by Mary Collet." This work, with five others, +"undoubtedly were all written by N. Ferrar, Sen.," says Dr. +Peckard; and in the Memoir, at page 191., he gives a list of these +"short histories," ninety-eight in number, "which are still +remaining in my possession;" and adds further, at p. 194.,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"These lives, characters, and moral essays would, I think, fill +two or three volumes in 8vo., but <i>they are written in so +minute</i> a character, that I cannot form any conjecture to be +depended upon."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I have been thus particular in describing these "histories", +because the subjects of them are identical with those in Fuller's +<i>Holy and Profane State</i>, the first edition of which was +published at Cambridge, in 1642. "The characters I have conformed," +says Fuller in his Preface, "to the then standing laws of the realm +(a twelvemonth ago were they sent to the press), since which time +the wisdom of the King and state hath" altered many things. +Nicholas Ferrar died December 2, 1637, and the Query I wish to ask +is, Did Fuller compose them (for that he was really the author of +them can hardly be doubted) at the suggestion and for the benefit +of the community at Gidding, some years before he published them; +and is it possible to ascertain and determine if the MS. is in the +handwriting of Ferrar or Fuller?</p> +<p>Is there any print or view in existence of the "Nunnery," at +Little Gidding?</p> +<p>In the <i>Life of Dr. Thomas Fuller</i>, published anonymously +in 1661, it is stated, that at his funeral a customary sermon was +preached by Dr. Hardy, Dean of Rochester, "which hath not yet +(though it is hoped and much desired may) passe the presse," p. +63.</p> +<p>Query. Was this sermon ever published? and secondly, who was the +author of the <i>Life</i> from which the above passage is +quoted?</p> +<p class="author">John Miland.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>STUKELEY'S "STONEHENGE."</h3> +<p>May I request a space in your periodical for the following +Queries, drawn from Dr. Stukeley's <i>Stonehenge and Abury</i>, p. +31.?</p> +<blockquote> +<p>1st. "But eternally to be lamented is the loss of that tablet of +tin, which was found at this place (Stonehenge) in the time of King +Henry VIII., inscribed with many letters, but in so strange a +character that neither Sir Thomas Elliott, a learned antiquary, nor +Mr. Lilly, master of St. Paul's school, could make any thing out of +it. Mr. Sammes may be right, who judges it to have been +<i>Punic</i>. I imagine if we call it Irish we shall not err much. +No doubt but what it was a memorial of the founders, wrote by the +Druids and had it been preserved till now, would have been an +invaluable curiosity."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Can you or any of your contributors give me any further +information about this inscription?</p> +<p>2. The Doctor continues,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"To make the reader some amends for such a loss I have given a +specimen of supposed Druid writing, out of Lambecius' account of +the Emperor's library at Vienna. 'Tis wrote on a very thin plate of +gold with a sharp-pointed instrument. It was in an urn found at +Vienna, rolled up in several cases of other metal, together with +funeral exuviæ. It was thought by the curious, one of those +epistles which the Celtic people were wont to send to their friends +in the other world. The reader may divert himself with trying to +explain it."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Has this inscription ever been explained, and how? Stukeley's +book is by no means a rare one; therefore I have not trusted myself +to copy the inscription: and such as feel disposed to help me in my +difficulty would doubtless prefer seeing the Doctor's own +illustration at p. 31.</p> +<p class="author">Henry Cunliffe.</p> +<p>Hyde Park Street.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id= +"page120"></a>{120}</span> +<h3>ATHELSTANE'S FORM OF DONATION.—MEANING OF "SOMAGIA."</h3> +<p>Tristram Risdon, in his quaint <i>Survey of the Co. of +Devon</i>, after mentioning the foundation of the church of High +Bickington by King Athelstane,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Who," he says, "gave to God and it one hide of land, as +appeareth by the donation, a copy whereof, for the antiquity +thereof, I will here insert: 'Iche Athelstane king, grome of this +home, geve and graunt to the preist of this chirch, one yoke of mye +land frelith to holde, woode in my holt house to buyld, bitt grass +for all hys beasts, fuel for hys hearth, pannage for hys sowe and +piggs, world without end,'"—</p> +</blockquote> +<p>adds presently afterwards, that</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Sir John Willington gave <i>Weeksland</i> in this tything, unto +Robert Tolla, <i>cum 40 somagia annuatim capiend in Buckenholt</i> +(so be the words of the grant) in the time of K. Edw. I."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Willingtons were lords of the manor of Umberleigh, where +Athelstane's palace stood, with its chapel dedicated to the Holy +Trinity, formerly rich in ancient monuments, and having a chantry +near to it. Some of the monuments from this chapel are still +preserved in the neighbouring church of Atherington.</p> +<p>My Queries upon this Note are:</p> +<p>1. Whence did Risdon derive his copy of King Athelstane's form +of donation? 2. What is the precise meaning of the word +<i>Somagia</i>?</p> +<p>In <i>Ducange</i> (ed. Par. 1726, tom. vi. col. 589.) I +find:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Somegia</i>. Præstatio, ut videtur <i>ex summis</i>, +v. gr. bladi, frumenti. Charta Philippi Reg. Franc. an. 1210. Idem +etiam Savaricus detinet sibi census suos, et venditiones, et +quosdam reditus, qui <i>Somegiæ</i> vocantur, et avenam, et +<i>captagia</i> hominum et foeminarum suarum, qui reditus cum una +Somegiarum in festo B. Remigii persolverentur; deinde secunda +Somegia in vicesima die Natalis Domini, et tertia in Octabis +Resurrectionis Dominicæ, ei similiter persolventur; caponum +etiam suorum in crastino Natalis Domini percipiet solutionem: +unaquæque vero somegiarum quatuor denarios bonæ +monetæ valet."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Ducange refers also to some kindred words; but, instead of +clearing up my difficulty in the word <i>somagia</i>, he presents +me with another in <i>captagia</i>, the meaning of which I do not +clearly understand. Perhaps some of your more learned contributors +will obligingly help me to the true import of these words?</p> +<p class="author">J. Sansom.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>Minor Queries.</h3> +<p><i>Charade</i>.—Can any one tell who is the author of the +following charade? No doubt, the lines are well known to many of +your readers, although I have never seen them in print. It has been +said that Dr. Robinson, a physician, wrote them. It strikes me that +the real author, whoever he be, richly deserves to be named in +"Notes and Queries."</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Me, the contented man desires,</p> +<p>The poor man has, the rich requires;</p> +<p>The miser gives, the spendthrift saves,</p> +<p>And all must carry to their graves."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>It can scarcely be necessary to add that the answer is, +<i>nothing</i>.</p> +<p class="author">Alfred Gatty.</p> +<p>July 1. 1850.</p> +<p>"<i>Smoke Money</i>."—Under this name is collected every +year at Battle, in Sussex, by the Constable, one penny from every +householder, and paid to the Lord of the Manor. What is its origin +and meaning?</p> +<p class="author">B.</p> +<p>"<i>Rapido contrarius orbi</i>."—What divine of the +seventeenth century adopted these words as his motto? They are part +of a line in one of Owen's epigrams.</p> +<p class="author">N.B.</p> +<p><i>Lord Richard Christophilus</i>.—Can any of your readers +give any account of Lord Richard Christophilus, a Turk converted to +Christianity, to whom, immediately after the Restoration, in July, +1660, the Privy Council appointed a pension of 50<i>l.</i> a-year, +and an additional allowance of 2<i>l.</i> a-week.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p><i>Fiz-gigs</i>.—In those excellent poems, Sandys's +<i>Paraphrases on Job and other Books of the Bible</i>, there is a +word of a most destructive character to the effect. Speaking of +leviathan, he asks,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Canst thou with <i>fiz-gigs</i> pierce him to the quick?"</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It may be an ignorant question, but I do not know what fiz-gigs +are.</p> +<p class="author">C.B.</p> +<p><i>Specimens of Erica in Bloom</i>.—Can any of your +correspondents oblige me by the information where I can procure +specimens in bloom of the following plants, viz. Erica crescenta, +Erica paperina, E. purpurea, E. flammea, and at what season they +come into blossom in England? If specimens are not procurable +without much expense and trouble, can you supply me with the name +of a work in which these plants are figured?</p> +<p class="author">E.S.</p> +<p>Dover.</p> +<p><i>Michael Scott, the Wizard</i>.—What works by Michael +Scott, the reputed wizard, (Sir Walter's <i>Deus ex Machina</i> in +<i>The Lay of the Last Minstrel</i>), have been printed?</p> +<p class="author">X.Y.A.</p> +<p><i>Stone Chalices</i>.—Can any of the readers of "Notes +and Queries" inform me whether the use of <i>stone chalices</i> was +authorised by the ancient constitutions of the Church; and, if so, +at what period, and where the said constitutions were enacted?</p> +<p class="author">X.Y.A.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id= +"page121"></a>{121}</span> +<h2>Replies.</h2> +<h3>ULRICH VON HUTTEN AND THE "EPISTOLÆ OBSCURORUM +VIRONUM."</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., p. 55.)</h4> +<p>I have never seen the article in the <i>Quarterly Review</i> to +which your correspondent H.B.C. alludes: he will probably find it +by reference to the index, which is not just now within my reach. +The neat London edition, 1710, of the <i>Epistolæ</i> was +given by Michael Mattaire. There are several subsequent +reimpressions, but none worth notice except that by Henr. Guil. +Rotermund, Hanover, 1827, 8vo.; and again, with improvements, "cum +nova præfatione, nec non illustratione historica circa +originem earum, atque notitia de vita et scriptis virorum in +Epistolis occurentium aucta," 1830, both in 8vo.</p> +<p>The best edition, however, is that given by Dr. Ernst +Münch, Leipsic, 1827, 8vo., with the following title:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum aliaque Ævi Decimi +sexti Monimenta Rarissima. Die Briefe der Finsterlinge an Magister +Ortuinus von Deventer, nebst andern sehr seltenen Beiträgen +zur Literatur-Sitten-und-Kirchengeschichte des xvi'n +Jahrhunderts."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This contains many important additions, and a copious historical +introduction. Both the editors write in German.</p> +<p>That this admirable satire produced an immense effect at the +period of its publication, there can be no doubt; but that it has +ever been thoroughly understood and relished among us may be +doubted. Mr. Hallam, in his <i>Literature of Europe</i>, vol. i., +seems to have been disgusted with the monkish dog-Latin and bald +jokes, not recollecting that this was a necessary and essential +part of the design. Nor is it strange that Steele, who was perhaps +not very well acquainted with the history of literature, should +have misconceived the nature of the publication, when we learn from +an epistle of Sir Thomas More to Erasmus, that some of the stupid +theologasters themselves, who were held up to ridicule, received it +with approbation as a serious work:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Epist. Obs. Viror</i>. operæ pretium est videre +quantopere placeant omnibus, et doctis joco, et indoctis serio, qui +dum ridemus, putant rideri stylum tantum, quem illi non defendunt, +sed gravitate sententiarum dicunt compensatum, et latere sub rudi +vagina pulcherrimum gladium. Utinam fuisset inditus libello alius +titulus! Profecto intra centum annos homines studio stupidi non +sensissent nasum, quamquam rhinocerotico longiorem."<a id= +"footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href= +"#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Erasmus evidently enjoyed the witty contrivance, though he +affects to disapprove it as an anonymous libel. Simler, in his life +of Bullinger, relates that on the first reading Erasmus fell into +such a fit of laughter as to burst an abscess in his face with +which he was at that time troubled, and which prevented the +necessity of a surgical operation.</p> +<p>The literary history of the <i>Epistolæ</i> and the +<i>Dialogue</i> is involved in obscurity. That Ulrich von Hutten +had a large share in their concoction there can be no doubt; and +that he was assisted by Crotus Rubianus and Hermann von Busch, if +not by others, seems highly probable. The authorship of +<i>Lamentationes Obscurorum Virorum</i> is a paradox which has not +yet been solved. They are a parody, but a poor one, of the +<i>Epistolæ</i>, and in the second edition are attributed to +Ortuinus Gratius. If they are by him, he must have been a dull dog +indeed; but by some it has been thought that they are the work of a +Reuchlinist, to mystify the monks of Cologne, and render them still +more ridiculous; yet, as the Pope's bull against the +<i>Epistolæ</i>, and Erasmus's disapproving letter, find a +prominent place, and some other well-grounded inculpations occur, +it appears to me that some slender-witted advocate of the enemies +of learning has here shown his want of skill in handling the +weapons of the adversary.</p> +<p>How much Sir Thomas More was pleased with the writings of Hutten +we may gather from the opening of a letter which Erasmus addressed +to Hutten, giving an interesting account of his illustrious friend, +in August, 1519:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Quod Thomæ Mori ingenium sic deamas, ac penè +dixerim deperis, nimirum scriptis illius inflammatus, quibus (ut +verè scribis) nihil esse potest neque doctius neque +festivius; istue mibi crede, clarissime Huttene tibi cum multis +commune est, cum Moro mutuum etiam. Nam is vicissim adeò +scriptorum tuorum genio delectatur, ut ipse tibi plopemodum +invideam."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Dialogue (Mire Festivus), which in the edition of 1710 +occurs between the first and second parts of the +<i>Epistolæ</i>, bears especial marks of Hutten's manner, and +is doubtless by him. The interlocutors are three of the illustrious +obscure, Magisters Ortuinus, Lupoldus, and Gingolphus, and the +first act of the comedy consists in their observations upon the +promoters of learning, Reuchlin, Erasmus, and Faber Stapulensis, +who afterwards make their appearance, and the discussion becomes +general, but no impression can be made upon the stupid and +prejudiced monks. The theme is, of course, the inutility of the new +learning, Hebrew and Greek and correct Latinity. One short passage +seems to me admirable:</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id= +"page122"></a>{122}</span> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>M. Ging</i>. Et Sanctus Ambrosius, Sanctus Augustinus, et +alii omnes zelossimi doctores non sciebant ipsi bene tot, sicut +iste Ribaldi? <i>M. Ort</i>. Ipsi deberent interponere suis. <i>M. +Lup</i>. Non bene indigemus de suo Græco. <i>M. Ging</i>. +Videtur eis, qui sciunt dicere <i>tou, tou, logos, monsotiros, +legoim, taff, hagiotatos</i>, quod ipse sciunt plus quam Deus. +<i>M. Ort</i>. Magister noster Lupolde, creditis, quod Deus curat +multum de iste Græco? <i>M. Lup</i>. Certe non, Magister +noster Ortuine, ego credo, quod Deus non curat multum."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Ranke, in his <i>History of the Reformation</i>, has very justly +estimated the merits and character of these remarkable +productions:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"We must not look for the delicate apprehension and tact, which +can only be formed in a highly polished state of society, nor for +the indignation of insulted morality expressed by the ancients: it +is altogether a caricature, not of finished individual portraits, +but of a single type;—a clownish sensual German priest, his +intellect narrowed by stupid wonder and fanatical hatred, who +relates with silly <i>naïveté</i> and gossiping +confidence the various absurd and scandalous situations into which +he falls. These letters are not the work of a high poetical genius, +but they have truth, coarse strong features of resemblance, and +vivid colouring."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Ranke mentions another satire, which appeared in March, 1520, +directed against John Eck, the opponent of Luther, the latter being +regarded in the light of a successor of Reuchlin, under the title +of <i>Abgehobelte Eck</i>, or <i>Eccius dedolatus</i>, "which, for +fantastic invention, striking and crushing truth, and Aristophanic +wit, far exceeded the <i>Literæ Obsc. V.</i>, which it +somewhat resembled." I have not yet been able to meet with this; +but such high praise, from so judicious a critic, makes me very +desirous to see and peruse it.</p> +<p class="author">S.W. Singer.</p> +<p>Mickleham, July 3. 1850.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name= +"footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag8">(return)</a> +<p>"Ubi primum exissent <i>Ep. Ob. V.</i> miro Monachorum applausu +exceptæ sunt apud Britannos a Franciscanis ac Dominicanis, +qui sibi persuadebant, eas in Reuchlini contumeliam, et Monachorum +favorem, serio proditus: quamque quidam egregie doctus, sed +nasutissimus, fingeret se nonnihil offendi stylo, consulati sunt +hominem."—<i>Erasm. Epist.</i> 979.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum</i>.—Your Querist +H.B.C. (Vol. ii., pp. 55-57.) will find, in the 53rd vol. <i>Edinb. +Rev.</i> p. 180., a long article on these celebrated letters, +containing much of the information required. It is worthy of +remark, that in page 195. we are told</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In 1710 there was printed in London the <i>most elegant</i> +edition that has ever appeared of these letters, which the editor, +Mich. Mattaire, gravely represents as the productions of their +ostensible authors."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Now this edition, though neat, has no claim to be termed most +elegant, which is hardly to be reconciled with what the reviewer +says in a note, p. 210., "that the text of this ed. of 1710 is of +no authority, and swarms with typographical blunders."</p> +<p>The work on its first appearance produced great excitement, and +was condemned by Pope Leo X. See <i>Dict. des Livres +Condamnés, &c.</i>, par Peignot, tom. ii. p. 218.</p> +<p>Many amusing anecdotes and notices are to be found in Bayle's +<i>Dict</i>. See particularly sub nomine Erasmus. Burton, in his +<i>Anatomy of Mel.</i> pt. i. sec. 2. Mem 3 sub 6. citing Jovius in +Elogiis, says,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Hostratus cucullatus adeo graviter ob Reuchlini librum qui +inscribitur, Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum dolore simul et +pudore sauciatus, et scipsum interfecerit."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>See also <i>Nouv. Diction. Historique</i> in the account of +Gratius, O.</p> +<p>There is also a good article on these letters in a very +excellent work entitled <i>Analectabiblion</i>, or <i>Extraits +Critique de divers Livres rares, &c., tiréz du Cabinet +du Marq. D. R. (oure)</i>. Paris, 1836. 2 tomes 8vo.</p> +<p class="author">F.R.A.</p> +<p><i>Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum</i>.—The article +inquired for by H.B.C. (Vol. ii, p. 55) is probably one in the +<i>Edinburgh Review</i>, vol. liii. p. 180., attributed to Sir +William Hamilton, the distinguished Professor of Logic in the +university of Edinburgh.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE.</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., p. 99.)</h4> +<p>Mr. Rimbault is wrong in giving to Abbot Milling the honour of +being the patron of Caxton, which is due to Abbot Esteney. Mr. C. +Knight in his <i>Life of Caxton</i>, which appropriately formed the +first work of his series of <i>Weekly Volumes</i>, has the +following remarks upon the passage from Stow, quoted by Mr. +Rimbault:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The careful historians of London here committed one error; John +Islip did not become abbot of Westminster till 1500. John Esteney +was made abbot in 1474, and remained such until his death in 1498. +His predecessor was Thomas Milling. In Dugdale's <i>Monasticon</i> +we find, speaking of Esteney, 'It was in this abbot's time, and not +in that of Milling, or in that of Abbot Islip, that Caxton +exercised the art of printing at Westminster.'"—p. 140.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I have no work at hand to which I can refer for the date of +Milling's death, but if 1492 be correct, perhaps he may have been +promoted to a bishoprick.</p> +<p>With reference to Mr. Rimbault's remark, that Caxton first +mentions the place of his printing in 1477, so that he must have +printed some time without informing us where, I may be allowed to +observe that it seems highly probable he printed, and indeed +learned the art, at Cologne. At the end of the third book of his +translation of the <i>Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye</i>, +Caxton says:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Thus end I this book which I have translated after mine author, +as nigh as God hath given me cunning, to whom be given the laud and +praises ... I have practised and learned, at my great charge and +dispense, to ordain this said book in print, after the manner and +form as you may here see."</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id= +"page123"></a>{123}</span> +<p>And on the title-page he informs us:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Whyche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in +1468, and ended in the holy cyte of Colen, 19 Sept. 1471."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This may refer to the translation only; but as Caxton was both +translator and printer, it does not seem unreasonable to regard it +as indicating when his entire labour upon the work was brought to a +close. I might support the view that Caxton printed at Cologne by +other arguments which would make the matter tolerably certain (see +<i>Life of Caxton</i>, p. 125., &c.); but as the excellent +little work to which I am indebted for these particulars is so well +known, and so easily accessible, I should not be justified in +occupying more of your space, and I will therefore conclude with +noting that the parochial library at Shipdham, in Norfolk, is said +to contain books printed by Caxton and other early printers. +Perhaps some one of your correspondents would record, for the +general benefit, of what they consist.</p> +<p class="author">Arun.</p> +<p>Dr. Rimbault has evidently not seen a short article on Caxton's +printing at Westminster, which I inserted in the <i>Gentleman's +Magazine</i> for April, 1846, nor the reference made to it in the +magazine for June last, p. 630., or he would have admitted that his +objections to Dr. Dibdin's conjectures on this point had been +already stated; moreover, I think he would have seen that the +difficulty had been actually cleared up. In truth, the popular +misapprehension on this subject has not been occasioned by any +obscurity in the colophons of the great printer, or in the survey +of Stow, but merely by the erroneous constricted sense into which +the word abbey has passed in this country. Caxton himself tells us +he printed his books in "th' abbay of Westminstre," but he does not +say in the church of the abbey. Stow distinctly says it was in the +almonry of the abbey; and the handbill Dr. Rimbault refers to +confirms that fact. The almonry was not merely "within the +precincts of the abbey," it was actually a part of the abbey. Dr. +Rimbault aims at the conclusion that "the old chapel of St. Anne +was doubtless the place where the first printing-office was erected +in England." But why so? Did not the chapel continue a chapel until +the Reformation, if not later? And Caxton would no more set up his +press in a chapel than in the abbey-church itself. Stow says it was +erected in the almonry. The almonry was one of the courts of the +abbey, (situated directly west of the abbey-church, and not east, +as Dr. Dibdin surmised); it contained a chapel dedicated to St. +Anne, and latterly an almshouse erected by the Lady Margaret. The +latter probably replaced other offices or lodgings of greater +antiquity, connected with the duties of the almoner, or the +reception and relief of the poor; and there need be no doubt that +it was one of these buildings that the Abbot of Westminster placed +at the disposal of our proto-typographer. There was nothing very +extraordinary in his so doing if we view the circumstance in its +true light; for the <i>scriptoria</i> of the monasteries had ever +been the principal manufactories of books. A single press was now +to do the work of many pens. The experiment was successful; "after +which time," as Stow goes on to say, "the like was practised in the +Abbeys of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, St. Alban's, and other +monasteries." The monks became printers instead of scribes; but +they would not ordinarily convert their churches or chapels into +printing-houses. The workmen, it is true, term the meetings held +for consultation on their common interests or pleasures, their +<i>chapels</i>; and whether this may have arisen from any +particular instance in which a chapel was converted into a +printing-house, I cannot say. In order to ascertain the origin of +this term these Queries may be proposed:—Is it peculiar to +printers and to this country? Or is it used also in other trades +and on the Continent?</p> +<p class="author">John Gough Nichols.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>THE NEW TEMPLE.</h3> +<p>Although I am unable to give a satisfactory reply to Mr. Foss's +inquiries, such information as I have is freely at his service. It +may, at all events, serve as a finger-post to the road.</p> +<p>My survey gives a most minute extent, of 35 preceptories, 23 +"cameræ" of the Hospitallers, 13 preceptories formerly +commandries of the Templars, 74 limbs, and 70 granges, +impropriations, &c., and, among them all, not a single one of +the valuation of the New Temple itself. <i>Reprises</i> of that +establishment are entered, but no <i>receipts</i>.</p> +<p>The former are as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In emendationem et sustentationem ecclesie Novi Templi, London, +et in vino, cera, et oleo, et ornamentis ejusdem ... x m.</p> +<p>"In uno fratri [<i>sic</i>] Capellano et octo Capellanis +secularibus, deservientibus ecclesiam quondam Templariorum apud +London, vocatam Novum Templum, prout ordinatum est per totum +consilium totius regni, pro animabus fundatorum dicti Novi Templi +et alia [<i>sic</i>] possessionum alibi ... lv m.</p> +<p>"Videlicet, frati Capellano, pro se et ecclesia, xv m., et +cuilibet Capellano, v m., ubi solebant esse, tempore Templariorum, +unus Prior ecclesie et xij Capellani seculares.</p> +<p>"Item in diversis pensionibus solvendis diversis personis per +annum, tam in Curia domini Regis, quam Justiciariis Clericis, +Officiariis, et aliis ministris, in diversis Curiis suis, ac etiam +aliis familiaribus magnatum, tam pro terris tenementis, redditibus, +et libertatibus hospitalis, quam Templariorum, et maxime pro terris +Templariorum manutenendis, videlicet, Baronibus in Scaccario domini +Regis Domino Roberto de Sadyngton, militi, Capitali baroni de +Scaccario, xl." &c. &c.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id= +"page124"></a>{124}</span> +<p>enumerating pensions to the judges, clerks, &c., in all the +courts, to the amount of above 60<i>l.</i> per annum. To</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Magnatibus, secretariis, et familiaribus domini Regis et +aliorum;"</p> +</blockquote> +<p>the pensions enumerated amount to about 440<i>l.</i> per +annum.</p> +<p>Then, to the treasurer, barons, clerks, &c., of the +Exchequer (140 persons):</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Bis in anno, videlicet, tempore yemali, pilliola furrata +pellura minuti varii et bogeti, et quedam non furrata; et tempore +estivali totidem pilliola lineata de sindone, et quedam non +lineata, unicuique de Curia Scaccarii predicti, tam minoribus quam +majoribus, secundum gradus, statum, et officium personarum +predictarum, que expense se extendunt annuatim ad ... x ii."</p> +<p>"Item sunt alie expense facte in Curiis Regis annuatim pro +officio generalis procuratoris in diversis Curiis Regis, que de +necessitate fieri oportet, pro brevibus Regis, et Cartis +impetendis, et aliis, negociis in eisdem Curiis expediendis, que ad +minus ascendunt per annum, prout evidencius apparet, per compotum +et memoranda dicti fratris de Scaccario qui per capitulum ad illud +officium oneratur ... lx m."</p> +<p>"Item in donis dandis in Curiis domini Regis et aliorum magnatum +<i>pro favore habendo</i> et pro placitis defendendis, et expensis +parlialmentorum, ad minus bis per annum ... cc m."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I have made these extracts somewhat more at length than may, +perhaps, be to the point in question, because they contain much +that is highly interesting as to the apparently questionable mode +in which the Hospitallers obtained the protection of the courts +(and probably they were not singular in their proceedings); annual +pensions to judges, besides other largesses, and much of this "pro +favore habendo," contrasts painfully with the "spotless purity of +the ermine" which dignifies our present age.</p> +<p>In the "extent" we have occasionally a grange held rent free for +life by a judge. Chief Justice Geffrey de Scrop so held that of +Penhull in Northumberland.</p> +<p>Putting all these facts together, and bearing in mind that, +throughout this elaborate "extent," there are neither profits nor +rent entered, as for the Temple itself, so that it seems to have +then been neither in the possession nor occupation of the +Hospitallers, is it not possible that they had alienated it to the +lawyers, as a discharge for these heavy annual +incumbrances,—<i>prospectively</i>, perhaps, because by the +entry of these charges among the "reprise," the life interests, at +all events, were still paid; or perhaps the alienation was itself +made to them "pro favore habendo" in some transaction that the +Hospitallers wished to have carried by the Courts; or it may have +been made as a <i>bonâ fide</i> bribe for future protection. +At all events, when we see such extensive payments made annually to +the lawyers, their ultimate possession of the fee simple is no +unnatural result. But, as I am altogether ignorant of the history +of the New Temple, I must refrain from suggestions, giving the +simple facts as I find them, and leaving the rest to the learning +and investigation of your correspondent.</p> +<p class="author">L.B.L.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>STRANGERS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., pp. 17. 83.)</h4> +<p>Mr. Ross is right in saying that "no alteration has taken place +in the <i>practice</i> of the House of Commons with respect to the +admission of strangers." The practice was at variance with the old +sessional order: it is consistent with the new standing order of +1845. I do not understand how any one can read these words of the +new standing order, "that the sergeant-at-arms ... do take into his +custody any stranger whom he may see ... in any part of the house +or gallery appropriated to the members of the House: and also any +stranger <i>who, having been admitted into any other part of the +house or gallery</i>," &c., and say that the House of Commons +does not now recognise the presence of strangers; nor can I +understand how Mr. Ross can doubt that the old sessional order +absolutely prohibited their presence. It did not keep them out +certainly, for they were admitted in the teeth of it; but so long +as that sessional order was in force, prohibition to strangers was +the theory.</p> +<p>Mr. Ross refers to publication of speeches. Publication is still +prohibited in theory. Mr. Ross perhaps is not aware that the +prohibition of publication of speeches rests on a foundation +independent of the old sessional order against the presence of +strangers,—on a series of resolutions declaring publication +to be a breach of the privileges of Parliament, to be found in the +Journals of 1642, 1694, 1695, 1697, 1703, 1722, and 1724.</p> +<p>We unfortunately cannot settle in your columns whether, as Mr. +Ross asserts, "if a member in debate should inadvertently allude to +the possibility of his observations being heard by a stranger, the +Speaker would immediately call him to order;" but my strong belief +is, that he would not: and I hope, if there are any members of the +House of Commons who have time to read "Notes and Queries," that +one of them may be induced to take a suitable opportunity of +obtaining the Speaker's judgment.</p> +<p>"Yet at other times," Mr. Ross goes on to say, "the right +honourable gentlemen will listen complacently to discussions +arising out of the complaints of members that strangers will not +publish to the world all that they hear pass in debate." If this be +so, I suppose the Speaker sees nothing disorderly in a complaint, +that what has been spoken in Parliament has <i>not</i> been +published: but I read frequently in my newspaper that the Speaker +interrupts <span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id= +"page125"></a>{125}</span> members who speak of speeches having +been published. "This is one of the inconsistencies," Mr. Ross +proceeds, "resulting from the determination of the House not +expressly to recognise the presence of strangers." Inconsistency +there certainly is,—the inconsistency of making publication a +breach of privilege, and allowing it to go on daily.</p> +<p>As strangers may be admitted into the House to hear debates, and +not allowed to publish what they hear, so they may he admitted, +subject to exclusion at certain times, or when the House chooses. +And this is the case. The House, of course, retains the power of +excluding them at any moment. They are always made to withdraw +before the House goes to a division. This is a matter of practice, +founded probably on some supposed reasons of convenience. Again, on +any member desiring strangers to be excluded, the Speaker desires +them to withdraw, without allowing any discussion.</p> +<p>I have only to notice one other observation of Mr. Ross's, which +is the following:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"When I speak of strangers being admitted, it must not be +supposed that this was done by order of the House. No, everything +relating to the admission of strangers to, and their accommodation +in the House of Commons, is effected by some mysterious agency, for +which no one is directly responsible. Mr. Barry has built galleries +for strangers in the new house; but if the matter were made a +subject of inquiry, it probably would puzzle him to state under +what authority he has acted."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I do not think there is anything mysterious as regards +admission. I am fond of hearing the debates, and my parliamentary +friends are very kind to me. Sometimes I content myself with an +order from a member, which takes me into the hinder seats of the +non-reporting strangers' gallery; sometimes, when I know beforehand +of an interesting debate, I get one of my friends to put my name on +the "Speaker's list," and I then take my seat on one of the two +front rows of the strangers' gallery; sometimes, again, I go down +on the chance, while the House is sitting; and if I am fortunate +enough to find any one of any friends there, he generally brings +me, in a few moments, an order from the Sergeant-at-arms, which +takes me also to the front row of the strangers' gallery. Some +benches under the strangers' gallery are reserved for peers, +ambassadors, and peers' eldest sons. The Speaker and the +Sergeant-at-arms give permission generally to foreigners, and +sometimes to some other persons, to sit in these benches. I do not +know which officer of the House of Commons superintends the +admission of reporters. Ladies are admitted to the Black Hole +assigned to them, by orders from the Sergeant-at-arms. I have no +doubt that the Speaker and Sergeant-at-arms are responsible to the +House for everything relating to the admission of strangers, and +without taking upon myself to say what is the authority under which +Mr. Barry has acted, I have no doubt that, in building galleries +for strangers in the new house, he has done what is consistent not +only with the long established practice, but, under the new order +of 1845, with the theory of the House of Commons.</p> +<p>As regards the passage quoted by Mr. Jackson from the +<i>Edinburgh Review</i>, the reviewer would probably allow that he +had overlooked the new standing order of 1845; and Mr. Jackson will +perceive that the recognition of the presence of strangers does not +legalise the publication of speeches. The supposed difficulty in +the way of legalising publication is, that the House of Commons +would then make itself morally responsible for the publication of +any libellous matter in speeches. I do not see the force of this +difficulty. But the expediency of the existing rule is not a proper +subject for discussion in your columns.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p>Whatever the present practice of the House of Commons with +respect to strangers may be, it does not seem probable that it will +soon undergo alteration. In the session of 1849 a Select Committee, +composed of fifteen members, and including the leading men of all +parties, was appointed "to consider the present practice of this +House in respect of the exclusion of strangers." The following is +the Report of the Committee <i>in extenso</i> (<i>Parl. Pap.</i>, +No. 498. Sess. 1849):</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"That the existing usage of excluding strangers during a +division, and upon the notice by an individual Member that +strangers are present, has prevailed from a very early period of +parliamentary history; that the instances in which the power of an +individual Member to exclude has been exercised have been very +rare: and that it is the unanimous opinion of your committee, that +there is no sufficient ground for making any alteration in the +existing practice with regard to the admission or exclusion of +strangers."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This Report confirms the statement of Mr. Ross (p. 83., +<i>antè</i>), that within his experience of thirty-one years +no change has been made in the present rule of the House upon this +matter, which, it would seem, dates very far back. The Speaker was +the only witness examined before the Committee, and his evidence is +not printed.</p> +<p class="author">Arun.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.</h3> +<p><i>Morganatic Marriage</i> (Vol. ii., p. 72.).—According +to M., Ducange has connected this expression with <i>morgingab</i>; +but I have looked in vain for such connection in my edition of the +<i>Glossary</i> (Paris, 1733). The truth most probably is, that +<i>morganatic</i>, in the phrase "matrimonium ad morganaticam," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id= +"page126"></a>{126}</span> was akin to the Gothic <i>maurgjan</i>, +signifying, "to procrastinate," "to bring to an end," "to shorten," +"to limit." This application of the word would naturally rise out +of the restrictions imposed upon the wife and children of a +morganatic marriage.</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p><i>Umbrellas</i> (Vol. i., p. 415. 436.; ii. 25.).—In +Swift's description of a city shower (<i>Tatler</i>, No. 238., +October 17. 1710), umbrellas are mentioned as in common use by +women:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down,</p> +<p>Threatening with deluge the devoted town;</p> +<p>To shops, in crowds, the daggled females fly,</p> +<p>Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy;</p> +<p>The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach,</p> +<p>Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach;</p> +<p>The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides,</p> +<p>While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">H.B.C.</p> +<p>U.U. Club, July 2.</p> +<p><i>Bands</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 23. 76.)—<i>Scarf</i>.—I +was glad to read Arun's explanation of the origin of the bands now +worn by the clergy; which, however, seems merely to amount to their +being an adoption of a Genevan portion of clerical costume. That +they are the descendants of the ruff, there can be no doubt, just +as wrist-bands have more recently succeeded to ruffles.</p> +<p>I cannot resist mentioning that an ingenious friend suggested to +me, that the broad, stiff, laid-down collar, alluded to in the +former part of Arun's communication, possibly gave rise to the +modern band in the following manner:—When the scarf, still in +use, was drawn over the shoulders and hung down in front, that part +of the broad collar which was left visible, being divided up the +middle, presented a shape and appearance exactly like our common +bands. Hence, it was imagined, this small separate article of dress +might have originated.</p> +<p>Is it Butler, Swift, or who, that says,</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"A Chrysostom to smoothe his band in"?</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Whenever this was written, it must have referred to our modern +bands.</p> +<p>Who amongst the clergy are <i>entitled</i> to wear a scarf? Is +it the badge of a chaplain only? or what circumstances justify its +being worn?</p> +<p class="author">Alfred Gatty.</p> +<p>July 1. 1850.</p> +<p><i>Bands</i> (Vol. ii., p. 76.).—An early example of the +collar, approaching to the form of our modern bands, may be seen in +the portrait of Cardinal Beatoun, who was assassinated in 1546. The +original is in Holyrood Palace, and an engraving in Mr. Lodge's +<i>Portraits</i>. The artist is unknown, but from the age of the +face one may infer that it was painted about 1540.</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p><i>Jewish Music</i> (Vol. ii., p. 88.).—See a host of +authorities on the subject of Hebrew music and musical instruments +in Winer's <i>Realwörterbuch</i> vol. ii., pp. 120. +<i>seq.</i>, 3d edit. There is a good abstract respecting them in +Jahn's <i>Hebrew Antiquities</i>, sect. 92-96.</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p><i>North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated</i> (Vol. ii., p. +55.).—In illustration of, not in answer to, Mr. Sansom's +inquiry, I beg to offer the following statement. During a long +series of years an average of about 150 corpses has been annually +deposited in Ecclesfield churchyard, which has rendered it an +extremely crowded cemetery. But, notwithstanding these frequent +interments, my late sexton told me that he remembered when there +was scarcely one grave to the north of the church, it being +popularly considered that only suicides, unbaptised persons, and +still-born children ought to be buried there. However, when a vicar +died about twenty-seven years ago, unlike his predecessors, who had +generally been buried in the chancel, he was laid in a tomb on the +north side of the churchyard, adjoining the vicarage. From this +time forward the situation lost all its evil reputation amongst the +richer inhabitants of the parish, who have almost entirely occupied +it with family vaults.</p> +<p>Whether the prejudice against the north side of our churchyard +arose from an idea that it was unconsecrated, I cannot tell but I +suspect that, from inherited dislike, the poor are still indisposed +towards it. When the women of the village have to come to the +vicarage after nightfall, they generally manage to bring a +companion, and hurry past the gloomy end of the north transept as +if they knew</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"that close behind</p> +<p>Some frightful fiend did tread."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>I cannot help fancying that the objection is attributable to a +notion that evil spirits haunt the spot in which, possibly from +very early times, such interments took place as my sexton +described. As a suggestion towards a full solution of this popular +superstition, I would ask whether persons who formerly underwent +ecclesiastical excommunication were customarily buried on the north +side of churchyards?</p> +<p class="author">Alfred Gatty.</p> +<p>Ecclesfield, June 28. 1850.</p> +<p>I can only give from recollection a statement of a tradition, +that when Jesus Christ died he turned his head towards the south; +and so, ever since, the south side of a church has the +pre-eminence. There generally is the bishop's throne, and the south +aisle of ancient basilicas was appropriated to men. Simple +observation shows that the supposed sanctity extends to the +churchyard,—for there the tombstones lie thickest.</p> +<p>I find that my source of information for the <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>{127}</span> tradition +was Cockerell's last lecture on Architecture, <i>Athenæum</i> +for 1843, p. 187. col. 3.</p> +<p class="author">A.J.H.</p> +<p>"<i>Men are but Children</i>," &c.—R.G. (Vol. ii., p. +22.) will find the line about which he inquires in Dryden's <i>All +for Love; or, The World well Lost</i>, Act iv. Sc. 1.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Dolabella (<i>loq.</i>):</p> +<p>"Men are but children of a larger growth,</p> +<p>Our appetites as apt to change as theirs,</p> +<p>And full as craving too, and full as vain."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">J.R.M.</p> +<p>King's College, London, July 12. 1850.</p> +<p><i>Ventriloquism</i> (Vol. ii., p. 88.).—Mr. SANSOM will +find some curious information touching the words [Hebrew: 'or], +[Greek: eggastrimuthos], &c., in Dr. Maitland's recent +<i>Illustrations and Enquiries relating to Mesmerism</i>, pp. 55. +81. The Lexicons of Drs. Lee and Gesenius may also be consulted, +under the word [Hebrew: 'or]. The former of these lexicographers +would rank the Pythian priestess with "our modern conjurers."</p> +<p class="author">C.H.</p> +<p>St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.</p> +<p><i>Cromwell's Estates—Magor</i> (Vol. i., p. 277. +389.).—As the South Wales line is now open as far as +Chepstow, it may not be uninteresting to V. to know, that it +diverges from the coast between Chepstow and Newport, in order to +pass Bishopston and <i>Magor</i>, the last of which he rightly +placed in Monmouthshire.</p> +<p class="author">SELEUCUS.</p> +<p><i>Vincent Gookin</i> (Vol. i., pp. 385. 473. 492.; Vol. ii. p. +44.) is described in a <i>Narrative of the late Parliament</i> +(Cromwell's Parliament, d. 1656), in the <i>Harleian +Miscellany</i>, as</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"One of the letters of land in Ireland, receiving three hundred +pounds per annum."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He and three other Irish members, Colonel Jephson, Ralph King, +and Bice, are classed together in this tract, which is hostile to +Cromwell, as</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Persons not thought meet to be in command, though they much +desire it, and are of such poor principles and so unfit to make +rulers of as they would not have been set with the dogs of the +flock, if the army and others who once pretended to be honest had +kept close to their former good and honest principles."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Vincent Gookin voted for the clause in the "Petition and Advice" +giving the title of "King" to Cromwell.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<p><i>All-to brake</i> (Vol. i., p. 395.).—The interpretation +given is incorrect. "All-to" is very commonly used by early writers +for "altogether:" <i>e.g.</i>, "all-to behacked," Calfhill's +<i>Answer to Martiall's Treatise of the Cross</i>, Parker Society's +edition, p. 3.; "all-to becrossed," <i>ibid.</i> p. 91.; "all-to +bebatted," <i>ibid.</i> p. 133., &c. &c. The Parker Society +reprints will supply innumerable examples of the use of the +expression.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>MISCELLANEOUS.</h2> +<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.</h3> +<p>The two of Mr. Hunter's <i>Critical and Historical Tracts</i>, +which we have had the opportunity of examining, justify to the +fullest the expectations we had formed of them. The first, +<i>Agincourt; a Contribution towards an authentic List of the +Commanders of the English Host, in King Henry the Fifth's +Expedition, in the Third Year of his Reign</i>, Mr. Hunter +describes as "an instalment," we venture to add "a very valuable +instalment," from evidence which has been buried for centuries in +the unknown masses of national records, towards a complete list of +the English Commanders who served with the King in that expedition, +with, in most cases, the number of the retinue which each Commander +undertook to bring into the field, and, in some instances, notices +of events happening to the contingents. The value of a work based +upon such materials, our historical readers will instantly +recognise. The lovers of our poetry will regard with equal +interest, and peruse with equal satisfaction, Mr. Hunter's brochure +entitled <i>Milton; a Sheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and +Annotators</i>, and admit that he has bound up the new biographical +illustrations and critical comments, which he has gathered in that +pleasant field of literary inquiry, the life and writings of +Milton, into a goodly and a pleasant sheaf.</p> +<p>Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will commence on Monday, the 29th of +this month, a three days' Sale of Greek Roman, and English Coins, +English and Foreign Medals, Cabinets, &c., the property of a +Gentleman leaving England.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES</h3> +<h4>WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h4> +<h4>(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.)</h4> +<p><i>Odd Volumes.</i></p> +<p>MOULTRIE'S POEMS. Vol. I.</p> +<p>Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage +free</i>, to be sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," +186. Fleet Street.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.</h3> +<p>C.J.S. <i>The Inscription from the brass in Chinnor Church, +Oxon, is</i> Mouns. Esmoun de Malyns fitz Mouns. Reynald de Malyns +Chr. et Isabelle sa femme gisoient icy Dieu de ses ailmes eit +mercy, <i>being in memory of Esmond de Malyns and his wife. The +father</i>, Renald de Malyns, <i>was interred in the same +church.</i></p> +<p>VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, <i>with Title-page and +very copious Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, +and may be had, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen.</i></p> +<p>Errata. In No. 37., p. 98., col. 2., 1. 16., for "1625" read +"1695"; p. 101., l. 31., "Inchi<i>g</i>uin" should be +"Inchi<i>q</i>uin"; p. 106., col. 2., 1. 26. should be—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And disappoints the Queen, poor little Chuck."</p> +</div> +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id= +"page128"></a>{128}</span> +<hr class="adverts" /> +<h3>COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR OF THE TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER.</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>JOHN BRUCE, esq., Treas. S.A.</p> +<p>J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A.</p> +<p>PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H.</p> +<p>JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>SAMUEL SHEPERD, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +<p>WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast +mouldering into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds +will effect a perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it +right to fix any limit to the subscription, they themselves have +opened the list with a contribution from each of them of Five +Shillings; but they will be ready to receive any amount, more or +less, which those who value poetry and honour Chaucer may be kind +enough to remit to them.</p> +<p>Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, +Ellesmere, and Shaftesbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon, Pres. +Soc. Antiq., The Lords Braybrooke and Londesborough, and many other +noblemen and gentlemen.</p> +<p>Subscriptions are received by all the members of the Committee, +and at the Union Bank, Pall Mall East. Post-Office orders may be +made payable at the Charing Cross Office, to William Richard Drake, +Esq., the Treasurer, 46. Parliament Street, or William J. Thoms, +Esq., Hon. Sec., 25. Holy-Well Street, Millbank.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Now Ready, in demy 8vo., with Portraits, price 12<i>s.</i></p> +<p>SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CORPS OF GENTLEMEN AT ARMS.</p> +<p>By JAMES BUNCE CURLING, Clerk of the Checque.</p> +<p>"Mr. Curling has succeeded in producing a book of much lively +and curious historic interest."—<i>Naval and Military +Gazette</i>.</p> +<p>"The author has made the most of his subject, introducing +anecdotes of the members of the corps from its first +institution."—<i>Atlas</i>.</p> +<p>RICHARD BENTLEY, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.</p> +<hr /> +<p>TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND +AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,</p> +<p>(The HORTICULTURAL PART edited by PROF. LINDLEY)</p> +<p>Of Saturday, July 6. contains Articles on</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Agricultural Society of England, Prof. Way's lecture on +water</p> +<p>Agriculture of Lancaster</p> +<p>Annuals, English names of</p> +<p>Ash, to propagate</p> +<p>Balsams</p> +<p>Bee, remedy for sting of</p> +<p>Botanical names</p> +<p>Butter, rancid</p> +<p>Calendar, Horticultural</p> +<p>Calendar, Agricultural</p> +<p>Carts, Cumberland</p> +<p>Cattle, to feed</p> +<p>Clover crops</p> +<p>College, agricultural</p> +<p>Cropping, table of</p> +<p>Cuckoo, note of</p> +<p>Diseases of plants</p> +<p>Drainage reports</p> +<p>Evergreens, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning</p> +<p>Farming in Norfolk, high</p> +<p>Farming, Mr. Mechi's, by Mr. Wilkins</p> +<p>Farming, rule of thumb, by Mr. Wilkins</p> +<p>Fruit trees, to root prune</p> +<p>Gardeners' Benevolent Institution, by Mr. Wheeler</p> +<p>Gardening, villa and suburban</p> +<p>Grapes in pots</p> +<p>Guano frauds</p> +<p>Highland Patriotic Society</p> +<p>Kew, Victoria Regia at</p> +<p>Peel, Sir R., death of</p> +<p>Pike, voracity of, by Mr. Lovell</p> +<p>Plants, diseases of</p> +<p>Plants, names of</p> +<p>Potato disease</p> +<p>Reviews, miscellaneous</p> +<p>Rhododendrons, on Himalayas, by Mr. Munro, Belfast</p> +<p>Root pruning</p> +<p>Rosa Manettii, by Mr. Paul</p> +<p>Royal Botanic Society, report of the Exhibition for July</p> +<p>Seeding, thin, by Mr. Mechi</p> +<p>Slough Carnation show</p> +<p>Slough Pink show</p> +<p>Statice armeria, by Mr. Forman</p> +<p>Swans, food of</p> +<p>Thin seeding, by Mr. Mechi</p> +<p>Timber felling</p> +<p>Toads' skins, by Prof. Henslow</p> +<p>Transplanting evergreens, by Mr. Glendinning</p> +<p>Trees, to root prune</p> +<p>Trees, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning</p> +<p>Villa and suburban gardening</p> +<p>Vine, to summer prune, by Mr. Levell</p> +<p>Viper, the, by Mr. Chaytor</p> +<p>Water, Prof. Way's lecture on</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in +addition to the above, the Covent-garden, Mark-lane, and Smithfield +prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, and Seed Markets, +and a <i>complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the +transactions of the week</i>.</p> +<p>Order of Any Newsvender.—OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. +Upper Wellington-street, Covent-garden, London.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Now Ready, in small 8vo., price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>,</p> +<p>ANONYMOUS POEMS.</p> +<p>"The elegant version of Greek epigrams contained in this volume +shows the scholarship as well as the taste of the +writer."—<i>Britannia</i>.</p> +<p>"Many of the pieces have a very classical air, and all are +marked with an unusual degree of elegance and +power."—<i>Guardian</i>.</p> +<p>RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington-street.</p> +<hr /> +<p>In Crown 8vo., elegantly bound in gilt cloth, price 7<i>s</i>. +6<i>d.</i></p> +<p>MEMORIALS OF THE CASTLE OF EDINBURGH.</p> +<p>By JAMES GRANT; author of "Memoirs of Kirkaldy of Grange," "The +Romance of War," "The Scottish Cavalier," &c. With Twelve +Illustrations, engraved on Wood by BRANSTON.</p> +<p>"Of the different books of this nature that have fallen, in our +way, we do not remember one that has equalled Mr. +Grant's."—<i>Spectator</i>.</p> +<p>"Mr. Grant's very interesting history of the Castle of +Edinburgh—a work equally distinguished by research, accuracy, +and pictorial interest."—<i>Alison's Essays</i>.</p> +<p>"We have been much amused with this little book, which abounds +in pleasant and interesting episodes, and we recommend it as an +excellent specimen of local +history."—<i>Athenæum</i>.</p> +<p>WILLIAM BLACKWOOD and Sons, Edinburgh And London.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Preparing for publication, in 2 vols. small 8vo.</p> +<p>THE FOLK-LORE Of ENGLAND.</p> +<p>By WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society, +Editor of "Early Prose Romances," "Lays and Legends of all +Nations," &c. One object of the present work is to furnish new +contributions to the History of our National Folk-Lore; and +especially some of the more striking Illustrations of the subject +to be found in the Writings of Jacob Grimm and other Continental +Antiquaries.</p> +<p>Communications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable +Customs and Popular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are +earnestly solicited, and will be thankfully acknowledged by the +Editor. They may be addressed to the care of Mr. BELL, Office of +"NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> +<p>THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD +FOSS, F.S.A.</p> +<p>"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is +treated with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in +which Mr. Foss has brought to light many points previously unknown, +corrected many errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his +subject as to conduct it successfully through all the intricacies +of a difficult investigation, and such taste and judgment as will +enable him to quit, when occasion requires, the dry details of a +professional inquiry, and to impart to his work, as he proceeds, +the grace and dignity of a philosophical history."—<i>Gent. +Mag.</i></p> +<p>London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at +No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City +of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, +in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, +Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, July +20. 1850.</p> +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, +July 20, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, *** + +***** This file should be named 13362-h.htm or 13362-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/3/6/13362/ + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, July 20, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 3, 2004 [EBook #13362] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 38.] SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * *{113} + +CONTENTS + +NOTES:-- + Meaning of Delighted as used by Shakspeare, by S. Hickson + Authors of "The Rolliad," by Lord Braybrooke + Notes on Milton + Derivation of Easter, by J. Sansom + Folk Lore--Passages of Death, by Dr. Guest--Divination + at Marriages + Francis Lenton the Poet, by Dr. Rimbault + Minor Notes:--Lilburn or Prynne--Peep of Day--Martinet-- + Guy's Porridge Pot +QUERIES:-- + Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding, by John Miland + Stukeley's "Stonehenge," by Henry Cunliffe + Athelstane's Form of Donation--Meaning of "Somagia," + by J. Sansom + Minor Queries:--Charade--"Smoke Money"--"Rapido + contrarius orbi"--Lord Richard Christophilus-- + Fiz gigs--Specimens of Erica in Bloom--Michael + Scott the Wizard--Stone Chalices +REPLIES:-- + Ulrich von Hutten and the "Epistolae Obscurorum + Virorum," by S.W. Singer + Caxton's Printing-office, by J.G. Nichols + The New Temple + Strangers in the House of Commons + Replies to Minor Queries:--Morganatic Marriage-- + Umbrellas--Bands--Scarf--Jewish Music--North + Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Men are but + Children" &c.--Ventriloquism--Cromwell's Estates + --Magor--Vincent Gookin--All-to brake +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, Sales, &c. + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted + Notices to Correspondents + Advertisements + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "DELIGHTED," AS SOMETIMES USED BY SHAKSPEARE. + +I wish to call attention to the peculiar use of a word, or rather to a +peculiar word, in Shakspeare, which I do not recollect to have met with +in any other writer. I say a "peculiar word," because, although the verb +_To delight_ is well known, and of general use, the word, the same in +form, to which I refer, is not only of different meaning, but, as I +conceive, of distinct derivation the non-recognition of which has led to +a misconception of the meaning of one of the finest passages in +Shakspeare. The first passage in which it occurs, that I shall quote, is +the well known one from _Measure for Measure_: + + "Ay, but to die, and go we know not where; + To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot, + This sensible warm motion to become + A kneaded clod; and the _delighted_ spirit + To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside + In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice; + To be imprison'd in the viewless winds + And blown with restless violence round about + The pendant world." Act iii. Sc. 1. + +Now, if we examine the construction of this passage, we shall find that +it appears to have been the object of the writer to separate, and place +in juxtaposition with each other, the conditions of the body and the +spirit, each being imagined under circumstances to excite repulsion or +terror in a sentient being. The mind sees the former lying in "cold +obstruction," rotting, changed from a "sensible warm motion" to a +"kneaded clod," every circumstance leaving the impression of dull, dead +weight, deprived of force and motion. The spirit, on the other hand, is +imagined under circumstances that give the most vivid picture +conceivable of utter powerlessness: + + "Imprison'd in the viewless winds, + And blown with restless violence round about + The pendant world." + +To call the spirit here "delighted," in our sense of the term, would be +absurd; and no explanation of the passage in this sense, however +ingenious, is intelligible. That it is intended to represent the spirit +simply as _lightened_, made light, relieved from the weight of matter, I +am convinced, and this is my view of the meaning of the word in the +present instance. + +_Delight_ is naturally formed by the participle _de_ and _light_, to +make light, in the same way as "debase," to make base, "defile," to make +foul. The analogy is not quite so perfect in such words as "define," +"defile" (file), "deliver," "depart," &c.; yet they all may be +considered of the same class. The last of these is used with us only in +the sense of _to go away_; in Shakspeare's time (and Shakspeare so uses +it) it meant also _to part_, or _part with_. A correspondent of Mr. +Knight's suggests {114} for the word _delight_ in this passage, also, a +new derivation; using _de_ as a negation, and _light (lux), delighted_, +removed from the regions of light. This is impossible; if we look at the +context we shall see that it not only contemplated no such thing, but +that it is distinctly opposed to it. + +I am less inclined to entertain any doubt of the view I have taken being +correct, from the confirmation it receives in another passage of +Shakspeare, which runs as follows: + + "If virtue no _delighted_ beauty lack, + Your son-in-law shows far more fair than black." + +_Othello_, Act i. Sc. 3. + +Passing by the cool impertinence of one editor, who asserts that +Shakspeare frequently used the past for the present participle, and the +almost equally cool correction of another, who places the explanatory +note "*delightful" at the bottom of the page, I will merely remark that +the two latest editors of Shakspeare, having apparently nothing to say +on the subject, have very wisely said nothing. Yet, as we understand the +term "delighted," the passage surely needs explanation. We cannot +suppose that Shakspeare used epithets so weakening as "delighting" or +"delightful." The meaning of the passage would appear to be this: If +virtue be not wanting in beauty--such beauty as can belong to virtue, +not physical, but of a higher kind, and freed from all material +elements--then your son-in-law, black though he is, shows far more fair +than black, possessing, in fact, this _abstract_ kind of beauty to that +degree that his colour is forgotten. In short, "delighted" here seems to +mean, _lightened_ of all that is gross or unessential. + +There is yet another instance in Cymbeline, which seems to bear a +similar construction: + + "Whom best I love, I cross: to make my gifts + The more delay'd, _delighted_." + +Act v. Sc. 4. + +That is, "the _more_ delighted;" the longer held back, the better worth +having; lightened of whatever might detract from their value, that is, +refined or purified. In making the remark here, that "delighted" refers +not to the recipient nor to the giver, but to the gifts, I pass by the +nonsense that the greatest master of the English language did not heed +the distinction between the past and the present participles, as not +worth a second thought. + +The word appears to have had a distinct value of its own, and is not to +be explained by any other single word. If this be so, it could hardly +have been coined by Shakspeare. Though, possibly, it may never have been +much used, perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to furnish +other instances from other writers. + +SAMUEL HICKSON. + +St. John's Wood. + + * * * * * + +AUTHORS OF "THE ROLLIAD." + +The subjoined list of the authors of _The Rolliad_, though less complete +than I could have wished, is, I believe, substantially correct, and may, +therefore, be acceptable to your readers. The names were transcribed by +me from a copy of the ninth edition of _The Rolliad_ (1791), still in +the library at Sunninghill Park, in which they had been recorded on the +first page of the respective papers. + +There seems to be no doubt that they were originally communicated by Mr. +George Ellis, who has always been considered as one of the most talented +contributors to _The Rolliad_. He also resided for many years at +Sunninghill, and was in habits of intimacy with the owners of the Park. +Your correspondent C. (Vol. ii., p. 43.) may remark that Lord John +Townshend's name occurs only twice in my list; but his Lordship may have +written some of the papers which are not in the Sunninghill volume, as +they appeared only in the editions of the work printed subsequently to +1791, and are designated as _Political Miscellanies_. + +_Names of the Authors of the Rolliad_. + +Dedication to Kenyon Dr. Laurence. +Family of the Rollos Tickell, &c. +Extract from Dedication General Fitzpatrick. +Criticisms from the No. +_Rolliad_ George Ellis 1 & 2. +---- Dr. Laurence 3. +---- Richardson 4. +---- General Fitzpatrick 5. +---- Dr. Laurence 6, 7, 8. +---- General Fitzpatrick 9. +---- Richardson 10 & 11. +---- General Fitzpatrick 12. +Criticisms not in the + original, but probably + written by Dr. Laurence 13 & 14. +Criticisms, &c. Part. ii. George Ellis 1 & 2. +---- Richardson 3 & 4. +---- General Fitzpatrick 5. +Criticisms, not in the +original Mr. Reid 6. +---- Dr. Laurence 7. + +_Political Eclogues_. + +Rose Dr. Laurence. +The Liars General Fitzpatrick. +Margaret Nicholson Mr. Adair. +Charles Jenkinson George Ellis. +Jekyl Lord John Townshend. + +_Probationary Odes_. + +All the Preliminaries Mr. Tickell. +Irregular Ode Mr. Tickell No. 1. +Ode to the New Year George Ellis 2. +Ode Rev. H. Bate Dudley 3. +---- Richardson 4. +Duan John Ellis 5. {115} +Ossianade Unknown 6. +Irregular Ode Unknown 7. +Ode to the Attorney- + General Mr. Brummell 8. +Laureate Ode Mr. Tickell 9. +New Year's Ode Mr. Pearce 10. +Ode by M.A. Taylor Mr. Boscawen 11. +---- by Major Scott Lord John Towns- + hend 12. +---- Irregular(Dundas) Never known to the + Club 13. +---- by Warton Bishop of Ossory + (Hon. William + Beresford) 14. +---- Pindaric General Fitzpatrick 15. +---- Irregular Dr. Laurence 16. +---- Prettyman General Burgoyne 17. +---- Graham Mr. Reid 18. +Letter, &c. and Mount- + morres Richardson 19. +Birthday Ode George Ellis 20. +Pindaric Ode Unmarked 21. +Real Birthday Ode T. Warton 22. +Remaining prose Richardson. + +I am not certain whether Mr. Adair, to whom "Margaret Nicholson," one of +the happiest of the Political Eclogues, is attributed, is the present +Sir Robert Adair. If so, as the only survivor amongst his literary +colleagues, he might furnish some interesting particulars respecting the +remarkable work to which I have called your attention. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +Audley End, July, 1850. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON MILTON. + +(Continued from Vol. ii., p. 53.) + +_Il Penseroso._ + +On l. 8 (G.):-- + + "Fantastic swarms of dreams there hover'd, + Green, red, and yellow, tawney, black, and blue; + They make no noise, but right resemble may + Th' unnumber'd moats that in the sun-beams play." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + +Caelia, in Beaumont and Fletcher's _Humorous Lieutenant_, says,-- + + "My maidenhead to a mote in the sun, he's jealous." + +Act iv. Sc. 8. + +On l. 35. (G.) Mr. Warton might have found a happier illustration of his +argument in Ben Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_, Act i. Sc. 3.:-- + + "Too conceal such real ornaments as these, and shadow + their glory, as a milliner's wife does her wrought + stomacher, with a smoaky lawn, or a _black cyprus_." + +--Whalley's edit. vol. i. p. 33. + +On l. 39. (G.) The origin of this uncommon use of the word "commerce" is +from Donne:-- + + "If this commerce 'twixt heaven and earth were not + embarred." + +--_Poems_, p. 249. Ed. 4to. 1633. + +On l. 43. (G.):-- + + "That sallow-faced, sad, stooping nymph, whose eye + Still on the ground is fixed steadfastly." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas_ + +On l. 52. (G.):-- + + "Mounted aloft on Contemplation's wings." + +_G. Wither_, P. 1. vol. i. Ed. 1633. + +Drummond has given "golden wings" to Fame. + +On l. 88. (G.):-- + + Hermes Trismegistus. + +On l. 100. (G.):-- + + "Tyrants' bloody gests + Of Thebes, Mycenae, or proud Ilion." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + + * * * * * + +_Arcades._ + +On l. 23. (G.):-- + + "And without respect of odds, + Vye renown with Demy-gods." + +_Wither's Mistresse of Philarete_, Sig. E. 5. Ed. 1633. + +On l. 27. (G.):-- + + "But yet, whate'er he do or can devise, + Disguised glory shineth in his eyes." + +_Sylvester's Du Bartas._ + +On l. 46. (G.):-- + + "An eastern wind commix'd with _noisome airs_, + Shall _blast the plants_ and the _young sapplings_." + +_Span. Trag. Old Plays_, vol. iii. p. 222. + +On l. 65. (G.) Compare Drunmond--speech of Endymion before Charles:-- + + "To tell by me, their herald, coming things, + And what each Fate to her stern distaff sings," &c. + +On l. 84. (M.):-- + + "And with his beams enamel'd every greene." + +_Fairfax's Tasso_, b. i. st. 35. + +On l. 97. (G.):-- + + "Those brooks with lilies bravely deck't." + +_Drayton_, 1447. + +On l. 106. (G.):-- + + "Pan entertains, this coming night, + His paramour, the Syrinx bright." + +_Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess_, Act i. + +J.F.M. + + * * * * * + +DERIVATION OF EASTER. + +Southey, in his _Book of the Church_, derives our word _Easter_ from a +_Saxon_ source:-- + + "The worship," he says, "of the goddess _Eostre_ or _Eastre_, + which may probably be traced to the Astarte of the Phoenicians, + is retained among us in the word _Easter_; her annual festival + having been superseded by that sacred day." + +Should he not rather have given a _British_ origin to the name of our +Christian holy day? Southey acknowledges that the "heathenism which the +{116} Saxons introduced, bears no [very little?] affinity either to that +of the Britons or the Romans;" yet it is certain that the Britons +worshipped Baal and _Ashtaroth_, a relic of whose worship appears to be +still retained in Cornwall to this day. The Druids, as Southey tells us, +"made the people pass through the fire in honour of Baal." But the +_festival_ in honour of Baal appears to have been in the _autumn_: for + + "They made the people," he informs us, "at the beginning of + _winter_, extinguish all their fires on one day and kindle them + again from the sacred fire of the Druids, which would make the + house fortunate for the ensuing year; and, if any man came who + had not paid his yearly dues, [Easter offerings, &c., date back + as far as this!] they refused to give him a spark, neither durst + any of his neighbours relieve him, nor might he himself procure + fire by any other means, so that he and his family were deprived + of it till he had discharged the uttermost of his debt." + +The Druidical fires kindled in the _spring_ of the year, on the other +hand, would appear to be those in honour of _Ashtaroth_, or _Astarte_, +from whom the _British Christians_ may naturally enough have derived the +name of _Easter_ for their corresponding season. We might go even +further than this, and say that the young ladies who are reported still +to take the chief part in keeping up the Druidical festivities in +Cornwall, very happily represent the ancient _Estal_ (or _Vestal_) +virgins. + + "In times of Paganism," says O'Halloran, "we find in _Ireland_ + females devoted to celibacy. There was in Tara a royal + foundation of this kind, wherein none were admitted but virgins + of the noblest blood. It was called Cluain-Feart, or the place + of retirement till death," &c ... "The duty of these virgins was + to keep up the fires of Bel, or the sun, and of Sambain, or the + moon, which customs they borrowed from their Phoenician + ancestors. They both [i.e. the Irish and the Phoenicians] adored + Bel, or the sun, the moon, and the stars. The 'house of + _Rimmon_' which the Phoenicians worshipped in, like our temples + of Fleachta in Meath, was sacred to the _moon_. The word + '_Rimmon_' has by no means been understood by the different + commentators; and yet, by recurring to the Irish (a branch of + the Phoenician) it becomes very intelligible; for '_Re_' is + Irish for the moon, and '_Muadh_' signifies an _image_, and the + compound word '_Reamhan_,' signifies _prognosticating by the + appearance of the moon_. It appears by the life of our great S. + Columba, that the Druid temples were here decorated with figures + of the sun, the moon, and stars. The Phoenicians, under the name + of _Bel-Samen_, adored the Supreme; and it is pretty remarkable, + that to this very day, to wish a friend every happiness this + life can afford, we say in Irish, 'The blessings of _Samen_ and + _Bel_ be with you!' that is, of the seasons; Bel signifying the + sun, and Samhain the moon." + +--(See O'Halloran's _Hist. of Ireland_, vol. i. P. 47.) + +J. SANSOM. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Presages of Death_.--The Note by Mr. C. FORBES (Vol. ii., p. 84.) on +"High Spirits considered a Presage of impending Calamity or Death," +reminded me of a collection of authorities I once made, for academical +purposes, of a somewhat analogous bearing,--I mean the ancient belief in +the existence of a power of prophecy at that period which immediately +precedes dissolution. + +The most ancient, as well as the most striking instance, is recorded in +the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis:-- + + "And Jacob called his sons and said, Gather yourselves together + _that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last + days_.... And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, + he gathered up his feet into his bed, and yielded up the ghost, + and was gathered unto his people." + +Homer affords two instances of a similar kind: thus, Patroclus +prophesies the death of Hector (Il. [Greek: p] 852.)[1]:-- + + [Greek: "Ou thaen oud autos daeron beae alla toi aedae + Agchi parestaeke Thanatos kai Moira krataiae, + Chersi dament Achilaeos amnmonos Aiakidao."][2] + +Again, Hector in his turn prophesies the death of Achilles by the hand +of Paris (Il. [Greek: ch.] 358.):-- + + [Greek: "Phrazeo nun, mae toi ti theon maenima genomai + Aemati to ote ken se Pharis kai phoibus Apollon, + Esthlon eont, olesosin eni Skaiaesi pulaesin."][3] + +This was not merely a poetical fancy, or a superstitious faith of the +ignorant, for we find it laid down as a great physical truth by the +greatest of the Greek philosophers, the divine Socrates:-- + + [Greek: "To de dae meta touto epithumo humin chraesmodaesai, o + katapsaephisamenoi mou kai gar eimi aedae entautha en o malist + anthropoi chraesmodousin hotan mellosin apothaneisthai."][4] + +In Xenophon, also, the same idea is expressed, and, if possible, in +language still more definite and precise:--{117} + + [Greek: "Hae de tou anthropou psuchae tote daepou theiotatae + kataphainetai, kai tote ti ton mellonton proora."][5] + +Diodorus Siculus, again, has produced great authorities on this +subject:-- + + [Greek: "Puthagoras ho Samios, kai tines heteroi ton palaion + phusikon, apephaenanto tas psuchas ton anthropon uparchein + athanatous, akolouthos de to dogmati touto kai progignoskein + autas ta mellonta, kath hon an kairon en tae teleutae ton apo + tou somatos chorismon poiontai."][6] + +From the ancient writers I yet wish to add one more authority; and I do +so especially, because the doctrine of the Stagirite is therein +recorded. Sextus Empiricus writes,-- + + [Greek: "Hae psuchae, phaesin Aristotelaes, promanteuetai kai + proagoreuei ta mellonta--en to kata thanaton chorizesthai ton + somaton."][7] + +Without encroaching further upon the space of this periodical by +multiplying evidence corroborative of the same fact, I will content +myself by drawing the attention of the reader to our own great poet and +philosopher, Shakspeare, whose subtle genius and intuitive knowledge of +human nature render his opinions on all such subjects of peculiar value. +Thus in _Richard II_., Act ii. sc. 1., the dying Gaunt, alluding to his +nephew, the young and self-willed king, exclaims,-- + + "Methinks I am a prophet new inspired; + And thus, expiring, do foretel of him." + +Again, in _Henry IV., Part I._, Act v. sc. 4., the brave Percy, when in +the agonies of death, conveys the same idea in the following words:-- + + "O, I could prophesy, + But that the earthy and cold hand of death + Lies on my tongue." + +Reckoning, therefore, from the time of Jacob, this belief, whether with +or without foundation, has been maintained upwards of 3500 years. It was +grounded on the assumed fact, that the soul became divine in the same +ratio as its connection with the body was loosened or destroyed. In +sleep, the unity is weakened but not ended: hence, in sleep, the +material being dead, the immaterial, or divine principle, wanders +unguided, like a gentle breeze over the unconscious strings of an AEolian +harp; and according to the health or disease of the body are pleasing +visions or horrid phantoms (_aegri somnia_, as Horace) present to the +mind of the sleeper. Before death, the soul, or immaterial principle, +is, as it were, on the confines of two worlds, and may possess at the +same moment a power which is both prospective and retrospective. At that +time its connection with the body being merely nominal, it partakes of +that perfectly pure, ethereal, and exalted nature (_quod multo magis +faciet post mortem quum omnino corpore excesserit_) which is designed +for it hereafter. + +As the question is an interesting one, I conclude by asking, through the +medium of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," if a belief in this power of prophesy +before death be known to exist at the present day? + +AUGUSTUS GUEST. + +London, July 8. + +[Footnote 1: For the assistance of the general reader, I have introduced +hasty translations of the several passages quoted.] + +[Footnote 2: (And I moreover tell you, and do you meditate well upon it, +that) you yourself are not destined to live long, for even now death is +drawing nigh unto you, and a violent fate awaits you,--about to be slain +in fight by the hands of Achilles, the irreproachable son of Oacus.] + +[Footnote 3: Consider now whether I may not be to you the cause of +divine anger, in that day when Paris and Phoebus Apollo shall slay you, +albeit so mighty, at the Scaean gate.] + +[Footnote 4: Wherefore I have an earnest desire to prophesy to you who +have condemned me; for I am already arrived at that stage of my +existence in which, especially, men utter prophetic sayings, that is, +when they are about to die.] + +[Footnote 5: That time, indeed, the soul of man appears to be in a +manner divine, for to a certain extent it foresees things which are +about to happen.] + +[Footnote 6: Pythagoras the Samian, and some others of the ancient +philosophers, showed that the souls of men were immortal, and that, when +they were on the point of separating from the body, they possessed a +knowledge of futurity.] + +[Footnote 7: The soul, says Aristotle, when on the point of taking its +departure from the body, foretells and prophesies things about to +happen.] + + * * * * * + +_Divination at Marriages_.--The following practices are very prevalent +at marriages in these districts; and as I do not find them noticed by +Brand in the last edition of his _Popular Antiquities_, they may perhaps +be thought worthy a place in the "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +1. Put a wedding ring into the _posset_, and after serving it out, the +unmarried person whose cup contains the ring will be the first of the +company to be married. + +2. Make a common flat cake of flour, water, currants, &c., and put +therein a wedding ring and a sixpence. When the company is about to +retire on the wedding-day, the cake must be broken and distributed +amongst the unmarried females. She who gets the ring in her portion of +the cake will shortly be married, and the one who gets the sixpence will +die an old maid. + +T.T.W. + +Burnley, July 9. 1850. + + * * * * * + +FRANCIS LENTON THE POET. + +In a MS. obituary of the seventeenth century, preserved at Staunton +Hall, Leicestershire, I found the following:-- + + "May 12. 1642. This day died Francis Lenton, of Lincoln's Inn, + Gent." + +This entry undoubtedly relates to the author of three very rare poetical +tracts: 1. _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_, 1629; 2. _The Innes of +Court_, 1634; 3. _Great Brittain's Beauties_, 1638. In the dedication to +Sir Julius Caesar, prefixed to the first-named work, the writer speaks of +having "once belonged to the _Innes of Court_," and says he was "no +usuall poetizer, but, to barre idlenesse, imployed that little talent +the Muses conferr'd upon him in this little tract." Sir Egerton Brydges +supposed the copy of _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_ preserved in the +library of Sion College to be _unique_; but this is not the case, as the +writer knows of _two_ others,--one at Staunton Hall, and another at +Tixall Priory in Staffordshire. It has been reprinted by Mr. {118} +Halliwell at the end of a volume containing _The Marriage of Wit and +Wisdom_, published by the Shakspeare Society. In his prefatory remarks +that gentleman says, + + "Besides his printed works, Lenton wrote the _Poetical History + of Queene Hester_, with the translation of the 83rd Psalm, + reflecting upon the present times. MS. dated 1649." + +This date must be incorrect, if our entry in the Staunton obituary +relates to the same person; and there is every reason to suppose that it +does. The _autograph_ MS. of Lenton occurred in Heber's sale (Part xi. +No. 724.), and is thus described: + + _Hadassiah_, or the _History of Queen Hester_, sung in a sacred + and serious poeme, and divided into ten chapters, by F. Lenton, + the Queen's Majesties Poet, 1638. + +This is undoubtedly the _correct_ date, as it is in the handwriting of +the author. Query. What is the meaning of Lenton's title, "the Queen's +Majesties Poet"? + +Edward F. Rimbault. + + * * * * * + +Minor Notes. + +_Lilburn or Prynne?_--I am anxious to suggest in "Notes and Queries" +whether a character in the Second Canto of Part iii. of _Hudibras_ (line +421), beginning, + + "To match this saint, there was another, + As busy and perverse a brother, + An haberdasher of small wares, + In politics and state affairs," + +Has not been wrongly given by Dr. Grey to Lilburn, and whether Prynne is +not rather the person described. Dr. Grey admits in his note that the +application of the passage to Lilburn involves an anachronism, Lilburn +having died in 1657, and this passage being a description of one among + + "The quacks of government who sate" + +to consult for the Restoration, when they saw ruin impending. + +CH. + +_Peep of Day._--Jacob Grimm, in his _Deutsche Mythologie_, p. 428., ed. +1., remarks that the ideas of light and sound are sometimes confounded; +and in support of his observation he quotes passages of Danish and +German poets in which the sun and moon are said to _pipe_ (pfeifen). In +further illustration of this usage, he also cites the words "the sun +began to peep," from a Scotch ballad in Scott's _Border Minstrelsy_, +vol. ii. p. 430. In p. 431. he explains the words "par son l'aube," +which occur in old French poets, by "per sonitum aurorae;" and compares +the English expression, "the peep of day." + +The Latin _pipio_ or _pipo_, whence the Italian _pipare_, and the French +_pepier_, is the ultimate origin of the verb _to peep_; which, in old +English, bore the sense of chirping, and is so used in the authorised +version of Isaiah, viii. 19., x. 14. Halliwell, in his _Archaic +Dictionary_, explains "peep" as "a flock of chickens," but cites no +example. _To peep_, however, in the sense of taking a rapid look at +anything through a small aperture, is an old use of the word, as is +proved by the expression _Peeping_ Tom of Coventry. As so used, it +corresponds with the German _gucken_. Mr. Richardson remarks that this +meaning was probably suggested by the young chick looking out of the +half-broken shell. It is quite certain that the "peep of day" has +nothing to do with sound; but expresses the first appearance of the sun, +as he just looks over the eastern hills. + +L. + +_Martinet._--Will the following passage throw any light on the origin of +the word _Martinet_? + + Une discipline, devenue encore plus exacte, avait mis dans + l'armee un nouvel ordre. Il n'y avait point encore d'inspecteurs + de cavalerie et d'infanterie, comme nous en avons vu depuis, + mais deux hommes uniques chacun dans leur genre en fesaient les + fonctions. _Martinet mettait alors l'infanterie sur le pied de + discipline ou elle est aujourd'hui._ Le Chevalier de _Fourilles_ + fesait la meme change dans la cavalerie. Il y avait un an que + _Martinet_ avait mis la baionnette en usage dans quelque + regimens, &c.--Voltaire, _Siecle de Louis XIV._ c. 10. + +C. Forbes. + +July 2. + +_Guy's Porridge Pot._--In the porter's lodge at Warwick Castle are +preserved some enormous pieces of armour, which, _according to +tradition_, were worn by the famous champion "Guy, Earl of Warwick;" and +in addition (with other marvellous curiosities) is also exhibited Guy's +porridge pot, of bell metal, said to weigh 300 lbs., and to contain 120 +gallons. There is also a flesh-fork to ring it. + +Mr. Nichols, in his _History of Leicestershire_, Part ii. vol. iii., +remarks, + + "A turnpike road from Ashby to Whitwick, passes through Talbot + Lane. Of this lane and the famous large pot at Warwick Castle, + we have an old traditionary couplet: + + "'There's nothing left of Talbot's name, + But Talbot's Pot and Talbot's Lane.' + + "Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, died in 1439. His eldest + daughter, Margaret, was married to John Talbot Earl of + Shrewsbury, by whom she had one son, John Viscount Lisle, from + whom the Dudleys descended, Viscount Lisle and Earl of Warwick." + +It would therefore appear that neither the armour nor the pot belonged +to the "noble Guy"--the armour being comparatively of modern +manufacture, and the pot, it appears, descended from the Talbots to the +Warwick family: which pot is generally filled with punch on the birth of +a male heir to that noble family. + +W. Reader. + + * * * * *{119} + + +QUERIES. + +NICHOLAS FERRAR OF LITTLE GIDDING. + +Dr. Peckard, in his Preface to the _Life of Nicholas Ferrar of Little +Gidding_, says the memoir he published was edited or compiled by him +from "the original MS. still in my possession" (p. xi.); and in the +Appendix adds, that "Mr. John Ferrar," the elder brother of Nicholas, +was the author of it (p. 279.). + +How he compiled or edited "the original MS." he states with much candour +in his Preface (p. xv.): + + "The editor's intention," in altering the narrative, "was to + give what is not observed in the original, a regular series of + facts; and through the whole a sort of evenness and simplicity + of stile equally free from meanness and affectation. In short, + to make the old and the new, as far as he could, uniform; that + he might not appear to have sewed a piece of new cloth to an old + garment, and made its condition worse by his endeavours to mend + it." + +Again, at page 308., he says, + + "There is an antient MS. in folio, giving an account of Mr. N. + Ferrar, which at length, from Gidding, came into the hands of + Mr. Ed. Ferrar of Huntingdon, and is now in the possession of + the editor. Mr. Peck had the use of this MS. as appears by + several marginal notes in his handwriting; from this and some + loose and unconnected papers of Mr. Peck.... the editor, as well + as he was able, has made out the foregoing memoirs." + +Can any of your numerous correspondents inform me if this "antient MS." +is still in existence, and in whose possession? + +Peckard was related to the Ferrars, and was Master of Magdalen Coll., +Cambridge. + +In "A Catalogue of MSS. (once) at Gidding," Peckard, p. 306., the third +article is "Lives, Characters, Histories, and Tales for moral and +religious Instruction, in five volumes folio, neatly bound and gilt, by +Mary Collet." This work, with five others, "undoubtedly were all written +by N. Ferrar, Sen.," says Dr. Peckard; and in the Memoir, at page 191., +he gives a list of these "short histories," ninety-eight in number, +"which are still remaining in my possession;" and adds further, at p. +194., + + "These lives, characters, and moral essays would, I think, fill + two or three volumes in 8vo., but _they are written in so + minute_ a character, that I cannot form any conjecture to be + depended upon." + +I have been thus particular in describing these "histories", because the +subjects of them are identical with those in Fuller's _Holy and Profane +State_, the first edition of which was published at Cambridge, in 1642. +"The characters I have conformed," says Fuller in his Preface, "to the +then standing laws of the realm (a twelvemonth ago were they sent to the +press), since which time the wisdom of the King and state hath" altered +many things. Nicholas Ferrar died December 2, 1637, and the Query I wish +to ask is, Did Fuller compose them (for that he was really the author of +them can hardly be doubted) at the suggestion and for the benefit of the +community at Gidding, some years before he published them; and is it +possible to ascertain and determine if the MS. is in the handwriting of +Ferrar or Fuller? + +Is there any print or view in existence of the "Nunnery," at Little +Gidding? + +In the _Life of Dr. Thomas Fuller_, published anonymously in 1661, it is +stated, that at his funeral a customary sermon was preached by Dr. +Hardy, Dean of Rochester, "which hath not yet (though it is hoped and +much desired may) passe the presse," p. 63. + +Query. Was this sermon ever published? and secondly, who was the author +of the _Life_ from which the above passage is quoted? + +John Miland. + + * * * * * + +STUKELEY'S "STONEHENGE." + +May I request a space in your periodical for the following Queries, +drawn from Dr. Stukeley's _Stonehenge and Abury_, p. 31.? + + 1st. "But eternally to be lamented is the loss of that tablet of + tin, which was found at this place (Stonehenge) in the time of + King Henry VIII., inscribed with many letters, but in so strange + a character that neither Sir Thomas Elliott, a learned + antiquary, nor Mr. Lilly, master of St. Paul's school, could + make any thing out of it. Mr. Sammes may be right, who judges it + to have been _Punic_. I imagine if we call it Irish we shall not + err much. No doubt but what it was a memorial of the founders, + wrote by the Druids and had it been preserved till now, would + have been an invaluable curiosity." + +Can you or any of your contributors give me any further information +about this inscription? + +2. The Doctor continues, + + "To make the reader some amends for such a loss I have given a + specimen of supposed Druid writing, out of Lambecius' account of + the Emperor's library at Vienna. 'Tis wrote on a very thin plate + of gold with a sharp-pointed instrument. It was in an urn found + at Vienna, rolled up in several cases of other metal, together + with funeral exuviae. It was thought by the curious, one of those + epistles which the Celtic people were wont to send to their + friends in the other world. The reader may divert himself with + trying to explain it." + +Has this inscription ever been explained, and how? Stukeley's book is by +no means a rare one; therefore I have not trusted myself to copy the +inscription: and such as feel disposed to help me in my difficulty would +doubtless prefer seeing the Doctor's own illustration at p. 31. + +Henry Cunliffe. + +Hyde Park Street.{120} + +ATHELSTANE'S FORM OF DONATION.--MEANING OF "SOMAGIA." + +Tristram Risdon, in his quaint _Survey of the Co. of Devon_, after +mentioning the foundation of the church of High Bickington by King +Athelstane, + + "Who," he says, "gave to God and it one hide of land, as + appeareth by the donation, a copy whereof, for the antiquity + thereof, I will here insert: 'Iche Athelstane king, grome of + this home, geve and graunt to the preist of this chirch, one + yoke of mye land frelith to holde, woode in my holt house to + buyld, bitt grass for all hys beasts, fuel for hys hearth, + pannage for hys sowe and piggs, world without end,'"-- + +adds presently afterwards, that + + "Sir John Willington gave _Weeksland_ in this tything, unto + Robert Tolla, _cum 40 somagia annuatim capiend in Buckenholt_ + (so be the words of the grant) in the time of K. Edw. I." + +The Willingtons were lords of the manor of Umberleigh, where +Athelstane's palace stood, with its chapel dedicated to the Holy +Trinity, formerly rich in ancient monuments, and having a chantry near +to it. Some of the monuments from this chapel are still preserved in the +neighbouring church of Atherington. + +My Queries upon this Note are: + +1. Whence did Risdon derive his copy of King Athelstane's form of +donation? 2. What is the precise meaning of the word _Somagia_? + +In _Ducange_ (ed. Par. 1726, tom. vi. col. 589.) I find: + + "_Somegia_. Praestatio, ut videtur _ex summis_, v. gr. bladi, + frumenti. Charta Philippi Reg. Franc. an. 1210. Idem etiam + Savaricus detinet sibi census suos, et venditiones, et quosdam + reditus, qui _Somegiae_ vocantur, et avenam, et _captagia_ + hominum et foeminarum suarum, qui reditus cum una Somegiarum in + festo B. Remigii persolverentur; deinde secunda Somegia in + vicesima die Natalis Domini, et tertia in Octabis Resurrectionis + Dominicae, ei similiter persolventur; caponum etiam suorum in + crastino Natalis Domini percipiet solutionem: unaquaeque vero + somegiarum quatuor denarios bonae monetae valet." + +Ducange refers also to some kindred words; but, instead of clearing up +my difficulty in the word _somagia_, he presents me with another in +_captagia_, the meaning of which I do not clearly understand. Perhaps +some of your more learned contributors will obligingly help me to the +true import of these words? + +J. Sansom. + + * * * * * + +Minor Queries. + +_Charade_.--Can any one tell who is the author of the following charade? +No doubt, the lines are well known to many of your readers, although I +have never seen them in print. It has been said that Dr. Robinson, a +physician, wrote them. It strikes me that the real author, whoever he +be, richly deserves to be named in "Notes and Queries." + + "Me, the contented man desires, + The poor man has, the rich requires; + The miser gives, the spendthrift saves, + And all must carry to their graves." + +It can scarcely be necessary to add that the answer is, _nothing_. + +Alfred Gatty. + +July 1. 1850. + + +"_Smoke Money_."--Under this name is collected every year at Battle, in +Sussex, by the Constable, one penny from every householder, and paid to +the Lord of the Manor. What is its origin and meaning? + +B. + +"_Rapido contrarius orbi_."--What divine of the seventeenth century +adopted these words as his motto? They are part of a line in one of +Owen's epigrams. + +N.B. + +_Lord Richard Christophilus_.--Can any of your readers give any account +of Lord Richard Christophilus, a Turk converted to Christianity, to +whom, immediately after the Restoration, in July, 1660, the Privy +Council appointed a pension of 50l. a-year, and an additional allowance +of 2l. a-week. + +CH. + +_Fiz-gigs_.--In those excellent poems, Sandys's _Paraphrases on Job and +other Books of the Bible_, there is a word of a most destructive +character to the effect. Speaking of leviathan, he asks, + + "Canst thou with _fiz-gigs_ pierce him to the quick?" + +It may be an ignorant question, but I do not know what fiz-gigs are. + +C.B. + +_Specimens of Erica in Bloom_.--Can any of your correspondents oblige me +by the information where I can procure specimens in bloom of the +following plants, viz. Erica crescenta, Erica paperina, E. purpurea, E. +flammea, and at what season they come into blossom in England? If +specimens are not procurable without much expense and trouble, can you +supply me with the name of a work in which these plants are figured? + +E.S. + +Dover. + +_Michael Scott, the Wizard_.--What works by Michael Scott, the reputed +wizard, (Sir Walter's _Deus ex Machina_ in _The Lay of the Last +Minstrel_), have been printed? + +X.Y.A. + +_Stone Chalices_.--Can any of the readers of "Notes and Queries" inform +me whether the use of _stone chalices_ was authorised by the ancient +constitutions of the Church; and, if so, at what period, and where the +said constitutions were enacted? + +X.Y.A. + + * * * * *{121} + + +REPLIES. + +ULRICH VON HUTTEN AND THE "EPISTOLAE OBSCURORUM VIRONUM." + +(Vol. ii., p. 55.) + +I have never seen the article in the _Quarterly Review_ to which your +correspondent H.B.C. alludes: he will probably find it by reference to +the index, which is not just now within my reach. The neat London +edition, 1710, of the _Epistolae_ was given by Michael Mattaire. There +are several subsequent reimpressions, but none worth notice except that +by Henr. Guil. Rotermund, Hanover, 1827, 8vo.; and again, with +improvements, "cum nova praefatione, nec non illustratione historica +circa originem earum, atque notitia de vita et scriptis virorum in +Epistolis occurentium aucta," 1830, both in 8vo. + +The best edition, however, is that given by Dr. Ernst Muench, Leipsic, +1827, 8vo., with the following title: + + "Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum aliaque AEvi Decimi sexti Monimenta + Rarissima. Die Briefe der Finsterlinge an Magister Ortuinus von + Deventer, nebst andern sehr seltenen Beitraegen zur + Literatur-Sitten-und-Kirchengeschichte des xvi'n Jahrhunderts." + +This contains many important additions, and a copious historical +introduction. Both the editors write in German. + +That this admirable satire produced an immense effect at the period of +its publication, there can be no doubt; but that it has ever been +thoroughly understood and relished among us may be doubted. Mr. Hallam, +in his _Literature of Europe_, vol. i., seems to have been disgusted +with the monkish dog-Latin and bald jokes, not recollecting that this +was a necessary and essential part of the design. Nor is it strange that +Steele, who was perhaps not very well acquainted with the history of +literature, should have misconceived the nature of the publication, when +we learn from an epistle of Sir Thomas More to Erasmus, that some of the +stupid theologasters themselves, who were held up to ridicule, received +it with approbation as a serious work: + + "_Epist. Obs. Viror_. operae pretium est videre quantopere + placeant omnibus, et doctis joco, et indoctis serio, qui dum + ridemus, putant rideri stylum tantum, quem illi non defendunt, + sed gravitate sententiarum dicunt compensatum, et latere sub + rudi vagina pulcherrimum gladium. Utinam fuisset inditus libello + alius titulus! Profecto intra centum annos homines studio + stupidi non sensissent nasum, quamquam rhinocerotico + longiorem."[8] + +Erasmus evidently enjoyed the witty contrivance, though he affects to +disapprove it as an anonymous libel. Simler, in his life of Bullinger, +relates that on the first reading Erasmus fell into such a fit of +laughter as to burst an abscess in his face with which he was at that +time troubled, and which prevented the necessity of a surgical +operation. + +The literary history of the _Epistolae_ and the _Dialogue_ is involved in +obscurity. That Ulrich von Hutten had a large share in their concoction +there can be no doubt; and that he was assisted by Crotus Rubianus and +Hermann von Busch, if not by others, seems highly probable. The +authorship of _Lamentationes Obscurorum Virorum_ is a paradox which has +not yet been solved. They are a parody, but a poor one, of the +_Epistolae_, and in the second edition are attributed to Ortuinus +Gratius. If they are by him, he must have been a dull dog indeed; but by +some it has been thought that they are the work of a Reuchlinist, to +mystify the monks of Cologne, and render them still more ridiculous; +yet, as the Pope's bull against the _Epistolae_, and Erasmus's +disapproving letter, find a prominent place, and some other +well-grounded inculpations occur, it appears to me that some +slender-witted advocate of the enemies of learning has here shown his +want of skill in handling the weapons of the adversary. + +How much Sir Thomas More was pleased with the writings of Hutten we may +gather from the opening of a letter which Erasmus addressed to Hutten, +giving an interesting account of his illustrious friend, in August, +1519: + + "Quod Thomae Mori ingenium sic deamas, ac pene dixerim deperis, + nimirum scriptis illius inflammatus, quibus (ut vere scribis) + nihil esse potest neque doctius neque festivius; istue mibi + crede, clarissime Huttene tibi cum multis commune est, cum Moro + mutuum etiam. Nam is vicissim adeo scriptorum tuorum genio + delectatur, ut ipse tibi plopemodum invideam." + +The Dialogue (Mire Festivus), which in the edition of 1710 occurs +between the first and second parts of the _Epistolae_, bears especial +marks of Hutten's manner, and is doubtless by him. The interlocutors are +three of the illustrious obscure, Magisters Ortuinus, Lupoldus, and +Gingolphus, and the first act of the comedy consists in their +observations upon the promoters of learning, Reuchlin, Erasmus, and +Faber Stapulensis, who afterwards make their appearance, and the +discussion becomes general, but no impression can be made upon the +stupid and prejudiced monks. The theme is, of course, the inutility of +the new learning, Hebrew and Greek and correct Latinity. One short +passage seems to me admirable:{122} + + "_M. Ging_. Et Sanctus Ambrosius, Sanctus Augustinus, et alii + omnes zelossimi doctores non sciebant ipsi bene tot, sicut iste + Ribaldi? _M. Ort_. Ipsi deberent interponere suis. _M. Lup_. Non + bene indigemus de suo Graeco. _M. Ging_. Videtur eis, qui sciunt + dicere _tou, tou, logos, monsotiros, legoim, taff, hagiotatos_, + quod ipse sciunt plus quam Deus. _M. Ort_. Magister noster + Lupolde, creditis, quod Deus curat multum de iste Graeco? _M. + Lup_. Certe non, Magister noster Ortuine, ego credo, quod Deus + non curat multum." + +Ranke, in his _History of the Reformation_, has very justly estimated +the merits and character of these remarkable productions: + + "We must not look for the delicate apprehension and tact, which + can only be formed in a highly polished state of society, nor + for the indignation of insulted morality expressed by the + ancients: it is altogether a caricature, not of finished + individual portraits, but of a single type;--a clownish sensual + German priest, his intellect narrowed by stupid wonder and + fanatical hatred, who relates with silly _naivete_ and gossiping + confidence the various absurd and scandalous situations into + which he falls. These letters are not the work of a high + poetical genius, but they have truth, coarse strong features of + resemblance, and vivid colouring." + +Ranke mentions another satire, which appeared in March, 1520, directed +against John Eck, the opponent of Luther, the latter being regarded in +the light of a successor of Reuchlin, under the title of _Abgehobelte +Eck_, or _Eccius dedolatus_, "which, for fantastic invention, striking +and crushing truth, and Aristophanic wit, far exceeded the _Literae Obsc. +V._, which it somewhat resembled." I have not yet been able to meet with +this; but such high praise, from so judicious a critic, makes me very +desirous to see and peruse it. + +S.W. Singer. + +Mickleham, July 3. 1850. + +[Footnote 8: "Ubi primum exissent _Ep. Ob. V._ miro Monachorum applausu +exceptae sunt apud Britannos a Franciscanis ac Dominicanis, qui sibi +persuadebant, eas in Reuchlini contumeliam, et Monachorum favorem, serio +proditus: quamque quidam egregie doctus, sed nasutissimus, fingeret se +nonnihil offendi stylo, consulati sunt hominem."--_Erasm. Epist._ 979.] + +_Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum_.--Your Querist H.B.C. (Vol. ii., pp. +55-57.) will find, in the 53rd vol. _Edinb. Rev._ p. 180., a long +article on these celebrated letters, containing much of the information +required. It is worthy of remark, that in page 195. we are told + + "In 1710 there was printed in London the _most elegant_ edition + that has ever appeared of these letters, which the editor, Mich. + Mattaire, gravely represents as the productions of their + ostensible authors." + +Now this edition, though neat, has no claim to be termed most elegant, +which is hardly to be reconciled with what the reviewer says in a note, +p. 210., "that the text of this ed. of 1710 is of no authority, and +swarms with typographical blunders." + +The work on its first appearance produced great excitement, and was +condemned by Pope Leo X. See _Dict. des Livres Condamnes, &c._, par +Peignot, tom. ii. p. 218. + +Many amusing anecdotes and notices are to be found in Bayle's _Dict_. +See particularly sub nomine Erasmus. Burton, in his _Anatomy of Mel._ +pt. i. sec. 2. Mem 3 sub 6. citing Jovius in Elogiis, says, + + "Hostratus cucullatus adeo graviter ob Reuchlini librum qui + inscribitur, Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum dolore simul et pudore + sauciatus, et scipsum interfecerit." + +See also _Nouv. Diction. Historique_ in the account of Gratius, O. + +There is also a good article on these letters in a very excellent work +entitled _Analectabiblion_, or _Extraits Critique de divers Livres +rares, &c., tirez du Cabinet du Marq. D. R. (oure)_. Paris, 1836. 2 +tomes 8vo. + +F.R.A. + +_Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum_.--The article inquired for by H.B.C. (Vol. +ii, p. 55) is probably one in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. liii. p. +180., attributed to Sir William Hamilton, the distinguished Professor of +Logic in the university of Edinburgh. + +CH. + + * * * * * + +CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE. + +(Vol. ii., p. 99.) + +Mr. Rimbault is wrong in giving to Abbot Milling the honour of being the +patron of Caxton, which is due to Abbot Esteney. Mr. C. Knight in his +_Life of Caxton_, which appropriately formed the first work of his +series of _Weekly Volumes_, has the following remarks upon the passage +from Stow, quoted by Mr. Rimbault: + + "The careful historians of London here committed one error; John + Islip did not become abbot of Westminster till 1500. John + Esteney was made abbot in 1474, and remained such until his + death in 1498. His predecessor was Thomas Milling. In Dugdale's + _Monasticon_ we find, speaking of Esteney, 'It was in this + abbot's time, and not in that of Milling, or in that of Abbot + Islip, that Caxton exercised the art of printing at + Westminster.'"--p. 140. #/ + +I have no work at hand to which I can refer for the date of Milling's +death, but if 1492 be correct, perhaps he may have been promoted to a +bishoprick. + +With reference to Mr. Rimbault's remark, that Caxton first mentions the +place of his printing in 1477, so that he must have printed some time +without informing us where, I may be allowed to observe that it seems +highly probable he printed, and indeed learned the art, at Cologne. At +the end of the third book of his translation of the _Recuyell of the +Historyes of Troye_, Caxton says: + + "Thus end I this book which I have translated after mine author, + as nigh as God hath given me cunning, to whom be given the laud + and praises ... I have practised and learned, at my great charge + and dispense, to ordain this said book in print, after the + manner and form as you may here see."{123} + +And on the title-page he informs us: + + "Whyche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in + 1468, and ended in the holy cyte of Colen, 19 Sept. 1471." + +This may refer to the translation only; but as Caxton was both +translator and printer, it does not seem unreasonable to regard it as +indicating when his entire labour upon the work was brought to a close. +I might support the view that Caxton printed at Cologne by other +arguments which would make the matter tolerably certain (see _Life of +Caxton_, p. 125., &c.); but as the excellent little work to which I am +indebted for these particulars is so well known, and so easily +accessible, I should not be justified in occupying more of your space, +and I will therefore conclude with noting that the parochial library at +Shipdham, in Norfolk, is said to contain books printed by Caxton and +other early printers. Perhaps some one of your correspondents would +record, for the general benefit, of what they consist. + +Arun. + +Dr. Rimbault has evidently not seen a short article on Caxton's printing +at Westminster, which I inserted in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for +April, 1846, nor the reference made to it in the magazine for June last, +p. 630., or he would have admitted that his objections to Dr. Dibdin's +conjectures on this point had been already stated; moreover, I think he +would have seen that the difficulty had been actually cleared up. In +truth, the popular misapprehension on this subject has not been +occasioned by any obscurity in the colophons of the great printer, or in +the survey of Stow, but merely by the erroneous constricted sense into +which the word abbey has passed in this country. Caxton himself tells us +he printed his books in "th' abbay of Westminstre," but he does not say +in the church of the abbey. Stow distinctly says it was in the almonry +of the abbey; and the handbill Dr. Rimbault refers to confirms that +fact. The almonry was not merely "within the precincts of the abbey," it +was actually a part of the abbey. Dr. Rimbault aims at the conclusion +that "the old chapel of St. Anne was doubtless the place where the first +printing-office was erected in England." But why so? Did not the chapel +continue a chapel until the Reformation, if not later? And Caxton would +no more set up his press in a chapel than in the abbey-church itself. +Stow says it was erected in the almonry. The almonry was one of the +courts of the abbey, (situated directly west of the abbey-church, and +not east, as Dr. Dibdin surmised); it contained a chapel dedicated to +St. Anne, and latterly an almshouse erected by the Lady Margaret. The +latter probably replaced other offices or lodgings of greater antiquity, +connected with the duties of the almoner, or the reception and relief of +the poor; and there need be no doubt that it was one of these buildings +that the Abbot of Westminster placed at the disposal of our +proto-typographer. There was nothing very extraordinary in his so doing +if we view the circumstance in its true light; for the _scriptoria_ of +the monasteries had ever been the principal manufactories of books. A +single press was now to do the work of many pens. The experiment was +successful; "after which time," as Stow goes on to say, "the like was +practised in the Abbeys of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, St. Alban's, +and other monasteries." The monks became printers instead of scribes; +but they would not ordinarily convert their churches or chapels into +printing-houses. The workmen, it is true, term the meetings held for +consultation on their common interests or pleasures, their _chapels_; +and whether this may have arisen from any particular instance in which a +chapel was converted into a printing-house, I cannot say. In order to +ascertain the origin of this term these Queries may be proposed:--Is it +peculiar to printers and to this country? Or is it used also in other +trades and on the Continent? + +John Gough Nichols. + + * * * * * + +THE NEW TEMPLE. + +Although I am unable to give a satisfactory reply to Mr. Foss's +inquiries, such information as I have is freely at his service. It may, +at all events, serve as a finger-post to the road. + +My survey gives a most minute extent, of 35 preceptories, 23 "camerae" of +the Hospitallers, 13 preceptories formerly commandries of the Templars, +74 limbs, and 70 granges, impropriations, &c., and, among them all, not +a single one of the valuation of the New Temple itself. _Reprises_ of +that establishment are entered, but no _receipts_. + +The former are as follows: + + "In emendationem et sustentationem ecclesie Novi Templi, London, + et in vino, cera, et oleo, et ornamentis ejusdem ... x m. + + "In uno fratri [_sic_] Capellano et octo Capellanis secularibus, + deservientibus ecclesiam quondam Templariorum apud London, + vocatam Novum Templum, prout ordinatum est per totum consilium + totius regni, pro animabus fundatorum dicti Novi Templi et alia + [_sic_] possessionum alibi ... lv m. + + "Videlicet, frati Capellano, pro se et ecclesia, xv m., et + cuilibet Capellano, v m., ubi solebant esse, tempore + Templariorum, unus Prior ecclesie et xij Capellani seculares. + + "Item in diversis pensionibus solvendis diversis personis per + annum, tam in Curia domini Regis, quam Justiciariis Clericis, + Officiariis, et aliis ministris, in diversis Curiis suis, ac + etiam aliis familiaribus magnatum, tam pro terris tenementis, + redditibus, et libertatibus hospitalis, quam Templariorum, et + maxime pro terris Templariorum manutenendis, videlicet, + Baronibus in Scaccario domini Regis Domino Roberto de Sadyngton, + militi, Capitali baroni de Scaccario, xl." &c. &c.{124} + +enumerating pensions to the judges, clerks, &c., in all the courts, to +the amount of above 60l. per annum. To + + "Magnatibus, secretariis, et familiaribus domini Regis et + aliorum;" + +the pensions enumerated amount to about 440_l._ per annum. + +Then, to the treasurer, barons, clerks, &c., of the Exchequer (140 +persons): + + "Bis in anno, videlicet, tempore yemali, pilliola furrata + pellura minuti varii et bogeti, et quedam non furrata; et + tempore estivali totidem pilliola lineata de sindone, et quedam + non lineata, unicuique de Curia Scaccarii predicti, tam + minoribus quam majoribus, secundum gradus, statum, et officium + personarum predictarum, que expense se extendunt annuatim ad ... + x ii." + + "Item sunt alie expense facte in Curiis Regis annuatim pro + officio generalis procuratoris in diversis Curiis Regis, que de + necessitate fieri oportet, pro brevibus Regis, et Cartis + impetendis, et aliis, negociis in eisdem Curiis expediendis, que + ad minus ascendunt per annum, prout evidencius apparet, per + compotum et memoranda dicti fratris de Scaccario qui per + capitulum ad illud officium oneratur ... lx m." + + "Item in donis dandis in Curiis domini Regis et aliorum magnatum + _pro favore habendo_ et pro placitis defendendis, et expensis + parlialmentorum, ad minus bis per annum ... cc m." + +I have made these extracts somewhat more at length than may, perhaps, be +to the point in question, because they contain much that is highly +interesting as to the apparently questionable mode in which the +Hospitallers obtained the protection of the courts (and probably they +were not singular in their proceedings); annual pensions to judges, +besides other largesses, and much of this "pro favore habendo," +contrasts painfully with the "spotless purity of the ermine" which +dignifies our present age. + +In the "extent" we have occasionally a grange held rent free for life by +a judge. Chief Justice Geffrey de Scrop so held that of Penhull in +Northumberland. + +Putting all these facts together, and bearing in mind that, throughout +this elaborate "extent," there are neither profits nor rent entered, as +for the Temple itself, so that it seems to have then been neither in the +possession nor occupation of the Hospitallers, is it not possible that +they had alienated it to the lawyers, as a discharge for these heavy +annual incumbrances,--_prospectively_, perhaps, because by the entry of +these charges among the "reprise," the life interests, at all events, +were still paid; or perhaps the alienation was itself made to them "pro +favore habendo" in some transaction that the Hospitallers wished to have +carried by the Courts; or it may have been made as a _bona fide_ bribe +for future protection. At all events, when we see such extensive +payments made annually to the lawyers, their ultimate possession of the +fee simple is no unnatural result. But, as I am altogether ignorant of +the history of the New Temple, I must refrain from suggestions, giving +the simple facts as I find them, and leaving the rest to the learning +and investigation of your correspondent. + +L.B.L. + + * * * * * + +STRANGERS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 17. 83.) + +Mr. Ross is right in saying that "no alteration has taken place in the +_practice_ of the House of Commons with respect to the admission of +strangers." The practice was at variance with the old sessional order: +it is consistent with the new standing order of 1845. I do not +understand how any one can read these words of the new standing order, +"that the sergeant-at-arms ... do take into his custody any stranger +whom he may see ... in any part of the house or gallery appropriated to +the members of the House: and also any stranger _who, having been +admitted into any other part of the house or gallery_," &c., and say +that the House of Commons does not now recognise the presence of +strangers; nor can I understand how Mr. Ross can doubt that the old +sessional order absolutely prohibited their presence. It did not keep +them out certainly, for they were admitted in the teeth of it; but so +long as that sessional order was in force, prohibition to strangers was +the theory. + +Mr. Ross refers to publication of speeches. Publication is still +prohibited in theory. Mr. Ross perhaps is not aware that the prohibition +of publication of speeches rests on a foundation independent of the old +sessional order against the presence of strangers,--on a series of +resolutions declaring publication to be a breach of the privileges of +Parliament, to be found in the Journals of 1642, 1694, 1695, 1697, 1703, +1722, and 1724. + +We unfortunately cannot settle in your columns whether, as Mr. Ross +asserts, "if a member in debate should inadvertently allude to the +possibility of his observations being heard by a stranger, the Speaker +would immediately call him to order;" but my strong belief is, that he +would not: and I hope, if there are any members of the House of Commons +who have time to read "Notes and Queries," that one of them may be +induced to take a suitable opportunity of obtaining the Speaker's +judgment. + +"Yet at other times," Mr. Ross goes on to say, "the right honourable +gentlemen will listen complacently to discussions arising out of the +complaints of members that strangers will not publish to the world all +that they hear pass in debate." If this be so, I suppose the Speaker +sees nothing disorderly in a complaint, that what has been spoken in +Parliament has _not_ been published: but I read frequently in my +newspaper that the Speaker interrupts {125} members who speak of +speeches having been published. "This is one of the inconsistencies," +Mr. Ross proceeds, "resulting from the determination of the House not +expressly to recognise the presence of strangers." Inconsistency there +certainly is,--the inconsistency of making publication a breach of +privilege, and allowing it to go on daily. + +As strangers may be admitted into the House to hear debates, and not +allowed to publish what they hear, so they may he admitted, subject to +exclusion at certain times, or when the House chooses. And this is the +case. The House, of course, retains the power of excluding them at any +moment. They are always made to withdraw before the House goes to a +division. This is a matter of practice, founded probably on some +supposed reasons of convenience. Again, on any member desiring strangers +to be excluded, the Speaker desires them to withdraw, without allowing +any discussion. + +I have only to notice one other observation of Mr. Ross's, which is the +following: + + "When I speak of strangers being admitted, it must not be + supposed that this was done by order of the House. No, + everything relating to the admission of strangers to, and their + accommodation in the House of Commons, is effected by some + mysterious agency, for which no one is directly responsible. Mr. + Barry has built galleries for strangers in the new house; but if + the matter were made a subject of inquiry, it probably would + puzzle him to state under what authority he has acted." + +I do not think there is anything mysterious as regards admission. I am +fond of hearing the debates, and my parliamentary friends are very kind +to me. Sometimes I content myself with an order from a member, which +takes me into the hinder seats of the non-reporting strangers' gallery; +sometimes, when I know beforehand of an interesting debate, I get one of +my friends to put my name on the "Speaker's list," and I then take my +seat on one of the two front rows of the strangers' gallery; sometimes, +again, I go down on the chance, while the House is sitting; and if I am +fortunate enough to find any one of any friends there, he generally +brings me, in a few moments, an order from the Sergeant-at-arms, which +takes me also to the front row of the strangers' gallery. Some benches +under the strangers' gallery are reserved for peers, ambassadors, and +peers' eldest sons. The Speaker and the Sergeant-at-arms give permission +generally to foreigners, and sometimes to some other persons, to sit in +these benches. I do not know which officer of the House of Commons +superintends the admission of reporters. Ladies are admitted to the +Black Hole assigned to them, by orders from the Sergeant-at-arms. I have +no doubt that the Speaker and Sergeant-at-arms are responsible to the +House for everything relating to the admission of strangers, and without +taking upon myself to say what is the authority under which Mr. Barry +has acted, I have no doubt that, in building galleries for strangers in +the new house, he has done what is consistent not only with the long +established practice, but, under the new order of 1845, with the theory +of the House of Commons. + +As regards the passage quoted by Mr. Jackson from the _Edinburgh +Review_, the reviewer would probably allow that he had overlooked the +new standing order of 1845; and Mr. Jackson will perceive that the +recognition of the presence of strangers does not legalise the +publication of speeches. The supposed difficulty in the way of +legalising publication is, that the House of Commons would then make +itself morally responsible for the publication of any libellous matter +in speeches. I do not see the force of this difficulty. But the +expediency of the existing rule is not a proper subject for discussion +in your columns. + +CH. + +Whatever the present practice of the House of Commons with respect to +strangers may be, it does not seem probable that it will soon undergo +alteration. In the session of 1849 a Select Committee, composed of +fifteen members, and including the leading men of all parties, was +appointed "to consider the present practice of this House in respect of +the exclusion of strangers." The following is the Report of the +Committee _in extenso_ (_Parl. Pap._, No. 498. Sess. 1849): + + "That the existing usage of excluding strangers during a + division, and upon the notice by an individual Member that + strangers are present, has prevailed from a very early period of + parliamentary history; that the instances in which the power of + an individual Member to exclude has been exercised have been + very rare: and that it is the unanimous opinion of your + committee, that there is no sufficient ground for making any + alteration in the existing practice with regard to the admission + or exclusion of strangers." + +This Report confirms the statement of Mr. Ross (p. 83., _ante_), that +within his experience of thirty-one years no change has been made in the +present rule of the House upon this matter, which, it would seem, dates +very far back. The Speaker was the only witness examined before the +Committee, and his evidence is not printed. + +Arun. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Morganatic Marriage_ (Vol. ii., p. 72.).--According to M., Ducange has +connected this expression with _morgingab_; but I have looked in vain +for such connection in my edition of the _Glossary_ (Paris, 1733). The +truth most probably is, that _morganatic_, in the phrase "matrimonium ad +morganaticam," {126} was akin to the Gothic _maurgjan_, signifying, "to +procrastinate," "to bring to an end," "to shorten," "to limit." This +application of the word would naturally rise out of the restrictions +imposed upon the wife and children of a morganatic marriage. + +C.H. + +_Umbrellas_ (Vol. i., p. 415. 436.; ii. 25.).--In Swift's description of +a city shower (_Tatler_, No. 238., October 17. 1710), umbrellas are +mentioned as in common use by women: + + "Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down, + Threatening with deluge the devoted town; + To shops, in crowds, the daggled females fly, + Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy; + The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach, + Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach; + The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides, + While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides." + +H.B.C. + +U.U. Club, July 2. + +_Bands_ (Vol. ii., pp. 23. 76.)--_Scarf_.--I was glad to read Arun's +explanation of the origin of the bands now worn by the clergy; which, +however, seems merely to amount to their being an adoption of a Genevan +portion of clerical costume. That they are the descendants of the ruff, +there can be no doubt, just as wrist-bands have more recently succeeded +to ruffles. + +I cannot resist mentioning that an ingenious friend suggested to me, +that the broad, stiff, laid-down collar, alluded to in the former part +of Arun's communication, possibly gave rise to the modern band in the +following manner:--When the scarf, still in use, was drawn over the +shoulders and hung down in front, that part of the broad collar which +was left visible, being divided up the middle, presented a shape and +appearance exactly like our common bands. Hence, it was imagined, this +small separate article of dress might have originated. + +Is it Butler, Swift, or who, that says, + + "A Chrysostom to smoothe his band in"? + +Whenever this was written, it must have referred to our modern bands. + +Who amongst the clergy are _entitled_ to wear a scarf? Is it the badge +of a chaplain only? or what circumstances justify its being worn? + +Alfred Gatty. + +July 1. 1850. + +_Bands_ (Vol. ii., p. 76.).--An early example of the collar, approaching +to the form of our modern bands, may be seen in the portrait of Cardinal +Beatoun, who was assassinated in 1546. The original is in Holyrood +Palace, and an engraving in Mr. Lodge's _Portraits_. The artist is +unknown, but from the age of the face one may infer that it was painted +about 1540. + +C.H. + +_Jewish Music_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--See a host of authorities on the +subject of Hebrew music and musical instruments in Winer's +_Realwoerterbuch_ vol. ii., pp. 120. _seq._, 3d edit. There is a good +abstract respecting them in Jahn's _Hebrew Antiquities_, sect. 92-96. + +C.H. + +_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--In +illustration of, not in answer to, Mr. Sansom's inquiry, I beg to offer +the following statement. During a long series of years an average of +about 150 corpses has been annually deposited in Ecclesfield churchyard, +which has rendered it an extremely crowded cemetery. But, +notwithstanding these frequent interments, my late sexton told me that +he remembered when there was scarcely one grave to the north of the +church, it being popularly considered that only suicides, unbaptised +persons, and still-born children ought to be buried there. However, when +a vicar died about twenty-seven years ago, unlike his predecessors, who +had generally been buried in the chancel, he was laid in a tomb on the +north side of the churchyard, adjoining the vicarage. From this time +forward the situation lost all its evil reputation amongst the richer +inhabitants of the parish, who have almost entirely occupied it with +family vaults. + +Whether the prejudice against the north side of our churchyard arose +from an idea that it was unconsecrated, I cannot tell but I suspect +that, from inherited dislike, the poor are still indisposed towards it. +When the women of the village have to come to the vicarage after +nightfall, they generally manage to bring a companion, and hurry past +the gloomy end of the north transept as if they knew + + "that close behind + Some frightful fiend did tread." + +I cannot help fancying that the objection is attributable to a notion +that evil spirits haunt the spot in which, possibly from very early +times, such interments took place as my sexton described. As a +suggestion towards a full solution of this popular superstition, I would +ask whether persons who formerly underwent ecclesiastical +excommunication were customarily buried on the north side of +churchyards? + +Alfred Gatty. + +Ecclesfield, June 28. 1850. + +I can only give from recollection a statement of a tradition, that when +Jesus Christ died he turned his head towards the south; and so, ever +since, the south side of a church has the pre-eminence. There generally +is the bishop's throne, and the south aisle of ancient basilicas was +appropriated to men. Simple observation shows that the supposed sanctity +extends to the churchyard,--for there the tombstones lie thickest. + +I find that my source of information for the {127} tradition was +Cockerell's last lecture on Architecture, _Athenaeum_ for 1843, p. 187. +col. 3. + +A.J.H. + +"_Men are but Children_," &c.--R.G. (Vol. ii., p. 22.) will find the +line about which he inquires in Dryden's _All for Love; or, The World +well Lost_, Act iv. Sc. 1. + + Dolabella (_loq._): + "Men are but children of a larger growth, + Our appetites as apt to change as theirs, + And full as craving too, and full as vain." + +J.R.M. + +King's College, London, July 12. 1850. + +_Ventriloquism_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--Mr. SANSOM will find some curious +information touching the words [Hebrew: 'or], [Greek: eggastrimuthos], +&c., in Dr. Maitland's recent _Illustrations and Enquiries relating to +Mesmerism_, pp. 55. 81. The Lexicons of Drs. Lee and Gesenius may also +be consulted, under the word [Hebrew: 'or]. The former of these +lexicographers would rank the Pythian priestess with "our modern +conjurers." + +C.H. + +St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. + +_Cromwell's Estates--Magor_ (Vol. i., p. 277. 389.).--As the South Wales +line is now open as far as Chepstow, it may not be uninteresting to V. +to know, that it diverges from the coast between Chepstow and Newport, +in order to pass Bishopston and _Magor_, the last of which he rightly +placed in Monmouthshire. + +SELEUCUS. + +_Vincent Gookin_ (Vol. i., pp. 385. 473. 492.; Vol. ii. p. 44.) is +described in a _Narrative of the late Parliament_ (Cromwell's +Parliament, d. 1656), in the _Harleian Miscellany_, as + + "One of the letters of land in Ireland, receiving three hundred + pounds per annum." + +He and three other Irish members, Colonel Jephson, Ralph King, and Bice, +are classed together in this tract, which is hostile to Cromwell, as + + "Persons not thought meet to be in command, though they much + desire it, and are of such poor principles and so unfit to make + rulers of as they would not have been set with the dogs of the + flock, if the army and others who once pretended to be honest + had kept close to their former good and honest principles." + +Vincent Gookin voted for the clause in the "Petition and Advice" giving +the title of "King" to Cromwell. + +CH. + +_All-to brake_ (Vol. i., p. 395.).--The interpretation given is +incorrect. "All-to" is very commonly used by early writers for +"altogether:" e.g., "all-to behacked," Calfhill's _Answer to Martiall's +Treatise of the Cross_, Parker Society's edition, p. 3.; "all-to +becrossed," _ibid._ p. 91.; "all-to bebatted," _ibid._ p. 133., &c. &c. +The Parker Society reprints will supply innumerable examples of the use +of the expression. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +The two of Mr. Hunter's _Critical and Historical Tracts_, which we have +had the opportunity of examining, justify to the fullest the +expectations we had formed of them. The first, _Agincourt; a +Contribution towards an authentic List of the Commanders of the English +Host, in King Henry the Fifth's Expedition, in the Third Year of his +Reign_, Mr. Hunter describes as "an instalment," we venture to add "a +very valuable instalment," from evidence which has been buried for +centuries in the unknown masses of national records, towards a complete +list of the English Commanders who served with the King in that +expedition, with, in most cases, the number of the retinue which each +Commander undertook to bring into the field, and, in some instances, +notices of events happening to the contingents. The value of a work +based upon such materials, our historical readers will instantly +recognise. The lovers of our poetry will regard with equal interest, and +peruse with equal satisfaction, Mr. Hunter's brochure entitled _Milton; +a Sheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and Annotators_, and admit +that he has bound up the new biographical illustrations and critical +comments, which he has gathered in that pleasant field of literary +inquiry, the life and writings of Milton, into a goodly and a pleasant +sheaf. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will commence on Monday, the 29th of this month, +a three days' Sale of Greek Roman, and English Coins, English and +Foreign Medals, Cabinets, &c., the property of a Gentleman leaving +England. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.) + +_Odd Volumes._ + +MOULTRIE'S POEMS. Vol. I. + +Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +C.J.S. _The Inscription from the brass in Chinnor Church, Oxon, is_ +Mouns. Esmoun de Malyns fitz Mouns. Reynald de Malyns Chr. et Isabelle +sa femme gisoient icy Dieu de ses ailmes eit mercy, _being in memory of +Esmond de Malyns and his wife. The father_, Renald de Malyns, _was +interred in the same church._ + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._ + +Errata. In No. 37., p. 98., col. 2., 1. 16., for "1625" read "1695"; p. +101., l. 31., "Inchi_g_uin" should be "Inchi_q_uin"; p. 106., col. 2., +1. 26. should be-- + + "And disappoints the Queen, poor little Chuck." {128} + + * * * * * + +COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR +OF THE +TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER. + +JOHN BRUCE, esq., Treas. S.A. +J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A. +PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A. +WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A. +THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A. +SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H. +JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A. +HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A. +SAMUEL SHEPERD, Esq., F.S.A. +WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A. + +The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast mouldering +into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds will effect a +perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it right to fix any limit +to the subscription, they themselves have opened the list with a +contribution from each of them of Five Shillings; but they will be ready +to receive any amount, more or less, which those who value poetry and +honour Chaucer may be kind enough to remit to them. + +Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, Ellesmere, +and Shaftesbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon, Pres. Soc. 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With Twelve Illustrations, +engraved on Wood by BRANSTON. + +"Of the different books of this nature that have fallen, in our way, we +do not remember one that has equalled Mr. Grant's."--_Spectator_. + +"Mr. Grant's very interesting history of the Castle of Edinburgh--a work +equally distinguished by research, accuracy, and pictorial +interest."--_Alison's Essays_. + +"We have been much amused with this little book, which abounds in +pleasant and interesting episodes, and we recommend it as an excellent +specimen of local history."--_Athenaeum_. + +WILLIAM BLACKWOOD and Sons, Edinburgh And London. + + * * * * * + +Preparing for publication, in 2 vols. small 8vo. + +THE FOLK-LORE Of ENGLAND. + +By WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society, Editor of +"Early Prose Romances," "Lays and Legends of all Nations," &c. One +object of the present work is to furnish new contributions to the +History of our National Folk-Lore; and especially some of the more +striking Illustrations of the subject to be found in the Writings of +Jacob Grimm and other Continental Antiquaries. + +Communications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable Customs and +Popular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are earnestly solicited, and +will be thankfully acknowledged by the Editor. They may be addressed to +the care of Mr. BELL, Office of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth. + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS, +F.S.A. + +"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is treated +with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss +has brought to light many points previously unknown, corrected many +errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to conduct it +successfully through all the intricacies of a difficult investigation, +and such taste and judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion +requires, the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to +his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a philosophical +history."--_Gent. Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, July 20. 1850. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, +July 20, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, *** + +***** This file should be named 13362.txt or 13362.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/3/6/13362/ + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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