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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13359 ***
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 14, No. 391.] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.]
+
+
+
+
+MR. GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.
+
+
+Mr. Gurney, in perfecting this invention, has followed Dr. Franklin's
+advice--to tire and begin again. It is now four years since he first
+commenced his ingenious enterprise; and nearly two years since we
+reported and illustrated the progress he had made. (_See_ MIRROR, vol.
+x. page 393, or No. 287.) He began with a large boiler, but public
+prejudice was too strong for it; and knowing people talked of high
+pressure accidents; the steam, could not, of course, be altogether got
+rid of, so to divide the danger, Mr. Gurney made his boiler in forty
+welded iron pipes; still the steam ran in a main pipe beneath the
+whole of the carriage, and the evil was but modified. At length the
+inventer has detached the engine and boiler, or locomotive part of
+the apparatus, which is now to be fastened to the carriage, and may
+be considered as a STEAM-HORSE, with no more danger than we should
+apprehend from a restive animal, in whose veins the steam or mettle
+circulates with too high a pressure. Fair trials have been made of
+the Improved Carriage on our common roads, the Premier has decided the
+machine "to be of great national importance," from sundry experiments
+witnessed by his grace, at Hounslow Barracks; and the coach is
+announced "really to start next month (the 1st) in working--not
+experimental journeys--for travellers between London and Bath."[1]
+Crack upon crack will follow joke upon joke; the _Omnibus_, with its
+phaeton-like coursers will be eclipsed; and a journey to Bath and the
+Hot Wells by steam will soon be an everyday event.
+
+Descriptions of Mr. Gurney's carriage have been so often before the
+public, that extended detail is unnecessary. Besides, all our liege
+subscribers will turn to the account in our No. 287. The recent
+improvements have been perspicuously stated by Mr. Herapath, of
+Cranford, in a letter in the _Times_ newspaper, and we cannot do
+better than adopt and abridge a portion of his communication.
+
+"The present differs from the earlier carriage, in several
+improvements in the machinery, suggested by experiment; also in
+having no propellers;[2] and in having only four wheels instead of
+six; the apparatus for guiding being applied immediately to the two
+fore-wheels, bearing a part of the weight, instead of two extra
+leading wheels bearing little or none. No person can conceive the
+absolute control this apparatus gives to the director of the carriage,
+unless he has had the same opportunities of observing it which I
+had in a ride with Mr. Gurney. Whilst the wheels obey the slightest
+motions of the hand, a trifling pressure of the foot keeps them
+inflexibly steady, however rough the ground. To the hind axle, which
+is very strong, and bent into two cranks of nine inches radius, at
+right angles to each other, is applied the propelling power by means
+of pistons from two horizontal cylinders. By this contrivance, and a
+peculiar mode of admitting the steam to the cylinders, Mr. Gurney has
+very ingeniously avoided that cumbersome appendage to steam-engines,
+the fly-wheel, and preserves uniformity of action by constantly having
+one cylinder on full pressure, whilst the other is on the reduced
+expansive. The dead points--that is, those in which a piston has no
+effect from being in the same right line with its crank,--are also
+cleared by the same means. For as the cranks are at right angles, when
+one piston is at a dead point, the other has a position of maximum
+effect, and is then urged by full steam power; but no sooner has the
+former passed the dead point, than an expansion valve opens on it with
+full steam, and closes on the latter. Firmly fixed to the extremities
+of the axle, and at right angles to it, are the two 'carriers'--(two
+strong irons extending each way to the felloes of the wheels.) These
+irons may be bolted to the felloes of the wheels or not, or to the
+felloes of one wheel only. Thus the power applied to the axle is
+carried at once to the parts of the wheels of least stress--the
+circumferences. By this artifice the wheels are required to be of no
+greater strength and weight than ordinary carriage-wheels; and, like
+them, they turn freely and independently on the axle; but one or
+both may be secured as part and parcel of the axle, as circumstances
+require. The carriage is consequently propelled by the friction or
+hold which either or both hind-wheels, according as the power is
+applied to them jointly or separately, have on the ground. Beneath
+the hind part drop two irons, with flat feet, called 'shoe-drags.' A
+well-contrived apparatus, with a spindle passing up through a hollow
+cylinder, to which the guiding handle is affixed, enables the director
+to force one or both drags tight on the road, so as to retard the
+progress in a descent, or if he please, to raise the wheels off
+the ground. The propulsive power of the wheels being by this means
+destroyed, the carriage is arrested in a yard or two, though going at
+the rate of eighteen or twenty miles an hour. On the right hand of the
+director lies the handle of the throttle-valve, by which he has the
+power of increasing or diminishing the supply of steam _ad libitum_,
+and hence of retarding or accelerating the carriage's velocity. The
+whole carriage and machinery weigh about 16 cwt., and with the full
+complement of water and coke 20 or 22 cwt., of which, I am informed,
+about 16 cwt. lie on the hind-wheels."
+
+Mr. H. then enumerates the principle of the improvements:--"That
+troublesome appendage the fly-wheel, as I have observed, Mr. Gurney
+has rendered unnecessary. The danger to be apprehended in going over
+rough pitching, from too rapid a generation of steam, he avoids by a
+curious application of springs; and should these be insufficient, one
+or two safety valves afford the _ultimatum_ of security. He ensures
+an easy descent down the steepest declivity by his 'shoe-drags,' and
+the power of reversing the action of the engines. His hands direct,
+and his foot literally pinches obedience to the course over the
+roughest and most refractory ground. The dreadful consequences of
+boiler-bursting are annihilated by a judicious application of tubular
+boilers. Should, indeed, a tube burst, a hiss about equal to that of a
+hot nail plunged into water, contains the sum total of alarm, while a
+few strokes with a hammer will set all to rights again. Lastly, he has
+so contrived his 'carriers,' that they shall act without confining the
+wheels, by which means there is none of that sliding and consequent
+cutting up of the road, which, in sharp turnings, would result from
+inflexible constraint.
+
+"Hills and loose, slippery ground are well known to be the _res
+adversæ_ of steam-carriages; on ordinary level roads they roll
+along with rapid facility. In every ascent there are two additional
+circumstances inimical to progressive motion. One is, that carriages
+press less on the ground of a hill than on that of a plain, thus
+giving the wheels a less forcible grasp or bite. But this may be
+easily remedied in the structure of a carriage, and is not of very
+material consequence in the steepest hills that we have. The other is
+more serious. When a carriage ascends a hill, the weight or gravity of
+the whole is decomposable into two--one perpendicular, and the other
+parallel to the road. The former constitutes the pressure on the road,
+the latter the additional work the engine has to perform. Universally
+this is the same part of the whole carriage and its load together,
+which the perpendicular ascent of the hill is of its length. With
+these principles, if we knew the bite of the wheels on the road,
+we could at once subject the powers of Mr. Gurney's carriage to
+calculation.
+
+"Now, from one of the experiments made in the barrack-yard, at
+Hounslow, I find we can approximate towards it. For instance, with one
+wheel only fixed to the 'carriers,' the carriage drew itself and load
+of water and coke (about 1 ton), with three men on it, and a wagon
+behind of 16 cwt. containing 27 soldiers. This, at the rate of 1-1/2
+cwt. to a man, in round numbers is 4 tons. Estimating the force of
+traction of spring carriages at a twelfth of the total weight, it
+consequently gives a hold or bite on the road of 1-12 of 4 tons, or
+6 2-3rds cwt. per wheel, or 13 1-3rd cwt. for the two wheels. This is
+likewise the propelling force of the carriage. Supposing, therefore,
+we were ascending a hill of 1 foot rise in 8, which I am assured
+exceeds in steepness any hill we have, we should be able to draw a
+load behind of 2 tons 2 cwt., or between 3 and 4 tons altogether....
+
+"On a good level road I think it not improbable it might draw, instead
+of 7 tons which our experiment would give, from 10 to 11, besides
+its own weight, or 100 ordinary men, exclusive of 2 or 3 tons for
+carriages; and up one of our steepest hills, 3 tons besides itself, or
+25 men besides a ton for a carriage. This it would do at a rate of 8,
+9, or 10 miles an hour. For it is a singular feature in this carriage,
+and which was remarked by many at the time, that it maintained very
+nearly the same speed with a wagon and 27 men, that it did with the
+carriage and only 5 or 6 persons. But there is a fact connected with
+this machine still more extraordinary. For instance, every additional
+cwt. we shift on the hind or working wheels, will increase the power
+of traction in our steepest hills upwards of 4 cwt., and on the
+level road half a ton. Such, then, is the paradoxical nature of
+steam-carriages, that the very circumstance which in animal exertion
+would weaken and retard, will here multiply their strength and
+accelerate. This, no doubt, Mr. Gurney's ingenuity will soon turn to
+profitable account.
+
+"It has often been asserted that carriages of this sort could not
+go above 6 or 7 miles an hour. I can see no reasonable objection
+to 20. The following fact, decided before a large company in the
+barrack-yard, will best speak for itself:--At eighteen minutes after
+three I ascended the carriage with Mr. Gurney. After we had gone about
+half way round, 'Now,' said Mr. Gurney, 'I will show you her speed.'
+He did, and we completed seven turns round the outside of the road
+by twenty-eight minutes after three. If, therefore, as I was there
+assured, two and a half turns measured one mile, we went 2.8 miles
+in ten minutes; that is, at the rate of 16.8, or nearly 17 miles per
+hour. But as Mr. Gurney slackened its motion once or twice in the
+course of trial, to speak to some one, and did not go at an equal rate
+all the way round for fear of accident in the crowd, it is clear that
+sometimes we must have proceeded at the rate of upwards of twenty
+miles an hour."
+
+The Engraving will furnish the reader with a correct idea of such of
+Mr. Gurney's improvements as are most interesting to the public. The
+present arrangement is certainly very preferable to placing the boiler
+and engine in immediate contact with the carriage, which is to convey
+goods and passengers. Men of science are still much divided on the
+practical economy of using steam instead of horses as a travelling
+agent; but we hope, like all great contemporaries they may whet and
+cultivate each other till the desired object is attained. One of them,
+a writer in the _Atlas_, observes, that "if ultimately found capable
+of being brought into public use, it would probably be most convenient
+and desirable that several locomotive engines should be employed on
+one line of road, in order that they might be exchanged at certain
+stages for the purposes of examination, tightening of screws, and
+other adjustments, which the jolting on passing over the road might
+render necessary, and for the supply of fuel and water."
+
+An effectively-coloured lithographic of Mr. Gurney's carriage (by
+Shoesmith) has recently appeared at the printsellers', which we take
+this opportunity of recommending to the notice of collectors and
+scrappers.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Literary Gazette," Sept. 19, 1829.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The propellers, I am informed, are not absolutely
+discarded. They are now not fixed, but movable, and reserved for
+extreme possible emergencies, or for certain military purposes.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUNNING SATIRE ON AN INCONSTANT LOVER.
+
+  You are as faithless as a _Carthaginian_,
+  To love at once, _Kate, Nell, Doll, Martha, Jenny, Anne._
+
+SWIFT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BRIMHAM ROCKS[3] BY MOONLIGHT.
+
+(_FOR THE MIRROR._)
+
+
+  The sun hath set, but yet I linger still,
+  Gazing with rapture on the face of night;
+  And mountain wild, deep vale, and heathy hill,
+  Lay like a lovely vision, mellow, bright,
+  Bathed in the glory of the sunset light,
+  Whose changing hues in flick'ring radiance play,
+  Faint and yet fainter on the outstretch'd sight,
+  Until at length they wane and die away,
+  And all th' horizon round fades into twilight gray.
+
+  But, slowly rising up the vaulted sky,
+  Forth comes the moon, night's joyous, sylvan queen,
+  With one lone, silent star, attendant by
+  Her side, all sparkling in its glorious sheen;
+  And, floating swan-like, stately, and serene,
+  A few light fleecy clouds, the drapery of heav'n,
+  Throw their pale shadows o'er this witching scene,
+  Deep'ning its mystic grandeur--and seem driven
+  Round these all shapeless piles like Time's wan spectres risen
+
+  From out the tombs of ages. All around
+  Lies hushed and still, save with large, dusky wing
+  The bird of night makes its ill-omened sound;
+  Or moor-game, nestling 'neath th' flowery ling
+  Low chuckle to their mates--or startled, spring
+  Away on rustling pinions to the sky,
+  Wheel round and round in many an airy ring,
+  Then swooping downward to their covert hie,
+  And, lodged beneath the heath again securely lie.
+
+  Ascend yon hoary rock's impending brow,
+  And on its windy summit take your stand--
+  Lo! Wilsill's lovely vale extends below,
+  And long, long heathy moors on either hand
+  Stretch dark and misty--a bleak tract of land,
+  Whereon but seldom human footsteps come;
+  Save when with dog, obedient at command,
+  And gun, the sportsman quits his city home,
+  And brushing through the ling in quest of game doth roam.
+
+  And lo! in wild confusion scattered round,
+  Huge, shapeless, naked, massy piles of stone
+  Rise, proudly towering o'er this barren ground,
+  Scowling in mutual hate--apart, alone,
+  Stern, desolate they stand--and seeming thrown
+  By some dire, dread convulsion of the earth
+  From her deep, silent caves, and hoary grown
+  With age and storms that Boreas issues forth
+  Replete with ire from his wild regions in the north.
+
+  How beautiful! yet wildly beautiful,
+  As group on group comes glim'ring on the eye,
+  Making the heart, soul, mind, and spirit full
+  Of holy rapture and sweet imagery;
+  Till o'er the lip escapes th' unconscious sigh,
+  And heaves the breast with feeling, too too deep
+  For words t' express the awful sympathy,
+  That like a dream doth o'er the senses creep,
+  Chaining the gazer's eye--and yet he cannot weep.
+
+  But stands entranced and rooted to the spot,
+  While grows the scene upon him vast, sublime,
+  Like some gigantic city's ruin, not
+  Inhabited by men, but Titans--Time
+  Here rests upon his scythe and fears to climb,
+  Spent by th' unceasing toil of ages past,
+  Musing he stands and listens to the chime
+  Of rock-born spirits howling in the blast,
+  While gloomily around night's sable shades are cast.
+
+  Well deemed I ween the Druid sage of old
+  In making this his dwelling place on high;
+  Where all that's huge and great from Nature's mould,
+  Spoke this the temple of his deity;
+  Whose walls and roof were the o'erhanging sky,
+  His altar th' unhewn rock, all bleak and bare,
+  Where superstition with red, phrensied eye
+  And look all wild, poured forth her idol prayer,
+  As rose the dying wail,[4] and blazed the pile in air.
+
+  Lost in the lapse of time, the Druid's lore
+  Hath ceased to echo these rude rocks among;
+  No altar new is stained with human gore;
+  No hoary bard now weaves the mystic song;
+  Nor thrust in wicker hurdles, throng on throng,
+  Whole multitudes are offered to appease
+  Some angry god, whose will and power of wrong
+  Vainly they thus essayed to soothe and please--
+  Alas! that thoughts so gross man's noblest powers should seize.
+
+  But, bowed beneath the cross, see! prostrate fall
+  The mummeries that long enthralled our isle;
+  So perish error! and wide over all
+  Let reason, truth, religion ever smile:
+  And let not man, vain, impious man defile
+  The spark heaven lighted in the human breast;
+  Let no enthusiastic rage, no sophist's wile
+  Lull the poor victim into careless rest,
+  Since the pure gospel page can teach him to be blest.
+
+  Weak, trifling man, O! come and ponder here
+  Upon the nothingness of human things--
+  How vain, how very vain doth then appear
+  The city's hum, the pomp and pride of kings;
+  All that from wealth, power, grandeur, beauty springs,
+  Alike must fade, die, perish, be forgot;
+  E'en he whose feeble hand now strikes the strings
+  Soon, soon within the silent grave must rot--
+  Yet Nature's still the same, though we see, we hear her not.
+
+J. HORNER.
+
+_Wilsill, near Pateley Bridge, Sept. 1829._
+
+[Footnote 3: Yorkshire. This wonderful assemblage lies scattered in
+groups, covering a surface of nearly forty acres of heathy moor.
+The numerous rocking-stones, rock-idols, altars, cannon rocks, &c.
+evidently point out this spot as having been used by the Druids in
+their horrid and mysterious ceremonies. The position of some of these
+rocks is truly astonishing; one in particular resting upon a base of
+a few inches, overhangs on all sides many feet; while others seem
+suspended and balanced as if they hung in air.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Human sacrifices formed part of the religious rites of
+the Druids.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PLEDGING HEALTHS.
+
+The origin of the very common expression, to _pledge_ one drinking,
+is curious: it is thus related by a very celebrated antiquarian of
+the fifteenth century. "When the _Danes_ bore sway in this land, if
+a native did drink, they would sometimes stab him with a dagger or
+knife; hereupon people would not drink in company unless some one
+present would be their _pledge_ or surety, that they should receive no
+hurt, whilst they were in their draught; hence that usual phrase, I'll
+_pledge you_, or be a pledge for you." Others affirm the true sense of
+the word was, that if the party drank to, were not disposed to drink
+himself, he would put another for _a pledge_ to do it for him, else
+the party who began would take it ill.
+
+J.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RUSSIAN SUPERSTITION.
+
+The extreme superstition of the Greek church, the national one of
+Russia, seems to exceed that of the Roman Catholic devotees, even in
+Spain and Portugal. The following instance will show the absurdity of
+it even among the higher classes:--
+
+A Russian princess, some few years since, had always a large silver
+crucifix following her in a separate carriage, and which was placed in
+her chamber. When any thing fortunate happened to her in the course
+of the day, and she was satisfied with all that had occurred, she
+had lighted tapers placed around the crucifix, and said to it in a
+familiar style, "See, now, as you have been very good to me to-day,
+you shall be treated well; you shall have candles all night; I will
+love you; I will pray to you." If on the contrary, any thing happened
+to vex the lady, she had the candles put out, ordered her servants not
+to pay any homage to the poor image, and loaded it herself with the
+bitterest reproaches.
+
+INA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SELECTOR;
+
+AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE.
+
+_FRUITS_.
+
+This Part (5) completes the volume of "Vegetable Substances used in
+the Arts and in Domestic Economy." The first portion--_Timber Trees_
+was noticed at some length in our last volume (page 309,) and received
+our almost unqualified commendation, which we are induced to extend to
+the Part now before us. Still, we do not recollect to have pointed
+out to our readers that which appears to us the great recommendatory
+feature of this series of works--we mean the arrangement of the
+volumes--their subdivisions and exemplifications--and these evince a
+master-hand in compilation.
+
+Every general reader must be aware that little novelty could be
+expected in a brief History and Description of Timber Trees and
+Fruits, and that the object of the Useful Knowledge Society was not
+merely to furnish the public with new views, but to present in the
+most attractive form the most entertaining facts of established
+writers, and illustrate their views with the observations of
+contemporary authors as well as their own personal acquaintance with
+the subjects. In this manner, the Editor has taken "a general
+and rapid view of fruits," and, considering the great hold their
+description possesses on all readers, we are disposed to think almost
+too rapid. We should have enjoyed a volume or two more than half a
+volume of such reading as the present; but as we are not purchasers,
+and are unacquainted with the number to which the Society propose
+to extend their works, we ought not perhaps to raise this objection,
+which, to say the truth, is a sort of negative commendation. Hitherto,
+we have been accustomed to see compilations of pretensions similar
+to the present, executed with little regard to neatness or unity,
+or weight or consideration. Whole pages and long extracts have been
+stripped and sliced off books, with little rule or arrangement, and
+what is still worse, without any acknowledgment of the sources.
+The last defect is certainly the greatest, since, in spite of
+ill-arrangement, an intelligent inquirer may with much trouble, avail
+himself of further reference to the authors quoted, and thus complete
+in his own mind what the compiler had so indifferently begun. The work
+before us is, however, altogether of a much higher order than general
+compilations. The introductions and inferences are pointed and
+judicious, and the facts themselves of the most interesting character,
+are narrated in a condensed but perspicuous style; while the slightest
+reference will prove that the best and latest authorities have
+been appreciated. Thus, in the History and Description of Fruits,
+the Transactions of the Horticultural Society are frequently and
+pertinently quoted to establish disputed points, as well as the
+journals of intelligent travellers and naturalists; with occasional
+poetical embellishments, which lend a charm even to this attractive
+species of reading.
+
+To quote the history of either Fruit entire, would not so well denote
+the character of the work as would a few of the most striking passages
+in the descriptions. In the introductory chapter we are pleased with
+the following passage on _Monastic Gardens_.
+
+"The monks, after the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity,
+appear to have been the only gardeners. As early as 674, we have
+a record, describing a pleasant and fruit-bearing close at Ely,
+then cultivated by Brithnoth, the first Abbot of that place. The
+ecclesiastics subsequently carried their cultivation of fruits as
+tar as was compatible with the nature of the climate, and the
+horticultural knowledge of the middle ages. Whoever has seen an old
+abbey, where for generations destruction only has been at work, must
+have almost invariably found it situated in one of the choicest spots,
+both as to soil and aspect; and if the hand of injudicious improvement
+has not swept it away, there is still the 'Abbey-garden.' Even though
+it has been wholly neglected--though its walls be in ruins, covered
+with stone-crop and wall-flower, and its area produce but the rankest
+weeds--there are still the remains of the aged fruit trees--the
+venerable pears, the delicate little apples, and the luscious black
+cherries. The chestnuts and the walnuts may have yielded to the axe,
+and the fig trees and vines died away;--but sometimes the mulberry is
+left, and the strawberry and the raspberry struggle among the ruins.
+There is a moral lesson in these memorials of the monastic ages. The
+monks, with all their faults, were generally men of peace and study;
+and these monuments show that they were improving the world, while the
+warriors were spending their lives to spoil it. In many parts of Italy
+and France, which had lain in desolation and ruin from the time of
+the Goths, the monks restored the whole surface to fertility; and in
+Scotland and Ireland there probably would not have been a fruit tree
+till the sixteenth century, if it had not been for their peaceful
+labours. It is generally supposed that the monastic orchards were in
+their greatest perfection from the twelfth to the fifteenth century."
+
+Again, the
+
+_NATURALIZATION OF PLANTS._
+
+"The large number of our native plants (for we call those native which
+have adapted themselves to our climate) mark the gradual progress of
+our civilization through the long period of two thousand years; whilst
+the almost infinite diversity of exotics which a botanical garden
+offers, attest the triumphs of that industry which has carried us
+as merchants or as colonists over every region of the earth, and has
+brought from every region whatever can administer to our comforts and
+our luxuries,--to the tastes and the needful desires of the humblest
+as well as the highest amongst us. To the same commerce we owe the
+potato and the pine-apple; the China rose, whose flowers cluster round
+the cottage-porch, and the Camellia which blooms in the conservatory.
+The addition even of a flower, or an ornamental shrub, to those which
+we already possess, is not to be regarded as a matter below the
+care of industry and science. The more we extend our acquaintance
+with the productions of nature, the more are our minds elevated by
+contemplating the variety, as well as the exceeding beauty, of the
+works of the Creator. The highest understanding does not stoop when
+occupied in observing the brilliant colour of a blossom, or the
+graceful form of a leaf. Hogarth, the great moral painter, a man in
+all respects of real and original genius, writes thus to his friend
+Ellis, a distinguished traveller and naturalist:--'As for your pretty
+little seed-cups, or vases, they are a sweet confirmation of the
+pleasure Nature seems to take in superadding an elegance of form to
+most of her works, wherever you find them. How poor and bungling are
+all the imitations of Art! When I have the pleasure of seeing you
+next, we will sit down, _nay, kneel down if you will_, and admire
+these things.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It is one of the proudest attributes of man, and one which is most
+important for him to know, that he can improve every production
+of nature, if he will but once make it his own by possession and
+attachment. A conviction of this truth has rendered the cultivation of
+fruits, in the more polished countries of Europe, as successful as we
+now behold it."
+
+The work then divides into _Fruits of the Temperate Climates_, and
+of _Tropical Climates_; the first are subdivided into Fleshy, Pulpy,
+and Stone Fruits and Nuts, in preference to a strict geographical
+arrangement. Under "the Apple" occur some very judicious observations
+on
+
+_CIDER._
+
+"The cider counties of England have always been considered as highly
+interesting. They lie something in the form of a horse-shoe round
+the Bristol Channel; and the best are, Worcester and Hereford, on
+the north of the channel, and Somerset and Devon on the south. In
+appearance, they have a considerable advantage over those counties
+in which grain alone is cultivated. The blossoms cover an extensive
+district with a profusion of flowers in the spring, and the fruit is
+beautiful in autumn. Some of the orchards occupy a space of forty or
+fifty acres; and the trees being at considerable intervals, the land
+is also kept in tillage. A great deal of practical acquaintance with
+the qualities of soil is required in the culture of apple and pear
+trees; and his skill in the adaptation of trees to their situation
+principally determines the success of the manufacturer of cider
+and perry. The produce of the orchards is very fluctuating; and the
+growers seldom expect an abundant crop more than once in three years.
+The quantity of apples required to make a hogshead of cider is from
+twenty-four to thirty bushels; and in a good year an acre of orchard
+will produce somewhere about six hundred bushels, or from twenty to
+twenty-five hogsheads. The cider harvest is in September. When the
+season is favourable, the heaps of apples collected at the presses are
+immense--consisting of hundreds of tons. If any of the vessels used in
+the manufacture of cider are of lead, the beverage is not wholesome.
+The price of a hogshead of cider generally varies from 2l. to 5l.,
+according to the season and quality; but cider of the finest growth
+has sometimes been sold as high as 20l. by the hogshead, direct from
+the press--a price equal to that of many of the fine wines of the
+Rhine or the Garonne."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_OLD APPLE TREES._
+
+"At Horton, in Buckinghamshire, where Milton spent some of his earlier
+years, there is an apple tree still growing, of which the oldest
+people remember to have heard it said that the poet was accustomed
+to sit under it. And upon the low leads of the church at Romsey, in
+Hampshire, there is an apple tree still bearing fruit, which is said
+to be two hundred years old."
+
+The _Fig_ and the _Fine_ are equally interesting, and in connexion
+with the latter we notice the editor's mention of the fine vineyard
+at Arundel Castle. Aubrey describes a similar vineyard at Chart Park,
+near Dorking, another seat of the Howards. "Here was a vineyard,
+supposed to have been planted by the Hon. Charles Howard, who, it is
+said, erected his residence, as it were, in the vineyard." Again, "the
+vineyard flourished for some time, and tolerably good wine was made
+from the produce; but after the death of the noble planter, in 1713,
+it was much neglected, and nothing remained but the name. On taking
+down the house, a stone resembling a millstone, was found, by which
+the grapes were pressed."[5] We were on the spot at the time, and saw
+the stone in question. Vines are still very abundant at Dorking, the
+soil being very congenial to their growth. "Hence, almost every house
+in this part has its vine; and some of the plants are very productive.
+The cottages of the labouring poor are not without this ornament, and
+the produce is usually sold by them to their wealthier neighbours, for
+the manufacture of wine. The price per bushel is from 4s. to 16s.;
+but the variableness of the season frequently disappoints them in the
+crops, the produce of which is sometimes laid up as a setoff to the
+rent."[6]
+
+We have heard too of attempts in England to train the vine on
+the sides of hills, and a few years since an individual lost a
+considerable sum of money in making the experiment in the Isle of
+Wight.
+
+At page 257, observes the editor,
+
+_A VINEYARD_
+
+"Associated as it is with all our ideas of beauty and plenty, is,
+in general, a disappointing object. The hop plantations of our own
+country are far more picturesque. In France, the vines are trained
+upon poles, seldom more than three or four feet in height; and 'the
+pole-clipt vineyard' of poetry is not the most inviting of real
+objects. In Spain, poles for supporting vines are not used; but
+cuttings are planted, which are not permitted to grow very high, but
+gradually form thick and stout stocks. In Switzerland, and in the
+German provinces, the vineyards are as formal as those of France.
+But in Italy is found the true vine of poetry, 'surrounding the stone
+cottage with its girdle, flinging its pliant and luxuriant branches
+over the rustic veranda, or twining its long garland from tree to
+tree.'[7] It was the luxuriance and the beauty of her vines and her
+olives that tempted the rude people of the north to pour down upon her
+fertile fields:--
+
+  'The prostrate South to the destroyer yields
+  Her boasted titles and her golden fields;
+  With grim delight the brood of winter view
+  A brighter day, and heavens of azure hue.
+  Scent the new fragrance of the breathing rose.
+  And quaff the pendent vintage as it grows.'[8]
+
+"In Greece, too, as well as Italy, the shoots of the vines are
+either trained upon trees, or supported, so as to display all their
+luxuriance, upon a series of props. This was the custom of the ancient
+vine-growers; and their descendants have preserved it in all its
+picturesque originality.[9] The vine-dressers of Persia train their
+vines to run up a wall, and curl over on the top. But the most
+luxurious cultivation of the vine in hot countries is where it covers
+the trellis-work which surrounds a well, inviting the owner and his
+family to gather beneath its shade. 'The fruitful bough by well' is of
+the highest antiquity."
+
+Passing over the Mulberry, Currant, Gooseberry, and the Strawberry,
+the account of the Egg Plant is particularly attractive; and that of
+the Olive is well-written, but too long for extract.
+
+Among the _Tropical Fruits_, the Orange and the Date are very
+delightful; and equal in importance and interest are the Cocoa Nut
+and Bread Fruit Tree. In short, it is impossible to open the volume
+without being gratified with the richness and variety of its contents,
+and the amiable feeling which pervades the inferences and incidental
+observations of the writer.
+
+A word or two on the embellishments and we have done. These are
+far behind the literary merits of the volume, and are discreditable
+productions. Where so much is well done it were better to omit
+engravings altogether than adopt such as these: "they imitate nature
+so abominably." The group at page 223 is a fair specimen of the whole,
+than which nothing can be more lifeless. After the excellent cuts of
+Mr. London's Gardener's and Natural History Magazines, we turn away
+from these with pain, and it must be equally vexatious to the editor
+to see such accompaniments to his pages.
+
+[Footnote 5: Picturesque Promenade round Dorking. Second Edit. 12mo.
+1823, p. 258, 259.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Ibid p. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Alpenstock, by C.J. Latrobe, 1829.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Gray's Alliance of Education and Government.]
+
+[Footnote 9: See the second Georgic of Virgil.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE'S BROOCH.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(_TO THE EDITOR OF THE MIRROR._)
+
+Having frequently observed in your valuable publication the great
+attention which you have paid to every thing relating to the "Immortal
+Bard of Avon," I beg leave to transmit to you two drawings (the one
+back, the other front) of a brooch or buckle, found near the residence
+of the poet, at New Place, Stratford, among the rubbish brought out
+from the spot where the house stood. This brooch is considered by the
+most competent judges and antiquarians in and near Stratford, to have
+been the personal property of Shakspeare. A. is the back; 1 and 2,
+faint traces of the letters which were nearly obliterated, by the
+person who found the relic, in scraping to ascertain whether the
+metal was precious, the whole of it being covered with gangrene
+or verdigris. 3 and 4 are the remains of the hinge to the pin.
+Fortunately the W. at the corner was preserved. B. represents the
+front of the brooch; 1, 3, and 5, are red stones in the top part
+(similar in shape to a coronet) 2 and 4 are blue stones in the same;
+the other stones in the bottom or heart are white, though varying
+rather in hue, and all are set in silver.
+
+HJTHWC.
+
+N.B. The above is shown to the curious by the individual who found
+it--a poor man named Smith, living in Sheep Street, Stratford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The greater portion of the following Notes will, we are persuaded, be
+new to all but the bibliomaniacs in theatrical lore. They occur in a
+paper of 45 pages in the last Edinburgh Review, in which the writer
+attributes the Decline of the Drama to a variety of causes--as
+late hours, costly representations, high salaries, and excessive
+taxation--some of which we have selected for extract. In our affection
+for the Stage, we have paid some attention to its history, as well
+as to its recent state, and readily do we subscribe to a few of the
+Reviewer's opinions of the cause of its neglect. But to attribute this
+falling off to "taxes innumerable" is rather too broad: perhaps the
+highly-taxed wax lights around the box circles suggested this new
+light. We need not go so far to detect the rottenness of the dramatic
+state; still, as the question involves controversy at every point,
+we had rather keep out of the fight, and leave our Reviewer without
+further note or comment.
+
+
+NOTES ON THE DRAMA.
+
+(_FROM THE EDINBURGH REVIEW, NO. 98._)
+
+_ORIGIN OF ADMISSION MONEY._
+
+There were at Athens various funds, applicable to public purposes; one
+of which, and among the most considerable, was appropriated for the
+expensed of sacrifices, processions, festivals, spectacles, and of
+the theatres. The citizens were admitted to the theatres for some time
+gratis; but in consequence of the disturbances caused by multitudes
+crowding to get seats, to introduce order, and as the phrase is,
+to keep out improper persons, a small sum of money was afterwards
+demanded for admission. That the poorer classes, however, might not
+be deprived of their favourite gratification, they received from the
+treasury, out of this fund, the price of a seat--and thus peace and
+regularity were secured, and the fund still applied to its original
+purpose. The money that was taken at the doors, having served as a
+ticket, was expended, together with that which had not been used in
+this manner, to maintain the edifice itself, and to pay the manifold
+charges of the representation.
+
+"_DRAMATIC REPRESENTATIONS NATURAL TO MAN._"
+
+Travellers inform us, that savages, even in a very rude state, are
+found to divert themselves by imitating some common event in life: but
+it is not necessary to leave our own quiet homes to satisfy ourselves,
+that dramatic representations are natural to man. All children
+delight in mimicking action; many of their amusements consist in such
+performances, and are in every sense _plays_. It is curious, indeed,
+to observe at how early an age the young of the most imitative animal,
+man, begin to copy the actions of others; how soon the infant displays
+its intimate conviction of the great truth, that "all the world's a
+Stage." The baby does not imitate those acts only, that are useful
+and necessary to be learned; but it instinctively mocks useless and
+unimportant actions and unmeaning sounds, for its amusement, and for
+the mere pleasure of imitation, and is evidently much delighted
+when it is successful. The diversions of children are very commonly
+dramatic. When they are not occupied with their hoops, tops, and
+balls, or engaged in some artificial game, they amuse themselves in
+playing at soldiers, in being at school, or at church, in going to
+market, in receiving company; and they imitate the various employments
+of life with so much fidelity, that the theatrical critic, who
+delights in chaste acting, will often find less to censure in his own
+little servants in the nursery, than in his majesty's servants in a
+theatre-royal. When they are somewhat older they dramatize the stories
+they read; most boys have represented Robin Hood, or one of his
+merry-men, and every one has enacted the part of Robinson Crusoe,
+and his man Friday. We have heard of many extraordinary tastes and
+antipathies; but we never knew an instance of a young person, who
+was not delighted the first time he visited a theatre. The true
+enjoyment of life consists in action; and happiness, according to
+the peripatetic definition, is to be found in energy; it accords,
+therefore, with the nature and etymology of the drama, which is,
+in truth, not less natural than agreeable. Its grand divisions
+correspond, moreover, with those of time; the contemplation of the
+present is Comedy--mirth for the most part being connected with the
+present only--and the past and the future are the dominions of the
+Tragic muse.
+
+_GRECIAN THEATRES._
+
+The climate of Athens being one of the finest and most agreeable in
+the world, the Athenians passed the greatest part of their time in the
+open air; and their theatres, like those in the rest of Greece and
+in ancient Rome, had no other covering than the sky. Their structure
+accordingly differed greatly from that of a modern playhouse, and the
+representation in many respects was executed in a different manner.
+But we will mention those peculiarities only which are necessary to
+render our observations intelligible.
+
+The ancient theatres, in the first place, were on a much larger scale
+than any that have been constructed in later days. It would have
+been impossible, by reason of the magnitude of the edifice, and
+consequently of the stage, to have changed the scenes in the same
+manner as in our smaller buildings. The scene, as it was called, was
+a permanent structure, and resembled the front of Somerset House, of
+the Horse Guards, or the Tuileries, and was in the same style of
+architecture as the rest of the spacious edifice. There were three
+large gateways, through each of which a view of streets, or of woods,
+or of whatever was suitable to the action represented, was displayed;
+this painting was fixed upon a triangular frame, that turned on an
+axis, like a swivel seal, or ring, so that any one of the three
+sides might be presented to the spectators, and perhaps the two that
+were turned away might be covered with other subjects, if it were
+necessary. If parts of Regent Street, or of Whitehall, or the Mansion
+House, and the Bank of England, were shown through the openings in
+the fixed scene, it would be plain that the fable was intended to be
+referred to London; and it would be removed to Edinburgh, or Paris,
+if the more striking portions of those cities were thus exhibited. The
+front of the scene was broken by columns, by bays and promontories in
+the line of the building, which gave beauty and variety to the façade,
+and aided the deception produced by the paintings that were seen
+through the three openings. In the Roman Theatres there were commonly
+two considerable projections, like large bow-windows, or bastions,
+in the spaces between the apertures; this very uneven line afforded
+assistance to the plot, in enabling different parties to be on the
+stage at the same time, without seeing one another. The whole front of
+the stage was called the scene, or covered building, to distinguish it
+from the rest of the theatre, which was open to the air, except that
+a covered portico frequently ran round the semicircular part of the
+edifice at the back of the highest row of seats, which answered to
+our galleries, and was occupied, like them, by the gods, who stood in
+crowds upon the level floor of their celestial abodes.
+
+Immediately in front of the stage, as with us, was the orchestra;
+but it was of much larger dimensions, not only positively, but
+in proportion to the theatre. In our playhouses it is exclusively
+inhabited by fiddles and their fiddlers; the ancients appropriated it
+to more dignified purposes; for there stood the high altar of Bacchus,
+richly ornamented and elevated, and around it moved the sacred Chorus
+to solemn measures, in stately array and in magnificent vestments,
+with crowns and incense, chanting at intervals their songs, and
+occupied in their various rites, as we have before mentioned. It is
+one of the many instances of uninterrupted traditions, that this part
+of our theatres is still devoted to receive musicians, although,
+in comparison with their predecessors, they are of an ignoble and
+degenerate race.
+
+The use of masks was another remarkable peculiarity of the ancient
+acting. It has been conjectured, that the tragic mask was invented
+to conceal the face of the actor, which, in a small city like Athens,
+must have been known to the greater part of the audience, as vulgar
+in expression, and it sometimes would have brought to mind most
+unseasonably the remembrance of a life and of habits, that would have
+repelled all sympathy with the character which he was to personate. It
+would not have been endured, that a player should perform the part of
+a monarch in his ordinary dress, nor that of a hero with his own mean
+physiognomy. It is probable, also, that the likeness of every hero of
+tragedy was handed down in statues, medals, and paintings, or even in
+a series of masks; and that the countenance of Theseus, or of Ajax,
+was as well known to the spectators as the face of any of their
+contemporaries. Whenever a living character was introduced by name, as
+Cleon or Socrates, in the old comedy, we may suppose that the mask was
+a striking, although not a flattering portrait. We cannot doubt, that
+these masks were made with great care, and were skilfully painted,
+and finished with the nicest accuracy; for every art was brought to
+a focus in the Greek theatres. We must not imagine, like schoolboys,
+that the tragedies of Sophocles were performed at Athens in such
+rude masks as are exhibited in our music shops. We have some
+representations of them in antique sculptures and paintings, with
+features somewhat distorted, but of exquisite and inimitable beauty.
+
+_THE ROMAN STAGE._
+
+The Drama of ancient Rome possesses little of originality or interest.
+The word _Histrio_ is said to be of Etruscan origin; the Tuscans,
+therefore, had their theatres; but little information can now be
+gleaned respecting them. It was long before theatres were firmly and
+permanently established in Rome; but the love of these diversions
+gradually became too powerful for the censors, and the Romans grew,
+at last, nearly as fond of them as the Greeks. The latter, as St.
+Augustine informs us, did not consider the profession of a player as
+dishonourable: "Ipsos scenicos non turpes judicaverunt, sed dignos
+etiam præclaris honoribus habuerunt."--_De Civ. Dei_. The more prudish
+Romans, however, were less tolerant; and we find in the Code various
+constitutions levelled against actors, and one law especially, which
+would not suit our senate, forbidding senators to marry actresses; but
+this was afterwards relaxed by Justinian, who had broken it himself.
+He permitted such marriages to take place on obtaining the consent
+of the emperor, and afterwards without, so that the lady quitted the
+stage, and changed her manner of life. The Romans, however, had at
+least enough of kindly feeling towards a Comedian to pray for the
+safety, or refection, of his soul after death; this is proved by a
+pleasant epitaph on a player, which is published in the collection
+of Gori:--
+
+  Pro jocis, quibus cunctos
+      oblectabat,
+  Si quid oblectamenti apud
+      vos est
+  Manes, insontem reficite
+      Animulam."
+
+_COSTUME._
+
+It is probable that the imagination of the spectator could without
+difficulty dispense with scenes, particularly if the surrounding
+objects were somewhat removed from the ordinary aspect of every-day
+things; if the performance were to take place, for example, in the
+hall of a college, or in a church.
+
+The costume that prevails at present almost universally, is so
+barbarous and mean, and it changes in so many minute particulars so
+frequently, that it is impossible to conceive the hero of a tragedy
+actually wearing such attire. A more picturesque dress seems therefore
+to be indispensable; but the essentials of the costume of any time,
+from which dramatic subjects could be taken, are by no means costly.
+All that is absolutely necessary in vestments to content the fancy,
+might be procured at a trifling expense, and the hero or heroine
+might be supplied with the ordinary apparel of Greece, or Rome, or of
+any other country, at a small price. We must carefully distinguish,
+however, between the necessaries and the luxuries of deception; the
+form, and sometimes the colour, demand a scrupulous accuracy; the
+texture is always unimportant. We may comprehend, therefore, how the
+old English theatre, notwithstanding the small outlay on decorations,
+by a strict attention to essentials, possessed considerable
+attractions; we may readily believe, that there were many companies
+who were maintained by their trade; "that all those companies got
+money and lived in reputation, especially those of the Blackfriars,
+who were men of grave and sober behaviour."
+
+_THE OLD DRAMA._
+
+Our literature is remarkably rich in old dramas; but they are of
+little use to the present age. Fastidiousness and hypocrisy have grown
+for many years, slowly but surely, and have at last arrived at such
+a pitch, that there is hardly a line in the works of our old comic
+writers, which is not reprobated as immoral, or at least vulgar.
+The excessive squeamishness of taste of the present day is very
+unfavourable to the genius of comedy, which demands a certain liberty
+and a freedom from restraints. This morbid delicacy is a great
+evil, for it renders the time of limitation in all comic writings
+exceedingly short. The ephemeral duration of the fashion, which is
+all the production of a man of wit can now enjoy, discourages authors.
+There is no motive to bestow much care on such compositions, and they
+fall below the ambition of men of real talents--for the best part of
+the reward of literary labour consists in the lasting admiration of
+posterity; and as some new fastidiousness will consign to oblivion, in
+a short time, every comic production, it is plain that such a reward
+cannot be reasonably anticipated. We are more completely, than any
+other nation, the victims of fashion. Everything here must either be
+in the last and newest fashion, or it must cease to be. The despotism
+of fashion in dress, in furniture, and in the pattern of the edges of
+plate, is perhaps inconvenient--it is, however, not very important;
+but it is a cruel grievance that it should interfere with and
+annihilate an entire department of our literature.
+
+_HOURS OF REPRESENTATION._
+
+Dramatic representations were formerly given, not only in Greece and
+Rome, but in England also, in the daytime, and in the open air. "The
+Globe, Fortune, and Bull, were large houses, and partly open to the
+weather, and there they always acted by daylight;" and plays were
+first acted in Spain in the open courts of great houses, which were
+sometimes covered, in whole or in part, with an awning to keep off the
+sun. The word _sale_, which is used as a stage direction, meaning not
+_exit_, but he enters, i.e. he comes out of the house into the open
+air, is an evidence of the old practice. We are inclined to think
+that the morning is more favourable to dramatic excellence than the
+evening. The daylight accords with the truth and sobriety of nature,
+and it is the season of cool judgment: the gilded, the painted, the
+tawdry, the meretricious--spangles and tinsel, and tarnished and
+glittering trumpery--demand the glare of candle-light and the shades
+of night. It is certain, that the best pieces were written for the
+day; and it is probable, that the best actors were those who performed
+whilst the sun was above the horizon. The childish trash which now
+occupies so large a portion of the public attention could not, it is
+evident, keep possession of the stage, if it were to be presented, not
+at ten o'clock at night, but twelve hours earlier. Much would need to
+be changed in the dresses, scenery, and decorations, and in many other
+respects, in the pieces, the solid merits of which would be able to
+undergo the severe ordeal; and if we consider _what_ changes would be
+required to adapt them to the altered hours, we shall find that they
+will be all in favour of good taste, and on the side of nature and
+simplicity. The day is a holy thing; Homer aptly calls it [Greek:
+ieron aemar], and it still retains something of the sacred simplicity
+of ancient times. It is, at all events, less sophisticated and
+polluted than the modern night, a period which is not devoted to
+wholesome sleep, but to various constraints and sufferings, called,
+in bitter mockery, Pleasure. The late evening, being a modern
+invention, is therefore devoted to fashion; to recur to the simple and
+pure in theatricals, it would probably be necessary to effect an
+escape from a period of time, which has never been employed in the
+full integrity of tasteful elegance; and thus to break the spell, by
+which the whole realm of fancy has long been bewitched. An absurd and
+inconvenient practice, which is almost peculiar to this country, of
+attending public places in that uncomfortable condition, which is
+technically called being dressed, but which is in truth, especially in
+females, being more or less naked and undressed, might more easily be
+dispensed with by day, and on that account, and for many other reasons,
+it would be less difficult to return home.
+
+_DECLINE OF THE DRAMA._
+
+It is not unlikely that the drama would be more successful if it were
+conducted more plainly, and in a less costly style. The perfection
+of the machinery and scenery of the modern theatres, seems to be
+unfavourable to the goodness of composition and acting; since the
+accessaries are so excellent, the opinion is encouraged, that the
+principals are less important, and may be neglected with impunity.
+The effect of good scenery at the first glance is, no doubt, very
+striking, but it soon passes away. If we saw a Garrick acting
+Shakspeare in a large hall, without any scenes, we should cease in a
+few minutes to be sensible of the want of them. We are almost disposed
+to believe, that exactly in proportion as scenery has been improved,
+good acting has declined.
+
+The present age is too much inclined to make human life, in every
+department, resemble a great lottery, in which there are a very few
+enormous prizes, and all the rest of the tickets are blanks. The
+stage has not escaped the evil we complain of; on the contrary, it is
+a striking instance of the mischief of this unequal partition. The
+public are of opinion, that it is impossible to reward a small number
+of actors too highly, and to pay the remainder at too low a rate;
+to neglect the latter enough, or to be sufficiently attentive to the
+former. On our stage, therefore, the inferior parts, and indeed all
+but one or two, and especially in tragedies, where the inequality
+is more intolerable, and more inexcusable, are sustained in a
+very inadequate manner. In foreign theatres, on the contrary, and
+especially in France, the whole performance is more equal, and
+consequently more agreeable. There is perhaps less difference than is
+commonly supposed between the best performers and those in the next
+class. Whatever the difference be, it is an inconvenience and an
+imperfection that ought to be palliated; but we aggravate it. The
+first-rate actor always does his best, because the audience expect it,
+and reward him with their applause; but no one cares for, or observes,
+the performer of second-rate talents: whether he be perfect in his
+part, and exert himself to the utmost, or be slovenly and negligent
+throughout, he is unpraised and unblamed. The general effect,
+therefore, of our tragedies, is very unsatisfactory; for that is far
+greater, where all the characters are tolerably well supported, than
+where there is one good actor, and all the other parts are inhumanly
+murdered. This latter is too often the case on our stage for with
+us art does little, nothing being taught systematically. The French
+players, on the contrary, are thoroughly drilled, and well instructed,
+in every requisite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BISHOPS' SLEEVES.
+
+To Joan it has been always conceded that she is as good as her lady
+in the dark, but it is only of late years that Joan has presumed to
+rival her mistress in the light. The high price of silks and satins
+protected the mistress against this usurpation of her servant in the
+broad day. Clad in these, she was safe, as in a coat of mail, from
+the attack of the domestic aspirant, who was seldom able to obtain
+possession of the outworks of fashion beyond an Irish poplin or a
+Norwich crape. The silks and satins were a wall of separation, as
+impenetrable as the lines of Torres Vedras, or the court hoop and
+petticoat of a drawing-room in the reign of George III. The new
+liberal commercial system has entirely changed the position of the
+parties. The cheapness of French silks, and other articles of dress,
+has placed female finery within the reach of even moderate wages, and
+a kitchen-wench will not condescend to sweep the room in any thing
+less than a robe of _Gros de Naples_ or _batiste_. Something must be
+done on the part of the mistress to arrest the progress of invasion,
+and assert the vested rights of the superior classes of female
+society. Invention is the first quality of genius, and to woman it
+is granted in a high degree. Thus gifted, the mistress, in a happy
+moment, conceived the idea of bishops' sleeves, an article of dress
+which precludes all hope or chance of imitation in the kitchen. A
+muffled cat might as well attempt to catch mice, as a maid-servant to
+go about the business of the house in bishops' sleeves. She could not
+remove the tea-equipage from the table without the risk of sweeping
+the china upon the floor; if she handed her master a plate, he must
+submit to have his head wrapped up in her sleeve; and what a figure
+must the cook present after preparing her soups and sauces! The female
+servant thus accoutred might, indeed, perform the office of a flapper,
+and disperse the flies; but although this was an office of importance
+among the ancients, it is dispensed with at a modern table. With the
+introduction of bishops' sleeves, the rivalry on the part of the maid
+must cease, and the mistress remain in undisturbed possession of her
+pre-eminence. Every friend of good order, every one who would retain
+each individual female in her proper place in society, and prevent its
+members from trespassing on each other, must, therefore, rejoice in
+bishops' sleeves; and devoutly pray, that differing from every other
+fashion that ever preceded it, the fashion of bishops' sleeves may
+endure for ever.--New Monthly Magazine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_IRIS LUNARIS._
+
+That rare and beautiful phenomenon the _Iris Lunaris_, or moonlight
+rainbow, was observed by Mr. W. Colbourne, jun. and a friend of his,
+from an eminence about a quarter of a mile from Sturminster, on the
+evening of the 14th instant, about twenty minutes before nine o'clock,
+in the north-west. Its northern limb first made its appearance;
+but after a few minutes, the complete curvature was distinctly and
+beautifully displayed. The altitude of its apex seemed to be nearly
+forty degrees. Nothing could exceed the beauty of the appearance of
+this arch of milky whiteness, contrasted as it was with the sable
+rain fraught clouds which formed the background to this interesting
+picture. It continued visible more than five minutes, and gradually
+disappeared at the western limb.
+
+RURIS.
+
+_Sturminster_.
+
+
+_WESTPHALIA HAMS_
+
+Are prepared in November and March. The Germans place them in deep
+tubs, which they cover with layers of salt and saltpetre, and with a
+few laurel leaves. They are left four or five days in this state, and
+are then completely covered with strong brine. At the end of three
+weeks they are taken out, and left to soak for twelve hours in clear
+well-water; they are then exposed, during three weeks, to a smoke
+produced by the branches of juniper.--_From the French._
+
+
+_LONDON PORTER._
+
+The bitter contained in porter, if taken wholly from hops, would
+require an average quantity of ten or twelve pounds to the quarter
+of malt, or about three pounds per barrel; so that if we consider the
+fluctuation in the price of hops, we shall not be surprised at the
+numerous substitutes, by which means the brewer can procure as much
+bitter for sixpence as would otherwise cost him a pound.
+
+Quassia is, probably, the most harmless of all the illegal bitters.
+The physicians prescribe the decoction to their patients to the extent
+of a quarter of an ounce of the bark a day--as much as the brewer was
+accustomed to put into nine gallons of his porter.--_Library of Useful
+Knowledge_.
+
+
+_BLACK GAME_
+
+Have increased greatly in the southern counties of Scotland and north
+of England within the last few years. It is a pretty general opinion,
+though an erroneous one, that they drive away the red grouse; the
+two species require very different kinds of cover, and will never
+interfere.--_Note to White's Selborne, by Sir W. Jardine_.
+
+
+_BIRDS OF PREY._
+
+All birds of prey are capable of sustaining the want of food and water
+for long periods, particularly the latter, but of which they also seem
+remarkably fond, drinking frequently in a state of nature, and during
+summer washing almost daily.--Ibid.
+
+
+_EGYPT._
+
+M. Champollion, in one of his recent letters, tells us that the whole
+of the island of Elephantina would hardly make a park fit for a good
+citizen of Paris, although certain modern chronologists would fain
+make it into a kingdom, in order to dispose of the ancient Egyptian
+dynasty of the Elephantines.
+
+In another letter dated March last, he says, "Our establishment is in
+the Valley of Kings, which may truly be called the abode of death, as
+not a blade of grass is to be found in it, nor any living creature,
+except the jackall and hyæna, which the night before last devoured, at
+the distance of 100 steps from our palace, the ass which had carried
+my Barabra servant Mahomet, during the time that he was agreeably
+passing the night of the Ramadan in our kitchen, which is in a royal
+tomb, entirely dilapidated."--_Translated in the Literary Gazette_.
+
+
+_BEET-ROOT SUGAR._
+
+The Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter for September, among the advantages
+which will probably lead to the discontinuance of the cultivation of
+sugar by slaves, enumerates the rapid extension of the manufacture of
+beet-root sugar in France; a prelude, as the editor conceives, to its
+introduction into this country, and especially into Ireland.
+
+
+_DRY ROT._
+
+The American Commodore Barron recommends pumping air from the holds of
+vessels as a remedy against dry rot; the common mode of ventilation,
+by forcing pure air, or dashing water into the hold, being found an
+imperfect preservative.
+
+
+_ALLOYED IRON PLATE._
+
+Iron, coated with an alloy of tin and lead, so as to imitate tin
+plate, and not to rust, is now manufactured to a considerable
+extent in Paris; and its use for sugar-pans and boilers, and in the
+construction of roofs and gutters is expected to be very considerable.
+
+
+_INTERESTING QUESTION._
+
+Whether in the sea there be depths where no creature is able to
+live, or whether a boundary be assigned to organic life within those
+depths, cannot be ascertained. It, however, clearly appears from
+the observations made by Biot, and other naturalists, that fishes,
+according to their different dispositions, live in different depths of
+the ocean.--_From the German_.
+
+
+_CATS._
+
+In Kamtschatka, Greenland, Lapland, and Iceland, there are no cats,
+nor does the lynx in Europe extend farther than Norway.--Ibid.
+
+
+_VESSELS MADE OF THE PAPYRUS._
+
+The last number of the _Magazine of Natural History_ contains an
+article of great interest, on Vessels made of the Papyrus, illustrated
+with cuts, from which it appears that vessels have from the earliest
+times, been formed from the paper reed, and that they are at present
+in use in Egypt and Abyssinia. The author is John Hogg, Esq. M.A.
+F.L.S. &c. whose antiquarian attainments have greatly assisted him in
+the elucidation of this very curious subject.
+
+
+_REMAINS OF LA PEROUSE._[10]
+
+M. Derville, who commanded the Astrolabe, in the lute-voyage
+undertaken to search for traces of the expedition of La Perouse,
+considers the island, the summits of which were observed fifteen
+leagues to windward, by the frigates La RĂ©cherche and L'Esperance,
+which composed the expedition of Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, in 1793, and
+to which the name of the Isle de la RĂ©cherche was then given, to be
+the identical island, Vanikoro (or Vanicolo) on the shores of which
+the remnants of La Perouse's vessel have been found. The geographical
+position of latitude and longitude of the Isle of Vanikoro, agrees
+exactly with that of the island to which the name of RĂ©cherche was
+given by D'Entrecasteaux. That island was then confounded with the
+number of other islands, which had been seen by the expedition, and
+which it had been found impossible to examine in detail.--_Athenæum_.
+
+
+_STUDY OF CHEMISTRY._
+
+Numbers there are, far above the lower classes, who still consider the
+elements of all things as consisting of earth, air, fire, and water;
+an error which classical-learning, no less than the expressions of
+common parlance, tends to perpetuate. Let us hope that the days are
+at hand, if not already arrived, in which the acquirement of such
+fundamental knowledge will be looked upon as at least equally
+necessary with the study of languages, and the cultivation of taste
+and imagination.--_Library of Useful Knowledge_.
+
+[Footnote 10: For a Report of this discovery, see MIRROR, vol. xiii p.
+409.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.--SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE WORD WORSTED.
+
+Worsted, in the county of Norfolk, though formerly a town of
+considerable trade, and much celebrity, is now reduced to a village,
+and the manufactures, which obtained a name from the place, are
+removed to Norwich and its vicinity.
+
+Shakspeare has not been very courteous towards the _worsted gentry_;
+had he lived in our times, they might have _worsted_ him for a libel:
+he says in King Lear, "A base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three suited,
+hundred pound, filthy, worsted stocking knave."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I asked a poor man, how he did? He said, he was like a washball,
+always in decay.--_Swift_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAT-FANCIER.
+
+Lady Morgan gives the following anecdote in her _Book of the Boudoir_.
+"The first day we had the honour of dining at the palace of the
+Archbishop of Taranto, at Naples, he said to me, you must pardon my
+passion for cats, (_la mia passione gattesca_) but I never exclude
+them from my dining-room, and you will find they make excellent
+company." Between the first and second course the door opened, and
+several enormously large and beautiful Angola cats were introduced by
+the names of Pantalone, Desdemona, Otello, &c. They took their places
+on chairs near the table, and were as silent, as quiet, as motionless,
+and as well behaved, as the most _bon ton_ table in London could
+require. On the bishop requesting one of the chaplains to help
+the Signora Desdemona, the butler stepped up to his lordship, and
+observed, "My Lord, La Signora Desdemona will prefer waiting for the
+roast."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT FAMILY.
+
+There was much sound truth in the speech of a country lad to an idler,
+who boasted his ancient family: "_So much the worse for you_," said
+the peasant, as we ploughmen say, "_the older the seed the worse the
+crop_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At North Ferryby, in Yorkshire, the following very instructive
+lines, are inscribed on a handsome tablet to the memory of Sir T.
+Etherington, an Alderman of Hull, and late a resident in the above
+place:--
+
+"Taught of God we should view losses, sickness, pain, and death,
+but as the several trying stages by which a good man, like Joseph,
+is conducted from a tent to a court; sin his disease, Christ his
+physician, pain his medicine, the Bible his support, the grave his
+rest, and death itself an angel expressly sent to relieve the worn out
+labourer, or crown the faithful soldier!"
+
+Louis XIV. was presented with an epitaph by an indifferent poet, on
+the celebrated Moliere. "I would to God," said he, "that Moliere had
+brought me yours."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ON MEMORY.
+
+What an unknown and unspeakable happiness would it be to a man of
+judgment, and who is engaged in the pursuit of knowledge, if he had
+but a power of stamping all his own best sentiments upon his memory in
+some indelible characters; and if he could but imprint every valuable
+paragraph and sentiment of the most excellent authors he has read,
+upon his mind, with the same speed and facility with which he read
+them?--_Watts_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Upon a stone in St. Margaret's churchyard, at Lynn, in Norfolk, is the
+following inscription to the memory of William Scrivenor, Cook to the
+Corporation, who died in the year 1684:--
+
+  Alas! alas! _Will Scrivenor's_ dead, who by his art,
+  Could make death's skeleton edible in each part,
+  Mourn, squeamish stomachs, and ye curious palates,
+  You've lost your dainty dishes and your salades;
+  Mourn for yourselves, but not for him i'th' least
+  He's gone to taste of a more heav'nly feast.
+
+At Whitchingham Magna, in the same county, is the following epitaph to
+Thomas Alleyne, gent. who died Feb. 3, 1650, and his two wives:--
+
+  Death here advantage hath of life I spye,
+  One husband with two wives at once may lye.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A recent American newspaper has the following notice to its
+readers:--"The editor, printer, publisher, foreman, and oldest
+apprentice (_two_ in all,) are confined by sickness, and the whole
+establishment is left in the care of the _devil_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE
+
+Following Novels is already Published:
+
+                                         s.  d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling             0   6
+  Paul and Virginia                      0   6
+  The Castle of Otranto                  0   6
+  Almoran and Hamet                      0   6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia    0   6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne     0   6
+  Rasselas                               0   8
+  The Old English Baron                  0   9
+  Nature and Art                         0   8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield         0  10
+  Sicilian Romance                       1   0
+  The Man of the World                   1   0
+  A Simple Story                         1   4
+  Joseph Andrews                         1   6
+  Humphry Clinker                        1   8
+  The Romance of the Forest              1   8
+  The Italian                            2   0
+  Zeluco, by Dr. Moore                   2   6
+  Edward, by Dr. Moore                   2   6
+  Roderick Random                        2   6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho               3   6
+  Peregrine Pickle                       4   6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement,
+And Instruction, No. 391, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13359 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13359 ***</div>
+
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page193"
+       id="page193"></a>[pg 193]</span>
+
+    <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+     OF<br />
+     LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <table width="100%"
+           summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+        <tr>
+            <th align="left">Vol. 14. No. 391.]</th>
+
+            <th align="center">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1829.</th>
+
+            <th align="right">PRICE 2<i>d.</i></th>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a href="images/193.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/193.png"
+             alt="GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE." /></a>GURNEY'S
+             IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page194"
+       id="page194"></a>[pg 194]</span>
+
+    <h2>MR. GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.</h2>
+
+    <p>Mr. Gurney, in perfecting this invention, has followed Dr.
+    Franklin's advice&mdash;to tire and begin again. It is now four
+    years since he first commenced his ingenious enterprise; and
+    nearly two years since we reported and illustrated the progress
+    he had made. (<i>See</i> MIRROR, vol. x. page 393, or No. 287.)
+    He began with a large boiler, but public prejudice was too
+    strong for it; and knowing people talked of high pressure
+    accidents; the steam, could not, of course, be altogether got
+    rid of, so to divide the danger, Mr. Gurney made his boiler in
+    forty welded iron pipes; still the steam ran in a main pipe
+    beneath the whole of the carriage, and the evil was but
+    modified. At length the inventer has detached the engine and
+    boiler, or locomotive part of the apparatus, which is now to be
+    fastened to the carriage, and may be considered as a
+    STEAM-HORSE, with no more danger than we should apprehend from
+    a restive animal, in whose veins the steam or mettle circulates
+    with too high a pressure. Fair trials have been made of the
+    Improved Carriage on our common roads, the Premier has decided
+    the machine "to be of great national importance," from sundry
+    experiments witnessed by his grace, at Hounslow Barracks; and
+    the coach is announced "really to start next month (the 1st) in
+    working&mdash;not experimental journeys&mdash;for travellers
+    between London and Bath."<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+       Crack upon crack will follow joke upon joke; the
+       <i>Omnibus</i>, with its phaeton-like coursers will be
+       eclipsed; and a journey to Bath and the Hot Wells by steam
+       will soon be an everyday event.</p>
+
+    <p>Descriptions of Mr. Gurney's carriage have been so often
+    before the public, that extended detail is unnecessary.
+    Besides, all our liege subscribers will turn to the account in
+    our No. 287. The recent improvements have been perspicuously
+    stated by Mr. Herapath, of Cranford, in a letter in the
+    <i>Times</i> newspaper, and we cannot do better than adopt and
+    abridge a portion of his communication.</p>
+
+    <p>"The present differs from the earlier carriage, in several
+    improvements in the machinery, suggested by experiment; also in
+    having no propellers;<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+       and in having only four wheels instead of six; the apparatus
+       for guiding being applied immediately to the two
+       fore-wheels, bearing a part of the weight, instead of two
+       extra leading wheels bearing little or none. No person can
+       conceive the absolute control this apparatus gives to the
+       director of the carriage, unless he has had the same
+       opportunities of observing it which I had in a ride with Mr.
+       Gurney. Whilst the wheels obey the slightest motions of the
+       hand, a trifling pressure of the foot keeps them inflexibly
+       steady, however rough the ground. To the hind axle, which is
+       very strong, and bent into two cranks of nine inches radius,
+       at right angles to each other, is applied the propelling
+       power by means of pistons from two horizontal cylinders. By
+       this contrivance, and a peculiar mode of admitting the steam
+       to the cylinders, Mr. Gurney has very ingeniously avoided
+       that cumbersome appendage to steam-engines, the fly-wheel,
+       and preserves uniformity of action by constantly having one
+       cylinder on full pressure, whilst the other is on the
+       reduced expansive. The dead points&mdash;that is, those in
+       which a piston has no effect from being in the same right
+       line with its crank,&mdash;are also cleared by the same
+       means. For as the cranks are at right angles, when one
+       piston is at a dead point, the other has a position of
+       maximum effect, and is then urged by full steam power; but
+       no sooner has the former passed the dead point, than an
+       expansion valve opens on it with full steam, and closes on
+       the latter. Firmly fixed to the extremities of the axle, and
+       at right angles to it, are the two 'carriers'&mdash;(two
+       strong irons extending each way to the felloes of the
+       wheels.) These irons may be bolted to the felloes of the
+       wheels or not, or to the felloes of one wheel only. Thus the
+       power applied to the axle is carried at once to the parts of
+       the wheels of least stress&mdash;the circumferences. By this
+       artifice the wheels are required to be of no greater
+       strength and weight than ordinary carriage-wheels; and, like
+       them, they turn freely and independently on the axle; but
+       one or both may be secured as part and parcel of the axle,
+       as circumstances require. The carriage is consequently
+       propelled by the friction or hold which either or both
+       hind-wheels, according as the power is applied to them
+       jointly or separately, have on the ground. Beneath the hind
+       part drop two irons, with flat feet, called 'shoe-drags.' A
+       well-contrived apparatus, with a spindle passing up through
+       a hollow cylinder, to which the guiding handle is affixed,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page195"
+       id="page195"></a>[pg 195]</span> enables the director to
+       force one or both drags tight on the road, so as to retard
+       the progress in a descent, or if he please, to raise the
+       wheels off the ground. The propulsive power of the wheels
+       being by this means destroyed, the carriage is arrested in a
+       yard or two, though going at the rate of eighteen or twenty
+       miles an hour. On the right hand of the director lies the
+       handle of the throttle-valve, by which he has the power of
+       increasing or diminishing the supply of steam <i>ad
+       libitum</i>, and hence of retarding or accelerating the
+       carriage's velocity. The whole carriage and machinery weigh
+       about 16 cwt., and with the full complement of water and
+       coke 20 or 22 cwt., of which, I am informed, about 16 cwt.
+       lie on the hind-wheels."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. H. then enumerates the principle of the
+    improvements:&mdash;"That troublesome appendage the fly-wheel,
+    as I have observed, Mr. Gurney has rendered unnecessary. The
+    danger to be apprehended in going over rough pitching, from too
+    rapid a generation of steam, he avoids by a curious application
+    of springs; and should these be insufficient, one or two safety
+    valves afford the <i>ultimatum</i> of security. He ensures an
+    easy descent down the steepest declivity by his 'shoe-drags,'
+    and the power of reversing the action of the engines. His hands
+    direct, and his foot literally pinches obedience to the course
+    over the roughest and most refractory ground. The dreadful
+    consequences of boiler-bursting are annihilated by a judicious
+    application of tubular boilers. Should, indeed, a tube burst, a
+    hiss about equal to that of a hot nail plunged into water,
+    contains the sum total of alarm, while a few strokes with a
+    hammer will set all to rights again. Lastly, he has so
+    contrived his 'carriers,' that they shall act without confining
+    the wheels, by which means there is none of that sliding and
+    consequent cutting up of the road, which, in sharp turnings,
+    would result from inflexible constraint.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hills and loose, slippery ground are well known to be the
+    <i>res adversæ</i> of steam-carriages; on ordinary level roads
+    they roll along with rapid facility. In every ascent there are
+    two additional circumstances inimical to progressive motion.
+    One is, that carriages press less on the ground of a hill than
+    on that of a plain, thus giving the wheels a less forcible
+    grasp or bite. But this may be easily remedied in the structure
+    of a carriage, and is not of very material consequence in the
+    steepest hills that we have. The other is more serious. When a
+    carriage ascends a hill, the weight or gravity of the whole is
+    decomposable into two&mdash;one perpendicular, and the other
+    parallel to the road. The former constitutes the pressure on
+    the road, the latter the additional work the engine has to
+    perform. Universally this is the same part of the whole
+    carriage and its load together, which the perpendicular ascent
+    of the hill is of its length. With these principles, if we knew
+    the bite of the wheels on the road, we could at once subject
+    the powers of Mr. Gurney's carriage to calculation.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now, from one of the experiments made in the barrack-yard,
+    at Hounslow, I find we can approximate towards it. For
+    instance, with one wheel only fixed to the 'carriers,' the
+    carriage drew itself and load of water and coke (about 1 ton),
+    with three men on it, and a wagon behind of 16 cwt. containing
+    27 soldiers. This, at the rate of 1-1/2 cwt. to a man, in round
+    numbers is 4 tons. Estimating the force of traction of spring
+    carriages at a twelfth of the total weight, it consequently
+    gives a hold or bite on the road of 1-12 of 4 tons, or 6 2-3rds
+    cwt. per wheel, or 13 1-3rd cwt. for the two wheels. This is
+    likewise the propelling force of the carriage. Supposing,
+    therefore, we were ascending a hill of 1 foot rise in 8, which
+    I am assured exceeds in steepness any hill we have, we should
+    be able to draw a load behind of 2 tons 2 cwt., or between 3
+    and 4 tons altogether....</p>
+
+    <p>"On a good level road I think it not improbable it might
+    draw, instead of 7 tons which our experiment would give, from
+    10 to 11, besides its own weight, or 100 ordinary men,
+    exclusive of 2 or 3 tons for carriages; and up one of our
+    steepest hills, 3 tons besides itself, or 25 men besides a ton
+    for a carriage. This it would do at a rate of 8, 9, or 10 miles
+    an hour. For it is a singular feature in this carriage, and
+    which was remarked by many at the time, that it maintained very
+    nearly the same speed with a wagon and 27 men, that it did with
+    the carriage and only 5 or 6 persons. But there is a fact
+    connected with this machine still more extraordinary. For
+    instance, every additional cwt. we shift on the hind or working
+    wheels, will increase the power of traction in our steepest
+    hills upwards of 4 cwt., and on the level road half a ton.
+    Such, then, is the paradoxical nature of steam-carriages, that
+    the very circumstance which in animal exertion would weaken and
+    retard, will here multiply their strength and accelerate. This,
+    no doubt, Mr. Gurney's ingenuity will soon turn to profitable
+    account.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196"
+       id="page196"></a>[pg 196]</span>
+
+    <p>"It has often been asserted that carriages of this sort
+    could not go above 6 or 7 miles an hour. I can see no
+    reasonable objection to 20. The following fact, decided before
+    a large company in the barrack-yard, will best speak for
+    itself:&mdash;At eighteen minutes after three I ascended the
+    carriage with Mr. Gurney. After we had gone about half way
+    round, 'Now,' said Mr. Gurney, 'I will show you her speed.' He
+    did, and we completed seven turns round the outside of the road
+    by twenty-eight minutes after three. If, therefore, as I was
+    there assured, two and a half turns measured one mile, we went
+    2.8 miles in ten minutes; that is, at the rate of 16.8, or
+    nearly 17 miles per hour. But as Mr. Gurney slackened its
+    motion once or twice in the course of trial, to speak to some
+    one, and did not go at an equal rate all the way round for fear
+    of accident in the crowd, it is clear that sometimes we must
+    have proceeded at the rate of upwards of twenty miles an
+    hour."</p>
+
+    <p>The Engraving will furnish the reader with a correct idea of
+    such of Mr. Gurney's improvements as are most interesting to
+    the public. The present arrangement is certainly very
+    preferable to placing the boiler and engine in immediate
+    contact with the carriage, which is to convey goods and
+    passengers. Men of science are still much divided on the
+    practical economy of using steam instead of horses as a
+    travelling agent; but we hope, like all great contemporaries
+    they may whet and cultivate each other till the desired object
+    is attained. One of them, a writer in the <i>Atlas</i>,
+    observes, that "if ultimately found capable of being brought
+    into public use, it would probably be most convenient and
+    desirable that several locomotive engines should be employed on
+    one line of road, in order that they might be exchanged at
+    certain stages for the purposes of examination, tightening of
+    screws, and other adjustments, which the jolting on passing
+    over the road might render necessary, and for the supply of
+    fuel and water."</p>
+
+    <p>An effectively-coloured lithographic of Mr. Gurney's
+    carriage (by Shoesmith) has recently appeared at the
+    printsellers', which we take this opportunity of recommending
+    to the notice of collectors and scrappers.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>PUNNING SATIRE ON AN INCONSTANT LOVER.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>You are as faithless as a <i>Carthaginian</i>,</p>
+
+            <p>To love at once, <i>Kate, Nell, Doll, Martha, Jenny,
+            Anne.</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">SWIFT.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>BRIMHAM ROCKS<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+       BY MOONLIGHT.</h3>
+
+    <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>The sun hath set, but yet I linger still,</p>
+
+            <p>Gazing with rapture on the face of night;</p>
+
+            <p>And mountain wild, deep vale, and heathy hill,</p>
+
+            <p>Lay like a lovely vision, mellow, bright,</p>
+
+            <p>Bathed in the glory of the sunset light,</p>
+
+            <p>Whose changing hues in flick'ring radiance play,</p>
+
+            <p>Faint and yet fainter on the outstretch'd sight,</p>
+
+            <p>Until at length they wane and die away,</p>
+
+            <p>And all th' horizon round fades into twilight
+            gray.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But, slowly rising up the vaulted sky,</p>
+
+            <p>Forth comes the moon, night's joyous, sylvan
+            queen,</p>
+
+            <p>With one lone, silent star, attendant by</p>
+
+            <p>Her side, all sparkling in its glorious sheen;</p>
+
+            <p>And, floating swan-like, stately, and serene,</p>
+
+            <p>A few light fleecy clouds, the drapery of
+            heav'n,</p>
+
+            <p>Throw their pale shadows o'er this witching
+            scene,</p>
+
+            <p>Deep'ning its mystic grandeur&mdash;and seem
+            driven</p>
+
+            <p>Round these all shapeless piles like Time's wan
+            spectres risen</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>From out the tombs of ages. All around</p>
+
+            <p>Lies hushed and still, save with large, dusky
+            wing</p>
+
+            <p>The bird of night makes its ill-omened sound;</p>
+
+            <p>Or moor-game, nestling 'neath th' flowery ling</p>
+
+            <p>Low chuckle to their mates&mdash;or startled,
+            spring</p>
+
+            <p>Away on rustling pinions to the sky,</p>
+
+            <p>Wheel round and round in many an airy ring,</p>
+
+            <p>Then swooping downward to their covert hie,</p>
+
+            <p>And, lodged beneath the heath again securely
+            lie.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Ascend yon hoary rock's impending brow,</p>
+
+            <p>And on its windy summit take your stand&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Lo! Wilsill's lovely vale extends below,</p>
+
+            <p>And long, long heathy moors on either hand</p>
+
+            <p>Stretch dark and misty&mdash;a bleak tract of
+            land,</p>
+
+            <p>Whereon but seldom human footsteps come;</p>
+
+            <p>Save when with dog, obedient at command,</p>
+
+            <p>And gun, the sportsman quits his city home,</p>
+
+            <p>And brushing through the ling in quest of game doth
+            roam.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>And lo! in wild confusion scattered round,</p>
+
+            <p>Huge, shapeless, naked, massy piles of stone</p>
+
+            <p>Rise, proudly towering o'er this barren ground,</p>
+
+            <p>Scowling in mutual hate&mdash;apart, alone,</p>
+
+            <p>Stern, desolate they stand&mdash;and seeming
+            thrown</p>
+
+            <p>By some dire, dread convulsion of the earth</p>
+
+            <p>From her deep, silent caves, and hoary grown</p>
+
+            <p>With age and storms that Boreas issues forth</p>
+
+            <p>Replete with ire from his wild regions in the
+            north.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>How beautiful! yet wildly beautiful,</p>
+
+            <p>As group on group comes glim'ring on the eye,</p>
+
+            <p>Making the heart, soul, mind, and spirit full</p>
+
+            <p>Of holy rapture and sweet
+            imagery;</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page197"
+               id="page197"></a>[pg 197]</span>
+
+            <p>Till o'er the lip escapes th' unconscious sigh,</p>
+
+            <p>And heaves the breast with feeling, too too deep</p>
+
+            <p>For words t' express the awful sympathy,</p>
+
+            <p>That like a dream doth o'er the senses creep,</p>
+
+            <p>Chaining the gazer's eye&mdash;and yet he cannot
+            weep.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But stands entranced and rooted to the spot,</p>
+
+            <p>While grows the scene upon him vast, sublime,</p>
+
+            <p>Like some gigantic city's ruin, not</p>
+
+            <p>Inhabited by men, but Titans&mdash;Time</p>
+
+            <p>Here rests upon his scythe and fears to climb,</p>
+
+            <p>Spent by th' unceasing toil of ages past,</p>
+
+            <p>Musing he stands and listens to the chime</p>
+
+            <p>Of rock-born spirits howling in the blast,</p>
+
+            <p>While gloomily around night's sable shades are
+            cast.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Well deemed I ween the Druid sage of old</p>
+
+            <p>In making this his dwelling place on high;</p>
+
+            <p>Where all that's huge and great from Nature's
+            mould,</p>
+
+            <p>Spoke this the temple of his deity;</p>
+
+            <p>Whose walls and roof were the o'erhanging sky,</p>
+
+            <p>His altar th' unhewn rock, all bleak and bare,</p>
+
+            <p>Where superstition with red, phrensied eye</p>
+
+            <p>And look all wild, poured forth her idol prayer,</p>
+
+            <p>As rose the dying wail,<a id="footnotetag4"
+               name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+               and blazed the pile in air.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Lost in the lapse of time, the Druid's lore</p>
+
+            <p>Hath ceased to echo these rude rocks among;</p>
+
+            <p>No altar new is stained with human gore;</p>
+
+            <p>No hoary bard now weaves the mystic song;</p>
+
+            <p>Nor thrust in wicker hurdles, throng on throng,</p>
+
+            <p>Whole multitudes are offered to appease</p>
+
+            <p>Some angry god, whose will and power of wrong</p>
+
+            <p>Vainly they thus essayed to soothe and
+            please&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Alas! that thoughts so gross man's noblest powers
+            should seize.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But, bowed beneath the cross, see! prostrate
+            fall</p>
+
+            <p>The mummeries that long enthralled our isle;</p>
+
+            <p>So perish error! and wide over all</p>
+
+            <p>Let reason, truth, religion ever smile:</p>
+
+            <p>And let not man, vain, impious man defile</p>
+
+            <p>The spark heaven lighted in the human breast;</p>
+
+            <p>Let no enthusiastic rage, no sophist's wile</p>
+
+            <p>Lull the poor victim into careless rest,</p>
+
+            <p>Since the pure gospel page can teach him to be
+            blest.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Weak, trifling man, O! come and ponder here</p>
+
+            <p>Upon the nothingness of human things&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>How vain, how very vain doth then appear</p>
+
+            <p>The city's hum, the pomp and pride of kings;</p>
+
+            <p>All that from wealth, power, grandeur, beauty
+            springs,</p>
+
+            <p>Alike must fade, die, perish, be forgot;</p>
+
+            <p>E'en he whose feeble hand now strikes the
+            strings</p>
+
+            <p>Soon, soon within the silent grave must
+            rot&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Yet Nature's still the same, though we see, we hear
+            her not.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">J. HORNER.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Wilsill, near Pateley Bridge, Sept. 1829.</i></p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>MANNERS &amp; CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>PLEDGING HEALTHS.</h3>
+
+    <p>The origin of the very common expression, to <i>pledge</i>
+    one drinking, is curious: it is thus related by a very
+    celebrated antiquarian of the fifteenth century. "When the
+    <i>Danes</i> bore sway in this land, if a native did drink,
+    they would sometimes stab him with a dagger or knife; hereupon
+    people would not drink in company unless some one present would
+    be their <i>pledge</i> or surety, that they should receive no
+    hurt, whilst they were in their draught; hence that usual
+    phrase, I'll <i>pledge you</i>, or be a pledge for you." Others
+    affirm the true sense of the word was, that if the party drank
+    to, were not disposed to drink himself, he would put another
+    for <i>a pledge</i> to do it for him, else the party who began
+    would take it ill.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">J.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>RUSSIAN SUPERSTITION.</h3>
+
+    <p>The extreme superstition of the Greek church, the national
+    one of Russia, seems to exceed that of the Roman Catholic
+    devotees, even in Spain and Portugal. The following instance
+    will show the absurdity of it even among the higher
+    classes:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>A Russian princess, some few years since, had always a large
+    silver crucifix following her in a separate carriage, and which
+    was placed in her chamber. When any thing fortunate happened to
+    her in the course of the day, and she was satisfied with all
+    that had occurred, she had lighted tapers placed around the
+    crucifix, and said to it in a familiar style, "See, now, as you
+    have been very good to me to-day, you shall be treated well;
+    you shall have candles all night; I will love you; I will pray
+    to you." If on the contrary, any thing happened to vex the
+    lady, she had the candles put out, ordered her servants not to
+    pay any homage to the poor image, and loaded it herself with
+    the bitterest reproaches.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">INA.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>THE SELECTOR;</h2>
+
+    <h3>AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h3>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>Fruits</i>.</h4>
+
+    <p>This Part (5) completes the volume of "Vegetable Substances
+    used in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page198"
+       id="page198"></a>[pg 198]</span> Arts and in Domestic
+       Economy." The first portion&mdash;<i>Timber Trees</i> was
+       noticed at some length in our last volume (page 309,) and
+       received our almost unqualified commendation, which we are
+       induced to extend to the Part now before us. Still, we do
+       not recollect to have pointed out to our readers that which
+       appears to us the great recommendatory feature of this
+       series of works&mdash;we mean the arrangement of the
+       volumes&mdash;their subdivisions and
+       exemplifications&mdash;and these evince a master-hand in
+       compilation.</p>
+
+    <p>Every general reader must be aware that little novelty could
+    be expected in a brief History and Description of Timber Trees
+    and Fruits, and that the object of the Useful Knowledge Society
+    was not merely to furnish the public with new views, but to
+    present in the most attractive form the most entertaining facts
+    of established writers, and illustrate their views with the
+    observations of contemporary authors as well as their own
+    personal acquaintance with the subjects. In this manner, the
+    Editor has taken "a general and rapid view of fruits," and,
+    considering the great hold their description possesses on all
+    readers, we are disposed to think almost too rapid. We should
+    have enjoyed a volume or two more than half a volume of such
+    reading as the present; but as we are not purchasers, and are
+    unacquainted with the number to which the Society propose to
+    extend their works, we ought not perhaps to raise this
+    objection, which, to say the truth, is a sort of negative
+    commendation. Hitherto, we have been accustomed to see
+    compilations of pretensions similar to the present, executed
+    with little regard to neatness or unity, or weight or
+    consideration. Whole pages and long extracts have been stripped
+    and sliced off books, with little rule or arrangement, and what
+    is still worse, without any acknowledgment of the sources. The
+    last defect is certainly the greatest, since, in spite of
+    ill-arrangement, an intelligent inquirer may with much trouble,
+    avail himself of further reference to the authors quoted, and
+    thus complete in his own mind what the compiler had so
+    indifferently begun. The work before us is, however, altogether
+    of a much higher order than general compilations. The
+    introductions and inferences are pointed and judicious, and the
+    facts themselves of the most interesting character, are
+    narrated in a condensed but perspicuous style; while the
+    slightest reference will prove that the best and latest
+    authorities have been appreciated. Thus, in the History and
+    Description of Fruits, the Transactions of the Horticultural
+    Society are frequently and pertinently quoted to establish
+    disputed points, as well as the journals of intelligent
+    travellers and naturalists; with occasional poetical
+    embellishments, which lend a charm even to this attractive
+    species of reading.</p>
+
+    <p>To quote the history of either Fruit entire, would not so
+    well denote the character of the work as would a few of the
+    most striking passages in the descriptions. In the introductory
+    chapter we are pleased with the following passage on
+    <i>Monastic Gardens</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>"The monks, after the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to
+    Christianity, appear to have been the only gardeners. As early
+    as 674, we have a record, describing a pleasant and
+    fruit-bearing close at Ely, then cultivated by Brithnoth, the
+    first Abbot of that place. The ecclesiastics subsequently
+    carried their cultivation of fruits as tar as was compatible
+    with the nature of the climate, and the horticultural knowledge
+    of the middle ages. Whoever has seen an old abbey, where for
+    generations destruction only has been at work, must have almost
+    invariably found it situated in one of the choicest spots, both
+    as to soil and aspect; and if the hand of injudicious
+    improvement has not swept it away, there is still the
+    'Abbey-garden.' Even though it has been wholly
+    neglected&mdash;though its walls be in ruins, covered with
+    stone-crop and wall-flower, and its area produce but the
+    rankest weeds&mdash;there are still the remains of the aged
+    fruit trees&mdash;the venerable pears, the delicate little
+    apples, and the luscious black cherries. The chestnuts and the
+    walnuts may have yielded to the axe, and the fig trees and
+    vines died away;&mdash;but sometimes the mulberry is left, and
+    the strawberry and the raspberry struggle among the ruins.
+    There is a moral lesson in these memorials of the monastic
+    ages. The monks, with all their faults, were generally men of
+    peace and study; and these monuments show that they were
+    improving the world, while the warriors were spending their
+    lives to spoil it. In many parts of Italy and France, which had
+    lain in desolation and ruin from the time of the Goths, the
+    monks restored the whole surface to fertility; and in Scotland
+    and Ireland there probably would not have been a fruit tree
+    till the sixteenth century, if it had not been for their
+    peaceful labours. It is generally supposed that the monastic
+    orchards were in their greatest perfection from the twelfth to
+    the fifteenth century."</p>
+
+    <p>Again, the</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199"
+       id="page199"></a>[pg 199]</span>
+
+    <h4><i>Naturalization of Plants.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"The large number of our native plants (for we call those
+    native which have adapted themselves to our climate) mark the
+    gradual progress of our civilization through the long period of
+    two thousand years; whilst the almost infinite diversity of
+    exotics which a botanical garden offers, attest the triumphs of
+    that industry which has carried us as merchants or as colonists
+    over every region of the earth, and has brought from every
+    region whatever can administer to our comforts and our
+    luxuries,&mdash;to the tastes and the needful desires of the
+    humblest as well as the highest amongst us. To the same
+    commerce we owe the potato and the pine-apple; the China rose,
+    whose flowers cluster round the cottage-porch, and the Camellia
+    which blooms in the conservatory. The addition even of a
+    flower, or an ornamental shrub, to those which we already
+    possess, is not to be regarded as a matter below the care of
+    industry and science. The more we extend our acquaintance with
+    the productions of nature, the more are our minds elevated by
+    contemplating the variety, as well as the exceeding beauty, of
+    the works of the Creator. The highest understanding does not
+    stoop when occupied in observing the brilliant colour of a
+    blossom, or the graceful form of a leaf. Hogarth, the great
+    moral painter, a man in all respects of real and original
+    genius, writes thus to his friend Ellis, a distinguished
+    traveller and naturalist:&mdash;'As for your pretty little
+    seed-cups, or vases, they are a sweet confirmation of the
+    pleasure Nature seems to take in superadding an elegance of
+    form to most of her works, wherever you find them. How poor and
+    bungling are all the imitations of Art! When I have the
+    pleasure of seeing you next, we will sit down, <i>nay, kneel
+    down if you will</i>, and admire these things.'</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>"It is one of the proudest attributes of man, and one which
+    is most important for him to know, that he can improve every
+    production of nature, if he will but once make it his own by
+    possession and attachment. A conviction of this truth has
+    rendered the cultivation of fruits, in the more polished
+    countries of Europe, as successful as we now behold it."</p>
+
+    <p>The work then divides into <i>Fruits of the Temperate
+    Climates</i>, and of <i>Tropical Climates</i>; the first are
+    subdivided into Fleshy, Pulpy, and Stone Fruits and Nuts, in
+    preference to a strict geographical arrangement. Under "the
+    Apple" occur some very judicious observations on</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Cider.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"The cider counties of England have always been considered
+    as highly interesting. They lie something in the form of a
+    horse-shoe round the Bristol Channel; and the best are,
+    Worcester and Hereford, on the north of the channel, and
+    Somerset and Devon on the south. In appearance, they have a
+    considerable advantage over those counties in which grain alone
+    is cultivated. The blossoms cover an extensive district with a
+    profusion of flowers in the spring, and the fruit is beautiful
+    in autumn. Some of the orchards occupy a space of forty or
+    fifty acres; and the trees being at considerable intervals, the
+    land is also kept in tillage. A great deal of practical
+    acquaintance with the qualities of soil is required in the
+    culture of apple and pear trees; and his skill in the
+    adaptation of trees to their situation principally determines
+    the success of the manufacturer of cider and perry. The produce
+    of the orchards is very fluctuating; and the growers seldom
+    expect an abundant crop more than once in three years. The
+    quantity of apples required to make a hogshead of cider is from
+    twenty-four to thirty bushels; and in a good year an acre of
+    orchard will produce somewhere about six hundred bushels, or
+    from twenty to twenty-five hogsheads. The cider harvest is in
+    September. When the season is favourable, the heaps of apples
+    collected at the presses are immense&mdash;consisting of
+    hundreds of tons. If any of the vessels used in the manufacture
+    of cider are of lead, the beverage is not wholesome. The price
+    of a hogshead of cider generally varies from 2<i>l.</i> to
+    5<i>l.</i>, according to the season and quality; but cider of
+    the finest growth has sometimes been sold as high as
+    20<i>l.</i> by the hogshead, direct from the press&mdash;a
+    price equal to that of many of the fine wines of the Rhine or
+    the Garonne."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h4><i>Old Apple Trees.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"At Horton, in Buckinghamshire, where Milton spent some of
+    his earlier years, there is an apple tree still growing, of
+    which the oldest people remember to have heard it said that the
+    poet was accustomed to sit under it. And upon the low leads of
+    the church at Romsey, in Hampshire, there is an apple tree
+    still bearing fruit, which is said to be two hundred years
+    old."</p>
+
+    <p>The <i>Fig</i> and the <i>Fine</i> are equally
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page200"
+       id="page200"></a>[pg 200]</span> interesting, and in
+       connexion with the latter we notice the editor's mention of
+       the fine vineyard at Arundel Castle. Aubrey describes a
+       similar vineyard at Chart Park, near Dorking, another seat
+       of the Howards. "Here was a vineyard, supposed to have been
+       planted by the Hon. Charles Howard, who, it is said, erected
+       his residence, as it were, in the vineyard." Again, "the
+       vineyard flourished for some time, and tolerably good wine
+       was made from the produce; but after the death of the noble
+       planter, in 1713, it was much neglected, and nothing
+       remained but the name. On taking down the house, a stone
+       resembling a millstone, was found, by which the grapes were
+       pressed."<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+       We were on the spot at the time, and saw the stone in
+       question. Vines are still very abundant at Dorking, the soil
+       being very congenial to their growth. "Hence, almost every
+       house in this part has its vine; and some of the plants are
+       very productive. The cottages of the labouring poor are not
+       without this ornament, and the produce is usually sold by
+       them to their wealthier neighbours, for the manufacture of
+       wine. The price per bushel is from 4<i>s.</i> to
+       16<i>s.</i>; but the variableness of the season frequently
+       disappoints them in the crops, the produce of which is
+       sometimes laid up as a setoff to the
+       rent."<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>We have heard too of attempts in England to train the vine
+    on the sides of hills, and a few years since an individual lost
+    a considerable sum of money in making the experiment in the
+    Isle of Wight.</p>
+
+    <p>At page 257, observes the editor,</p>
+
+    <h4><i>A Vineyard</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"Associated as it is with all our ideas of beauty and
+    plenty, is, in general, a disappointing object. The hop
+    plantations of our own country are far more picturesque. In
+    France, the vines are trained upon poles, seldom more than
+    three or four feet in height; and 'the pole-clipt vineyard' of
+    poetry is not the most inviting of real objects. In Spain,
+    poles for supporting vines are not used; but cuttings are
+    planted, which are not permitted to grow very high, but
+    gradually form thick and stout stocks. In Switzerland, and in
+    the German provinces, the vineyards are as formal as those of
+    France. But in Italy is found the true vine of poetry,
+    'surrounding the stone cottage with its girdle, flinging its
+    pliant and luxuriant branches over the rustic veranda, or
+    twining its long garland from tree to
+    tree.'<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+       It was the luxuriance and the beauty of her vines and her
+       olives that tempted the rude people of the north to pour
+       down upon her fertile fields:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>'The prostrate South to the destroyer yields</p>
+
+            <p>Her boasted titles and her golden fields;</p>
+
+            <p>With grim delight the brood of winter view</p>
+
+            <p>A brighter day, and heavens of azure hue.</p>
+
+            <p>Scent the new fragrance of the breathing rose.</p>
+
+            <p>And quaff the pendent vintage as it
+            grows.'<a id="footnotetag8"
+               name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"In Greece, too, as well as Italy, the shoots of the vines
+    are either trained upon trees, or supported, so as to display
+    all their luxuriance, upon a series of props. This was the
+    custom of the ancient vine-growers; and their descendants have
+    preserved it in all its picturesque
+    originality.<a id="footnotetag9"
+       name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+       The vine-dressers of Persia train their vines to run up a
+       wall, and curl over on the top. But the most luxurious
+       cultivation of the vine in hot countries is where it covers
+       the trellis-work which surrounds a well, inviting the owner
+       and his family to gather beneath its shade. 'The fruitful
+       bough by well' is of the highest antiquity."</p>
+
+    <p>Passing over the Mulberry, Currant, Gooseberry, and the
+    Strawberry, the account of the Egg Plant is particularly
+    attractive; and that of the Olive is well-written, but too long
+    for extract.</p>
+
+    <p>Among the <i>Tropical Fruits</i>, the Orange and the Date
+    are very delightful; and equal in importance and interest are
+    the Cocoa Nut and Bread Fruit Tree. In short, it is impossible
+    to open the volume without being gratified with the richness
+    and variety of its contents, and the amiable feeling which
+    pervades the inferences and incidental observations of the
+    writer.</p>
+
+    <p>A word or two on the embellishments and we have done. These
+    are far behind the literary merits of the volume, and are
+    discreditable productions. Where so much is well done it were
+    better to omit engravings altogether than adopt such as these:
+    "they imitate nature so abominably." The group at page 223 is a
+    fair specimen of the whole, than which nothing can be more
+    lifeless. After the excellent cuts of Mr. London's Gardener's
+    and Natural History Magazines, we turn away from these with
+    pain, and it must be equally vexatious to the editor to see
+    such accompaniments to his pages.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page201"
+       id="page201"></a>[pg 201]</span>
+
+    <h3>SHAKSPEARE'S BROOCH.</h3>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:70%;">
+        <a href="images/201.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/201.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <h4>(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <p>Having frequently observed in your valuable publication the
+    great attention which you have paid to every thing relating to
+    the "Immortal Bard of Avon," I beg leave to transmit to you two
+    drawings (the one back, the other front) of a brooch or buckle,
+    found near the residence of the poet, at New Place, Stratford,
+    among the rubbish brought out from the spot where the house
+    stood. This brooch is considered by the most competent judges
+    and antiquarians in and near Stratford, to have been the
+    personal property of Shakspeare. A. is the back; 1 and 2, faint
+    traces of the letters which were nearly obliterated, by the
+    person who found the relic, in scraping to ascertain whether
+    the metal was precious, the whole of it being covered with
+    gangrene or verdigris. 3 and 4 are the remains of the hinge to
+    the pin. Fortunately the W. at the corner was preserved. B.
+    represents the front of the brooch; 1, 3, and 5, are red stones
+    in the top part (similar in shape to a coronet) 2 and 4 are
+    blue stones in the same; the other stones in the bottom or
+    heart are white, though varying rather in hue, and all are set
+    in silver.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">HJTHWC.</p>
+
+    <p>N.B. The above is shown to the curious by the individual who
+    found it&mdash;a poor man named Smith, living in Sheep Street,
+    Stratford.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>The greater portion of the following Notes will, we are
+    persuaded, be new to all but the bibliomaniacs in theatrical
+    lore. They occur in a paper of 45 pages in the last Edinburgh
+    Review, in which the writer attributes the Decline of the Drama
+    to a variety of causes&mdash;as late hours, costly
+    representations, high salaries, and excessive
+    taxation&mdash;some of which we have selected for extract. In
+    our affection for the Stage, we have paid some attention to its
+    history, as well as to its recent state, and readily do we
+    subscribe to a few of the Reviewer's opinions of the cause of
+    its neglect. But to attribute this falling off to "taxes
+    innumerable" is rather too broad: perhaps the highly-taxed wax
+    lights around the box circles suggested this new light. We need
+    not go so far to detect the rottenness of the dramatic state;
+    still, as the question involves controversy at every point, we
+    had rather keep out of the fight, and leave our Reviewer
+    without further note or comment.</p>
+
+    <h3>NOTES ON THE DRAMA.</h3>
+
+    <h4>(<i>From the Edinburgh Review, No. 98.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <h4><i>Origin of Admission Money.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>There were at Athens various funds, applicable to public
+    purposes; one of which, and among the most considerable, was
+    appropriated for the expensed of sacrifices, processions,
+    festivals, spectacles, and of the theatres. The citizens were
+    admitted to the theatres for some time gratis; but in
+    consequence of the disturbances caused by multitudes crowding
+    to get seats, to introduce order, and as the phrase is, to keep
+    out improper persons, a small sum of money was afterwards
+    demanded for admission. That the poorer classes, however, might
+    not be deprived of their favourite gratification, they received
+    from the treasury, out of this fund, the price of a
+    seat&mdash;and thus peace and regularity were secured, and the
+    fund still applied to its original purpose. The money that was
+    taken at the doors, having served as a ticket, was expended,
+    together with that which had not been used in this manner,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page202"
+       id="page202"></a>[pg 202]</span> to maintain the edifice
+       itself, and to pay the manifold charges of the
+       representation.</p>
+
+    <h4>"<i>Dramatic Representations natural to Man.</i>"</h4>
+
+    <p>Travellers inform us, that savages, even in a very rude
+    state, are found to divert themselves by imitating some common
+    event in life: but it is not necessary to leave our own quiet
+    homes to satisfy ourselves, that dramatic representations are
+    natural to man. All children delight in mimicking action; many
+    of their amusements consist in such performances, and are in
+    every sense <i>plays</i>. It is curious, indeed, to observe at
+    how early an age the young of the most imitative animal, man,
+    begin to copy the actions of others; how soon the infant
+    displays its intimate conviction of the great truth, that "all
+    the world's a Stage." The baby does not imitate those acts
+    only, that are useful and necessary to be learned; but it
+    instinctively mocks useless and unimportant actions and
+    unmeaning sounds, for its amusement, and for the mere pleasure
+    of imitation, and is evidently much delighted when it is
+    successful. The diversions of children are very commonly
+    dramatic. When they are not occupied with their hoops, tops,
+    and balls, or engaged in some artificial game, they amuse
+    themselves in playing at soldiers, in being at school, or at
+    church, in going to market, in receiving company; and they
+    imitate the various employments of life with so much fidelity,
+    that the theatrical critic, who delights in chaste acting, will
+    often find less to censure in his own little servants in the
+    nursery, than in his majesty's servants in a theatre-royal.
+    When they are somewhat older they dramatize the stories they
+    read; most boys have represented Robin Hood, or one of his
+    merry-men, and every one has enacted the part of Robinson
+    Crusoe, and his man Friday. We have heard of many extraordinary
+    tastes and antipathies; but we never knew an instance of a
+    young person, who was not delighted the first time he visited a
+    theatre. The true enjoyment of life consists in action; and
+    happiness, according to the peripatetic definition, is to be
+    found in energy; it accords, therefore, with the nature and
+    etymology of the drama, which is, in truth, not less natural
+    than agreeable. Its grand divisions correspond, moreover, with
+    those of time; the contemplation of the present is
+    Comedy&mdash;mirth for the most part being connected with the
+    present only&mdash;and the past and the future are the
+    dominions of the Tragic muse.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Grecian Theatres.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The climate of Athens being one of the finest and most
+    agreeable in the world, the Athenians passed the greatest part
+    of their time in the open air; and their theatres, like those
+    in the rest of Greece and in ancient Rome, had no other
+    covering than the sky. Their structure accordingly differed
+    greatly from that of a modern playhouse, and the representation
+    in many respects was executed in a different manner. But we
+    will mention those peculiarities only which are necessary to
+    render our observations intelligible.</p>
+
+    <p>The ancient theatres, in the first place, were on a much
+    larger scale than any that have been constructed in later days.
+    It would have been impossible, by reason of the magnitude of
+    the edifice, and consequently of the stage, to have changed the
+    scenes in the same manner as in our smaller buildings. The
+    scene, as it was called, was a permanent structure, and
+    resembled the front of Somerset House, of the Horse Guards, or
+    the Tuileries, and was in the same style of architecture as the
+    rest of the spacious edifice. There were three large gateways,
+    through each of which a view of streets, or of woods, or of
+    whatever was suitable to the action represented, was displayed;
+    this painting was fixed upon a triangular frame, that turned on
+    an axis, like a swivel seal, or ring, so that any one of the
+    three sides might be presented to the spectators, and perhaps
+    the two that were turned away might be covered with other
+    subjects, if it were necessary. If parts of Regent Street, or
+    of Whitehall, or the Mansion House, and the Bank of England,
+    were shown through the openings in the fixed scene, it would be
+    plain that the fable was intended to be referred to London; and
+    it would be removed to Edinburgh, or Paris, if the more
+    striking portions of those cities were thus exhibited. The
+    front of the scene was broken by columns, by bays and
+    promontories in the line of the building, which gave beauty and
+    variety to the façade, and aided the deception produced by the
+    paintings that were seen through the three openings. In the
+    Roman Theatres there were commonly two considerable
+    projections, like large bow-windows, or bastions, in the spaces
+    between the apertures; this very uneven line afforded
+    assistance to the plot, in enabling different parties to be on
+    the stage at the same time, without seeing one another.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page203"
+       id="page203"></a>[pg 203]</span> The whole front of the
+       stage was called the scene, or covered building, to
+       distinguish it from the rest of the theatre, which was open
+       to the air, except that a covered portico frequently ran
+       round the semicircular part of the edifice at the back of
+       the highest row of seats, which answered to our galleries,
+       and was occupied, like them, by the gods, who stood in
+       crowds upon the level floor of their celestial abodes.</p>
+
+    <p>Immediately in front of the stage, as with us, was the
+    orchestra; but it was of much larger dimensions, not only
+    positively, but in proportion to the theatre. In our playhouses
+    it is exclusively inhabited by fiddles and their fiddlers; the
+    ancients appropriated it to more dignified purposes; for there
+    stood the high altar of Bacchus, richly ornamented and
+    elevated, and around it moved the sacred Chorus to solemn
+    measures, in stately array and in magnificent vestments, with
+    crowns and incense, chanting at intervals their songs, and
+    occupied in their various rites, as we have before mentioned.
+    It is one of the many instances of uninterrupted traditions,
+    that this part of our theatres is still devoted to receive
+    musicians, although, in comparison with their predecessors,
+    they are of an ignoble and degenerate race.</p>
+
+    <p>The use of masks was another remarkable peculiarity of the
+    ancient acting. It has been conjectured, that the tragic mask
+    was invented to conceal the face of the actor, which, in a
+    small city like Athens, must have been known to the greater
+    part of the audience, as vulgar in expression, and it sometimes
+    would have brought to mind most unseasonably the remembrance of
+    a life and of habits, that would have repelled all sympathy
+    with the character which he was to personate. It would not have
+    been endured, that a player should perform the part of a
+    monarch in his ordinary dress, nor that of a hero with his own
+    mean physiognomy. It is probable, also, that the likeness of
+    every hero of tragedy was handed down in statues, medals, and
+    paintings, or even in a series of masks; and that the
+    countenance of Theseus, or of Ajax, was as well known to the
+    spectators as the face of any of their contemporaries. Whenever
+    a living character was introduced by name, as Cleon or
+    Socrates, in the old comedy, we may suppose that the mask was a
+    striking, although not a flattering portrait. We cannot doubt,
+    that these masks were made with great care, and were skilfully
+    painted, and finished with the nicest accuracy; for every art
+    was brought to a focus in the Greek theatres. We must not
+    imagine, like schoolboys, that the tragedies of Sophocles were
+    performed at Athens in such rude masks as are exhibited in our
+    music shops. We have some representations of them in antique
+    sculptures and paintings, with features somewhat distorted, but
+    of exquisite and inimitable beauty.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>The Roman Stage.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The Drama of ancient Rome possesses little of originality or
+    interest. The word <i>Histrio</i> is said to be of Etruscan
+    origin; the Tuscans, therefore, had their theatres; but little
+    information can now be gleaned respecting them. It was long
+    before theatres were firmly and permanently established in
+    Rome; but the love of these diversions gradually became too
+    powerful for the censors, and the Romans grew, at last, nearly
+    as fond of them as the Greeks. The latter, as St. Augustine
+    informs us, did not consider the profession of a player as
+    dishonourable: "Ipsos scenicos non turpes judicaverunt, sed
+    dignos etiam præclaris honoribus habuerunt."&mdash;<i>De Civ.
+    Dei</i>. The more prudish Romans, however, were less tolerant;
+    and we find in the Code various constitutions levelled against
+    actors, and one law especially, which would not suit our
+    senate, forbidding senators to marry actresses; but this was
+    afterwards relaxed by Justinian, who had broken it himself. He
+    permitted such marriages to take place on obtaining the consent
+    of the emperor, and afterwards without, so that the lady
+    quitted the stage, and changed her manner of life. The Romans,
+    however, had at least enough of kindly feeling towards a
+    Comedian to pray for the safety, or refection, of his soul
+    after death; this is proved by a pleasant epitaph on a player,
+    which is published in the collection of Gori:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Pro jocis, quibus cunctos</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">oblectabat,</p>
+
+            <p>Si quid oblectamenti apud</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">vos est</p>
+
+            <p>Manes, insontem reficite</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Animulam."</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h4><i>Costume.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>It is probable that the imagination of the spectator could
+    without difficulty dispense with scenes, particularly if the
+    surrounding objects were somewhat removed from the ordinary
+    aspect of every-day things; if the performance were to take
+    place, for example, in the hall of a college, or in a
+    church.</p>
+
+    <p>The costume that prevails at present almost universally, is
+    so barbarous and mean, and it changes in so many minute
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page204"
+       id="page204"></a>[pg 204]</span> particulars so frequently,
+       that it is impossible to conceive the hero of a tragedy
+       actually wearing such attire. A more picturesque dress seems
+       therefore to be indispensable; but the essentials of the
+       costume of any time, from which dramatic subjects could be
+       taken, are by no means costly. All that is absolutely
+       necessary in vestments to content the fancy, might be
+       procured at a trifling expense, and the hero or heroine
+       might be supplied with the ordinary apparel of Greece, or
+       Rome, or of any other country, at a small price. We must
+       carefully distinguish, however, between the necessaries and
+       the luxuries of deception; the form, and sometimes the
+       colour, demand a scrupulous accuracy; the texture is always
+       unimportant. We may comprehend, therefore, how the old
+       English theatre, notwithstanding the small outlay on
+       decorations, by a strict attention to essentials, possessed
+       considerable attractions; we may readily believe, that there
+       were many companies who were maintained by their trade;
+       "that all those companies got money and lived in reputation,
+       especially those of the Blackfriars, who were men of grave
+       and sober behaviour."</p>
+
+    <h4><i>The Old Drama.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Our literature is remarkably rich in old dramas; but they
+    are of little use to the present age. Fastidiousness and
+    hypocrisy have grown for many years, slowly but surely, and
+    have at last arrived at such a pitch, that there is hardly a
+    line in the works of our old comic writers, which is not
+    reprobated as immoral, or at least vulgar. The excessive
+    squeamishness of taste of the present day is very unfavourable
+    to the genius of comedy, which demands a certain liberty and a
+    freedom from restraints. This morbid delicacy is a great evil,
+    for it renders the time of limitation in all comic writings
+    exceedingly short. The ephemeral duration of the fashion, which
+    is all the production of a man of wit can now enjoy,
+    discourages authors. There is no motive to bestow much care on
+    such compositions, and they fall below the ambition of men of
+    real talents&mdash;for the best part of the reward of literary
+    labour consists in the lasting admiration of posterity; and as
+    some new fastidiousness will consign to oblivion, in a short
+    time, every comic production, it is plain that such a reward
+    cannot be reasonably anticipated. We are more completely, than
+    any other nation, the victims of fashion. Everything here must
+    either be in the last and newest fashion, or it must cease to
+    be. The despotism of fashion in dress, in furniture, and in the
+    pattern of the edges of plate, is perhaps inconvenient&mdash;it
+    is, however, not very important; but it is a cruel grievance
+    that it should interfere with and annihilate an entire
+    department of our literature.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Hours of Representation.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Dramatic representations were formerly given, not only in
+    Greece and Rome, but in England also, in the daytime, and in
+    the open air. "The Globe, Fortune, and Bull, were large houses,
+    and partly open to the weather, and there they always acted by
+    daylight;" and plays were first acted in Spain in the open
+    courts of great houses, which were sometimes covered, in whole
+    or in part, with an awning to keep off the sun. The word
+    <i>sale</i>, which is used as a stage direction, meaning not
+    <i>exit</i>, but he enters, <i>i.e.</i> he comes out of the
+    house into the open air, is an evidence of the old practice. We
+    are inclined to think that the morning is more favourable to
+    dramatic excellence than the evening. The daylight accords with
+    the truth and sobriety of nature, and it is the season of cool
+    judgment: the gilded, the painted, the tawdry, the
+    meretricious&mdash;spangles and tinsel, and tarnished and
+    glittering trumpery&mdash;demand the glare of candle-light and
+    the shades of night. It is certain, that the best pieces were
+    written for the day; and it is probable, that the best actors
+    were those who performed whilst the sun was above the horizon.
+    The childish trash which now occupies so large a portion of the
+    public attention could not, it is evident, keep possession of
+    the stage, if it were to be presented, not at ten o'clock at
+    night, but twelve hours earlier. Much would need to be changed
+    in the dresses, scenery, and decorations, and in many other
+    respects, in the pieces, the solid merits of which would be
+    able to undergo the severe ordeal; and if we consider
+    <i>what</i> changes would be required to adapt them to the
+    altered hours, we shall find that they will be all in favour of
+    good taste, and on the side of nature and simplicity. The day
+    is a holy thing; Homer aptly calls it [Greek: ieron
+    aemar]&iota;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&nu; &eta;&mu;&alpha;&rho;,
+    and it still retains something of the sacred simplicity of
+    ancient times. It is, at all events, less sophisticated and
+    polluted than the modern night, a period which is not devoted
+    to wholesome sleep, but to various constraints and sufferings,
+    called, in bitter mockery, Pleasure. The late evening, being a
+    modern invention, is therefore devoted to fashion; to recur to
+    the simple and pure in theatricals, it would
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page205"
+       id="page205"></a>[pg 205]</span> probably be necessary to
+       effect an escape from a period of time, which has never been
+       employed in the full integrity of tasteful elegance; and
+       thus to break the spell, by which the whole realm of fancy
+       has long been bewitched. An absurd and inconvenient
+       practice, which is almost peculiar to this country, of
+       attending public places in that uncomfortable condition,
+       which is technically called being dressed, but which is in
+       truth, especially in females, being more or less naked and
+       undressed, might more easily be dispensed with by day, and
+       on that account, and for many other reasons, it would be
+       less difficult to return home.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Decline of the Drama.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>It is not unlikely that the drama would be more successful
+    if it were conducted more plainly, and in a less costly style.
+    The perfection of the machinery and scenery of the modern
+    theatres, seems to be unfavourable to the goodness of
+    composition and acting; since the accessaries are so excellent,
+    the opinion is encouraged, that the principals are less
+    important, and may be neglected with impunity. The effect of
+    good scenery at the first glance is, no doubt, very striking,
+    but it soon passes away. If we saw a Garrick acting Shakspeare
+    in a large hall, without any scenes, we should cease in a few
+    minutes to be sensible of the want of them. We are almost
+    disposed to believe, that exactly in proportion as scenery has
+    been improved, good acting has declined.</p>
+
+    <p>The present age is too much inclined to make human life, in
+    every department, resemble a great lottery, in which there are
+    a very few enormous prizes, and all the rest of the tickets are
+    blanks. The stage has not escaped the evil we complain of; on
+    the contrary, it is a striking instance of the mischief of this
+    unequal partition. The public are of opinion, that it is
+    impossible to reward a small number of actors too highly, and
+    to pay the remainder at too low a rate; to neglect the latter
+    enough, or to be sufficiently attentive to the former. On our
+    stage, therefore, the inferior parts, and indeed all but one or
+    two, and especially in tragedies, where the inequality is more
+    intolerable, and more inexcusable, are sustained in a very
+    inadequate manner. In foreign theatres, on the contrary, and
+    especially in France, the whole performance is more equal, and
+    consequently more agreeable. There is perhaps less difference
+    than is commonly supposed between the best performers and those
+    in the next class. Whatever the difference be, it is an
+    inconvenience and an imperfection that ought to be palliated;
+    but we aggravate it. The first-rate actor always does his best,
+    because the audience expect it, and reward him with their
+    applause; but no one cares for, or observes, the performer of
+    second-rate talents: whether he be perfect in his part, and
+    exert himself to the utmost, or be slovenly and negligent
+    throughout, he is unpraised and unblamed. The general effect,
+    therefore, of our tragedies, is very unsatisfactory; for that
+    is far greater, where all the characters are tolerably well
+    supported, than where there is one good actor, and all the
+    other parts are inhumanly murdered. This latter is too often
+    the case on our stage for with us art does little, nothing
+    being taught systematically. The French players, on the
+    contrary, are thoroughly drilled, and well instructed, in every
+    requisite.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>BISHOPS' SLEEVES.</h3>
+
+    <p>To Joan it has been always conceded that she is as good as
+    her lady in the dark, but it is only of late years that Joan
+    has presumed to rival her mistress in the light. The high price
+    of silks and satins protected the mistress against this
+    usurpation of her servant in the broad day. Clad in these, she
+    was safe, as in a coat of mail, from the attack of the domestic
+    aspirant, who was seldom able to obtain possession of the
+    outworks of fashion beyond an Irish poplin or a Norwich crape.
+    The silks and satins were a wall of separation, as impenetrable
+    as the lines of Torres Vedras, or the court hoop and petticoat
+    of a drawing-room in the reign of George III. The new liberal
+    commercial system has entirely changed the position of the
+    parties. The cheapness of French silks, and other articles of
+    dress, has placed female finery within the reach of even
+    moderate wages, and a kitchen-wench will not condescend to
+    sweep the room in any thing less than a robe of <i>Gros de
+    Naples</i> or <i>batiste</i>. Something must be done on the
+    part of the mistress to arrest the progress of invasion, and
+    assert the vested rights of the superior classes of female
+    society. Invention is the first quality of genius, and to woman
+    it is granted in a high degree. Thus gifted, the mistress, in a
+    happy moment, conceived the idea of bishops' sleeves, an
+    article of dress which precludes all hope or chance of
+    imitation in the kitchen. A muffled cat might as well attempt
+    to catch mice, as a maid-servant to go about the business of
+    the house in bishops' sleeves. She could not
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page206"
+       id="page206"></a>[pg 206]</span> remove the tea-equipage
+       from the table without the risk of sweeping the china upon
+       the floor; if she handed her master a plate, he must submit
+       to have his head wrapped up in her sleeve; and what a figure
+       must the cook present after preparing her soups and sauces!
+       The female servant thus accoutred might, indeed, perform the
+       office of a flapper, and disperse the flies; but although
+       this was an office of importance among the ancients, it is
+       dispensed with at a modern table. With the introduction of
+       bishops' sleeves, the rivalry on the part of the maid must
+       cease, and the mistress remain in undisturbed possession of
+       her pre-eminence. Every friend of good order, every one who
+       would retain each individual female in her proper place in
+       society, and prevent its members from trespassing on each
+       other, must, therefore, rejoice in bishops' sleeves; and
+       devoutly pray, that differing from every other fashion that
+       ever preceded it, the fashion of bishops' sleeves may endure
+       for ever.&mdash;<i>New Monthly Magazine</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4><i>Iris Lunaris.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>That rare and beautiful phenomenon the <i>Iris Lunaris</i>,
+    or moonlight rainbow, was observed by Mr. W. Colbourne, jun.
+    and a friend of his, from an eminence about a quarter of a mile
+    from Sturminster, on the evening of the 14th instant, about
+    twenty minutes before nine o'clock, in the north-west. Its
+    northern limb first made its appearance; but after a few
+    minutes, the complete curvature was distinctly and beautifully
+    displayed. The altitude of its apex seemed to be nearly forty
+    degrees. Nothing could exceed the beauty of the appearance of
+    this arch of milky whiteness, contrasted as it was with the
+    sable rain fraught clouds which formed the background to this
+    interesting picture. It continued visible more than five
+    minutes, and gradually disappeared at the western limb.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">RURIS.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Sturminster</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Westphalia Hams</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Are prepared in November and March. The Germans place them
+    in deep tubs, which they cover with layers of salt and
+    saltpetre, and with a few laurel leaves. They are left four or
+    five days in this state, and are then completely covered with
+    strong brine. At the end of three weeks they are taken out, and
+    left to soak for twelve hours in clear well-water; they are
+    then exposed, during three weeks, to a smoke produced by the
+    branches of juniper.&mdash;<i>From the French.</i></p>
+
+    <h4><i>London Porter.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The bitter contained in porter, if taken wholly from hops,
+    would require an average quantity of ten or twelve pounds to
+    the quarter of malt, or about three pounds per barrel; so that
+    if we consider the fluctuation in the price of hops, we shall
+    not be surprised at the numerous substitutes, by which means
+    the brewer can procure as much bitter for sixpence as would
+    otherwise cost him a pound.</p>
+
+    <p>Quassia is, probably, the most harmless of all the illegal
+    bitters. The physicians prescribe the decoction to their
+    patients to the extent of a quarter of an ounce of the bark a
+    day&mdash;as much as the brewer was accustomed to put into nine
+    gallons of his porter.&mdash;<i>Library of Useful
+    Knowledge</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Black Game</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Have increased greatly in the southern counties of Scotland
+    and north of England within the last few years. It is a pretty
+    general opinion, though an erroneous one, that they drive away
+    the red grouse; the two species require very different kinds of
+    cover, and will never interfere.&mdash;<i>Note to White's
+    Selborne, by Sir W. Jardine</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Birds of Prey.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>All birds of prey are capable of sustaining the want of food
+    and water for long periods, particularly the latter, but of
+    which they also seem remarkably fond, drinking frequently in a
+    state of nature, and during summer washing almost
+    daily.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+    <h4><i>Egypt.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>M. Champollion, in one of his recent letters, tells us that
+    the whole of the island of Elephantina would hardly make a park
+    fit for a good citizen of Paris, although certain modern
+    chronologists would fain make it into a kingdom, in order to
+    dispose of the ancient Egyptian dynasty of the
+    Elephantines.</p>
+
+    <p>In another letter dated March last, he says, "Our
+    establishment is in the Valley of Kings, which may truly be
+    called the abode of death, as not a blade of grass is to be
+    found in it, nor any living creature, except the jackall and
+    hyæna, which the night before last devoured, at the distance of
+    100 steps from our palace, the ass which had carried my Barabra
+    servant Mahomet, during the time that he was agreeably passing
+    the night of the Ramadan in our kitchen, which
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page207"
+       id="page207"></a>[pg 207]</span> is in a royal tomb,
+       entirely dilapidated."&mdash;<i>Translated in the Literary
+       Gazette</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Beet-Root Sugar.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter for September, among the
+    advantages which will probably lead to the discontinuance of
+    the cultivation of sugar by slaves, enumerates the rapid
+    extension of the manufacture of beet-root sugar in France; a
+    prelude, as the editor conceives, to its introduction into this
+    country, and especially into Ireland.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Dry Rot.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The American Commodore Barron recommends pumping air from
+    the holds of vessels as a remedy against dry rot; the common
+    mode of ventilation, by forcing pure air, or dashing water into
+    the hold, being found an imperfect preservative.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Alloyed Iron Plate.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Iron, coated with an alloy of tin and lead, so as to imitate
+    tin plate, and not to rust, is now manufactured to a
+    considerable extent in Paris; and its use for sugar-pans and
+    boilers, and in the construction of roofs and gutters is
+    expected to be very considerable.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Interesting Question.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Whether in the sea there be depths where no creature is able
+    to live, or whether a boundary be assigned to organic life
+    within those depths, cannot be ascertained. It, however,
+    clearly appears from the observations made by Biot, and other
+    naturalists, that fishes, according to their different
+    dispositions, live in different depths of the
+    ocean.&mdash;<i>From the German</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Cats.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>In Kamtschatka, Greenland, Lapland, and Iceland, there are
+    no cats, nor does the lynx in Europe extend farther than
+    Norway.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+    <h4><i>Vessels made of the Papyrus.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The last number of the <i>Magazine of Natural History</i>
+    contains an article of great interest, on Vessels made of the
+    Papyrus, illustrated with cuts, from which it appears that
+    vessels have from the earliest times, been formed from the
+    paper reed, and that they are at present in use in Egypt and
+    Abyssinia. The author is John Hogg, Esq. M.A. F.L.S. &amp;c.
+    whose antiquarian attainments have greatly assisted him in the
+    elucidation of this very curious subject.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Remains of La Perouse.</i><a id="footnotetag10"
+       name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></h4>
+
+    <p>M. Derville, who commanded the Astrolabe, in the lute-voyage
+    undertaken to search for traces of the expedition of La
+    Perouse, considers the island, the summits of which were
+    observed fifteen leagues to windward, by the frigates La
+    RĂ©cherche and L'Esperance, which composed the expedition of
+    Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, in 1793, and to which the name of the
+    Isle de la RĂ©cherche was then given, to be the identical
+    island, Vanikoro (or Vanicolo) on the shores of which the
+    remnants of La Perouse's vessel have been found. The
+    geographical position of latitude and longitude of the Isle of
+    Vanikoro, agrees exactly with that of the island to which the
+    name of RĂ©cherche was given by D'Entrecasteaux. That island was
+    then confounded with the number of other islands, which had
+    been seen by the expedition, and which it had been found
+    impossible to examine in detail.&mdash;<i>Athenæum</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Study of Chemistry.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Numbers there are, far above the lower classes, who still
+    consider the elements of all things as consisting of earth,
+    air, fire, and water; an error which classical-learning, no
+    less than the expressions of common parlance, tends to
+    perpetuate. Let us hope that the days are at hand, if not
+    already arrived, in which the acquirement of such fundamental
+    knowledge will be looked upon as at least equally necessary
+    with the study of languages, and the cultivation of taste and
+    imagination.&mdash;<i>Library of Useful Knowledge</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>A snapper up of unconsidered
+            trifles.&mdash;SHAKSPEARE.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ORIGIN OF THE WORD WORSTED.</h3>
+
+    <p>Worsted, in the county of Norfolk, though formerly a town of
+    considerable trade, and much celebrity, is now reduced to a
+    village, and the manufactures, which obtained a name from the
+    place, are removed to Norwich and its vicinity.</p>
+
+    <p>Shakspeare has not been very courteous towards the
+    <i>worsted gentry</i>; had he lived in our times, they might
+    have <i>worsted</i> him for a libel: he says in King Lear, "A
+    base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three suited, hundred pound,
+    filthy, worsted stocking knave."</p>
+
+    <p class="author">P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>I asked a poor man, how he did? He said, he was like a
+    washball, always in decay.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page208"
+       id="page208"></a>[pg 208]</span>
+
+    <h3>CAT-FANCIER.</h3>
+
+    <p>Lady Morgan gives the following anecdote in her <i>Book of
+    the Boudoir</i>. "The first day we had the honour of dining at
+    the palace of the Archbishop of Taranto, at Naples, he said to
+    me, you must pardon my passion for cats, (<i>la mia passione
+    gattesca</i>) but I never exclude them from my dining-room, and
+    you will find they make excellent company." Between the first
+    and second course the door opened, and several enormously large
+    and beautiful Angola cats were introduced by the names of
+    Pantalone, Desdemona, Otello, &amp;c. They took their places on
+    chairs near the table, and were as silent, as quiet, as
+    motionless, and as well behaved, as the most <i>bon ton</i>
+    table in London could require. On the bishop requesting one of
+    the chaplains to help the Signora Desdemona, the butler stepped
+    up to his lordship, and observed, "My Lord, La Signora
+    Desdemona will prefer waiting for the roast."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>ANCIENT FAMILY.</h3>
+
+    <p>There was much sound truth in the speech of a country lad to
+    an idler, who boasted his ancient family: "<i>So much the worse
+    for you</i>," said the peasant, as we ploughmen say, "<i>the
+    older the seed the worse the crop</i>."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>At North Ferryby, in Yorkshire, the following very
+    instructive lines, are inscribed on a handsome tablet to the
+    memory of Sir T. Etherington, an Alderman of Hull, and late a
+    resident in the above place:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>"Taught of God we should view losses, sickness, pain, and
+    death, but as the several trying stages by which a good man,
+    like Joseph, is conducted from a tent to a court; sin his
+    disease, Christ his physician, pain his medicine, the Bible his
+    support, the grave his rest, and death itself an angel
+    expressly sent to relieve the worn out labourer, or crown the
+    faithful soldier!"</p>
+
+    <p>Louis XIV. was presented with an epitaph by an indifferent
+    poet, on the celebrated Moliere. "I would to God," said he,
+    "that Moliere had brought me yours."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>ON MEMORY.</h3>
+
+    <p>What an unknown and unspeakable happiness would it be to a
+    man of judgment, and who is engaged in the pursuit of
+    knowledge, if he had but a power of stamping all his own best
+    sentiments upon his memory in some indelible characters; and if
+    he could but imprint every valuable paragraph and sentiment of
+    the most excellent authors he has read, upon his mind, with the
+    same speed and facility with which he read
+    them?&mdash;<i>Watts</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>Upon a stone in St. Margaret's churchyard, at Lynn, in
+    Norfolk, is the following inscription to the memory of William
+    Scrivenor, Cook to the Corporation, who died in the year
+    1684:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Alas! alas! <i>Will Scrivenor's</i> dead, who by his
+            art,</p>
+
+            <p>Could make death's skeleton edible in each part,</p>
+
+            <p>Mourn, squeamish stomachs, and ye curious
+            palates,</p>
+
+            <p>You've lost your dainty dishes and your salades;</p>
+
+            <p>Mourn for yourselves, but not for him i'th'
+            least</p>
+
+            <p>He's gone to taste of a more heav'nly feast.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>At Whitchingham Magna, in the same county, is the following
+    epitaph to Thomas Alleyne, gent. who died Feb. 3, 1650, and his
+    two wives:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Death here advantage hath of life I spye,</p>
+
+            <p>One husband with two wives at once may lye.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>A recent American newspaper has the following notice to its
+    readers:&mdash;"The editor, printer, publisher, foreman, and
+    oldest apprentice (<i>two</i> in all,) are confined by
+    sickness, and the whole establishment is left in the care of
+    the <i>devil</i>."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <table summary="Limbird's Editions"
+           align="center">
+        <caption>
+            LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE<br />
+            <i>Following Novels is already Published:</i>
+        </caption>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td></td>
+
+            <td align="right"><i>s.</i></td>
+
+            <td align="right"><i>d.</i></td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Mackenzie's Man of Feeling</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Paul and Virginia</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Castle of Otranto</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Almoran and Hamet</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Rasselas</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Old English Baron</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">9</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Nature and Art</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">10</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Sicilian Romance</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Man of the World</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>A Simple Story</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">4</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Joseph Andrews</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Humphry Clinker</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Romance of the Forest</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Italian</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Zeluco, by Dr. Moore</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Edward, by Dr. Moore</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Roderick Random</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Mysteries of Udolpho</td>
+
+            <td align="right">3</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Peregrine Pickle</td>
+
+            <td align="right">4</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"Literary Gazette," Sept. 19, 1829.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The propellers, I am informed, are not absolutely
+        discarded. They are now not fixed, but movable, and
+        reserved for extreme possible emergencies, or for certain
+        military purposes.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+                    name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Yorkshire. This wonderful assemblage lies scattered in
+        groups, covering a surface of nearly forty acres of heathy
+        moor. The numerous rocking-stones, rock-idols, altars,
+        cannon rocks, &amp;c. evidently point out this spot as
+        having been used by the Druids in their horrid and
+        mysterious ceremonies. The position of some of these rocks
+        is truly astonishing; one in particular resting upon a base
+        of a few inches, overhangs on all sides many feet; while
+        others seem suspended and balanced as if they hung in
+        air.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+                    name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Human sacrifices formed part of the religious rites of
+        the Druids.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote5"
+                    name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Picturesque Promenade round Dorking. Second Edit. 12mo.
+        1823, p. 258, 259.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote6"
+                    name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Ibid p. 143.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote7"
+                    name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The Alpenstock, by C.J. Latrobe, 1829.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote8"
+                    name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Gray's Alliance of Education and Government.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote9"
+                    name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See the second Georgic of Virgil.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote10"
+                    name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>For a Report of this discovery, see MIRROR, vol. xiii p.
+        409.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near
+    Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+    Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13359 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13359 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13359)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement, And
+Instruction, No. 391, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement, And Instruction, No. 391
+       Vol. 14, No. 391, Saturday, September 26, 1829
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 3, 2004 [EBook #13359]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, William Flis, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 14, No. 391.] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.]
+
+
+
+
+MR. GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.
+
+
+Mr. Gurney, in perfecting this invention, has followed Dr. Franklin's
+advice--to tire and begin again. It is now four years since he first
+commenced his ingenious enterprise; and nearly two years since we
+reported and illustrated the progress he had made. (_See_ MIRROR, vol.
+x. page 393, or No. 287.) He began with a large boiler, but public
+prejudice was too strong for it; and knowing people talked of high
+pressure accidents; the steam, could not, of course, be altogether got
+rid of, so to divide the danger, Mr. Gurney made his boiler in forty
+welded iron pipes; still the steam ran in a main pipe beneath the
+whole of the carriage, and the evil was but modified. At length the
+inventer has detached the engine and boiler, or locomotive part of
+the apparatus, which is now to be fastened to the carriage, and may
+be considered as a STEAM-HORSE, with no more danger than we should
+apprehend from a restive animal, in whose veins the steam or mettle
+circulates with too high a pressure. Fair trials have been made of
+the Improved Carriage on our common roads, the Premier has decided the
+machine "to be of great national importance," from sundry experiments
+witnessed by his grace, at Hounslow Barracks; and the coach is
+announced "really to start next month (the 1st) in working--not
+experimental journeys--for travellers between London and Bath."[1]
+Crack upon crack will follow joke upon joke; the _Omnibus_, with its
+phaeton-like coursers will be eclipsed; and a journey to Bath and the
+Hot Wells by steam will soon be an everyday event.
+
+Descriptions of Mr. Gurney's carriage have been so often before the
+public, that extended detail is unnecessary. Besides, all our liege
+subscribers will turn to the account in our No. 287. The recent
+improvements have been perspicuously stated by Mr. Herapath, of
+Cranford, in a letter in the _Times_ newspaper, and we cannot do
+better than adopt and abridge a portion of his communication.
+
+"The present differs from the earlier carriage, in several
+improvements in the machinery, suggested by experiment; also in
+having no propellers;[2] and in having only four wheels instead of
+six; the apparatus for guiding being applied immediately to the two
+fore-wheels, bearing a part of the weight, instead of two extra
+leading wheels bearing little or none. No person can conceive the
+absolute control this apparatus gives to the director of the carriage,
+unless he has had the same opportunities of observing it which I
+had in a ride with Mr. Gurney. Whilst the wheels obey the slightest
+motions of the hand, a trifling pressure of the foot keeps them
+inflexibly steady, however rough the ground. To the hind axle, which
+is very strong, and bent into two cranks of nine inches radius, at
+right angles to each other, is applied the propelling power by means
+of pistons from two horizontal cylinders. By this contrivance, and a
+peculiar mode of admitting the steam to the cylinders, Mr. Gurney has
+very ingeniously avoided that cumbersome appendage to steam-engines,
+the fly-wheel, and preserves uniformity of action by constantly having
+one cylinder on full pressure, whilst the other is on the reduced
+expansive. The dead points--that is, those in which a piston has no
+effect from being in the same right line with its crank,--are also
+cleared by the same means. For as the cranks are at right angles, when
+one piston is at a dead point, the other has a position of maximum
+effect, and is then urged by full steam power; but no sooner has the
+former passed the dead point, than an expansion valve opens on it with
+full steam, and closes on the latter. Firmly fixed to the extremities
+of the axle, and at right angles to it, are the two 'carriers'--(two
+strong irons extending each way to the felloes of the wheels.) These
+irons may be bolted to the felloes of the wheels or not, or to the
+felloes of one wheel only. Thus the power applied to the axle is
+carried at once to the parts of the wheels of least stress--the
+circumferences. By this artifice the wheels are required to be of no
+greater strength and weight than ordinary carriage-wheels; and, like
+them, they turn freely and independently on the axle; but one or
+both may be secured as part and parcel of the axle, as circumstances
+require. The carriage is consequently propelled by the friction or
+hold which either or both hind-wheels, according as the power is
+applied to them jointly or separately, have on the ground. Beneath
+the hind part drop two irons, with flat feet, called 'shoe-drags.' A
+well-contrived apparatus, with a spindle passing up through a hollow
+cylinder, to which the guiding handle is affixed, enables the director
+to force one or both drags tight on the road, so as to retard the
+progress in a descent, or if he please, to raise the wheels off
+the ground. The propulsive power of the wheels being by this means
+destroyed, the carriage is arrested in a yard or two, though going at
+the rate of eighteen or twenty miles an hour. On the right hand of the
+director lies the handle of the throttle-valve, by which he has the
+power of increasing or diminishing the supply of steam _ad libitum_,
+and hence of retarding or accelerating the carriage's velocity. The
+whole carriage and machinery weigh about 16 cwt., and with the full
+complement of water and coke 20 or 22 cwt., of which, I am informed,
+about 16 cwt. lie on the hind-wheels."
+
+Mr. H. then enumerates the principle of the improvements:--"That
+troublesome appendage the fly-wheel, as I have observed, Mr. Gurney
+has rendered unnecessary. The danger to be apprehended in going over
+rough pitching, from too rapid a generation of steam, he avoids by a
+curious application of springs; and should these be insufficient, one
+or two safety valves afford the _ultimatum_ of security. He ensures
+an easy descent down the steepest declivity by his 'shoe-drags,' and
+the power of reversing the action of the engines. His hands direct,
+and his foot literally pinches obedience to the course over the
+roughest and most refractory ground. The dreadful consequences of
+boiler-bursting are annihilated by a judicious application of tubular
+boilers. Should, indeed, a tube burst, a hiss about equal to that of a
+hot nail plunged into water, contains the sum total of alarm, while a
+few strokes with a hammer will set all to rights again. Lastly, he has
+so contrived his 'carriers,' that they shall act without confining the
+wheels, by which means there is none of that sliding and consequent
+cutting up of the road, which, in sharp turnings, would result from
+inflexible constraint.
+
+"Hills and loose, slippery ground are well known to be the _res
+adversć_ of steam-carriages; on ordinary level roads they roll
+along with rapid facility. In every ascent there are two additional
+circumstances inimical to progressive motion. One is, that carriages
+press less on the ground of a hill than on that of a plain, thus
+giving the wheels a less forcible grasp or bite. But this may be
+easily remedied in the structure of a carriage, and is not of very
+material consequence in the steepest hills that we have. The other is
+more serious. When a carriage ascends a hill, the weight or gravity of
+the whole is decomposable into two--one perpendicular, and the other
+parallel to the road. The former constitutes the pressure on the road,
+the latter the additional work the engine has to perform. Universally
+this is the same part of the whole carriage and its load together,
+which the perpendicular ascent of the hill is of its length. With
+these principles, if we knew the bite of the wheels on the road,
+we could at once subject the powers of Mr. Gurney's carriage to
+calculation.
+
+"Now, from one of the experiments made in the barrack-yard, at
+Hounslow, I find we can approximate towards it. For instance, with one
+wheel only fixed to the 'carriers,' the carriage drew itself and load
+of water and coke (about 1 ton), with three men on it, and a wagon
+behind of 16 cwt. containing 27 soldiers. This, at the rate of 1-1/2
+cwt. to a man, in round numbers is 4 tons. Estimating the force of
+traction of spring carriages at a twelfth of the total weight, it
+consequently gives a hold or bite on the road of 1-12 of 4 tons, or
+6 2-3rds cwt. per wheel, or 13 1-3rd cwt. for the two wheels. This is
+likewise the propelling force of the carriage. Supposing, therefore,
+we were ascending a hill of 1 foot rise in 8, which I am assured
+exceeds in steepness any hill we have, we should be able to draw a
+load behind of 2 tons 2 cwt., or between 3 and 4 tons altogether....
+
+"On a good level road I think it not improbable it might draw, instead
+of 7 tons which our experiment would give, from 10 to 11, besides
+its own weight, or 100 ordinary men, exclusive of 2 or 3 tons for
+carriages; and up one of our steepest hills, 3 tons besides itself, or
+25 men besides a ton for a carriage. This it would do at a rate of 8,
+9, or 10 miles an hour. For it is a singular feature in this carriage,
+and which was remarked by many at the time, that it maintained very
+nearly the same speed with a wagon and 27 men, that it did with the
+carriage and only 5 or 6 persons. But there is a fact connected with
+this machine still more extraordinary. For instance, every additional
+cwt. we shift on the hind or working wheels, will increase the power
+of traction in our steepest hills upwards of 4 cwt., and on the
+level road half a ton. Such, then, is the paradoxical nature of
+steam-carriages, that the very circumstance which in animal exertion
+would weaken and retard, will here multiply their strength and
+accelerate. This, no doubt, Mr. Gurney's ingenuity will soon turn to
+profitable account.
+
+"It has often been asserted that carriages of this sort could not
+go above 6 or 7 miles an hour. I can see no reasonable objection
+to 20. The following fact, decided before a large company in the
+barrack-yard, will best speak for itself:--At eighteen minutes after
+three I ascended the carriage with Mr. Gurney. After we had gone about
+half way round, 'Now,' said Mr. Gurney, 'I will show you her speed.'
+He did, and we completed seven turns round the outside of the road
+by twenty-eight minutes after three. If, therefore, as I was there
+assured, two and a half turns measured one mile, we went 2.8 miles
+in ten minutes; that is, at the rate of 16.8, or nearly 17 miles per
+hour. But as Mr. Gurney slackened its motion once or twice in the
+course of trial, to speak to some one, and did not go at an equal rate
+all the way round for fear of accident in the crowd, it is clear that
+sometimes we must have proceeded at the rate of upwards of twenty
+miles an hour."
+
+The Engraving will furnish the reader with a correct idea of such of
+Mr. Gurney's improvements as are most interesting to the public. The
+present arrangement is certainly very preferable to placing the boiler
+and engine in immediate contact with the carriage, which is to convey
+goods and passengers. Men of science are still much divided on the
+practical economy of using steam instead of horses as a travelling
+agent; but we hope, like all great contemporaries they may whet and
+cultivate each other till the desired object is attained. One of them,
+a writer in the _Atlas_, observes, that "if ultimately found capable
+of being brought into public use, it would probably be most convenient
+and desirable that several locomotive engines should be employed on
+one line of road, in order that they might be exchanged at certain
+stages for the purposes of examination, tightening of screws, and
+other adjustments, which the jolting on passing over the road might
+render necessary, and for the supply of fuel and water."
+
+An effectively-coloured lithographic of Mr. Gurney's carriage (by
+Shoesmith) has recently appeared at the printsellers', which we take
+this opportunity of recommending to the notice of collectors and
+scrappers.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Literary Gazette," Sept. 19, 1829.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The propellers, I am informed, are not absolutely
+discarded. They are now not fixed, but movable, and reserved for
+extreme possible emergencies, or for certain military purposes.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUNNING SATIRE ON AN INCONSTANT LOVER.
+
+  You are as faithless as a _Carthaginian_,
+  To love at once, _Kate, Nell, Doll, Martha, Jenny, Anne._
+
+SWIFT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BRIMHAM ROCKS[3] BY MOONLIGHT.
+
+(_FOR THE MIRROR._)
+
+
+  The sun hath set, but yet I linger still,
+  Gazing with rapture on the face of night;
+  And mountain wild, deep vale, and heathy hill,
+  Lay like a lovely vision, mellow, bright,
+  Bathed in the glory of the sunset light,
+  Whose changing hues in flick'ring radiance play,
+  Faint and yet fainter on the outstretch'd sight,
+  Until at length they wane and die away,
+  And all th' horizon round fades into twilight gray.
+
+  But, slowly rising up the vaulted sky,
+  Forth comes the moon, night's joyous, sylvan queen,
+  With one lone, silent star, attendant by
+  Her side, all sparkling in its glorious sheen;
+  And, floating swan-like, stately, and serene,
+  A few light fleecy clouds, the drapery of heav'n,
+  Throw their pale shadows o'er this witching scene,
+  Deep'ning its mystic grandeur--and seem driven
+  Round these all shapeless piles like Time's wan spectres risen
+
+  From out the tombs of ages. All around
+  Lies hushed and still, save with large, dusky wing
+  The bird of night makes its ill-omened sound;
+  Or moor-game, nestling 'neath th' flowery ling
+  Low chuckle to their mates--or startled, spring
+  Away on rustling pinions to the sky,
+  Wheel round and round in many an airy ring,
+  Then swooping downward to their covert hie,
+  And, lodged beneath the heath again securely lie.
+
+  Ascend yon hoary rock's impending brow,
+  And on its windy summit take your stand--
+  Lo! Wilsill's lovely vale extends below,
+  And long, long heathy moors on either hand
+  Stretch dark and misty--a bleak tract of land,
+  Whereon but seldom human footsteps come;
+  Save when with dog, obedient at command,
+  And gun, the sportsman quits his city home,
+  And brushing through the ling in quest of game doth roam.
+
+  And lo! in wild confusion scattered round,
+  Huge, shapeless, naked, massy piles of stone
+  Rise, proudly towering o'er this barren ground,
+  Scowling in mutual hate--apart, alone,
+  Stern, desolate they stand--and seeming thrown
+  By some dire, dread convulsion of the earth
+  From her deep, silent caves, and hoary grown
+  With age and storms that Boreas issues forth
+  Replete with ire from his wild regions in the north.
+
+  How beautiful! yet wildly beautiful,
+  As group on group comes glim'ring on the eye,
+  Making the heart, soul, mind, and spirit full
+  Of holy rapture and sweet imagery;
+  Till o'er the lip escapes th' unconscious sigh,
+  And heaves the breast with feeling, too too deep
+  For words t' express the awful sympathy,
+  That like a dream doth o'er the senses creep,
+  Chaining the gazer's eye--and yet he cannot weep.
+
+  But stands entranced and rooted to the spot,
+  While grows the scene upon him vast, sublime,
+  Like some gigantic city's ruin, not
+  Inhabited by men, but Titans--Time
+  Here rests upon his scythe and fears to climb,
+  Spent by th' unceasing toil of ages past,
+  Musing he stands and listens to the chime
+  Of rock-born spirits howling in the blast,
+  While gloomily around night's sable shades are cast.
+
+  Well deemed I ween the Druid sage of old
+  In making this his dwelling place on high;
+  Where all that's huge and great from Nature's mould,
+  Spoke this the temple of his deity;
+  Whose walls and roof were the o'erhanging sky,
+  His altar th' unhewn rock, all bleak and bare,
+  Where superstition with red, phrensied eye
+  And look all wild, poured forth her idol prayer,
+  As rose the dying wail,[4] and blazed the pile in air.
+
+  Lost in the lapse of time, the Druid's lore
+  Hath ceased to echo these rude rocks among;
+  No altar new is stained with human gore;
+  No hoary bard now weaves the mystic song;
+  Nor thrust in wicker hurdles, throng on throng,
+  Whole multitudes are offered to appease
+  Some angry god, whose will and power of wrong
+  Vainly they thus essayed to soothe and please--
+  Alas! that thoughts so gross man's noblest powers should seize.
+
+  But, bowed beneath the cross, see! prostrate fall
+  The mummeries that long enthralled our isle;
+  So perish error! and wide over all
+  Let reason, truth, religion ever smile:
+  And let not man, vain, impious man defile
+  The spark heaven lighted in the human breast;
+  Let no enthusiastic rage, no sophist's wile
+  Lull the poor victim into careless rest,
+  Since the pure gospel page can teach him to be blest.
+
+  Weak, trifling man, O! come and ponder here
+  Upon the nothingness of human things--
+  How vain, how very vain doth then appear
+  The city's hum, the pomp and pride of kings;
+  All that from wealth, power, grandeur, beauty springs,
+  Alike must fade, die, perish, be forgot;
+  E'en he whose feeble hand now strikes the strings
+  Soon, soon within the silent grave must rot--
+  Yet Nature's still the same, though we see, we hear her not.
+
+J. HORNER.
+
+_Wilsill, near Pateley Bridge, Sept. 1829._
+
+[Footnote 3: Yorkshire. This wonderful assemblage lies scattered in
+groups, covering a surface of nearly forty acres of heathy moor.
+The numerous rocking-stones, rock-idols, altars, cannon rocks, &c.
+evidently point out this spot as having been used by the Druids in
+their horrid and mysterious ceremonies. The position of some of these
+rocks is truly astonishing; one in particular resting upon a base of
+a few inches, overhangs on all sides many feet; while others seem
+suspended and balanced as if they hung in air.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Human sacrifices formed part of the religious rites of
+the Druids.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PLEDGING HEALTHS.
+
+The origin of the very common expression, to _pledge_ one drinking,
+is curious: it is thus related by a very celebrated antiquarian of
+the fifteenth century. "When the _Danes_ bore sway in this land, if
+a native did drink, they would sometimes stab him with a dagger or
+knife; hereupon people would not drink in company unless some one
+present would be their _pledge_ or surety, that they should receive no
+hurt, whilst they were in their draught; hence that usual phrase, I'll
+_pledge you_, or be a pledge for you." Others affirm the true sense of
+the word was, that if the party drank to, were not disposed to drink
+himself, he would put another for _a pledge_ to do it for him, else
+the party who began would take it ill.
+
+J.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RUSSIAN SUPERSTITION.
+
+The extreme superstition of the Greek church, the national one of
+Russia, seems to exceed that of the Roman Catholic devotees, even in
+Spain and Portugal. The following instance will show the absurdity of
+it even among the higher classes:--
+
+A Russian princess, some few years since, had always a large silver
+crucifix following her in a separate carriage, and which was placed in
+her chamber. When any thing fortunate happened to her in the course
+of the day, and she was satisfied with all that had occurred, she
+had lighted tapers placed around the crucifix, and said to it in a
+familiar style, "See, now, as you have been very good to me to-day,
+you shall be treated well; you shall have candles all night; I will
+love you; I will pray to you." If on the contrary, any thing happened
+to vex the lady, she had the candles put out, ordered her servants not
+to pay any homage to the poor image, and loaded it herself with the
+bitterest reproaches.
+
+INA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SELECTOR;
+
+AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE.
+
+_FRUITS_.
+
+This Part (5) completes the volume of "Vegetable Substances used in
+the Arts and in Domestic Economy." The first portion--_Timber Trees_
+was noticed at some length in our last volume (page 309,) and received
+our almost unqualified commendation, which we are induced to extend to
+the Part now before us. Still, we do not recollect to have pointed
+out to our readers that which appears to us the great recommendatory
+feature of this series of works--we mean the arrangement of the
+volumes--their subdivisions and exemplifications--and these evince a
+master-hand in compilation.
+
+Every general reader must be aware that little novelty could be
+expected in a brief History and Description of Timber Trees and
+Fruits, and that the object of the Useful Knowledge Society was not
+merely to furnish the public with new views, but to present in the
+most attractive form the most entertaining facts of established
+writers, and illustrate their views with the observations of
+contemporary authors as well as their own personal acquaintance with
+the subjects. In this manner, the Editor has taken "a general
+and rapid view of fruits," and, considering the great hold their
+description possesses on all readers, we are disposed to think almost
+too rapid. We should have enjoyed a volume or two more than half a
+volume of such reading as the present; but as we are not purchasers,
+and are unacquainted with the number to which the Society propose
+to extend their works, we ought not perhaps to raise this objection,
+which, to say the truth, is a sort of negative commendation. Hitherto,
+we have been accustomed to see compilations of pretensions similar
+to the present, executed with little regard to neatness or unity,
+or weight or consideration. Whole pages and long extracts have been
+stripped and sliced off books, with little rule or arrangement, and
+what is still worse, without any acknowledgment of the sources.
+The last defect is certainly the greatest, since, in spite of
+ill-arrangement, an intelligent inquirer may with much trouble, avail
+himself of further reference to the authors quoted, and thus complete
+in his own mind what the compiler had so indifferently begun. The work
+before us is, however, altogether of a much higher order than general
+compilations. The introductions and inferences are pointed and
+judicious, and the facts themselves of the most interesting character,
+are narrated in a condensed but perspicuous style; while the slightest
+reference will prove that the best and latest authorities have
+been appreciated. Thus, in the History and Description of Fruits,
+the Transactions of the Horticultural Society are frequently and
+pertinently quoted to establish disputed points, as well as the
+journals of intelligent travellers and naturalists; with occasional
+poetical embellishments, which lend a charm even to this attractive
+species of reading.
+
+To quote the history of either Fruit entire, would not so well denote
+the character of the work as would a few of the most striking passages
+in the descriptions. In the introductory chapter we are pleased with
+the following passage on _Monastic Gardens_.
+
+"The monks, after the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity,
+appear to have been the only gardeners. As early as 674, we have
+a record, describing a pleasant and fruit-bearing close at Ely,
+then cultivated by Brithnoth, the first Abbot of that place. The
+ecclesiastics subsequently carried their cultivation of fruits as
+tar as was compatible with the nature of the climate, and the
+horticultural knowledge of the middle ages. Whoever has seen an old
+abbey, where for generations destruction only has been at work, must
+have almost invariably found it situated in one of the choicest spots,
+both as to soil and aspect; and if the hand of injudicious improvement
+has not swept it away, there is still the 'Abbey-garden.' Even though
+it has been wholly neglected--though its walls be in ruins, covered
+with stone-crop and wall-flower, and its area produce but the rankest
+weeds--there are still the remains of the aged fruit trees--the
+venerable pears, the delicate little apples, and the luscious black
+cherries. The chestnuts and the walnuts may have yielded to the axe,
+and the fig trees and vines died away;--but sometimes the mulberry is
+left, and the strawberry and the raspberry struggle among the ruins.
+There is a moral lesson in these memorials of the monastic ages. The
+monks, with all their faults, were generally men of peace and study;
+and these monuments show that they were improving the world, while the
+warriors were spending their lives to spoil it. In many parts of Italy
+and France, which had lain in desolation and ruin from the time of
+the Goths, the monks restored the whole surface to fertility; and in
+Scotland and Ireland there probably would not have been a fruit tree
+till the sixteenth century, if it had not been for their peaceful
+labours. It is generally supposed that the monastic orchards were in
+their greatest perfection from the twelfth to the fifteenth century."
+
+Again, the
+
+_NATURALIZATION OF PLANTS._
+
+"The large number of our native plants (for we call those native which
+have adapted themselves to our climate) mark the gradual progress of
+our civilization through the long period of two thousand years; whilst
+the almost infinite diversity of exotics which a botanical garden
+offers, attest the triumphs of that industry which has carried us
+as merchants or as colonists over every region of the earth, and has
+brought from every region whatever can administer to our comforts and
+our luxuries,--to the tastes and the needful desires of the humblest
+as well as the highest amongst us. To the same commerce we owe the
+potato and the pine-apple; the China rose, whose flowers cluster round
+the cottage-porch, and the Camellia which blooms in the conservatory.
+The addition even of a flower, or an ornamental shrub, to those which
+we already possess, is not to be regarded as a matter below the
+care of industry and science. The more we extend our acquaintance
+with the productions of nature, the more are our minds elevated by
+contemplating the variety, as well as the exceeding beauty, of the
+works of the Creator. The highest understanding does not stoop when
+occupied in observing the brilliant colour of a blossom, or the
+graceful form of a leaf. Hogarth, the great moral painter, a man in
+all respects of real and original genius, writes thus to his friend
+Ellis, a distinguished traveller and naturalist:--'As for your pretty
+little seed-cups, or vases, they are a sweet confirmation of the
+pleasure Nature seems to take in superadding an elegance of form to
+most of her works, wherever you find them. How poor and bungling are
+all the imitations of Art! When I have the pleasure of seeing you
+next, we will sit down, _nay, kneel down if you will_, and admire
+these things.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It is one of the proudest attributes of man, and one which is most
+important for him to know, that he can improve every production
+of nature, if he will but once make it his own by possession and
+attachment. A conviction of this truth has rendered the cultivation of
+fruits, in the more polished countries of Europe, as successful as we
+now behold it."
+
+The work then divides into _Fruits of the Temperate Climates_, and
+of _Tropical Climates_; the first are subdivided into Fleshy, Pulpy,
+and Stone Fruits and Nuts, in preference to a strict geographical
+arrangement. Under "the Apple" occur some very judicious observations
+on
+
+_CIDER._
+
+"The cider counties of England have always been considered as highly
+interesting. They lie something in the form of a horse-shoe round
+the Bristol Channel; and the best are, Worcester and Hereford, on
+the north of the channel, and Somerset and Devon on the south. In
+appearance, they have a considerable advantage over those counties
+in which grain alone is cultivated. The blossoms cover an extensive
+district with a profusion of flowers in the spring, and the fruit is
+beautiful in autumn. Some of the orchards occupy a space of forty or
+fifty acres; and the trees being at considerable intervals, the land
+is also kept in tillage. A great deal of practical acquaintance with
+the qualities of soil is required in the culture of apple and pear
+trees; and his skill in the adaptation of trees to their situation
+principally determines the success of the manufacturer of cider
+and perry. The produce of the orchards is very fluctuating; and the
+growers seldom expect an abundant crop more than once in three years.
+The quantity of apples required to make a hogshead of cider is from
+twenty-four to thirty bushels; and in a good year an acre of orchard
+will produce somewhere about six hundred bushels, or from twenty to
+twenty-five hogsheads. The cider harvest is in September. When the
+season is favourable, the heaps of apples collected at the presses are
+immense--consisting of hundreds of tons. If any of the vessels used in
+the manufacture of cider are of lead, the beverage is not wholesome.
+The price of a hogshead of cider generally varies from 2l. to 5l.,
+according to the season and quality; but cider of the finest growth
+has sometimes been sold as high as 20l. by the hogshead, direct from
+the press--a price equal to that of many of the fine wines of the
+Rhine or the Garonne."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_OLD APPLE TREES._
+
+"At Horton, in Buckinghamshire, where Milton spent some of his earlier
+years, there is an apple tree still growing, of which the oldest
+people remember to have heard it said that the poet was accustomed
+to sit under it. And upon the low leads of the church at Romsey, in
+Hampshire, there is an apple tree still bearing fruit, which is said
+to be two hundred years old."
+
+The _Fig_ and the _Fine_ are equally interesting, and in connexion
+with the latter we notice the editor's mention of the fine vineyard
+at Arundel Castle. Aubrey describes a similar vineyard at Chart Park,
+near Dorking, another seat of the Howards. "Here was a vineyard,
+supposed to have been planted by the Hon. Charles Howard, who, it is
+said, erected his residence, as it were, in the vineyard." Again, "the
+vineyard flourished for some time, and tolerably good wine was made
+from the produce; but after the death of the noble planter, in 1713,
+it was much neglected, and nothing remained but the name. On taking
+down the house, a stone resembling a millstone, was found, by which
+the grapes were pressed."[5] We were on the spot at the time, and saw
+the stone in question. Vines are still very abundant at Dorking, the
+soil being very congenial to their growth. "Hence, almost every house
+in this part has its vine; and some of the plants are very productive.
+The cottages of the labouring poor are not without this ornament, and
+the produce is usually sold by them to their wealthier neighbours, for
+the manufacture of wine. The price per bushel is from 4s. to 16s.;
+but the variableness of the season frequently disappoints them in the
+crops, the produce of which is sometimes laid up as a setoff to the
+rent."[6]
+
+We have heard too of attempts in England to train the vine on
+the sides of hills, and a few years since an individual lost a
+considerable sum of money in making the experiment in the Isle of
+Wight.
+
+At page 257, observes the editor,
+
+_A VINEYARD_
+
+"Associated as it is with all our ideas of beauty and plenty, is,
+in general, a disappointing object. The hop plantations of our own
+country are far more picturesque. In France, the vines are trained
+upon poles, seldom more than three or four feet in height; and 'the
+pole-clipt vineyard' of poetry is not the most inviting of real
+objects. In Spain, poles for supporting vines are not used; but
+cuttings are planted, which are not permitted to grow very high, but
+gradually form thick and stout stocks. In Switzerland, and in the
+German provinces, the vineyards are as formal as those of France.
+But in Italy is found the true vine of poetry, 'surrounding the stone
+cottage with its girdle, flinging its pliant and luxuriant branches
+over the rustic veranda, or twining its long garland from tree to
+tree.'[7] It was the luxuriance and the beauty of her vines and her
+olives that tempted the rude people of the north to pour down upon her
+fertile fields:--
+
+  'The prostrate South to the destroyer yields
+  Her boasted titles and her golden fields;
+  With grim delight the brood of winter view
+  A brighter day, and heavens of azure hue.
+  Scent the new fragrance of the breathing rose.
+  And quaff the pendent vintage as it grows.'[8]
+
+"In Greece, too, as well as Italy, the shoots of the vines are
+either trained upon trees, or supported, so as to display all their
+luxuriance, upon a series of props. This was the custom of the ancient
+vine-growers; and their descendants have preserved it in all its
+picturesque originality.[9] The vine-dressers of Persia train their
+vines to run up a wall, and curl over on the top. But the most
+luxurious cultivation of the vine in hot countries is where it covers
+the trellis-work which surrounds a well, inviting the owner and his
+family to gather beneath its shade. 'The fruitful bough by well' is of
+the highest antiquity."
+
+Passing over the Mulberry, Currant, Gooseberry, and the Strawberry,
+the account of the Egg Plant is particularly attractive; and that of
+the Olive is well-written, but too long for extract.
+
+Among the _Tropical Fruits_, the Orange and the Date are very
+delightful; and equal in importance and interest are the Cocoa Nut
+and Bread Fruit Tree. In short, it is impossible to open the volume
+without being gratified with the richness and variety of its contents,
+and the amiable feeling which pervades the inferences and incidental
+observations of the writer.
+
+A word or two on the embellishments and we have done. These are
+far behind the literary merits of the volume, and are discreditable
+productions. Where so much is well done it were better to omit
+engravings altogether than adopt such as these: "they imitate nature
+so abominably." The group at page 223 is a fair specimen of the whole,
+than which nothing can be more lifeless. After the excellent cuts of
+Mr. London's Gardener's and Natural History Magazines, we turn away
+from these with pain, and it must be equally vexatious to the editor
+to see such accompaniments to his pages.
+
+[Footnote 5: Picturesque Promenade round Dorking. Second Edit. 12mo.
+1823, p. 258, 259.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Ibid p. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Alpenstock, by C.J. Latrobe, 1829.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Gray's Alliance of Education and Government.]
+
+[Footnote 9: See the second Georgic of Virgil.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE'S BROOCH.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(_TO THE EDITOR OF THE MIRROR._)
+
+Having frequently observed in your valuable publication the great
+attention which you have paid to every thing relating to the "Immortal
+Bard of Avon," I beg leave to transmit to you two drawings (the one
+back, the other front) of a brooch or buckle, found near the residence
+of the poet, at New Place, Stratford, among the rubbish brought out
+from the spot where the house stood. This brooch is considered by the
+most competent judges and antiquarians in and near Stratford, to have
+been the personal property of Shakspeare. A. is the back; 1 and 2,
+faint traces of the letters which were nearly obliterated, by the
+person who found the relic, in scraping to ascertain whether the
+metal was precious, the whole of it being covered with gangrene
+or verdigris. 3 and 4 are the remains of the hinge to the pin.
+Fortunately the W. at the corner was preserved. B. represents the
+front of the brooch; 1, 3, and 5, are red stones in the top part
+(similar in shape to a coronet) 2 and 4 are blue stones in the same;
+the other stones in the bottom or heart are white, though varying
+rather in hue, and all are set in silver.
+
+HJTHWC.
+
+N.B. The above is shown to the curious by the individual who found
+it--a poor man named Smith, living in Sheep Street, Stratford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The greater portion of the following Notes will, we are persuaded, be
+new to all but the bibliomaniacs in theatrical lore. They occur in a
+paper of 45 pages in the last Edinburgh Review, in which the writer
+attributes the Decline of the Drama to a variety of causes--as
+late hours, costly representations, high salaries, and excessive
+taxation--some of which we have selected for extract. In our affection
+for the Stage, we have paid some attention to its history, as well
+as to its recent state, and readily do we subscribe to a few of the
+Reviewer's opinions of the cause of its neglect. But to attribute this
+falling off to "taxes innumerable" is rather too broad: perhaps the
+highly-taxed wax lights around the box circles suggested this new
+light. We need not go so far to detect the rottenness of the dramatic
+state; still, as the question involves controversy at every point,
+we had rather keep out of the fight, and leave our Reviewer without
+further note or comment.
+
+
+NOTES ON THE DRAMA.
+
+(_FROM THE EDINBURGH REVIEW, NO. 98._)
+
+_ORIGIN OF ADMISSION MONEY._
+
+There were at Athens various funds, applicable to public purposes; one
+of which, and among the most considerable, was appropriated for the
+expensed of sacrifices, processions, festivals, spectacles, and of
+the theatres. The citizens were admitted to the theatres for some time
+gratis; but in consequence of the disturbances caused by multitudes
+crowding to get seats, to introduce order, and as the phrase is,
+to keep out improper persons, a small sum of money was afterwards
+demanded for admission. That the poorer classes, however, might not
+be deprived of their favourite gratification, they received from the
+treasury, out of this fund, the price of a seat--and thus peace and
+regularity were secured, and the fund still applied to its original
+purpose. The money that was taken at the doors, having served as a
+ticket, was expended, together with that which had not been used in
+this manner, to maintain the edifice itself, and to pay the manifold
+charges of the representation.
+
+"_DRAMATIC REPRESENTATIONS NATURAL TO MAN._"
+
+Travellers inform us, that savages, even in a very rude state, are
+found to divert themselves by imitating some common event in life: but
+it is not necessary to leave our own quiet homes to satisfy ourselves,
+that dramatic representations are natural to man. All children
+delight in mimicking action; many of their amusements consist in such
+performances, and are in every sense _plays_. It is curious, indeed,
+to observe at how early an age the young of the most imitative animal,
+man, begin to copy the actions of others; how soon the infant displays
+its intimate conviction of the great truth, that "all the world's a
+Stage." The baby does not imitate those acts only, that are useful
+and necessary to be learned; but it instinctively mocks useless and
+unimportant actions and unmeaning sounds, for its amusement, and for
+the mere pleasure of imitation, and is evidently much delighted
+when it is successful. The diversions of children are very commonly
+dramatic. When they are not occupied with their hoops, tops, and
+balls, or engaged in some artificial game, they amuse themselves in
+playing at soldiers, in being at school, or at church, in going to
+market, in receiving company; and they imitate the various employments
+of life with so much fidelity, that the theatrical critic, who
+delights in chaste acting, will often find less to censure in his own
+little servants in the nursery, than in his majesty's servants in a
+theatre-royal. When they are somewhat older they dramatize the stories
+they read; most boys have represented Robin Hood, or one of his
+merry-men, and every one has enacted the part of Robinson Crusoe,
+and his man Friday. We have heard of many extraordinary tastes and
+antipathies; but we never knew an instance of a young person, who
+was not delighted the first time he visited a theatre. The true
+enjoyment of life consists in action; and happiness, according to
+the peripatetic definition, is to be found in energy; it accords,
+therefore, with the nature and etymology of the drama, which is,
+in truth, not less natural than agreeable. Its grand divisions
+correspond, moreover, with those of time; the contemplation of the
+present is Comedy--mirth for the most part being connected with the
+present only--and the past and the future are the dominions of the
+Tragic muse.
+
+_GRECIAN THEATRES._
+
+The climate of Athens being one of the finest and most agreeable in
+the world, the Athenians passed the greatest part of their time in the
+open air; and their theatres, like those in the rest of Greece and
+in ancient Rome, had no other covering than the sky. Their structure
+accordingly differed greatly from that of a modern playhouse, and the
+representation in many respects was executed in a different manner.
+But we will mention those peculiarities only which are necessary to
+render our observations intelligible.
+
+The ancient theatres, in the first place, were on a much larger scale
+than any that have been constructed in later days. It would have
+been impossible, by reason of the magnitude of the edifice, and
+consequently of the stage, to have changed the scenes in the same
+manner as in our smaller buildings. The scene, as it was called, was
+a permanent structure, and resembled the front of Somerset House, of
+the Horse Guards, or the Tuileries, and was in the same style of
+architecture as the rest of the spacious edifice. There were three
+large gateways, through each of which a view of streets, or of woods,
+or of whatever was suitable to the action represented, was displayed;
+this painting was fixed upon a triangular frame, that turned on an
+axis, like a swivel seal, or ring, so that any one of the three
+sides might be presented to the spectators, and perhaps the two that
+were turned away might be covered with other subjects, if it were
+necessary. If parts of Regent Street, or of Whitehall, or the Mansion
+House, and the Bank of England, were shown through the openings in
+the fixed scene, it would be plain that the fable was intended to be
+referred to London; and it would be removed to Edinburgh, or Paris,
+if the more striking portions of those cities were thus exhibited. The
+front of the scene was broken by columns, by bays and promontories in
+the line of the building, which gave beauty and variety to the façade,
+and aided the deception produced by the paintings that were seen
+through the three openings. In the Roman Theatres there were commonly
+two considerable projections, like large bow-windows, or bastions,
+in the spaces between the apertures; this very uneven line afforded
+assistance to the plot, in enabling different parties to be on the
+stage at the same time, without seeing one another. The whole front of
+the stage was called the scene, or covered building, to distinguish it
+from the rest of the theatre, which was open to the air, except that
+a covered portico frequently ran round the semicircular part of the
+edifice at the back of the highest row of seats, which answered to
+our galleries, and was occupied, like them, by the gods, who stood in
+crowds upon the level floor of their celestial abodes.
+
+Immediately in front of the stage, as with us, was the orchestra;
+but it was of much larger dimensions, not only positively, but
+in proportion to the theatre. In our playhouses it is exclusively
+inhabited by fiddles and their fiddlers; the ancients appropriated it
+to more dignified purposes; for there stood the high altar of Bacchus,
+richly ornamented and elevated, and around it moved the sacred Chorus
+to solemn measures, in stately array and in magnificent vestments,
+with crowns and incense, chanting at intervals their songs, and
+occupied in their various rites, as we have before mentioned. It is
+one of the many instances of uninterrupted traditions, that this part
+of our theatres is still devoted to receive musicians, although,
+in comparison with their predecessors, they are of an ignoble and
+degenerate race.
+
+The use of masks was another remarkable peculiarity of the ancient
+acting. It has been conjectured, that the tragic mask was invented
+to conceal the face of the actor, which, in a small city like Athens,
+must have been known to the greater part of the audience, as vulgar
+in expression, and it sometimes would have brought to mind most
+unseasonably the remembrance of a life and of habits, that would have
+repelled all sympathy with the character which he was to personate. It
+would not have been endured, that a player should perform the part of
+a monarch in his ordinary dress, nor that of a hero with his own mean
+physiognomy. It is probable, also, that the likeness of every hero of
+tragedy was handed down in statues, medals, and paintings, or even in
+a series of masks; and that the countenance of Theseus, or of Ajax,
+was as well known to the spectators as the face of any of their
+contemporaries. Whenever a living character was introduced by name, as
+Cleon or Socrates, in the old comedy, we may suppose that the mask was
+a striking, although not a flattering portrait. We cannot doubt, that
+these masks were made with great care, and were skilfully painted,
+and finished with the nicest accuracy; for every art was brought to
+a focus in the Greek theatres. We must not imagine, like schoolboys,
+that the tragedies of Sophocles were performed at Athens in such
+rude masks as are exhibited in our music shops. We have some
+representations of them in antique sculptures and paintings, with
+features somewhat distorted, but of exquisite and inimitable beauty.
+
+_THE ROMAN STAGE._
+
+The Drama of ancient Rome possesses little of originality or interest.
+The word _Histrio_ is said to be of Etruscan origin; the Tuscans,
+therefore, had their theatres; but little information can now be
+gleaned respecting them. It was long before theatres were firmly and
+permanently established in Rome; but the love of these diversions
+gradually became too powerful for the censors, and the Romans grew,
+at last, nearly as fond of them as the Greeks. The latter, as St.
+Augustine informs us, did not consider the profession of a player as
+dishonourable: "Ipsos scenicos non turpes judicaverunt, sed dignos
+etiam prćclaris honoribus habuerunt."--_De Civ. Dei_. The more prudish
+Romans, however, were less tolerant; and we find in the Code various
+constitutions levelled against actors, and one law especially, which
+would not suit our senate, forbidding senators to marry actresses; but
+this was afterwards relaxed by Justinian, who had broken it himself.
+He permitted such marriages to take place on obtaining the consent
+of the emperor, and afterwards without, so that the lady quitted the
+stage, and changed her manner of life. The Romans, however, had at
+least enough of kindly feeling towards a Comedian to pray for the
+safety, or refection, of his soul after death; this is proved by a
+pleasant epitaph on a player, which is published in the collection
+of Gori:--
+
+  Pro jocis, quibus cunctos
+      oblectabat,
+  Si quid oblectamenti apud
+      vos est
+  Manes, insontem reficite
+      Animulam."
+
+_COSTUME._
+
+It is probable that the imagination of the spectator could without
+difficulty dispense with scenes, particularly if the surrounding
+objects were somewhat removed from the ordinary aspect of every-day
+things; if the performance were to take place, for example, in the
+hall of a college, or in a church.
+
+The costume that prevails at present almost universally, is so
+barbarous and mean, and it changes in so many minute particulars so
+frequently, that it is impossible to conceive the hero of a tragedy
+actually wearing such attire. A more picturesque dress seems therefore
+to be indispensable; but the essentials of the costume of any time,
+from which dramatic subjects could be taken, are by no means costly.
+All that is absolutely necessary in vestments to content the fancy,
+might be procured at a trifling expense, and the hero or heroine
+might be supplied with the ordinary apparel of Greece, or Rome, or of
+any other country, at a small price. We must carefully distinguish,
+however, between the necessaries and the luxuries of deception; the
+form, and sometimes the colour, demand a scrupulous accuracy; the
+texture is always unimportant. We may comprehend, therefore, how the
+old English theatre, notwithstanding the small outlay on decorations,
+by a strict attention to essentials, possessed considerable
+attractions; we may readily believe, that there were many companies
+who were maintained by their trade; "that all those companies got
+money and lived in reputation, especially those of the Blackfriars,
+who were men of grave and sober behaviour."
+
+_THE OLD DRAMA._
+
+Our literature is remarkably rich in old dramas; but they are of
+little use to the present age. Fastidiousness and hypocrisy have grown
+for many years, slowly but surely, and have at last arrived at such
+a pitch, that there is hardly a line in the works of our old comic
+writers, which is not reprobated as immoral, or at least vulgar.
+The excessive squeamishness of taste of the present day is very
+unfavourable to the genius of comedy, which demands a certain liberty
+and a freedom from restraints. This morbid delicacy is a great
+evil, for it renders the time of limitation in all comic writings
+exceedingly short. The ephemeral duration of the fashion, which is
+all the production of a man of wit can now enjoy, discourages authors.
+There is no motive to bestow much care on such compositions, and they
+fall below the ambition of men of real talents--for the best part of
+the reward of literary labour consists in the lasting admiration of
+posterity; and as some new fastidiousness will consign to oblivion, in
+a short time, every comic production, it is plain that such a reward
+cannot be reasonably anticipated. We are more completely, than any
+other nation, the victims of fashion. Everything here must either be
+in the last and newest fashion, or it must cease to be. The despotism
+of fashion in dress, in furniture, and in the pattern of the edges of
+plate, is perhaps inconvenient--it is, however, not very important;
+but it is a cruel grievance that it should interfere with and
+annihilate an entire department of our literature.
+
+_HOURS OF REPRESENTATION._
+
+Dramatic representations were formerly given, not only in Greece and
+Rome, but in England also, in the daytime, and in the open air. "The
+Globe, Fortune, and Bull, were large houses, and partly open to the
+weather, and there they always acted by daylight;" and plays were
+first acted in Spain in the open courts of great houses, which were
+sometimes covered, in whole or in part, with an awning to keep off the
+sun. The word _sale_, which is used as a stage direction, meaning not
+_exit_, but he enters, i.e. he comes out of the house into the open
+air, is an evidence of the old practice. We are inclined to think
+that the morning is more favourable to dramatic excellence than the
+evening. The daylight accords with the truth and sobriety of nature,
+and it is the season of cool judgment: the gilded, the painted, the
+tawdry, the meretricious--spangles and tinsel, and tarnished and
+glittering trumpery--demand the glare of candle-light and the shades
+of night. It is certain, that the best pieces were written for the
+day; and it is probable, that the best actors were those who performed
+whilst the sun was above the horizon. The childish trash which now
+occupies so large a portion of the public attention could not, it is
+evident, keep possession of the stage, if it were to be presented, not
+at ten o'clock at night, but twelve hours earlier. Much would need to
+be changed in the dresses, scenery, and decorations, and in many other
+respects, in the pieces, the solid merits of which would be able to
+undergo the severe ordeal; and if we consider _what_ changes would be
+required to adapt them to the altered hours, we shall find that they
+will be all in favour of good taste, and on the side of nature and
+simplicity. The day is a holy thing; Homer aptly calls it [Greek:
+ieron aemar], and it still retains something of the sacred simplicity
+of ancient times. It is, at all events, less sophisticated and
+polluted than the modern night, a period which is not devoted to
+wholesome sleep, but to various constraints and sufferings, called,
+in bitter mockery, Pleasure. The late evening, being a modern
+invention, is therefore devoted to fashion; to recur to the simple and
+pure in theatricals, it would probably be necessary to effect an
+escape from a period of time, which has never been employed in the
+full integrity of tasteful elegance; and thus to break the spell, by
+which the whole realm of fancy has long been bewitched. An absurd and
+inconvenient practice, which is almost peculiar to this country, of
+attending public places in that uncomfortable condition, which is
+technically called being dressed, but which is in truth, especially in
+females, being more or less naked and undressed, might more easily be
+dispensed with by day, and on that account, and for many other reasons,
+it would be less difficult to return home.
+
+_DECLINE OF THE DRAMA._
+
+It is not unlikely that the drama would be more successful if it were
+conducted more plainly, and in a less costly style. The perfection
+of the machinery and scenery of the modern theatres, seems to be
+unfavourable to the goodness of composition and acting; since the
+accessaries are so excellent, the opinion is encouraged, that the
+principals are less important, and may be neglected with impunity.
+The effect of good scenery at the first glance is, no doubt, very
+striking, but it soon passes away. If we saw a Garrick acting
+Shakspeare in a large hall, without any scenes, we should cease in a
+few minutes to be sensible of the want of them. We are almost disposed
+to believe, that exactly in proportion as scenery has been improved,
+good acting has declined.
+
+The present age is too much inclined to make human life, in every
+department, resemble a great lottery, in which there are a very few
+enormous prizes, and all the rest of the tickets are blanks. The
+stage has not escaped the evil we complain of; on the contrary, it is
+a striking instance of the mischief of this unequal partition. The
+public are of opinion, that it is impossible to reward a small number
+of actors too highly, and to pay the remainder at too low a rate;
+to neglect the latter enough, or to be sufficiently attentive to the
+former. On our stage, therefore, the inferior parts, and indeed all
+but one or two, and especially in tragedies, where the inequality
+is more intolerable, and more inexcusable, are sustained in a
+very inadequate manner. In foreign theatres, on the contrary, and
+especially in France, the whole performance is more equal, and
+consequently more agreeable. There is perhaps less difference than is
+commonly supposed between the best performers and those in the next
+class. Whatever the difference be, it is an inconvenience and an
+imperfection that ought to be palliated; but we aggravate it. The
+first-rate actor always does his best, because the audience expect it,
+and reward him with their applause; but no one cares for, or observes,
+the performer of second-rate talents: whether he be perfect in his
+part, and exert himself to the utmost, or be slovenly and negligent
+throughout, he is unpraised and unblamed. The general effect,
+therefore, of our tragedies, is very unsatisfactory; for that is far
+greater, where all the characters are tolerably well supported, than
+where there is one good actor, and all the other parts are inhumanly
+murdered. This latter is too often the case on our stage for with
+us art does little, nothing being taught systematically. The French
+players, on the contrary, are thoroughly drilled, and well instructed,
+in every requisite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BISHOPS' SLEEVES.
+
+To Joan it has been always conceded that she is as good as her lady
+in the dark, but it is only of late years that Joan has presumed to
+rival her mistress in the light. The high price of silks and satins
+protected the mistress against this usurpation of her servant in the
+broad day. Clad in these, she was safe, as in a coat of mail, from
+the attack of the domestic aspirant, who was seldom able to obtain
+possession of the outworks of fashion beyond an Irish poplin or a
+Norwich crape. The silks and satins were a wall of separation, as
+impenetrable as the lines of Torres Vedras, or the court hoop and
+petticoat of a drawing-room in the reign of George III. The new
+liberal commercial system has entirely changed the position of the
+parties. The cheapness of French silks, and other articles of dress,
+has placed female finery within the reach of even moderate wages, and
+a kitchen-wench will not condescend to sweep the room in any thing
+less than a robe of _Gros de Naples_ or _batiste_. Something must be
+done on the part of the mistress to arrest the progress of invasion,
+and assert the vested rights of the superior classes of female
+society. Invention is the first quality of genius, and to woman it
+is granted in a high degree. Thus gifted, the mistress, in a happy
+moment, conceived the idea of bishops' sleeves, an article of dress
+which precludes all hope or chance of imitation in the kitchen. A
+muffled cat might as well attempt to catch mice, as a maid-servant to
+go about the business of the house in bishops' sleeves. She could not
+remove the tea-equipage from the table without the risk of sweeping
+the china upon the floor; if she handed her master a plate, he must
+submit to have his head wrapped up in her sleeve; and what a figure
+must the cook present after preparing her soups and sauces! The female
+servant thus accoutred might, indeed, perform the office of a flapper,
+and disperse the flies; but although this was an office of importance
+among the ancients, it is dispensed with at a modern table. With the
+introduction of bishops' sleeves, the rivalry on the part of the maid
+must cease, and the mistress remain in undisturbed possession of her
+pre-eminence. Every friend of good order, every one who would retain
+each individual female in her proper place in society, and prevent its
+members from trespassing on each other, must, therefore, rejoice in
+bishops' sleeves; and devoutly pray, that differing from every other
+fashion that ever preceded it, the fashion of bishops' sleeves may
+endure for ever.--New Monthly Magazine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_IRIS LUNARIS._
+
+That rare and beautiful phenomenon the _Iris Lunaris_, or moonlight
+rainbow, was observed by Mr. W. Colbourne, jun. and a friend of his,
+from an eminence about a quarter of a mile from Sturminster, on the
+evening of the 14th instant, about twenty minutes before nine o'clock,
+in the north-west. Its northern limb first made its appearance;
+but after a few minutes, the complete curvature was distinctly and
+beautifully displayed. The altitude of its apex seemed to be nearly
+forty degrees. Nothing could exceed the beauty of the appearance of
+this arch of milky whiteness, contrasted as it was with the sable
+rain fraught clouds which formed the background to this interesting
+picture. It continued visible more than five minutes, and gradually
+disappeared at the western limb.
+
+RURIS.
+
+_Sturminster_.
+
+
+_WESTPHALIA HAMS_
+
+Are prepared in November and March. The Germans place them in deep
+tubs, which they cover with layers of salt and saltpetre, and with a
+few laurel leaves. They are left four or five days in this state, and
+are then completely covered with strong brine. At the end of three
+weeks they are taken out, and left to soak for twelve hours in clear
+well-water; they are then exposed, during three weeks, to a smoke
+produced by the branches of juniper.--_From the French._
+
+
+_LONDON PORTER._
+
+The bitter contained in porter, if taken wholly from hops, would
+require an average quantity of ten or twelve pounds to the quarter
+of malt, or about three pounds per barrel; so that if we consider the
+fluctuation in the price of hops, we shall not be surprised at the
+numerous substitutes, by which means the brewer can procure as much
+bitter for sixpence as would otherwise cost him a pound.
+
+Quassia is, probably, the most harmless of all the illegal bitters.
+The physicians prescribe the decoction to their patients to the extent
+of a quarter of an ounce of the bark a day--as much as the brewer was
+accustomed to put into nine gallons of his porter.--_Library of Useful
+Knowledge_.
+
+
+_BLACK GAME_
+
+Have increased greatly in the southern counties of Scotland and north
+of England within the last few years. It is a pretty general opinion,
+though an erroneous one, that they drive away the red grouse; the
+two species require very different kinds of cover, and will never
+interfere.--_Note to White's Selborne, by Sir W. Jardine_.
+
+
+_BIRDS OF PREY._
+
+All birds of prey are capable of sustaining the want of food and water
+for long periods, particularly the latter, but of which they also seem
+remarkably fond, drinking frequently in a state of nature, and during
+summer washing almost daily.--Ibid.
+
+
+_EGYPT._
+
+M. Champollion, in one of his recent letters, tells us that the whole
+of the island of Elephantina would hardly make a park fit for a good
+citizen of Paris, although certain modern chronologists would fain
+make it into a kingdom, in order to dispose of the ancient Egyptian
+dynasty of the Elephantines.
+
+In another letter dated March last, he says, "Our establishment is in
+the Valley of Kings, which may truly be called the abode of death, as
+not a blade of grass is to be found in it, nor any living creature,
+except the jackall and hyćna, which the night before last devoured, at
+the distance of 100 steps from our palace, the ass which had carried
+my Barabra servant Mahomet, during the time that he was agreeably
+passing the night of the Ramadan in our kitchen, which is in a royal
+tomb, entirely dilapidated."--_Translated in the Literary Gazette_.
+
+
+_BEET-ROOT SUGAR._
+
+The Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter for September, among the advantages
+which will probably lead to the discontinuance of the cultivation of
+sugar by slaves, enumerates the rapid extension of the manufacture of
+beet-root sugar in France; a prelude, as the editor conceives, to its
+introduction into this country, and especially into Ireland.
+
+
+_DRY ROT._
+
+The American Commodore Barron recommends pumping air from the holds of
+vessels as a remedy against dry rot; the common mode of ventilation,
+by forcing pure air, or dashing water into the hold, being found an
+imperfect preservative.
+
+
+_ALLOYED IRON PLATE._
+
+Iron, coated with an alloy of tin and lead, so as to imitate tin
+plate, and not to rust, is now manufactured to a considerable
+extent in Paris; and its use for sugar-pans and boilers, and in the
+construction of roofs and gutters is expected to be very considerable.
+
+
+_INTERESTING QUESTION._
+
+Whether in the sea there be depths where no creature is able to
+live, or whether a boundary be assigned to organic life within those
+depths, cannot be ascertained. It, however, clearly appears from
+the observations made by Biot, and other naturalists, that fishes,
+according to their different dispositions, live in different depths of
+the ocean.--_From the German_.
+
+
+_CATS._
+
+In Kamtschatka, Greenland, Lapland, and Iceland, there are no cats,
+nor does the lynx in Europe extend farther than Norway.--Ibid.
+
+
+_VESSELS MADE OF THE PAPYRUS._
+
+The last number of the _Magazine of Natural History_ contains an
+article of great interest, on Vessels made of the Papyrus, illustrated
+with cuts, from which it appears that vessels have from the earliest
+times, been formed from the paper reed, and that they are at present
+in use in Egypt and Abyssinia. The author is John Hogg, Esq. M.A.
+F.L.S. &c. whose antiquarian attainments have greatly assisted him in
+the elucidation of this very curious subject.
+
+
+_REMAINS OF LA PEROUSE._[10]
+
+M. Derville, who commanded the Astrolabe, in the lute-voyage
+undertaken to search for traces of the expedition of La Perouse,
+considers the island, the summits of which were observed fifteen
+leagues to windward, by the frigates La Récherche and L'Esperance,
+which composed the expedition of Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, in 1793, and
+to which the name of the Isle de la Récherche was then given, to be
+the identical island, Vanikoro (or Vanicolo) on the shores of which
+the remnants of La Perouse's vessel have been found. The geographical
+position of latitude and longitude of the Isle of Vanikoro, agrees
+exactly with that of the island to which the name of Récherche was
+given by D'Entrecasteaux. That island was then confounded with the
+number of other islands, which had been seen by the expedition, and
+which it had been found impossible to examine in detail.--_Athenćum_.
+
+
+_STUDY OF CHEMISTRY._
+
+Numbers there are, far above the lower classes, who still consider the
+elements of all things as consisting of earth, air, fire, and water;
+an error which classical-learning, no less than the expressions of
+common parlance, tends to perpetuate. Let us hope that the days are
+at hand, if not already arrived, in which the acquirement of such
+fundamental knowledge will be looked upon as at least equally
+necessary with the study of languages, and the cultivation of taste
+and imagination.--_Library of Useful Knowledge_.
+
+[Footnote 10: For a Report of this discovery, see MIRROR, vol. xiii p.
+409.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.--SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE WORD WORSTED.
+
+Worsted, in the county of Norfolk, though formerly a town of
+considerable trade, and much celebrity, is now reduced to a village,
+and the manufactures, which obtained a name from the place, are
+removed to Norwich and its vicinity.
+
+Shakspeare has not been very courteous towards the _worsted gentry_;
+had he lived in our times, they might have _worsted_ him for a libel:
+he says in King Lear, "A base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three suited,
+hundred pound, filthy, worsted stocking knave."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I asked a poor man, how he did? He said, he was like a washball,
+always in decay.--_Swift_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAT-FANCIER.
+
+Lady Morgan gives the following anecdote in her _Book of the Boudoir_.
+"The first day we had the honour of dining at the palace of the
+Archbishop of Taranto, at Naples, he said to me, you must pardon my
+passion for cats, (_la mia passione gattesca_) but I never exclude
+them from my dining-room, and you will find they make excellent
+company." Between the first and second course the door opened, and
+several enormously large and beautiful Angola cats were introduced by
+the names of Pantalone, Desdemona, Otello, &c. They took their places
+on chairs near the table, and were as silent, as quiet, as motionless,
+and as well behaved, as the most _bon ton_ table in London could
+require. On the bishop requesting one of the chaplains to help
+the Signora Desdemona, the butler stepped up to his lordship, and
+observed, "My Lord, La Signora Desdemona will prefer waiting for the
+roast."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT FAMILY.
+
+There was much sound truth in the speech of a country lad to an idler,
+who boasted his ancient family: "_So much the worse for you_," said
+the peasant, as we ploughmen say, "_the older the seed the worse the
+crop_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At North Ferryby, in Yorkshire, the following very instructive
+lines, are inscribed on a handsome tablet to the memory of Sir T.
+Etherington, an Alderman of Hull, and late a resident in the above
+place:--
+
+"Taught of God we should view losses, sickness, pain, and death,
+but as the several trying stages by which a good man, like Joseph,
+is conducted from a tent to a court; sin his disease, Christ his
+physician, pain his medicine, the Bible his support, the grave his
+rest, and death itself an angel expressly sent to relieve the worn out
+labourer, or crown the faithful soldier!"
+
+Louis XIV. was presented with an epitaph by an indifferent poet, on
+the celebrated Moliere. "I would to God," said he, "that Moliere had
+brought me yours."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ON MEMORY.
+
+What an unknown and unspeakable happiness would it be to a man of
+judgment, and who is engaged in the pursuit of knowledge, if he had
+but a power of stamping all his own best sentiments upon his memory in
+some indelible characters; and if he could but imprint every valuable
+paragraph and sentiment of the most excellent authors he has read,
+upon his mind, with the same speed and facility with which he read
+them?--_Watts_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Upon a stone in St. Margaret's churchyard, at Lynn, in Norfolk, is the
+following inscription to the memory of William Scrivenor, Cook to the
+Corporation, who died in the year 1684:--
+
+  Alas! alas! _Will Scrivenor's_ dead, who by his art,
+  Could make death's skeleton edible in each part,
+  Mourn, squeamish stomachs, and ye curious palates,
+  You've lost your dainty dishes and your salades;
+  Mourn for yourselves, but not for him i'th' least
+  He's gone to taste of a more heav'nly feast.
+
+At Whitchingham Magna, in the same county, is the following epitaph to
+Thomas Alleyne, gent. who died Feb. 3, 1650, and his two wives:--
+
+  Death here advantage hath of life I spye,
+  One husband with two wives at once may lye.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A recent American newspaper has the following notice to its
+readers:--"The editor, printer, publisher, foreman, and oldest
+apprentice (_two_ in all,) are confined by sickness, and the whole
+establishment is left in the care of the _devil_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE
+
+Following Novels is already Published:
+
+                                         s.  d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling             0   6
+  Paul and Virginia                      0   6
+  The Castle of Otranto                  0   6
+  Almoran and Hamet                      0   6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia    0   6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne     0   6
+  Rasselas                               0   8
+  The Old English Baron                  0   9
+  Nature and Art                         0   8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield         0  10
+  Sicilian Romance                       1   0
+  The Man of the World                   1   0
+  A Simple Story                         1   4
+  Joseph Andrews                         1   6
+  Humphry Clinker                        1   8
+  The Romance of the Forest              1   8
+  The Italian                            2   0
+  Zeluco, by Dr. Moore                   2   6
+  Edward, by Dr. Moore                   2   6
+  Roderick Random                        2   6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho               3   6
+  Peregrine Pickle                       4   6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement,
+And Instruction, No. 391, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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+    <title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 391.</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement, And
+Instruction, No. 391, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement, And Instruction, No. 391
+       Vol. 14, No. 391, Saturday, September 26, 1829
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 3, 2004 [EBook #13359]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, William Flis, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page193"
+       id="page193"></a>[pg 193]</span>
+
+    <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+     OF<br />
+     LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <table width="100%"
+           summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+        <tr>
+            <th align="left">Vol. 14. No. 391.]</th>
+
+            <th align="center">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1829.</th>
+
+            <th align="right">PRICE 2<i>d.</i></th>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:100%;">
+        <a href="images/193.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/193.png"
+             alt="GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE." /></a>GURNEY'S
+             IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page194"
+       id="page194"></a>[pg 194]</span>
+
+    <h2>MR. GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.</h2>
+
+    <p>Mr. Gurney, in perfecting this invention, has followed Dr.
+    Franklin's advice&mdash;to tire and begin again. It is now four
+    years since he first commenced his ingenious enterprise; and
+    nearly two years since we reported and illustrated the progress
+    he had made. (<i>See</i> MIRROR, vol. x. page 393, or No. 287.)
+    He began with a large boiler, but public prejudice was too
+    strong for it; and knowing people talked of high pressure
+    accidents; the steam, could not, of course, be altogether got
+    rid of, so to divide the danger, Mr. Gurney made his boiler in
+    forty welded iron pipes; still the steam ran in a main pipe
+    beneath the whole of the carriage, and the evil was but
+    modified. At length the inventer has detached the engine and
+    boiler, or locomotive part of the apparatus, which is now to be
+    fastened to the carriage, and may be considered as a
+    STEAM-HORSE, with no more danger than we should apprehend from
+    a restive animal, in whose veins the steam or mettle circulates
+    with too high a pressure. Fair trials have been made of the
+    Improved Carriage on our common roads, the Premier has decided
+    the machine "to be of great national importance," from sundry
+    experiments witnessed by his grace, at Hounslow Barracks; and
+    the coach is announced "really to start next month (the 1st) in
+    working&mdash;not experimental journeys&mdash;for travellers
+    between London and Bath."<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+       Crack upon crack will follow joke upon joke; the
+       <i>Omnibus</i>, with its phaeton-like coursers will be
+       eclipsed; and a journey to Bath and the Hot Wells by steam
+       will soon be an everyday event.</p>
+
+    <p>Descriptions of Mr. Gurney's carriage have been so often
+    before the public, that extended detail is unnecessary.
+    Besides, all our liege subscribers will turn to the account in
+    our No. 287. The recent improvements have been perspicuously
+    stated by Mr. Herapath, of Cranford, in a letter in the
+    <i>Times</i> newspaper, and we cannot do better than adopt and
+    abridge a portion of his communication.</p>
+
+    <p>"The present differs from the earlier carriage, in several
+    improvements in the machinery, suggested by experiment; also in
+    having no propellers;<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+       and in having only four wheels instead of six; the apparatus
+       for guiding being applied immediately to the two
+       fore-wheels, bearing a part of the weight, instead of two
+       extra leading wheels bearing little or none. No person can
+       conceive the absolute control this apparatus gives to the
+       director of the carriage, unless he has had the same
+       opportunities of observing it which I had in a ride with Mr.
+       Gurney. Whilst the wheels obey the slightest motions of the
+       hand, a trifling pressure of the foot keeps them inflexibly
+       steady, however rough the ground. To the hind axle, which is
+       very strong, and bent into two cranks of nine inches radius,
+       at right angles to each other, is applied the propelling
+       power by means of pistons from two horizontal cylinders. By
+       this contrivance, and a peculiar mode of admitting the steam
+       to the cylinders, Mr. Gurney has very ingeniously avoided
+       that cumbersome appendage to steam-engines, the fly-wheel,
+       and preserves uniformity of action by constantly having one
+       cylinder on full pressure, whilst the other is on the
+       reduced expansive. The dead points&mdash;that is, those in
+       which a piston has no effect from being in the same right
+       line with its crank,&mdash;are also cleared by the same
+       means. For as the cranks are at right angles, when one
+       piston is at a dead point, the other has a position of
+       maximum effect, and is then urged by full steam power; but
+       no sooner has the former passed the dead point, than an
+       expansion valve opens on it with full steam, and closes on
+       the latter. Firmly fixed to the extremities of the axle, and
+       at right angles to it, are the two 'carriers'&mdash;(two
+       strong irons extending each way to the felloes of the
+       wheels.) These irons may be bolted to the felloes of the
+       wheels or not, or to the felloes of one wheel only. Thus the
+       power applied to the axle is carried at once to the parts of
+       the wheels of least stress&mdash;the circumferences. By this
+       artifice the wheels are required to be of no greater
+       strength and weight than ordinary carriage-wheels; and, like
+       them, they turn freely and independently on the axle; but
+       one or both may be secured as part and parcel of the axle,
+       as circumstances require. The carriage is consequently
+       propelled by the friction or hold which either or both
+       hind-wheels, according as the power is applied to them
+       jointly or separately, have on the ground. Beneath the hind
+       part drop two irons, with flat feet, called 'shoe-drags.' A
+       well-contrived apparatus, with a spindle passing up through
+       a hollow cylinder, to which the guiding handle is affixed,
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="page195"
+       id="page195"></a>[pg 195]</span> enables the director to
+       force one or both drags tight on the road, so as to retard
+       the progress in a descent, or if he please, to raise the
+       wheels off the ground. The propulsive power of the wheels
+       being by this means destroyed, the carriage is arrested in a
+       yard or two, though going at the rate of eighteen or twenty
+       miles an hour. On the right hand of the director lies the
+       handle of the throttle-valve, by which he has the power of
+       increasing or diminishing the supply of steam <i>ad
+       libitum</i>, and hence of retarding or accelerating the
+       carriage's velocity. The whole carriage and machinery weigh
+       about 16 cwt., and with the full complement of water and
+       coke 20 or 22 cwt., of which, I am informed, about 16 cwt.
+       lie on the hind-wheels."</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. H. then enumerates the principle of the
+    improvements:&mdash;"That troublesome appendage the fly-wheel,
+    as I have observed, Mr. Gurney has rendered unnecessary. The
+    danger to be apprehended in going over rough pitching, from too
+    rapid a generation of steam, he avoids by a curious application
+    of springs; and should these be insufficient, one or two safety
+    valves afford the <i>ultimatum</i> of security. He ensures an
+    easy descent down the steepest declivity by his 'shoe-drags,'
+    and the power of reversing the action of the engines. His hands
+    direct, and his foot literally pinches obedience to the course
+    over the roughest and most refractory ground. The dreadful
+    consequences of boiler-bursting are annihilated by a judicious
+    application of tubular boilers. Should, indeed, a tube burst, a
+    hiss about equal to that of a hot nail plunged into water,
+    contains the sum total of alarm, while a few strokes with a
+    hammer will set all to rights again. Lastly, he has so
+    contrived his 'carriers,' that they shall act without confining
+    the wheels, by which means there is none of that sliding and
+    consequent cutting up of the road, which, in sharp turnings,
+    would result from inflexible constraint.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hills and loose, slippery ground are well known to be the
+    <i>res adversć</i> of steam-carriages; on ordinary level roads
+    they roll along with rapid facility. In every ascent there are
+    two additional circumstances inimical to progressive motion.
+    One is, that carriages press less on the ground of a hill than
+    on that of a plain, thus giving the wheels a less forcible
+    grasp or bite. But this may be easily remedied in the structure
+    of a carriage, and is not of very material consequence in the
+    steepest hills that we have. The other is more serious. When a
+    carriage ascends a hill, the weight or gravity of the whole is
+    decomposable into two&mdash;one perpendicular, and the other
+    parallel to the road. The former constitutes the pressure on
+    the road, the latter the additional work the engine has to
+    perform. Universally this is the same part of the whole
+    carriage and its load together, which the perpendicular ascent
+    of the hill is of its length. With these principles, if we knew
+    the bite of the wheels on the road, we could at once subject
+    the powers of Mr. Gurney's carriage to calculation.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now, from one of the experiments made in the barrack-yard,
+    at Hounslow, I find we can approximate towards it. For
+    instance, with one wheel only fixed to the 'carriers,' the
+    carriage drew itself and load of water and coke (about 1 ton),
+    with three men on it, and a wagon behind of 16 cwt. containing
+    27 soldiers. This, at the rate of 1-1/2 cwt. to a man, in round
+    numbers is 4 tons. Estimating the force of traction of spring
+    carriages at a twelfth of the total weight, it consequently
+    gives a hold or bite on the road of 1-12 of 4 tons, or 6 2-3rds
+    cwt. per wheel, or 13 1-3rd cwt. for the two wheels. This is
+    likewise the propelling force of the carriage. Supposing,
+    therefore, we were ascending a hill of 1 foot rise in 8, which
+    I am assured exceeds in steepness any hill we have, we should
+    be able to draw a load behind of 2 tons 2 cwt., or between 3
+    and 4 tons altogether....</p>
+
+    <p>"On a good level road I think it not improbable it might
+    draw, instead of 7 tons which our experiment would give, from
+    10 to 11, besides its own weight, or 100 ordinary men,
+    exclusive of 2 or 3 tons for carriages; and up one of our
+    steepest hills, 3 tons besides itself, or 25 men besides a ton
+    for a carriage. This it would do at a rate of 8, 9, or 10 miles
+    an hour. For it is a singular feature in this carriage, and
+    which was remarked by many at the time, that it maintained very
+    nearly the same speed with a wagon and 27 men, that it did with
+    the carriage and only 5 or 6 persons. But there is a fact
+    connected with this machine still more extraordinary. For
+    instance, every additional cwt. we shift on the hind or working
+    wheels, will increase the power of traction in our steepest
+    hills upwards of 4 cwt., and on the level road half a ton.
+    Such, then, is the paradoxical nature of steam-carriages, that
+    the very circumstance which in animal exertion would weaken and
+    retard, will here multiply their strength and accelerate. This,
+    no doubt, Mr. Gurney's ingenuity will soon turn to profitable
+    account.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196"
+       id="page196"></a>[pg 196]</span>
+
+    <p>"It has often been asserted that carriages of this sort
+    could not go above 6 or 7 miles an hour. I can see no
+    reasonable objection to 20. The following fact, decided before
+    a large company in the barrack-yard, will best speak for
+    itself:&mdash;At eighteen minutes after three I ascended the
+    carriage with Mr. Gurney. After we had gone about half way
+    round, 'Now,' said Mr. Gurney, 'I will show you her speed.' He
+    did, and we completed seven turns round the outside of the road
+    by twenty-eight minutes after three. If, therefore, as I was
+    there assured, two and a half turns measured one mile, we went
+    2.8 miles in ten minutes; that is, at the rate of 16.8, or
+    nearly 17 miles per hour. But as Mr. Gurney slackened its
+    motion once or twice in the course of trial, to speak to some
+    one, and did not go at an equal rate all the way round for fear
+    of accident in the crowd, it is clear that sometimes we must
+    have proceeded at the rate of upwards of twenty miles an
+    hour."</p>
+
+    <p>The Engraving will furnish the reader with a correct idea of
+    such of Mr. Gurney's improvements as are most interesting to
+    the public. The present arrangement is certainly very
+    preferable to placing the boiler and engine in immediate
+    contact with the carriage, which is to convey goods and
+    passengers. Men of science are still much divided on the
+    practical economy of using steam instead of horses as a
+    travelling agent; but we hope, like all great contemporaries
+    they may whet and cultivate each other till the desired object
+    is attained. One of them, a writer in the <i>Atlas</i>,
+    observes, that "if ultimately found capable of being brought
+    into public use, it would probably be most convenient and
+    desirable that several locomotive engines should be employed on
+    one line of road, in order that they might be exchanged at
+    certain stages for the purposes of examination, tightening of
+    screws, and other adjustments, which the jolting on passing
+    over the road might render necessary, and for the supply of
+    fuel and water."</p>
+
+    <p>An effectively-coloured lithographic of Mr. Gurney's
+    carriage (by Shoesmith) has recently appeared at the
+    printsellers', which we take this opportunity of recommending
+    to the notice of collectors and scrappers.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>PUNNING SATIRE ON AN INCONSTANT LOVER.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>You are as faithless as a <i>Carthaginian</i>,</p>
+
+            <p>To love at once, <i>Kate, Nell, Doll, Martha, Jenny,
+            Anne.</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">SWIFT.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>BRIMHAM ROCKS<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+       BY MOONLIGHT.</h3>
+
+    <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>The sun hath set, but yet I linger still,</p>
+
+            <p>Gazing with rapture on the face of night;</p>
+
+            <p>And mountain wild, deep vale, and heathy hill,</p>
+
+            <p>Lay like a lovely vision, mellow, bright,</p>
+
+            <p>Bathed in the glory of the sunset light,</p>
+
+            <p>Whose changing hues in flick'ring radiance play,</p>
+
+            <p>Faint and yet fainter on the outstretch'd sight,</p>
+
+            <p>Until at length they wane and die away,</p>
+
+            <p>And all th' horizon round fades into twilight
+            gray.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But, slowly rising up the vaulted sky,</p>
+
+            <p>Forth comes the moon, night's joyous, sylvan
+            queen,</p>
+
+            <p>With one lone, silent star, attendant by</p>
+
+            <p>Her side, all sparkling in its glorious sheen;</p>
+
+            <p>And, floating swan-like, stately, and serene,</p>
+
+            <p>A few light fleecy clouds, the drapery of
+            heav'n,</p>
+
+            <p>Throw their pale shadows o'er this witching
+            scene,</p>
+
+            <p>Deep'ning its mystic grandeur&mdash;and seem
+            driven</p>
+
+            <p>Round these all shapeless piles like Time's wan
+            spectres risen</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>From out the tombs of ages. All around</p>
+
+            <p>Lies hushed and still, save with large, dusky
+            wing</p>
+
+            <p>The bird of night makes its ill-omened sound;</p>
+
+            <p>Or moor-game, nestling 'neath th' flowery ling</p>
+
+            <p>Low chuckle to their mates&mdash;or startled,
+            spring</p>
+
+            <p>Away on rustling pinions to the sky,</p>
+
+            <p>Wheel round and round in many an airy ring,</p>
+
+            <p>Then swooping downward to their covert hie,</p>
+
+            <p>And, lodged beneath the heath again securely
+            lie.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Ascend yon hoary rock's impending brow,</p>
+
+            <p>And on its windy summit take your stand&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Lo! Wilsill's lovely vale extends below,</p>
+
+            <p>And long, long heathy moors on either hand</p>
+
+            <p>Stretch dark and misty&mdash;a bleak tract of
+            land,</p>
+
+            <p>Whereon but seldom human footsteps come;</p>
+
+            <p>Save when with dog, obedient at command,</p>
+
+            <p>And gun, the sportsman quits his city home,</p>
+
+            <p>And brushing through the ling in quest of game doth
+            roam.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>And lo! in wild confusion scattered round,</p>
+
+            <p>Huge, shapeless, naked, massy piles of stone</p>
+
+            <p>Rise, proudly towering o'er this barren ground,</p>
+
+            <p>Scowling in mutual hate&mdash;apart, alone,</p>
+
+            <p>Stern, desolate they stand&mdash;and seeming
+            thrown</p>
+
+            <p>By some dire, dread convulsion of the earth</p>
+
+            <p>From her deep, silent caves, and hoary grown</p>
+
+            <p>With age and storms that Boreas issues forth</p>
+
+            <p>Replete with ire from his wild regions in the
+            north.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>How beautiful! yet wildly beautiful,</p>
+
+            <p>As group on group comes glim'ring on the eye,</p>
+
+            <p>Making the heart, soul, mind, and spirit full</p>
+
+            <p>Of holy rapture and sweet
+            imagery;</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page197"
+               id="page197"></a>[pg 197]</span>
+
+            <p>Till o'er the lip escapes th' unconscious sigh,</p>
+
+            <p>And heaves the breast with feeling, too too deep</p>
+
+            <p>For words t' express the awful sympathy,</p>
+
+            <p>That like a dream doth o'er the senses creep,</p>
+
+            <p>Chaining the gazer's eye&mdash;and yet he cannot
+            weep.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But stands entranced and rooted to the spot,</p>
+
+            <p>While grows the scene upon him vast, sublime,</p>
+
+            <p>Like some gigantic city's ruin, not</p>
+
+            <p>Inhabited by men, but Titans&mdash;Time</p>
+
+            <p>Here rests upon his scythe and fears to climb,</p>
+
+            <p>Spent by th' unceasing toil of ages past,</p>
+
+            <p>Musing he stands and listens to the chime</p>
+
+            <p>Of rock-born spirits howling in the blast,</p>
+
+            <p>While gloomily around night's sable shades are
+            cast.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Well deemed I ween the Druid sage of old</p>
+
+            <p>In making this his dwelling place on high;</p>
+
+            <p>Where all that's huge and great from Nature's
+            mould,</p>
+
+            <p>Spoke this the temple of his deity;</p>
+
+            <p>Whose walls and roof were the o'erhanging sky,</p>
+
+            <p>His altar th' unhewn rock, all bleak and bare,</p>
+
+            <p>Where superstition with red, phrensied eye</p>
+
+            <p>And look all wild, poured forth her idol prayer,</p>
+
+            <p>As rose the dying wail,<a id="footnotetag4"
+               name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+               and blazed the pile in air.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Lost in the lapse of time, the Druid's lore</p>
+
+            <p>Hath ceased to echo these rude rocks among;</p>
+
+            <p>No altar new is stained with human gore;</p>
+
+            <p>No hoary bard now weaves the mystic song;</p>
+
+            <p>Nor thrust in wicker hurdles, throng on throng,</p>
+
+            <p>Whole multitudes are offered to appease</p>
+
+            <p>Some angry god, whose will and power of wrong</p>
+
+            <p>Vainly they thus essayed to soothe and
+            please&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Alas! that thoughts so gross man's noblest powers
+            should seize.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>But, bowed beneath the cross, see! prostrate
+            fall</p>
+
+            <p>The mummeries that long enthralled our isle;</p>
+
+            <p>So perish error! and wide over all</p>
+
+            <p>Let reason, truth, religion ever smile:</p>
+
+            <p>And let not man, vain, impious man defile</p>
+
+            <p>The spark heaven lighted in the human breast;</p>
+
+            <p>Let no enthusiastic rage, no sophist's wile</p>
+
+            <p>Lull the poor victim into careless rest,</p>
+
+            <p>Since the pure gospel page can teach him to be
+            blest.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Weak, trifling man, O! come and ponder here</p>
+
+            <p>Upon the nothingness of human things&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>How vain, how very vain doth then appear</p>
+
+            <p>The city's hum, the pomp and pride of kings;</p>
+
+            <p>All that from wealth, power, grandeur, beauty
+            springs,</p>
+
+            <p>Alike must fade, die, perish, be forgot;</p>
+
+            <p>E'en he whose feeble hand now strikes the
+            strings</p>
+
+            <p>Soon, soon within the silent grave must
+            rot&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>Yet Nature's still the same, though we see, we hear
+            her not.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="author">J. HORNER.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Wilsill, near Pateley Bridge, Sept. 1829.</i></p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>MANNERS &amp; CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>PLEDGING HEALTHS.</h3>
+
+    <p>The origin of the very common expression, to <i>pledge</i>
+    one drinking, is curious: it is thus related by a very
+    celebrated antiquarian of the fifteenth century. "When the
+    <i>Danes</i> bore sway in this land, if a native did drink,
+    they would sometimes stab him with a dagger or knife; hereupon
+    people would not drink in company unless some one present would
+    be their <i>pledge</i> or surety, that they should receive no
+    hurt, whilst they were in their draught; hence that usual
+    phrase, I'll <i>pledge you</i>, or be a pledge for you." Others
+    affirm the true sense of the word was, that if the party drank
+    to, were not disposed to drink himself, he would put another
+    for <i>a pledge</i> to do it for him, else the party who began
+    would take it ill.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">J.W.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>RUSSIAN SUPERSTITION.</h3>
+
+    <p>The extreme superstition of the Greek church, the national
+    one of Russia, seems to exceed that of the Roman Catholic
+    devotees, even in Spain and Portugal. The following instance
+    will show the absurdity of it even among the higher
+    classes:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>A Russian princess, some few years since, had always a large
+    silver crucifix following her in a separate carriage, and which
+    was placed in her chamber. When any thing fortunate happened to
+    her in the course of the day, and she was satisfied with all
+    that had occurred, she had lighted tapers placed around the
+    crucifix, and said to it in a familiar style, "See, now, as you
+    have been very good to me to-day, you shall be treated well;
+    you shall have candles all night; I will love you; I will pray
+    to you." If on the contrary, any thing happened to vex the
+    lady, she had the candles put out, ordered her servants not to
+    pay any homage to the poor image, and loaded it herself with
+    the bitterest reproaches.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">INA.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>THE SELECTOR;</h2>
+
+    <h3>AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h3>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>Fruits</i>.</h4>
+
+    <p>This Part (5) completes the volume of "Vegetable Substances
+    used in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page198"
+       id="page198"></a>[pg 198]</span> Arts and in Domestic
+       Economy." The first portion&mdash;<i>Timber Trees</i> was
+       noticed at some length in our last volume (page 309,) and
+       received our almost unqualified commendation, which we are
+       induced to extend to the Part now before us. Still, we do
+       not recollect to have pointed out to our readers that which
+       appears to us the great recommendatory feature of this
+       series of works&mdash;we mean the arrangement of the
+       volumes&mdash;their subdivisions and
+       exemplifications&mdash;and these evince a master-hand in
+       compilation.</p>
+
+    <p>Every general reader must be aware that little novelty could
+    be expected in a brief History and Description of Timber Trees
+    and Fruits, and that the object of the Useful Knowledge Society
+    was not merely to furnish the public with new views, but to
+    present in the most attractive form the most entertaining facts
+    of established writers, and illustrate their views with the
+    observations of contemporary authors as well as their own
+    personal acquaintance with the subjects. In this manner, the
+    Editor has taken "a general and rapid view of fruits," and,
+    considering the great hold their description possesses on all
+    readers, we are disposed to think almost too rapid. We should
+    have enjoyed a volume or two more than half a volume of such
+    reading as the present; but as we are not purchasers, and are
+    unacquainted with the number to which the Society propose to
+    extend their works, we ought not perhaps to raise this
+    objection, which, to say the truth, is a sort of negative
+    commendation. Hitherto, we have been accustomed to see
+    compilations of pretensions similar to the present, executed
+    with little regard to neatness or unity, or weight or
+    consideration. Whole pages and long extracts have been stripped
+    and sliced off books, with little rule or arrangement, and what
+    is still worse, without any acknowledgment of the sources. The
+    last defect is certainly the greatest, since, in spite of
+    ill-arrangement, an intelligent inquirer may with much trouble,
+    avail himself of further reference to the authors quoted, and
+    thus complete in his own mind what the compiler had so
+    indifferently begun. The work before us is, however, altogether
+    of a much higher order than general compilations. The
+    introductions and inferences are pointed and judicious, and the
+    facts themselves of the most interesting character, are
+    narrated in a condensed but perspicuous style; while the
+    slightest reference will prove that the best and latest
+    authorities have been appreciated. Thus, in the History and
+    Description of Fruits, the Transactions of the Horticultural
+    Society are frequently and pertinently quoted to establish
+    disputed points, as well as the journals of intelligent
+    travellers and naturalists; with occasional poetical
+    embellishments, which lend a charm even to this attractive
+    species of reading.</p>
+
+    <p>To quote the history of either Fruit entire, would not so
+    well denote the character of the work as would a few of the
+    most striking passages in the descriptions. In the introductory
+    chapter we are pleased with the following passage on
+    <i>Monastic Gardens</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>"The monks, after the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to
+    Christianity, appear to have been the only gardeners. As early
+    as 674, we have a record, describing a pleasant and
+    fruit-bearing close at Ely, then cultivated by Brithnoth, the
+    first Abbot of that place. The ecclesiastics subsequently
+    carried their cultivation of fruits as tar as was compatible
+    with the nature of the climate, and the horticultural knowledge
+    of the middle ages. Whoever has seen an old abbey, where for
+    generations destruction only has been at work, must have almost
+    invariably found it situated in one of the choicest spots, both
+    as to soil and aspect; and if the hand of injudicious
+    improvement has not swept it away, there is still the
+    'Abbey-garden.' Even though it has been wholly
+    neglected&mdash;though its walls be in ruins, covered with
+    stone-crop and wall-flower, and its area produce but the
+    rankest weeds&mdash;there are still the remains of the aged
+    fruit trees&mdash;the venerable pears, the delicate little
+    apples, and the luscious black cherries. The chestnuts and the
+    walnuts may have yielded to the axe, and the fig trees and
+    vines died away;&mdash;but sometimes the mulberry is left, and
+    the strawberry and the raspberry struggle among the ruins.
+    There is a moral lesson in these memorials of the monastic
+    ages. The monks, with all their faults, were generally men of
+    peace and study; and these monuments show that they were
+    improving the world, while the warriors were spending their
+    lives to spoil it. In many parts of Italy and France, which had
+    lain in desolation and ruin from the time of the Goths, the
+    monks restored the whole surface to fertility; and in Scotland
+    and Ireland there probably would not have been a fruit tree
+    till the sixteenth century, if it had not been for their
+    peaceful labours. It is generally supposed that the monastic
+    orchards were in their greatest perfection from the twelfth to
+    the fifteenth century."</p>
+
+    <p>Again, the</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199"
+       id="page199"></a>[pg 199]</span>
+
+    <h4><i>Naturalization of Plants.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"The large number of our native plants (for we call those
+    native which have adapted themselves to our climate) mark the
+    gradual progress of our civilization through the long period of
+    two thousand years; whilst the almost infinite diversity of
+    exotics which a botanical garden offers, attest the triumphs of
+    that industry which has carried us as merchants or as colonists
+    over every region of the earth, and has brought from every
+    region whatever can administer to our comforts and our
+    luxuries,&mdash;to the tastes and the needful desires of the
+    humblest as well as the highest amongst us. To the same
+    commerce we owe the potato and the pine-apple; the China rose,
+    whose flowers cluster round the cottage-porch, and the Camellia
+    which blooms in the conservatory. The addition even of a
+    flower, or an ornamental shrub, to those which we already
+    possess, is not to be regarded as a matter below the care of
+    industry and science. The more we extend our acquaintance with
+    the productions of nature, the more are our minds elevated by
+    contemplating the variety, as well as the exceeding beauty, of
+    the works of the Creator. The highest understanding does not
+    stoop when occupied in observing the brilliant colour of a
+    blossom, or the graceful form of a leaf. Hogarth, the great
+    moral painter, a man in all respects of real and original
+    genius, writes thus to his friend Ellis, a distinguished
+    traveller and naturalist:&mdash;'As for your pretty little
+    seed-cups, or vases, they are a sweet confirmation of the
+    pleasure Nature seems to take in superadding an elegance of
+    form to most of her works, wherever you find them. How poor and
+    bungling are all the imitations of Art! When I have the
+    pleasure of seeing you next, we will sit down, <i>nay, kneel
+    down if you will</i>, and admire these things.'</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>"It is one of the proudest attributes of man, and one which
+    is most important for him to know, that he can improve every
+    production of nature, if he will but once make it his own by
+    possession and attachment. A conviction of this truth has
+    rendered the cultivation of fruits, in the more polished
+    countries of Europe, as successful as we now behold it."</p>
+
+    <p>The work then divides into <i>Fruits of the Temperate
+    Climates</i>, and of <i>Tropical Climates</i>; the first are
+    subdivided into Fleshy, Pulpy, and Stone Fruits and Nuts, in
+    preference to a strict geographical arrangement. Under "the
+    Apple" occur some very judicious observations on</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Cider.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"The cider counties of England have always been considered
+    as highly interesting. They lie something in the form of a
+    horse-shoe round the Bristol Channel; and the best are,
+    Worcester and Hereford, on the north of the channel, and
+    Somerset and Devon on the south. In appearance, they have a
+    considerable advantage over those counties in which grain alone
+    is cultivated. The blossoms cover an extensive district with a
+    profusion of flowers in the spring, and the fruit is beautiful
+    in autumn. Some of the orchards occupy a space of forty or
+    fifty acres; and the trees being at considerable intervals, the
+    land is also kept in tillage. A great deal of practical
+    acquaintance with the qualities of soil is required in the
+    culture of apple and pear trees; and his skill in the
+    adaptation of trees to their situation principally determines
+    the success of the manufacturer of cider and perry. The produce
+    of the orchards is very fluctuating; and the growers seldom
+    expect an abundant crop more than once in three years. The
+    quantity of apples required to make a hogshead of cider is from
+    twenty-four to thirty bushels; and in a good year an acre of
+    orchard will produce somewhere about six hundred bushels, or
+    from twenty to twenty-five hogsheads. The cider harvest is in
+    September. When the season is favourable, the heaps of apples
+    collected at the presses are immense&mdash;consisting of
+    hundreds of tons. If any of the vessels used in the manufacture
+    of cider are of lead, the beverage is not wholesome. The price
+    of a hogshead of cider generally varies from 2<i>l.</i> to
+    5<i>l.</i>, according to the season and quality; but cider of
+    the finest growth has sometimes been sold as high as
+    20<i>l.</i> by the hogshead, direct from the press&mdash;a
+    price equal to that of many of the fine wines of the Rhine or
+    the Garonne."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h4><i>Old Apple Trees.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"At Horton, in Buckinghamshire, where Milton spent some of
+    his earlier years, there is an apple tree still growing, of
+    which the oldest people remember to have heard it said that the
+    poet was accustomed to sit under it. And upon the low leads of
+    the church at Romsey, in Hampshire, there is an apple tree
+    still bearing fruit, which is said to be two hundred years
+    old."</p>
+
+    <p>The <i>Fig</i> and the <i>Fine</i> are equally
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page200"
+       id="page200"></a>[pg 200]</span> interesting, and in
+       connexion with the latter we notice the editor's mention of
+       the fine vineyard at Arundel Castle. Aubrey describes a
+       similar vineyard at Chart Park, near Dorking, another seat
+       of the Howards. "Here was a vineyard, supposed to have been
+       planted by the Hon. Charles Howard, who, it is said, erected
+       his residence, as it were, in the vineyard." Again, "the
+       vineyard flourished for some time, and tolerably good wine
+       was made from the produce; but after the death of the noble
+       planter, in 1713, it was much neglected, and nothing
+       remained but the name. On taking down the house, a stone
+       resembling a millstone, was found, by which the grapes were
+       pressed."<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+       We were on the spot at the time, and saw the stone in
+       question. Vines are still very abundant at Dorking, the soil
+       being very congenial to their growth. "Hence, almost every
+       house in this part has its vine; and some of the plants are
+       very productive. The cottages of the labouring poor are not
+       without this ornament, and the produce is usually sold by
+       them to their wealthier neighbours, for the manufacture of
+       wine. The price per bushel is from 4<i>s.</i> to
+       16<i>s.</i>; but the variableness of the season frequently
+       disappoints them in the crops, the produce of which is
+       sometimes laid up as a setoff to the
+       rent."<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>We have heard too of attempts in England to train the vine
+    on the sides of hills, and a few years since an individual lost
+    a considerable sum of money in making the experiment in the
+    Isle of Wight.</p>
+
+    <p>At page 257, observes the editor,</p>
+
+    <h4><i>A Vineyard</i></h4>
+
+    <p>"Associated as it is with all our ideas of beauty and
+    plenty, is, in general, a disappointing object. The hop
+    plantations of our own country are far more picturesque. In
+    France, the vines are trained upon poles, seldom more than
+    three or four feet in height; and 'the pole-clipt vineyard' of
+    poetry is not the most inviting of real objects. In Spain,
+    poles for supporting vines are not used; but cuttings are
+    planted, which are not permitted to grow very high, but
+    gradually form thick and stout stocks. In Switzerland, and in
+    the German provinces, the vineyards are as formal as those of
+    France. But in Italy is found the true vine of poetry,
+    'surrounding the stone cottage with its girdle, flinging its
+    pliant and luxuriant branches over the rustic veranda, or
+    twining its long garland from tree to
+    tree.'<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+       It was the luxuriance and the beauty of her vines and her
+       olives that tempted the rude people of the north to pour
+       down upon her fertile fields:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>'The prostrate South to the destroyer yields</p>
+
+            <p>Her boasted titles and her golden fields;</p>
+
+            <p>With grim delight the brood of winter view</p>
+
+            <p>A brighter day, and heavens of azure hue.</p>
+
+            <p>Scent the new fragrance of the breathing rose.</p>
+
+            <p>And quaff the pendent vintage as it
+            grows.'<a id="footnotetag8"
+               name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"In Greece, too, as well as Italy, the shoots of the vines
+    are either trained upon trees, or supported, so as to display
+    all their luxuriance, upon a series of props. This was the
+    custom of the ancient vine-growers; and their descendants have
+    preserved it in all its picturesque
+    originality.<a id="footnotetag9"
+       name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+       The vine-dressers of Persia train their vines to run up a
+       wall, and curl over on the top. But the most luxurious
+       cultivation of the vine in hot countries is where it covers
+       the trellis-work which surrounds a well, inviting the owner
+       and his family to gather beneath its shade. 'The fruitful
+       bough by well' is of the highest antiquity."</p>
+
+    <p>Passing over the Mulberry, Currant, Gooseberry, and the
+    Strawberry, the account of the Egg Plant is particularly
+    attractive; and that of the Olive is well-written, but too long
+    for extract.</p>
+
+    <p>Among the <i>Tropical Fruits</i>, the Orange and the Date
+    are very delightful; and equal in importance and interest are
+    the Cocoa Nut and Bread Fruit Tree. In short, it is impossible
+    to open the volume without being gratified with the richness
+    and variety of its contents, and the amiable feeling which
+    pervades the inferences and incidental observations of the
+    writer.</p>
+
+    <p>A word or two on the embellishments and we have done. These
+    are far behind the literary merits of the volume, and are
+    discreditable productions. Where so much is well done it were
+    better to omit engravings altogether than adopt such as these:
+    "they imitate nature so abominably." The group at page 223 is a
+    fair specimen of the whole, than which nothing can be more
+    lifeless. After the excellent cuts of Mr. London's Gardener's
+    and Natural History Magazines, we turn away from these with
+    pain, and it must be equally vexatious to the editor to see
+    such accompaniments to his pages.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page201"
+       id="page201"></a>[pg 201]</span>
+
+    <h3>SHAKSPEARE'S BROOCH.</h3>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="width:70%;">
+        <a href="images/201.png"><img width="100%"
+             src="images/201.png"
+             alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <h4>(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <p>Having frequently observed in your valuable publication the
+    great attention which you have paid to every thing relating to
+    the "Immortal Bard of Avon," I beg leave to transmit to you two
+    drawings (the one back, the other front) of a brooch or buckle,
+    found near the residence of the poet, at New Place, Stratford,
+    among the rubbish brought out from the spot where the house
+    stood. This brooch is considered by the most competent judges
+    and antiquarians in and near Stratford, to have been the
+    personal property of Shakspeare. A. is the back; 1 and 2, faint
+    traces of the letters which were nearly obliterated, by the
+    person who found the relic, in scraping to ascertain whether
+    the metal was precious, the whole of it being covered with
+    gangrene or verdigris. 3 and 4 are the remains of the hinge to
+    the pin. Fortunately the W. at the corner was preserved. B.
+    represents the front of the brooch; 1, 3, and 5, are red stones
+    in the top part (similar in shape to a coronet) 2 and 4 are
+    blue stones in the same; the other stones in the bottom or
+    heart are white, though varying rather in hue, and all are set
+    in silver.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">HJTHWC.</p>
+
+    <p>N.B. The above is shown to the curious by the individual who
+    found it&mdash;a poor man named Smith, living in Sheep Street,
+    Stratford.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>The greater portion of the following Notes will, we are
+    persuaded, be new to all but the bibliomaniacs in theatrical
+    lore. They occur in a paper of 45 pages in the last Edinburgh
+    Review, in which the writer attributes the Decline of the Drama
+    to a variety of causes&mdash;as late hours, costly
+    representations, high salaries, and excessive
+    taxation&mdash;some of which we have selected for extract. In
+    our affection for the Stage, we have paid some attention to its
+    history, as well as to its recent state, and readily do we
+    subscribe to a few of the Reviewer's opinions of the cause of
+    its neglect. But to attribute this falling off to "taxes
+    innumerable" is rather too broad: perhaps the highly-taxed wax
+    lights around the box circles suggested this new light. We need
+    not go so far to detect the rottenness of the dramatic state;
+    still, as the question involves controversy at every point, we
+    had rather keep out of the fight, and leave our Reviewer
+    without further note or comment.</p>
+
+    <h3>NOTES ON THE DRAMA.</h3>
+
+    <h4>(<i>From the Edinburgh Review, No. 98.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <h4><i>Origin of Admission Money.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>There were at Athens various funds, applicable to public
+    purposes; one of which, and among the most considerable, was
+    appropriated for the expensed of sacrifices, processions,
+    festivals, spectacles, and of the theatres. The citizens were
+    admitted to the theatres for some time gratis; but in
+    consequence of the disturbances caused by multitudes crowding
+    to get seats, to introduce order, and as the phrase is, to keep
+    out improper persons, a small sum of money was afterwards
+    demanded for admission. That the poorer classes, however, might
+    not be deprived of their favourite gratification, they received
+    from the treasury, out of this fund, the price of a
+    seat&mdash;and thus peace and regularity were secured, and the
+    fund still applied to its original purpose. The money that was
+    taken at the doors, having served as a ticket, was expended,
+    together with that which had not been used in this manner,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page202"
+       id="page202"></a>[pg 202]</span> to maintain the edifice
+       itself, and to pay the manifold charges of the
+       representation.</p>
+
+    <h4>"<i>Dramatic Representations natural to Man.</i>"</h4>
+
+    <p>Travellers inform us, that savages, even in a very rude
+    state, are found to divert themselves by imitating some common
+    event in life: but it is not necessary to leave our own quiet
+    homes to satisfy ourselves, that dramatic representations are
+    natural to man. All children delight in mimicking action; many
+    of their amusements consist in such performances, and are in
+    every sense <i>plays</i>. It is curious, indeed, to observe at
+    how early an age the young of the most imitative animal, man,
+    begin to copy the actions of others; how soon the infant
+    displays its intimate conviction of the great truth, that "all
+    the world's a Stage." The baby does not imitate those acts
+    only, that are useful and necessary to be learned; but it
+    instinctively mocks useless and unimportant actions and
+    unmeaning sounds, for its amusement, and for the mere pleasure
+    of imitation, and is evidently much delighted when it is
+    successful. The diversions of children are very commonly
+    dramatic. When they are not occupied with their hoops, tops,
+    and balls, or engaged in some artificial game, they amuse
+    themselves in playing at soldiers, in being at school, or at
+    church, in going to market, in receiving company; and they
+    imitate the various employments of life with so much fidelity,
+    that the theatrical critic, who delights in chaste acting, will
+    often find less to censure in his own little servants in the
+    nursery, than in his majesty's servants in a theatre-royal.
+    When they are somewhat older they dramatize the stories they
+    read; most boys have represented Robin Hood, or one of his
+    merry-men, and every one has enacted the part of Robinson
+    Crusoe, and his man Friday. We have heard of many extraordinary
+    tastes and antipathies; but we never knew an instance of a
+    young person, who was not delighted the first time he visited a
+    theatre. The true enjoyment of life consists in action; and
+    happiness, according to the peripatetic definition, is to be
+    found in energy; it accords, therefore, with the nature and
+    etymology of the drama, which is, in truth, not less natural
+    than agreeable. Its grand divisions correspond, moreover, with
+    those of time; the contemplation of the present is
+    Comedy&mdash;mirth for the most part being connected with the
+    present only&mdash;and the past and the future are the
+    dominions of the Tragic muse.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Grecian Theatres.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The climate of Athens being one of the finest and most
+    agreeable in the world, the Athenians passed the greatest part
+    of their time in the open air; and their theatres, like those
+    in the rest of Greece and in ancient Rome, had no other
+    covering than the sky. Their structure accordingly differed
+    greatly from that of a modern playhouse, and the representation
+    in many respects was executed in a different manner. But we
+    will mention those peculiarities only which are necessary to
+    render our observations intelligible.</p>
+
+    <p>The ancient theatres, in the first place, were on a much
+    larger scale than any that have been constructed in later days.
+    It would have been impossible, by reason of the magnitude of
+    the edifice, and consequently of the stage, to have changed the
+    scenes in the same manner as in our smaller buildings. The
+    scene, as it was called, was a permanent structure, and
+    resembled the front of Somerset House, of the Horse Guards, or
+    the Tuileries, and was in the same style of architecture as the
+    rest of the spacious edifice. There were three large gateways,
+    through each of which a view of streets, or of woods, or of
+    whatever was suitable to the action represented, was displayed;
+    this painting was fixed upon a triangular frame, that turned on
+    an axis, like a swivel seal, or ring, so that any one of the
+    three sides might be presented to the spectators, and perhaps
+    the two that were turned away might be covered with other
+    subjects, if it were necessary. If parts of Regent Street, or
+    of Whitehall, or the Mansion House, and the Bank of England,
+    were shown through the openings in the fixed scene, it would be
+    plain that the fable was intended to be referred to London; and
+    it would be removed to Edinburgh, or Paris, if the more
+    striking portions of those cities were thus exhibited. The
+    front of the scene was broken by columns, by bays and
+    promontories in the line of the building, which gave beauty and
+    variety to the façade, and aided the deception produced by the
+    paintings that were seen through the three openings. In the
+    Roman Theatres there were commonly two considerable
+    projections, like large bow-windows, or bastions, in the spaces
+    between the apertures; this very uneven line afforded
+    assistance to the plot, in enabling different parties to be on
+    the stage at the same time, without seeing one another.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page203"
+       id="page203"></a>[pg 203]</span> The whole front of the
+       stage was called the scene, or covered building, to
+       distinguish it from the rest of the theatre, which was open
+       to the air, except that a covered portico frequently ran
+       round the semicircular part of the edifice at the back of
+       the highest row of seats, which answered to our galleries,
+       and was occupied, like them, by the gods, who stood in
+       crowds upon the level floor of their celestial abodes.</p>
+
+    <p>Immediately in front of the stage, as with us, was the
+    orchestra; but it was of much larger dimensions, not only
+    positively, but in proportion to the theatre. In our playhouses
+    it is exclusively inhabited by fiddles and their fiddlers; the
+    ancients appropriated it to more dignified purposes; for there
+    stood the high altar of Bacchus, richly ornamented and
+    elevated, and around it moved the sacred Chorus to solemn
+    measures, in stately array and in magnificent vestments, with
+    crowns and incense, chanting at intervals their songs, and
+    occupied in their various rites, as we have before mentioned.
+    It is one of the many instances of uninterrupted traditions,
+    that this part of our theatres is still devoted to receive
+    musicians, although, in comparison with their predecessors,
+    they are of an ignoble and degenerate race.</p>
+
+    <p>The use of masks was another remarkable peculiarity of the
+    ancient acting. It has been conjectured, that the tragic mask
+    was invented to conceal the face of the actor, which, in a
+    small city like Athens, must have been known to the greater
+    part of the audience, as vulgar in expression, and it sometimes
+    would have brought to mind most unseasonably the remembrance of
+    a life and of habits, that would have repelled all sympathy
+    with the character which he was to personate. It would not have
+    been endured, that a player should perform the part of a
+    monarch in his ordinary dress, nor that of a hero with his own
+    mean physiognomy. It is probable, also, that the likeness of
+    every hero of tragedy was handed down in statues, medals, and
+    paintings, or even in a series of masks; and that the
+    countenance of Theseus, or of Ajax, was as well known to the
+    spectators as the face of any of their contemporaries. Whenever
+    a living character was introduced by name, as Cleon or
+    Socrates, in the old comedy, we may suppose that the mask was a
+    striking, although not a flattering portrait. We cannot doubt,
+    that these masks were made with great care, and were skilfully
+    painted, and finished with the nicest accuracy; for every art
+    was brought to a focus in the Greek theatres. We must not
+    imagine, like schoolboys, that the tragedies of Sophocles were
+    performed at Athens in such rude masks as are exhibited in our
+    music shops. We have some representations of them in antique
+    sculptures and paintings, with features somewhat distorted, but
+    of exquisite and inimitable beauty.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>The Roman Stage.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The Drama of ancient Rome possesses little of originality or
+    interest. The word <i>Histrio</i> is said to be of Etruscan
+    origin; the Tuscans, therefore, had their theatres; but little
+    information can now be gleaned respecting them. It was long
+    before theatres were firmly and permanently established in
+    Rome; but the love of these diversions gradually became too
+    powerful for the censors, and the Romans grew, at last, nearly
+    as fond of them as the Greeks. The latter, as St. Augustine
+    informs us, did not consider the profession of a player as
+    dishonourable: "Ipsos scenicos non turpes judicaverunt, sed
+    dignos etiam prćclaris honoribus habuerunt."&mdash;<i>De Civ.
+    Dei</i>. The more prudish Romans, however, were less tolerant;
+    and we find in the Code various constitutions levelled against
+    actors, and one law especially, which would not suit our
+    senate, forbidding senators to marry actresses; but this was
+    afterwards relaxed by Justinian, who had broken it himself. He
+    permitted such marriages to take place on obtaining the consent
+    of the emperor, and afterwards without, so that the lady
+    quitted the stage, and changed her manner of life. The Romans,
+    however, had at least enough of kindly feeling towards a
+    Comedian to pray for the safety, or refection, of his soul
+    after death; this is proved by a pleasant epitaph on a player,
+    which is published in the collection of Gori:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Pro jocis, quibus cunctos</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">oblectabat,</p>
+
+            <p>Si quid oblectamenti apud</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">vos est</p>
+
+            <p>Manes, insontem reficite</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">Animulam."</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h4><i>Costume.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>It is probable that the imagination of the spectator could
+    without difficulty dispense with scenes, particularly if the
+    surrounding objects were somewhat removed from the ordinary
+    aspect of every-day things; if the performance were to take
+    place, for example, in the hall of a college, or in a
+    church.</p>
+
+    <p>The costume that prevails at present almost universally, is
+    so barbarous and mean, and it changes in so many minute
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page204"
+       id="page204"></a>[pg 204]</span> particulars so frequently,
+       that it is impossible to conceive the hero of a tragedy
+       actually wearing such attire. A more picturesque dress seems
+       therefore to be indispensable; but the essentials of the
+       costume of any time, from which dramatic subjects could be
+       taken, are by no means costly. All that is absolutely
+       necessary in vestments to content the fancy, might be
+       procured at a trifling expense, and the hero or heroine
+       might be supplied with the ordinary apparel of Greece, or
+       Rome, or of any other country, at a small price. We must
+       carefully distinguish, however, between the necessaries and
+       the luxuries of deception; the form, and sometimes the
+       colour, demand a scrupulous accuracy; the texture is always
+       unimportant. We may comprehend, therefore, how the old
+       English theatre, notwithstanding the small outlay on
+       decorations, by a strict attention to essentials, possessed
+       considerable attractions; we may readily believe, that there
+       were many companies who were maintained by their trade;
+       "that all those companies got money and lived in reputation,
+       especially those of the Blackfriars, who were men of grave
+       and sober behaviour."</p>
+
+    <h4><i>The Old Drama.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Our literature is remarkably rich in old dramas; but they
+    are of little use to the present age. Fastidiousness and
+    hypocrisy have grown for many years, slowly but surely, and
+    have at last arrived at such a pitch, that there is hardly a
+    line in the works of our old comic writers, which is not
+    reprobated as immoral, or at least vulgar. The excessive
+    squeamishness of taste of the present day is very unfavourable
+    to the genius of comedy, which demands a certain liberty and a
+    freedom from restraints. This morbid delicacy is a great evil,
+    for it renders the time of limitation in all comic writings
+    exceedingly short. The ephemeral duration of the fashion, which
+    is all the production of a man of wit can now enjoy,
+    discourages authors. There is no motive to bestow much care on
+    such compositions, and they fall below the ambition of men of
+    real talents&mdash;for the best part of the reward of literary
+    labour consists in the lasting admiration of posterity; and as
+    some new fastidiousness will consign to oblivion, in a short
+    time, every comic production, it is plain that such a reward
+    cannot be reasonably anticipated. We are more completely, than
+    any other nation, the victims of fashion. Everything here must
+    either be in the last and newest fashion, or it must cease to
+    be. The despotism of fashion in dress, in furniture, and in the
+    pattern of the edges of plate, is perhaps inconvenient&mdash;it
+    is, however, not very important; but it is a cruel grievance
+    that it should interfere with and annihilate an entire
+    department of our literature.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Hours of Representation.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Dramatic representations were formerly given, not only in
+    Greece and Rome, but in England also, in the daytime, and in
+    the open air. "The Globe, Fortune, and Bull, were large houses,
+    and partly open to the weather, and there they always acted by
+    daylight;" and plays were first acted in Spain in the open
+    courts of great houses, which were sometimes covered, in whole
+    or in part, with an awning to keep off the sun. The word
+    <i>sale</i>, which is used as a stage direction, meaning not
+    <i>exit</i>, but he enters, <i>i.e.</i> he comes out of the
+    house into the open air, is an evidence of the old practice. We
+    are inclined to think that the morning is more favourable to
+    dramatic excellence than the evening. The daylight accords with
+    the truth and sobriety of nature, and it is the season of cool
+    judgment: the gilded, the painted, the tawdry, the
+    meretricious&mdash;spangles and tinsel, and tarnished and
+    glittering trumpery&mdash;demand the glare of candle-light and
+    the shades of night. It is certain, that the best pieces were
+    written for the day; and it is probable, that the best actors
+    were those who performed whilst the sun was above the horizon.
+    The childish trash which now occupies so large a portion of the
+    public attention could not, it is evident, keep possession of
+    the stage, if it were to be presented, not at ten o'clock at
+    night, but twelve hours earlier. Much would need to be changed
+    in the dresses, scenery, and decorations, and in many other
+    respects, in the pieces, the solid merits of which would be
+    able to undergo the severe ordeal; and if we consider
+    <i>what</i> changes would be required to adapt them to the
+    altered hours, we shall find that they will be all in favour of
+    good taste, and on the side of nature and simplicity. The day
+    is a holy thing; Homer aptly calls it [Greek: ieron
+    aemar]&iota;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&nu; &eta;&mu;&alpha;&rho;,
+    and it still retains something of the sacred simplicity of
+    ancient times. It is, at all events, less sophisticated and
+    polluted than the modern night, a period which is not devoted
+    to wholesome sleep, but to various constraints and sufferings,
+    called, in bitter mockery, Pleasure. The late evening, being a
+    modern invention, is therefore devoted to fashion; to recur to
+    the simple and pure in theatricals, it would
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page205"
+       id="page205"></a>[pg 205]</span> probably be necessary to
+       effect an escape from a period of time, which has never been
+       employed in the full integrity of tasteful elegance; and
+       thus to break the spell, by which the whole realm of fancy
+       has long been bewitched. An absurd and inconvenient
+       practice, which is almost peculiar to this country, of
+       attending public places in that uncomfortable condition,
+       which is technically called being dressed, but which is in
+       truth, especially in females, being more or less naked and
+       undressed, might more easily be dispensed with by day, and
+       on that account, and for many other reasons, it would be
+       less difficult to return home.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Decline of the Drama.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>It is not unlikely that the drama would be more successful
+    if it were conducted more plainly, and in a less costly style.
+    The perfection of the machinery and scenery of the modern
+    theatres, seems to be unfavourable to the goodness of
+    composition and acting; since the accessaries are so excellent,
+    the opinion is encouraged, that the principals are less
+    important, and may be neglected with impunity. The effect of
+    good scenery at the first glance is, no doubt, very striking,
+    but it soon passes away. If we saw a Garrick acting Shakspeare
+    in a large hall, without any scenes, we should cease in a few
+    minutes to be sensible of the want of them. We are almost
+    disposed to believe, that exactly in proportion as scenery has
+    been improved, good acting has declined.</p>
+
+    <p>The present age is too much inclined to make human life, in
+    every department, resemble a great lottery, in which there are
+    a very few enormous prizes, and all the rest of the tickets are
+    blanks. The stage has not escaped the evil we complain of; on
+    the contrary, it is a striking instance of the mischief of this
+    unequal partition. The public are of opinion, that it is
+    impossible to reward a small number of actors too highly, and
+    to pay the remainder at too low a rate; to neglect the latter
+    enough, or to be sufficiently attentive to the former. On our
+    stage, therefore, the inferior parts, and indeed all but one or
+    two, and especially in tragedies, where the inequality is more
+    intolerable, and more inexcusable, are sustained in a very
+    inadequate manner. In foreign theatres, on the contrary, and
+    especially in France, the whole performance is more equal, and
+    consequently more agreeable. There is perhaps less difference
+    than is commonly supposed between the best performers and those
+    in the next class. Whatever the difference be, it is an
+    inconvenience and an imperfection that ought to be palliated;
+    but we aggravate it. The first-rate actor always does his best,
+    because the audience expect it, and reward him with their
+    applause; but no one cares for, or observes, the performer of
+    second-rate talents: whether he be perfect in his part, and
+    exert himself to the utmost, or be slovenly and negligent
+    throughout, he is unpraised and unblamed. The general effect,
+    therefore, of our tragedies, is very unsatisfactory; for that
+    is far greater, where all the characters are tolerably well
+    supported, than where there is one good actor, and all the
+    other parts are inhumanly murdered. This latter is too often
+    the case on our stage for with us art does little, nothing
+    being taught systematically. The French players, on the
+    contrary, are thoroughly drilled, and well instructed, in every
+    requisite.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>BISHOPS' SLEEVES.</h3>
+
+    <p>To Joan it has been always conceded that she is as good as
+    her lady in the dark, but it is only of late years that Joan
+    has presumed to rival her mistress in the light. The high price
+    of silks and satins protected the mistress against this
+    usurpation of her servant in the broad day. Clad in these, she
+    was safe, as in a coat of mail, from the attack of the domestic
+    aspirant, who was seldom able to obtain possession of the
+    outworks of fashion beyond an Irish poplin or a Norwich crape.
+    The silks and satins were a wall of separation, as impenetrable
+    as the lines of Torres Vedras, or the court hoop and petticoat
+    of a drawing-room in the reign of George III. The new liberal
+    commercial system has entirely changed the position of the
+    parties. The cheapness of French silks, and other articles of
+    dress, has placed female finery within the reach of even
+    moderate wages, and a kitchen-wench will not condescend to
+    sweep the room in any thing less than a robe of <i>Gros de
+    Naples</i> or <i>batiste</i>. Something must be done on the
+    part of the mistress to arrest the progress of invasion, and
+    assert the vested rights of the superior classes of female
+    society. Invention is the first quality of genius, and to woman
+    it is granted in a high degree. Thus gifted, the mistress, in a
+    happy moment, conceived the idea of bishops' sleeves, an
+    article of dress which precludes all hope or chance of
+    imitation in the kitchen. A muffled cat might as well attempt
+    to catch mice, as a maid-servant to go about the business of
+    the house in bishops' sleeves. She could not
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page206"
+       id="page206"></a>[pg 206]</span> remove the tea-equipage
+       from the table without the risk of sweeping the china upon
+       the floor; if she handed her master a plate, he must submit
+       to have his head wrapped up in her sleeve; and what a figure
+       must the cook present after preparing her soups and sauces!
+       The female servant thus accoutred might, indeed, perform the
+       office of a flapper, and disperse the flies; but although
+       this was an office of importance among the ancients, it is
+       dispensed with at a modern table. With the introduction of
+       bishops' sleeves, the rivalry on the part of the maid must
+       cease, and the mistress remain in undisturbed possession of
+       her pre-eminence. Every friend of good order, every one who
+       would retain each individual female in her proper place in
+       society, and prevent its members from trespassing on each
+       other, must, therefore, rejoice in bishops' sleeves; and
+       devoutly pray, that differing from every other fashion that
+       ever preceded it, the fashion of bishops' sleeves may endure
+       for ever.&mdash;<i>New Monthly Magazine</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4><i>Iris Lunaris.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>That rare and beautiful phenomenon the <i>Iris Lunaris</i>,
+    or moonlight rainbow, was observed by Mr. W. Colbourne, jun.
+    and a friend of his, from an eminence about a quarter of a mile
+    from Sturminster, on the evening of the 14th instant, about
+    twenty minutes before nine o'clock, in the north-west. Its
+    northern limb first made its appearance; but after a few
+    minutes, the complete curvature was distinctly and beautifully
+    displayed. The altitude of its apex seemed to be nearly forty
+    degrees. Nothing could exceed the beauty of the appearance of
+    this arch of milky whiteness, contrasted as it was with the
+    sable rain fraught clouds which formed the background to this
+    interesting picture. It continued visible more than five
+    minutes, and gradually disappeared at the western limb.</p>
+
+    <p class="author">RURIS.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Sturminster</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Westphalia Hams</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Are prepared in November and March. The Germans place them
+    in deep tubs, which they cover with layers of salt and
+    saltpetre, and with a few laurel leaves. They are left four or
+    five days in this state, and are then completely covered with
+    strong brine. At the end of three weeks they are taken out, and
+    left to soak for twelve hours in clear well-water; they are
+    then exposed, during three weeks, to a smoke produced by the
+    branches of juniper.&mdash;<i>From the French.</i></p>
+
+    <h4><i>London Porter.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The bitter contained in porter, if taken wholly from hops,
+    would require an average quantity of ten or twelve pounds to
+    the quarter of malt, or about three pounds per barrel; so that
+    if we consider the fluctuation in the price of hops, we shall
+    not be surprised at the numerous substitutes, by which means
+    the brewer can procure as much bitter for sixpence as would
+    otherwise cost him a pound.</p>
+
+    <p>Quassia is, probably, the most harmless of all the illegal
+    bitters. The physicians prescribe the decoction to their
+    patients to the extent of a quarter of an ounce of the bark a
+    day&mdash;as much as the brewer was accustomed to put into nine
+    gallons of his porter.&mdash;<i>Library of Useful
+    Knowledge</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Black Game</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Have increased greatly in the southern counties of Scotland
+    and north of England within the last few years. It is a pretty
+    general opinion, though an erroneous one, that they drive away
+    the red grouse; the two species require very different kinds of
+    cover, and will never interfere.&mdash;<i>Note to White's
+    Selborne, by Sir W. Jardine</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Birds of Prey.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>All birds of prey are capable of sustaining the want of food
+    and water for long periods, particularly the latter, but of
+    which they also seem remarkably fond, drinking frequently in a
+    state of nature, and during summer washing almost
+    daily.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+    <h4><i>Egypt.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>M. Champollion, in one of his recent letters, tells us that
+    the whole of the island of Elephantina would hardly make a park
+    fit for a good citizen of Paris, although certain modern
+    chronologists would fain make it into a kingdom, in order to
+    dispose of the ancient Egyptian dynasty of the
+    Elephantines.</p>
+
+    <p>In another letter dated March last, he says, "Our
+    establishment is in the Valley of Kings, which may truly be
+    called the abode of death, as not a blade of grass is to be
+    found in it, nor any living creature, except the jackall and
+    hyćna, which the night before last devoured, at the distance of
+    100 steps from our palace, the ass which had carried my Barabra
+    servant Mahomet, during the time that he was agreeably passing
+    the night of the Ramadan in our kitchen, which
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page207"
+       id="page207"></a>[pg 207]</span> is in a royal tomb,
+       entirely dilapidated."&mdash;<i>Translated in the Literary
+       Gazette</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Beet-Root Sugar.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter for September, among the
+    advantages which will probably lead to the discontinuance of
+    the cultivation of sugar by slaves, enumerates the rapid
+    extension of the manufacture of beet-root sugar in France; a
+    prelude, as the editor conceives, to its introduction into this
+    country, and especially into Ireland.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Dry Rot.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The American Commodore Barron recommends pumping air from
+    the holds of vessels as a remedy against dry rot; the common
+    mode of ventilation, by forcing pure air, or dashing water into
+    the hold, being found an imperfect preservative.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Alloyed Iron Plate.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Iron, coated with an alloy of tin and lead, so as to imitate
+    tin plate, and not to rust, is now manufactured to a
+    considerable extent in Paris; and its use for sugar-pans and
+    boilers, and in the construction of roofs and gutters is
+    expected to be very considerable.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Interesting Question.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Whether in the sea there be depths where no creature is able
+    to live, or whether a boundary be assigned to organic life
+    within those depths, cannot be ascertained. It, however,
+    clearly appears from the observations made by Biot, and other
+    naturalists, that fishes, according to their different
+    dispositions, live in different depths of the
+    ocean.&mdash;<i>From the German</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Cats.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>In Kamtschatka, Greenland, Lapland, and Iceland, there are
+    no cats, nor does the lynx in Europe extend farther than
+    Norway.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+    <h4><i>Vessels made of the Papyrus.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>The last number of the <i>Magazine of Natural History</i>
+    contains an article of great interest, on Vessels made of the
+    Papyrus, illustrated with cuts, from which it appears that
+    vessels have from the earliest times, been formed from the
+    paper reed, and that they are at present in use in Egypt and
+    Abyssinia. The author is John Hogg, Esq. M.A. F.L.S. &amp;c.
+    whose antiquarian attainments have greatly assisted him in the
+    elucidation of this very curious subject.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Remains of La Perouse.</i><a id="footnotetag10"
+       name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></h4>
+
+    <p>M. Derville, who commanded the Astrolabe, in the lute-voyage
+    undertaken to search for traces of the expedition of La
+    Perouse, considers the island, the summits of which were
+    observed fifteen leagues to windward, by the frigates La
+    Récherche and L'Esperance, which composed the expedition of
+    Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, in 1793, and to which the name of the
+    Isle de la Récherche was then given, to be the identical
+    island, Vanikoro (or Vanicolo) on the shores of which the
+    remnants of La Perouse's vessel have been found. The
+    geographical position of latitude and longitude of the Isle of
+    Vanikoro, agrees exactly with that of the island to which the
+    name of Récherche was given by D'Entrecasteaux. That island was
+    then confounded with the number of other islands, which had
+    been seen by the expedition, and which it had been found
+    impossible to examine in detail.&mdash;<i>Athenćum</i>.</p>
+
+    <h4><i>Study of Chemistry.</i></h4>
+
+    <p>Numbers there are, far above the lower classes, who still
+    consider the elements of all things as consisting of earth,
+    air, fire, and water; an error which classical-learning, no
+    less than the expressions of common parlance, tends to
+    perpetuate. Let us hope that the days are at hand, if not
+    already arrived, in which the acquirement of such fundamental
+    knowledge will be looked upon as at least equally necessary
+    with the study of languages, and the cultivation of taste and
+    imagination.&mdash;<i>Library of Useful Knowledge</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>A snapper up of unconsidered
+            trifles.&mdash;SHAKSPEARE.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>ORIGIN OF THE WORD WORSTED.</h3>
+
+    <p>Worsted, in the county of Norfolk, though formerly a town of
+    considerable trade, and much celebrity, is now reduced to a
+    village, and the manufactures, which obtained a name from the
+    place, are removed to Norwich and its vicinity.</p>
+
+    <p>Shakspeare has not been very courteous towards the
+    <i>worsted gentry</i>; had he lived in our times, they might
+    have <i>worsted</i> him for a libel: he says in King Lear, "A
+    base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three suited, hundred pound,
+    filthy, worsted stocking knave."</p>
+
+    <p class="author">P.T.W.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>I asked a poor man, how he did? He said, he was like a
+    washball, always in decay.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page208"
+       id="page208"></a>[pg 208]</span>
+
+    <h3>CAT-FANCIER.</h3>
+
+    <p>Lady Morgan gives the following anecdote in her <i>Book of
+    the Boudoir</i>. "The first day we had the honour of dining at
+    the palace of the Archbishop of Taranto, at Naples, he said to
+    me, you must pardon my passion for cats, (<i>la mia passione
+    gattesca</i>) but I never exclude them from my dining-room, and
+    you will find they make excellent company." Between the first
+    and second course the door opened, and several enormously large
+    and beautiful Angola cats were introduced by the names of
+    Pantalone, Desdemona, Otello, &amp;c. They took their places on
+    chairs near the table, and were as silent, as quiet, as
+    motionless, and as well behaved, as the most <i>bon ton</i>
+    table in London could require. On the bishop requesting one of
+    the chaplains to help the Signora Desdemona, the butler stepped
+    up to his lordship, and observed, "My Lord, La Signora
+    Desdemona will prefer waiting for the roast."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>ANCIENT FAMILY.</h3>
+
+    <p>There was much sound truth in the speech of a country lad to
+    an idler, who boasted his ancient family: "<i>So much the worse
+    for you</i>," said the peasant, as we ploughmen say, "<i>the
+    older the seed the worse the crop</i>."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>At North Ferryby, in Yorkshire, the following very
+    instructive lines, are inscribed on a handsome tablet to the
+    memory of Sir T. Etherington, an Alderman of Hull, and late a
+    resident in the above place:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <p>"Taught of God we should view losses, sickness, pain, and
+    death, but as the several trying stages by which a good man,
+    like Joseph, is conducted from a tent to a court; sin his
+    disease, Christ his physician, pain his medicine, the Bible his
+    support, the grave his rest, and death itself an angel
+    expressly sent to relieve the worn out labourer, or crown the
+    faithful soldier!"</p>
+
+    <p>Louis XIV. was presented with an epitaph by an indifferent
+    poet, on the celebrated Moliere. "I would to God," said he,
+    "that Moliere had brought me yours."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <h3>ON MEMORY.</h3>
+
+    <p>What an unknown and unspeakable happiness would it be to a
+    man of judgment, and who is engaged in the pursuit of
+    knowledge, if he had but a power of stamping all his own best
+    sentiments upon his memory in some indelible characters; and if
+    he could but imprint every valuable paragraph and sentiment of
+    the most excellent authors he has read, upon his mind, with the
+    same speed and facility with which he read
+    them?&mdash;<i>Watts</i>.</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>Upon a stone in St. Margaret's churchyard, at Lynn, in
+    Norfolk, is the following inscription to the memory of William
+    Scrivenor, Cook to the Corporation, who died in the year
+    1684:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Alas! alas! <i>Will Scrivenor's</i> dead, who by his
+            art,</p>
+
+            <p>Could make death's skeleton edible in each part,</p>
+
+            <p>Mourn, squeamish stomachs, and ye curious
+            palates,</p>
+
+            <p>You've lost your dainty dishes and your salades;</p>
+
+            <p>Mourn for yourselves, but not for him i'th'
+            least</p>
+
+            <p>He's gone to taste of a more heav'nly feast.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>At Whitchingham Magna, in the same county, is the following
+    epitaph to Thomas Alleyne, gent. who died Feb. 3, 1650, and his
+    two wives:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Death here advantage hath of life I spye,</p>
+
+            <p>One husband with two wives at once may lye.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+
+    <p>A recent American newspaper has the following notice to its
+    readers:&mdash;"The editor, printer, publisher, foreman, and
+    oldest apprentice (<i>two</i> in all,) are confined by
+    sickness, and the whole establishment is left in the care of
+    the <i>devil</i>."</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <table summary="Limbird's Editions"
+           align="center">
+        <caption>
+            LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE<br />
+            <i>Following Novels is already Published:</i>
+        </caption>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td></td>
+
+            <td align="right"><i>s.</i></td>
+
+            <td align="right"><i>d.</i></td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Mackenzie's Man of Feeling</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Paul and Virginia</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Castle of Otranto</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Almoran and Hamet</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Rasselas</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Old English Baron</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">9</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Nature and Art</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+
+            <td align="right">10</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Sicilian Romance</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Man of the World</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>A Simple Story</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">4</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Joseph Andrews</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Humphry Clinker</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Romance of the Forest</td>
+
+            <td align="right">1</td>
+
+            <td align="right">8</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Italian</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">0</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Zeluco, by Dr. Moore</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Edward, by Dr. Moore</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Roderick Random</td>
+
+            <td align="right">2</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>The Mysteries of Udolpho</td>
+
+            <td align="right">3</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+
+        <tr>
+            <td>Peregrine Pickle</td>
+
+            <td align="right">4</td>
+
+            <td align="right">6</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>"Literary Gazette," Sept. 19, 1829.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The propellers, I am informed, are not absolutely
+        discarded. They are now not fixed, but movable, and
+        reserved for extreme possible emergencies, or for certain
+        military purposes.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+                    name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Yorkshire. This wonderful assemblage lies scattered in
+        groups, covering a surface of nearly forty acres of heathy
+        moor. The numerous rocking-stones, rock-idols, altars,
+        cannon rocks, &amp;c. evidently point out this spot as
+        having been used by the Druids in their horrid and
+        mysterious ceremonies. The position of some of these rocks
+        is truly astonishing; one in particular resting upon a base
+        of a few inches, overhangs on all sides many feet; while
+        others seem suspended and balanced as if they hung in
+        air.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+                    name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Human sacrifices formed part of the religious rites of
+        the Druids.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote5"
+                    name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Picturesque Promenade round Dorking. Second Edit. 12mo.
+        1823, p. 258, 259.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote6"
+                    name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Ibid p. 143.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote7"
+                    name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>The Alpenstock, by C.J. Latrobe, 1829.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote8"
+                    name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Gray's Alliance of Education and Government.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote9"
+                    name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>See the second Georgic of Virgil.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote10"
+                    name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>For a Report of this discovery, see MIRROR, vol. xiii p.
+        409.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near
+    Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+    Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement,
+And Instruction, No. 391, by Various
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,1829 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement, And
+Instruction, No. 391, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement, And Instruction, No. 391
+       Vol. 14, No. 391, Saturday, September 26, 1829
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 3, 2004 [EBook #13359]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, William Flis, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 14, No. 391.] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.]
+
+
+
+
+MR. GURNEY'S IMPROVED STEAM CARRIAGE.
+
+
+Mr. Gurney, in perfecting this invention, has followed Dr. Franklin's
+advice--to tire and begin again. It is now four years since he first
+commenced his ingenious enterprise; and nearly two years since we
+reported and illustrated the progress he had made. (_See_ MIRROR, vol.
+x. page 393, or No. 287.) He began with a large boiler, but public
+prejudice was too strong for it; and knowing people talked of high
+pressure accidents; the steam, could not, of course, be altogether got
+rid of, so to divide the danger, Mr. Gurney made his boiler in forty
+welded iron pipes; still the steam ran in a main pipe beneath the
+whole of the carriage, and the evil was but modified. At length the
+inventer has detached the engine and boiler, or locomotive part of
+the apparatus, which is now to be fastened to the carriage, and may
+be considered as a STEAM-HORSE, with no more danger than we should
+apprehend from a restive animal, in whose veins the steam or mettle
+circulates with too high a pressure. Fair trials have been made of
+the Improved Carriage on our common roads, the Premier has decided the
+machine "to be of great national importance," from sundry experiments
+witnessed by his grace, at Hounslow Barracks; and the coach is
+announced "really to start next month (the 1st) in working--not
+experimental journeys--for travellers between London and Bath."[1]
+Crack upon crack will follow joke upon joke; the _Omnibus_, with its
+phaeton-like coursers will be eclipsed; and a journey to Bath and the
+Hot Wells by steam will soon be an everyday event.
+
+Descriptions of Mr. Gurney's carriage have been so often before the
+public, that extended detail is unnecessary. Besides, all our liege
+subscribers will turn to the account in our No. 287. The recent
+improvements have been perspicuously stated by Mr. Herapath, of
+Cranford, in a letter in the _Times_ newspaper, and we cannot do
+better than adopt and abridge a portion of his communication.
+
+"The present differs from the earlier carriage, in several
+improvements in the machinery, suggested by experiment; also in
+having no propellers;[2] and in having only four wheels instead of
+six; the apparatus for guiding being applied immediately to the two
+fore-wheels, bearing a part of the weight, instead of two extra
+leading wheels bearing little or none. No person can conceive the
+absolute control this apparatus gives to the director of the carriage,
+unless he has had the same opportunities of observing it which I
+had in a ride with Mr. Gurney. Whilst the wheels obey the slightest
+motions of the hand, a trifling pressure of the foot keeps them
+inflexibly steady, however rough the ground. To the hind axle, which
+is very strong, and bent into two cranks of nine inches radius, at
+right angles to each other, is applied the propelling power by means
+of pistons from two horizontal cylinders. By this contrivance, and a
+peculiar mode of admitting the steam to the cylinders, Mr. Gurney has
+very ingeniously avoided that cumbersome appendage to steam-engines,
+the fly-wheel, and preserves uniformity of action by constantly having
+one cylinder on full pressure, whilst the other is on the reduced
+expansive. The dead points--that is, those in which a piston has no
+effect from being in the same right line with its crank,--are also
+cleared by the same means. For as the cranks are at right angles, when
+one piston is at a dead point, the other has a position of maximum
+effect, and is then urged by full steam power; but no sooner has the
+former passed the dead point, than an expansion valve opens on it with
+full steam, and closes on the latter. Firmly fixed to the extremities
+of the axle, and at right angles to it, are the two 'carriers'--(two
+strong irons extending each way to the felloes of the wheels.) These
+irons may be bolted to the felloes of the wheels or not, or to the
+felloes of one wheel only. Thus the power applied to the axle is
+carried at once to the parts of the wheels of least stress--the
+circumferences. By this artifice the wheels are required to be of no
+greater strength and weight than ordinary carriage-wheels; and, like
+them, they turn freely and independently on the axle; but one or
+both may be secured as part and parcel of the axle, as circumstances
+require. The carriage is consequently propelled by the friction or
+hold which either or both hind-wheels, according as the power is
+applied to them jointly or separately, have on the ground. Beneath
+the hind part drop two irons, with flat feet, called 'shoe-drags.' A
+well-contrived apparatus, with a spindle passing up through a hollow
+cylinder, to which the guiding handle is affixed, enables the director
+to force one or both drags tight on the road, so as to retard the
+progress in a descent, or if he please, to raise the wheels off
+the ground. The propulsive power of the wheels being by this means
+destroyed, the carriage is arrested in a yard or two, though going at
+the rate of eighteen or twenty miles an hour. On the right hand of the
+director lies the handle of the throttle-valve, by which he has the
+power of increasing or diminishing the supply of steam _ad libitum_,
+and hence of retarding or accelerating the carriage's velocity. The
+whole carriage and machinery weigh about 16 cwt., and with the full
+complement of water and coke 20 or 22 cwt., of which, I am informed,
+about 16 cwt. lie on the hind-wheels."
+
+Mr. H. then enumerates the principle of the improvements:--"That
+troublesome appendage the fly-wheel, as I have observed, Mr. Gurney
+has rendered unnecessary. The danger to be apprehended in going over
+rough pitching, from too rapid a generation of steam, he avoids by a
+curious application of springs; and should these be insufficient, one
+or two safety valves afford the _ultimatum_ of security. He ensures
+an easy descent down the steepest declivity by his 'shoe-drags,' and
+the power of reversing the action of the engines. His hands direct,
+and his foot literally pinches obedience to the course over the
+roughest and most refractory ground. The dreadful consequences of
+boiler-bursting are annihilated by a judicious application of tubular
+boilers. Should, indeed, a tube burst, a hiss about equal to that of a
+hot nail plunged into water, contains the sum total of alarm, while a
+few strokes with a hammer will set all to rights again. Lastly, he has
+so contrived his 'carriers,' that they shall act without confining the
+wheels, by which means there is none of that sliding and consequent
+cutting up of the road, which, in sharp turnings, would result from
+inflexible constraint.
+
+"Hills and loose, slippery ground are well known to be the _res
+adversae_ of steam-carriages; on ordinary level roads they roll
+along with rapid facility. In every ascent there are two additional
+circumstances inimical to progressive motion. One is, that carriages
+press less on the ground of a hill than on that of a plain, thus
+giving the wheels a less forcible grasp or bite. But this may be
+easily remedied in the structure of a carriage, and is not of very
+material consequence in the steepest hills that we have. The other is
+more serious. When a carriage ascends a hill, the weight or gravity of
+the whole is decomposable into two--one perpendicular, and the other
+parallel to the road. The former constitutes the pressure on the road,
+the latter the additional work the engine has to perform. Universally
+this is the same part of the whole carriage and its load together,
+which the perpendicular ascent of the hill is of its length. With
+these principles, if we knew the bite of the wheels on the road,
+we could at once subject the powers of Mr. Gurney's carriage to
+calculation.
+
+"Now, from one of the experiments made in the barrack-yard, at
+Hounslow, I find we can approximate towards it. For instance, with one
+wheel only fixed to the 'carriers,' the carriage drew itself and load
+of water and coke (about 1 ton), with three men on it, and a wagon
+behind of 16 cwt. containing 27 soldiers. This, at the rate of 1-1/2
+cwt. to a man, in round numbers is 4 tons. Estimating the force of
+traction of spring carriages at a twelfth of the total weight, it
+consequently gives a hold or bite on the road of 1-12 of 4 tons, or
+6 2-3rds cwt. per wheel, or 13 1-3rd cwt. for the two wheels. This is
+likewise the propelling force of the carriage. Supposing, therefore,
+we were ascending a hill of 1 foot rise in 8, which I am assured
+exceeds in steepness any hill we have, we should be able to draw a
+load behind of 2 tons 2 cwt., or between 3 and 4 tons altogether....
+
+"On a good level road I think it not improbable it might draw, instead
+of 7 tons which our experiment would give, from 10 to 11, besides
+its own weight, or 100 ordinary men, exclusive of 2 or 3 tons for
+carriages; and up one of our steepest hills, 3 tons besides itself, or
+25 men besides a ton for a carriage. This it would do at a rate of 8,
+9, or 10 miles an hour. For it is a singular feature in this carriage,
+and which was remarked by many at the time, that it maintained very
+nearly the same speed with a wagon and 27 men, that it did with the
+carriage and only 5 or 6 persons. But there is a fact connected with
+this machine still more extraordinary. For instance, every additional
+cwt. we shift on the hind or working wheels, will increase the power
+of traction in our steepest hills upwards of 4 cwt., and on the
+level road half a ton. Such, then, is the paradoxical nature of
+steam-carriages, that the very circumstance which in animal exertion
+would weaken and retard, will here multiply their strength and
+accelerate. This, no doubt, Mr. Gurney's ingenuity will soon turn to
+profitable account.
+
+"It has often been asserted that carriages of this sort could not
+go above 6 or 7 miles an hour. I can see no reasonable objection
+to 20. The following fact, decided before a large company in the
+barrack-yard, will best speak for itself:--At eighteen minutes after
+three I ascended the carriage with Mr. Gurney. After we had gone about
+half way round, 'Now,' said Mr. Gurney, 'I will show you her speed.'
+He did, and we completed seven turns round the outside of the road
+by twenty-eight minutes after three. If, therefore, as I was there
+assured, two and a half turns measured one mile, we went 2.8 miles
+in ten minutes; that is, at the rate of 16.8, or nearly 17 miles per
+hour. But as Mr. Gurney slackened its motion once or twice in the
+course of trial, to speak to some one, and did not go at an equal rate
+all the way round for fear of accident in the crowd, it is clear that
+sometimes we must have proceeded at the rate of upwards of twenty
+miles an hour."
+
+The Engraving will furnish the reader with a correct idea of such of
+Mr. Gurney's improvements as are most interesting to the public. The
+present arrangement is certainly very preferable to placing the boiler
+and engine in immediate contact with the carriage, which is to convey
+goods and passengers. Men of science are still much divided on the
+practical economy of using steam instead of horses as a travelling
+agent; but we hope, like all great contemporaries they may whet and
+cultivate each other till the desired object is attained. One of them,
+a writer in the _Atlas_, observes, that "if ultimately found capable
+of being brought into public use, it would probably be most convenient
+and desirable that several locomotive engines should be employed on
+one line of road, in order that they might be exchanged at certain
+stages for the purposes of examination, tightening of screws, and
+other adjustments, which the jolting on passing over the road might
+render necessary, and for the supply of fuel and water."
+
+An effectively-coloured lithographic of Mr. Gurney's carriage (by
+Shoesmith) has recently appeared at the printsellers', which we take
+this opportunity of recommending to the notice of collectors and
+scrappers.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Literary Gazette," Sept. 19, 1829.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The propellers, I am informed, are not absolutely
+discarded. They are now not fixed, but movable, and reserved for
+extreme possible emergencies, or for certain military purposes.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUNNING SATIRE ON AN INCONSTANT LOVER.
+
+  You are as faithless as a _Carthaginian_,
+  To love at once, _Kate, Nell, Doll, Martha, Jenny, Anne._
+
+SWIFT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BRIMHAM ROCKS[3] BY MOONLIGHT.
+
+(_FOR THE MIRROR._)
+
+
+  The sun hath set, but yet I linger still,
+  Gazing with rapture on the face of night;
+  And mountain wild, deep vale, and heathy hill,
+  Lay like a lovely vision, mellow, bright,
+  Bathed in the glory of the sunset light,
+  Whose changing hues in flick'ring radiance play,
+  Faint and yet fainter on the outstretch'd sight,
+  Until at length they wane and die away,
+  And all th' horizon round fades into twilight gray.
+
+  But, slowly rising up the vaulted sky,
+  Forth comes the moon, night's joyous, sylvan queen,
+  With one lone, silent star, attendant by
+  Her side, all sparkling in its glorious sheen;
+  And, floating swan-like, stately, and serene,
+  A few light fleecy clouds, the drapery of heav'n,
+  Throw their pale shadows o'er this witching scene,
+  Deep'ning its mystic grandeur--and seem driven
+  Round these all shapeless piles like Time's wan spectres risen
+
+  From out the tombs of ages. All around
+  Lies hushed and still, save with large, dusky wing
+  The bird of night makes its ill-omened sound;
+  Or moor-game, nestling 'neath th' flowery ling
+  Low chuckle to their mates--or startled, spring
+  Away on rustling pinions to the sky,
+  Wheel round and round in many an airy ring,
+  Then swooping downward to their covert hie,
+  And, lodged beneath the heath again securely lie.
+
+  Ascend yon hoary rock's impending brow,
+  And on its windy summit take your stand--
+  Lo! Wilsill's lovely vale extends below,
+  And long, long heathy moors on either hand
+  Stretch dark and misty--a bleak tract of land,
+  Whereon but seldom human footsteps come;
+  Save when with dog, obedient at command,
+  And gun, the sportsman quits his city home,
+  And brushing through the ling in quest of game doth roam.
+
+  And lo! in wild confusion scattered round,
+  Huge, shapeless, naked, massy piles of stone
+  Rise, proudly towering o'er this barren ground,
+  Scowling in mutual hate--apart, alone,
+  Stern, desolate they stand--and seeming thrown
+  By some dire, dread convulsion of the earth
+  From her deep, silent caves, and hoary grown
+  With age and storms that Boreas issues forth
+  Replete with ire from his wild regions in the north.
+
+  How beautiful! yet wildly beautiful,
+  As group on group comes glim'ring on the eye,
+  Making the heart, soul, mind, and spirit full
+  Of holy rapture and sweet imagery;
+  Till o'er the lip escapes th' unconscious sigh,
+  And heaves the breast with feeling, too too deep
+  For words t' express the awful sympathy,
+  That like a dream doth o'er the senses creep,
+  Chaining the gazer's eye--and yet he cannot weep.
+
+  But stands entranced and rooted to the spot,
+  While grows the scene upon him vast, sublime,
+  Like some gigantic city's ruin, not
+  Inhabited by men, but Titans--Time
+  Here rests upon his scythe and fears to climb,
+  Spent by th' unceasing toil of ages past,
+  Musing he stands and listens to the chime
+  Of rock-born spirits howling in the blast,
+  While gloomily around night's sable shades are cast.
+
+  Well deemed I ween the Druid sage of old
+  In making this his dwelling place on high;
+  Where all that's huge and great from Nature's mould,
+  Spoke this the temple of his deity;
+  Whose walls and roof were the o'erhanging sky,
+  His altar th' unhewn rock, all bleak and bare,
+  Where superstition with red, phrensied eye
+  And look all wild, poured forth her idol prayer,
+  As rose the dying wail,[4] and blazed the pile in air.
+
+  Lost in the lapse of time, the Druid's lore
+  Hath ceased to echo these rude rocks among;
+  No altar new is stained with human gore;
+  No hoary bard now weaves the mystic song;
+  Nor thrust in wicker hurdles, throng on throng,
+  Whole multitudes are offered to appease
+  Some angry god, whose will and power of wrong
+  Vainly they thus essayed to soothe and please--
+  Alas! that thoughts so gross man's noblest powers should seize.
+
+  But, bowed beneath the cross, see! prostrate fall
+  The mummeries that long enthralled our isle;
+  So perish error! and wide over all
+  Let reason, truth, religion ever smile:
+  And let not man, vain, impious man defile
+  The spark heaven lighted in the human breast;
+  Let no enthusiastic rage, no sophist's wile
+  Lull the poor victim into careless rest,
+  Since the pure gospel page can teach him to be blest.
+
+  Weak, trifling man, O! come and ponder here
+  Upon the nothingness of human things--
+  How vain, how very vain doth then appear
+  The city's hum, the pomp and pride of kings;
+  All that from wealth, power, grandeur, beauty springs,
+  Alike must fade, die, perish, be forgot;
+  E'en he whose feeble hand now strikes the strings
+  Soon, soon within the silent grave must rot--
+  Yet Nature's still the same, though we see, we hear her not.
+
+J. HORNER.
+
+_Wilsill, near Pateley Bridge, Sept. 1829._
+
+[Footnote 3: Yorkshire. This wonderful assemblage lies scattered in
+groups, covering a surface of nearly forty acres of heathy moor.
+The numerous rocking-stones, rock-idols, altars, cannon rocks, &c.
+evidently point out this spot as having been used by the Druids in
+their horrid and mysterious ceremonies. The position of some of these
+rocks is truly astonishing; one in particular resting upon a base of
+a few inches, overhangs on all sides many feet; while others seem
+suspended and balanced as if they hung in air.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Human sacrifices formed part of the religious rites of
+the Druids.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PLEDGING HEALTHS.
+
+The origin of the very common expression, to _pledge_ one drinking,
+is curious: it is thus related by a very celebrated antiquarian of
+the fifteenth century. "When the _Danes_ bore sway in this land, if
+a native did drink, they would sometimes stab him with a dagger or
+knife; hereupon people would not drink in company unless some one
+present would be their _pledge_ or surety, that they should receive no
+hurt, whilst they were in their draught; hence that usual phrase, I'll
+_pledge you_, or be a pledge for you." Others affirm the true sense of
+the word was, that if the party drank to, were not disposed to drink
+himself, he would put another for _a pledge_ to do it for him, else
+the party who began would take it ill.
+
+J.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RUSSIAN SUPERSTITION.
+
+The extreme superstition of the Greek church, the national one of
+Russia, seems to exceed that of the Roman Catholic devotees, even in
+Spain and Portugal. The following instance will show the absurdity of
+it even among the higher classes:--
+
+A Russian princess, some few years since, had always a large silver
+crucifix following her in a separate carriage, and which was placed in
+her chamber. When any thing fortunate happened to her in the course
+of the day, and she was satisfied with all that had occurred, she
+had lighted tapers placed around the crucifix, and said to it in a
+familiar style, "See, now, as you have been very good to me to-day,
+you shall be treated well; you shall have candles all night; I will
+love you; I will pray to you." If on the contrary, any thing happened
+to vex the lady, she had the candles put out, ordered her servants not
+to pay any homage to the poor image, and loaded it herself with the
+bitterest reproaches.
+
+INA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SELECTOR;
+
+AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIBRARY OF ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE.
+
+_FRUITS_.
+
+This Part (5) completes the volume of "Vegetable Substances used in
+the Arts and in Domestic Economy." The first portion--_Timber Trees_
+was noticed at some length in our last volume (page 309,) and received
+our almost unqualified commendation, which we are induced to extend to
+the Part now before us. Still, we do not recollect to have pointed
+out to our readers that which appears to us the great recommendatory
+feature of this series of works--we mean the arrangement of the
+volumes--their subdivisions and exemplifications--and these evince a
+master-hand in compilation.
+
+Every general reader must be aware that little novelty could be
+expected in a brief History and Description of Timber Trees and
+Fruits, and that the object of the Useful Knowledge Society was not
+merely to furnish the public with new views, but to present in the
+most attractive form the most entertaining facts of established
+writers, and illustrate their views with the observations of
+contemporary authors as well as their own personal acquaintance with
+the subjects. In this manner, the Editor has taken "a general
+and rapid view of fruits," and, considering the great hold their
+description possesses on all readers, we are disposed to think almost
+too rapid. We should have enjoyed a volume or two more than half a
+volume of such reading as the present; but as we are not purchasers,
+and are unacquainted with the number to which the Society propose
+to extend their works, we ought not perhaps to raise this objection,
+which, to say the truth, is a sort of negative commendation. Hitherto,
+we have been accustomed to see compilations of pretensions similar
+to the present, executed with little regard to neatness or unity,
+or weight or consideration. Whole pages and long extracts have been
+stripped and sliced off books, with little rule or arrangement, and
+what is still worse, without any acknowledgment of the sources.
+The last defect is certainly the greatest, since, in spite of
+ill-arrangement, an intelligent inquirer may with much trouble, avail
+himself of further reference to the authors quoted, and thus complete
+in his own mind what the compiler had so indifferently begun. The work
+before us is, however, altogether of a much higher order than general
+compilations. The introductions and inferences are pointed and
+judicious, and the facts themselves of the most interesting character,
+are narrated in a condensed but perspicuous style; while the slightest
+reference will prove that the best and latest authorities have
+been appreciated. Thus, in the History and Description of Fruits,
+the Transactions of the Horticultural Society are frequently and
+pertinently quoted to establish disputed points, as well as the
+journals of intelligent travellers and naturalists; with occasional
+poetical embellishments, which lend a charm even to this attractive
+species of reading.
+
+To quote the history of either Fruit entire, would not so well denote
+the character of the work as would a few of the most striking passages
+in the descriptions. In the introductory chapter we are pleased with
+the following passage on _Monastic Gardens_.
+
+"The monks, after the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity,
+appear to have been the only gardeners. As early as 674, we have
+a record, describing a pleasant and fruit-bearing close at Ely,
+then cultivated by Brithnoth, the first Abbot of that place. The
+ecclesiastics subsequently carried their cultivation of fruits as
+tar as was compatible with the nature of the climate, and the
+horticultural knowledge of the middle ages. Whoever has seen an old
+abbey, where for generations destruction only has been at work, must
+have almost invariably found it situated in one of the choicest spots,
+both as to soil and aspect; and if the hand of injudicious improvement
+has not swept it away, there is still the 'Abbey-garden.' Even though
+it has been wholly neglected--though its walls be in ruins, covered
+with stone-crop and wall-flower, and its area produce but the rankest
+weeds--there are still the remains of the aged fruit trees--the
+venerable pears, the delicate little apples, and the luscious black
+cherries. The chestnuts and the walnuts may have yielded to the axe,
+and the fig trees and vines died away;--but sometimes the mulberry is
+left, and the strawberry and the raspberry struggle among the ruins.
+There is a moral lesson in these memorials of the monastic ages. The
+monks, with all their faults, were generally men of peace and study;
+and these monuments show that they were improving the world, while the
+warriors were spending their lives to spoil it. In many parts of Italy
+and France, which had lain in desolation and ruin from the time of
+the Goths, the monks restored the whole surface to fertility; and in
+Scotland and Ireland there probably would not have been a fruit tree
+till the sixteenth century, if it had not been for their peaceful
+labours. It is generally supposed that the monastic orchards were in
+their greatest perfection from the twelfth to the fifteenth century."
+
+Again, the
+
+_NATURALIZATION OF PLANTS._
+
+"The large number of our native plants (for we call those native which
+have adapted themselves to our climate) mark the gradual progress of
+our civilization through the long period of two thousand years; whilst
+the almost infinite diversity of exotics which a botanical garden
+offers, attest the triumphs of that industry which has carried us
+as merchants or as colonists over every region of the earth, and has
+brought from every region whatever can administer to our comforts and
+our luxuries,--to the tastes and the needful desires of the humblest
+as well as the highest amongst us. To the same commerce we owe the
+potato and the pine-apple; the China rose, whose flowers cluster round
+the cottage-porch, and the Camellia which blooms in the conservatory.
+The addition even of a flower, or an ornamental shrub, to those which
+we already possess, is not to be regarded as a matter below the
+care of industry and science. The more we extend our acquaintance
+with the productions of nature, the more are our minds elevated by
+contemplating the variety, as well as the exceeding beauty, of the
+works of the Creator. The highest understanding does not stoop when
+occupied in observing the brilliant colour of a blossom, or the
+graceful form of a leaf. Hogarth, the great moral painter, a man in
+all respects of real and original genius, writes thus to his friend
+Ellis, a distinguished traveller and naturalist:--'As for your pretty
+little seed-cups, or vases, they are a sweet confirmation of the
+pleasure Nature seems to take in superadding an elegance of form to
+most of her works, wherever you find them. How poor and bungling are
+all the imitations of Art! When I have the pleasure of seeing you
+next, we will sit down, _nay, kneel down if you will_, and admire
+these things.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It is one of the proudest attributes of man, and one which is most
+important for him to know, that he can improve every production
+of nature, if he will but once make it his own by possession and
+attachment. A conviction of this truth has rendered the cultivation of
+fruits, in the more polished countries of Europe, as successful as we
+now behold it."
+
+The work then divides into _Fruits of the Temperate Climates_, and
+of _Tropical Climates_; the first are subdivided into Fleshy, Pulpy,
+and Stone Fruits and Nuts, in preference to a strict geographical
+arrangement. Under "the Apple" occur some very judicious observations
+on
+
+_CIDER._
+
+"The cider counties of England have always been considered as highly
+interesting. They lie something in the form of a horse-shoe round
+the Bristol Channel; and the best are, Worcester and Hereford, on
+the north of the channel, and Somerset and Devon on the south. In
+appearance, they have a considerable advantage over those counties
+in which grain alone is cultivated. The blossoms cover an extensive
+district with a profusion of flowers in the spring, and the fruit is
+beautiful in autumn. Some of the orchards occupy a space of forty or
+fifty acres; and the trees being at considerable intervals, the land
+is also kept in tillage. A great deal of practical acquaintance with
+the qualities of soil is required in the culture of apple and pear
+trees; and his skill in the adaptation of trees to their situation
+principally determines the success of the manufacturer of cider
+and perry. The produce of the orchards is very fluctuating; and the
+growers seldom expect an abundant crop more than once in three years.
+The quantity of apples required to make a hogshead of cider is from
+twenty-four to thirty bushels; and in a good year an acre of orchard
+will produce somewhere about six hundred bushels, or from twenty to
+twenty-five hogsheads. The cider harvest is in September. When the
+season is favourable, the heaps of apples collected at the presses are
+immense--consisting of hundreds of tons. If any of the vessels used in
+the manufacture of cider are of lead, the beverage is not wholesome.
+The price of a hogshead of cider generally varies from 2l. to 5l.,
+according to the season and quality; but cider of the finest growth
+has sometimes been sold as high as 20l. by the hogshead, direct from
+the press--a price equal to that of many of the fine wines of the
+Rhine or the Garonne."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_OLD APPLE TREES._
+
+"At Horton, in Buckinghamshire, where Milton spent some of his earlier
+years, there is an apple tree still growing, of which the oldest
+people remember to have heard it said that the poet was accustomed
+to sit under it. And upon the low leads of the church at Romsey, in
+Hampshire, there is an apple tree still bearing fruit, which is said
+to be two hundred years old."
+
+The _Fig_ and the _Fine_ are equally interesting, and in connexion
+with the latter we notice the editor's mention of the fine vineyard
+at Arundel Castle. Aubrey describes a similar vineyard at Chart Park,
+near Dorking, another seat of the Howards. "Here was a vineyard,
+supposed to have been planted by the Hon. Charles Howard, who, it is
+said, erected his residence, as it were, in the vineyard." Again, "the
+vineyard flourished for some time, and tolerably good wine was made
+from the produce; but after the death of the noble planter, in 1713,
+it was much neglected, and nothing remained but the name. On taking
+down the house, a stone resembling a millstone, was found, by which
+the grapes were pressed."[5] We were on the spot at the time, and saw
+the stone in question. Vines are still very abundant at Dorking, the
+soil being very congenial to their growth. "Hence, almost every house
+in this part has its vine; and some of the plants are very productive.
+The cottages of the labouring poor are not without this ornament, and
+the produce is usually sold by them to their wealthier neighbours, for
+the manufacture of wine. The price per bushel is from 4s. to 16s.;
+but the variableness of the season frequently disappoints them in the
+crops, the produce of which is sometimes laid up as a setoff to the
+rent."[6]
+
+We have heard too of attempts in England to train the vine on
+the sides of hills, and a few years since an individual lost a
+considerable sum of money in making the experiment in the Isle of
+Wight.
+
+At page 257, observes the editor,
+
+_A VINEYARD_
+
+"Associated as it is with all our ideas of beauty and plenty, is,
+in general, a disappointing object. The hop plantations of our own
+country are far more picturesque. In France, the vines are trained
+upon poles, seldom more than three or four feet in height; and 'the
+pole-clipt vineyard' of poetry is not the most inviting of real
+objects. In Spain, poles for supporting vines are not used; but
+cuttings are planted, which are not permitted to grow very high, but
+gradually form thick and stout stocks. In Switzerland, and in the
+German provinces, the vineyards are as formal as those of France.
+But in Italy is found the true vine of poetry, 'surrounding the stone
+cottage with its girdle, flinging its pliant and luxuriant branches
+over the rustic veranda, or twining its long garland from tree to
+tree.'[7] It was the luxuriance and the beauty of her vines and her
+olives that tempted the rude people of the north to pour down upon her
+fertile fields:--
+
+  'The prostrate South to the destroyer yields
+  Her boasted titles and her golden fields;
+  With grim delight the brood of winter view
+  A brighter day, and heavens of azure hue.
+  Scent the new fragrance of the breathing rose.
+  And quaff the pendent vintage as it grows.'[8]
+
+"In Greece, too, as well as Italy, the shoots of the vines are
+either trained upon trees, or supported, so as to display all their
+luxuriance, upon a series of props. This was the custom of the ancient
+vine-growers; and their descendants have preserved it in all its
+picturesque originality.[9] The vine-dressers of Persia train their
+vines to run up a wall, and curl over on the top. But the most
+luxurious cultivation of the vine in hot countries is where it covers
+the trellis-work which surrounds a well, inviting the owner and his
+family to gather beneath its shade. 'The fruitful bough by well' is of
+the highest antiquity."
+
+Passing over the Mulberry, Currant, Gooseberry, and the Strawberry,
+the account of the Egg Plant is particularly attractive; and that of
+the Olive is well-written, but too long for extract.
+
+Among the _Tropical Fruits_, the Orange and the Date are very
+delightful; and equal in importance and interest are the Cocoa Nut
+and Bread Fruit Tree. In short, it is impossible to open the volume
+without being gratified with the richness and variety of its contents,
+and the amiable feeling which pervades the inferences and incidental
+observations of the writer.
+
+A word or two on the embellishments and we have done. These are
+far behind the literary merits of the volume, and are discreditable
+productions. Where so much is well done it were better to omit
+engravings altogether than adopt such as these: "they imitate nature
+so abominably." The group at page 223 is a fair specimen of the whole,
+than which nothing can be more lifeless. After the excellent cuts of
+Mr. London's Gardener's and Natural History Magazines, we turn away
+from these with pain, and it must be equally vexatious to the editor
+to see such accompaniments to his pages.
+
+[Footnote 5: Picturesque Promenade round Dorking. Second Edit. 12mo.
+1823, p. 258, 259.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Ibid p. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Alpenstock, by C.J. Latrobe, 1829.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Gray's Alliance of Education and Government.]
+
+[Footnote 9: See the second Georgic of Virgil.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE'S BROOCH.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(_TO THE EDITOR OF THE MIRROR._)
+
+Having frequently observed in your valuable publication the great
+attention which you have paid to every thing relating to the "Immortal
+Bard of Avon," I beg leave to transmit to you two drawings (the one
+back, the other front) of a brooch or buckle, found near the residence
+of the poet, at New Place, Stratford, among the rubbish brought out
+from the spot where the house stood. This brooch is considered by the
+most competent judges and antiquarians in and near Stratford, to have
+been the personal property of Shakspeare. A. is the back; 1 and 2,
+faint traces of the letters which were nearly obliterated, by the
+person who found the relic, in scraping to ascertain whether the
+metal was precious, the whole of it being covered with gangrene
+or verdigris. 3 and 4 are the remains of the hinge to the pin.
+Fortunately the W. at the corner was preserved. B. represents the
+front of the brooch; 1, 3, and 5, are red stones in the top part
+(similar in shape to a coronet) 2 and 4 are blue stones in the same;
+the other stones in the bottom or heart are white, though varying
+rather in hue, and all are set in silver.
+
+HJTHWC.
+
+N.B. The above is shown to the curious by the individual who found
+it--a poor man named Smith, living in Sheep Street, Stratford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The greater portion of the following Notes will, we are persuaded, be
+new to all but the bibliomaniacs in theatrical lore. They occur in a
+paper of 45 pages in the last Edinburgh Review, in which the writer
+attributes the Decline of the Drama to a variety of causes--as
+late hours, costly representations, high salaries, and excessive
+taxation--some of which we have selected for extract. In our affection
+for the Stage, we have paid some attention to its history, as well
+as to its recent state, and readily do we subscribe to a few of the
+Reviewer's opinions of the cause of its neglect. But to attribute this
+falling off to "taxes innumerable" is rather too broad: perhaps the
+highly-taxed wax lights around the box circles suggested this new
+light. We need not go so far to detect the rottenness of the dramatic
+state; still, as the question involves controversy at every point,
+we had rather keep out of the fight, and leave our Reviewer without
+further note or comment.
+
+
+NOTES ON THE DRAMA.
+
+(_FROM THE EDINBURGH REVIEW, NO. 98._)
+
+_ORIGIN OF ADMISSION MONEY._
+
+There were at Athens various funds, applicable to public purposes; one
+of which, and among the most considerable, was appropriated for the
+expensed of sacrifices, processions, festivals, spectacles, and of
+the theatres. The citizens were admitted to the theatres for some time
+gratis; but in consequence of the disturbances caused by multitudes
+crowding to get seats, to introduce order, and as the phrase is,
+to keep out improper persons, a small sum of money was afterwards
+demanded for admission. That the poorer classes, however, might not
+be deprived of their favourite gratification, they received from the
+treasury, out of this fund, the price of a seat--and thus peace and
+regularity were secured, and the fund still applied to its original
+purpose. The money that was taken at the doors, having served as a
+ticket, was expended, together with that which had not been used in
+this manner, to maintain the edifice itself, and to pay the manifold
+charges of the representation.
+
+"_DRAMATIC REPRESENTATIONS NATURAL TO MAN._"
+
+Travellers inform us, that savages, even in a very rude state, are
+found to divert themselves by imitating some common event in life: but
+it is not necessary to leave our own quiet homes to satisfy ourselves,
+that dramatic representations are natural to man. All children
+delight in mimicking action; many of their amusements consist in such
+performances, and are in every sense _plays_. It is curious, indeed,
+to observe at how early an age the young of the most imitative animal,
+man, begin to copy the actions of others; how soon the infant displays
+its intimate conviction of the great truth, that "all the world's a
+Stage." The baby does not imitate those acts only, that are useful
+and necessary to be learned; but it instinctively mocks useless and
+unimportant actions and unmeaning sounds, for its amusement, and for
+the mere pleasure of imitation, and is evidently much delighted
+when it is successful. The diversions of children are very commonly
+dramatic. When they are not occupied with their hoops, tops, and
+balls, or engaged in some artificial game, they amuse themselves in
+playing at soldiers, in being at school, or at church, in going to
+market, in receiving company; and they imitate the various employments
+of life with so much fidelity, that the theatrical critic, who
+delights in chaste acting, will often find less to censure in his own
+little servants in the nursery, than in his majesty's servants in a
+theatre-royal. When they are somewhat older they dramatize the stories
+they read; most boys have represented Robin Hood, or one of his
+merry-men, and every one has enacted the part of Robinson Crusoe,
+and his man Friday. We have heard of many extraordinary tastes and
+antipathies; but we never knew an instance of a young person, who
+was not delighted the first time he visited a theatre. The true
+enjoyment of life consists in action; and happiness, according to
+the peripatetic definition, is to be found in energy; it accords,
+therefore, with the nature and etymology of the drama, which is,
+in truth, not less natural than agreeable. Its grand divisions
+correspond, moreover, with those of time; the contemplation of the
+present is Comedy--mirth for the most part being connected with the
+present only--and the past and the future are the dominions of the
+Tragic muse.
+
+_GRECIAN THEATRES._
+
+The climate of Athens being one of the finest and most agreeable in
+the world, the Athenians passed the greatest part of their time in the
+open air; and their theatres, like those in the rest of Greece and
+in ancient Rome, had no other covering than the sky. Their structure
+accordingly differed greatly from that of a modern playhouse, and the
+representation in many respects was executed in a different manner.
+But we will mention those peculiarities only which are necessary to
+render our observations intelligible.
+
+The ancient theatres, in the first place, were on a much larger scale
+than any that have been constructed in later days. It would have
+been impossible, by reason of the magnitude of the edifice, and
+consequently of the stage, to have changed the scenes in the same
+manner as in our smaller buildings. The scene, as it was called, was
+a permanent structure, and resembled the front of Somerset House, of
+the Horse Guards, or the Tuileries, and was in the same style of
+architecture as the rest of the spacious edifice. There were three
+large gateways, through each of which a view of streets, or of woods,
+or of whatever was suitable to the action represented, was displayed;
+this painting was fixed upon a triangular frame, that turned on an
+axis, like a swivel seal, or ring, so that any one of the three
+sides might be presented to the spectators, and perhaps the two that
+were turned away might be covered with other subjects, if it were
+necessary. If parts of Regent Street, or of Whitehall, or the Mansion
+House, and the Bank of England, were shown through the openings in
+the fixed scene, it would be plain that the fable was intended to be
+referred to London; and it would be removed to Edinburgh, or Paris,
+if the more striking portions of those cities were thus exhibited. The
+front of the scene was broken by columns, by bays and promontories in
+the line of the building, which gave beauty and variety to the facade,
+and aided the deception produced by the paintings that were seen
+through the three openings. In the Roman Theatres there were commonly
+two considerable projections, like large bow-windows, or bastions,
+in the spaces between the apertures; this very uneven line afforded
+assistance to the plot, in enabling different parties to be on the
+stage at the same time, without seeing one another. The whole front of
+the stage was called the scene, or covered building, to distinguish it
+from the rest of the theatre, which was open to the air, except that
+a covered portico frequently ran round the semicircular part of the
+edifice at the back of the highest row of seats, which answered to
+our galleries, and was occupied, like them, by the gods, who stood in
+crowds upon the level floor of their celestial abodes.
+
+Immediately in front of the stage, as with us, was the orchestra;
+but it was of much larger dimensions, not only positively, but
+in proportion to the theatre. In our playhouses it is exclusively
+inhabited by fiddles and their fiddlers; the ancients appropriated it
+to more dignified purposes; for there stood the high altar of Bacchus,
+richly ornamented and elevated, and around it moved the sacred Chorus
+to solemn measures, in stately array and in magnificent vestments,
+with crowns and incense, chanting at intervals their songs, and
+occupied in their various rites, as we have before mentioned. It is
+one of the many instances of uninterrupted traditions, that this part
+of our theatres is still devoted to receive musicians, although,
+in comparison with their predecessors, they are of an ignoble and
+degenerate race.
+
+The use of masks was another remarkable peculiarity of the ancient
+acting. It has been conjectured, that the tragic mask was invented
+to conceal the face of the actor, which, in a small city like Athens,
+must have been known to the greater part of the audience, as vulgar
+in expression, and it sometimes would have brought to mind most
+unseasonably the remembrance of a life and of habits, that would have
+repelled all sympathy with the character which he was to personate. It
+would not have been endured, that a player should perform the part of
+a monarch in his ordinary dress, nor that of a hero with his own mean
+physiognomy. It is probable, also, that the likeness of every hero of
+tragedy was handed down in statues, medals, and paintings, or even in
+a series of masks; and that the countenance of Theseus, or of Ajax,
+was as well known to the spectators as the face of any of their
+contemporaries. Whenever a living character was introduced by name, as
+Cleon or Socrates, in the old comedy, we may suppose that the mask was
+a striking, although not a flattering portrait. We cannot doubt, that
+these masks were made with great care, and were skilfully painted,
+and finished with the nicest accuracy; for every art was brought to
+a focus in the Greek theatres. We must not imagine, like schoolboys,
+that the tragedies of Sophocles were performed at Athens in such
+rude masks as are exhibited in our music shops. We have some
+representations of them in antique sculptures and paintings, with
+features somewhat distorted, but of exquisite and inimitable beauty.
+
+_THE ROMAN STAGE._
+
+The Drama of ancient Rome possesses little of originality or interest.
+The word _Histrio_ is said to be of Etruscan origin; the Tuscans,
+therefore, had their theatres; but little information can now be
+gleaned respecting them. It was long before theatres were firmly and
+permanently established in Rome; but the love of these diversions
+gradually became too powerful for the censors, and the Romans grew,
+at last, nearly as fond of them as the Greeks. The latter, as St.
+Augustine informs us, did not consider the profession of a player as
+dishonourable: "Ipsos scenicos non turpes judicaverunt, sed dignos
+etiam praeclaris honoribus habuerunt."--_De Civ. Dei_. The more prudish
+Romans, however, were less tolerant; and we find in the Code various
+constitutions levelled against actors, and one law especially, which
+would not suit our senate, forbidding senators to marry actresses; but
+this was afterwards relaxed by Justinian, who had broken it himself.
+He permitted such marriages to take place on obtaining the consent
+of the emperor, and afterwards without, so that the lady quitted the
+stage, and changed her manner of life. The Romans, however, had at
+least enough of kindly feeling towards a Comedian to pray for the
+safety, or refection, of his soul after death; this is proved by a
+pleasant epitaph on a player, which is published in the collection
+of Gori:--
+
+  Pro jocis, quibus cunctos
+      oblectabat,
+  Si quid oblectamenti apud
+      vos est
+  Manes, insontem reficite
+      Animulam."
+
+_COSTUME._
+
+It is probable that the imagination of the spectator could without
+difficulty dispense with scenes, particularly if the surrounding
+objects were somewhat removed from the ordinary aspect of every-day
+things; if the performance were to take place, for example, in the
+hall of a college, or in a church.
+
+The costume that prevails at present almost universally, is so
+barbarous and mean, and it changes in so many minute particulars so
+frequently, that it is impossible to conceive the hero of a tragedy
+actually wearing such attire. A more picturesque dress seems therefore
+to be indispensable; but the essentials of the costume of any time,
+from which dramatic subjects could be taken, are by no means costly.
+All that is absolutely necessary in vestments to content the fancy,
+might be procured at a trifling expense, and the hero or heroine
+might be supplied with the ordinary apparel of Greece, or Rome, or of
+any other country, at a small price. We must carefully distinguish,
+however, between the necessaries and the luxuries of deception; the
+form, and sometimes the colour, demand a scrupulous accuracy; the
+texture is always unimportant. We may comprehend, therefore, how the
+old English theatre, notwithstanding the small outlay on decorations,
+by a strict attention to essentials, possessed considerable
+attractions; we may readily believe, that there were many companies
+who were maintained by their trade; "that all those companies got
+money and lived in reputation, especially those of the Blackfriars,
+who were men of grave and sober behaviour."
+
+_THE OLD DRAMA._
+
+Our literature is remarkably rich in old dramas; but they are of
+little use to the present age. Fastidiousness and hypocrisy have grown
+for many years, slowly but surely, and have at last arrived at such
+a pitch, that there is hardly a line in the works of our old comic
+writers, which is not reprobated as immoral, or at least vulgar.
+The excessive squeamishness of taste of the present day is very
+unfavourable to the genius of comedy, which demands a certain liberty
+and a freedom from restraints. This morbid delicacy is a great
+evil, for it renders the time of limitation in all comic writings
+exceedingly short. The ephemeral duration of the fashion, which is
+all the production of a man of wit can now enjoy, discourages authors.
+There is no motive to bestow much care on such compositions, and they
+fall below the ambition of men of real talents--for the best part of
+the reward of literary labour consists in the lasting admiration of
+posterity; and as some new fastidiousness will consign to oblivion, in
+a short time, every comic production, it is plain that such a reward
+cannot be reasonably anticipated. We are more completely, than any
+other nation, the victims of fashion. Everything here must either be
+in the last and newest fashion, or it must cease to be. The despotism
+of fashion in dress, in furniture, and in the pattern of the edges of
+plate, is perhaps inconvenient--it is, however, not very important;
+but it is a cruel grievance that it should interfere with and
+annihilate an entire department of our literature.
+
+_HOURS OF REPRESENTATION._
+
+Dramatic representations were formerly given, not only in Greece and
+Rome, but in England also, in the daytime, and in the open air. "The
+Globe, Fortune, and Bull, were large houses, and partly open to the
+weather, and there they always acted by daylight;" and plays were
+first acted in Spain in the open courts of great houses, which were
+sometimes covered, in whole or in part, with an awning to keep off the
+sun. The word _sale_, which is used as a stage direction, meaning not
+_exit_, but he enters, i.e. he comes out of the house into the open
+air, is an evidence of the old practice. We are inclined to think
+that the morning is more favourable to dramatic excellence than the
+evening. The daylight accords with the truth and sobriety of nature,
+and it is the season of cool judgment: the gilded, the painted, the
+tawdry, the meretricious--spangles and tinsel, and tarnished and
+glittering trumpery--demand the glare of candle-light and the shades
+of night. It is certain, that the best pieces were written for the
+day; and it is probable, that the best actors were those who performed
+whilst the sun was above the horizon. The childish trash which now
+occupies so large a portion of the public attention could not, it is
+evident, keep possession of the stage, if it were to be presented, not
+at ten o'clock at night, but twelve hours earlier. Much would need to
+be changed in the dresses, scenery, and decorations, and in many other
+respects, in the pieces, the solid merits of which would be able to
+undergo the severe ordeal; and if we consider _what_ changes would be
+required to adapt them to the altered hours, we shall find that they
+will be all in favour of good taste, and on the side of nature and
+simplicity. The day is a holy thing; Homer aptly calls it [Greek:
+ieron aemar], and it still retains something of the sacred simplicity
+of ancient times. It is, at all events, less sophisticated and
+polluted than the modern night, a period which is not devoted to
+wholesome sleep, but to various constraints and sufferings, called,
+in bitter mockery, Pleasure. The late evening, being a modern
+invention, is therefore devoted to fashion; to recur to the simple and
+pure in theatricals, it would probably be necessary to effect an
+escape from a period of time, which has never been employed in the
+full integrity of tasteful elegance; and thus to break the spell, by
+which the whole realm of fancy has long been bewitched. An absurd and
+inconvenient practice, which is almost peculiar to this country, of
+attending public places in that uncomfortable condition, which is
+technically called being dressed, but which is in truth, especially in
+females, being more or less naked and undressed, might more easily be
+dispensed with by day, and on that account, and for many other reasons,
+it would be less difficult to return home.
+
+_DECLINE OF THE DRAMA._
+
+It is not unlikely that the drama would be more successful if it were
+conducted more plainly, and in a less costly style. The perfection
+of the machinery and scenery of the modern theatres, seems to be
+unfavourable to the goodness of composition and acting; since the
+accessaries are so excellent, the opinion is encouraged, that the
+principals are less important, and may be neglected with impunity.
+The effect of good scenery at the first glance is, no doubt, very
+striking, but it soon passes away. If we saw a Garrick acting
+Shakspeare in a large hall, without any scenes, we should cease in a
+few minutes to be sensible of the want of them. We are almost disposed
+to believe, that exactly in proportion as scenery has been improved,
+good acting has declined.
+
+The present age is too much inclined to make human life, in every
+department, resemble a great lottery, in which there are a very few
+enormous prizes, and all the rest of the tickets are blanks. The
+stage has not escaped the evil we complain of; on the contrary, it is
+a striking instance of the mischief of this unequal partition. The
+public are of opinion, that it is impossible to reward a small number
+of actors too highly, and to pay the remainder at too low a rate;
+to neglect the latter enough, or to be sufficiently attentive to the
+former. On our stage, therefore, the inferior parts, and indeed all
+but one or two, and especially in tragedies, where the inequality
+is more intolerable, and more inexcusable, are sustained in a
+very inadequate manner. In foreign theatres, on the contrary, and
+especially in France, the whole performance is more equal, and
+consequently more agreeable. There is perhaps less difference than is
+commonly supposed between the best performers and those in the next
+class. Whatever the difference be, it is an inconvenience and an
+imperfection that ought to be palliated; but we aggravate it. The
+first-rate actor always does his best, because the audience expect it,
+and reward him with their applause; but no one cares for, or observes,
+the performer of second-rate talents: whether he be perfect in his
+part, and exert himself to the utmost, or be slovenly and negligent
+throughout, he is unpraised and unblamed. The general effect,
+therefore, of our tragedies, is very unsatisfactory; for that is far
+greater, where all the characters are tolerably well supported, than
+where there is one good actor, and all the other parts are inhumanly
+murdered. This latter is too often the case on our stage for with
+us art does little, nothing being taught systematically. The French
+players, on the contrary, are thoroughly drilled, and well instructed,
+in every requisite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BISHOPS' SLEEVES.
+
+To Joan it has been always conceded that she is as good as her lady
+in the dark, but it is only of late years that Joan has presumed to
+rival her mistress in the light. The high price of silks and satins
+protected the mistress against this usurpation of her servant in the
+broad day. Clad in these, she was safe, as in a coat of mail, from
+the attack of the domestic aspirant, who was seldom able to obtain
+possession of the outworks of fashion beyond an Irish poplin or a
+Norwich crape. The silks and satins were a wall of separation, as
+impenetrable as the lines of Torres Vedras, or the court hoop and
+petticoat of a drawing-room in the reign of George III. The new
+liberal commercial system has entirely changed the position of the
+parties. The cheapness of French silks, and other articles of dress,
+has placed female finery within the reach of even moderate wages, and
+a kitchen-wench will not condescend to sweep the room in any thing
+less than a robe of _Gros de Naples_ or _batiste_. Something must be
+done on the part of the mistress to arrest the progress of invasion,
+and assert the vested rights of the superior classes of female
+society. Invention is the first quality of genius, and to woman it
+is granted in a high degree. Thus gifted, the mistress, in a happy
+moment, conceived the idea of bishops' sleeves, an article of dress
+which precludes all hope or chance of imitation in the kitchen. A
+muffled cat might as well attempt to catch mice, as a maid-servant to
+go about the business of the house in bishops' sleeves. She could not
+remove the tea-equipage from the table without the risk of sweeping
+the china upon the floor; if she handed her master a plate, he must
+submit to have his head wrapped up in her sleeve; and what a figure
+must the cook present after preparing her soups and sauces! The female
+servant thus accoutred might, indeed, perform the office of a flapper,
+and disperse the flies; but although this was an office of importance
+among the ancients, it is dispensed with at a modern table. With the
+introduction of bishops' sleeves, the rivalry on the part of the maid
+must cease, and the mistress remain in undisturbed possession of her
+pre-eminence. Every friend of good order, every one who would retain
+each individual female in her proper place in society, and prevent its
+members from trespassing on each other, must, therefore, rejoice in
+bishops' sleeves; and devoutly pray, that differing from every other
+fashion that ever preceded it, the fashion of bishops' sleeves may
+endure for ever.--New Monthly Magazine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_IRIS LUNARIS._
+
+That rare and beautiful phenomenon the _Iris Lunaris_, or moonlight
+rainbow, was observed by Mr. W. Colbourne, jun. and a friend of his,
+from an eminence about a quarter of a mile from Sturminster, on the
+evening of the 14th instant, about twenty minutes before nine o'clock,
+in the north-west. Its northern limb first made its appearance;
+but after a few minutes, the complete curvature was distinctly and
+beautifully displayed. The altitude of its apex seemed to be nearly
+forty degrees. Nothing could exceed the beauty of the appearance of
+this arch of milky whiteness, contrasted as it was with the sable
+rain fraught clouds which formed the background to this interesting
+picture. It continued visible more than five minutes, and gradually
+disappeared at the western limb.
+
+RURIS.
+
+_Sturminster_.
+
+
+_WESTPHALIA HAMS_
+
+Are prepared in November and March. The Germans place them in deep
+tubs, which they cover with layers of salt and saltpetre, and with a
+few laurel leaves. They are left four or five days in this state, and
+are then completely covered with strong brine. At the end of three
+weeks they are taken out, and left to soak for twelve hours in clear
+well-water; they are then exposed, during three weeks, to a smoke
+produced by the branches of juniper.--_From the French._
+
+
+_LONDON PORTER._
+
+The bitter contained in porter, if taken wholly from hops, would
+require an average quantity of ten or twelve pounds to the quarter
+of malt, or about three pounds per barrel; so that if we consider the
+fluctuation in the price of hops, we shall not be surprised at the
+numerous substitutes, by which means the brewer can procure as much
+bitter for sixpence as would otherwise cost him a pound.
+
+Quassia is, probably, the most harmless of all the illegal bitters.
+The physicians prescribe the decoction to their patients to the extent
+of a quarter of an ounce of the bark a day--as much as the brewer was
+accustomed to put into nine gallons of his porter.--_Library of Useful
+Knowledge_.
+
+
+_BLACK GAME_
+
+Have increased greatly in the southern counties of Scotland and north
+of England within the last few years. It is a pretty general opinion,
+though an erroneous one, that they drive away the red grouse; the
+two species require very different kinds of cover, and will never
+interfere.--_Note to White's Selborne, by Sir W. Jardine_.
+
+
+_BIRDS OF PREY._
+
+All birds of prey are capable of sustaining the want of food and water
+for long periods, particularly the latter, but of which they also seem
+remarkably fond, drinking frequently in a state of nature, and during
+summer washing almost daily.--Ibid.
+
+
+_EGYPT._
+
+M. Champollion, in one of his recent letters, tells us that the whole
+of the island of Elephantina would hardly make a park fit for a good
+citizen of Paris, although certain modern chronologists would fain
+make it into a kingdom, in order to dispose of the ancient Egyptian
+dynasty of the Elephantines.
+
+In another letter dated March last, he says, "Our establishment is in
+the Valley of Kings, which may truly be called the abode of death, as
+not a blade of grass is to be found in it, nor any living creature,
+except the jackall and hyaena, which the night before last devoured, at
+the distance of 100 steps from our palace, the ass which had carried
+my Barabra servant Mahomet, during the time that he was agreeably
+passing the night of the Ramadan in our kitchen, which is in a royal
+tomb, entirely dilapidated."--_Translated in the Literary Gazette_.
+
+
+_BEET-ROOT SUGAR._
+
+The Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter for September, among the advantages
+which will probably lead to the discontinuance of the cultivation of
+sugar by slaves, enumerates the rapid extension of the manufacture of
+beet-root sugar in France; a prelude, as the editor conceives, to its
+introduction into this country, and especially into Ireland.
+
+
+_DRY ROT._
+
+The American Commodore Barron recommends pumping air from the holds of
+vessels as a remedy against dry rot; the common mode of ventilation,
+by forcing pure air, or dashing water into the hold, being found an
+imperfect preservative.
+
+
+_ALLOYED IRON PLATE._
+
+Iron, coated with an alloy of tin and lead, so as to imitate tin
+plate, and not to rust, is now manufactured to a considerable
+extent in Paris; and its use for sugar-pans and boilers, and in the
+construction of roofs and gutters is expected to be very considerable.
+
+
+_INTERESTING QUESTION._
+
+Whether in the sea there be depths where no creature is able to
+live, or whether a boundary be assigned to organic life within those
+depths, cannot be ascertained. It, however, clearly appears from
+the observations made by Biot, and other naturalists, that fishes,
+according to their different dispositions, live in different depths of
+the ocean.--_From the German_.
+
+
+_CATS._
+
+In Kamtschatka, Greenland, Lapland, and Iceland, there are no cats,
+nor does the lynx in Europe extend farther than Norway.--Ibid.
+
+
+_VESSELS MADE OF THE PAPYRUS._
+
+The last number of the _Magazine of Natural History_ contains an
+article of great interest, on Vessels made of the Papyrus, illustrated
+with cuts, from which it appears that vessels have from the earliest
+times, been formed from the paper reed, and that they are at present
+in use in Egypt and Abyssinia. The author is John Hogg, Esq. M.A.
+F.L.S. &c. whose antiquarian attainments have greatly assisted him in
+the elucidation of this very curious subject.
+
+
+_REMAINS OF LA PEROUSE._[10]
+
+M. Derville, who commanded the Astrolabe, in the lute-voyage
+undertaken to search for traces of the expedition of La Perouse,
+considers the island, the summits of which were observed fifteen
+leagues to windward, by the frigates La Recherche and L'Esperance,
+which composed the expedition of Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, in 1793, and
+to which the name of the Isle de la Recherche was then given, to be
+the identical island, Vanikoro (or Vanicolo) on the shores of which
+the remnants of La Perouse's vessel have been found. The geographical
+position of latitude and longitude of the Isle of Vanikoro, agrees
+exactly with that of the island to which the name of Recherche was
+given by D'Entrecasteaux. That island was then confounded with the
+number of other islands, which had been seen by the expedition, and
+which it had been found impossible to examine in detail.--_Athenaeum_.
+
+
+_STUDY OF CHEMISTRY._
+
+Numbers there are, far above the lower classes, who still consider the
+elements of all things as consisting of earth, air, fire, and water;
+an error which classical-learning, no less than the expressions of
+common parlance, tends to perpetuate. Let us hope that the days are
+at hand, if not already arrived, in which the acquirement of such
+fundamental knowledge will be looked upon as at least equally
+necessary with the study of languages, and the cultivation of taste
+and imagination.--_Library of Useful Knowledge_.
+
+[Footnote 10: For a Report of this discovery, see MIRROR, vol. xiii p.
+409.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.--SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE WORD WORSTED.
+
+Worsted, in the county of Norfolk, though formerly a town of
+considerable trade, and much celebrity, is now reduced to a village,
+and the manufactures, which obtained a name from the place, are
+removed to Norwich and its vicinity.
+
+Shakspeare has not been very courteous towards the _worsted gentry_;
+had he lived in our times, they might have _worsted_ him for a libel:
+he says in King Lear, "A base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three suited,
+hundred pound, filthy, worsted stocking knave."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I asked a poor man, how he did? He said, he was like a washball,
+always in decay.--_Swift_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAT-FANCIER.
+
+Lady Morgan gives the following anecdote in her _Book of the Boudoir_.
+"The first day we had the honour of dining at the palace of the
+Archbishop of Taranto, at Naples, he said to me, you must pardon my
+passion for cats, (_la mia passione gattesca_) but I never exclude
+them from my dining-room, and you will find they make excellent
+company." Between the first and second course the door opened, and
+several enormously large and beautiful Angola cats were introduced by
+the names of Pantalone, Desdemona, Otello, &c. They took their places
+on chairs near the table, and were as silent, as quiet, as motionless,
+and as well behaved, as the most _bon ton_ table in London could
+require. On the bishop requesting one of the chaplains to help
+the Signora Desdemona, the butler stepped up to his lordship, and
+observed, "My Lord, La Signora Desdemona will prefer waiting for the
+roast."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT FAMILY.
+
+There was much sound truth in the speech of a country lad to an idler,
+who boasted his ancient family: "_So much the worse for you_," said
+the peasant, as we ploughmen say, "_the older the seed the worse the
+crop_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At North Ferryby, in Yorkshire, the following very instructive
+lines, are inscribed on a handsome tablet to the memory of Sir T.
+Etherington, an Alderman of Hull, and late a resident in the above
+place:--
+
+"Taught of God we should view losses, sickness, pain, and death,
+but as the several trying stages by which a good man, like Joseph,
+is conducted from a tent to a court; sin his disease, Christ his
+physician, pain his medicine, the Bible his support, the grave his
+rest, and death itself an angel expressly sent to relieve the worn out
+labourer, or crown the faithful soldier!"
+
+Louis XIV. was presented with an epitaph by an indifferent poet, on
+the celebrated Moliere. "I would to God," said he, "that Moliere had
+brought me yours."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ON MEMORY.
+
+What an unknown and unspeakable happiness would it be to a man of
+judgment, and who is engaged in the pursuit of knowledge, if he had
+but a power of stamping all his own best sentiments upon his memory in
+some indelible characters; and if he could but imprint every valuable
+paragraph and sentiment of the most excellent authors he has read,
+upon his mind, with the same speed and facility with which he read
+them?--_Watts_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Upon a stone in St. Margaret's churchyard, at Lynn, in Norfolk, is the
+following inscription to the memory of William Scrivenor, Cook to the
+Corporation, who died in the year 1684:--
+
+  Alas! alas! _Will Scrivenor's_ dead, who by his art,
+  Could make death's skeleton edible in each part,
+  Mourn, squeamish stomachs, and ye curious palates,
+  You've lost your dainty dishes and your salades;
+  Mourn for yourselves, but not for him i'th' least
+  He's gone to taste of a more heav'nly feast.
+
+At Whitchingham Magna, in the same county, is the following epitaph to
+Thomas Alleyne, gent. who died Feb. 3, 1650, and his two wives:--
+
+  Death here advantage hath of life I spye,
+  One husband with two wives at once may lye.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A recent American newspaper has the following notice to its
+readers:--"The editor, printer, publisher, foreman, and oldest
+apprentice (_two_ in all,) are confined by sickness, and the whole
+establishment is left in the care of the _devil_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE
+
+Following Novels is already Published:
+
+                                         s.  d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling             0   6
+  Paul and Virginia                      0   6
+  The Castle of Otranto                  0   6
+  Almoran and Hamet                      0   6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia    0   6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne     0   6
+  Rasselas                               0   8
+  The Old English Baron                  0   9
+  Nature and Art                         0   8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield         0  10
+  Sicilian Romance                       1   0
+  The Man of the World                   1   0
+  A Simple Story                         1   4
+  Joseph Andrews                         1   6
+  Humphry Clinker                        1   8
+  The Romance of the Forest              1   8
+  The Italian                            2   0
+  Zeluco, by Dr. Moore                   2   6
+  Edward, by Dr. Moore                   2   6
+  Roderick Random                        2   6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho               3   6
+  Peregrine Pickle                       4   6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror Of Literature, Amusement,
+And Instruction, No. 391, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+***** This file should be named 13359.txt or 13359.zip *****
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